പ്രവാസി ശബ്ദം ജൂണ് 2015

5NkvL-y-]-w-mVhU ^P 2015

kO-yVfWU 14, sU 4, ^P 2015PRAVASI SABDAM, P.O. BOX No.: 3068, PRADHIKARAN P.O., PUNE - 411 044, MAHARASHTRA. Mob: 9422014022, 9373937303, 9820975711

E-mail: [email protected]

Chief Editor

K. Harinarayanan

Editor

M.G. Radhakrishnan

Sub Editor

Suresh Kumar T.

Associated Editors

U.N. Poduval

S.R. Nair

Advisory Board

P.C. Nambiar

K.K. Abdul Majeed

S. Ganesh Kumar

Dr. Subhash Cipy

Shaji John

A.M. Mathews

Circulation

K.R. Harilal

A.S. Hamsa

Marketing

Jiji Mathew

REPRESANTATIVES

K. Viswanathan

(Kerala)

Nujum H. Mayyanad

(Delhi)

Jobi Joseph

(Mumbai)

K.P. Sasidharan

(Chennai)

Madhu Nair

(Dubai)

Nimish Nair

(Canada)

Lakshmi Nair

(USA)

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PRAVASI SABDAM

P.O. BOX No.: 3068, PRADHIKARAN P.O.,

PUNE - 411 044, MAHARASHTRA

E-mail:[email protected]

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The Circulation ManagerPRAVASISABDAM137, Fusion Park,

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Pimpri, Pune - 411 018

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oLp] "RjV j|PNaL-s]-]-'O Sv]j]p-oU- RWLO-v--fV. 2011&Rjf--sLOU pPSrL-k| pPe]-pjOU "RjV j|PNaL-s]-]' ja-]-sL-]-p-SL 2014& Nmy}"RjV j|PNaL-s]-]' ja-L-]pjLsL-oR qL^|-oL-p]. SsLWV JvOU WPaO-f C--RjVDk-SpL-Y]-O--v-qO- ASo-q]-

-p], 2007Rs mqL V KmL-o-pORa Rfq-R-aOO vLYVhLj--t] KL-p]-qOO "RjVj|PNaL-s] -] -' -Rp-]-sOU, COUASo-q]- ^jf RjV j|PNaL-s]-]-O-Sv] wm-oO-p--]-RL-]-q]-O-O.

C--RjV IRj j]p-N]-L-RoV RR\j SsLW-]jOWLe]-\O-RWL-aO-O. 1994&Bh|-oLp] C--RjV Dk-SpL-Y]\O fOa-]p RR\j 2013Bp-SL-SuOU SsLW-]JvOU WPaO-f Sk C--RjV Dk-SpL-Y]-O qL^|--t]-RsL-Lp] oLr]. RR\j-p]RsW|P-e]V y- L "j]-p-N-evOUvt--\ -pOU' I ff~-]-sP]qL^|-]jO kOr-O-j]OU Nkv--]-O ks OTT yv}-yO-WtOUj]SqL-i]-O--SfL-RaLU AvVfOs|-oLp NkLSh-w]W OTT yv}yO-W v]W-y]-]-R\-aO-O-WpOU R\pO. DhL-z-q-e-oLp] Renren(FacebookjO yoL-j-f-pO--fV),Sina Weibo (TwitterjO yoL-j-f-pO--fV), Tundou Youku (YoutubejOyoL-j-f-pO--fV), AmazonejO kW-qU Dangdang, e-bayO kWqUTaobao.com. YPY]-t]jO yoL-j-f-pO Sy\V I] Baidu IRRyOU Alibaba I C&RWLSouVyV RRyOU Dk-SpL-Y-] YPY]-t]jOU SlyV-mO-]jOU RfLO-k]-]-sLp] SsLW-] oPL-ofOU jLsL-ofOU Lj-L-eV. RR\j-pORaCT j]p-NeU y~Lf-N|-]jO oOW-t] -sO RRWW-a--sL-ReOSfLL-Ro-]-sOU, v]Shw C&RWLSouVyV RRyO-W j]p-N-e-]-sL-

p-SfLRa y~Shw C&RWLSouVyVRRyO-W vtRq ^j-Nk]-p-oL-vO-WpOU KL-RRs vu]-pO y~ShwDs---tORa v|v-yLpU v-]-O-WpOU R\pO. SsLW-]- JvOU WPaO-f vt--\-pO C--RjV W-j]-W-tLeV Cv]-aRTencent, Baidu, Saina fOa]-p-v.

RR\j-p] C--Rj-]-sP-Ra-pOSlL-SWL-tO-W Ras]SWLU RRsy-yV D W-j]-W- V oLNfSo ja-OvL j]p-o-oO-P.

C--Rj-V vu] R\O yVRRWV SkLsO SlL y-v}-yO-WNlL-y]sOU ^-o-j]-p]sOU j]p-oU-RWLV j]p-N]-\]-q]-O-O.

2008& fR 99% ^j--t]sOU3^] RoLRRm RjV-v-V I-R yTV RWLr]p KqO ka] WPa]oO]-SsLO SkLp]. 2011& ja-L-]p 'Net Neutrality and InternetTraffic Management Guidelines'vu] KqO kq]i] vRq RjV j|PNaL-s]]yUq-]--R-aO-SL--fR yOq-pOU RjV-v-- V yLN-fpOU j]p-N]- O-vL Av-- V yLi]- O-O.

ks qL^|--t]sOU OTT yv}yO-WRt j]SqL-i]--R-aO-WSpL AvRp j]p-N-e-] RWLO-v-q]-WSpL R\p]-O-V. RR\jpOU o]c] CTV qL^|-tOU D-RRaks qL^|-tOU yVRRWV j]SqL-i]-

\ -SL C|-p] yVRRW]j]V yVRRW]-SsO oLNf-o-s,yVRRW] j]V ASo-q]--p]RssLcVRRsj]-Ss-O-oO SlL-SWL-tO-W yT -^j|-oL-eV. C|-p]RsRas]-SlL W-j]-W- V W]SC--jL-x-e SWLtO-W-t] -sP -Ra-pO vqO-oL-jU, y-L-q]jV AfO-

vu] W]S j]WOf] fOa-]-pvj-R-aO-SL yVRRWV IASo-q]- Wj] C| W-j]-W-tORa Aa]-Lj yTW-q|-oO-k-SpL-Y]\V sLnU SjaO-O.

ISP/TSPWSjq]-aO Nkw-

2012& yVRkp]-j]Rs mLy]-SsL-e]-p] v\V ja RoLRRmSvcV SWL-NY-y] Ip--RaR\p--oL nLqf] o]- kr- O:""-j- RRzSv-W DL-]-pLAf]-sPRa vLz-j--V aLWVyVRWLaO-LRf Wa-O-SkL-WO-vLyLi]-O-SoL?'' RjV-v-OU Aa]-Lj yTW-q|-tOU DL] n}o-oLp fOW RRsy--yLp] jW]yVRkWVNaU Wq--oL-O-WpOU oLr]-v-qO RaWVSjLt-^]--jO-yQ-f-oLp]Aa]-Lj yTW-q|- v]W-y]-]-O-WpOU R\S-]-v-qO ISPWtO-Ra vqO-oL-j-S-L ks oa-LeV OTT yv}y]-sPRa oO ks


qL^|--t]sOU CqOO j]p-N]- OW-j]-W DL- O--fV. RoLRRm SlLe]-sPRa C--RjV sn|-oL-O W-j]-W-t] oO-j]-q-p]-sLeVnLqf] Ip--Ra. Wu] vxU27% oL-V Rxp DL-p]-qOIp--Ra-, C--RjV y-v}-y]-sPRa Sja]p vqO-oLjU 2204 SWLa]qPk-pL-Re-] oL\V 2015 Av-yL-j]\ yL-]-W-v--x-]C|-p] j]OU YPY] DL-]-pfV KqO m]s| ASo-q]- ScLt(JW-ShwU BrL-p]qU SWLa] qPk)BReO We-L]vqO-O. f-tORa RjV-v- V Dk-SpL-Y]\V YPY] SkLsO W-j]-W SjaOvqO-oL-j-]R KqO j]]-f-v-qO-oLjU ISPW Bv-w|-R-aO--f]j|Lp-o]-sL-f]-s.

v-x--tLp] C|-p]Rs ISPW RjV j|PNaL-s]] vLhR j]-SpL-Ra-pLeV SjL]-L-eO--fV.RjV j|PNaL-s]] ]q-f-p]-sL KqOKuO- vLh-oL-Re-LeV Cvv]s-p]-qO-O--fV. kOf]p yLS-f]W v]h|-W-tORa yzL-p-SLaOWPa] f-tORa RjV-v-- ]-sPRa Wa-O-SkL-WO NaLl]-]Rj j]p-N]-O-WpOU yPVok-q]-SwL-ij ja-O-WpOU SmLV R\O-WSpLSvYf WOr-O-WSpL R\O-fVISPWtORa j]s-j]-s]R Bv-w|-oLp]oLr]-p]-q] -O-W-pL-eV. yLS-f]-W-v]h| v]W-y]-\-SfL-aO-WPa] ks SvY-f-p] -sO RRsjO-W DL-O-vLjOU j]p-N]-O-vLjOU ISPWV Wu]-pO-O. Av NaLl]WVW-SNaL R\O-vL oLNf-o-s,WPaO -f sLnU DL-O-vLSv]pOU ISP/TSPW Dk-SpL-Y]-

O-O. yL-]-W-SjU SjL]ks RRyO-W-V oO-Y-e-jpOUSvY-fpOU j-W]-p-SL Av-qORaNkf]-SpL-Y] -W-tORa RRyO-WSmLV R\-R-aO-WSpL SvYfWOr--R-aO-WSpL R\-R-aO-O.OTTWRt j]p-N]-O-vL-jLp] ISP/TSPW ks Aa-vO-WtOU IaO-R-]sOU Av-RpLR kqL-^-p-R-O.Wu] c]yU-mr] yVRRWV,RRvm SkLsO RRyO-W-tO-k-SpL-Y] -\O SvLpVyV SWLyV"cL kL]-' j]OU Ip--Ras]Rj Ku]-vL-O-WpOU Cf]-sP-Ra-pOC-W-o]U-YV&KTV-SYL-p]UYV SWLtO-W-V \L^V R\O-vLjOU fOa-].Dk-SnL-L- -tORa Nkf]-SxiU oPsU

h]v-y---O-] CfV v}OUyT -^j|-oL- O-vL Cv j]-m-]-f-qL-p].

C|-p]Rs WOr Ras]-SlLSWL-j]-qOU 70% oOf 80% ^j- C--RjV j]q--qqOU Bp]-qO-]-O-WPa] OTT yv}-yO-W-tORa Wa-

O-W-p--SLRa Cv]-aR TSPW Sjq]-aO RvsO-v]-t]-W j]q-v-i]-pL-eV.

ISP-OTT Av]-wO yX|UC|-p] RjV j|PNaL-s]] \-

\L-v]-x-p-oL-WO-fV OTTWRt j]p-N]--e-Ro Bv-w|-vO-oLp]Ras]-SlL W-j]-W oOSL-O-v--SfL-Ra-pLeV. 2006& Ras]SWLURrYO-Ss-r] ASfL-r]] KLlV C|,TSP/ISP W-j]-W-tORa An]-NkL-p-oL-qLV KqO W-y--S-x SkkOr-]-r-O-W-pO-L-p].

ISPW OTT W-j]-W-tO-oLp]WPO-k]-a]\V yT^-j|-oLp] ks RvmVRRyO-WtOU NmTyV R\O-vL-

jO Av-yqU DL-]-pfV RjVj|PNaL-s]-]-pORa Sjq]-O sUZ-j-oL-eV. Cv- yVSkL-y R\ORRyO-W Dk-SnL-L--VyT^-j|-oLp] sn|-oL-WO-SL oORRyO-W CfO-SkL-Rs WLeO-vL-jO Av-yqU j]Sx-i]- -R-aO-O.r]s-p-yV W|P-e]-S-x-yVSlyV-mO-O-oLp] WPO-S\-V 38RvmVRRyO-W C--RjV \L-^ ]-sLRf yw]-O-vL-jO Av-y-q-RoL-qO- ]. MTS _L-X-] ksRvmVRRyO-WtOU yT^-j|-oL-].aL ScLSLSoL SlyV-mO- V, a~]I} RRyO-W yT -^j|-oLp] j-W].

AaO--WL-sV C&RWLSo-uVyVRRyLp l]kVWLV, "I-p--Ray}SrL-' -p] j]V kOr-O-v-fVvs]p vL-L-NkL-iLj|U Sja]-p]-qO-O. vqO-oLjU v-]-]-O-vLSv] CfO-SkL-sO "y}SrL Sr]UYV

AaO--WL-sV C&RWLSo-uVyV RRyLp l]kVWLV, "I-p--Ra y}SrL-'-p] j]V kOr-O-v-fV vs]p vL-L-NkL-iLj|USja]-p]-qO-O. vqO-oLjU v-]-]- O-vL Sv] CfO-SkL-sO"y}SrL Sr]UYV kLV-SlLU' ks ISPWtOU DL- ]-p]-O-V. Cf]AUY--tL-WO C&RWLSouVyV Lk-j--tO-RapOU RvmV y-v}yV Lk-j--tO-RapOU RRyO-W f-tORa RjV We-WV-x-j]-sPRa AWVyyV R\pL C--RjV \L V^ j-SW--f]-s. C--RjV Dk-SpL-Y]- O--v-q] j]V W]O--f]-SsRr vqO-oLjUCfO-SkL-sO y}SrL Sr]UYV kLV-SlL-o] AUY--tL-WOl]kVWLV SkLsO C&RWLSouVyV W-j]-W-t] j]V ISPWCTaL- O-O. CfV Dk-SnL-L- - V YOe-W-q-o-Ss-RpV Bh|USfLL-Ro-]sOU pLgL-|U or]-\L-eV.


kLV-SlLU' ks ISPWtOU DL- ]-p]-O-V. Cf] AUY--tL-WO C&RWLSouVyV Lk-j--tO -RapOURvmV y-v}yV Lk-j--tO-RapOU RRyO-W f-tORa RjVWe-WV-x-j]-sPRa AWVyyV R\pLC--RjV \L V^ j-SW--f]-s. C--RjV Dk-SpL-Y]-O--v-q] j]VW]O--f]-SsRr vqO-oLjU CfO-SkL-sO y}SrL Sr]UYV kLV-SlL-o]AUY--tL-WO l]kVWLV SkLsO C&RWLSouVyV W-j]-W-t]j]V ISPW CTaL- O-O. CfV Dk-SnL-L--V YOe-W-q-o-Ss-RpVBh|U SfLL-Ro-]sOU pLgL-|Uor]-\L-eV.

y}SrL Sr]UYV kLV-SlL-o] CfO-SkL-sO W-j]-W AUY-oL-WO-SL Av-qORa Nkf]-SpL-Y]-W-tORaRRyO-W SmLV R\-R-aO -WSpL SvYf WOr--R-aO -WSpLR\-R-aOO IO-fV Ai]-W-oLqOU Ar]-pLRf SkLWO-O. CfVWO-WL-v-WLwU v-]-]- O-vLyzL-p-W-q-oL-WO--SfL-RaLU C--RjV I Rv-\~ SsLW-]R\r]p RvmV W-j]-WtORa j]s-j]-s]-sL-fL-O-vLjOU Dk-W-q]--R-aO-O.

Wu] vxU Motorolla f-tORa kOf]p v]s WOr yVoLaVSlLeLp "SoLSL ^]' Bh|-oLp] oL--] Av-f-q]-]-\-fV, l]kVWL-]-sPRa oLNf-oL-eV. oe]-P-rO-W--WU Cv v]O-f}--O. Wu]^PRRs 29&jV 'Xiaomi Mi3' IyLaV SlL l]kVWL-] -sPRaAO Ry-]-jO-] v]O f}V \q]NfU WOr]-\O. joOV C-Rj-pO yLi-j- vL-e-Ro-

O-R-]-, l]kVWLV SkLsOC&RWLSouVyV W-j]Rp oLNfUBNwp]-O--f]-sO-k-q], l]kVWL-V,JvOU SvY-f-p] sn|-oL-OISPWRt WPa] BNwp]-S-]-v-qO-O. CT WOW v|v-]f] Dk-SnLL-tORa y~LfN|U CsL-fL-OW oLNf-os KqO kOf]p W\-v-a-f-N-]jV Aa]-L-j-o] -aO -WpOUWPa]-pLeV R\O--fV.

C| OTT/C&RWLSouVyVW-j]-W-tORa Bv-w|-WfCSL NaLpV kOr-]-r-]p

Regulatory Framework for OTTServices I W-y--S-xSk-r]Rs S\Lh|U j 16 CfL-eV: What framework should beadopted to encourage India spe-cific OTT apps? Please commentwith justifications.

CV SsLW-] JvOU WPaO-f C-l--So-x RaWVSjLt-^]v]hYVRq yQ]-O- qL^|-oLeVC|. SsLW-]Rs JvOU vs]pC--RjV W-j]-W-tORa fs--]-q] -O--v-RqsLU C|-L-qL-eV.joO V IO-RWLV RR\j yQ]\ SkLRs YPY]-t]jOU SlyV-mO-]jOU a~]-r]jOU pOaP-m]jOU vLaVyVB]jOU yVRRW]jOU kW-q-oL-p],Af]-SsRr YOe-j]-s-vL-q-oO, C|-pORa j]p-o-v|-v--pORa \-P-a]-jO-] j]V Nkv--]- O OTTy-v}-yO-W- BqU-n]O-vL yLi]-]-s?

cz] RIRI-a]-p]Rs kb-j-SwxU ASo-q]--p]Rs amazone.com S^Ls]-p] NkSv-w]\ qOpOvL f]q]RW C|-p] I

] fOa-]p l]kVWLV IC&RWLSouVyV Lk-j-]Rv]^pU IO-RWLV joOV Bv--]-\O-WP-aL?

(l]kV-WL-V I Wj] q^]- R\p]-q]-O-fV y]UY-P-q]-sL-Re-]sOU Cf]R RzcV W~LSuVyOU v|v-yL-pvOU C| SWN}-W-q]-\L-eV).

RjV j|PNaL-s]] I y~LfN|UAv-WL-w-R-aO-SL--fR v]ShwOTT C]-W] W-j]-WRt oOf--oO-a-]-sLRf jORa Aa]-LjyTWq|U Dk-SpL-Y]\V v]Shw Ds--tOU y-v}-yO-WtOU jORa qL^|V v]-u] -O-vL AjO-v-h] --eSoLRpO-fV \\ R\-R-Sa v]x-p-oL-eV. AfO-SkL-Rs,jLRt Ap-sR SYLkL-s KqORvmVRRyV fOa] Af]-sPRa ks\q-O-WtOU v]-O-vL Nwo]-\L-, B RvmVRRy]-sPRa v]--R-aO \q-O-W l]kVWL-]-sP-RapOU Bo-SyL-e]-sP-RapOU v]- -R-aO -fORWLV SYLkL-sRRRyV SmLV R\-R-aO-WSpLSvYf WOr--R-aO-WSpL R\O-WpOU CT yLi-j- vL-e-Ro-] j]- V l]kVWL-]-sP-RapOUBo-SyL-e]-sP-RapOU oLNfSo kPI ISPWtO-Ra j]p-N-evOUkLa]-s.

C|-p] CSLuOU 75&80% ^j- C--RjV j]q--q-qL-eV. AfO-RWL-O-fR j]p-o-j]--oLeU NkLqU-n-]Ss Bv-w|-oL-eV. JRf-]sOUC&RWLSouVyV RRyV vu] j]Sf|L-k-SpLY yLi-j- vL-e-Ro-]AfV oOf-sL-t] qL^|- j]p-N]-O Lk-j--t]-sPRa oLNfSoyLi]P I Av Cv]Ra DL-WOvL kLa]-s. Rv-\~ SsLWV sn|-oL-WO IsL oLs]-j|-tOU fO-vL-jO \v-O-WO--pLp]C| oLrO-vLjOU kLa]-s. jORaj]p-o-]jO v]Si-p-oL-WLRf Nkv--]- O OTT y-v}-yO-WRt j]p-N]-O--SfL-RaLU Ar]-v]jOUv]L-j-]jOU v]v]i Syv-j--OU Sv] C--Rj-]R vLfL-pjU Af]R IsL YOe--StLaOUWPa] ^j--O oO] fOr-O-W]-O--f]jV yzL-p-W-q-oLp j]p-o-j]--oL-e-oLeV joO- L-v-w|U.


qLxVNa}pU

Au]-o-f]-pORa Wq]-j]-u ka- y-L-q]R Nkf]-Lpv}R-aO- OW I vLw]-p]-sLeV SWL-NYyV I]-, BAu]-o-f]Rp fR NkiLj Nk\-q-eL-pO-i-oL] W]- -p-rO-W-pLeV I-c]-I-lV. orO-v-wV m]R -^k]pOU Nk\L-q-e-]KOU kOr-W]-s-s. CT Rfq-R-aO-]Rs v]i] Cj] vqL-j]-q]-O kL-p-V, j]p-o-ynL Rfq-R-aO-O-l-s--t]-Ss-O yP\-j-pLp] IsL-vqOU f]q]-\-r]-pO-SL Nk\L-q-e-vOU, vLh-Nkf]vLh-tOU w-oL-WOW y~LnL-v]-WU.

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"CfV RvrOU KqO Rfq-R-aO--s.Da vqL-j]-q]- O fS-w-y~-pU-n-q-e-L-k-j--t]-SsOU k]}aO ja-L SkLvO j]p-o-y-n-p]-SsOUD Rfq-R-aO-]R KqO SpLY|-

oLeV kup Bq|-jL-a]R nLY-oLpCT j]SpL-^ -W-o--sU. fs-L-j j-Y-qR RfLO-j]-]-OU, y}-rLp^]. WL-]-SW-pR v|]-Nk-nL-vvOU qLN}-p-y~L-i}-jvOU KRDL-p]OU COU A-z-oLp v]W-yjU Av-WL-w-R-aL-j]s AqO-v]- -q-V. ^]. WL-]-SW-pfR AfVJO-k-r-pLjOU, y}--L-jU-fR qL^]-v-LjOU fL-k-q|-R-fVkq-y|-oL-e-SsL. y~-oLp] KO-o]-s]-v]-Ra. RRzSvSpL mLSrL, I]jV KqO y]j]-oL-f]-Sp- SkLsOSoLCsLRf f]W\OU NYLo}-e-oLp sU. f]qO -v-j--kOqU ^]s -p]RsJvOU WPaO-f Bh]-vL-y]-y~L-i}-j-oO SoX-s-pOU-WP-a]-pL-e]-fV.

2011&Rs j]p-o-y-nL-Rf-q-R-aO-]jO oOR ja os kOj--j]--e-p-]-sP-Ra-pLeV kup Bq|-jLaV AqO-v]-q Bp] oLr]-p-fV.v]fO-q, SfLt]-SL-aV, WO]-\-, Bq|-jL-aV, AqO-v]--q, kPv-\-, Du-o-s-

-, Rv-jLaV I} kL-p-O-W Aa-]p AqO-v]-q j]p-o-y-nL-o--s-] yLoO-hL-p]W Za-jOU JRr NkLiL-j|-oO-V. 35 wf-oL-j-]-s-i]WU jLp--oLqOU JfL

fL-o-qU BeV AqO-v]- -q-p]-Ss-fV''IL-p]-qOO RIW|-^-jL-i]-k-f|-oO-e] (pOc]-I-lV) Rfq-R-aOOW-Rv--x yh-] v\V SWq-t-oO-X|-oN] D--\L-]-pORa NkL-v-j. A-Rj-Rp-] AqO-v]- -qp]Rs Dk-Rf-q-R-aO-V v}rOUvLw]pOU j]r KqO ozL-pO-U-fR IO-r-V. Af]Rj Aq- ]-O-r-]-\O-RWL-O-fR SWq-t-]RWOU WLfOU NwpOU IsLU CVKRqL m]O-v] -Ss-L-eV, fs-Lj jY-qR \OUm]-\O -j] --O, o-r ^]. WL-]-SW-p Nkf]-j]-iLjU R\p, AqO-v]- -q-p]-Ss-V.

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tO kLs-U' (The Three ArchedBridge), "y~-k--tORa RWLL-qU'(The Palace of Dreams), fOa-]pAj|L-k-Shw y~nLvU NkW-a-oL- ]pqLN}-p, Shw}p yf|L-Sj~ -x-e-Rt ASk-]\V WPaO-f pgL-f-g-RoO kr-pL-vO KLeV B-W-gL-k-q-oLp "w]-s-p]Rs kOqL-vQ-U' (Chronicle in Stone).

Cfq WQf]-W-t] j]V v|f|--oL-p], \q]-Nf--u-o-RppOU o]O-W-RtpOU kL--s-oLp] WPO-k]-a] -L-, y~U mLs|&WToL-qL-jO-n-v--tORa y-YL-W kOj:yQ]-pLeV CT WQf].

h]e A-Sm-j]-p-p]Rs R\O-Lp os-SpL-q-j-Y-q-oLp ^]SrL-WL- I AaO--aO-Lp w]sL-j]--o]f YQz-y-oO-\p NkShwU JRr \q]-Nf-Nk-y-]-pO-fOU fN-Nk-iL-j-vO-oLp Ca-oL-p]-qO-O.

pO.I]R Rzr]-S^V v]nL-Y-] CaU-k]-a]-\]-O jY-q-]Rof]-sO-W-V I.c]. oPLU jPLO oOf ku--oO-V. WhLRq vt- v}aV 1677& j]-o]--R--fL-eV. kNLU jPL-] j]-o]--R SWL-pO jY-q-] CfVfLq-f-So|j kOf]-p-fL-ReV kr-pLU. AO j]s-W vRq Dp-q-oO--v-pLeV o] nv-j--tOU. R\O-Lp os-SpL-qR nv-j--t]KqO j]q-pORa So-Pq RfLO-oO-W-t]-Ss-f]R Aa]-vL-q-L-vLU. KqOv}a]R oOW-t] --j]V v}eLRfL-aO --f]R So-P-q-p]kf]LU IO NkSh-wR WOa]-p-L-V js SmL|-oO-L-p]-qO-RV SjLv-s] kqL-o--w-oO-V.qLU -SsL -W -o -zL -pO --WL -sVRRvSh-w]-WL-NW-o-e--tORa Bv--]-\O hOq-- JO-vL-]-p]-

O-V ku-o-pORa YU IOU ftU-RW-]-j]-- O CT jY-qU.

1939& oOSyL-t]j] A-Smj]p W}u-a] AsL-pO-L-p]-qO CL-s]-p yLNoL-^|-SLaV S\-O.qO RWLs-]-jWU Nm]R yzL-p-SLRa Cq-]-Rp-]p NY}VRRyj|U oOSyL-t]-j]Rp fOq-]-Rp-]sOU fLo-y]-pLRf v}OU CL-s]-p Ai}-j-f-p]-sL-p]. 1943& yX|-w-]-W C-s]Rp SfLs]-\-SfLRaoOS-r]p ^-o-j], NY}yV, pOSYL-yLv| I]-v-SpL-RaLU A-Sm-j]p oOuO-v W}u-a- ]. CT SLn-^ -j-W-oLp WLs-Z--]R AjO-n-v--tLeV nLv-jL-y--jOU C]q]Nzy~-hQ-]-pO-oLp KqO WToL-q-L-q-R W]sPRa WhLRq fR "w]-s-p]Rs kOqL-vQ-U' I WQf]-p]Aa-pL-t-R-aO-O--fV.

WaO A-v]-w~L-y---OUkq--qL-Yf iLq-e-W-OU Cq-pLp j]q--q-qLp jLO-WL Ls]RSo-SLpVoRp WOr]\V \O-vfLa]-pO pPyOlV Ls] IoOy]U IV Bw~LyU RWLO-O-V. 1913& KTSh|L-Y]-W-oLp] Ai]-WL-q-RoL-u]pOU vRq KSL-o kLq--q|-] fLq-f-So|j o]W\ ^}v]-f-j]-s-vL-q-] Wu]-O-v W-x-W-qO -RapOU R\rO-W]a nPvO-a -o-W-tO -RapOU nLq|-oLqOU Rk-tOU v]i-v-W-tO-RoL-R-pLp Av-V ARfLqO yoL-w~L-y-oLp] SfLO-O."oPV B-\O-W-tO kLsU-' ISjLv-s] KSL-o WLsR WOr]\V BX|L-fL-vLp A-Sm-j]-pn]O S^L DLo kr-pO-O-V.

"w] -s-p]Rs kOqL-vQ--' -]IOU f]-j]--O kLq--q|-]R j}]-vpVkOWtOU oO-]-

-gL--q}-vOU vs]-RpL-q-t-SvLtUCT KSL-o ku-o-pO-Sa-fL-eV; BX|L-fL-v]R NkW-a-oLp y-YL--WfD-R-Ra. IL "A-k-w-WOj\]-'-oLp Wa v\ I-v KL -^pLeV Ls]-j]-y-]R A-Sm-j]-p kf]-Lp] Ai]-WLqU k]a]-\-a-O--fV.

SjLv-s]-]R Ak-q-y~f~U fR-Rp-]sOU BX|L-fL-v]R WLuV\-W-tORa DT AL-sV BSrL JSuL vpO oLNfU NkLp-oO-L-p]-qO WhL-Rq-Sp-L C]q]Pa] oOf]- KqO WToL-q- L-q-S-

CyVop] WhL-Rq


fL-eV. SjLv-s]R D-a-RyUm-]-\] -a -SLtU CfV JRrNkiL-j-oL-eV. Af}v yUSv-h-j-w}-s-oO Av KOU WLeLRf SkLvO-]-s; fL WLeO--f]-R-RpsLUkL--sSoL oOuO-v-jLp] oj-]-sL-p]-]-Rs-]sOU.

SjLv-s]R fOa--] j]-LRf Rkp SkoL-q] -pORa ls-oLp] Ak-W-a-W-q-oLU-v]iU j]r-O-W-v]-pO ^s-yU-n-qe] WLs]-pL-L yzL-p]- L-Rj-O Ap--vL-y]-W-tO-RapOU oO-]-oL-qO-RapOUCa-p] WTfO-W-SLRa KLa]-j-a-O BX|L-fL-v]Rj WLeLU.

WToLq RRjy--Y]-Wf AjO-nvpLgL--|--tO-oL-pO oOXL-oO-X-] j-R-aO NkNW]p WPa]-pL-eSsL "v-t-qO-W' I-fV. ^]SrL-WL--r]R \q]-Nf-Y-f]-p]Rs oL--O yoL--q-oL-p] -f-R-pLeVSWN-W-gL-kLNfU oL--tORa kqO- pgL-f-gL-v--p]-SsV W-fO-r-O--fOU. WToL-q-L-q-jLpBX|L-fL-v]Rj Dk-SpL-Y]-O--f]-sPRa jYqU Wa-O-SkL-WO oL--tORa f}Nvf WPaO-f o]u]-vO--fL-vO-O. jY-q-]Rs RW]-a--RtpOU^s-yU-n-q-e]-W-RtpOU RfqO-vO-W-RtpOU kLs--Rt-pO-RoLR Av^}v-jO vO--tLp] WLeO-O.\OO-oO BtO-W-tORa RkqO-oL---, Ai]-j]-Svw RRyj]-W-qORa NWPq-f, SmLUmO-v--x-]R n}W-qfIsLU WToL-q-L-qR W] v-]-f-oL-j- BvL-z]-O-O.ASf-y-opU \OO-kL-aO -oO oOv}aO -WRt ASk-]\V f-tORav}aV SmLUm]-]Rj Af]-^} -v] -L Wu]-pO--fL-p-fO-RWLVSmLUmV Rx- Bp] Dk-SpL-Y]-O--f]-, v]oL-j-L-vtU v-SL-Ru--SkLRs AvjV An]-oL-j-oO-V. AV ksqOU Af]-sPRa pOvOU oq-e-vO-oLeV vq]W IVAkL-p-yP-\j j-W]-p]-qO-R-]-sOU, AvRj yUm-]-\]-a-SLtUSmLUmVv-xvOU oLr]-oL-r]-v-qOqLN}-p-SLpVoWtOU j]f|-pL-gL--|-]R nLY-oL-eV. IOU Af-Rj Bp]-qO-O, Bp]-q] -pOUR\OU.

SjLv-s]R D-a--] oLWVmV jLa-WvOU WL pO]RkO-WvOU BX|L-fL-v]R WToL-qL-

v--p] j]V AjO-n-vL-v--p]-Ss-O oL-]R WPa] yP\-W-oL-eV. oLWVmV pO-]-RpOU\f]-\O-RWL-s-s]-RpOU K]-RL-aO--s]-RpOU WPa] Cf]-zL-y-oL-e-SsL. WhL-Rq-pORa "h] W-y--V -',"SNmL- JNk]-' I} WQf]-W-t]-sOU oLWVmV w-oLp NkSo-p-yP-\-W-oLp] vqO-O-V. SxWVyVk]p-rORa oL--k}yV Kq---] WhL-Rq-pORa vs]-RpLqO y-Y-Nk-S\L-h-jU-f-R-pLeV WwLV (slaugh-ter) I khU IsL-p]-aOU oOu-]-S--O--fLp] Ar-vO-wLsWLeL SkLp] jaO-]-R-r]\Of]q]-\O-kL-pO h]vyU BX|L-fLvVKL-O-O. WL pO]R kO-W-oL-vR WLo-j-W-tORa hOqP-z-v-u]-W-RtpOU De--vO-W-RtpOU Aa-pL-t-R-aO-O-O.

D-o-kO-qOx BX|L-j- (firstperson narrative) q} -f] -p] -sOA|L-p---]-a-p] Wa-O-v-qO R\r]p X--t] KO-W] BX|L-fLvV fRSpL ARs-] jY-q-kO-qL-vQ--Ro-uO -fODSh|L-Y-SjL kNf- D-RRaCfq SqX-W-t] j]O R\rO-WO-r]-O-WStL BeV kL-s v]v-q-e--O kW-q-oL-vO--fV.

pgL---] IsL y~Lf-N|L-Sj~-x-e-tOU Nwo-tOU Bn|--q-pO--]-RpOU q-R\L-q]-\]-s]-

RpOU qPk-]-sL-p] -qOO Ij]s-kLaV KTSh|L-Y]-W-nL-x|-]jOv]qO-vOU AfO-RWL-O-fR WhL-Rq-pORa qLN}-p-j]-s-kL-a]R yP\-W-vO-oL-eV. fO] oOy]U yLUyVWLq]W kLq--q|-oO A-Sm-j]-p-p]NY}V, NW]| kLq--q|--StLaVv]j]-o-p- yL|-oL-pfOU yUZ--x-n-q]-f-oLp q}f]-p]-sL-eV. SjLv-s]R Cf]-vQ Za-j-p] Wa-O-v-qO v]\]Nf yUn-v-Y-f]-W-OUWgL-kL-Nf---O-oO v]w-h}-W-q-evOU yUZ--x-n-q] -f-oLp CTRRvv]-i|U-f-Rj-pL-eV.

o|-WL-sR KL-o] -]-OhO-o-N-vL-h]-j]-W-tO-RapOU jP]-oO-fOU jP]-jL-sfOU vp-O-, kf]-L-O-W-tLp] kOr-]-r-]-p] -] -sL AkL-q-oLp ^}v]-fL-jO-n-v--tO-RapOU Nkv-\-j/hOq Nkv-\-j-y]-]-W-tO-RapOU Da-o-W-tL-p, kOqL-e-W-gL-kL-Nf-Rt KL-o]-]-OoO-]-oL (old crones), Av-Sq-L C]q] NkLpU WOrAL-p]-p--oL (katenxhikas)fOa] Cfq WhLRq SjLv-sO-WRtASk-]\ V WgL-kL-Nf-mL-zO-s|vOU RRv\]-Nf|-vO-oOV "w]-s-p]RskOqL-vQ--'-]-.

WhL-Rq-pORa WToL-q-L-qBX|L-fLvV fR WLuV-\-p]SsVj]YPd WLo-j-W-RtpOU RWLs-kL-f-W- SkLsO kqO- pLgL--|--Rt-pO-RosLU S\-O-v-O-O-V. jLSyL-pORa y~kU WLeOWO-W-tO- kOfO-SoL-a]-L-q]-pLpoqO-o-W-, oO-R v}]-Rs-O-SL BSv-w-oL-vO oL-Y-q]I]-v Nke-p-]R Skq-r]-pL-yO-X-oL-vO-OV Av-jV. qLU-SsL-W-pO--WLsU SjLv-s]jV kL--s-oL-vO-SLuOU pO-]R A|USjLv-s]R v]x-p-oL-vO-]-s.1944& ^-o RRyj|U kqL-^-p-R--SL JRr-RpLOU NkpL-y-R-aL-Rf-fR A-Sm-j]p y~f-N-oL-p]. fOa-V ASf-v-xU jvU-m-r]-sLeV I-v KL -^pORa SjfQ-f~-]-sO W|P-e]V v]o-f a]rL-j-p] NkSv-w]- O-fOU Ai]-WLqULk]-O--fOU. k]}aV SYL-m-S\-v]R kf-jR fOa-V 1991& SyLv]-pV pPe]-p jLoL-v-Sw-x-oL-p-SL-uLeV KL^ Lk]\ "A--Sm-j]-p ^j-W}p r]-m]WV'


CsL-fL-p-fV. CT W|P-e]V y-vL-i]-k-f|-]R BqU-nU-v-Rq-pLeVSjLv-s] Aa-pL-t-R-aO-O--fV.W|P-e]V v]o-f-SqLaV Bn]-oO-X|-oO-L-p]-qO fR-fR pO-WLsWToL-qL-jO-n-v-Rt KL-o-Rp-uO -] j]V Ku]-vL-]-pfV WhL-Rq-pORa SmLi-kP--v-oLp KqO Nkf]-SqL-i-oLp] WLe-e-RoV Scv]cVRmSsLyV j]q}-]-O-O (Intro-duction to Chronicle in Stone,Canongate Books edition, GreatBritain).

SyL-Rx-j]-V-y]-, WLlVW, KL-Rv fOa-]p yLz]-f|-WO-s-k-f]-W-StLaV y~LnL-v]-W-oLpOU fLq-fo|UR\-R-]-O-V WhL-Rq. oL^]-r]p-s] -y-]R q\-jL-v] -Sw-x-tOU AS-z-]R WQf]-W-t]j]q} -]--R-] -O -V. I]sOUCqU fLq-f-o|--t]SsL Ak-q-jL-o--t]SsL ASzU fL-k-q|U WLe]-\]-]-s.

D--j-oO q\-j-W-t]fRj]q-qU v|Lk-q]-O KRq-uO-O-WL-q I j]sV fR Shw}-p,vUw}-p -\-q]-Nf-] SvqO-W-tLuV]j]-O-SLuOU v--oL-j-WLsyo-y|-W-t] y-Y-y~L-f-N|-]Ro]u]-SvL-RapOU KqO-kR RopVvu--SL-RapOU W-fO-r-]-q]-OKqO o]W\ WsL-j]-kO-eR (crafts-man) q\jLv]-Sw-x-Rt v]o--w-j-WT-w-s-]R kr-O-k-f]W]-W-t] KfO-O-WpOU Sv-f]-s. v]Sw-x]\OU B IuO-O-WL-qJvOU y^}-v-oLp] q\-jL-^}-v]fUfOa--O-RWL-S-p]-q]-O-SL-.

"A-v]-Ra-p]-SLuOU oO RkO-W-pL-p]-q]- -eU... Av]-Ra...' ApLRkRV IuOV j]] fRSkj oL]-]-a]-\O, AfV y~pU oLN]-W-f-pL-Rs-SLeU Sk-r]-Ss V K]-j] --O-RoV np-]-R-SLeU(The Palace of Dreams).

oLV BsU IuO-Sf--f]-sL-p]-q]-LU, kR CyVop] WhLRqA-Rj-p-s. yLz]-f|-\--\-W-t]DT^U kW-qO JvOU kOf]pWQf]Rp Af]-w-p]-O oRLqOoL--k}-yO-oLp] ASzU v}OUyzQ-h-p-SsL-WR BzL-h-W-qoLp] R`]-O-fV W-kL--]-q]-LU.

ARL onPo]pv WOa]\Of}Oft WOWtO KW j}]pf]Sf\Oo]jO]p WOLpojof]AuOOoe]qWt]tW] or]O.

ft]qRLq]tUkPvV fspL]pSLoOttOW orv oOWL RkLOXUfeOfReRpL oOfOtt]aRsLuOW]Bu]RsL oO] \]]pLpV.

fuOW]f WqtL WLOU j]sLvOUWOyQf]o]u] \]]pL WOOfLqvOUC oLjU \LRq kPOsOjrOoeU fPW] Rv]sLPvOU.

Wv]-f

I. mh-rO-}-y


KL-o & 5

qLNf]-p] YOqO-v]R WL WuO-WO S^Ls] WqO-Se--jL-p]-qO-O. k]R AfV YOqO IR Js]-\O. W]a-L SjqU \PaO-RvU RWLV WL-kL-h- WuOW] fOa\V oqOO kOq]SyLWVyV CO-RWL-aO- OU. k]R W] oqO-RL-u]\O RWLaO-OU. \PaO-RvU mLY]-sL] RWLaO--SwxU kOf-]\V BkLh--t] `L KO \OUm]- OU. ASL IR AaOOv]t]\V IR RjrO-W-p] oQhO-vLpV \OUm]-\O-RWLV YOqO kr-pOU: ""-YOcVRRjV SoLRt. yOX-oLp] Dr-P-'-'. ASfLRa IRKqO h]v-y-]jV f]q-}s v}uOU.

yOYf NkSoLhV

Cj] Kq]-sOU KqO f]q]-\O-SkL-]-RsO WqO-f]--R-pLeV `Lv}OU YOqO-v]-R-p-aOV IO-fV. ^}v]-f-]Rs \]s WpVSkr]p AjO-n-v- IR-RLVARj KqO f}qO-oLjU IaO-]-O-W-pL-p]-qO -O. YOqOvOU kr-O:""Cj] j} ISLOU SkLv--' -'.ARj KqO Dr\ f}qO-oL-j-]-sLeV Av-yLjU `L YOqO-WO-s-] I]-S\-qO--fV.

YOqO-vO-oL-p]-O \]sr k]e- --RtsLU Wu] V `L v}OU ku-p-fO-SkL-Rs-pL-p].

ILsOU IsL-]--j]OUKqO NkSf|W AWsU `L yP]-\]-qO-O. IR y~nL-v-]jO voL- YOqOvOU Nw]-O-O-L-p]-qO-O. qLv]Rs De--L Dr-L SkLWOU vRq YOqO -v]RWPRa fR Wu]-\O-WP-L `LNkSf|WU Nw]-\]-qO-O. qLNf]-p]

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`L kf]-vO-SkLRs WLWuOW] joyVWq]\V YOcVRRjV kr-pL SjqU YOqO IR kOrVfSsLa] RjrO-W-p] D v\]Okr- O: ""-IR j]w~L-y-o-s. KLSqLw~Ly- fR-pLeV `L j]RRjrO-W-p]-SsV C]\Of-qO--fV.Af]--j]V j]j-O-Sv ^}v-vLpO j} kW--R-aO-O-RWL-O-W''. IR W-k}-s]-W jj-pO-fV YOqO Ar]-O-WLeOU. YOqOkr-O: ""-SjqU KqO-kLaV RRvW].B "C-' kOr-O-WL-O-j]--O-O-L-WOU. SvYU SkLp] W]a-SL''. `L RRsV Ae\V vLf]\Lq] kOr-O-v--SL WQf|-oLpOU xT-S- NkL--jL-oO-r]-p] WL]-q]-O-O-V.

qLNf] JRr RRvW]-p-f]-jL B\Lf}U SkLp]-LeOU ILeV`L WqO-f]-p-fV. IL YOqO kr--SkLRs B "C-' kOr-O-L-p]-qOO. NkL--jL-oO-r]-p] j]VK-SpL--]jV SWLS^V ILU.I]OU I]SjL B \Lf]oLNfU IR WLO-j]-]-qO-O.oL-OU SfLL WqO-e. ANfOU B-Nh-oLp KqO SyzU, KqOyUq-eU, KqO hp B oj-]Ij]-O-Sv] WqO-f]-v-\] -qOOIO `L f]q] -\ -r] -pO --f]jVINf-SpL oO-kO-fR YOqO AfOoj-]-sL-]-p]-q]-O-O. C} KL-o-W-t] IR zQhpU fq-t]-f-oL-WO-fV YOqO Ar]-pO-O-L-p]-q]- OSoL,ISL...

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nLfoL-p]-qOO AfV. NknL-f-WQ-f|--RtsLU Wu]V YOqO-v]R oOr]-p]-SsV SkLWL fOa-O-SL-uLeVApL KLa]--p-r]-v--fV. jSRvtOO Ros] KqO fLa]-L-

YOqO-v]R WL WuO-WO S^Ls]WqO-Se--jL-p]-qO-O. k]R AfVYOqO IR Js] -\O. W]a-LSjqU \PaO-RvU RWLV WL-kL-h- WuOW] fOa\V oqOO kOq]SyLWVyV CO-RWL-aO-OU. k]RW] oqO-RL-u]\O RWLaO-OU.\PaO-RvU mLY]-sL] RWLaO--SwxU kOf-]\V B kLh--t]`L KO \OUm]-OU. ASLIR AaOO v]t]\ V IRRjrO-W-p] oQhO-vLpV \OUm]-\O-RWLV YOqO kr-pOU: ""-YOcVRRjVSoLRt. yOX-oLp] Dr-P-'-'. ASfLRaIR KqO h]v-y-]jV f]q-}sv}uOU.

ASL-SuOU oTj-oLpOU AsL-RfpOU YOqO-v]jO wOn-qLNf] SjVIsL-vqOU SkLp]-O-L-WOU. YOqO-v]R Wf-W-a\V `L kOr-O-W-a-O-SL xT-S- oLNfUNkL--jL-oO-r]-p] WL]-q]-O-O-L-WOU. k]R ` KqO-o]-\LeVSWLS-^] -SsV SkLvO-W. `LmLfV-rP-o] SkLp] WOU oOXvOUWuOW] oOr]-p]-SsV oa-O-SLuOUxT-S-R oOr]-p] Rvt]\UWLeLU. Wf-W]R v]a-v] -sPRaKPRa YOcVRRjV krV `LDr-L SkLWOU.

KqO h]vyU qLNf] JRr RRvW]-pLeV YOqO IuO-O -j]--]-p-fV.WqO-Se- YOqO-v]jV WL WuO-WL-jO \PaO-RvU kW--O-v\V

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`L SjRq YOqO-v]-R-p-aOVR\V IuO-fL-j]-qO-O. RkR-LeVApL-tORa WLq|U Ij]-SL-o v-fV.

`L kr- O: ""YO-qO KqO NkL v]-O-V. qLv]-Rs-fR feO Rv-RosLU SWLq] fs-p]-RsL-

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k oSf-fq y~nL-v-oO y- L-qO-W v-Y}-p-fV vt- PrO j-WL-f]-qO--f]-jL oV nLq-f}p y- L-qO-W--O-Lp Yf]-SWaV os-pL-t--q-p] DL-p]-s. CT hOSq|LYUSmLURm jY-q-RpOU yo}k ^]s-W-RtpOU mLi]-\O. C| RfLu]-sLt] vY CT]-s-]jV Wj f]q]-\-a]-pL-p].

v|-oLp DhL-z-q-e-oL-p]-qOOWQxV-e-Sh-wLpV RWLs-kL-f-WU. 1970^P 5 A--qL-Nf]-pORa A-WLqor-v] W|P-e]-V&Ca-fO-kw]-W-tORa DP-s-jLwU s|-o]Vnq-eL-i]-WL-q]-W-tORa j]-SsLn yzL-p-y-z-W-q-e-SLRa jY-q-v}-g]-WRtnpL-j-W-f-p]-SsV f]-j}-]-RL-]-qO w]v-Sy-j-pL-p]-qOO WQxVe-Sh-wL-p]Rp RWLs-R-aO-]-p-fV.

yUZ-a-jL-kL-a-v-] ShwL-p]-SpLaV yoL-jf kOs--O oRLqOSjfL-vO-L-p]-qO-]-s. i}q-, j]-n-p-, JfV Nkf]-SsLo Nkf]-y-]-RppOU An]-oO-X}-W-q]- L \O-r-O--v fOa-]p v]Sw-x-e-k-h--tORa Nkf]-ML-p-pL-p]-qOO WQxV-e-Sh-wL-pV. cLR f]qO---vLh jp-k-q] -kL-a]pOU nq-e-k v-Y}pNk}ej oSjL-nL-vvOU w]v-Sy-j-pORa jLy]y vt--\V WLq-e-oL-p].

CT kL--s-] Ca-fV&oSf-fq ^jL-i]-kf| w]-W- V WqOOkW-qL y]k]IU fL-Rr-aO-O-W-pL-p]-qO-O. ASq] Rrp]--Rv-S-x-j-aOV n-vL RW]-a-]RqLU-j]-s-p] kL-] -pO-RapOUy]RI-a]-pO-v]-RpOU B}-yO-WfOrV Nkv---j-oL-qU-n]-\O.

SNacV pPe]-p Nkv---j-qU-YV y^}-v-oL-p]-qO C.k]. j|LBp]-qOO yLq-g]. 1965&66WLsV SjfL--t] nPq]-nL-YvOUAr-]-sL-p]-qO--SL j|LBp]-qOO SmLURm ^]sL-W-]-]-pORa BWVa]V RyNW--r]. ASq]

jLa-W-R-SkL-Rs-fR fOs|-NkL-iLj|U WgL-Nk-yU-Y-]jOUy~Li}-j-oO WLs-oL-p]-qOO AfV. v]. yLUm-w]-v jLa-W-Sv-h]-p] j]V \OvaO oL] WgL-Nk-yU-Y-]jV kOf]p oLj- jW] WsL-SNk-o]-WRt BW--x]\V y~f:y]-oLp Wu]vORft]-p]-O-W-pL-p]-qO-O. ks-f-ve xO-XL-jpORaj]r zLt] ASzU Wg-pO-RapOU An]-j-p-]-RpOUWv]-f-pO-RapOU YLjL--W-f-pO-RapOU A-q}--]-SsVBy~L-h-WRq BvL-z]-\O-RWL-O-SkL-p].

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1970 RopV oLyU n}v-]&^-YLvV&ozLcV NkSh-w--t] v-Y}pn}W-q-f-pORa Nkt-pL] kq-O.

fLRj k-e-] j]V 18W]SsL-o}-rOU oOUmpV jY-q-]j]V 53 W].o}rOU AWRs ]f]-R\-O n}v] kv-sPU v|v-yL-p-]R y]qL-SW-N-oL-eV. oOy]U nPq]-k--oO Cv]Ra v-Y}p yVkwU1966 oOf kOW-pL fOa-].

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WsL-k-]jV kq]-kP-e D-q-vL-h]-W BIyV-I-yV, ^j-yU-ZU,w]v-Syj I} v-Y}-p-w-]-WBp]-qOO IV W}-x Ay-]YV nLx-p] SqX-R-aO-]-p]-qO-O. W}-x r]SL--] Aa-]-p]-qO j]-Sh-w--t] KO-SkLsOU ja-]-sL-p]s IfV \q]NfU SqX-R-aO-]p hO:Xy-f|U. oh W}-x j]-Sh-w- yULj y- L YTq-v-kP-vU kq]-Y-e]\V ja-ka] (actiontaken) IaO]qO-R-] k]- L-sV jY-qR jaO-]p K-j-vi]WsL-k- WLq|--o-f-SpLRaRRWWLq|U R\pV yo---oLp] j]p-N]-L-oL-p]-qO-O.

1971&Rs fs-Sq] WsLkUCSfL-RaLU WP]-vL-p]-LU.S^LylV v]f-p-] W}-xr]SL-V qLN}p y~pU-Sy-vWVyUZR (B-IyVIyV) Nkf]-P-] Wp-]-p]-qO -O. B-IyVIyV&^j-yUZ qLN}pU SWq-t-] SvqO-r-]-L-jO v|NY-f-pORa nLY-oL-p]-qO-O.

IL SWq-t-]Rs Ca-fO-


Nkv]w| "sL mT-' SWN-oL-p]-qO-O. Av]-n kL-]-pORa ^j-y~L-i}-j-oO SjfL-vL-p]-qOO m].IyV.iPRo.

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fOa--V RRmO-t, SlL-V,RyvVq], vt] I]-v]-a--t]RfLu]-sL-t]-Sy-vL-yUZ NmLO-WDL-p]. v-x- k]]--SLAv os-pL-t] -y-oL-^- ISkq] Nkv--jU WLuV\-v-\O.oOx] SNkU\-V, pwVkL, RWpVl]ByVo], m]yVo]sL-XL-, m-qL^VyLzVj], WO--sL RRyYL-,RW.I. AmLyV fOa-]-p-vjp]\ kOSqL-Y-oj WsL&yLz]f|NkL-j-oL-p]-qOO AL-s-Nk-v---j--V DT^U kW---fV.CkVa (C| k}]-yV BaVyVASyL-y]-Sp-x-) ^}v--Y-]-pLpDfV-WQ jLa-W&y]j]-o-W-OU jLa--W-s-W-OU KL^O kW--O.

SWq-t-]sOU CSf WLs-p-t-v]sLeV kOSqL-Y-oj NkLjU BqU-n] -\ -fV. os-pL-t-]R o]W-vOyLz]-f|-q-\-j-W jSvL-LjNkL-j-]jV kOf]p oLj- j-W]. \-O-u, vp-sL-, k]. nLyVWq-, K.I.v]. I]-v WLv|-wL-XRp kOxVWs-oL-]. fW-u], ShvV,mx}-, RkLR- L-aV, v] I]-v W}uL-t-v-Y Wg-W IuO-f]. jLa-W-Sv-h]-p]sOU RkLt]-R\-uOO ja-O.RW. hLSoL-h-qR kL-mL-],v].a]pORa AaO- -t-p] j]V Aq--S-V, nLy]-pORa j]-RtRW|P-e]-L- ], R\rO-WL-a]R j-RtL-V, RW.a]. oOz--h]R CfV nPo]-pLeV I]-v-RpsLU vt--\-pORajLu]-W--sO-WtLp].

IL ArO-k-fO-W-tORa o|-WLsU RfLV fOa- U WOr]\ AqL-^ -W-f~vOU A]-f~-vL-hvOU oPs|--tORa oOq-a]-LeV WLuV-\-v-\-fV. fs-f]-q] yLUL-q]-W&yLoPz|hOxVNkv-e-f-W-V fa-p]-aLC.IU.IyV., k]. SYLv]--k]-I]-v-qORa SjfQ-f~-] JsU-WO-tV S\ W-Rv--x-j] zq]-z-q kPL-, C.IyV. YUYL-i-qI]-v--RLU SWN-yU-Z-a-j-pORa yLUL-q]W v]nLYU W-v}-j I j]sV `LjOU kR-aO-O.nLv]-Nk-v---j-- V CT yS-t-jU vu]-WL-]-pL-p].

JsU-WOtU oj-] W RRv

WQfU osL-v-s]-p] Nkf|--oL-p].kPRj--aO-O yz|LNh] yLjO-Sh-w-oLeV osL-v-s]. DfV-k-f]-xV-eO- -Rt-RpsLU R`]-]\ RRsUY]W AqL-^-Wf~U Av]Ra j--j-oL-a].SySzL-vU IV KLo-j-S-q]VBSZL-x]\ oh]-SqL--v-oL-p]-qOOosL-v-s]-p] yUZ-a]-]--R-fV.C|-p] CfV Bh| yUqU-n-oL-eV.oLi|-o-SsLWU v]Sw-x]-]-\O.

SmLURm-p] j]V 150 W]SsL-o}- AWRs SsLeL-vL-s--aOVaPr]--SW-N-oLp WLs YOz-W-tORakL-w~-nL-YV ]f]-R\-O osL-vs] WLo-SNk-f-mL-SiL-v W-o-nP-o]-pL-p]. C|-pORa jLjL-nL-Y-O-j]V jLsL-p]qU pOv-f}-pO-vL-SWLa-o-]jV \PaO kW-qL-Rj-].WLo-SNk-f-mL-i]-f-qORa oLUy-v]-WLqsz-q]-pL--oL-p]-qOO Av]-aORWsL-k-q]-kL-a]-W-. SmLi-S-a]jVoLO-WP-L v]Sh-w-oh|U RfLV k-\L-qLpU vRq. \q-yV, WL-vV, RfLs]RkLt]\ k\-R-r]-W-.

yoP-z-o-|-] CTv]i oPs|-\|O-f]-W-V ^j-W}-p-v-fV -W-qey~nLvU j-W-sL-p]-qOO yUL-q-v]-qO-&AqL-^-W-w-]-W-tORa A^-.Af]R WOu-sP-O-WL-qLp] oLi|-o--tOU. os-pL-t-]Rs NkoOX Nky]-}-W-q-e- AaU CT v]WQ-f-nL-v-Rt oLj|-f-pORa f- -y-vO-a-pLaRWLV kOf-]-\O.

"f-s-oO-r-W f]-sO v]a-vV'j]W-L RRsUY-]W y~LfN|UAj]-vL-q|U. (N}y~L-f-N|-o-s, fOs|L-v-WL-w-o-s). WOaOU-m-^}-v]-fR\fO-q- ] vq\V Af] m]- O-fV ku- vLh-Y-f]-pL-eV. osL-vs] yUY-oL-jO-WP-s]-W A\O-j]-q-].

k-fL-q-SzL--sO-W-t]sOU wf-SWL-a}-w~-q-L-qORa j]wL-W-mO-W-t]sOURRsUY]W y~Lf-N|-]R WPa]-pL-- kf]-vL-eV.

CfV SosL-t-v--Y-]R yUL-qU.k-fLq SzL-sO-W-t] D-f-WOsh-f]-oL Svr] RRsUY]W v|f]-pLj s}s-W BaO-vL-Rj-O-O.N} -^j--tORa ALf fPvL-s-WkOqO-x-L--]-a-p] RRWoLUR\O-O. fQwP kPq-]R v-eL-n-oLp WOa-oL--]R kq]xVWQfkf]-V.

o]. "I-'V sn]-O fPvLs

o]y]yV "m]-'-pO-Sa-Rf-]-, B qLNf]Ro k]-aO-fV Av f] Bp]-q]- OU. I RRojyV m]. D-f-qORaCTv]i wQUYL-q-SW-t]-W BqOUYTj]- L-r]-s. CsL--v-qORa j]f|-hL-q]Nh| hOq]fU SkLRs.

D-vR ijL--]-SkLRsWLoL-] iPOU j]wL-jQ--wL-s-W-t] "SWL--SY-tO-'-WRt yQ]-O-O. k-fL-q-W-t] AfV Bn]-^ L-f-qORa kf]-vO-v]-SjL-hU. oOW--f-]j]V W}uVf]-Ss V Av KuO- ]-v]-aO RRsUY]W AqL-^-W-f~-]RRoL-v|L-kLq SWN-oLp] osL-v-s].

hwL-m--- O-SwxU C| oj-L-]Rp yhL R`]-]-\O-RWL-]-q]-O N}k}-c-j-]-SsOU WP-m-sL-U-Y-]-SsOU kOfO-f-s-oO-r-WRt f]-v]-aO n}W-q-Nk-NW]-p-pORafOaU Bp]-qOO osL-vs] "Sy-z-pL-Nf-'.

k]o kLW]-LjOU (ka]- L-r kL-mV) kPv kLW]-LjOU(CTV mUYL Nkv]-w|) f]j]s-j]-]-qO kL-Sn-h-]RyUZ--xLYVj] Bt]- -O-W-pL-p]-qO-O. mUY mO oO^]-mO rzVoLR SjfQ-f~-] mUY-LSh-w]jOSv] ja-O-RWL-]-qO NkSL-nR yO-l]-X Bs] nPSL ka]-L-rO-j]V Aa]-\-o--O-W-pL-p]-qO-O.

of-S-L KqO-ka] SoRs,` WLU]-O-fV mUYLt]y~f~-SmL-i-oL-ReV v]t]-S\L-f]pyUQ-f]-pORa B\L-q|-jL-p]-qOOoO^]-mO rzVoL. Aq]RW Bn|-q-W-sLkU. AWRs ka]- L-rO-j]-V.nPSL RRyj]-W-qORa NWPq-k-qL-NW-o--. CT h~]f~ RvsO-v]t] Sjq]-aLC| Syj fL-Rr-aO--SfLRaC|&kLWV kLtU W]uOU ka]-LrOU JO-oO-].

qLNf]-WL-s--t] j]wL-j]-poU.RfqO-v}-g]-W-t] "mL V KTV'. Wq-p]-sOU Wa-s]sOU SoRs BWL-wOURkLq] SkLqLU. ASo-q] \N-zLyU Ct- ]. kLW]-L yUq--W-jLp] qUY-R-]. wL-y-oO-Nh-] ]qU f-a]-\]-qO "J-uLU-k-a' (seventh fleet) mUYL D- -a-s]-Ss V pO-WL-z-t-vO-oLp] j}].

IL SyLv]-pV rx| CTSkL-v]t] WOU RW] SjL]-p]-qO-]-s. C|&kLWV yUZ--x-]


JW-k-}-p-oLp] Ca-Rk-aL Cr-]p ASo-q]- V A|-wL-yjU j-W]. SsLW-^ -j-fRp KqO oPLU-SsL-W-]-SsV f]-v]-aO ASo-q]-ka-j}U YOqO-f-q-oLp nv]-x|-O-W e]-\O-v-qO-OU. BW-pLj]qO-kL-i]WU k]-vL-O-W. ASo-q] ve- -SLRa vu-].

ka-SpL--] kLW]-L hp-j}p kqL-^ pU JO-vL-]. C|L-nP-X--] mUYL-ShwV IkOf]p qL^|U ^-Ro-aO-O.

C|-R-f]Rq KqO jPrO RWLsR j]rO-L pO-WL-z-t-vO-oLp] nPSL \q]-Nf-L-tO-W-t]Rs Wq]-]-q]-pL-p].

ASf-y-opU C]-qL-S^|Lf] nLq-f-]-sO-a-j}tU NkWL-w]-\O. Bh|RnLq-f-v-j]-f-O nLq-f-q AvL-cVSja]-Rp-aO-O.

CSL&kLWV pO-]R mL]-k-Nf-] S\f-nL-YV SqX-R-aO-]p hOq--oLp] RII--IyVXONW]. Ar-m]--a-s]R Bu-]kLWV A--vL-z]j] C| jLv]-

W--a-pORa XONW]Rp oO]. W\V f}q-O-j]V 37 W]SsL-o} - AW-s-Lp]-qOO hOq--yU-n-vU. 1971c]yU-m 3&jV.

pOL-j-qU C| C]-q-pLpOUC]q C|-pLpOU f]t-]. fOa--O-j-a RkLfO-Rf-q-R -aO-] C]-qL^] SsLWVyn&AyUm] o-s--t] j]-eL-p-W-v]-^ pU RRWv-q]-\O.SWL-NYyV (RI) mLj-r]-. AfO-vRq ja jLsO RkLfO-Rf-q-R -aO -O-W-t]sOU (1952, 57, 62, 67)SWL-NYyV Rfq-R -aOO \]-oL-p]-qO jOWU v\ WLt WLsUR\pO.

kWqU qO \]- k]r-v]-Rp-aO-O. kwOvOU kwO-]-aLvOUSWL-NYyV (RI) \]-oL-p]. ozL-^] kV jPsO jP]-qO \SWL-NYyV (K) Aa-pL-t-oL-p].

Ca-fO-k-&W|P-e]-O-WL-- ]-a-p] C]-qL-f-qUYU kOf]-p-fqU Nkf|-p-wLN Bw-p-O-u-- yQ]-\O. kO-v-xU oOV RjzV-rO-W-q- ms-R-aO-L Bz~LjU

R\p-v CSL C]-qL-^]-pORaOf]-kL-b-W-qL-p].

ku- SWL-NYyV oPqL-\] -WRt oO-W-]-\fOU y}-v-Rr-]Rp kqL-^-p-R-aO] v].v].Y]q]Rp qLN-k-f]-pLp] vLu]-\-fOUNk]v]-kuVyV j]--sL- ]-pfOU mLV-Sh-w-yL-fV-W-q-evOU kLW]-LRjkLbU kb]-]-\fOU IsLU SyLx|-s]-y-]-Ss-O WOf]-L-ReVAv v]s-p]-qO-].

IL CRfLR Aa]--r-p]aL Aq- ]-s-tL-ReV Avf]q]-\-r]-pL--fL-p]-qOO WLs-Z--]-R hO:XU. \Px-e-yU-v]-iL-j-RpOU y~WL-q|-oP-s-i-j-RpOU j]p-N]-L-jL-WL kq]xVWLq---RLOU wLw~f kq]-zL-q-oL--Y- WR-L-jL-vO-W-p]-RsVk]-Ls yUnv v]WL-y-v|-oL-].

y]k]RI SjfL--tL-p]-qOSoLz WOoL-q-oU-Y-sU, q^j] kS-I]-v SWL-NYyV kL] yLq-g]-W-tL-p]. SoLz WOoL-q-oU-YsU SWN-o-N]-pL-p]. q^j] kS SmLURmNkShwV SWL-NYyV W]-]-pORaNkoO-X-jL-p].

yLpVkL-qORa Skq] Ar]-p-R-]-qO fOr-oO-XU, v]oL-j-L-vtUI]-vRp C]-qL-YL-]-pORaSkq] oL]-Rp-uO-f]. SmLURmAsWVyLN]p ScLWV C]qLScLWV Bp]. kLsU C]-qL-YL]AL-qLN v]oL-j-L-v-t-oL-p].

C]-qL-YL-]-pORa Ak-hL-j-NkW}--]-O Ska-W- CN-Nk o] WOu]-\] -O. AL-sR yW-s-oLj C]-qL-n-qOUmzO-oL-jL-h-q--StLRa hQWVyL]-W-tLp] RfLuO-fO-j]-O. Av-q] NkoO-X-jL-p]-qOO ^YV^ }v rLU.

1977&Rs RkLfO-Rf-q-R-aO-]jO RfLO-oOV ^YV^}v SWL-NYyV v]O. 77 qLN}pU f]--a-\O-L-]p ^j-fL-kL--]-p] S\-O. kP-vL-i]WU w-jLp ht]fV SjfL-vL-p]; ^j-fL-f-qUY oOS--]-. C]-qL^] hp-j}poLp] kqL-^-p-R-O.qLN}p RRvk-q}-f|U ^j-fL-y--L nPo]--a]-p] j]V SkaWUk]uO-Rf-aOV YUY-pL-r] KuO- ]. CTDh-W-NW]-pOU ^YV^}v yL]!

yLoP-z|&yLUL-q]W&qLN}pqUY--t] NkW-a-oL-p]-RL-]-qO

SNaLURm os-pLt] yLUyVWLq]W yo]f]pORa RkLfO-y-S-tjU:v].RW. mLs yUyL-q]- O-O. zq]-z-q kPL-, IyV.RW. SvsLpO-i-, Nw}oL I]-v yo}-kU.


oPs|-\|O-f]Rp If]-O kqL-^ -p-R-aO-L w-oLp Nkf]-SqLi j]qRW]--aO-O-RWL-]-q]-R-pLeVSNaLURm os-pL-t] yLUL-q]W yo]f] (a]IU-IyVIyV) ^-Ro-aO--fV. By]I-lV, a]IU-IU-I-]Ry]qL-SW-N-oL-p].

SWLt-j]-p] oOP-r]-s-i]WU os-pL-t]-WO-aOU-m- fLo-y-L-qL-p].s|-SmL-i-oO yLUL-q]-W-Svh]I ys yLL-fV -WL-q-]jVoO]-] -r-]-p-v-q] NkoO-X-qL-p]-qOO v].IyV.RW. jLp-, a].RW.v]w~U-n-q-, IyV.RW. SvsL-pO-i-,v].RW. mLs-, NkyLhV I]-v-.

kOSqL-Y-oj WsL&yLz]f| kq]-kL-a]-W-V DT RWLaO-O--f]R nLY-oLp] v]h|L-n|Ly Nkv---jvOU yo]-f]-pORa A -^-p] DL-p]-qO-O. ffV-l-s-oLp] SoLc PWP-mL jY-r] BqU-n]-\O. yUZ-a-j-pORa DhV-ZLaj \aV R\PW|L]Rs j]q-Lq] zLt]-sL-p]-qO-O.yUZ-a-j-pORa Nkgo Nky]-c-Lp]v].RW. mLsjOU RyNW--r]-pLp]a].RW. v]w~U-n-qjOU \Oo-f-s-Sp-O.

DhV-ZL-a-j-y-S-t-j-] SWq-t}pSWN-yU-Z-a-jL-Nk-f]-j]-i]-WtLp]zq]-z-q kPL-, C.IyV. YUYL-i-q-, Nw}oL I]-v kR-aO-O.

a]IU-IU-IyV SWq-t}p SWN-yU-Z-a-j-pORa AUY-yU-Z-a-j-pL-ReOU JRf-]sOU yLz-\-q|-]yo]-f]-Nk-v---j-- V Nkf]-y]Sjq]-aO-SL SWq-t}p SWN-yU-Z-a-j-pORa Ca-Rk-a An|--]-O-RoOU Nkv--jU j]s-O-W-pL-Re-] Lvq ^UYo y~O-SWN-yU-Z-a-jV v]Si-p-oL-W-e-RoOU nq-e-Z-a-j-p] SqXL-oPsUIuO-f]-S\- JW-yU-Z-aj a]IU-IU-IyV BWO-O.

Nkv---j- kOSqL-Y-o] -\ -SL iLqLtU pOvL- yUZ-a-j-SpL-a-aO-O. Av-q] NkoO-X-qL-p]-qOO I.RW. B\L-q], SYLk]- O-jLp-, v]w~U-n-q ^Pj]-p-, jSq-N-,k].RW. SoSjL-, RW.I. RRyo- I]-v-.

v]h|L-sp Nkv---j-So-X-s-p]Bh|-WL-sV IU. C]-q, wL oLi-v fOa] ks A|L-k]-W-oLqOUNkf]-l-SsM WPaLRf Syv-j-y---qLp] oOSL-O-v-O.

(fOa-qOU)

qZO-jLgV kSs-q]

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A-v rx}-h]-R j]-oL-e-]- A-SlL-yV kONf- yUv]-iLjU R\p"SNk-oU' W-SL Bh|U W]]p SNko-Ss-XjU KLo vO.

Rk-y] Au-WO Av Rk-y] RWLR-uO-f]p IuO-]jV kf]-RjLV fLtO-W DL-p]-qO-O!

RyV S^LylV RRzP-t] K-f]-sL-p]-qOO AV.Ij]V Wa k]r-]-]-s. yOfL-q|-oL-RpLqO y]V Nkf-s-]-j]-OrU

j]-O--fO-SkLRs Bp]-qOO AV SsLWU W]-qO--fV. j-Nf-oLpVoP-qU I Wg-p]Rs Scv]-c]-RjLU Pt]--j]V f]q]-\O-v-qO Sjq-L-p]-qOO RfL-O-rR yVWP-t]--j]OU Cr] k]]-sPRa vV SjLV-mO- ] f]qO-W]-v\ WV WLeO-SL-RusLU \]q]- O Rk-y] RkVf-fV. ASL KU Aj]-p A^]pOU ASwL-WjOU SfLoOU DL-p]-qO-O. BqOU KOU Ar]-]-s. WOU fV Av Iv]-RaSpL As]-O.

Bh|R fLtO-W j]rRp Rj]-p]-Ss V Rf]-v}-uO oOa]-\O-qOtO-WSkLRs Au-WL- W--q-oL-p]-qO-O. zQhpU o]a]-\V IuO-f]-p-fO-RWL-LvLU k]}-a-SL-O--v-p] W-qU k]-W kr-O--SkL-sL-p].k]R-]R k]-W-V vL-fL-p]. Av-yLj fLtO-W-t]Rs ks k]-WtOU kqyVkqU fs-fs] Wq-pO Av--p]-sL-p]. Bh| fLtO-W-t-sLRfoRsLU vLp]-R\-aO-L KqO vu]-pO-o]-s. Av--fR vq-eU.

J kb]-O W]uS oOr]-p] y~-oLp] W]]p WOO v}-R-]-O-] B k]-W

പ്രവാസി ശബ്ദം ജൂണ് 2015

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