2) lice - yat

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By NOR HAYATI HAMZAH FACULTY OF NURSING AUCMS 1 NHSP 1103 PARASITOLOGY/intake apr11 EXTERNAL PARASITE

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By

NOR HAYATI HAMZAH

FACULTY OF NURSING

AUCMS

1NHSP 1103 PARASITOLOGY/intake

apr11

EXTERNAL PARASITE

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Head lice are parasitic insects found mostcommonly behind the ears and near theneckline at the back of the neck.

The medical term for head lice infestation isPediculus humanus capitis.

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A head lice infestation can be psychologicallydisturbing, but head lice are not a healthhazard and are not responsible for the spreadof any disease.

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The head-louse life cycle (egg to adult) requires

about 21-27 days on the human host.

Each adult female deposits anywhere from 50-150 eggs (nits) during her lifetime.

Nits hatch in 5-9 days.

Nymphs (immatures) molt three times beforebecoming sexually mature adults.

Young and adult head lice feed on blood severaltimes a day. The adult stage can liveapproximately one month (30-40 days).

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Body lice are spread in several ways.

sharing clothing, bedding, or towels with aninfested person.

lying on furniture that has recently been incontact with an infested person is anothermethod of transmission.

Body lice can be transmitted quickly because theyare so active.

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Symptoms of Head Lice:

Scalp itching

Sensation of something moving in the hair Red or pustular sores on the scalp caused by

scratching

Swollen lymph nodes in the front and back of 

the neck

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Diagnosis of Head Lice

A head lice infestation is diagnosed by directvisualization of the lice in any portion of the lifecycle.

Usually there are many more nits than adults or

nymphs.

Finding nits within a quarter inch from the scalpconfirms an infestation that needs to be treated.

Nits can be distinguished from dandruff flakes asthey are extremely adherent to the hair shaft,whereas dandruff can be easily moved on alongthe hair shaft.

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Itchy scalp infection

Insecticide reaction and overuse

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if a case of head lice is identified, allhousehold members should be checked forhead lice.

Only those with live lice or eggs within 1 cmof the scalp should be treated.

It is also recommended that all hair careitems and bedding belonging to the infestedperson be cleaned.

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Oral AgentsTrimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Septra,Bactrim) is an oral antibiotic, given as a 10-daycourse, which has been shown to be effective

at treating resistant infestations of head lice.

Ivermectin (Stromectol) is an antiparasitic druggiven as a single dose that has also been

shown to effectively treat resistant head liceinfestations. However, neither of these drugs isFDA approved for use as a pediculicide.

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Malathion

Malathion is a prescription lotion that is

applied to the hair, left to air dry, then washedoff after 8-12 hours.

Because it has a high alcohol content, it ishighly flammable and can cause difficultybreathing if it is ingested.

For these reasons, it should only be used forresistant cases of head lice.

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Permethrin

is the preferred first-line treatment for head

lice.

Permethrin 1% (Nix) is available over thecounter, and permethrin 5% (Elimite) isavailable by prescription.

Permethrin is a cream rinse that is designed to

leave a residue after rinsing that kills emergingnymphs, so reapplication is usually notneeded.

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Prevention

Never share hair brushes, combs, hair pieces,hats, bedding, towels, or clothing with

someone who has head lice.

If your child has lice, be sure to check policiesat schools, day-care centers, preschools, and

nurseries. Many do not allow infectedchildren to be at school until the lice havebeen completely treated.

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Frequent cleaning of carpets and all othersurfaces in child-care centers preventsspread of all types of infections, includinghead lice.

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