23rd nyingma monlam book
TRANSCRIPT
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 1 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
? .0=- $?%- ( J/- }- :I<- fA%- 3:A- .2- :6 B/- s- 0- 7*2?- eJ- :O=- 8A$- %$- .2%-
(R?- GA- ]R- PR?- .0=- 29%- 0 R- 3(R$- $A- 36.- i3- .%- .$R%?- 0-8A- 2<- $>J$?- 0:A-
;A.- *R:A- $/?- 5=,
.J- ;%- 24/- 3R-2!:A- ,%- ;A$- =?, 1$- <A- 3#<- 8J?- L- 2- *A.- .; .$J- aR%- !R- !- =A- 8J?- L-
2; *J- 2- 2o:A- 3,< - %:A- (R?- GA- 2!/- 0- :6B/- *R%- %J=- $?3- LJ.- 0; 2?3- $+/- 1R- 3R- s- 2o?-
2{R<- 2; :O=- 8A$- (J/- 0R- 8J?- L- 2- :L%- %R ; 8J?- =%- 2!/- 0- 28A/- <2- L%- 2&- S$ - 0:A- >A%- LA-,A- =R- 1924 ^-2- 9 0:A- 5J?- 10 *A/- .2?- $4%- <- 28A<- P$?- 0:A- /%- 5/- $4%- (.- $-
.!<- lJ:A- mR%- #R%?- ;<- :VR $- !$- =%-.2R/- <?- 12- #J- 8J?- 0:A- 12- 1$- +- ;2- 2!/- :6B/- (R?-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 2 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
.<- .%- ;3- :)3- .L%?- .2%- 3R- $*A?- GA- Y?- ?- %R- 35<- 2:A- g$?- 35/- .- 3- .%- 2&?- +J- {-
35/- .0J:A- 0ER- $?<- .- 28., .$%- P%?- 28 A- 0<- =- !R.- >J=- .!<- mR%- #R%?- m- <R%- 1- 8J?- 0:A- $./- ?- <- *A.- GA- {- $R%-
3- E- .J:- !/- 29%- 3,R%- PR=- hR- eJ:3, :O=- 8A$- 3.R- }$?- \A%- 0:A- .%R?- aR2- 7*2?- eJ- m- 3=-
<A/- 0R- (J:A- {- 3./- .- :LR/- 0<-2{=- 3- 36.- 0- v<- 1J2?- /?, {- $R%- 3:A- }R/- $/?- eJ?- S/- IA-
$?%- ,R=- L%- 3%- .- $?%?- 0- .%- , }R/- .- m- 3=- <A/- 0R- (J:A- $9A$?- $%- =- *A/- $&A$- ,$?- *R-
>?- GA?- 2{=- +J- eJ- $R%- 3<- $.%- ;?- $?R=- :.J2?- >$?- S$- 36.- 0: A- .$- $%- =- d- ;2- .0=-
<A- /?- :R.- $?3- (2?- &A$- +- :UR?- 0- =?, $*A?- KR$?- $- >J.- .- 9$- &A%- <A%-0R<- 3- ,R$?- 0<-
;=- 2<- I<- =, 9J<- ,$- $&A$- <A/- 0R- (J- $%- *A.- GA- $9A3- ,A=- .%- *J- 2<- 9$- /?- ;/- <A%- 43-
$/?- 0<- I<-+J, .- v:A- 7*2?- eJ- <A/- 0R- (J- =- 2g$- 5=- {R<- m- 3=- $R%- 3:A- <%- i3- 8=- $?%-
3<- $?=- 2- .%- 3,/- 0<- :O=- 8A$- 3.R- }$?- \A%- 0:A- ;%- YA.- .J- 3- ,$- 0<- ,$?- ;A.- (J?- +J, .$%- P%?- 28 A- 0<- %R?- :6B/- 36.- &A%- %$- .2%- 3.R- }$?- 2!/- :6A/- .0=- 29%- 0R- 8J?- 35/-
IA- &R. - 0/- $? R=- 2<- 36., .$%- P%?- 2&- $*A?- =- (R?- GA- OA- :1%- 3,R/- 0R<- 3%:- $?R=- 36.- /?, <A$?- 2.$-m-
3=- <A/- 0R- (J- %$- .2%- 2!/- :6B/- /R<- 2:3-!/- 29%- <A$- :6B/- 3#:- H2- :R.- $?=- h R- eJ- .0=-
29%- 0R- 3(R$- /?- $%- =- )A- v<- 28$?- 0:A- ?R< - L%- }$?- $?3- IA- (R?- 2!:- z$- =?- 3J.- 0-
3$R/- 0R- $%- =- ,$?- .IJ?- 0- (J/- 0R?- 2)=- 2?- ,$?- Y?- GA- .3- 0<- I<,
.J- .$- $?/- 0- 43- .- 3- =?- 0<- $%?- uR%?- o=- 2!/-}- ?R<- $/?- 0:A- .?- ?- .$%-
P%?- 18 /?- 20 2<, =R- $?3-IA- <A%- 2&.- o- .3- 0R<- 28$ ?, .?- .%- i3- 0- !/- +- 2~J/-
12- *3?- 28J?- =- ,$?- 2lR/- (J/- 0R<- 36.- 0- .%- <A$?- 2.$- m- 3=- 7$R%-3:A- 2!:- 28A/- m-
<R%- 3.R- }$?- ( R?- \A%- .$ R/- IA- 3#/- 0R:C- 35/- 28J?- GA?- :6B/- *R%- %J=- $?3- 36.- .$R?-0:A-
2!:- =%- 2)=- 2- v<- o=- 2!/- %J=- 2:A- ,$?- #<- 28J?, H.- 0<- }- :I<- 2:A- $./- ?- :R$-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 3 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
3A/- AR- o/- (A/- PR=- \A%- .- ,R$- 3<- .$%- P%?- 21 /?- 29%- =/- P%?- .- 3<- 1J2?- /?- 7*2?-
eJ- $&%- <A/- 0R- (J- %$- .2%- ( R?- GA- P$?- 0- 3(R$- $A?- 3#/- 0R-.%- , 3#/- (J/- 3HJ/- 2lJ- /R<- 2- <A/- 0R- (J?- =?- aR2- 36.- .J- ..- 0:A- $/?- .$J- :./- P%?- 5%-
2:A- .2?- ?- ]- (J/- .$R%?- 0- <2- $?=- /?- 2o.- 0:A- #R3- o/- =?- 5B$?- $?3- 2<- 3- (.- 0<-
2~J/- 0<- mR$?- +J- {- 24/- 0:A- 35/- ~/-;R%?- ?- P$?, $8/- ;%- (A/- \A%- hR<- :6B/- <A/- 0R- (J-
2.J- (J/- (R?- :6B/- 3(R$- .%- , mR%- ?<- 3HJ/- 2lJ- <A/- 0R- (J- (R?- GA- ]R- PR?, #- /- ]- 3- 2!/- :6A/-
o=- 35/, g- /$- ,2- 2!/- 2>J?- $*J/- 1/- 5S$?- <A/- 0R- (J- .%- , z$- 0<- .- 7*2?- 3$R/- o=-
2:A- .2%- 0R- ,3?- &.- 3H J/- &A%- $9A$?- 0- (J/- 0R- 3(R$- $A- .2?- ?- .$J- 2!:- fA%- <A?- 3J.- GA- 5.-
w/-.$J- 2:A- 2>J?- $*J/- 2&- U$- $?3- 43- 2!J/- 0<- 36., 3.R<- /- :1$?- 2R.- GA- $8%- =$?- 3.R- }$?- <A$- $/?- .%- 2&?- 0- {- $8R/- /:A - .?- /?-
$?/- 2?3- |R3- $?3- IA?- .?-:.:- 2<- 36., H.- 0<- .- $/?- G A- (J- 2- $%?- <A- ,R.- .!<- !/-
3HJ/-(J/- 0R:A- $9A3- 1$- +, eJ- k$?- ?%?- <A/- 0R- (J- =?, ~A%- ,A$- ;- 28A- $?/- 0- .%- , z$- 0<-
.- .$%- P%?- 31 =- 2?3- ;?- 3A- :I<- z/- IA?- P2- 0:A- $4$- =$- #%- .- AR- o/- .?- $?3-
3HJ/- 0:C- o=- 52, 7*2?- eJ- 2..- :)R3?- :)A$?- V=- ;J- >J?-hR - eJ- =?- <A/- (J/- $+J<- 36S.- .%-, 36S.- 2./- ?R$?- $?/,
.$%- =R- 36 =- fA%- 3:A- 2!:- 3- $?/- 28J?- .%- 4$?- (R?- .A/- IA- 2.$- nJ/- ;%-36.-
/?- ,$?- .IJ?- 0:A- lJ<- ?R/, H.- 0<- .- 7*2?- eJ- .A=- 3$R- 3HJ/- 2lJ- hR- eJ- :(%- $ A- $?J<- 8=-
3)=-/?- (R?- :VJ=- IA- ,R$- 3<- 2>J?- 0:A- 3A%- ;A$- .%- , eJ- *A.- GA- 92- $+J<- $*$?- 1<- IA- (A/-
LJ.- .2%- ?R$?- $?/ , .J:A- eJ?- 2=- ;=- 3(R.- gJ/- <A/- 0R- (J:A- *J- :.2?- ?- 7o=- 2:A- 2!:- :I<-
<A/- 0R- (J- u$?- =%- )R=- 2<- $?R=- :.J2?- 8?-$/%- 36.- .J, (R?- .A/- IA- 2.$- nJ/- .%- 2&?-
$?/- 0- .J- {- 5K- :.A:A- .R/- (J- >R?- ; A/- 8J?- $?%?,
a<- 3$ R/- 0R- *A.- ,2- 2!/- 3.R- }$?- (R?- :#R<- \A%- .- $./- :SJ/- 8?- /?- ^- 2- S$- 43- - - - -
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 4 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
28$?-<A%- , ~A%- ,A$- $R%- :R$- .%-, H.- 0<- 12- ,2?- !/- 2+?, $.3?- %$- 36S.- 3=- 0:A-
\J$?- 23- <A/- 0R- (J- 2&?- 8A2- o?- $?/, .J- /?- 7*2?- eJ- 3HJ/- 2lJ- hR- eJ- :(%- (J/- 0R- 3(R$ 3$R/- 0R- $%- $A - %J?- 0- .R/- IA- ]- 3<- 29%- /?- 1/- 5/- ,/- 3R%- 3- ;A/- 0:A- ]- aR2- +- I<- +J- ,$?- Y?-
.3- 0- *A.- .- 2}$?, a<- 3$ R/- 0R- $%- *A.- 3- :R%?- 3% R/- 0<- $9A$?- /?-KA?- :L%- $A- $.=- L-
3$R/- 3J.- i 3?- eJ?- ?- :6A/- 0:A- (J.- 3$R/- 0R- *A.- GA- o=- 52- +- 3%:- $?R=- 36., }R/- LR/- *J?- 2- .3- 0- i3?- .%- .$ R%?- [R%- .LJ<- 3J.- .- I<- 9A/-G%- , $.=- L- eJ?- ?-
:SJ/- 0:A- (J.- ,$?- VJ=- )A- v<- ;R.- /:%- }- .$R%- i3?- ?- ,$?- .3- 8=- :.R/- ($- 3J.- .%- , *A/-
v<- K$- .0J- $9A$?- gR$- $A?- 2<- 353?- GA- .?- PR/- 0<- 3A- 36.- 0- ?R$?- .%- , .?- GA- 3,<- ;%-
o=- 2!/- :6 A/- *R%- %J=- 2:A- ,$?- #<- o- (J<- 28J?- /?, $/?- .2J/- 0:A- <A-OR.- ><- #3- 2- >R.-
<R%- &J?- 0:A- ?- #=- .- ,2- 2!/- 3.R- }$?- (R?- \A%- 8J?- :R$- 3A/- d- ;2- .0=- <A- ?- =- :1R?- 0- v-
2:A- $4$- =$- #%- gJ/- .%- 2gJ/- 0- 28J%?- /?, AR- o/- (A/- PR=- \A%- $A- (R?- 2o.- :6B/- 0:A- (J.-
.$J- :./- IA- #J- $?<- .- 2#?- /?- o/- 28$?-9- 24/- s- 2o- 43- .%- .?- (J/- #$- =- ?- ^<- /%-
$/?- (- 2o.- .%- , 3J=- ^<- (A/- $+J<- ,$?- eJ- (J/- 0R- 2.J- $>J$?- !/- :.?- GA-o/- 5S$?- =-
2gJ/- 0:A- 12- 3(R., S$- 0:A- 5K?- 28A- =- .$J-5=- aR%- $A- 2a2- #R3- :2R$- (R$- NA$- &<, .$J- :./-
0- i3?- /?- $?R- .R%- ($- 3J.- GA- ,R$- .L<- }- 3- 8=- 28J?- .%- :VJ=- .L<- (R?- :(.- */, 2./-
0<- <+- \A%- 5K- 12- $?%- :.?- .%- , 0E- 5K- ;A- ~A%- ,A$- $A- <?- VA?- =- 2g J/- 0:A- 12- 3(R.- ?R$?-
:(<- &/- .%- , :(<- :1<- IA- 12- 3(R.- #$- $%- 3%- 2&?- G A?- .?- :.:- 2<- 36.- 0- .%- , .J-
28A/- .- 7*2?- eJ- 3HJ/- 2lJ- <A/- 0R- (J?- :63- \A%- 8A- 2.J:A- .J.- .0R/- (J/- 0R- $R%- ?- 7*2?- 3$R/-
o=- 2:A- .2%- 0R- {- UJ%- 2&- 28A- 0- (J/- 0R<- }- :I<- IA- 3.R- +- ?J3?- KR$?- (A/- PR=- 2)=-:UR?- =-
2gJ/-/?, *2?- 3(R$- $%- *A.- GA?- G%- , 12- ,2?- 23- 29%- , 7!/- 3HJ/- (J/- 0R:C- 36S.-
2./ , %=- $?R- {R<- $?3- ? R$?- 30=- I A- 5=- .- 1=- $/%- 36., 3.R<- /- *2?- 3(R$- $%- *A.- GA- $.=- L<- I<- 0- 2!:- fA%- ?- .$J- <A?- ?- 3- (.- 0:A- 2!/-- - -
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 5 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
:6A/- IA- *J?- (J/- P%?- =?- :.?- 0- 8A$- $?%- $A- *J?- ?- 3- I<- 0- 3J.- 0?- <%- <%- $ A- o.- 5S.- .%-
2!/- /?- *A/- 35/- 2<- 3J.- 2!/- :PR<- (/- 0:A- :#R<- =R- $?3- IA- 36.- 0- 2*%?- 0- 3- 5.- ,A- =R- 2010 ^- 1 5K?- 15 <2- $/?- ?- \%- =R :A- 2R.- ^- 12 5J?- 1 *A/- $/?- 3(R$- hR- eJ- $./- . - }-
:I<-f A%- 3:A- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R- ,J%?- *J<- $&A$- 0- :5S$- 0:A- {2?- ]- (J/- #$- .%- fA%-3:A- .$R/- #J- (J-#$- i3?-GA?- $4S?- 0:A- (R/- =3- :$/- :6B/- z/-:6S3?- ,R$- 2!:- 2#<- $/%-/? - 3$ R/- 0R- $%-
*A.- =- )A- v<- $?R=- 2- 2+2- 0- 28A/-}- :I<- fA%- 3:A- .2- :6B/- s- 0<- 8=- 28J?- $/%- !J- }- :I<-
2:A- 2!/- 0- ;R%?- mR$?- =- ,$?- #<- o- (J<- 28J?- +J, 3,<- .$ % - P%?- 2o.- &- I- 2o.- ,A- =R- 2011 ^- 2- 9 5K?- 2 *A/-IA- }- SR- K$- 5S.- 8/30 ,R$- $.=-L:A- 2?R.- /3?-GA?- 3- ,J$- 0<- %R-
35<-2:A- v?- .- 3- .%- 2&?- +J- <J- 8A$ - $9$?- {:A- 2!R.- 0- (R?- .LA%?- ?- 2#?-0:A- 5=- 2!/-+R,,
.3- 0- *A.- .$R%?- 0- 8A- 2<- $>J$?- 0:A- ;A.- *R:A- $/?- 5=,
.J- ;%- <A/- 0R- (J- .$%?- P%?-I- 2o.- 0- ,A- =R- 2011 ^- 2- 9 0:A- 5K?- 2 *A/- }- SR- K$-
5S.- 2o.- .%- {<- 3- ?3- 2&:A- ,R$- .$R%?- 0- (R?- .LA%?- ?- $>J$?- >A%-*A/- $?3- IA- <A%- ,$?-
.3- .- 28$?- ;R.- 0- .%- , <%- .$R/- ><- #3- 2- ,2- 2!/- 3.R- }$?- (R?- \A%- /?- 8$- 8J- .$:A- <A%-
:.?- 3%- ;R%?-GA?- ..- $.%- S$- 0 R?- $?R=- :.J2?- (R/- =3- .%- , .%R?- :LR<- ;A.- 3=- IA- 3(R.-
3A/- .0$- 3J.- 2!2?- +J- .$R%?- mR$?- 3(R.- :2=- o- (J<- 8?- ;R.- &A%- , .J- 28A/- o- $<- .%- , 2=-
;=, :V$- ?R$?- /?- fA%- 3:A- .$R/- #J- #$- $A- {- 52- .%- 2R.- $8%- $A- {- 52, 2=- ;=- /%- 0:A-
5S$?- $4S, A- <A:A- $8%- 52- GA- :,?- 52, *2?- eJ- 3HJ/-2 lJ- <A/- 0R- (J:A- ;%- 3=- .%-, 2..-
:)R3?- <A/- 0R- (J:A- ;%- 3=- 2!/- :6A/- ;J- >J?- hR- eJ, *2?-eJ- 8J- (J/- <2- :L3?- <A/-0R- (J, 2?R.-
o=- <A/- 0R- (J, 3#/- (J/- 5K-.2%-o- 35S, A- <A:A-\R$-2f/- :O2-!R/- 0-P$?- &/- <J:- (<-,<-
?R$?- o=- #2- #$-*A- >- z$- /?- 1J2?- 0:A- {- 3PR/- .%- , ..- w/- 3A- 3%- !R%- 5S- 2c=- 2-.$R%?-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 6 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
mR$?- 3(R.- :2=- =- 2&<- ;R.- 0- .%- , KA- 5K?- 5 *A/- IA- K$- 5S.- 12 ,R$- 28$?- |<- h- <3- ?-
=- $%?- &/- *A.- $>R%?- G A- $?R=- 5%- ;%- !J%- 5S$?- #%- .- .0=- w/- OA3?- 8A2- 0- (J- 2- 3(R$- .%- , OA3?- 8A2- 0- $8/- i3- $*A?, 2R.- 3A- 3%- ,A- :,?- o/- =?- i3- 0, =?- #%?- #$- $A- S%- (J- (%-
i3- 0, $8/- ;%- Y A- 8:A- =?- LJ.- i3?- 5%- :6S3?- G A?- (- 5S.- $&A$- <A%- (R/- =3- $?%- :.R/- .%- , .J- *A/- 8A%- $>J$?- .3- 0- 3(R$- =- M- %/- $?- :..- 35S/- LJ.- .- .0=- w/- 2R.-3A:A- 1A$- :6$?- ?3-
24/- LR=- 2R.- $8%- $A-.2?- =?- #%?- #$- |R- 2o2- ;R.- 0- <J., 2R.- ^- 2./- 0:A- 5K?- 2&- *A/, o-
$<- zR- KR$?- GA- $./- ?- (J/- 3R- ,J$-3(R$- i3- PR=- 2>.- 12- .<- o?- \A%- ., 2>.- 9- .%- , 9-
5%-, 24/- .$R/, aR2- 9- 2&?- :.?- 3%- ;R%?- mR$?- GA?- *A/- $&A$- <A%- hR<- ?J3?- +- :U=- S-
2:A- .GA= :#R<- 8=- KJ?- +J- 5S$?- GA- 3(R.- 0- o- (J<- 3R?- 0- .%- , $8/- ;%- o- 2=- I A- fA%- 3:A- .$R/-
#J-#$- +-;%- .$ R%?- m R$?- 3(R.- :2=- I A- 5S$?- 3(R.-<2?- .%- <A3- 0<- 8?- :.$
$?=- 2>.,
7*2?- eJ- 8A- 2<- $>J$?- 0- $%- $A- :.?- 3(R.- {2?- GA- $/?- 5=- i3?- <A/- 0R- (J- *A.- GA- .$R/- 0<-
:VJ=- $+$?- =/- 3%- L?- G%- ;=- .?- G A- $/?- 22?- .- 3:A- .2%- $A?- :.A:A- {R<- .JA?- KA/- 0- 8A$-
%J.- &$- $ A- =$- +- 3- :LR<- 2?- 8A2- U:A- $/?- 5=- :$R.- ,2?- 3- L%- ,
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 7 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
? }- :I<- 2!/- 0:A-$?=- LJ.- (J/- 0 R-7 3#/- 0R- A- H$- $3- P2- .2%- =%-
gR$?- o=- 35/- 3(R$- .$R%?- 0- (R?- .LA%?- ?- 2#?- 0:A-
;A.- *R:A- $/?- 5=,
,A- =R- 2011 2R.- ^- $?3- 0:A- 5K?- 17 /?- ~%- 5=-2!/- +J- :63- \A%- ,A- .%-
H.- 0<- o- 2R.- GA- aR2- 3- i3?- GA?- 82?-
2g/- 3,:- ;?-0- 2 12?- >A%- 3#/- (J/-
5=- OA3?- ]R- PR?- ?R$?- KR$?- GA- *J?- (J/-
3%- 0R- 8A$- (J.- 1J2?- GA?- 2!/- :PR:A- 3$R/-
.0%- .3- 0<- 28$?- .$R?- 0:A- $?R=- 2-
2+2- 0- v<- <J- 8A$- 28$?- o:A- 8=- 28J?-
$/%- +J- $/?- {2?- {- #3?- ;<- ?%?- ?-
I<,
:R/- G%-:PR- 2:A- 2?R.- /3?- GA?- 3-
,J$- 0<- 2R.- ^- 5 0:A- 5K?- 22 GA- .$R%- 3R-
(- 5S.- 2 .%- {<- 3- 40 !J%- ;- (J/- AR- o/-
2?3-$+/- \A%- .- .$R%?- 0- (R?- .LA%?- ?-
$>J$?-0:A- ;A.- *R:A- $/?- 5=- ,R/- :.$
#R%- :.:- #<- 3=- {- A- $?%- ?R$?-
,$?- Y?- i3?- =, .%- 0R- 2- (J/- i3?-
,$?- 3,/- 0R- $/%- o, $*A?- 0- 2- aR2-
;R%?- /?- 5K- :.A- =?- KA- 3- $=- (J/- .- :6B/-
o- 2&?- GA- 8=- (J3?- $4S- 2R- $*A?- 28$ 3=- 0- LJ- 2- U$- 2o?- ?J3?- &/- IA- .R/-
36.- 0- o=- Y?- ,A:A- %%- 5=- ;A/- 0- =?-
.3A$?- ?- ;%- YA.- 3J.- &J?- $?%?- 0<-
,$?- Y?- 3=- {- A- $?%- 3(R$- /?- //-
8?- $/%- 2<- 1<- (J.- .- :5S=- 3A- .$R?- 0<-
5<- :5S=- 3#/- 8A$- ;R%- $A- <J.- &J?- 0:A-
2!:- 1J2?, :.?- eJ?- GA- {R<- =- {- $.%-
8$?- :2=- IA?- {- <?- (- 2R- (J/-0R- 28A:A- /%-
.- $>J$?- $? R=- 8- .$R?- 0- .%- , {- $.%-
$/?- {2?- <A% - 28$- /:% - (R$- 0- .%- , $.%- :(R?- =- 82?- +R$- 3#/- 0R- ;J- >J?- .R/-
gR$?- /?- $/%- .$R?- 0:A- 8=- 2!R.- 36., KA- /%- $A- .$R?- 0- .- 3:A- .2%- $A?- 2-
(J/- i3?- ,$?- PR?- GA?- *A/- 2./- <A%-
$?%- o- $/%- , $/3- $%- $A- *A/- $?%- o-
2NR=- +J, 3#/- 0R- ;J- >J?- .R/- gR$?- .%- 3=-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 8 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
{- A- $?%- , {- 5- (R?- P$?- 2&?- /?- {-
$.%- =R%?- {<- 8=- 2+<, 2R.- ^- 6 0:A- 5K?- $&A$- *A/- ]- <%-
/?- 3#/- 0R- 5=- OA3?- ]R- PR?- ?R$?- 3#/-
3=- _%?- :#R<- $?3- (J.- 1J2?- ,R$- 3#/-
0R- 5=- OA3?- ] R- PR?- 3(R$- /?- ]- <%- /%-
2!/- aR2- \A%- .%- |<- :.A- 1/- 5/- H.- 3J.-
.- $9A$?- 0:A- 8=- 28J?-
.%-, >=- =?- 2- aR2-
i3?- GA?- G%- ]- 3-
28$?- .?- =?- 3A- .3/-
0:A- KA- /%- $A- :6B/- *R%-
5$?- 5.- .$R?- 0- ?R$?-
GA- =3- !R/- .%- ,$?-
$?R:C- 2!:- a R2- $/%- , 5K?- 2 *A/- V$-
3$R- .$R/- IA- OA- 0- AR- o/- *2?- GA?- .2?-
0:A- V$- 3$R:C- .$R/- 0- *J<- 28A:A- <A?- 3J.-
.$J- :./- 3,/- 5S$?- GA- {- 52, *$- <R%-
3#/- 0R- 5=- OA3?- GA?- .2?- 0:A- *$- <R%- $A-
.$J- :./- 3,/- 5S$?- GA- {- 52, .!<-
36K?- <%- *R%- #=- (R?-.R/- =?- #%?- .%- , .0=- ;=- mR%- $A- mR%- .0R/- ?R$?- G%- }- KA<-
M- %/- IA- :53?- 8<- 2&<, $.%- 3)=- .2-
5$?- 0:A- *A/- /?- 5K?- $?3- IA- 2<- *A/-
$?3- IA- <A%-$.%- 3)=- 2- OA- s- =?- 2c=-
&A%- , $8%- $A- 2!$- o- =- 3- vR?- 0<- o-
<A$?- aR2- 3- i3?- G%- $.%- 3)=-=- >A/- +-
3%- 0R- ;R%- 28A/- 0- ?R$?- GA- $/?- 5=- <$?-
2#?- ?-2!R.- 0:R,, .J- ;%- 3$ R/- 0R-
3(R$- /A, A- 52- 1- >=-
S$-$A- /%- 5/- A- 52- 5K-
,<- ;$- 8J?- 0:A- <?- o.-
.-$+R$?- 0-3J - ;R?- =R<- {-
:O%?, $8/- IA?- L.- #-
3A- :L%- 2:A- (J.- .- 3A%-
=:%- HJ:- 8J?- 2+$?, {-
/- (%- %:A- .?- ?- o=- (J/-
<A$?- 28A?- {- ;A- 2Y%?- 2- 36.- 0<- P$?, 3#/- :)3- .L%?- !/- .$:- i3- o=- IA- {-
3./- /?- ?- *:A- =3- :V?- ?R$?- .2%- =%-
3%- .- 8?- >A%- <2- L%- $A- #R3- 0:%- 8?, 35/- =- :)3- .L%?- !/- .$:- 2!/- :1J=-
8J?- 2)=, $8/- ;%- OT:!R. - ]- 3- 2N- 5K, OT:- .$J- S%- 2- :)3- .0=- P$?- 0, ?J- <-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 9 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
;%- 3=, 3#/- (J/- :)A$?- 3J.- 1/- 5S$?-
?R$?- ]- (J/- .- 3:A- 3./- /?- $?%- (J/- }-
:I<- 2:A- 1- (R?- GA?- 35S/- .2%- =%- OA.-
$?3- IA- $.3?- 0- 3%- .- 8?, H.- 0<- .-
OT:.$J- A- <A$- <A/- 0R- (J- l- 2:A- ]- 3<- 2!J/- +J-.!:- ,.- ~A%- <?- GA?- ]- 3:A- 82?- +R$-
3*J?- 0- $?3- IA?- 3,<- KA/- 0<- 36., .J- /?- <%- .R/- 3,<- KA/- +J- .$- 0:A-
$%- 2- :2:- 8A$- :O%?- >A%- ;A- .3- z- ;A- 8=-
$9A$?, }R/- :PR:A- (A/- OA.- .%- , 2<- .R:A-
S$- OA.- ?R$?- ,R$- 3<- $?%?- {2?- /?-
G%- $.=- L- .J- .$- =- <A$- %R- :UR.- 0:A- g$?-
35/- H.- 0<- 2- fJ.- &A%- H.- 0<- .- {- 5K-
$&A$- =- mR$?- 0- (J/- 0R:C- 92- (R?- #R- /- l=-
2+R/- GA?- {=- w/- IA- 2- aR2- 3%- .- 2*%?, <?- 12- 36.- 0- ?R$?- GA?- =?- %/- 2?$?-
0:A- ?J3?- &/- 3%- 0R- ,<- =3- .- 2!R. , {-
$?%- ,$?- gJ/- .%- z- #%- ? R$?- 28J%-
{2?- %R- 35<- 2:A- g$?- 35/-H.- 0<- 2-
3%- .- L%- , :O=- 2- 3J.- 0:A- *J- g$?-
.%- =%- 2!/- ?R$?- 3%- .- $?%?- +J- $.=-
L- i3?- ..- 0:A- $/?- ?- .<- +J- $8/- .R/-
UA/-=?- GA?- 36.- 0-o- (J<- 2*%?, $/?-
3(R$- P%?- 3J.- GA- |R- :1<- KJ?- >A%- H.- 0<-
.- ,A- =R- 1985 =R<- ;- (J/- AR- o/- 2?3-
$+/- \A%- K$- 2+2 , .J- ;%- KR$?- GA- 2- aR2-
3%- .- :.?- +J- <A3- 0?- (R?- |<- :.A- *A.- o- (J-
<- ?R%- !J, .0:- 2R:C- \A%- s, .0:- 3R:C- \A%-
28A, .$J- 2~J/- IA- \A%- $&A$- !J-\A % - (J/- 0R-
2&- <- IJ?, \A%- <J- =- 2!/- 2.$- $*A?- <J, 3A$- }<- o/- 28$?- .$J- :./- 0- 28A- !R%-
.%- , 24/- 3- 2./- !R%- =- *J- 2, .$J- 2~J/-
!R%- =- *J- 2-2&?- HR/- 9- 24/- .$J- 2~J/- .%-
2&?- (A$- OA- *A?- !R%- 3- 9A/- 43- o/- .-
28$?- 28A/- 0- .%- .J- ;%- .$ J- :./- 0- i3?-
GA?- 2>.- 0- =?- 12- 0- $4S- 2R<- LJ.- &A%- , }R/- :PR- ,/- 3R%- KA- /%- /?- .% R?- $8A- OJ$?-
(R.- ,R.- c=- IA- 2<- OA.- b%- $A- <A3- 0- v<-
12- 0- *3?- =J/- #R- /- =-.R<- 28A/- 0- .%, 3A$- }<- $%?- &/- IA- uR%?- :.A<- 12- 0:A-
(R?- 9- (J- >R?- ?- I<- ;R. , .- v- ;%- 2!/-
2.$- ,$?- Y?- 3=- {- A- $?%- <A/- 0R- (J- .%- , {- *A.- GA?- 2o.- :6B/- .- %R?- :6B/- $/%- 2:A-
3#/- 3=- 2- (J/- i3?- GA?- |<- :.A:A- :6A/-
*R%- 3- 3,.- /?- $/%-o- ;A/- 0- =$?- ?R,,
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 10 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
? $/?- {R<- 2- =- 3A%? -0:A- $+3,
$/?- {R<- 2- =- 3A%?- 0:A- $+3- z$- 2?3- IA-
(/- 0R- 8J?- L- 2,
YA.- 0:A- 9$- d- S%?- :LA/- 0:A, ,3(R$- $A-
(/- 0- ,3?- &.- 3HJ/, ,.J?- $?%?- :$ R$-
=3- .3- 0:A- (R?, ,<A$- PR=-$*A?- w/-
5S$?- =- :.., ,HJ.- #3?- |R3- $/?- {R<- =-
$.%- 2- (J, ,;=- nJ/- IA?- .$J- .R<- 2&R3- +-
<J, ,=?- %/- IA- _%- :52- =%?- /?- ;R%- , , $/?- 3,R%- 2?- ?%?- o?- ,R2- I<- /, ,.?-
.- v- o- $<- hR- eJ- $./, ,3- !J$?- .%- [- [ R?-
29%- !J- 3(A, ,.J- .$- =- 3R?- 0- 3J.- 9J<- /, , )R- >!- i3- $*A?- GA- {- 3./- /, ,$/?- 2>.-
.%- gJ/- 2>.- :.R/- 0- i3?, ,;A- ?$?- ?-
*J?- 0- 3- 3,R%- %3, ,.J- 2?3- 0- .%- .R<- 2-
3- 3,/- 0?- =/, ,$/?- =- ~A%- /?- ..- 0-
.%- , ,v.- 3R:C- :.- >J?- G%- /R<- *J/- (J, , :2%?- =- =R%?- ,R.- LJ.- i3?- /A, ,$/?-
{R<- 3- ;A/- #A$- {R<- ;A/, ,H.- 0<- A- #-
#3?- 0- .%- , ,|R3- (J/- ?- 3,:- :PA3- 0-
i3?, ,>=- <A%- =3- .- 8$?- 4- /, ,b%-
:R$- +- 2?.- 0?- 3- (R$- 0<, ,PR-#:A- .R/- .-
?J3?- &/- $? R., ,A<- )$- .%- $;=- 3R.- 8J-
#%- :2<, ,29R.- 0:A- $R- (- _%- =- 2{<, ,b-
:UR$- .%- $8R$?- aR%- 3- LA/- =J/, ,.A/- 0:A-
3A- 3,/- KR$?- =- 2~J/, ,=3- PR$?- $-
5S$?- 0?- Y%- #R3- *J=, ,5=- OA3?- ,=- 2-
28A/- .- $+R%- , ,=?- GA- =?- $?3- 0%- .-
]%?, ,K$- .%- {R<- 2:A- o/- =3- $&R., , fJ.- 0- :5S=- KA<- m/- 5B$- 5, ,>R- $- }- KA<- U-
3- :6., ,=3- :U%- ;%?- .R$- =- 5B$- l2-
:1J=, ,>=- <A%- $A- %=- .2- %$- :H=- IA?-
21A2?, ,%$- $A- =?- =3- 28A<- 2~J/- 12-
LJ., ,2^?- 2eR.- .%- (R?- ,R.- :2$- :2$-
($ ,2lR/- :P?- =R$- =3- IA- KR$?- =- :HR$, z- #%- .%- g J/- $?3- 3,R%- 4- /, ,U- o/- .%-
3(R.- m?- =- 2i2- ?J3?- .%- , ,.!R/- $*J<-
IA- 5B$- l2- =- $/R.- ?J3?- :1J=, ,2PR.-
=3- IA- #- (<- 2- ;$- .%- , ,.P- IR.- .%- /.-
$.R/- (R3- b/- ?R$?, ,=?- %/- IA- _%- :52-
=%?- 4- /, ,.!R/- 3(R$- .%- (R?- *R%- =- ;A-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 11 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
(.- .%- , ,=R$- v:A- $;%- ?<- $ R3- 0- :)R$ ,
;A.- GA- =?- =3- i3- 0- $?3, ,=- ?R$?- i3-
gR$- $A- (R3- b/- i3?, ,2?3- $+/- .%- >J?-
<2- GA- :$=- ^<- aJ2?, ,.J- v<- KA/- S$- (-
:2J2?- >A%- , ,3A- .$J:A- =?- =3- i3- 0- 2&, , 2v<- 3A- 3%R/- 0<- :.- LJ.- 0, ,#R3- 3A/- o/-
w/- IA- o=- ]R/- .%- , ,#J- :.R.- GA- 5S%- 0-
$;R/- &/- .%- , ,#3?- 0- $/?- {R<- =- $.%-
2- .%- , ,|R3- (J/- 12- 5$?- 3- 9A/- 0, , ,3?- &.- !/- IA- :2$- 0- ;A/, ,$*/- ?-
:PA3- 0- {.- i3?- G%- , ,}R/- :PR?- <%- o.-
3- .%?- >A%- , ,2*J.- .%- mR$?- 0:A- $8%-
=3- =, ,$ ;R- ,R2- $R3?- 2g/- 3,<- KA/-
s:A, ,SR.- g$?- GA-$J-;%- 3- 9A/- 0<, , 29:- 2+%- b%- \A%- .%- D- <?- :5S=, ,,R$?-
2&?- 2..- =- 0$- &A%- :.<, ,,R$?- 3J.-
2..- GA?- !/- /?- .NA?, ,.$: - VR.- 2..-
=- 3%R/- 0<- _R3, ,~J3?- LJ.- 2..- =-
:#3?- 28A/- ., ,(%- .%- =3- 9/- :5S=-
28A/- 0<, ,>- HJ<- O$- HJ<- 9J<- 2- 35<, , 8A- $/?- GA- MR%- 2- 3,<- KA/- /?, ,z$- 3,R%-
=- *3?- ?.- LJ.- 0- .%- , ,<R- ~R3?- GA- :U%-
=- 2><- /?- 0:A, ,$&R.- 3#/- .J%- ?%- ; R.-
3A- :S, ,.<- OR.- .- *=- 2?- ?%?- o?- /, , 3A- 5K<- <A- !R%?- ?- *=- LJ.- 0:A, ,mA- 2R-i3?-
:):- =?- ?- :P2- =- *J, ,.J- !/- \J/- 0:A-
2g=- 8$?- ;A/, ,$.R/- $J$?- <%- $A- ?J3?-
=- 5%- , ,.<- OR.- 3=- ?- =?- $*/- 0- 3J., , :)A$- gJ/- (R?- 2o.- GA- <R- =%?- .%- , ,:.-
:V=- 3J.- 0- 3- >J?- ?3, ,:.A- *A.- =- $&R.-
/- $&R.- 3#/- ;A/, ,2g=- 8$?- P2- 0:A-
/%- /- 3(R$ ,.J- 2?- $/?- {R<- .%- ?- {R<-
=, ,o- 2- i3?- 2$- ;R.- GA?- S/- 0- 2g/, , H.- 0<- (R?- w/- IA- $%- 9$- .%- , ,|R3- (J/-
$/?- {R<- =- :PR- 2:A- 353?, ,L%- (2-
?J3?- $*A?- =- <%- .2%- ,R2, ,<R- ~R3?- GA-
*A.- #$- =- :.3- $- V=, ,29R.- 0:A- $R- (?-
;=- nJ/- ,2, ,*A/- $&A$- =- 2h%?- 2+$?-
2o- L%- ;%- , ,:L%- 28A- =- .L$- 0?- 2$/-
0- v<, ,&A- 3A- ~3- 0:A- 2g=- 8$?- GA, , %R2?- 0- $.J%- .- I<- 0:A- 5K, ,;=- (J/- *A- >-
l- 28A- ?R$?, ,2PR.- 0<- }$?- GA- $8%-
/?- 2>., ,5S$?- =3- IA- $J- ;%- 3- 9A/- &A%-, , 3J:- =?- 29R.- 2Y/- (%- 2- ;A, ,.$J- aR%- h R- eJ-
:6B/- 0- .%- , ,/R- ,R.- =- P2- ,R2- +- _R3- 0-
;A, ,%R- 5:C- $.R%- 0$?- <=- 2- i3?, ,$/?-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 12 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
{R<- IA?- %/- ?R%- 12- *J/- (J, ,2<- .R<- 9%-
:)$- :,R2- %J? - 0:A, ,/$- 0R- ,R.- 0- v- 2-
;%- , ,$/?- {R<- IA?- {- YR$- 2*=- I<- /, , KR$?- =?- i3- o=- .%- #- :I%?- 0?, ,HJ.-
&$- $A- o.- 5S.- <A$- !J- 3(A, ,9?- $R?- GA- 8J/-
0- 3- (R.- 0?, ,#=- 3- .%- 5S%- 9R$- =3- ;A$-
=- $.%- , ,2g=- 8$?- GA- ,R.- 0?- $/?-
*=- 2, ,AR-o/- 0- <%- L%- .0=- ? R$?- ;A/,, .J- .$- $A?- .J- :S- AJ- 36.- vR?, ,LA?- 0?-
*J<- ,R.- GA- 2?3- $+/- =, ,_%- nJ/- .%-
3%R/- >J?- I=- IR=- ?R$?, ,z:A- 2:A- 2..-
GA- :U%- .3- 0?, ,!/- +- 29%- 0R:C- ,R.- 0-
s<, ,2$- ;R.- 2!J/- /- 3A- =J$?- ?3, ,.J- =-
.$- 0- s- ;R.- .J, ,$/?- .$-.$R/- 0- 2?-
3,:- 29%-, ,=R$- :5S?- 3- $R?- :5S- 2- .$ , PR$?- .$- 5%?- 0<- 35%?- ,R.- w/, , #R3-
0- .$- 0- L%- ?J3?- .%- , ,<A$- :6B/- 9%- .-
4J=- 2- 2Y%- , ,(R?- .$- .%- $8A- .R%- LJ.- GA, , $/.- .R/- $R- 2:A- 2*J.- <A3- .%- , ,?- 2&:A-
%%?- gR$?- =- <J$- 0:A, ,mR$?- <A3- 9%- .-
:VJ=- I<- /, ,?%?- o?- <%- =- ;R.-0:A-
KA<, ,L%- (2- 3=- IA- /%- /?- , R2, ,:.A-
v<- 3A- >J?- kR%?- (J/- i3?, ,:#R<- 2:A- o-
:V?- 3A%- $9$?- =, ,($?- /?- $9%-
:6B/- ;=- =- 2PR., ,;=- /A- $9$?- ;A/-
$/?- G%- .J, ,3A%- /A- i3- >J?- =- ?R$?- 28A,, $/?- GA- 3A%- ,R?- 5S<- 2- !J, ,:PR- 2<- :.R.-
0- :.- >J?- .%- , ,o- :V?- $- 5S$?- :.- LJ.-
.J, , i3- >J?- =?- ?- 3A- <%- 2:A, ,]R- z$-
$/?- {R<- 2..- GA- =?, ,&A?- G%- #R.- .- 3-
5$?- /, ,$/?- (J/-$?3- .%- 3,:- ;%-
:.=, ,<- $/R/- $4$- =$- #%- i3?- =, , K$- {R<- (R/- =3- o- (J/- 36S., ,=3- 3-
8$?- GA- *J- 2R- =:%- , ,2$- ;R.- >$?- =-
2!J/- .$R?- 0:A, , 5S$?- $?R$- 1A2- .R%- :.A-
*A.- 92, ,.$J- 2:A- (R?- i3?- #.- 0- =, , ;/- =$- 2./- .%- 1<- KA/- S$ ,(R?- ,R.-
2&- ?R$?- $?%?- 0- =?, ,$&/-$9/- .%-
/A- (R3- b/- IA, ,2g=- 8$?- 2!/- 0- 3J.- 0:A-
KA<, ,1/- 0:A- ?J3?- G A?- 5?- 0- ;A/,,
8J?- !:|R3- l- 3(R$- PR%- =- :PR- 9J<- 2-
=- $.3?-0-<%-L%-hR-eJ?-?R,, ,,
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 13 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
? 2!:- 3- 3.R- +- ?J3?- $?3- IA- %R- 3R.- ~A%- 2#?,
eJ- 24/- ]- 3- .3A$?- 0- 3J.- 0:A-
,$?- eJ- &/- =- K$- :5=- = R, ,LA/- IA?-
2_2- +- $?R=, .J- ;%- $?%- (J/- }- :I<-
fA%- 3:A- 2*J.- 0- 3- @- ;R - $- mR$?- 0- A-/- ;R- $-
mR$?- (J/- A- +A- ;R- $:A- o.- $8%- $4S- 2R- 3.R-
.$R%?- 0- :.?- 0- .%- +- :U=- $?%- 2- ~A%-
0R-mR$?- (J/- ?J3?- #J- 3- 2- 2&R- 2o.- 2&?-
=- ;R%?- P$?- ?- 3.R- +- ?J3?- $?3- 8J?- 8-
2- ;A/,
3.R- +- ?J3?- $?3- IA- (R?- {R<- L%- 5=,
!/- 29%- ;J- >J?- $?=- 2<- !R/- 0:A-
,2?- GA- =3- 3(R$- +- :.?- 0:A- o.- GA- =J:-
s- 0<, 3- @- ;R- $:A- o.- i3?- /A- o=- 0R- 6:A-
#%- !J%- .- :22- 0<- :I<- =, A- /- ;R- $:A-
o.- i3?- /A- ?A;- =:A- /$?- 5=- .- :L%- 2<-
:I<- <R, ,8J?- 0- v<- .3- 0:A- <A$?- &/- S- 3-
s?- <A-2R- 3- =- ;:A- lJ- 3R<- KR$?- 2&:A- ?%?-
o?- ,3?- &.- ;A.- =- L?- +J- $.%- 5B$- *J<-
$?3- 2+R/- 0?- ?%?- o?- ,3?- &.- G A?-
$?%- 2.$- =- 2{=- +J- 3.R- .$R%?- :.?- =-
?R$?- 0- $?%?- >A%- .J:A- LA/- _2?- =?- =%-
A- /- ;R- $:C- o.- #J- i3?- =%- !:A- ;=-.-
P$?- 0- ?A;- =:A- /$?- 5=- .- 22?- +J- o=-
0R- 6:/?- <A3- IA?- .<- 8A%- o?- 0- .%- 2R.-
;=- .- $/2?- (J/- ?%?- o?- ;J- >J?- =?-
2o.-0- ;A/- /R,, +- :U=- IA- (R?- {R<- ;%- $?%- 2.$-
$A?- <A$?- &/- S- 3- s- =- $?%- }$?- GA- (R?-
:#R<- 2{R<- /?- <A%- 0R- 3- =R/- 0<- o=- 0R- 6 : ;A- #%- !J% - .- 3- @:A- o.- #J- i3?- 22?- +J- <A3-
IA?- 2R.- ;=- .- aR2- .0R/- 2A- 3- =- .%- aR2-
.0R/- 0E- ?R$?- =?- 2o.- 0- ;A/- /R,, ?J3?- #J:A- (R?- {R<- ;%-aR2- .0R/-
.$:- <2- hR- eJ- =?- <A3- IA?- .<- 8A%- 2R.- (J/-
0R:C- uR%?- ?- aR2- .0R/- 2N- <R- 4- /- =?- 2o. -
0:R,,
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 14 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
.J- v<- 3.R- +- ?J3?- $?3- IA- (R?-
{R<- 2R.- ;=- }$?- GA- >A%- g- i3- $?3- =?-
2o.- .J- .%- 0R- $*$?, 2<- .- $/2?, ,-
3<- 9<- =- 22?->A%- .J- /?-!:,R$- 2o.- .J-
(A/- \A%- mR$?- (J/-?R$?-$?%- (J/- fA%- 3:A-
$./- ?- (J/- 3R- i3?-?- .<- 8A%- o?- 0- ; A/-
/R,,
/%- o.- #J- $?3- IA- %R- 2R- 2eR.- 0:A- |R- /?- 3.R- +- ?J3?- $?3- %R?- :6B/- 0,
.J- ;%- ? J%- $J- l=- mR$?- =?, 2*J.-
0- 3- @- ;R- $- /A- (R?- ,3?- &.- GA- $8A- v- 2- ;A/-
/R, ,=%- A - /- ;R- $- /A- (R?- ,3?- &.- GA- =3-
v- 2- ;A/- /R, ,mR$?- 0- A- +A- ;R- $- /A- (R?-
,3?- &.- GA- :V?- 2- v- 2- ;A/- /R, ,8J?- 0-
v<- =%- A - /- ;R- $- =- %R- 2R, .LJ- 2, %J?-
:LJ.- $?3- =?, .%- 0R- /A, A - /- ;R- $- +c- !J- .LA%?-
2.J- (J/- i=- :LR<- IA- o.- (J/- 0R<- P$?- ?R, , .J- =- $R.- 2&.- z:A- <%- 28A/- .- .LA%?- /?-
?%?- o?- 0<- !R/- 0?- 2*J.- 0- ,2?- GA- ( -
>?- (%- 8A%- , mR$?- 0- l- ,A$- _%- $A- =3- =-
i=- .- :LR<-2?- 2.J- $?=- 3A- gR$- 0:A- ;J-
>J?- =3- .- LJ.- 0?- 5K- :.A<- PR=- 2<- :.R.-
.R,,
$*A?- 0- /A, =%- .%- 3.R- $*A?- =?, =%- =- 2!/- 0:A- =%- .LA%?-<%- 28A/- IA?-
i3- 0<- .$- 0- .%- , ;J- >J?- :R.- .- $?=- 2:A-
2.$- *A.- .R, ,2eR.- 0:A- =%- 5B$- $A- 5S$?-
.%- ,- ~.- =?- % J?- 0<- LJ.- 0:R, ,3.R- =-
$8A- =3- IA- P2- 3,:- .LA%?- ?- 5- 2- .%- , .J- =?- 2.J- !R%- .LA%?- .%- ; J- >J? - GA- <A3- 0-
&A$- (<- .- :.R.- 0- .%- , <A3- IA?- :.R.- 0-
.%- , ,R.- c=- .- :.R.- 0- .%- , 3,<- ($?-
?- :.R.- 0- =- ?R$?- 0?- 35/- *A.- .R/- IA- %J?-
0- ,3?- &.- $&A$- +- 5S$?- 0<- !R/- 0:A- KA<-
3.R- ;A/- /R,, $?3- 0- /A, +- :U=- IA- $8A- =3-
IA- %R- 2R- ;J- >J?- d3- \R$ 1<- 2- ,=- :LA/- IA?-
.R/- IA- %J?- 0- 35S/- 0, .<- OR.- #- L$- <R=-
0?- ;J- >J?- ,R.- c=- .- 5- 2, K$- o- .LJ<-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 15 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
3J.- .- 5- 2- !/- :.?- <A$- 0, 3%R/- gR$?-
<% - $?=- .- 5- 2- .LAA%?- .%- ; J- >J?- z/-
3*3- .- :.R.- 0- ?%?- o?- ,3?- &.- G A-
.$R%?- 0- :.?- 0, ?J3?- .%- ;J- >J?- :LJ.-
0- ;A- $J- i3- 28$- !J- }$?- GA- 3.R- S$- .%- , $8/- ;%- l- 2:A- o.- .%- 3/- %$-$ A- o.- 12-
0- #J- S$- =?- #- 5<- IA- o.- =- ?R$?- 0- 3%- .-
;R.- 0- .%- .J- .$- i3?- G%- $4S- (J- (%- $A- |R-
/?- {2?- :.A<- 28$- 0- =?- <%- 28A/- .-
2*J.- mR$?- $*A?- !<- $+R$?- 0:A- 3/- %$ -
$A- o.- .- 2.$- &$- $A- ]- 3- .3- 0- 0E- =?-
PR=- 28J.- .R- 8J?- <A$- :6B/- :)A$?- 3J.- \A%-
0?- $?%?- ? R,, {2?- ?- 22- 0:A- 3.R- /A- }$?- GA-
3.R- S$- $A- /%- 5/- .- I<- 0:A- 3.R- .$R%?- 0-
:.?- 0:3- .J- 28A/- $>J$?- 0- ,3?- &.- GA-
,$?- $?%- 2:A- ;J- >J?- .R/- IA- ~A%- 0R- hR- eJ-
2!R.- 0:A- o.- i=- :LR<- P2- 0:A- =%- !/-
:.?- <A$- 0:A- 3.R- ,J$- 0- (J/- 0R- 3%R/- 0<-
gR$?- 0- (R?- GA- i3- P%?- i3- 0<- 2!R.- 0-
8J?- L- 2:A- 3.R- =J:- 2./- &- l- s- &/- =- $R- 2-
;A/- /R,, 3- @- ;R- $- =:%- %R- 2R, .LJ- 2, o.-
GA- %J?- :LJ.- $?3- =?, .%- 0R- /A, 3- @- ;R- $-
+c- +J- i=- :LR<- (J/- 0R- ,2?- G A- o.- .- P$?-
?R, ,)A- v<- /- $%- 8A%- YA.- 0?- 2#?- ?R- &R$-
,3?- &.- z: A- gJ/- .%- 2g J/- 0<- $?=- 8A%-
1%- #3?- *J- 3(J.- z:A- <% - 28A/- .- .$- 0?, _%- s:A- #3?- 2.J- $?=- 3A- gR$- 0:A- ;J- >J?-
$*A?- 3J.- =3- .- L?- 0?- 5K- :.A<- PR=- 2<-
:.R.- 0- ;A/- /R,, $*A?- 0- =- $8A- =3- :V?- 2- $4S-
2R<- :.R.- 0- .%- , ,2?- =3- 12- 0- $4S- 2R<-
:.R.- 0- .%- , $- 5S$?- =3- I<- $4S- 2R<-
:.R.- 0- $?3- =?- .%- 0R- /A, <%- 28A/-
$8A:A- o.- ?J3?- *A.- :R.- $?=- 2- .J- 35S/-
LJ.- 3A%- 5B$- $A- ;A- $J<- $%- 2?- gR$?- 0<- L?-
/?, (A/- PR=- =3- IA- 2*J.- mR$?- 0?- $&A$-
+- 3A- $;R- 2:A- SR.- GA?- ;R/- +/- $R%- /?- $R%-
3<- .<- +J- :V?- 2- <%- L%- $A- ;J- >J?- 212-
0:R,, $*A?- 0- /A, .GA=- :#R<- z- s- $%-
<%- $A- 212- 0- =- 2gJ/- /?- gR$?- 0- .%- +A%-
%J- :6B/- eJ?- =- *J- 2:A- KA<- 212- 0- =?- .%R?-
P2- :.R.- .J, +- :U=- @- 2- {:A- .GA=- :#R<-
=3- .- LJ.- 0- .%- , 0E- +- :U=- @- 2- $?%- ,
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 16 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
,$?- O$- :,%- , ;R/- +/- <A/- 0R- (J, UA/-
=?- GA- .GA=- :#R<- +- :U=- @- 2- 212- 0-
=3- .- LJ.- 0- !J, =3- 212?- 0?- :V?- 2-
8R<- =- :.R.- 0:R,,
$?3- 0- /A, o.- .%- , 12- 0- $*A?-
=?, o.- =- 2*J.- mR$?- <A3- &/- .%- , &A$-
(<- .- :.R.- 0- $*A?- GA- :V?- 2- 212?- /?-
$8A- =3- 8R<- =- :.R.- 0:R,,
12- 0- =- $*A?- =?, 2A- +R- /R-0A- !-
?J3?- GA- <R=- 0<- ,3?- &.- > J?- /?- 212- 0-
.%- , 30=- /R- 0A- !- .GA=- :#R<- .- :)$- 0-
5S$?- $4 S- 2R<- L?- +J- 212- 0:R,,
$?3- 0- o.- GA- %J?- :LJ.- /A, l- 2:A- o.- .0=- $?% - 2- :.?- 0- /3- 3#:- .%-
3*3- 0:A- o., <A- <2- 9R3- o- 35S- .%- 3*3-
0:A- o., ;J- >J?- o?- 0?- $8A- .%- 3*3- 0:A-
o.- .R, ,$8/- ;%- 3/- %$- $ A- o.- ?R$?- 3%-
.- ;R.- 0- =?- :.A<- /A- ?J3?- .%- ; J- >J?- <%-
$%- .- !R/- 0- .0=- l- o. - $?%- 2- ~A%- 0R-.J-
#R- /- *A.- %J?- 0:A- o.- GA- o=- 0R- =J:- *A- >- l-
$*A?- 0:A- 2.$- *A.- &/- =- $R- 2- ;A/- /R,, +- :U=- =- /%- $?J?- ?- .LJ- /, l-
o.- $?%- 2- ~A% - 0R, <R=- 0- 3%R/- 0<- 2eR.-
0- z- 3R- +- :U=, .GA=- :#R<- !R/- 0- +-
:U=- 2o.- 0, :UA/- =?- !R/- 0- +- :U=-
28A- 2&- 0, .2%- $4S- 2R<- !R/- 0- +- :U=- ]-
3, ;R/- +/- 3,<- KA/- 0- !R/- 0- +- :U=-
2o.- &- 0, #J- $R.- ;R%?- =- H2- 0<- !R/- 0- +-
:U=- @- 2- (J/- 0R, .3- 5B$- $4S- 2R<- !R/- 0- +-
:U=- =J- =$- !J- #J- 2o., ?- =3- !R/- 0- ;J-
>J?- ~A%- 0R, &A$- &<- !R/- 0- hR- eJ- 3J- =R% - , ,2?- =3- <A3- IA?- !R/- 0- hR- eJ- ,=- 2, &A$-
(<- !R/- 0- hR- eJ- o- 35S- !J- 2>.- o.- #J- 28A-
8J?- L:R,, mR$?- 0- (J/- 3R- A- +A- ;R- $:A- P2- 0:A-
3,:- =- .LJ- /- $?3- !J, 2!R.- 0- (J/- 0R-
=?, ;A.- &/- i3?- =- ?J3?- GA- #J, ,/3-
3#:- &/- =- [R%- $A- #J, ,<A3- lR=- V=- =- 3/-
%$-$R ,8J?- 0- v<- %%- L:A- 3,:- =?- PR=-
2?- !R%- 0- *A.- !R%- 0- *A.- .-!R/- 0- ?J3?- GA-
#J, $*J/- 0R:C- 3,:- =?- PR=- 2?- :.?- 3-
L?- !R%- 0- *A.- .- !R/- 0- [R%- $A- #J, $*A?- !:A-
3,:- =?- PR=- 2?- <%- $A- 35/- *A.- !R%- 0-
*A.- .- !R/- 0- 3/- %$- $A- #J- !J, :$$- i3- 0-
$?3- .- SA=- >J?- =, .J- v- /:%- $4S- (J- (%-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 17 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
$A- (R?- 0- =?- %R- 2R:C- (- =- ?J3?- #J?- $?=- 2-
3- %%?, [R%- #J?- !R%- 0- 3- %%?, 3/- %$-
#J-z/- P2- <%- $?=- (J/- 0R- !J, P2- 3,:A-
:(:- =$?- :.A- %R?- 9A/- /- ?J3?- #J?- :#R<-
:.?- o?- :.J2?- 0- .%- , [R%- #J?- :#R<-
:.?- %%- =- mR$?- 0- .%- , 3/- %$- #J?- ;A/-
5=- $/.- ,R$- +- 3R.- 0- $?3- IA- .R/- $+/- =-
12- 0- ;A/- 0<- $?%?, o=- 2-[R%- (J/- 0?-
,J$-3(R$- 36S.- =?-G%- , .J- ;%- <%- ? J3?-
3- ;A/- 0:A- (R?- =R$?- /- 3J.- 0?-$- 5S$?-
?J3?-GA-#J:R, ,8J?- .%- , !:,R$- .$J-lJ- 3-@-
00A-+- :I<- 3J.- 5K- .2%- 3(R$- P2- GA?-
36.- 0:A- :.?- 3- L?- GA- $/- 36S.- =?,
(R?- ,3?- &.- ?J3?- *A.- =?- $.- /- 3J.- 0?-
%%- L:A- 3,:- =?- PR=- 2- ?J3?- GA- #J, (R?-
&/- ,3?- &.- (R?- *A.- !/- +- 29%- 3R:C- [R%-
.- :2- (2- 0?- $*J/- 0R:C- 3,:- =?- PR=- 2- L-
V=- [R%- $A- #J, ;A/- =$?- v<- $+/- =-
:2J2?- 0?- %%- $*J/- $*A?- !:A- 3,:- =?-
PR=- 2- 92- 0- 3/- %$- $A- #J, 8J?- 0- v<-
:.A<- /A- ?J3?- [R%- 3/- %$- #J- $?3- IA- /%-
5/- KA- ?J3?- #J- =- $R- 2- ;A/- /R,,
,J$-3(R$- 36S.- =?, ?J3?- #J- =-
.LJ- /, $- 5S$?- ?J3?- ;A/- .- 5- 2:A- mR$?-
0- (J/- 0R- .%- , ?J3?- GA- KR$?- ;A/- .- 5- 2:A-
mR$?- 0- (J/- 0R- $*A?, KA- 3- =:%- :V?- 2-
?J3?- GA- L%- ?<- :.R.- 0:A- ?J3?- KR$?- .%- , $R=- 1A2- =?- :.?- 0:A- ?J3?- KR$?- .%- , $+/- 5B$?- :O$?- 2#J2?- GA- ?J3?- KR$?-
.%- , o- (.- KR$?- z%- 3J.- 0<- <%- L%- ;J-
>J?- GA- ?J3?- KR$?- .%- , KR$?- :6B/- .%R?-
0R<- P2- 0:A- ?J3?- KR$?- .%- , P2- 3,:- ]R-
V=- >/- :LJ.- GA- ?J3?- KR$?- 2&?- S$-
$?%?- 0- .%- P2- 3,:- 36S.- =?- G%- .LJ-
%R- $?%?- G%- :.A- .%- &%- 9.- 3A- :S- 2<- $%-
;%- .R/- =- :$=- 2- 3J.- 0<- ?J3?- ?R,,
.J- =- ?J3?- #J- 2&R- 2o.- .- P$?- 0:A-
}- :I<- s- /A, ,3?- &.- L%- (2- GA- ?J3?-
=?- L%- 2- <A$- 0:A- #- L$ lR=- 12- 9A=- IA?-
$/R/- 0- l=- (J/- 3$- 0, ?J3?- *A.- .LA%?-
?- mR$?- 0- H%- (J/- wA%- 2, (R?- *A.- ;J- $/?-
GA- |R3- 0- hR- =- $?J<- 8/, ?J3?- *A.- z/-
P2- GA- v- 2- 3A- /2- 0:A- o=- 35/- s- 0R- /A- 2N- <R-
4- /?- 2+<- 2:R,,
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 18 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
KA- :I<- 2&- $?3- /A, lJ- 3R- L% - o=, /3- 3#:A- o=- 0R, 2.J- 2- :O=- 2!R., mR$?- 0- ,A- (A%?, L%- (2- ?J3?- +A$ 2.J- 2-
<2- :L3?, YR$- $A- :#R<- =R, ,A$- =J- S$- 0, mR$?- 0- ,A- ,R., ;A.- 28A/- /R<- 2, !/-
:.?- <A$- 0, eJ- 24/- .3- 0, |R3- 0- .R/-
P2- !J- 2&- $?3- 0R- 2A- 3- =- .%- , !- 3- <, $;- 1- $?3- IA?- 2+<- 2?- ?J3?- (.-2&R-
2o.- .- P$?, .J- .$- $A- !J%- .- 2N- <R?- }<-
2+<- 2:A- !/- LJ.- o=- 0R, k.- L%- , 3.R-
2&- $?3- 0- i3?- 2#R3?- 0?- ?J3?- #J- *J<-
$&A$- $ R, .J-v<-3.R-+- ?J3?- $?3-IA- =3-
=- *3?- =J/-IA- 3,A=-.-L?- 0:A- <A$- :6B/-
2o.- 0:A-]- 3- $R%- 3-i3?-:PR- .R/- 3,<-
KA/-0- .%-P2- 0- 2fJ?- 0-,$?- /?- (R?-
$+J<- :23-U$- 2hR=- 2- :R.-=?-P2- 0-
?R$?- /A- =3- :.A- 2!/- 0-i3- .$- ;A/- 0:A-
:V?-g$?- ;%- .$- ; A/- /R,,
.?- $?3- ?%?- o?- !/- IA- ,$?- GA- 2&.,,
/%- o.- $?3- .- P$?- 0:A-;A.- 28A/- /R<,,
2>.- 12- o=- 35/- lJ- 3R<- g$- 2g/- +J,,
:PR- ]R:A- .2=- 2- ?J=- 2:A- PR$?- ?- (R/,,
$?=- 2>., ,A<- 3.R- +- ?J3?- $?3- IA-
{R<- =- 28J.- 5=- 3A- :S- 2- 3%- .- $%- ;%- :.A<- /A- <A$-
:6A/- :) A$?- 3J.- \A%- 0:A- o.- :23- .!<- ($- =- $4S-
2R<- L?- /?- 2+?- 0- =$?- ?R,,
lR3- 1A$- 0?,
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 19 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
? :)3- .0=- 35/- 2eR.- GA- 1/- ;R/,
.?- $?3- o=- 2- !/- GA- ;J- >J?-
$&A$- +- :.?- 0:A- <%- $9$?- eJ- 24/- 2g/-
0:A- :#R<- =R- $%- *A.- GA- 35/- 2eR.- 0- .%-
}$?- 2~J/- 0, 3(R.- 2!R.- 2IA- 2-.%- , |R3- 12- 2!J/- 0- ?R$?- GA- 1/- ;R/- >A/- +- o-
(J- 2?- :1$?- 0:A- (R?- =?- <A%- .- I<- 0-
i3?- GA?- :.A- .%- :.A- 8J?-5.- $8=- .!:-
;%- , 2!:- .%- 2!/- 2&R?- ;%- .$- 0:A-
eJ?- ?- 8$?- +J-o- 35S:C- /%- $A- (- ,A$?- v<-
0- lJ:A- 9A=- 0- 43- 8A$- ]%?- +J- :.A<-:1$?-
0- :)3- .0=- IA- 35/- ;%- .$- 0<- 2eR.-
0:A- 1/- ;R/- I A- <A3- 0- i3?- &%- 43- 8?- /,
}- :I<- 2!/- 0:A- $?=- LJ.- (J/- 0R-
!/- 3HJ/- <R%- 9R3- 3- @- 00A- +- (J/- 0R:A- 8=- }-
/?, :1$?- 0- :)3- .0=- 8J?- L- 2- /A, <%- $A- %R- 2R- )A- v- 2- 8A$ .J:A- 35/- /A- $%- .%-
$%- i3?- ;A/, .J- ;%- .$- 0<- 2eR.- 0- /A- )A-
v<- 2eR.- &J- /, .J- =- :1$?- 0- :)3- .0=-
/A, $*A?- ?- 3J.- 0:A- ;J- >J?- +J, .J- /A-
.?- $?3-?%?- o?- ,3?- &.- GA- ;J- >J?- GA-
2.$- *A., L%- (2-?J3?- GA- %R- 2R, (R?-
,3?- &.- GA- (R?- *A.- .%- ,- 3A- ..- 0- ;A/- +J, .J:A- .2%- $A?- $%- 2:A- $9$?- GA- {, =R%?-
,R.- mR$?- 0- .%- 3=- 0:A- 2.$- *A.- &/- ;J-
>J?- GA- gJ/- .- $%- 2, ?%?- o?- .%- L%- (2-
?J3?- .0:A- $9$?- i3?- ?- ,J$- 0- (J- (%- $A-
5=- $- 5S$?- =?- P$?- 0<- $%- 2:A- 2.$-
*A.- .J- i3?- G%- , :1$?- 0- :)3- .0=-
8J?- :.R.- .R, ,8J?- $?%?- 0- v<- :1$?- 0-
:)3- .0=- IA- .R/- >J?- 0<- L?- /?- 35/-
2eR.- GA- 1/- ;R/- .%R?- =- :)$- 0<- L:R,,
.J- ;%- $%- 8J- /, :1$?- 0- :)3-
.0=- IA- 35/- ;%- .$- 0<- 2eR.- 0:A- o.-
=?, =$- /- hR- eJ-hR-eJ- :(%- , .J- v<- ;R/- +/-
.0$- +- 3J.- 0- .%- ;%- .$- 0<- w/- 0<-
:I<- <R, ,i3- 0- .J- v- 2:A- ;R/- +/- .0$- +-
3J.- 0- $8/- i3?- .%- ;%- .$- 0<- w/- 0<-
:I<- <R, ,=$- /- hR- eJ- hR- eJ- :(%- , .R/- .3-
0:A- 35/- ;%- .$- 0<- 2eR.- 0- :.A- ;%- .$-
0<- :6B/- 0:A- *J?- 2- $%- 9$- /A- <A%- 0R- 3A-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 20 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
,R$?- 0<- 2?R.- /3?- .%- ;J- >J?- GA- 5S$?-
=J$?- 0<- 2?$?- +J, >A/- +- M<- 2<- ?%?-
o?- GA- ;R/- +/- i3?- ;%- .$- 0<- 212?-
/?, ]- /- 3J.- 0- ;%- .$- 0<- mR$?- 0:A-
L%- (2- +- 3%R/- 0<- mR$?- 0<- :5%- o- 2<-
:I<- <R, ,2{=- 0- 3%- 0R<- ;R%?- ?- M- %/-
=?- 3A- :.:- 2:A- (R?- GA?- ?J3?- &/-,3?-
&.-=-]- /- 3J.- 0:A- (R?- !R/- 0- .%- , KR$?-
2&<- (R?- GA- d- 2R- (J- z$- 0<- $/?- 0:A- (R?-
GA- o=- 0R<- :I<- <R, ,8J?- $?%?- 0- .%- ,
<_- A!<- $9?- :1$?- 0- :)3-
.0=- IA- .!:- :PJ=- =?, 35/- ;%- .$-
0<- 2eR.- 0- .J- /A- 92- 0- .%- o- (J- 2- {- .%- ;J-
>J?- GA?- 2#?- 0- $8/- .%- 35%?- 0- 3J.- 0, 1/- ;R/- (J- 2- ;R/- +/- ,3?- &.- GA- 3%:-
2.$- +- I<- 0-1/- ;R/- /?- L%- 2- 28A/- .-
>J?- 0<- L:R, ,8J?- .%- , .J- 28A/- $>J$?- 0-
,3?- &.- GA- *J- $/?, .J- 28A/- $>J$?- 0-
,3?- &.- GA- gJ/, ?%?- o?- ,3?- &.- GA-
;=- .%- , .$J- 2:A- 2>J?- $*J/- =-?R$?- 0<-
<A$- 0<- L:R, ,8J?- .%- , <A$?- GA- 2:3-
<A$?- GA- 2- 3R- $?%- }$?- G A- |R- /?- ,R.- 0<-
:.R. - 0- i3?- G A?- 0R- +A<- VA?- =- 2[$- 0:3,
5=- 28A/- .- ;A.- =- L- 2:3, .J- #R- /- *A.- =-
lJ- $&A$- +- 2|R3?- +J, .J- v- 2:A- LJ- V$- .%-
w/- 0- /A- ;R/- +/- .0$- +- 3J.- 0- :,R2- 2R- 8J?-
L- 2- ?%?- o?- GA?- <2- +- 2}$?- +J, .J?- /-
:.A- 29%- 2<- L:R,,
.2- 3- =- .$:- 2:A- :1$?- 0- :)3-
.0=- IA- 35/- ;%- .$- 0<- 2eR.- 0:A- .!:-
:PJ=- =?, :.A<- <A$?- GA- 2- $%- =- =-
8A$- $A?- $;:A- [%- $A- LJ-3- ~J.- GA- .J- 28A/-
$>J$?- 0- i3?- GA- 35/- 2{=- 2:3- 2{=-
0- =?- z$- 0<- 2eR.- =, ..- 0:A- <A$?- GA-
2- $8/- 8A$- $A?- :)3- .0=- $8R/- /<- I<-
0- =- K$- :5=- =R- 8J?- 35/- =/- $&A$- 29%-
/, :.A?- /A- }- 3- =?- 2?R.- /3?- (J?- 3%- .-
2*J.- .R, ,.J- &A:A- KA<- 8J- /, :)3- .0=- /A- .J-
28A/- $>J$?- 0- 3,:- ;?- 0:A- .$J-2:A-
2>J?- $*J/- .- I<- 0:A- KA<- <R, ,8J?- $?%?-
0- .%- , !/- 3HJ/- <R%- 9R3- 3- @- 00A- +- (J/-
0R:A- 35/- ;%- .$- 0<- 2eR.- 0:A- :PJ=- 0-
i3- $?3- 2>.- 0- =?, :.A- =- <A$?- GA-
2:3, <A$?- GA- 2- 3R- $%- =- =- .$ ]- /- 3J.-
0- ;%- .$- 0<- mR$?- 0:A- L%- (2- +- ?J3?-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 21 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
2*J.- &A%- , ,J$- 0-(J/- 0R:C- |R<- 8$?- 0, ?%?- o?- =- >J?- /?- ..- 0- .%- w/- 0- i3?-
GA?, ,R$- 3- *A.- .- 2&R3- w/- :.?- :)3-
.0=- ;J- >J?- ?J3?- .0:- /A, KR$?- 2&:A- .J-
28A/- $>J$?- 0- ,3?- &.- GA- 2.$- *A.- (J/-
0R, .J- .$- ,3?- &.- GA- ;R/- +/- 1/- ?3-
5S$?- 0- .%- w/- 0, ?%?- o?- ,3?- &.- GA-
,$?- eJ- .%- 36.- 0- o/- 3A- (.- 0?, /3-
3#:A- .LA%?- GA- 3,:- [?- 0:A- ?%?- o?-
,3?- &.- GA- .$R%?- 0-2 12?- >A%- , ?J3?-
&/- IA- #3?- 3- =?- >A%- =?- 0- 3J.- 0- ,3?-
&.- GA- <J- 2- ;R%?- ?- {R%- 2:A- UA/- =?- 36.-
0, g$- +- ?J3?- &/- ,3?- &.- GA- 3./- /-
28$?- 0- !J, .J- 2?- /- $% - $A?- :.A:A- 35/-
2eR.- 0- .J- =- /A, 2{=- 0- $;:A- [%- $A- LJ- 3-
~J.- .- ?%?- o?- ,3?- &.-G A- 35/- 2eR.-
0?, .J- =- .0J<- 29R.- 0- 3- ;A/- /R- 8J?- .%- , $8/- ;%- , :1$?- 0- :)3- .0=- IA- ;R/-
+/- 2eR.- 0- :.A- /A, KR$?- 2&- .?- $?3- IA-
?%?- o?- ,3?- &.- GA- ;R/- +/- 2eR.- 0- ;A/-
0<- >J?- 0<- L:R, ,8J?- .%- , :.A- =- <A$?-
GA- 2:3- <A$?- GA- 2- 3R- $%- =- =- .$- ,J$- 0-
(J/- 0R:C- .R/- 5=- 92- 3R:C- |R- /?- ,R.- 0<-
:.R.- &A%- , 2.$- *A.- 1A2- 0- ,3?- &.- .%-
M<- .- V=- 2<- :.R.- 0- .%- , )A- v<- 3J- =R%- .$- 0- =- $9$?- 2f/- ,3?- &.- $%- 2-
28A/, ?J3?- &/- i3?- GA- .R/- ., ?%?- o?-
GA- (R?- $- 5S$?- $%- 2<- :.R.- 0?, 2&R3-
w/- :.?- :)3- .0=- ; J- >J?- ?J3?- .0:A-
.R/- .3- 0:A- 35/- ;%- .$- 0<- 2eR.- 0, 3%R/- 0<- 2eR.- &A%- //- +/- .- 2eR.- 0:A- |R-
/?, $*A?- ?- 3J.- 0:A- ;J- >J?- o.- =- 2*J.-
0<- L:R, ,.J- =- )A- v<- /- 35/- 2eR.- 0?-
$*A?- ?- 3J.- 0:A- ;J- >J?- 2*J.- 0<- :I<- 2-
;A/- 8J- /, :.A- =- .J- 28A/- $>J$?- 0- i3?- GA-
(R?- GA- 1%- 0R- .0$- +- 3J.- 0- .%- , !R%- U$-
2o.- &- l- 28A- =- ?R$?- 0- $?%?- 0- ,3?-
&.-G%- , 1/- 0- .%- 2.J/- 0- !R/- 0- #R- /- 43-
;A/- 0<- >J?- 0<- L:R, ,8J?- .%- , 35/- 2eR.- 0?- (R?- $*A?- ?- 3J.-
0:A- ;R/- +/- 2eR.- 0<- 3R?- 0<- L:R, ,S/-
0<- L:R, ,3R- 2<- L:R, ,;A.- (J?- 0:A- ..- 0-
2*J.- 0<- L:R, ,.J:A- !R2?- GA?- (R?- $*A?- ?-
3J.- 0- .%- 3,/- 0:A- ..- 0- .%- , 2lR/-
:P?- .%- , S/- 0- .%- , +A%- %J- :6B/- .%- , >J?- <2- i3?- o.- =- *J- 2<- :I<- <R, ,.J:A-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 22 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
!R2?- GA?- 2.$- .%- 2.$- $A<- v- 2- wR$- $R, 2.$- +- 3- 2v?- /- i3- 0<- 3A- gR$- $R ,.J:A-
.2%- $A?- 35/- 3<- 3A- :6B/- &A%- *3?- ?- 3A-
MR%- 3%R/- 0<- 3A- 8J/- +R, ,.J:A- .2%- $A?- 3A-
($?- 3A- =J/- +J, .J-v<- /- #$- 2}=- 3%R/-
0<- .R<- 2:A- $/?- 3J.- .R, ,.J- 2?- /- (R?-
$*A?- ?- 3J.- 0<- $R3?- 0<- L?-0?- ;%- .%-
;%- .- $R3?- 0<- L?, >A/- +- $R3?- 0<- L?-
0?- /A, 9$- 0- 3- =?- 0- 9.- 0<- :I<- +J, $*A?- ?- 3J.- 0:A- ;J- >J?- *A.- .- :I<- <R, ,.J-
2*J.- 0:A- ,2?- /A- 35/- 2eR.- 0- ;A/- +J, :.A- v<- 2?R.- /3?- .%- ;J- >J?- GA- 5S$?- i3-
0- $*A?- .?- $&A$- +- 2*J.- 0<- :I<- +J, $%- $A- KA<- .J- 28A/- $>J$?- 0:A- ;R/- +/-
2eR.- 0:A- KA<- .%- , ?J3?- &/- =- 1/- 0-
2eR.- 0- ;A/- 0:A- KA<, 2?R.- /3?- mR$?-
0<- :I<- <R, ,(R?- $*A?- ?- 3J.- 0:A- .R/-
2.J/- 0- 2eR.- 0- ;A/- 8A%- , $*A?- ?- 3J.-
0- o.- =- 2*J.- 0:A- KA<, ;J- >J?- mR$?- 0<-
:I<- <R, ,.J- 2?- /- 1- <R=- +- KA/- 0:A- 5=-
=- 3R?- 0:A- $%- 9$- ;J- >J?- GA- 5S$?- =- z<-
]%?- 0?, 2?R.- /3?- GA- 5S$?- 8R<- =-
2*J.- 0<- :.R.- 0- i3?- G A?- G%- , :.A- v- 2-
;A.- =- LJ.- 0- .%- w/- 0?, 2&R3- w/- :.?-
:)3- .0=- ;J- >J?-?J3?- .0:A- .R/- .3- 0:A- 35/- ;%- .$- 0<- 2eR.- &A%- ;A.- =- L: R, , 8J?- $?%?- 0- .%- , :)3- .L%?- 3HJ/- 2lJ-
.2%- 0R- 0E- :R.- $?=- 3. R- }$?- \A%- 0:A-
8=- /?, .J- v<- .?- $?3- .- 2lR/- 0?-
?%?- o?- .%- L%- (2- ?J3?- .0:- ,3?- &.-
GA?- LA/- IA?- 2_2- 0- .%- , %R2?- 0- 212- 0-
.%- , */- ,R?- .%- <%- ?%?- o?- ,3?- &.-
GA?- .$R%?- 0<- :I<- 2- .%- , :)A$- gJ/- .%-
:)A$- gJ/- =?- :.?- 0:A- z- i3?- GA?- 2Y%-
8A%- 2*2- 0- .%- , 5K- <2?- !/- +- 3A- #R3- 0<-
3A- *J- 8A%- :)A$?- 0-,3?- &.- 3A- :L%- 2- .%- , 1/- ?3- 5S$?- 0- ,3?- &.- GA?- :LR<- 2<-
:I<- 2- .%- , $9%?- .%- , ]R- PR?- .%- , 5=- OA3?- .%- , +A%- %J- :6B/- =- ?R$?- 0-
3,:- ;?- 0- .%-w/- 8A%- 3A- *3?- 0- .%- , $R%- /?- $R%- .- :1J=- 2- =- 2gJ/- /?- M<- .-
mR$?- 0:A- ?%?- o?- GA- $R- :1%- <A/- 0R- (J-
:,R2-0<- :I<- 2?- 35S/- 1/- ;R/- 2?3-
IA?-3A- H2- 0:A- 5=- o- (J<- 1/- ;R/- IA?- eJ?- - -
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 23 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
?- 2}$?- 0:A- {2?- i3?- =?- :L%- 2- v<-
>J?- 0<- L?- /?- ] R- w/- i3?- G A?- :.A- #R- /-
=-lJ- $&A$- +- 2lR/- 0<- L:R, ,8J?- $?%?- 0-
v<- 1/- ;R/- IA- ;R/- +/- .J- .$- =- 2?3?- +J-
:1$?- 0- :)3- .0=- IA- 35/- ;%- .$- 0<-
2eR.- 0:C- o.- :.A- *A.- #- :.R/- IA- 3,A=- .-
29%- 2- /A- >A/- +- <A$?- >A%- :,.- 0:R,, .J- 28A/- .-aR2- .0R/-(J/- 0R- .%- ,
aR2- .0R/- .$:- <2- hR- eJ, 0E- (J/- 2A- 3- =, aR2- .0R/-4j-$R- 3A, A?;- 2#- <3- aR2-
.0R/- .0=- $*A?- 3J.- hR- eJ, aR2- .0R/- DRaA-
@J- <- ! $?%- w/, $8/- ;%- .?- 82?- 0, :)A$- gJ/- .2%- K$- 0E- .!<- 0R, P2- (J/-
.0J- 3J.- :5S, aR2- .0R/- *A- 3- .0=- ?R$?- GA-
35/-2eR.- GA- :PJ=- 2- i3?- ?- ;%- :1$?-
0- :)3- .0=- IA- 35/- ;%- .$- 0<- 2eR.-
0:A- o.- GA - 1/- ;R/- i3?- o?- 2#?- &A- <A$?-
0- $?=- 2?- .J- v<- .- 3HJ/- w/- i3?- GA?-
,$?- #R3- 3(A?- 5K- $8%- .J- .$- +- $9A$?-
0<- :5=- =R,,
? :1$?- 0- 29%- 0R- ,R.- 0:A- (R/- =3- IA- 1/- ;R/,
}R/- LR/- o- 2R.- GA- 3#?- .2%- :$:-
8A$- $A- eJ?- ?- :V%?- +J- :1$?- 0- 29%- 0R-
,R.- 0:A- (R/- =3- IA-1/- ;R/-{R<- 3.R- 43-
2eR.- /,
.0=- 3$R/- :1$?- 0- [- 12- GA-
29%- ,R.- (R/- =3- IA- :PJ=- 2- 2>.- .<-
=?, .R/- 2&- 0- /A- (R/- =3- IA- 1/- ;R/- ;A/-
/R, ,.J- ;%- i3- 0- $*A?- +J, 3,R%- 2:A- (R?-
.%- w/- 0- .%- , 1- <R=- .%- w/- 0:R, ,.J- =-
3,R%- 2:A- (R?- .%- w/- 0- /A- i3- 0- 28A- !J, :.A- v- !J-H.- 0<- &/- IA- 2?R.- /3?- ;R%?- ?-
:6B/- 0- .%- , .J- 28A/- $>J$?- 0- 3,R%-
2- .%- , L%- (2- ?J3?- .0:- .%- {=- 2-
3*3- 0- *A.- ,R2-0- .%- , =?- GA- 1A2- 0- ;R%?-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 24 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
?- 9.- 0:R, ,8J?- .%- , 1- <R=- .%- w/- 0- ;%-
i3- 0- $*A?- +J, o?- 2#?- 0- .%- , :V?- 2?-
2#?- 0:R, ,.J- =- o?- 2#?- 0- /A- $9$?-
.%- , 35/- .%- , .0J- L.- .%- , <A$?- .%- , <?- .%- , $ /R.- 0- 3J.- 0- .%- , 3(R.- 0<- L-
2- *A.- GA- 35/- *A.- .J, 8J?- .%- , :V?- 2?- 2#?- 0- /A, L%- (2- GA- ~A%- 0R<-
:PR- 2- .%- , ?J%-$J:A-OA- =- 28$?- 0<- !R/-
0- .%- , 2..- :.=- 2- .%- , 3%R/- 0<- L% -
(2- 0- .%- , (R?- GA- :#R<- =R- 2{R<- 2- =-
?R$?- 0:A- 35/- *A.- .J, 8J?- o- :V?- $*A?-
GA- |R- /?- 2!/- 0- .%- , }- :I<- 2!/- 0:A- $?=- LJ.- (J/- 0R- =R- (J/-
Kk- XA:A- 29%- ,R.- (R/- =3- IA- :PJ=- (%- i3-
0<- ,<- 0- 3,:- ;?- =- :)$- 0:A- |R- =?, $%- ;%- KR$?- 2&:A- 8A%- <2- +- o- (J- 2?-
3,:- ;?- 0- i3?- 3(R.- 0:A- H.- 0<- <A/-
(J/- $- 5S$?- 0:A- o/- .- 3?- 2o/- +J- o=- 2-
i3?- =- 1=- 2- .%- , .J<- 3- 9.- z- .%- 3A:A-
m?- .2%- 0R- ?R- ?R- =- 2.J- 2- 3(R$- 2*J.- 0:A-
o- $9$?- 36 K?- 0- .%- , 1- ~/- 0- .%- , SA-
8A3- 0- .%- , <R- 3%<- 2- ?R$?- :.R.-0:A- ;R/-
+/- 3,:- ;?- 0- i3?- GA?- G%- P%?- 3J.- 0-
KR$?- 2&:A- 8A%- $A- h=- U/-)A- ~J.- .%- , .?-
<A%-2- 2{=- 2:A- 2<- o/- 3A- (.- .- 1=- 2:A-
2?R.- /3?- 0?, *J?- 2- $%- $ A?-2}R- 2:A-
o=- 0R- :.A- ,R?- >A%- .R/- =- 2?3?- /?- ]- /-
3J.- 0:A- L%-(2- 3(R$- $A- eJ?- ?- <2- +- 3R?-
0:A- %J?- >J?- *J?- >A%- , *J?- /?- G%- ; A.- .%-
2:A- ..- 0- 3%- .- *J? - /- v- &A- (R?- ,- /- =/-
$&A$- 43- ;%- ..- 0- 2*J.- 0:A- 2?R.- /3?-
:.A- /A- }- 3- .J- 2?- (J?- :1$?- 0:A- 2?R.-
/3?- .3- 0:A- 3(R$- +- :I<- 2- ;A/- /R, ,8J?-
.%- , *J?- 2- $%- 8A$- $A?- ..- 0- 1/- ?3-
5S$?- 0?- 29%- 0R- ,R.- 0:A- (R/- =3- :.A-
2lR/- 0?- 2+2- 0- .J?- /A- 1/- ;R/- 2&- $?3-
0R- :.A- .$- <A3- IA?- :,R2- 0<- :I<- +J, $%-
8J- /, 1/- ;R/- .%- 0R- /A, <J- 8A$- =?- .2%-
$A?- %/- ?R%- .- :PR- 2- ,3?- &.- %%?- 0<-
:I<- 8A%- , $*A?- 0- :.A- KA- ,3?- &.- .- #A$-
0:A- PR$?- 0R- %/- 0- %%?- +J- :U.- 0<- 3A-
:I<- 2- ;A/- /R, ,$?3- 0- .J- $*A?- %%?- 0<-
3- 9.- ?%?- o?- $% - 2- 3,:- ;?- 2. J- 2- &/-
IA- 8A%- .%- 2&?- 0- .J- ;%- .J?- M<- 2<- 5K- :.A-
=-3,R%- 8A%- .J<- *J:R, ,28A- 0- (R/- =3- :.A-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 25 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
=- 2lR/- 0- .J- .$- :2.- lR=- 3J.- 0<- 3,/-
nJ/- 5%- !J- .R/- (J/- 0R- :P2- 0?- /- fJ.- 0:A-
3(R$- +- fJ.- 0- ;A/- =, s- 0- 5K- $/?- 0- .J-
YA.- .- *J<- :5K- 3J.- &A%- .$ J- 2- .%- 3A- :V=-
2<- =J$?- 0<- ,R.- 0?- 2.J- 2<- :5S- 2- ;A/-
/R, ,S$- 0- 3A- :I<- 2:A- 5K- :.A<- ;%- .J- .$-
3A- =?- .R/- &/- .- :I<- 2?- =J$?- 0<- :R%- 0-
8J?- L:R, ,2./- 0- /A- 1/- ;R/- S$- 0R- .J-
43- .- 3- 9.- L%- (2- ?J3?- .0:- !/- +-
29%- 0R:C- ;R/- +/- .%- i3- :U=- ?R$?- $%-
3(A?- 0- .J- ;%- &A- :S- 2<- (R/- =3- :.J2?- 0R-
.J- .$- .?- <A%- 0R<- 3A- ,R$?- 0<- .J- 28A/- .-
:I<- <R, ,2o.- 0- *J- 2- }- KA:A- 2<- 353?-
3J.- 0<- .M=- 2<- :1J/- 0<- LJ.- 0:A- 353?-
3J.- 0- 8J?- L- 2:A- =?-s- 0R- !J- 1- 3- .P- 2&R3-
0- $?3- 0R- $?R.- 0- .%- , .$J- :./- IA- .LJ/-
.%- , .J- 28A/- $>J$?- 0- =- %/- ? J3?- GA?-
O$- K%- 2- .$- $A- #A$- 0- i3?- =?- $%- .%-
$%- *J?- 2- $%- $A?- *J?- .3A$?- 3A- >J?- 0:A-
.2%- $A?- }<- L?- 0- .$- LJ.- 0- 0R- .J- ;A?- ..-
0?- 29%- 0R- ,R.- 0- :.A- *A.- ~A%- ,$- 0- /?-
2eR.- /- M<- .- =?- .J- .$- 3- =?- ;R%?- ?- L%-
2<- :I<- 2- ;A/- /R, ,.$- 0- (R/- =3- :.J2?-
0R- $%- 9$- .J?- /A- :1$?- 0:A- ;J- >J?- i 3- 0<-
3A- gR$- 0:A- o- ;J- >J?- 1/- ?3- 5S$?- 0- .%-
w/- 0<- :I<- <R, ,2&- 0- v- /- #$- 0:A-
$9$?- 1/- ?3- 5S$?- 0- .%- , .J:%- 35/-
.%- .0J- L.- i3?- GA?- 2o/- 0- .%- , o=-
<A$?- 3(R$- ?R$?- <A$?- 1/- ?3- 5S$?- 0<-
*J- 2- .%- , #- .R$- $?=- 2?- $9$?- 36K?-
0<- :I<- 2:3, ;%- /- #- .R$- $A- {.-.R.-
7U- 8J?- 0- <?- =:%- :)$- 0?- <?- #%?-
24/- 0<- *J- 2:A- ;R/- +/- =- ?R$?- 0- i3?-
w/- 0<- :I<- <R, ,2&- $&A$- 0- 2..- .%- 3-
!J$?- ?R$?- cR=- 2- 3%- 0R?- G%- (R/- =3-
:.J2?- 3#/- .J- 3A- ,2- +J- \$?- v- 2<- 3A- /?-
?R, ,2&- $*A?- 0- ?- :R$- ?- !J%- ?- ]<- ,R.-
0:A- :)A$- gJ/- $?3- 0R- !/- /:%- (R/- =3-
:.J2?- 0- 0R- .J- =- :PR- 2- ,3?- &.- GA?- 3(R.-
&A%- $?- 0- .%- 1/- :.R$?- LJ.- 0<- :I<- <R,, 2&- $?3- 0- (R/- =3- :.J2?- 0- 0R- .J- *A.- (R/-
=3-3,<- KA/- 0?- 5S$?- $*A?- mR$?- +J- L%-
(2- GA- >A%- $A- .2%- 0R:C- S%- .- $%- 9$- .J- M<-
.- :PR- 8A%- , .J<- ?R%- /?- G%- ?J3?- &/-
,3?- &.- =- 1/- 0:A- KA<- >A%- S%- .J<- :.$-
!J, 2..- #J- .0%- .%- 2&?- 0- ,3?- &.-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 26 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
2+=- /?- ]- /- 3J.- 0:A- L%- (2- +- 3%R/- 0<-
mR$?- 0<- ?%?- o?- /?- (R?- GA- :#R<- =R- <2-
+- 2{R<- 2<- :I<- <R, ,8J?- .%- , $%- ;%-
29%- 0R- ,R.- 0:A- (R/- =3- IA- o=- 0R- :.A:A- .R/-
.%- 5B$- .%- .J- \J$?- 23- =- VA?- 0- :(%- 2-
.%- , #- +R/- /3- $8/- =- !R/- /3, \J$?-
23- [R$- 0<- LJ.- /:%- <%- !J, .J- ;A- i3- 0<-
(A/- 0:A- :V?- 2- /A- 2?3- IA?- 3A- H2- 0:A-
KA<- )A- 28A/- 0- /A- ?%?- o?- *A.- GA?- 3HJ/- 0-
=?- */- <%- :1$?- 0- ? R$?- GA?- G%- ,R.-
;=- 3- ;A/- /- ?R- *J?- v- &A- (R?- +J- .J:A- :V?- 2-
3,<- ,$- L%- (2- GA- 3(R$- mR$?- 0:A- ?%?-
o?- :,R2- 0<- :I<- 2- =- ?R3- *A- 3- LJ.- &A$-
!J- ,R2- %J?- 0:R, ,8J?- .%- , .J- 28A/- .- aR2-
.0R/- KR$?- GA- \%- 0R, aR2- .0R/- >G- 3A- Q, aR2-.0R/- o/- 29%- 0R, aR2- .0R/-.LA$-
$*J/, =R- (J/- ;J- >J?- #J, A- :6S3?- o=-
Y?- <A$- :6B/- :I<- 3J.- hR- eJ- ?R$?- GA?- (R/-
=3-,3?-&.- GA- o=- 0R- :.A- *A.- GA- 1/- ;R/-
o- (J<- $?%?- 0- .J- .$- eJ?- ?- S/- 0:A- |R- /?-
!/- GA?- 2+%- ~R3?- ?- 3A- :)R$- 0<- .?- .%-
i3- 0- !/- +- #- :.R/- IA- 3,A=- .- 29%- !J- o=-
Y?- L%- (2- ? J3?- .0:A- i3- ,<- 28A/- .-
.$J- l- (J- U- ,3?- &.- :#R<- $?3- i3- 0<-
.$- 0:A- (R/- =3- I A?- lA?- 9A/- 0<- L- !J, !/-
3HJ/- (R?- GA- o=- 0R- SA- 3J.- :R.- 9J<- IA- 8=-
/?, .R<- 2- ?J3?- 2*J.- .%R?- $8A- .3A$?-
0- 3J., ,eJ?- =- 2}R- 2?- ;R%?- ?- 9A/- 0- /A, , ,<- =3- 2PR.- 0:A- $&J?- 0- i3- $?3- ;A/, , 8J?- $?%?- 0- v<- <R,,
lR3- 1A$- 0?,
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 27 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
? gJ/- $?3- =- 3- $?- 0:A- *J?- .3A$?- $?=- 2<- 2>.- 0-
]%- .R<- !R/- 0:A- .J. - .0R/,
$*A?- $%-U- 3R:C- :)$- 0- 3- 9.- 2<, ,29%- %/- ]%- . R<- 5=- 28A/- 3- :2.- /,, .J- 3,/- 2a- 3J.- :V?- 2- :L%- 2:A-5=, ,3- :SJ?- )A- 28A/- !R/- 36.- ,2- .2%- o=,,
$%- $A- =J$?- $?%- SA- 3J.- :R- 3:A- 35S<, , 2.J- $>J$?- 8=- *A/-gJ/- 3(R$- i3- $?3- =,, 3- $?- *J?- .3A$?- $?=- 2<- 2>.- 0:A- $/., ,C- lJ:A- 9A=- 2- 43- 8A$- .$R.- =- 3R,,
.J- ;%- YA.- 0- =?- GA- o- =?- 3- ,<- 2-
i3?- GA?- L- 2- 29%- %/- $%- 8A$- L?- G%- .J-
.%- 3,/- 0:A- :V?- 2-:L%- 2 - 2a- 3J.- ;A/-
G%- :$:- 8A$- 29%- %/- ]%- .R<- =- kR%?-
0?- 5=- 28A/- .- :)$- 5=- 3A- >J? - 0- .%-, :$:- 8A$- $A?- 2?3- 28A/- .- %%- ]%- $ R- wR$-
+- :6B/- 0- ?R$?- &A- <A$?- >A$- 3(A?- 0?- .J-
.$- =?- }- 3-i3?- =- 1/- 0:A- (J.-.- }R/- LR/-
3#?- P2- i3?- GA- $?%- 5.- 3-)A-~J.-&A$-
28$?- ;R.- 0- =?- :.A<- ?%?- o?- GA- gJ/-
$?3- =- 3- $?- 0:A- *J?- .3A$?- $?=- 2<-
!R/- 0:A-=%- :$:- 8A$-KR$?-?-%%-2<-L- 2-
=- gJ/- $?3-8J?- 0:A- :)$- ;=- %R-3R.- 0- .%- ,
*J?- .3A$?- .% R?- 2>.- 0, 3)$- $A- .R/- 2#-
2- .%-$?3- 3R,,
.%- 0R- /A, ,R$- 3<- gJ/ - $?3- 8J?-
0:A- ,- ~.- .J- *A. -$%- =- :)$- 0:A- ;=- %R?-
29%- .$R?- 0- $=- (J- !J, &A:A - KA<- 8J- /, H.-
$8A- 3- >J?- 0<- .J:A- H.- (R?- 2>.- /- 1/-
,R$?-(%- 2:A- KA<- <R, ,{- gJ/-/A - ?%?- o?-
GA- {- $9$?-=$?-?-]$?-0-.%- , :2<-.-
2bR?- 0, <A?-?-VA?- 0- i3?- .%- , $?%-
gJ/- !R/- 0- ?%?- o? - .%- eJ?- :)$- 3#?- 0-
i3?- GA?- 36.- 0:A- :(R?- *R2- GA- ;R/- +/-
$*A?- w/- IA- (R?- .0J, ,$?- gJ/- 2.J-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 28 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
$>J$?- 3(R.- gJ/- i3?- ;A/- 0<- 5.- ,2-
;A$- (-i3?- =?- $?=- = R,, $*A?- 0- /A, )R- 2R- eJ?, KA- 0- /%- 0- -
*2?-:PR:A-H., ,&J?- .%- , *2?-:PR-
2./- &- 0- =?, #R3- 0- !/- =- ;R.- 3R.-G%- ,, *2?-?- 3- ?R%- 2- =- 3J., ,&J?- $?%?-0-
v<-,R$- 3<- <%- *A.- /%- 0:A- P=-.- 5.- 0-
=:%- *2?- #R3- %J?- 0<-:,R2- .$R? - =-,R2-
0- $&A$- 0?- 3A- 1/- 0<- 2a2- L- i3?- 5=-
28A/- =$- =J/- 2!<- .$R?- 0- /A- $=- $/.- .-
?R%- , .J?- /- .0=- 3=- ?J3?- .0:- (J/-
0R?-36.- 0:A- !/- 29%-]-3:A- 8=-=%- $ A-*2?- :PR:A-2a2- L- =?, .- v- <%- <J- .!R/-
3(R$- $?3- IA- eJ?- :)$- +- _R3- 0- i3?- G%- , .!R/- 3(R$- $A- gJ/- =- ?R$?- 0- i3?- =- $?-
0- &%- 9.- G%- 3J.- 0?- ?%?- o?- GA- {-
$9$?- .%- $?%- <2- GA- \J$?- 23- ?R$?- =-
/R<- m?- GA- :.- >J?- 28$- /?- 5S%- LJ.- 0- .%- , $+:- 3<- :)R$- 0- ?R$?- LJ.- 0- /A, .!R/-
3(R$- $?3- IA- {- \.- 9- 2- 8J?- L- !J-*J?- 0-
>A/- +- tA, $8/- ;%- ?%?- o?- GA-{- $9$?-
VA?- 0- .%- :2<- .- ;R.- 0- ?R$?- ,A$- 5.-
?R$?- GA?- 2&=- /?- 29R- 2&R?- LJ.- 0:A-{2?- ?- 3A/- 0<, .?- $8/- .- 3A- 36K?- 0:A-
(- /?- \J%?- +J- *R/- :.R$?- ?R$?- L?- /- *J?-
0- >A/- +- tA- 2?- .J- v<- 3A- L, $?%- <2- ;A-
$J:A - \J$?- 23- =- ?R$?- 0- ;%- ?- eJ/- 0<-
:)R$- 0- .%- , :$R3- ;$- ?R$?- LJ.- 0- .%- , ;A$- wJ2-+<- 2:A- 5K-362- 3R?- 3(A=- 3- .%-
2&?- 0?- <J$- 0- ?R$?- 3- $?- 0:A- ,R.- =3-
LJ.- 0- ,3?- &.- *J?- 0- z$- 0<- tA- !J, 2&R3-
w/- :.?- GA?, s- 2o:A- ,- 3<- I<- 0 - /, , %- *A.- ;A- $J:A- $9$?- ?- $/? , ,%- ;A/- ~3-
.- ;A.- LR?- =, ,.J- 5K- .J- =- $?- 0- IA?, ,8J?-
$?%?- >A%- , 8J?- .% - , ?%?-o?-GA- {-
$?%- ,$?-gJ/- ,3?- &.- =?, $?%- gJ/- /A-
]%- .R<- IA- $/?- !R/- 0- .%- , 2!/- 0:A- o/-
:6B/- 0- ?R$?- ?%?-o?- .% R?- .%-H.- 0<-
&%- 9.-G%- 3J.-&A%- H.- 0<- :1$?- 0<-
$?%?- 0- ;A/, .J<- 3- 9.- .- v- 1=- (J<-
IA?- hR- eJ- .%- SA=- 2- /A- <%- 28A/- $*J<- ,.- v-
2- =?- .!R/- 3(R$- $A- gJ/- ;A/- ~3- 0- 3A- LJ.-
G%- , hR- eJ- /A- ?%?- o?- G A- ,$?- ;J- >J?- s- =-
?R$?- 0- 35S/- 8A%- , SA=- 2?- G%- 8=- IA- i3-
0- ;R.- 0- o.- #J- :R$- 3- =?- i3- 0<- $%- 36.-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 29 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
.%- , $R%- 3- i3?- =?- h R- eJ- .LA%?- GA- .2%-
K$- 3<- 2>.- 0?- {:A- i3- 0- .%- , ;3-
2o.- GA- ?- 2R/- .%R?- ?- ;A- $J:A- i3- 0- .%- , $8/- ;%- ?%?- o?- GA- $?%- (R?- GA- 1-
.L%?- 35S/- 0<- LJ.- 0- ;A/- 0?- {- $?%-
,$?- gJ/- $?3- !:A- 35/- *A.- 5%- 2- .%- , H.- 0<-$?%- }$?- hR- eJ- ,J$- 0:A- .GA=-
:#R<- IA- :#R<- =R- ;R%?- mR$?- 5%- 8A%- .3-
5B$- $A- m?- ,/- 3R%- 3- ;A/- 0- ;A/- 0?, 2f?-
2&R?- L?- /- *J?- 0- tA- 8A%- .?- g$- +- 2!<-
!A:A- |R- /?- 82?- +R$- LJ.- .$R?- 0- ;A/- /R,,
8J?- 0-.%-, ?J3?- .0:- $%-$A?- 36.- 0:A-hR<-SA=-i3- 2>.- =?, ?%?- o?- {- s- 3A-
KJ.- hR- eJ:A- {, ,$%- !R%- .LJ<- 3J.- SA=- 2- {-
;A- gJ/, ,2eR.- 3J.- $?%- /A- (R?- GA- %R- 2R- !J, , ?- 2R/- ;A- $J- ?%?- o?- $?%- $A- gJ/, ,;J- >J?-
hR- eJ- ,$?- s: A- .J- #R- /, ,35S/- 0:A- hR- eJ- o=-
!/- ,$?- GA- gJ/, ,8J?- .%- , :.A- /A- o=- !/-
{- $?%- ,$?- GA- gJ/, ,2f?- .%- 3A- $?- 22-
&R=- ??- L?- 0, ,.!R/- 3(R$- $?3- %%?-
$?%- 2:A- .3- :$=- 2:A, ,*3?- 0- &/- .J-
2Y%- 2:A- z?- :.R<- 8A%- , ,3- 3,:- 3J.- 0:A-
hR- eJ:A- .M=- 2<- :PR, ,8J?- $?%?- ? R, , 8J-
(J/- o=- 52- GA?- 36.- 0:A - 3.R- =?- L%- 2:A-
$+3- o.- $- 5S$?- =?, q$?- 0-/A- .3- 0:A-
(R?- =- {<- 2- :.J2?- 0- =?- :R%?- ?R, ,:R/-
0- /A- (R?- ,R?- 0<- 3A- .$:- 2- =?- :R%?- ?R,, $-2~J<- 2- /A-%R?- 3A- 8A3- 0- 2YJ$?- +J- ?%?-
o?- =- 3(R.- 0- =?- :R%?- ?R, ,8J?- .%- , ,%-4=- :S- 2- /A- $R?- 3A- $4%- 2- IR/- +J- ?%?-
o?- =- ~R$?- 0- !J- {- $9$?- GA- ,/- }<-
:R%?- 0- =?- :R%?- ?R, ,%3- $/$- 0- /A- ?%?-
o?- GA- {- $9$?- HA3- 33- H3?- ?- 28$- 0-
=?- :R%?- ?R, ,8J?- .%- , ;%- $%- =-=- 8A$-
$A?- $4$- =$- .%- 3(R.- gJ/- :)A$- &A%-, $%- $A?- .!R/- 3(R$- $?3- IA- m?- ]%?- >A%-
,.- /- 5K- KA- 3- =- 2!A<- 3J.- 0:A- ?J3?- &/-
.M=- 2<- *J- !J, &A- !J- .J- =?- ,<- /- ;%- 1$-
<R/- .%- 3(A=- 2- .%- , %<- 2- .%- , /J- 4S- .%- , LJ:- {J- }R/- .%- , *- .%- , <?- &=- .%, 3J:-
.%- , 1$- .%- , >- 2<- *J:R, ,$=- +J- 3A<-
*J?- /- ;%- , 3- /A%- .%- , 2.- 3J.- .%- , 35/- $*A?- 0- .%- , .2%- 0R- 3J.- 0- .%- , (.- :5S%- 3- .$- +- :I<- <R, ,8J?- .%- , 3$R-
<=- 2:A- ,<- 3- 2+<- 2:3- <?- 0- ,R$?- /?-
z- #%- .- :PR- /- L- 3(- <A%- .- *J:R, ,8J?- .%- ,
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 30 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
.J- 28A/- $>J$?- 0:A- 3(R.- gJ/- 2mA?- /- d-
3R<- *J:R, ,z3- .%- :2R2- IR/- 8A%- $4$-
=$- #%- .- :PR- /- &=- 2<- *J:R , ,8J?- .%- , $9$?- 3A- #$- 0<- :I<- 2:A- (R?- 2&- /A, OR-
2- .%- , :#R/- .- :6B/- 0- .%- ?R$?- /?-
3(R.- gJ/- .%- $4$- =$- #%- .%- 3( R.- gJ/- IA-
?- $8A- 3A- #$- 0<- L?- 0, 3 (R.- gJ/- .%- {-
$9$?- GA- 3<- 3J- 2?.- 0- ?R$?- ;A/- 0<-
$?%?- ?R, ,;%-36K-/.- &/- /A- .!R/- 3(R$-
$?3-IA-gJ/- 2>A$- 0- =?- :R%?- ?R, ,8J?-
.%- , 5K- :.A- =-z- #%-.%- 3(R.-gJ/- 2>A$-
&A%- .$J- :./- .%- , 1- 3- .%- 3#/- 0R<- 2$-
3J.- 0<- YA- 8- (%- 2- /A- 3/<- 3J.- 0:A- ?J3?-
&/- .M=- 2- (J/- 0R- 2o.- .-3,<- IA?- :PR:R,, 8J?- .%- , |<- 2- /A- $R?- 3A- $4%-2-IR/-
8A%- , ?%?-o?-GA-{- =-o2-GA?-KR$?- 0-
=?- :R%?- ?R, , 5K - :.A- =-.J- 28A/- $>J$?-
0:A-{- $9$?- =-K$- :5=- 2:A- ,=- 3R- 3A-.R<- 2- /A- 5K-KA- 3- =- 3,:- :#R2-+-*J-!J, =?-
3%-.-L?-G%- :V?-2- :P2- 0- /A-*%-%R- , , 5K- :.A- =- =$- 0-o2-+- 2$R=- +J- ?%?-o?- =-
K$- :5=-2- /A- 5K-KA- 3-KA/- !- =R$-+- 2&A%?-
0:A- ?J3?- &/- .M=- 2<-z%- %R-, , $=- +J- 3A<-
*J?- G%- *J?- 0- 3J.- 0<-IR.- =- ,R$?- 0<- :R%-
%R- , ,8J?- $?%?-?R, , 5A$- $?3- $/.- .R/-
=?, :O=- 3J.- =3- 29%- !R/- 0<- LJ.- 0?-
.%- , ,?%?-o?- .%R?- .%-H.- 0<- 3J.- 0?-
.%- , ,2>J?- $*J/- 1=-I A?- .R-^- 3J.- 0?-
.%- , ,.0J- (-]- 3<- % J?- ?R- >J?-w/-i3?, , :O=- 3J.- =3- 29%-!R/- 0:A-o- 35/- /A, , 2!:-.%- 2!/-2&R?- 8=- $.3?-i3- $?3-
0R, ,?R- ?R:C- 35/- *A.- =?- G%- :O=- 3J.-
3%R/, ,.%- 0R- 2!:- ;A- 35/- *A.-o.-]- =?,, $%- 8A$- .R/- $*J<- (R?- .%- *J<- :VJ=- 8A%- , , #3?-$?3-.$-/-*R/-3R%?-%R%-LJ.-$?%?, , 8A- 2:A- ;R/- +/- 2}$?- 0- 2eR.- 0- $%- , ,.J-
/A- S%- YR%- 2!:- ;A/- 2^R$- 0- $8/, ,8J?-
$?%?-2!/- 2&R?-G%- /A- .J- *A.- =?, ,$%-
8A$-!R/- 0-o=- 2- :2:- 8A$- $A?, ,.2%-L?-
i3- $;J%- 3J.- ;A.-&/-IA?- 2>., ,,<- 0-
,R2- 0:A- =3- .%-eJ?- 3,/- 0, ,.J- ;%-S%-
YR%- 2!:- 28A/-,A- 2R?-]%?, ,8J?- $?%?-
$8/- ;%-lR3- 0:A-o- $?3- .%- , ,:(R?-*R2-
;R/- +/-$*A?-w/- :2:- 8A$- $A?, ,$?%?-
0?- =3- =- :O=- 2- 3J.-KA<- <R, ,8J?- .%- , ?%?-o?- .%R?- .%-H.- 0<- 3J.- 0- /A, ,3.R-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 31 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
=?- s- 2o:A- ,- 3<- I<- 2- /, ,%- /A- ;A- $J:A-
$9$?- ?- $/?- 8J?- $?%?, ,$8/- ;%-
.3-(R?-0E-.!<-0R- =?, ,{- $9$?- i3- 0-
3%- 0R- .J<- 3=- /?, ,:PR- 2- .$J- =- ,R.- 0:A-
.R/-LJ.- .R, ,8J?-$?%?- 5.- 3<-I<-0:A-=%- .$- $A?, ,?%?-o?- .%R?- .%-H.- 0<-
3J.- 0<-212?, ,2>J?- $*J/- 1=-IA?- .R-^-
3J.- 0- /A, ,;R/- +/- <%- 28 A/-=?-mR$?-
?%?-o?-GA, ,%%?- .%- gR$?- 0- ,3?-&.-
.J<- 2#- 2?, ,?R-*J:A-2>J?- $*J/-i3?- .%-
2o-!R%- $A, ,(<- ;% - 3A-:PR- .0J<- ;%- 3A-1R.-
.R, ,.J%- ?%-]- (J/- 1=- 2- 2!J/- 0-2?, , $?%- <2- ;A- $J-\J$?- 23- $- $&A$- .$:, , 8J?- .3- 0:A-$?%- <2-i3?-]- 3- .%- $* A?-
?- 3J.- 0<-212?- :.$ - 0- .%- , o.- =?, 5B$?- 2&.- $&A$- 43- 2!/- 0- =:%- , ,]- 3-
.$- +- 3- 29%- /, ,HA- ;A- *J- 2- 2o<- ]%?- +J,, kJ- >- &/-. - *J- 2<- :I<, ,$?%?- 0- v< -
$?%- <2- .%-]- 3 - $*A?-?- 3J.- 0- ;A/- 0?-
.J- =-3- ..- 0- .%- 3-$?-/:%-$R%- .- 2>.-
0:A -]- 3-(.- 0:A- *J?- 0- .%- $*A?- ?- 3J.- 0-
;R.- %J?- ?R, ,:1$?- 0- !R2?- 0R- (J- 8J?- L- 2-
,J$- 0- (J/- 0R:A- 3.R- =?, $?%- 2:A- 2.$- 0R-
=$- /- hR- eJ- ?- 3.R- :.A- =- $?- 0<- 3A- LJ.- 0- .J-
.$- ?J3?- &/-.M=- 2- ( J/- 0R- 2o.- 0R- .$- +-
*J- 2<- :I<- <R, ,8J?-.%- , :1$?- 0- o=-
2- &/- 8J?- L- 2:A- $9%?- =?, ?- 8A$-
<A$?- }$?- GA- o=- 3R- o=- 2- &/- :.A- =?-
:.:- 2<- 2IA.-0- .J- .$- /A, ?%?-o?- 2& R3-
w/- :.?- .J- .$- =- :#?- 0<-:I<- <R, ,8J?- .%-, ?-=- =- 8A$- $A?- <A$?-}$?-GA-o=- 3R-(J/-
3R- o=- 2- &/- :.A- =?- :.:- 2<- 2IA.- 0- .J:A-
3$R- ?A.-K- !:A-:V?-2- 28A/- 5=- 2- 2./-.-
:$?- ?R, ,8J?- .%-, !R:- >A- !:A- 2>$?-
3.R- =?, 24S%?- /- hR- eJ:A- .M=- 2<- *J, , $+R%- .%- 2#- 2- $*A?- /A- OR- (<- 5S., ,$&R.-
.%- ,R.- 0- $*A?- 0R- /A, ,.M=- 2- 2#?-
:)R3?-.$-+-*J, ,5S%- $-LJ.- .%- $+R%- 0<-
:)$ ,s- 2o:A-tJ- =- $;$- (J/-kR., ,29%-
%/-z$- (.-*R/- :6B/- 0, ,tJ- /A-t$?-GA-
,$- 0?- 2o%?, ,\- =- ?R$?-2YJ?-m/-
5?- 0?, ,;A-?$?- (J/- 0R<- ;/- <A%- $/?,, .2$?- =- 2*R/- /?- .2$?-GA?- $4K<, , 5B$- $8$- 2R<- /?- 5B$-:$ R-]%?, ,<R-M$?-
:.3- =-M<-.- :S., ,M<-.- <A%?- /?- 23-
>R$- 2+<, ,>=- 3- <A- =-S$-+- :S., ,3A-$R-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 32 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
1- ;A- >R$-2- 2+<, ,#- 3J.- ;A-?$?- (J/- 0R<-
*J, , .2$?- =- 2*R/- /?- lJ- $+R$?- LJ., , 3J- 3- 3<- =- :S.- &A%- hR$ ,5K- :.A<- .2=-
1R%?- /.- GA?- *J/, ,.2%- 0R- *R/- 8$?- 3A-
#R3- 2o.- .-*J, ,!R:- >A- !- %J?- 0:A- .R/- IA-
3.R- #J- =, ,$+R%- .%- 2#- .%- :5S.- 0- .%- , , %%?- (.- {<- 2- 2+2- 0- .%- , ,z$- (.-
$*A?- ?- 2[$?- 0- .%- , ,.%?- >$?- .$-
$A?- L?- 0- ;A?, ,:.A- ;A- ]- =- /?- ?3- PR-
:3, +A=- IA- :V- 43- 33, ,- /- U- 2:A- {.-
0- 43- =- :2$?- ?3, ]- !J%- =- KA/- 0:3, \.- 9R?- 0:A- PA2- 3?- 1R$- 0:3, 3A:3- ..-
:PR- (- ;R.- 0 :3, (- 3J.- 0<- +A=- 1=- $%-
43- 9R?- /, hR- eJ:A- .M=- 2<- *J- 2<- :I<-
<R, ,5K- 5.- /A- >R- =R- !- <J?- 2{=- 0- <J- ,2-
0<- $?%?- ? R, ,8J?- $?%?- 0- v<- <R, , .J- 28A/- #A$- 0- ,3?- &.- =?- (J?- (J- 2- /A-
353?- 3J.- 0- s- .J- ;A/ - 0<- 3.R- o.-2!/-
2&R? - i3?- =?- $?=-+J, 3A- 13- 3#?-
:)$- =?, $%- 8A$- L?-0?- 5K- :.A<-
:1$?- =3- *J- 2:A- $J$?- (J- >R?-LJ.- &A%-
$*J/- 0R?- 3- 2&R3- 0<- >A- /- 5K- :.A- :1R?- 3-
,$-+-*J- 2- $8/- IA?-2<- 3- (R.- 0<- 3/<-
3J.-.-*J- 2<- %J?- 0- 353?- 3J.- 0- s:A- =?-
8J?- $?%?- ? R, ,*J- 2:A- 353?- 3J.- G%-
353?- 3J.- 0- .%R?- 3A/-;%-.J- .%- (-:S- 2-
;A/- 0<- 3A-13- <A/- 0R- (J:A-3#?- 0:A-5=- =-
:)$- 0:A-|R- ?R$?- =?- $?%?- :.$- 0?- .J-
;A- *J?- 0- ;%- .J- .%- (- :S- 2- ;R.- 0-(R?- 3A-
.$R?, .J- 2?- /- {- $?%- ,$?- gJ/- 2>A$-
0- /A- *J- 2:A- 353?- 3J.-#R%?-?- $+R$?- +J,
($?- 3J.- 2.J- (R/- =?, {- $9$?- 3(R.-
gJ/- z- #%- 2>A$- =- ?R$?, ,*J- 2:A- 353?-
3J.- #A$- L?- 3,R=- =R<- 2>$?, ,8J?- .%-, .!R/- 3(R$- z- #%- $?%- <2- g J/- $?3-
?R$?, ,.0 %- 8J?- 5.- 24$?- 3/:- 29R?-
=- ?R$?- 0, ,(R?- %%?- =?- %/- 2?$?- 0-
3,R=- =R<- 2>$?, , 8J?- $?%?- 0- v<- *J?-
52?- >A/- +- (J:R, ,.0=- 3=- <A/- 0R- (J:A - L%-
(2- ?J3?- .0:A- 2a2- L- 2#?- 0- =?, o=-
2:A- 2!:- ;%- .$- 0:A- 3.R- ?R$?- =- :.A- o=-
2:A- 2!:- 3- ;A/- 8J?- {<- 2- 2+2- /- (R?- %R%-
$A- =?- 8J?- L- 2- l-v%- $*A?- 0:R, ,8J?- .%- , $%- $A?- 36.- 0:A- {- $?%-,$?-gJ/- =-$?-
0-LJ.- 0:A-5=- =J$?- =3- .3- 0:A- $?R?-(/-
=?, , - /- $4$- =$- #%- $ A- K$?- 3?- <%-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 33 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
HA3- :K$?- /- K$?- 3- v- 2:A- .M=- 2<- *J-
2- .%- , lA$- 0- .%- !- 2- =- $2?- ?R$?-
2$R?- /- !- 2- .%- lA$-0- v- 2:A- .M=- 2<- *J-
2<- :I<- 8J?- :.=- 2- =%- =?- $?%?- >A%- , H.- 0<- z- #%- $A- m?- .%- 3( R.- ,J2?- gJ/-
28$- ?R$?- =R%?- ,.- /- *J?- 0- 353?- 3J.-
.%- :S, .!R/- 3(R$- $A- .!R<- :UR$- 0?- L%-
(2- ?J3?- .0:A- l- v%- :L%- , >A- 3- ,$- +- OR-
(- #R=- 3- :,%- 2:A- .M=- 2<- *J- 8A%- .J- /?-
G%- ;A- ?$?- GA- =?- !R%- U$- =- ?R$?- 0- =J/-
0<- :I<- 2- .%- , ,- /- z- #%- .- }- SR- :2=-
o:A- 3(R.- m?- KA- SR- :2=- 2- .%- , .L<- 1=-
8A$- 9J<- 2:A- 3(R.- m?- !R/- :2=- 2- .%- , .-
v- 1=- 8A$- 9J<- 2:A- 3(R.- m?- .?- 3(R.- =-
?R$?- 0:A- 2<- .- :)R$- 0:A- 2}R?- o<- L?- 5K-
KA- 3- =- bJ.- 0- (.- 0:A- (- o?- 0- U- 3R?- 4J=-
/?- #$- 2}=- MR%- 2:A- *A- 5K- 2:A- .M=- 2<- *J-
2- :.=- 2- /?- $?%?- 0?- >A/- +- $92- 0<-
L- 8A%- , 8J?- ?R$?- $?%?- 0- v<- ;A/- 0?-
%% - ]%-=- 5=- 28A/- :)$- 0<- <A$?- ?R,,
$?3 - 0- /A, .J%- ?%- ~A$?- s:A- <%-
3.%?- KR$?- 2&<-hR=-2:A- .?- :.A<- =?-
%/- IA?- :1%?- 0:A- 2?R.- 9. - :$:- 8A$-
$A?- LA/- (J/- IA- gJ/ -fA%- i3?- <%- $A- vR- $R?-
.%- 2eJ?- /?- 3A%- $A- z$- 3- 43- .- L?- 0- 3-
5.- {- $?%- ,$?- gJ/- $?<-0 - i3?-G% - ; A -
3$- 0:A- L- ,2?- :S- 3A/- ,.- .J- =R- 3%- ?R%-
2:A- fA%- 0 - v<- . - 2&R?- /?- :5S%- 2 - .%- , .$J- :./- 0- :$? - G%-$?%- }$?- GA- ;R- L.-
hR<- SA=- i3?- =- lJ.- (?- GA- 5=- .- 2J.- ,R. - 0-
?R$?- ;- 3- 9%- $A- L-%/- LJ.- 0<-$R3?- 0- &/-
:.A- .$- =- &%- 43- 1/- 0<- <J- /?- }R/- LR/-
$R%- 3- i3?- GA- 5.- 3<- I<- 2:A- $?%- i3? -
5<- %%?- 0- ;A/- +J, &A:A- KA<- 8J- /, =%- /A-
;A.- (J?- 5B$- ;A/- +J, ,*J?- 0<- 9.- 0- m/- IA-
5B$ ,&J?- $?%?- 0- v<- <R,,
a<- 5?- 0,
}R/- LR/- *J?- 2:A - =J$?- 0<- 2>.- 0-$?%- $A - #- :22- i3- 28 A :A- o/,,
2!:-.% - 2!/- 2&R?- ?R- ?R<- :22- G%- z$- 2?3- .$- 0? - 21A=-L? - +J,, :.A<- :.?- 3(J.- t3- =?- &/- ;R%?- GA- {R3- 0:A- $.%- 2- ?J=- 2:A- a.,,
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 34 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
3,:- ;?- (- $+J<- $&A$- +- 2*A=- .$J?- :PR- i3?-]%- .R<- 3 A$- ,R2- >R$, ,, lR3- 1A$- 0?,
/-=f,
/- =f- /A, }R/- :1$?- 0- >- <A:A- 2- :O%?- 0:A- ;=- .%- , 3,<- >-<A:A- 2- :#R<- .P- 2&R3- 0-
OA- U$- 2o.- .%- 2&?- +J- M- %/- =?- :.?- 0: A- ?- ;%- ; A/- =, .J- /A- o- $<- L%- KR$?- 2A- @<- 3%:-
#J:A- /%- ;R.- 0:A- <- )A- $A- <A:3- o=- 0R:C- #2- /?- L%- KR$?- ?- ,A- =J- 2./- 43- /- ;R., :.A-/A-2.$ -
&$-!R/-0:A-{-5K-LA/-IA?-_2?- 0:A-$/?-G%-;A/-0<- $?%?,
/- =f:A- $4$- =$- #%- ,
$/?- .J<- :1$?- 0- >- <A:A- 2:A-
3(R.- gJ/- 8A$- ;R.- 0- =- o=- 0R- M- %/- 3J.-
GA?- o- (J<- 3(R.- /?- ?%?- o?- GA- z- #%- (J/-
0R- 8A$- 28J%?-0- .%- , /- =f:A- $4$- =$-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 35 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
#%- /A-,A- =R:C-}R/-IA-.?- <2?- $?3- 0- 43-
=- $?<-.- 20/- 0- .%- .J- /?-.?- <2?- s- 0-
.%- S$- 0- ;?- 3?- =- $4$- =$- #%- :.A:A-i3- 0-o- (J<- 2*J.-0:A-{2?- ,J$- (J/- IA- .%-
0R:C-aR2- .0R/- s- 2o?- 2!:- 2PR?- +J, $%-
.- :1$?- 0- >- <A:A- 2:A- $/?- ?- ,J$- 0- (J/-
0R:A- (R?- 2!/- /- /A, ,J$- 0- (J/- 0R- 2- i3?-
=- (R?- >A/- +- .<- 2<- :I<- 2:A- 35/- 3-
$9A$?- /?- V3- 9J:A- aR2- .0R/- {- 3(J.-
2o.- GA?- $4$- =$- #%- 2o.- 28J%?- +J, $4$- =$- #%- .J- i3?- ?- }R/- o=- 0R- =c- A-
I?- ,J$- (J/- IA- (R?- 5- 2- s- 2o- 0R- ,/- S%?-
+J- A- S- 8J?- L- 2:A- <A:A- lJ- 3R- =- $4$- =$- #%-
s- 2o- L?- +J- .J- <J- <J<- (R?- 5- 2- <J- <J- ,/-
S%?- /?- o=- 0R- <%- $A- :#R<- ..- 0- (J- 8A%- ]R-
iR- 2- s- 2o- <2- +- L%- !J- ,J$- (J/- IA- (R?- */-
.- 2&$ .J- /?- o=- 0R?- \J$?- 23- :VA- 2<-
:.R.- .J- ,J$- 0- (J/- 0R:C- #J- $R.- )A- 43- 8J?- SA?-
0- =- =/- .- ,A<- 5.- $9%- 2<- 3A- /?- 3R.- .-
v<- ;R.- 0- /A- :23- U$- 2o:R, ,8J?- 5?-
0?- o=- 0R?- 3%- 3R.- GA- :VA- 2<- L:R- 8J?-
,3?- &.- VA?- +J- .$J- aR%- i3?- =- 1=- 2:A-
\J$?- 23- i3?- 28$?- 0<- L?- 0: R,,
$4$- =$- #%- :.A- .?- <2?- 2&- 0:A-{2?-?-o- $<-IA-(J?- (J- 8A%- $9A- .0=-d3-
2eA.- :2<- 2:A- .$R/-#J :3- $4$- =$- #%-
8A$-+-I<- 0- ;A/, $4$- =$- #%- :.A- /A- o-
$<- IA- $/:- 2R:C- /%- 0- ?%?- o?- 0:A- (R?-
=$?- =- 2g$- .J.- 8A2- :)$- LJ.- ?:A- vJ- 2-
8A$- ;A/- 0- .%- /%- 0- ?%?- o?- 0:A- (R?- 0-
*J.- YA%- LJ.- ?- 8A$- G%- ; A/, :.A-<- /%- 0: A-
$8%- =$?- GA- :(.- */- ;R.- 0- 43- .- 3- 9., 5.- 3- <A$- 0, 1- <A$- 0, $?R- 2- <A$- 0, {<- lA?- <A$- 0, 29R- <A$- 0- ?R$?- GA- :(.-
*/- G%- H.- .- :1$?- 0- 8A$- ;R., $8/-
;%- ?R- /3- <A$- 0- .%- (/- 2&R?- #%- , .0J-
36S.- (J- :VA%- (%- $?3- ?R$?- ;R.- 0<- 3-
9.- .$J- :./ - 0- =- :R- 3- 3#R- 3R.- LJ.- ?:A-
K$?- <- 8A$- G%- ; R., $4$- =$- #%- :.A- @-
&%- .<- ;R.- 0:A- {2?- ?- ,J$- 0- (J/- 0R?- ,R$-
S%?- 0:A- ,J$- 0- 3,:- .$- $A- /%- 0:A- (R?- =-
aR2- .R%- LJ., aR2- 9- 2- 3%- .?- 3A- OA- $&A$-
;/- (.- .%- , .$J- c/- !R%- U$- $&A$- z$-
;R., =R- <J- =- .3- (R?- #J- $R.- $?3- =- .%?-
0- 3,<- KA/- 0:A- 3#?- 0- !R%- U$- z$- <J- ;R.-
&J?- ;A$- fA%- .$- =?- L%-, .$J- :./- 0:A-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 36 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
:5S- 2- /A- ;=- IA- o=- 0R?- $/%- 2:A- PR%- #J-
*A?- 2o- ;R.- 0- .$- /?- 2#?- 0:A- :V- #=-
=- 2gJ/- .$R?, o- $<- IA- $/:- 2R:C- ~/-
P$?- &/- IA- 00A- +- 1=- (J<- 8A$- G%- :. A- /?-
3,<- KA/- 0- .%- :.A- /- o- $<- I A- ?- $/?- ?R-
?R- /?- :R%?- 0: A- aR2- 9- 2- ;R.- 0- 3- 9., :2<- 3- .%- , *A- @R%- .%- , o- /$- .%- , OR-
8/- ?R$?- ;=- $8/- 0- /?- :R%?- 0:A- aR2- 3-
;%- @- &%- 3%- 2- ;R.- 0<- 3%R/-/R,,
/- =f:A- $4$- =$- aR2- $*J<- #%- :1 J=- o?- L%- 5=,
.J- /?- <A3- IA?- ,J$- (J/- IA- .%- 0R:C-
aR2- .0R/- i=- :LR<- ,R.- 0:A- P2- 3,:- 5- 2-
s- 2o- 0R?- 2!/- 0- *R%- 2:A- .?- .%- 35%?-
0<- 3- $- K<- V3- 9J- 3,R- 24/- P2- eJ- .%- 2. J-
LJ.- 2.$- 0R- $*A?- GA?- o- 35/- >J?- 0:A- ,R$-
/?- V3- 9J:A- (- L.- i3?- 2R<- +J- .$J- :./-
24/- 0:A- #R3- 0- ;%- .$- 0<- ]%?, ,J$- 0-
3,:- .$- $A- (R?- =- 3#?- 0<- .%?- +J- ?%?-
o?- 0- .%- 3- !J$?- 0:A- 29%- %/- IA- H.- 0<-
:LJ.- 0:A- KA<- 3,R- 24/- IA?- H.- 0<- :1$?-
2!R.- .%- 2.J- LJ.- GA?- z- =?- 1=- L%- $A-
2!R.- 0- 2l3?, 3,R- 24/- {- 3(J.- GA?- hR-
eJ- $./- .- */- ,R?- GA- .$J- aR%- s- 2o- <J- =-
:5S- 2- .<- &A%- /- =f<- ,J$- (J/- 0- s- 2o- <J-
3(R.- 0<- 36., .J- /?- P2- (J/- ?- <- @:3-
V3- 9J- 1- $&/- :6B/-.%- .0=- 3$R/- :1$?-
0- [- 12- i3?- LR/- +J- .2- 3:A- =3- YR=-
$?=- 2<- L?- 0- .%- */- ,R?- 0- i3?- =- ;%-
1/- (J<- 2+$?- 0- .%- H.- 0<- .$J- 5=- aR%-
$A- 2a2- 0- :(=- 2- 3%- 0R- .$J- :./- IA- /%- /-
.2%- (J/- 0R<- ;R.- 0- ,3?- &.- $/?- /?-
20.-.J-. $- ,J<- 36., /- =f<- ,J$- 0- (J/- 0R:C- (R?- 5- 2- s-
2o- =- =R- 3%- 0R:C- 2<- .- $?J<- :I<- lA:A- .R<-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 37 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
2- =- 2gJ/- +J- :5S- 2- .<- 2- .%- */- ,R?- .% R?-
5- 2- i3?- GA- lR.- 0- 2^R$- 0:A- KA<- <A$?- 0:A-
5S$?- s:3- S$- =- ?R$?- 0- 2l3?- 0<-
36.- 0- ?R$?- 2!/- 0- 5=- 28A/- .- 2*%?, .J:A- 5K- 3- $- K<- V3- 9J- ?- 2AO- 8J?- L- 2?-
.0=- /- =f:A- $/?- ?- z- #%- 2o- l- 2o.-
28J%?- 0- .%- o=- 0R- ?- =- 4j- $9- !J- ^- 2-
&?- 0:A- .?- .0=- /- =f<- aR2- .0R/- A#- .J-
7- .%- /- $- @- 7- 8J?- 0- aR2- .0R/- [- 2R?- GA?-
2!/- 0- o- (J<- 2*%?- 0- .% - , aR2- .0R/-
,R$?- 3J.- GA- {- 5K- (.- GA- .?- /- =f<- =R- 2&-
$*A?- 28$?- >A%- .$/- IA- .?- *A/- <J- 28A/-
3- !J$?- GA- cR=- 2- <J- ;R%- 2- =- P2- 3,: -
i3?- <A$?- 0- $- 5S$?- GA?- ?/- K%- !J- (R?-
2!/- 0?- 3- !J$?- !R%- .- *J- 2- 43- <2- +- L%-
2- .%- , :1$?- 0- ,R$?- 3J.- :.?- eJ?-
$&%- .LA$- $*J/- IA?- /- =f:A- 3#/- 0R-
36.- .J- 2!/- 0- 2*%?, aR2- .0R/- KR$?-
\%- $A- .?- /- =f<- 3- !J$?- GA- lR.- 0- (J<- L%-
2- ?%?- o?- 0- i3?- GA?- lR.- 0<- 3- /?- /?-
aR2- .0R/- ,/- S%?- +J- 3- !J$?- 0-gR$- $J- =-
>A/- +- L%- 2- ?- .- <- 6- ;- =/- $?3- .- 13-
0<- L?, $8/- ;%- 4j:A- <A$?- GA- o=-
0R- ?A%- @- 4j:A- .?- ?- .0=- w/- ^- 2- P$?-
0- LR/- +J- 3#?- 0:A- 3#?- 0<- I<- +J- /- =f:A-
3#/- 0R- 36., l- :)$- 28A- $?3- .%-
<A$?- 0- S$- &- 0:A- :PJ= - 2- =- ?R$?- 0-
36.- .J- ?%?- o?- 2*%?- GA- <A%- =$?- (J?-
.<- 2<- 36.- 0- .%- <A- 3R<- VA?- 0:A- 2- P?- 3-
=?- :R- 3- 28R?- /?- .$ J- :./- ,3?- &.- :R-
,$- $A?-5B3- 0<- 36.- 0- .%- ^- P$?- .%-
4j- $R- 3A- /- =f<- 8=- :6S3?- /?- % R- 2R- *A.-
3J.- 0<- 5- 2- .%- i3- <A$- 0:A- P2- 3,:A-
KR$?- 29%- /?- =R- %R- 2./- <A%- 2PR- \J%- $A-2c=- 2g$- 36.- 0<- P$?, .J- /?- a R2-
.0R/- (R?- *R%- , o=- 2- z, o=- Y?- 8A- 2- z-
?R$?- GA?- 2!/- 0- 2*%?- 0- .%- , o=- 0R-
?J;J- s- 0- .%- o=- 0R- $?=- 2- ?R$?- GA- .?- ?-
.0=- w/- (R?- GA- P$?- 0- LR/- +J- 3- !J$?-
0:A- lR.- 0:A- H- 3(R$- $8R/- /-<R=- 0- .%- ?)- $<- A- 4#- i3?- 13- 0<- 36.- 0- .%-5.- 3-
#J- 2./- IA- =J$?- 2>.- 2l3?- +J- !R/- 0- 5.-
3:A- *J?- 2<- 212?- 0<- 36.- 0- ?R$?- /-
=f:A- 0E- (J/- 2&- 2./- IA?- 35S/- 0E- (J/-
.%- 0E- (%- i3?- GA?- <%- .R/- .- ,R?- 2?3-
|R3- $?3, $8/- .R/- .- :(.- lR.- lR3-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 38 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
$?3, $*A?- .R/- .- 2>.- 12- =?- $?3-
IA-|R- /?- ?%?- o?- 2!/- 0:A- 2- ./- 3#:-
.LA%?- ?- 21J%?- 0<- 36.- 0: R,,
/- =f:A- $4$- =$-aR2- $*J<- #%-=- *3?- * J?- L%- 5=,
o=- 0R- /J- 3- 4j?- o=- YA.- 2*%?-
/?- 3A- <A%- 2- /, V3- 9J- 0-X- 3A- Q- !J- o=-
2>J?- 8J?- L- 2- o=- 0R:C- 3./- /- :.R/- LJ.- 0-
8A$- $A?- %R- =R$- 2l3?- +J- .J?- o=- YA.- *R%-
2:A- 5K- V3- 9J- .J:A- *J- .- c/- 3R- 8A$- $A?- .R/-
8A$- =- /- =f<- KA/- 0?- $0A- 2h%?- 0:A- 1- =-
1B- B- ;- 8J?- 0:A- 1<- L%- 2- V3- 9J- i3?- GA?-
2g$?- 0?- 3- !J$?- 0- i3?- GA- [.- 0-
:$J3?- 8J?- L- 2:A- 1<- $R- /?- V3- 9J:A- o=-
0R- o=- 2>J?- =- ?R$?- 0- 3- !J$?- 0- i3?-
GA?- .3$- L?- +J- ;=- .2?- /?- 6- =/- K- <:A-
2<- IA- $4$- =$- #%- 3%- 0R- 3J- =- 2YJ$?- 0-
.%- .$J- aR%- 3%- .- ,R?- 0-:$:- 2?.- 0-
?R$?- *3?- *J?- L%- 2:R,, .J- eJ?-><- KR$?- S;- =:A- LJ- V$- $R-
D- 8J?- L- 2<- o=- 0R- $R- D- :1J=- LJ.- &J?- L- 2-
=R%?- ,R.- .%- .2%- ,%- >A/- +- (J- 2- L%- !J-
.J?- }<- IA- $4$- =$- #%- *3?- 0- ,3?- &.-
$?R?- 0- .%- (R?- $8A- o?- 0<- L?-0:A- |R- /?-
2!/- 0- =- L- 2- L?- 0- ;A/- /R, ,;%- ><-
KR$?- ?- o=- 0R- XA- 4j:A- 2- Kk- 4j?- o=- YA.-
L?- 0:A- <A%- =- ;=- 3R- =- +- /- .%- =- @R<- IA-
o=- 0R- 2fJ- <R- 9J<- 2-#- /A- 3- 39- 8J?- L- 2- !$-
$9A$- $A- o=- 0R- 8A$- ;R. - 0- =- .J- .%- o=- 0R-
Kk- 4j- $*A?- {2?- :$<- :O$?- 0- .%- {2?- :$<- :. 3?- 0- 3%- .- L%- 2- =/-
$&A$- :.3?- 0<- I<- +J- !$- $9A$- o=- 0R?-
g- .%- <A/- 0R- (J:A- <A$?- .$- ;=- .2?- GA- o=-
0R- =- *J?- ?- 2{<- 2- .%- $&A$- >R?- GA?- /A-
\%- 0R-(J- .%- .<- $R?- GA- H.- 0<- 29%- 0R- .$-
!$- $9A$- $A- o=- 0R- =- 2{<- 2<- L?, =/-
$&A$- *A- :R$- $A- o=- 0R- Kk- 4j?- 92- (/- IA-
$R?- Y2?- 3J.- 0- !$- $9A$- $A- o=- 0R- =-
2{<- 2- =, !J?- .2%- $A?- ,$?- <A?- =- ~A%-
$:A- ,.- .- b%- eJ?- :S- 2- 8A$- L%- 2?, %/-
}$?- LJ.- .R- ~3- /?- ,J- 5S3- *J?, ;%- =/-
$&A$- >A%- :V?- *J?- ?- 2{<- 2<- :.R.- 0- =-
V3- 9J- 8A$- $A?- }$?- GA- :#R<- =R- PR- $- =-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 39 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
VA?- 0- 3%- 0R- *A- :R.- =- 28$- 0- =?- _%- $A?-
HJ<- +J, !J- =:A- :V?- 2- #- LJ- 2:A- /%- .- ?R%-
2- .J- =- ?R$?- 0- >A%- +R$- i3?- 1R3- 3<- #?-
2!%- 2:A- /%- .- 2&$- !J- !$- $9A$- $A- o=- 0R-
=- 2{<- 2- /3- 8A$- /- >A%- +R$- $A- /%- /?- %/-
}$?- GA- :#R<- =R- L%- 2?- %J?- 0<- %/- }$?-
LJ.- .R- ~3- /?- +- <F:A- .3$- $A?- 3- $- K:A-
;=- !/- 2&R3, $4$- =$- #%- 3%- 0R- 8A$-
G%- 2>A$ .0=- /- =f<- ;%- $/R.- 0- o- (J<-
L%- , <2- +- L%- 2- i3?- G%- ,$- <A%- .- VR?-
0:R,, .J- eJ?- Kk- 4j:A- 8%- 0R:C- 2- 7- <- E-
?A:A- o=- 0R- ?%?- o?- KR$?- 8J?- L- 2- 8A$-
;R.- 0- .J?- o- /$- $A- ;=- .- 3.R- #J- 5- 2:A- aR2-
.0R/- :$:- 8A$- 2m%?- 0- =?- o- ;=- IA- o=-
0R?- SA/- =/- .- $?J<- 3A- #<- 2o- =- ?R$?- 0-
3A- !R%- U$- 2&?- #<- 2:A- ;R- L.- 29%- 0R- .$-
o=- 0R- ?%?- o?- KR$?- =- LA/- +R, ,.J- /?-
/R<- .J- .$- $A?- /2- KR$?- .%- .2?- GA- o=- 0R-
o=- U/- $4S- 2R- .$- 3$- 2<- L?- /?, !$-
$9A$- o=- 0R- .%- :O$?- 0- =?- o=- 0R- #-
/A3- 39- =- ?R$?- 0- !$- $9A$- .0:- 2R- 1=-
(J<- 2?.- /?- .J?- }<- IA- z- #%- *3?- 0-
,3?- &.- $?R?, .$J- :./- 0- ,/- S%?, .0=- /- =f<- (R?- $8A- 2o.- &- l- 28A-
24$?- 0- =?- o=- 0R- *A.- GA?- 2./- &- l-
$&A$ $8/- i3?- 24/- 3R- .%- ]R/- 0R?-
24$?- 0- ?R$?- 2!/- 0- *3?- 0- >A/- +-
$?R?- 0<- L?- 0:R,,
.J- v<- =R- 28A- 2&- 43- .- (R?- >A/- +-
.<- 2<- ;R.- 0- =?, .0=- /- =f<- o=- 0R:C-
]R/- 0R- !- !- +- ?AK- 8J?- L- 2?- z- #%- 8A$-
28J%- 0:A- 8=- 2YR:A- 5K, *J- 2R- ,3?- &.- =-
!R/- 3R- (J<- L?- 0- =?, 3- !J$?- GA- P2-
3,:- :6A/- 0:A- 3- +R- 2- $*A?- aR%- .- ;R%- 2-
=?, .$J- 5=- $+3- 0R- i3?- GA?- O?- #-
$+R<, |R- \J$?- GA- 2<- .- 24B<, HA- $+3- 0R-
.$- j.- 0?, .J- $*A?- >A/- +- OR?- +J, $ &A$-
$A?- :5S- 2- .<- 8A%- , $&A$- >R?- GA?- *A- 3-
212- 0<- L?- ?R, ,?:A- .R%- $+A%- <A%- 0R<-
8$?- +J, =R- .$:A- 2<- .- 212?- G%- 3- P2-
/?- KA<- :PR- 2<- 2l3?- 0?, PR$?- 0R- /- <J, HJ.- GA?- }$?- P2- 23- 9J<- <R, ,3- P2- L?-
0- /, .J- /- <J, KR$?- ,3?- &.- 3- $J- *3- %-
2?-H2- 0- =-%?- .!:- 2- :.A- ~J.- GA?- :5S-
2- .<- /, HJ.- }$?- 3- P2- 0<- KA<- /3-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 40 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
:L%- 2:A- 5K, 3$R- S%?- /?- $&R.- .R- L?- /?-
(- PA- iR/- 0R- 2YJ=- 2?, .J- :)A$?- +J- a<- ;%-
=R- $?3- 212?- ?R, ,.J- v<- =R- 2&- $*A?- /-
P2- /?- .J?- .A/- YJ$- L?- +J- .A/- YJ$- $A- ,=-
2- =- }$?- 2^?- +J- $+R<- 2- 43- IA?- 3J- <%-
:2<- .- L%- 2?, ?%?- o?- 0:A- (R?- $8A-
2gJ/- 0:A- z- #%- 2o.- &- l- 28A- 0R- ,3?- &.-
2YJ$?, H.- 0<- .- .0=- /- =f:A- Kk- $Q-
!J- $?%- <2- 3,:- .$- 28$?- 0:A- $4$-
=$- #% - <_- ?- $- <, <_- .- KA, <_- <0!-
8J?- L- 2- z- #%- (J/- 0R- $?3- ;R.- 0- =- ,J$- 0-
(J/- 0R:A- #J- $R.- GA- 0R- +A- ,3?- &.- .J- /- 28$?-
0- =- .J- $?3- (<- ;%- 5B$- $R ,.J:A- 5K- <_- .-
KA- 8J?- L- 2:A- $4$- =$- #%- .$- ,R$- +- ;R.-
0:A- !J%- #%- $A- \J$?- 23- :$:- 8A$- =?- (:A-
o/- 22?- +J- 3J- 2?., (- o/- H2- 5.- .-
\J$?- 23- i3?- 3- 5B$- $R ,KA?- \J$?- 23-
.J- ]%?- +J- 2v?- 0- /- o.- #J- s:A- \J$?- 23-
;A/- 8J?- 9J<- 2- .%- #- &A$- $?%- 2- :.?- 0- #R-
/- ;A/- 9J<- 2:%- ;R., $%- v<- ]- 3J.- GA- o.-
#J- ;A/- =- .J- 28A/- .- ;=- $8/- .%- $8/-
.:%- $4$- =$- #%- 3%- 0R- 2YJ$?-0- .%- 3-
!J$?- LJ.- .J- $*A?- o=- 0R:C- (.- 0?- :) A$?-
+J, L%- KR$?- @- ?- 3- 8J?- L- 2:A- ;=- .- VR?-
G%- #A$- 0:A- =?- GA- 3,?- =?- =- 3J- <%-
28A/- IA?- :2<- /?- 5K- ;A-.?-L?- 0:R, ,.J-
/?- KR$?- .%- KR$?- GA- .$J- aR%- 3%- .- ,R?- 0-
,3?- &.- :.?, ]R- =- 28$?- 0- .%- , \J$?- 23- .- 28$?- 0- ,3?- &.- ;A- $J<-
%J=, o=- 0R- ?%?- o?- KR$?- .%- , V3- 9J-
>5- .%- , V3- 9J- 1<- 2- .%- , HA3- 2.$- ..-
0- &/- 3%- 0R?- z- #%- 3J?- 5A$- 0- i3?-$?R?-
?R, ,.J- =- ,J$- 0- (J/- 0R:C- #J- $R.- }R/- 3A:A- ;=-
.- LR/ - 0- i3?- (- 2& R- s<- 2+%- 2:A- (- $*A?-
$*A?- 43- <J- .3- 0:A- (R?- GA- .P- }- 3- $*A?-
GA?- G%- /2- &A%- , (- $&A$- 43- .P:A- $/R.-
0- =- 3- vR?- 0<- ;%- /2- 0- .%- , z$- 3- (-
.$- 43- 3J:A- .P- L%- 2:A- nJ/- IA?- /2- 0?- .-
v- (- $&A$- 43- =?- 0- ;A/- /R,, .J- /?- .?- <2?- 2&- $?3- 0:A- :$R-
43- =- #- (J:A- (R?- =$?- 0:A- o=- 0R- 3R- @- 3- +A-
)<- )- 9J<- 2- 8A$- $A?- o- $<- .- .3$- S%?-
/?- ;=- #3?- 3%- 0R- .2%- .- 2#?, /-
=f:A- $4$- =$- #%- ;%- {2?- . J<- .3$-
$A?- 3J<- 2YJ$?- 0?- /%- 0:A- (R?- =$?- 0-
i3?- 2=- ;=- ?R$?- =- VR?- 0- .%- .J- /?-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 41 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
29%- !J- .0=- /- =f:A- $4$- =$- #%-:. A-
3A%- $A- z$- 3- 43- .- I<- 2- ;A/, ,A- =R- 1915 /?- 1937 /%- 5.- o- $<- YA.- $8%- $A-
$/:- m? - 2g$- .J.- 0- i3?- GA?- 2A- @<-
8A%- (J/- IA- 0- NJ- /:A- ><- KR$?- GA- 0- =- !%-
PR%- #J- <- ?- 2bR?- /?- /- =f:A- $4$- =$-
#%- $A- >=- i3?- fJ., ?- 2bR?- /?- fJ.- 0-
v<- /- /- =f:A- $4$- =$- #%- $A- ?- o- (J- (%-
=- ,A- O- P- 28A- 3- OA- 2o- ; R.- 0- .%- .$J- :./-
0- 28$?- ?:A- #%- 3A$- ?3-2o- 43- ;R.- 0<-
P$?- ?R,,
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 42 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
? :R$- 3A/- $*A?- 0- AR- o/- (A/- PR=- \A%-,R$- 3<- K$- :.J2?- 0- 0R- <A$- :6B/- $+J<- 2.$- \A%- 0:3- 0E- $<- .2%- :I<- 3J.- hR-eJ:A-
i3- ,<- ~A%- 2#?,
.J- ;%- <%- $+J<- $2- o- &/- IA- =%- L%- =?, ?3- &- #- <=- ~A$?- 3- s- 2.R:C- .?; 2?3- ;?- zR- /2- P- 8J?- $;R- <:A- ?;
=%- 0- L%- v- .R<- 3- 2n%?- :S:A- 5B$?; YA/- 3R- :)A$?- :S:A- .$J- 2~J/- z- 8R=- .; 2: - x- /:A- 3=- 0- 5K- 3A%- 1; >J=- .!<- 35S- 1R/- 3=- 0- .L%?- &/- 3?;
2*J.- 0:A- i=- :LR<- }$?- G A- 2g=- 8$?- &/; 3J- #3?- 3J- HA- =R- 0- 0E:A- 3A%; $9$?- L.- @- &%- 3A- <A%- 3A-,%-2; 3.%?- $3- <A/- (J/- <A$?- GA- g$?- :(%- 2;
0E- %- =- 3R?- 0- z$- 0<- LJ.; 2&R- 2o.- =R- =- $+J<- #- .%- 0R- :LJ.;
&J?- .%- , $8/- ;%- $+J<- =%- .- 3- =?- ;%- ;%- 2}$?- 0- v<- =R- (J/- 2N- <R- 4- /:A- $?%- $A-
i3- :U=- $?%- (J/- 2!/-0:A- 3%:- 2.$- (A/- \A%- $+J<- (J/- 0E- $<- .2%- :I<- 3J.-hR- eJ - 3(R$ -
/A, /R? - GA- <A$?- o.- =?-(.- 0- ;2-/R? - !R/- (J/- 0R- $?%- 2.$- UA/- =?- z/- P2- .%- , ;3- >J=-
.!<- hR- eJ- 35S:C- i3-:U=- eJ- <A$?- $9:- z- :6B/- .L%?- &/-1R=- 3:A- Y?- ?-,A- =R- 1646 <2-
L%- 2&- $&A$- 0:A- 3J-HA-=R:C- .2R- ^- 2:A- 5K?- 2&- *A/- ?- $;R?- >A%- :):- :R.- :OA$?- 0- ?R$?- %R-
35<- 2:A- v?- .%- 2&?- 9- /%- .<- o?- (R?- \A%- .- {-2v3?,
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 43 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
24?- 3- ,$- /?- ;2- eJ?- ]R- iR- 2:A- gJ/- :VJ=- .%- 2<- (.- 2Y%-2:A- .2%- {<- LA/- _2?-
36., {- v3- 0:A- .?- GA- ;=- .%- L- ,R.- GA- i3- 0- /?- 29%- =R- $?3-IA- 2<- 6S- !A- }R-2?%?- ,R<-
5$?- &/- 8A$- .%- , 2.- 3J.- 36K?- 3- $*A?- GA?- o/- .- YA- 8- LJ.- 0:A- .%R?-$%- i3?- KA?- G%- ,$?-
=- $?=- 2:A- S/- >J?- H.- 0<- &/-3%:, 0%- .- :5S- 2:A- .?- *A.- /?- +A%- :6B/- =- .2%- :LR<- 2:A-
i3- :I<- .%- , $8R/- /- <R=- lJ.- GA- 5K- ;%- .3- 0:A- <A$?- ?.- 0:A- %%- 5=- 3(R$- +- .$J- 2?- ]R- w/-
i3?- .%- 2<- 36., .$%- =R- 28A- 0:A- ,R$- ;2- eJ- =?- 2!:- 2o.- $?%- mR$?- GA- .2%- $?/- 0?- $%- ,R.-
,3?- &.- =- .GAA=- :#R<- IA- :#R<- =R?- o?- 2+2- !J- $4S- 2R- .%- ]- 3- .LJ<- 3J.- .- $9A$?- >A%- .2%-
28A:A- ?- 2R/- ,$?- o.- =- ,J2?, 2&- 0- >A%- =$- $A- !R/- #< - 2.J- :.?- GA- .2%- $?/- .?- :R.-
$?=- IA- $%- 2<- AR- o/- (J/- 0R?- .2%- 2{<-&A% - LA/- IA?- 2_2?- 0:A-3,? - /?- 0- :1J=- +J- 23-
.2%- $A- *3?- MR%- ;=-$%- +- 3- v- 2<- $+/- =- 12, .J- ;/- (.- .-: VA- [R$- .%-, <%- =$?- GA- 12-
.GA=- .2%- eJ?- $/%- <2- $/?- ?R$?- (R$- UA/- i3?- GA- 5A$- :6B/- .%-, K$- 28J?- ,3?- &.-
5K$?- 3J.- .-,$?- = - (2, .J- /?- 29%- !J- ;2- eJ:A- {- 52- 36.- /?- UA/- =?- 2*%?,
2&- $&A$- 0- =- .0=- w/- :V?- %%?- ?- o=- 3(R$- s- 0- (J/- 0R<- $4$- 1.- 1=-+J, 35/-
%$- .2%- 0E- 2!/- :6B/- .- 2)=, *A.-PR%- $A- <%- L%- :1$?-0- ,R$-3<- 1J2?- 0- .%- .?- :PA$?-
0?- gJ/- :VJ=- 29%- 8J?- .IJ? - 0? - .2$?- .L%-$/%- , .J- .?- :1$?- 0:A- 8=- 8A- :63- ($?-
0:A- *3?- $?=- 2:A- ,$?- !- /?- :R.- 9J<- *A.- GA- {- =- ,A3-0- .%- , 2&- 2./- 0- =- 2?3- ;?- ?- eJ-
o=- 2:A- .2%- 0R- 3)=- 2:A- 5K- ,/- <?- $9A$?- GA- i3- 0<- $9A$?, <A3- 0<- o=- 3(R$- s- 0- (J/- 0R-
.%- , ;2- eJ-$?%- 2.$- UA/- =?- z/- P2- $*A?- /A- {- .%R?- GA- eJ?- ?- 29%- 2:A-2!:- SA/- 1=- .-
L%- 2- 3- 9., KA?- ;J- >J?- GA- {?- G%- LA/- IA?- 2_2?- 0:A- $/.- GA?- 2!:- SA/- 35%?- 0- 3J.- 0:A-
l- 2:A- ]- 3- $*A?- .%-, $8/- ;%- (A/- PR=- 92- =3- $?/- 0:A- 2!/- :6B/- (J/- 0R- 2&- S$ 92- (R?-
$- 5S$?- $?/- 0:A- ;R%?- :6A/- ?3- &- l- s- i3?- 2!J/- +J, ;=- .?- &A- <A$?- 0<- ;R%?- mR$?- .$J-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 44 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
2~J/, L%- #R3- 2!:- YR=- $?3, }<- (R?- 0- v<- 2!:- 2o.- ;R%?- mR$?- GA- .2%- 2h- .R/- :UR.-
0- ,R$- 3:A- (A/- LJ.-.- $?/- 0?- #R3- 0- $?3-IA?- $8A- 29%- , :.?- 0- 3.R, +- :U=, ?J3?- #J-
=$?- $?3, 3*3- .R<, ;%- .$ 1<- 0, $>J.- {R<- ?R$?- }- :I<- 2!:- 3- .J%- ?%- o/- ;R.- .R-
&R$- .%- , $+J< - 3- ]- mR$?- ,$?- $?3- 12- #J- ,A- .%-LJ- V$- 2!:A- <A$?- 3A- :S- 2- .- 3?- 35S/-
;R%?- P$?- 1=- 3R- (J- .%- , $?<- 3:C- hR<- UJ%- , 12- ,2?- 2o- l- ?R$?- ,A- 2!:- .%- , 2.J- 3(R$ .IJ?- hR<, .?- :#R<, $?%- :.?, $>K.- {R<- NF- ;R$- ?R$?- GA- 9<- 2!:, 3.R- KR$?- 3%- 0R- .%-
2&?- 0:A- .2%- OA.- 2>.- =%- , .J- ,3?- &.- GA- l- 2<- I<- 0- o=- 2:A- 2!:- :I<- <R- &R$- $A- =%-
?R$?- (R?- 2!:- $?/- 0-/A - 3,:- ;?- +J- 3A%- 43- :6B/- 0:%- .!:- 2:A- $/?-?R,,
.$%- =R- 2&- $?3- 43- /?- 29%-, l-o.- $?%- 2- ~A%- 0R, o.- ]- 3, ?J3?- *A.- %=- $?R, ;A.- 28A/- 36S.- l- :PJ=- i3?- ,$?- =- 29%- /?- ;2- eJ- =?- $?%- 2>.- <A3- 0<- $?/- &A%-$8/-
=-:(.- %J=- ;%- 36., KA?- $/2?- 9<- <R%- 9R3- i3?- GA - $?%- <2- .%- , ?- *- 00A-+:A- #R3- $?3-
<2-.LJ, 2&R3- w/- <=- PA:A- ,A- i3, <%- L%- 82?- GA- 92- 3R- /%- .R/- IA- OA.- $8%- i3?- G%- ,$?-
?- (., H.- 0<- !/- 3HJ/- (J/- 0R:C- $?%- <2- i3?- =- v- 2:A- 3A$- +- 36.- /?- $?/- $9A$?- //-
+/- .- 36.-0?, .R/- ,A- 43- IA- >/- 0- 2.- /?- .R/- IA- $/?- =$?- gR$?- 0:A- 3R?- 0- (R.- &A%- ]R- PR?-
GA- i3- 0<- .JR.- 0:A- 3,- ,R$?- 0- 3J.- 0- fJ.- .J- )A- ~J.- 0:A- (R?- ,3?- &.- =- 1R- :.R$?- 2&., ?$?-
!R/- (R?-o=- 2!/- :6B/- =?- :.?- 0- 3.R:A- .2%- (R$- <A/- (J/- UJ%- 2:A- !J%- /?-.GA=- :#R<- 28A-
2&- l- s<- KJ- 2- =?- (- 2R- 28A- ;R%?- m R$?- $+.- o- 3,:- 2gJ/- 5K- .2%- .%- 2&?- 0:A- $.3?- %$-
2>.- =%- .%- 2&?- 0-.%- , .2%- (R$- 4%- lA:A- (-o/- IA- !J%- /?- .GA=- :#R<- *A- >- l- $&A$- <?-
VA?- =- 2gJ/- 0<- .2%- =%- $.3?- %$- .%- 2&?- 0- i3?- $?/,
;%- hR- V$- <A$- :6B/- 0E- UA/- =?- =?- .G A=- :#R<- *A- >- l- 2./-.- 2#?- 0:A- l- .GA=- <?-
VA?- .%- 5S3- 2- =- 2gJ/-+J- .2%- (R$- <A/- (J/- UJ%- 2:A- ,R$- /?- .2%- .%- $.3?- %$- 2>.- =%- .%-
2&?- 0- 3,:- o?- ?- $?/- &A%- , $*A?- !?- $?%- 35/- .- :I<- 3J.- hR- eJ- l=- .- $?R=, H.- 0<-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 45 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
}- :I<- 2!:- $+J<- IA- .2%- =%- o/- .!R/- 0- i3?- 2lR/- 0- S$- 0R?- $?/- 28 J?- 36.- .J- 2!:-
$+J<- 2!/- 0:A- YR$- 3,.- 0<- 36.- 0- .%- , $8/- ;%- $?<- fA%- <A?- ?- 3- (.- 0:A- 3.R- o.- 3/-
%$- $A- $/.- ,3?- &.- .$- 0:A- $9A$?- 0?- %R%- =J/- 3A- 36.- 0<- $?/- 2?3- 3,<- KA/- 0<- $/%-
2- /A- :#R<- =R- $?3- IA- /%- /?- [R$- 0- ,R?- 2?3- IA- :#R<- =R- )A- v<- 36.- 0:A- 5=- IA- (- >?- 43-
:.A<- 2!R.- 0:R,,
.J- v<- 3.R- o.- 92- 3R:C- $/?- =- $8/- SA%- 3A- :)R$- 0:A- %J?- >J?- GA?- 1R- :.R$?- 2&.- .J, V$- .3<- 3(A3?- 1, $;:- 3- =%- ?R$?-P2- 0:A- $/?- H.- 0<- &/- i3?- .%- , $./- ?- $?<-
fA%- $A- $9A3- (%- , $9A3- ,A=-:R.- $?=- lJ- .%- 2?3- $+/- lJ- ?R$?- .2J/- 0- i3?- ?- {- 353?- =R-
4J=- 3- .%- , ^- S$- 3, ^- $?3, ^- $&A$- $A- 3,<- 2g/- 0- ;/- IA- ]- 3- 8A- S$ hR<- ?J3?, 2!:-
2o., ,$?- eJ- (J/- 0R, ;%- 1<, $>A/- eJ- $>J., g- 3PA/, 3#:- ,R.- =- ?R$?- ;A- .3- IA- z- ?3-
&- l- s:A- 2~J/- 12- .%- , mR$?- 0- (J/- 0R- OJ$?- (R.- GA- *3?- 28J?- =- ~A%- 0R<- SA=- /?, ,R.- c=-
.%- _%- .R<- ?R$?- G%- .?- $/.- .%- 2!/- +J- ,$?- *3?- ?- 28J?- 0?- 3- .$- 0:A- $%- 2- :$R$- 0:A-
2*J.- <A3- =- 2g/- 0- ,R2- !J- =?- 28A- $%- ; A/- ;%- ,R$?- 3J.- .- P2, mR$?-<A3- l- _%- ,A$- =J:A-
:PR?- K- +A<- .$- 0?-8 - 2.J:A- ;J- >J?- K$- o<- :2<, mR$?- 0- (J/- 0R- <%- $%- <A?- 3J.- GA- .$R%?- 0-
:O%?- 0?- $9%- :6B/- IA- 35/- 3- <%- ?<- PR=, 3*3- eJ?- <A?- 3J.- :R.- $?=- #R<- ;$- $A- +A%- %J-:6B/- =- .2%- :LR<, $%- ,R.- ,3?- &.- ;J- >J?- GA- <R=- 0<- ><- 2?, aR2- .0R/- (J/- 0R- 0E- .%- , 2A-
3- =, >- 36., ?%?- o?- $?%- 2, 2N- <R- 4- /, 35S- o=, *%- <=, !/- 3HJ/- (R?-eJ- ?R$?- o-
2R.- GA- 0E- P2- .- 3:A- ;J- > J?- GA- {- 3%R/- .- $%- 2?- 3=- 0:A- .GA=- :#R<- 3R?- +J, <%- $+J<- IA?-
35S/- 0:A- 2!:- $+J<- .- 3:A- .2%- 2{<-&A%- 92- =3- IA- $.3?- 0:A- $/.- ,3?- &.- z$- 0<-
2N=- /?- !R/- 0- .%- , hR- eJ- $8R/- /, hR<- ?J3?, ;%- .$ ,$?- eJ- (J/- 0R, 8A- OR, i=- :LR<- 3-
?R$?- ;A- .3-IA-z- .- 3?- G%- 8=- 2!/- +J- .2%- 2{<- LA/- IA?- 2_2?- 0- .%- , 2.J- 2- &/- .%- d-
;2- .0=- <A- ?R$?- .$- 0: A- 8A%- #3?- 3%- 0R<- 2PR.- 0?- 8A%-;R%?- ?- :LR%?- 0:A- +A%- %J- :6B/- =-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 46 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
.2%- :LR<- 2- .%- , 3#:- :PR- (R?- *R%- i3?- GA?- =?- ,R$?- 3J.- .- 212?- >A%- =%- !R/- 0- ?R$?- %R-
35<- 2:A- $9A$?- $%- 3,:- ;?, ($?- ,R$?- 3J.- 0:A- 3%R/->J?- 3%:- 2?- .?- GA- :I<- wR$-
?R$?- GA- =%- 2!/- 0- i3?- G%- KA?- ,R$- +- 22- 0:A- ;A.- (J?- GA- $+/- 5 B$?- 3%- .- $%- 2- ?R$?- /A-
:#R<- =R- $?3- IA- /%- /?- %R%- 2- 2?3- $+/- IA- :#R<- =R- )A- v<- 36.- 0:A- 5=-&%- 9. - 2!R.- 0:R,,
$8/- ;%- $.=- L:A- {=- 2- .%- :53?- 0:A- $8/- .R/- IA- UA/- =?- 2*%?- 5=- /A, .$%- =R-
2&- 0- /?- 2l3?- eJ:A- {- 52- 36.- .J- :(.- lR.- lR3- $?3- .%- 2>.- 12- =?- $?3- IA- :#R<- =R?-
2!/- :PR:A- .R/- 36.- &A%- , H.- 0<- .- $R%- $A- =%- .R/- 28A/- (R/- =3- IA- :VJ=- 2- ?.-0?- 92- $+J<-
IA- 2!:- 22- 5=- ;%- , .$%- =R- 2&R- 2o.- 0- (- ;R?- ^- 2- s- 0:A- 5K?- 2&- =- $;:- 3- =%- /?- <A$- :6B/- ,$?- ,A$
*J<- $*A?- 0- 3J- =$- O3?- ^:A- 5K?- 2o.- =- m- :U=- IA- 2!R.- 0?- >J=- V$- /?- $>A/- eJ- $>J.-
SJ$?- :)R3?, ?R- $&A$- 0- 3J- :V$- !$- ^:A- *- =-AR- .$<- V$- /?- $<- S$- .%- hR<- ?J3?- A- +A:A-
{R<, ?R- s- 0- t$?- 3J=- (- !R.- ^- 2:A- 5K?- *J<- .$- =- >- :$- v$- |R- /?- ,$?- eJ- (J/- 0R- 2.J- $>J$?-
!/- :.?-GA- (R?- {R<- OR3- $+J<- .- ,/- S%?- 0<- 36.- &A%- , .J- ;%- .$%- =R- ?R- $&A$- ;/- (.- .- }<-
,$?- o.- =- (A/-LJ.- GA- ?- 2R/- ,J2?- 0- *A.- <A3-IA?- :1J=- 2?- 23- .2%- $A- *3?- MR%- ;=- $%-
,3?- &.- $?=- !R%- +- 3- v- 2<- $+/- =- 12- 0?, >?- (J<- {:A- :PR- .R/- ,R.- 0:A- .?-;A/- 0:A- KA<, >R.- (J/- ,A- =%- ?R$?- zR- L%- $A- ;=- ,- ..- 0- .-3<- 82?-2*R.- /?- .GA=- :#R<- 3,R % - 2- 43- I A?-
<A?- 3J.-GA- $.=- L- 2?3- IA?- 3A- H2- 0:A- o.- =- i3- PR=- IA- ?- 2R/- 28$- !J- :#R<- 2- 3,:- &/- .-
36.- 0- .%- , ?R- $*A?- 28J?- 0- 3J-4=- .2R- ^- /?- $?%- .2%- $ A- *3?- MR%- <%- <A$- $?=- !R%- .-
><-+J- $9%- :6B/- .LA%?- ?- PR=- 2?, $?%- $A- :PR- .R/- =- $4S- 2R<- ,R.- 0:A- .?- ;A/- 0:A- KA<, 3(R$- .3/- 2<- 3:A- {=- w/- 5S$?- =- 92- o?- GA- (R?- :#R<- 2<- 3J.- .- 2{R<- 2<- 36.- 0- .%-, ?R-
2o.- 28J?- 0- (- 1$- O3?- ^- /?- 1R- *:A- =3- IA- 8- 2.J:A- .0J?- 35S/- 0:A- .R/- IA- ;J- >J?- <A$- !R%- 2.J-
2- (J/- 0R- z/- *J?- 3A- :I<- 2:A- .$:- 28A- ,$?- o.- =- :O%?- 0:A- *3?- MR%- <A3- IA?- :1J=- 2?,
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 47 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
,$?- GA-:PR- .R/- =- >?- (J<- ,R.- 0:A- .?- ;A/- 0:A- KA<, .J- KA/- (.- ,A<- (R?- 2!:- <A?- 3J.- .-
$?%?-0- ;A/- /:%-, H.- 0<-92- OA.-GA - $.3?- 0- *A.- o.- ,R$-+- &A- (A/- :.J2?- 0<- 36.- 0?-
{=- w/- i3?- <%- L%- $A- ;J- >J?- 8=- 2v- 2- =- 24/- ,2?- ?- .NA- 2:A- 36.- 0- #R- /<- 2.$- $A<-
28J?- 0- !J, $4S- 2R- !/- 3HJ/- o=- 3(R$- s- 0- (J/- 0R?- }- :I<- o.- :23- <A/- 0R- (J?- 35S/- 92-o?-
GA- (R?- {R<- )A- ~J.- &A$- $?/- /?- +A- XA<- 2!<-&A%- , .J?- 35S/- $?%- $A- 8=- a R2- GA- $4S- 2R- #J- YA.-
?%?- o?- o- 35S, hR- V$- <A$- :6B/- 0E- UA/- =?, ?- *- OA- (J/- !/- .$:- 2N- >A?, lJ- $.R%- 82?-
S%- #- .2R/- ?R$?- $./- ?- $R%- :R$- $A- *J?- (J/, !3- 5%- $A- 2!/- :6B/- 35<- 1- o=- 52- .%- QJ- @R<-
3(R$- 3=, :VA- $%- .!R/- 3(R$- UA/- =?- 29%- 0R, !$- =%- 0- 2!/- :6B/- YA.- 8A- i3- o=, :V$-
0- ,3?- &.- 3HJ/- 0- .0$- 2?3- .2%- 0R, |3- 0R- 3(R$- 3=- 29%- 0R- hR- eJ- .%- $.%- o., (2- 3.R-
o=- 2- :1$?- 0- z, %$- .2%- 3(R$- $A- 3=- {, 3.R- #3?- 0- %$- .2%- !/- .$:- 2!/- :6B/, +-
]- $R%- :R$ !:,R$- o=- Y?, mR$?- (J/- $*A?- 0- :I<- 3J.- ,J$- 3(R$- 2!/- :6B/- i3?- .%- , $8/- ;%- ?- 1$- :VA- !$- ?R$?- (J/- 0R:C- $R- ?<- 28$?- 0:A- *J?- 3(R$- .- 3- .%- , .0R/- (J/- .%- 3A-
(J/, 2!/- 0- $?=- 2<- 36.- 0:A- 2>J?- $*J/- {- Y?- 0E- :I<- 3J.- o- 35S, 82?- S%- ;A.- 28A/-
=J$?- P2, SA/-(J/- <A/- (J/- i3- o=, eJ- 24/- 3A- :I<- .0=- 1R/- i3?- .%- , H.- 0<- .-/%-
,$?- GA- Y?- $&A$- 0- $;- 1:A- i3- :U=- $&%- =R- (J/- Kk- XA, $8/- ;%- *J- 2<- $/?- 0- .$ J- .R%- ]R-
$?=- o- 35S, }$?- <2- :L3?- 0- AR- o/- (R?- P$?, :23- <3?- 0- AR- o/- {=- 29%- ?R$?-
2!/- 0:A- !- (J/- :.J$?- /?- 0:A- 8=- aR2- .%- , .2?- $4%- #3?- !R%-zR- 3R/- 3%:- <A?- ?R$?- /?-
..- :.?- GA- {=- w/- 3(R$- .3/- 3,:- ;?- 0- i3?- =- ?R- ?R:C- ]R-.%- :53?- 0:A- }- :I<- 2!:-
$+J<- .% - }$?- $?<- 3- 3. R- KR$?- ?R$?- GA- .2%- OA.- 2>.- =%- $A- (R?- |R- .- 3- 8A$- o/- ($?- ?-
2)=- 2?- :P/- ^- 3J.- 0:A- 2!/- 0-$?=- 8A%- o?- 0<- 36.- 0- .%- , 2!/- 0- ;/- <A%- .- $/?- 0:A-
KA<- 2!:- 3:A- (R?- {R<- IA- 12- .GA=- .2%- (R$- ?R$?- .%- , $+J<- #- $R%- :R$- $A?- $4S?- $+J<- fA%-
H.- 0<- &/- i3?- GA- (R$- 21A$?- ?R$?- }- /- 3J.- 0:A- =J$?- 2>.- k.- .- L%- 2:A- 2!/- 2&R?- G%-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 48 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
{R<- 5S- 2&- $?3- =- 0!A- !- 2&- S$- $A- i3- 0<- 28$?- >A%- $.=- L- i3?- (A/- &A%- PR=- 2<- 36.-
.R,,
.J- 28A/- .- $+J<- =%- =?- $?=- 2- 28A/, ,A- =R- 1676 <2-L%- 11 0:A- 3J- 1R- :V$- $A-
=R<- $%?- uR%?- .2?- KR$?- GA- 9- KA- <- #R3- 0- $?3- IA?- o.- 2#3?- >A%- 2>.- 12- GA- L- 2?- .?-
:.:- 2:A- KA<- .- $?%- (J/- }- :I<- 2:A- 2!:- $+J<- 3- =?- 0:AA- :L%- $/?- 2>.- 12-GA- (- $+J<-
(J/- 0R- :R$- 3A/- AR- o/- (A/- PR=- \A%- $A- $./- ?- :.A- *A.- ,R$- 3<- K$- 2+2- !J- .$J- :./- ?3- 2o- *J-
2- 43- $?<- .- 2#?- +J - o/- ($?- 0- .%- , .J- .$- $A- $/?- 3=- .%- gJ/- $?3- 3( R.- (, .?- 28A:A-
12- 3(R.- GA- ;R- L.- .%- fJ.- 0, $8/- ;%- VA?- :2<- IA- {- 2f/- 3%- 0R- .%- , $?J<- .%=- IA?- VA?-
0:A- 2!:- :I<- IA?- 35S/- \J$?- 23- s- 2o- 2c=- 2, }- :I<- IA- :PJ=- 2>.- (R$- UA/- =- ?R$?-
0:A- %<- 3%- 0R, {- :23- 3,R%- PR=- (J/-3R?- ,R$- S%?- 0:A- {- $?%- ,$?- GA- gJ/- .- 3 - 28J%?- 0<-
36.- &A%-, $+R%- 2- 1/- ?3- 5S$?- 0?- KR$?- .%- <A?- ?- 3- (.- 0: A- 3(R.- .A/- IA- ;=- i3?- =-
5S$?- $*A?- GA- o<- z$- 0<- $+R%- 2- ?R$?- 2!/- :PR:A- 1/- 2.J- o?- 0:A- 36.- 0- _2?- (J/- #R- /-
2.$- $A<- 28J?- 0- %R- 35<- k.- .-L%- 2:A- i3- ,<- 2?3- IA?- 3A- H2- 0- ;R.- 0- =?- L- 2- =?- GA- :#R<-
=R- )A- v<- 36.- 0:A- {R<- 3.R- 43- 2!R.- 0:R,,
.J- v- 2:A- $+J<- (J/- :.A- *A.- $?<- fA%- 2!/- 0- ;R%?- mR$?- =- .% R?- .%- 2o.-/?- 2!:-
SA/- (J- 2- 3- 9., )R- >%?- 8A- $&R.- 2R- .R%- 2- ?R$?- (R?- o/- U-2- i3?- <%- !R2?- .%- $8/- 2{=- =-
gJ/- $.3?- %$- $A- YR$- 3,.- 0- v- 2- .%- , ;%- |R?- OA- YR%- 3(R.- ;R/- IA- K$- eJ?- }- :I<- fA%- 3:A-
2!:- 3- 3.R- +- ?J3?- $?3- IA- $4S?- <A%- =$?- k.- .- L%- 2- i3?- GA- 2>.- 12- $3- 9.- GA- 3<- 3J-
v- 2<- 3/=- .- *J- 2- /, ,$?- !R2?- 83- 0- 3J.- 0:A- :2.- 2lR/- (J/- 0R?- 24=- +J- 2>.- 12- =?-
$?3- IA- |R- /?- 2!/- 0- *3?- 0- k%- /?- $? R?- >A%- , .R/- IA- ~A%- 0R- eJ- 24/- (J/- 0R- :.A- *A.- 3(J.-
8=- $.%- o.- .%- 2&?- 0:A- 2!:- SA/- =- 2gJ/-$?%- }$?- fA%- 3:A- 35/- .R/- .%- 3,/- 0- :O=-
3J.- 5.- ,2- GA- o/- .- v:A- 2<- 3A- *3?- $R%- :1J=- o?- 0- :.A- L%- 2?- /- %R- 35<- 2:A- 2!:- SA/- .%-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 49 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
K$- eJ?- =- ??- G%- :P/- ^<- 3- I<- 0?, a.- GA- fA%-3- 0:A - (R?- P=- .- *J?- 0- i3?- /?- G%- 92-
(R?- ?- 2+$?- 0:A- (R$- UA/- *A- 5K- 2- 43- =- ]R- 3A- $+R.- 0<- 2!/- 0:A- 1R3- (J/- 0R- KR$?- :.A:A- <A%-
=$?- o- (J<- :6B/- &A%- %J=- 2- =- 2lR/- 0- (J- ,%- .- 2*J.- 0<- <A$?- ?R- 8J?- KA?- GA- =R- o?- .%- (R?-
:L%- i3?- ?- $?%?- 0- /A- ]R- $9- 2R<- $/?- 0:A- $+3- =$?- ?R,,
.J- v- 2- $?%- 2- 2?3- I A?- 3A- H2- 0:A- 36.- 0- <J- 8A$- 3,<- KA/- 0<- *J- 2- !J, .$%-=R- <J-
.$- 0- >A%- g- @R<- ^- .%- 0R- /?- &%- 9.- ~/- 0:A- 5=- 2!/, H.- 0<- 5K?- *J<- s- /?- #- .2R/- i3?-
=- 8=- $.3?- KA-3,:A- 2a2- L- 2)=, .J- /?- 29%- 82?- :VA% - .- $/?- 0- i3?- GA-$%- % R<- /2- GA-
KA:A- lA$- %R?- /- ;R.- 0- :S- 2<- o- \A%- v- 2:A- 1- >A/- +- ~/- 0- o/- ($?- ?- L%- 8A%- .J- 35%?- $- 2<- v-
2:A- SA- %.- GA?- $9A3- (%- KA- /%- ,3?- &.- H2- 0:%-L%- , @R<- ^- $*A?- 0:A- *A- SR?- =- ><- KR$?- ?-
$R3- 0- 2./- :PR- .$R?- 0- ;R.- $?%?- +J- 28J%?- /?- 82?-$R3- 0- 2./- %R?- 3,<- *A=- N%- $A?-
28$?- +J, $%- P$?- <A$- $?3- z- }$?- (R?- {:A- %%- , ,{- .%- ;J- >J?- <R=- 0<- :L3?- [?- 0, , 92- $?%- i=- :LR<- (J/- 0R:C- *3?- =J/- =, ,.LJ<- 3J.- ,$?- GA- ,A$- =J<- <R- $&A$- >R$ ,&J?- :.:-
#<- 8=- (J3?- GA- 5=- .- $?%?- eJ?, .- !J- 3#:- :PR:A- 2?- 2- ;%- L%- %R-$?%?- +J- K$- $*A?- D-
SA=- :OR=- 2:A- 2h- .%- ,/- v- !%?- .%- 2&?- {.- &A$- =- %R- 35<- 2:A- v?- .%- m- :U=- (J/- 0R- 3%R/-
0<- 36.- /?- ?- ,R.- 0E- :R.- GA- 8A%- #3?- (J/- 3R<- $>J$?- 0:A- 5=- 2!/- +R, ,.J:A- 5K- :):- :R.- GA-
$<- HA3- .%- , ?- $;R- 2-?R$?- k.- .- L%- 2:A- .$J- 35/- i3?- .%- , $.%- 8$?- =- 1=- 2:A- {2?-
,$?- .%- , .2- ,R.- 3J?- 3-k?- 0<- 1J2?- >A%- {- $.%- <A%- 2YJ=- IA- 5S$?- .%- , 8/- ,A$- =- ?R- ?R<-
gR$?- 0:A- ;J- >J?- GA- <%- 3.%?- 3% R/- .- I<- 0:A- g$?- ?- o=- 2- :R.- 35/- !R%- :2<- IA- {- 2f/-
$9A- LA/- .%- w/- 8A%- :)R/- $4%- 1J2?- 0- ?R$?- ,J$- 0- 3(R$- $A- g$?- 3- 5%- 2- 3J.- 0?- $.=- L-
i3?- (A/- PR=- ..- 0:A- $/?- =- 2!R.- 0<- L?- ? R,,
lR3- 1A$- 0?,
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 50 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
? 7*2?- eJ- !$- =%- lJ- 3=- <A/- 0R- (J:A- $?%- :UA/,
1/- 2.J:A- $8A- 3- o=- 2!/- .<- 8A%- , :PR-!/- 2.J- 2:A- KA<- 2!/- 0:A- $?=- LJ.- 7*2?- eJ-
.<- ,%- <A/- 0R- (J:A- ,$?- 2*J.- ]- 3J.- GA?, $/?- 3(R$- hR- eJ- $./- .- %R- 35<- 3(R.- 3A/- .0$- 3J.-
.%- 2&?, }- :I<- :.?- 0- o- 35S- z/- :6S3?- GA?- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R- $?<- :6$?- $/%- 2- .J- *A., }- :I<- fA%- 3:A- (R?- 5S$?- /?- ,$?- #<- (J<- 28J?- GA?- 3A- *3?- $R%- :1J=- 36.- 0<- eJ?- ?- ;A-
<%- .%- 2&?, .J<- :.?- :1$?- 5S$?- :.?- 0- o- 35S?- G%- ,$?- 2*J.- ]- 3J.- .%- :VJ=, 2!/-
0:A- 3A$- o/- .- :PR- 2:A- !/- ,R.- i3- .$- ,R$ 1/- 2.J:A- $8A- l- o=- 2!/- .<- o?- ;/- $/?- .%- , :PR- !/- ]- 3J.- L%- (2- ,R2- 0:A- ,$?- (R/- IA- 353?- .R<- o- (J- ;R%- 2- 8J?- 8- o- :.A, ?A3- =- hR- V$-
.$R/- .- }- :I<- <A$- 36S.- lR3- 1A$- z/- #%- /?- K$- VA?- 1J2?- 0<- 2gJ/, !$- =%- lJ- 3=- 0?- ,A-
=R- 2011 ,AA- ^- 9 5K?- 15 =- $?- 0?- 1=,
? 7*2?- eJ- .<- ,%- <A/- 0R- (J:A- $?%- :UA/,
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 51 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
.!R/- 3(R$- $?3- =- K$- :5=- =R, )A- {.- .-
,J$- 0- 3(R$- $A- 36S.- =?, *J- 2<- .!:- 2- :63- 2:A- \A%- =?- GA-
?- 0- =?- (R?- ,R.- 0:A- ;=- .- *J?, fJ.- 0<-
.!:- 2- .=- :LR<- 1/- ?3- 5S$?- 0<- fJ., :U.- 0<- .!:- 2- ]- 3- .$J- 2:A- 2>J?- .%-
U., 8$?- 0<- .!:- 2- .3- 0:A- (R?- <A/- 0R-
(J:A- |R<- 8$?, >J?- 0<- .!:- 2- ]- /- 3J.-
0:A- 3/- %$- KA/- &A- 3- =R$- 0- >J?, %%- 2<-
.!:- 2- :#R<- 2- #$- 2}=- IA- o- 35S- %%?-
/?- ,<- 0- L%- (2- GA- \A%- .- :PR- 2:A- .?- .-
<J?- 2lR/- :P?- .%- ~A%- <?- 2*J.- /?- 3-
212?- /, KA- /?- :.A- v- 2:A- 3,/- nJ/- 5%-
2- 3A- YA.- 0?, .=- #R3- .%- <J?- :)R$- 3J.-
0<- *A/- 35/- .- 92- 3R:C-.R/- =- |R3- 0<-
<A$?- +J, :1$?- 0- [:A- .2%- 0R:C- 8=- }-
/?, 3,/- 0<-I<- 0:A- ;=- /- $/?- 0-
.%- , ,*J- 2R- .3- 0- =- /A- 2gJ/- 0- .%- , ,2.$-
$A?- =J$?- (R/- }R/- .%?- 2? R.- /3?- *J?, , :#R<- =R- (J/- 0R- 28A- /A- HR.- =- 3%:, ,8J?- 0-
.%- , :1$?- 0- 8A- 2- z:A- 8=- }- /?,
.=- :LR<- :.A- /A- >A/- +- fJ.- 0<-
.!:, ,*J?- 2- .R/- P2- ,R2- 0<- I<- 0- =, , $=- +J- :.A- =- 2lR/- 0<- 3- L?- /, ,KA?- /A-
;%- .$- :LR<- 0<- $- =- :I<, ,8J?- 0- .%- , :.A- :S:A- .=- 0-fJ.- I<- /?, ,.J%- .- 2lR/-
0<- 3- LJ.- /, ,>A- 2:A- :R$- +- %/- :PR<- :PR,, 2{=- 0- LJ- 2- 2o- !R%- ., ,2.J- :PR:A- 1- ;%-
3A- ,R?- /, ,2.J- :PR- ,R2- 0- (R?- &A- .$R?, , 8J?- $?%?- ?R,,
.J- ;%- .- v:A- 2.J- #$- .%- $%- 2- :.A-
,3?- &.- }R/- IA- =?- =?- I<- =, .-<J?- GA-
=?- GA?- KA- 3:A- $%- 2- 2*J.- 0- !J, }- 3- =-
=?- %/-0- L?- 0- i3?- /A- :.A<- ;%- .2%- 0R-
3- 5%- 2- .%- , ;/- =$- :,A%- P3- =- ?R$?-
0- .%- , $9$?- %/- 8A%- 1R%?- =- $8/- .2%-
.- I<- 0- =- ?R$?- 0<- (A/- =, }- 3- =- =?-
29%- 0R- 2?$?- 0- i3?- /A- .2%- 0R- $?=-
8A%- $9$?- 36K?- 0?- 3,R%- /- ;A.- .- :R%- 2-
.%- , :#R<- .%- =R%?- ,R.- .%- w/- 8A%- g$-+-
<%- .2%- :LR< - 0- =- ? R$?- 0<- L%- 2:R, ,5K-
KA- 3- =- $%- .- *J- 2- ;%- .- v:A- 2?3- ,R.- .$J-
3A- .$J- =- <$- =?- +J, 5S$?- 2?$?- >A%-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 52 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
.A/- 0- .%- 5=- OA3?- =- ?R$?- 0- ,R.- 0- i3?-
2.J- :PR- 3,R- <A?- GA- :)A$- gJ/- .- *J- 8A%- :#R<-
.%- :LR<- 0?- 3,R- =, 29R.- 0- .%- .. - 0- =-
?R$?- $/?- 0- i3?- $9$?- 36K?- 0- .%- , .0%- $*J/- .%- 3$R/- *2?- L?- 0?- ;=-
.2?- ?- *J- 2- .%- , !/- IA?- 2!<- 8A%- $8/-
IA?- $/R.- 0- 3J.- 0<- *J- 2- .%- , }- 3<- ]- 3-
=- $?- >A%- (R?- =- ,R.- 0?, .- v- ]- 3- ;%-
.$- 0- .$J- 2:A- 2>J?- $*J/- .%- :U.- &A%-
(R?- =- ,R.- 0- .%- , }- 3- =- ,R?- 2?3- |R3- 0-
=- .%?- 0- i3?- :.A<- ;%- >J?- <2- (J- 8A%-
(R?- GA- i3- P%?-5.- 3J.- 0:A- |R-=- ,R?- 0- .%-
2?3-0- .%- |R3- 0?- <%- .%- $8/- IA- .R/-
$*A?- z/- P2- +- LJ.- 0- =- ?R$?- 0- ;R/- +/-
.0$- +- 3J.- .R, ,}- 3- #A$- +R- 3A- .$J- 2:A- =?-
L?- 0- i3?- :.A<- ;%- %/- :PR- $- 5S$?- ?- *J-
=, 3,R- <A?- ,R2- G%- .2%- 0R- 3- 5%- 2- =-
?R$?- 0- 1R%?- >A%- 2?R.- /3?- (%- 2<- *J- =, :.A<- ;%- 3A- .$J- 2- ,.- 0?- KA- 3- =:%- #$-
2}=- .%- w/- 0:A- <A$?- ?- *J:R, ,3.R<- /- 5K-
}- 3- =- $%- L?- .- v:A- 2.J- #$- .%- =?-
?J3?- GA- i3- 0?- >J?- =, KA- 3- $%- .- *J- .-
v:A- 2?3- ,R.- =- <$- =?- + J, 3.R- #J- #R%- 0R-
2!R.-0- =?, }- 3-&iA- L?- =?- =- vR?, ,KA-
3- $<- :PR- ?J3?- =-vR?, , 8J?- ?R, ,.J- v<-
2?3?- /?- G%- .- <J?- 3A- .$J- 2- .R<- .$J- 2-
212- g$- +- .3- 0:A- (R?- =- ]R- $/?- .$ R?-
+J, (R?- 3- $+R$?- 0- $%- $A?- G%- 1/- 3A-
,R$?- 0:A- KA<- <R, ,2- 3R- <A/- (J/- IA?- 8?-
0:A- 3.R- =?, :.A- /- 1- .%- 3- .%- 2>J?- i3?- .%- , ,
$*J/- .%-l- =$- *2?- ?- 3A- :I<- +J, ,2-
.%- 2- 3R- .J- 28A/- 3$R/- *2?- 3A/, ,;R/- +/-
w/- 0- :.A- .$- 3- $+R$?- 0, ,:)A$- gJ/-
3$R/- *2?- I<- 0- $8/- :$:- 3J., ,&J?- 0-
.%- , o=- 0R- =- $.3?- 0:A- 3.R- =?, .?- GA?- $*J<- +J- o=- 0R- :PR- :I<- /,,
=R%?- ,R.- 36:- .%- 2>J?- i3?- eJ?- 3A-
:V%- , ,*J?- 2- HR.-/A- $%- /?- $%- :P R- ;%- ,, =?- /A- PA2- 3- 28A/- .- eJ?- ?- :V%- , ,8J?-
?R,, $*A?- 0- :)A$- %J?- 0:A- o- 35/- =-
2?3?- /?- g$- +- %J?- :L%- .%- *R- >?-
2*J.- 0- /A, .J- v<- fJ.- .!:- 2:A- .=- 2- ,R2-
G%- :L%- 28A- :.?- 0:A- 1%- 0R- ;A/- 0?- :)A$-
0<-%J?- +J- 1%- 0R- ;A/- 0:A- KA<, y- 2- hR?- 0:A-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 53 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
1%- 0R- .%- :S- 2- :.A- /3- :)A$- (- 3J.- 0?, .- v- 3- 8A$- 0:A- gJ/- :.A- =- 2.$- $A?- ,<- 0-
.3- 0:A- (R?- L, kA- =3- +- 3- .%- :S- 2- 5K-
:.A:A- $%- 2- :.A?- &A- LJ.- ~3- .- ~A%- /?-
2?3- .$R?- +J, <A/- 0R- (J- %%?- 0:A- o.- =?, :L%- 2- <$?- 0:A- $9$?- i3?- =,,
2#.- 0:A- ?- 3J.- ;- <J- (, ,*J?- 2- 2g/- 0:A-
5K- YR$- =, ,.?- 2+2- 3J.- 0- ;- <J- (, ,5S$?-
S$- ;=- IA- $%- 2- =, ,g$- 0- 3J. - 0- ;- <J- (,, *J?- 2:A- S/- 2?3- L%- 5S<- =, ,9.- 0- 3J.- 0-
;- <J- (, ,=?- =?- :L%- 2:A- #$- 2}=- =,, .%?- 0- 3J.- 0- ;- <J- (, ,8J?- ?R, ,.J- v<- 3A-
g$- 0- ;A/- ;%- , g$- 0- .%- 2.J/- 0<- :6A/-
0?- 5K- :.A:A- $% - 2- =- ($?- 0:A- *J- 2R- i3?-
:O=- 0?, 2.$- /A- .J- v<- 3- I<- 0- &A$- L-
.$R?- ~3- .- ~A%- /?- /%- .- 2?3- 0- .%- , 2.$- $A?- $8/- =- 1/- 2+$?- ?3, .P-
2+=- =3, ;=- 29%- %3, &A- L?- G%- .J-
,3?- &.- =- ~A%- 0R- 3J.- &A%- 2a- 2?- /%- .-
<%- $A- ?J3?- :2:- 8A$- 2v- 2<- L- !J, .0=-
3<- 3J- 36.- ;J- >J?- GA- 8=- }- /?, GJ- :)A$-
gJ/- ,R.- 0- .$- =- 1<- 2v?- 0?, ,L?- 0-
,3?- &.- .R/- 3J.- #$- 2}=- o, ,&A- =-
2?3?- G%- 1/- 0- 3A- $.:- 2, ,<%- $A- ?J3?-
=- v- 2- $R3?- 0<- IA?, ,8J?- 0- v<- 2?3-
:5=- =R,, $?3- 0- :(A- %J?- 0:A- .0J- =- 2?3?-
/?- .$R?- .?- !R%?- 0:A- 92- .R/- |R3- 0<-
$.3?- 0- /A, ,A<- :.?- L?- GA- (R?- 3A- g$-
0:A- .0J- kA- =3-+- 3- =- ?R$?- 0- .%- :S- !J, (J.- .- 2eR.- 0:A- 5S3?- =?, GJ- 3- :.?- L?-
i3- 3A- g$ ,*J- >A%- :)A$- 0:A- (R?- &/- ;A/, , *J?- /?- :)A$- 0<- :I<- 2?- /, ,.J- 2?-
M<- .- 8A- 2- 2.J, ,{<- 3- <2- <A2- 3<- 3J- .%-,, +- 3- 9A=- 0- (- 2<-:S, ,kA- =3- \R$- .%- 3A/-
v- 2, ,:.?- L?- (R?- i3?- .J- .%- :S, ,8J?-
?R, ,|R?- *J?- 2:A- 5K- 3A- g$- 0:A- .0J, *A- ^- #-
.R<- $?%- 2- ( J/- 0R:C- o.- =?, $%- 8A$- =?- &/- *J?- 2- i3?, ,5K-
/A- 3A- g$- kA- =3- :S, ,kA- =3- IA?- /A- P2- 0-
3J., ,5K- /A- 3A- g$- (- .%- :S, ,:22- (?-
$&A$- +- 2#.- 0- 3J., ,5K- /A-:6B/- 3J.- _%-
.%- :S, ,_%- $A?- *J?- 2- 29%- 2- 3J., ,5K-
/A- ;/- ,%- 3=- 0- :S, ,3=- 0?- g$- +- $/?-
0- 3J., ,5K-/A- 2.J/- 3J.- +- 3- :S, ,+- 3?-
2.J/- 0:A- ?- 29%- 3J., , 5K- /A- 3A- #R.- :PR/- 0R-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 54 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
:S, ,:PR/- 0R?- g$- +- 2#.- 0- 3J., ,5K- /A-
3- %J?-(<- 3A/- :S, ,3A/- IA?- .?- 5S.- 29%-
2- 3J., ,.J- v<- *J?- 2:A- 5K- ;A- 5., ,:.A- v<-
$&A$- +- 3- %J?- +J, ,\R- 2<- 2- .%- ,R$- 22?-
?, ,.?- 5S.- :.A-:S<- 29 %- 2- 3J., ,&J?- 0-
.%- , (J.- .- 2eR.- 0:A- 5S3- =?, =- =- 3%=- /- $/?- /?- :( A, ,=- =-
.<- =- 22?- /?- :(A, ,.J- =- 3A- :.A- $8R/-
8J?- +J, ,$?R/- 0R:C- $.J%-VR.- &A- 8A$- ;R.,, &J?- ?R, ,.J-v<- 3A- g$- 0?- M<- .- :(A- %J?-
0<- 2?3?- +J, 5K- :.A:A- L- 2, ($?- #%-
:,2- lR., =J- =R- $?R$- :)R$ =R- :.R.- (J-
H., #J- <A?- KR$?- :6B/, .P- $*J/- :.=-
*R%-, ,R?- G%- .R/- =- 3A- :L<- 2:A- #- 2>.-
.%- >J?- $*J/- ,3?- &.- GA- &A- 1/- ~3- .- ~A%- -
/?- 2?3- .$R?- +J, $+3- L<, 5K- /A- ;/- ,%- >J?- L:A- i3- 0- 3%- , ,
5K- ;A- 5.- G%- )A- 43- 3A- >J?- 0?, ,%%- 0?- (-
=- :R- 3- =J/- 0- v<, ,<%- $A- :.R.- 0- .%- .-
]%?- 2<-LR?, ,8J?- 0- v<, .J- <A%- *A.- /?-
92- 3R:C-2?- {.- &A$- 3A- g$ *J- >A:A- <A3- Y%-
2?3- 0?- $>A?- 3A- g$ 5S%- #%- 3PR/- 0R- 2?3?- 0?- :.?- G%- :V=- 2- i3?- =-
2?3?- +J, M<- .- :(A, %J?- 0<- :(A, /3-
:(A- (- 3A- :.$ (R?- 3A/- 0?- 1/- 0- 3A- :.$-
~3- .- 2?3- 0- .%- , /%- <%- $A- +- =?- GA- /-
5S., ?J3?- GA- :(<- |R, *A.- #$- $A- <A3- Y%-
i3?- }- KA<- :I<- 2- =- 2?3?- /?- G%- , 3A-
g$- 0- 3A- 2g/- 0- :I<- 2- :1R- 2, >A- /?- a<-
wR$- 0:A- .0J- 3J.- 0- i3?- =- 2?3?- =, {.-
&A$- ,%- & A$- G%- 3- ;J%?- 0<- :(A- 2- #R- /-
2?3?- +J, ,R.- :)$- =?, *A/- 35/- !/- +- 2.$- $A?- /A, ,:.A-
*A.- :2:- 8A$- 2?3- 0:A- <A$?, ,8J?- ?R,, .J- ;%- .J- 5K- :.A- =?- ]R- 3- =R$- $R- 2<- .- +A%- %J-
:6B/- 2|R3- 0- .%- L- 2:A- (R?- ,R.- $8/-
28$- /?- G%- :.A- #R- /- ~A%- /?- 2?3- .$R?-
+J, :#R<- 2- =?- ]R- wR$- 0- =- :.A- 2?- 92-
0:A- (R?- 3J.- 0:A- KA<- <R, ,aR2- .0R/- 0E:A-
8=- }- /?- G%- , 3A- g$- ; J%- 3J.- :(A- 2?- 2{=- 3-
$.2, ,*A/- 35/- ,/- 2&.- g$- +- 2|R3-
0<- L, ,8J?- $?%?- 0- 28A/- /R, ,.J?- /-
<A%- 2- YA.- 0- ($?- :)A$- =- 2?3?- G%- 5K- 3A-
g$ *J- 2- {.- &A$- ,%- &A$- =- 2?3?- G%- 5K-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 55 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
3A- g$ .2%- 0R- .%- ;=- 3A- g$- !J - $/?-
{2?- :I<, :#R<- :.2- .%- /R<- m?- 3A- g$-
!J- .- v- ;R.-G%- .- v- 3J., 1- 3- .%- $*J/-
:./- 3A- g$- !J- :.?- /?- 3J., ;=- 3A- HA3-
35K?- 3A- g$- !J- LJ- V=- 3%- , /3- ^- .%- c/-
$8R/- 3A- g$- !J- $%- 2- :I<, 2.J-#$- .%-
.P- $*J/- 3A- g$- !J- 3PR/- #%- :S, 3.R<- /- ?J3?- &/- ,3?- &.- *J- >A- =-
}?- $+., 2.J- #$- $A- $R?- IR/, $9%-
:6B/- IA- $./- 2+A%- , 3- <A$- $A- 3=- 2&?, 2.$- :6B/- IA- $*A.- *=, 2$- ($?- GA- kA-
=3- kA, #3?- $?3- :#R<- 2:A- #%- 2- /- .$-
s- <%- 35/- =- ,R.- 0:A- :PR- 2- !/- G%- *=-
;%- =%?- 0:A- $*A.- .%- kA- =3- =- ,R$- 3,:-
.%- ?%?- 0:A- .?- 3J.- 0- :.A- =- 2?3?- =,
.- <J?- :#R<- 2:A- 3/- #%- /?- ,<- 2: A- ,2?-
=- :2.- 0- :.R/- .$R?- ?R,, =?- .%- *R/- 3R%?- .2%- I<-:#R<-
2- 0, ,3A- g$- 3% R/- .- I<- G%- 2.J/- 0<-
:6B/, ,*J- >A:A- (- 2R<- z%- ;%-,<- 3A- >J?, , $- 5S$?- #$- 2}=- M%?-G%-VJ.-.?- 3J., ,
;%- .$- >J?- V=- =3- !R/- 3$R/- 3J.- &A%- , , (R?- GA- 3A$- 93- 3- <A$- 3/- 0<- :H3?, ,
:.A- .$- 2?3?- /?- fJ.- .!:A- .=- 2- =, ,3R-
.$:A- ?J3?- 2*J.- .3- (R?- 212- 0<- :R?, , ;%- .$- =3- !R/- .J.- .0R/- 3(R$- I<- 0, , 35/- w/- ]- 3- i3?- .%- 3)=- I<- &A%- , , 92- 3R- (R?- 3(R$- 2..- lA- ,R2- .?- :.A<, , 2lR/- 0?- 212?- +J- YA.- $?3- o- 35S- ;A, , 1- <R=- 3(R$- +- 2c=- =- 2lR/- :5=- =R, ,5K-
/A- 3A- g$- /2- <A:A- PA2- 3- 28A/, ,$;%- #:A-
uR/- >A%- _%- $A?- 2*R.- :S- 8A%- , ,3A/- .%-
\R$- 28A/- C- lJ:A- 9A=- 2- 28A/, ,M<- 2- *A.-
.- :(A- 2- 2?3- :5=- =R, ,.- v- :(A- 8J?- ~A%-
/?- 3- S/- /, ,=J- =R?- $;J%?- 0?- :(A- .?-
1/- 3A- ,R$?, ,.J- 2?- .- v- ,R$- +- 22- 0-
28A/, ,:)A$?-}%?- 0$- 0?- ~A%-0R:C- .R/-
=- .R%?, ,.J%- /?- 2.$- G%- /$?- 5=-
3J- +R$- &/, ,*J- 2R?- !R%- 8A%- :22- (:A- 1-
P$- =, ,.2J/- 8A%- ;A.- :R%- V$- <A:A- S%-
:.$- !J, ,.?- 28A<- ~A%- 0R- 3J.- &J?- ?J3?- 0-
;A, ,.$J- 2- o/- I<- :)A$- gJ/- 3A?- 20/- 0,, !/- =?- (J?- 3(R$- 2..- lA- ,R2- I<- &A%- , , 3A- g$- !R%- 0: A- 1- (J/- 1R$?- 0<- >R$ ,(/-
>A%- 3J- +R$- >%- >R%- 36K?- 0- .J<, ,(R?- 5=-
8A- 2- 3A/- IA- ]- <J- &/, ,<A$- :6A/- o=- 2:A-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 56 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
$?J<- IA- \R$- :I- 2?, ,5K- $&A$- :R.- $?=-
~A%- 0R- :P2- 0<- >R$ ,,<- 2:A- #%- 29%-
<A/- (J/- 1R- V%- /?, ,(R?- 5=- 8A- 2:A- d- 1-
.L%?- P$- 0?, ,3- =?- :PR- !/- 3- <A$-
$*A.- ?%?- +J, ,$.R.- 3:A- ?- =- 3%R/- 0<-
L%- (2- >R$ ,*R- 2?- ?J3?- 0:A- <%- 28A/-
$?=- 2- &/, ,8A- 2:A- /$?- ?- $&A$- 0 <-
:PR- :.R.- /, ,~A%- /?- (R/- 0:A- 5B$- $A?-
.L%?- 5?- 0, ,3R?- .$J- .$- 0?- M<- .-
:P2- 0<- >R$ ,&J?- o=- 2- !/- 3HJ/- [R%-
(J/- <2- :L3?- GA?- $?%?- 0:A- $.3?-
92- #R=- L%- 8?- 0- =$?- ? R,, 3#/- aR2- eJ- :2%?- PR$?- .%- 2!:- $+J<- IA,,
2o.- :6B/- $?%- (J/- }- :I<- SA- 3J.- =$?,, 3.R- }$?- 2!/- 0:A- *A- ^-9%- :)$- .0=,,
1/- 2.J:A- :R.- $%- KR$?- .?- !/- H2- >R$,
&J?- 0:%- ,R=- L%- .- $?- 0?- 1=- 2- .$ J:R,, ,,
? 7*2?- eJ- 8J- (J/-<2- :L3?- <A/- 0R- (J:A- $?%- :UA/,
.J- ;%- 2.$- &$- $A- !R/- 0- 3*3- 3J.- ,2- 0:A- .2%- 0R- *A.- GA?- 2!/- 0- :.A- *A.- L%- /?- L%-
.- .<- 2<- =%- 2!/- 0- 28A/, $%?- <A- <- 2?- ;R%?- ?- 2{R<- 2:A- 8A%- :.A<- ,J$- 0- (J- (%- }$?- .%-
2&?- 0:A- 2!/- 0- <A/- (J/- 5%- =- 3- /R<- 2- .<- 8A%- o?- 0- .J- *A.- $/?- {2?- *J- :PR- 2?R.- /3?-
.3/- 0:A-.2%- =?- *3?- *J?- ?- KA/- 0- v- 2- $%- /:%- , o=- 2- $R%- 3- i3?- G A- ,$?- 2*J.- .% -
36.- 0- 2?3- IA?- 3A- H2- 0:A- .2%- $A?- .- (- ?- !J%- !/- +- .<- o?- ?- KA/- 0:A- {2?- :.A<, }-
:I<- 2:A- o=- 2- $R%- 3- i3?- GA?- ,$?- eJ- =?- 20/- 0:A- :63- \A%- ?- ;A- vJ- 2- 2{=- 29% - $A- ?%?-
o?- !R%- ,3?- &.- $%- .- :5%- o- 2:A- $/?- 3(R$- hR- eJ- $./- :.A<- =R- v<-: 5S$- 28A/- 0:A- }- :I<-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 57 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
(R/-=3- (J/- 3R- 8J?- 2!/- 0- ,A- .%- LJ- V$- .<- 8A%- o?- 0- .%- , 7$R%- ?- z- 3A:A- i3- :SJ/- (J/- 0R-
7o=- .2%- ,3?- &.- 3HJ/- 0?- .2?- <A?- ?- 3- (.- 0:A- 2!/- :6A/- *J?- (J/- i3?- {- 5K- 2g/- &A%-
,$?- GA- 28J.- .R/- :2.- 3J.- z/- IA?-: P2- 0- .% - , :63- \A%- *J- .$- ;R%?- GA?- 8A- 2.J:A- .0=- =-
<R=- 8A%- z$- 0<- .- (- :L%- 2- :O$?- nJ/- IA?- ?- $; R?- ?R$?- :L%- 28A:A - $/R.- 0- (J?- (J<- :1J=-
2- i3?- 8A- 2- .%- , .- =3- <%- <J- }- :I< - 2- i3?- G A- .2- :6A/- 7*2?- eJ- :O=- 8A$- <A/- 0R- (J- :I<-
3J.- %$- .2%- (R?- GA- ]R- PR?- $%- *A.- <J- 8A$- 8A%- $8/- .- $>J$?- 0:A- 36.- 0- 2!/-0- $%- $A- 9$-
3J.- ,$? - GA- .$R%?- 0- ;R%?- ?- mR$?- >A%- 3=- 0:A- ^- 8=-M<- .- LR/- /?- $R%- 3:A- i3- ,<- 2.$-
$A<- 36.- /?- 0- ?R$?- GA- (J., :.A<- 5S$?- 1J2?- $/%- 2:A- }- :I<- 2:A- .$J- :./- 9- 24/- }$?-
$?3- /?- $4S- 2R<- .3- 0- $?3- IA?- lA?- 9A/- ,R$- /?- ,$?- (R/- $%- 92- ;R%- 2- .%- , ,R.- =3- i3-
28A:A- |R- /?- $4S- 2R- :.=- 2- .%- 2!/- +J- :PR- 2:A- 2?R.- /3?- GA- 8A%- 3(R$- .3- 0<-:I<- ,2- 0-
8A$- ;R%- 2:A- $?R=- :.J2?- 8- o- 2&?, 8J- (J/- <2- :L3?- 3=- 3A%- :I<- 3J.- 2>.- 12- (R?- GA- ?J;J- /?, 2R.- o=- =R- 2138
t$?- ;R?- ^- 2- 7 5K?- 29 *A/- 29%- 0R<- 1=,
? 7*2?- eJ- (A/-\A%- 3#/- (J/- <A/- 0R- (J:A- $?%- :UA/,
.- =/- ;%- <%- &$- }- :I<-fA%- 3- ,A- ;R%?- /?- o=- 2: A- 2!/- 0- <A/- 0R- (J- .%- , LJ- V$- o=-
.2%- 0E -! - <:A- <A%- =$?- (J- 2- S$- w/- $?%- (J/-hR- eJ- ,J$- 0:A- 2!/- 0- <A/- 0R- (J- $?J<- .%?- 24S-
3- v- 2- :.A- *A.- .<- 8A%- o?- =- ;/- /?- ;/- .- $/?- 0- .%- , .J<- :6B/- IA- *J?- (J/- .3- 0- 7 $R%- ?-
z- 3A:A- i3- :SJ/- o=- .2%- K$- /- 0ER- 3(R$- $A?- $4S?- <A?- 3J.- GA- 2!/- :6A/- .3- 0- i3?- {- 5K-
82?- 0.- 2g/- 0- .%- , 2R.- $%?- &/- uR%?- GA?- 35S/- :63- \A%- $%- ?<- L%- .%- :L%- 28A/- 0:A-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 58 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
/.- ;3?- .%- .3$- :O$ ?.- ,/, 3- $J- ?R$?- .?- GA- c.- 0- 3,:- .$- z$- 3J.- .- 8A- !J- $R- =- ^3-
0R- :.A<, 8A- 2.J:A- :R.- $%- $A- *- <J%?-$?<- 0- :(<- 2- ?R$?- |R- .- 3<- .3A$?- +J, }- :I<- (R/-
=3- (J/- 3R- {2?- *J<- $?3- 0-: 5S$- 0:A- {2?- .%- 2!/-<J- 2{=- &%- 9.- 8- o<, .J- ;%- , 2?3-
0- .$J- .%- 3A- .$J:A - LJ- V$- =?, ,.$J- #A$- $9$?- 2f/- (J- (%- eJ?- 3A- :V%- , ,8J?- $?%?- 0- v<-
$4S- 2R- }- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R- :.A- *A.- GA- {2?- 5S$?- =- 8$?- 43- .%- , $/?- 3(R$- hR- eJ- $./- .-
aJ2?- 43- IA?- 1/- 0- (J<- 3J.- 0- ;A/- 0?, .J?- /- 2?3- 0:A- !/- aR%- 29%- 0R- 8A$- $A- ,R$- /?- .3:-
3,:- ;%- 5S$?- (J/- *A/- P%?- 2&:A- <A%- , :)A$- gJ/- (R?-2o.- GA- |R- /?- ,R2- .%- $R- ?- ?R$?- <A%- .-
.R<, 1/- 5/- :P/- ?J3?- .% - $;R- +- U$- .R$- ?R$?-%%?, ?J3?- o.- ~A%- eJ- .%- L3?- ? J3?- GA- v-
2<- $%- ,2- 2lR/, <%- $8/- $*A?- !<- 1/- 0:A- (R/- =3- i3- 0<- .$- 0?- 353?- .<- +J- 5S$?-
2?$? - _2?- (J- :I<- 2- =- .3A$?, KA- /%- ..- w/- i3?- GA?- 1=- 2:A- ..- m?- (.- 9R?- ?- 3A- :PR-
2- .$J- l- (A/- %J?- ?- :R%- 2- 8A$- 2&?, <J- :./- ~A%- ,$- 0- /?- 8- 2- =$?- /- 9- 24/- }$?- $?3-
IA?- 3.R<- /- ..- w/- .%- 2- :SJ/- 0:A- 3A$- o/, :LR<- w/- 2?R.- /3?-$?R$- 0:A- 8A%- ?<- :I<-
%J?- 0- .%- , }- :I<- 2:A- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R:C- {2?- fA%- 3- 2:A- 82?- 3A- :SJ/- 0- 8A$- %J?- 0<- .- ,$?-
=- 2i$- 0<- 8- o- .%- , o.- GA- o=- 0R- :)3- .0=- 35/- 2eR.- .%- , (R/- =3- IA- o=- 0R- 29%- 0R- ,R.-
0:A- (R/- =3- $*A?- 8=- :.R/- $/%-{2?- 5B$- .R/- ;A.- =-S/- 0<-L?- +J- #- $;J%- 3A$- $;J%-.- 3-
?R%-2- 8A$- $/%-.$R?- +J, !/- 3HJ/-(J/- 0R?, .R<- 2- ?J3?- 2*J.- .%R?- $8A- .3A$?- 0- 3J., , eJ?- =-2 }R- 2?- ;R%?- ?- 9A/- 0- /A, ,,<- =3- 2PR.- 0:A- $&J?- 0- i 3- $?3- ;A/, ,8J?- $?%?- 0-
v<, .R<- 2:A-$/?- {2?- L%- (2- 3( R$- +- ?J3?- 2*J., .%R?- $8A- $/?- {2?- ?- 2?3?- G%-
1/- ?3- 5S$?- 0:A- {2?- :.A<- :.A- KA<- 1/- 0- =- .J- =?- (J- 2- 3J.- 0- !/- IA?- .$R%?- 3%:- 28 A/-
=$?- 0?- 3%- 0 R- (R?- 3A- .$R?, ;%- 2!/- 0:A- $?=- LJ.- .3- 0- fA%- 3- 2:A- ]- (J/- #$- .%- , .$R/-
#J- (J- U- !/- IA- .2- :6A/- i3?-.%- , 3#/- 3=- .$J- :./- :.?- 0- !/- 2!/- :PR:A- 36.- V J=- (J-
;%- , (R/- =3- (J/- 3R- *A/- P%?- 2&- =?- o/- <A%- 0R- 3J.- 0?- 5S$?- 1J2?- $/%- o- >A/- +- $=- (J, ,A<- ?%?- o?- GA- 2!/- 0- .%- , ;%- .$ R?- $?%- (J/- hR- eJ- ,J$- 0:A- <A%- =$?- 3A- *3?- $R%- :1J=- .%-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 59 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
*3?- 0- ?R<- (.- a., ,$?- 2*J.- (R/- =3- IA- 353?- .R<- .$R?- 0- 3- 9., }- :I<- :.?- #J- !/-
z/- &A$- :5S$- 0:A- $R- {2?- G%- :.A:A- {2?- 43- =$?- 0?- $%- ,.- /?- .$ R?- 0- .%- o- 35/- gJ/-
:VJ=- ?R$?- >A/- +- (J- 2?, $%- 3%- 3%- 5 S$?- 2&<- ,2- %J?- $/%- o- .%- , .J- ;A- {2?- 9- 24/-
}$?- $?3- ?- ;A/- <%- 2!/- 0:A- 82?- :SJ/- .- 3- ?R%- 2<- ,A<- 5S$?- (J/- :.A:A- OA3?- .%- , LJ- V$-
$./- ?- ?R- ?R:C- 1A$?- .%- 3A- :$=- 2<- $/%- .$R?- +J, !/- 3HJ/- 3A- 13- 0?, :.?- #J- 2&:- OA3?-
<%- .R/- 36K?- o/- ;A/, ,2>J?- $*J/- 2!J/- 0- =3- IA- l- 2<- 2}$?, ,8J?- $?%?- 0?, !/- IA?-
|R- $?3- IA- ,R.- 0- (R?- .%- 3A- :$=- 2<- $92- 0<- :5=- 8J?- 8- o- .%- , }- :I<- IA- $./- ?- (J/- 3R-
.$- $A- $4S?- (R?- #J- 3,:- .$- }<- 1/- .3- 5B$- .$-$%- :R- (- $&A$-:SJ?- ,R$- /?- }- :I<- fA%- 3- 2-
i3?- ,$?- 3, /- OA3?- $4%- $A?- $/?- 3?- 28A/- .- .%- ;%- .J- 28A/- o/- $/?- ;R%- o<- :2.-
2lR/- .%- $?- 2!<- 8- o- .%- , }- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R- :.A- *A.- :#R<- 2- 3- !R%- $A- 2<- 5$?- ,2-
0:A- (R/- :./- .%- 2&?- (A/- \A%- 3#/- (J/- 3A%- 0?- }- :I<- <A$- 36S.- lR3- 1A$- z/- 5S$?- GA- 2!:-
28A/- ,A- =R- 2011 ^- 2- 10 5K?- 5 *A/- 1=- 2- =$?,
? 7*2?- eJ- mR$?- (J/- <A/- 0R- (J:A- $?%- :UA/,
3#/-aR2- (R?- $?3-IA- <%- =$?- $4%- 3- :6B/- 0:A- }- :I<- 2- ;R%?- =- 3A%?- .R/, <%- <J-
i3?- GA?- .?- .%- i3- 0- !/- +- 3J- +R$- $%- =- 1R$- 0:A- z- {=- <A$?- 2.$- +- 29%- /?- $8/- 2!/-
!/- =- .$- $%- L- o- 2>.- 0:A- ~A%- 0R- <- ?R%- , .J- ;%- $?%- (J/- ,J$- 0:A- ;%- lJ- }- :I<- <%- =$?- /A-
:.?- 0:A- 3A- =R- !R%- U$- z$- $ A- ;<- }R/- /?- 3(R.- #J- $*A?- GA?- @A-3 - =- ;A- <A- o.- $4S?- KR$?- $%-
?<- !R2?- :LR<- <A$- $?3- IA?- L?- eJ?- <2?- .%- <A3- 0- 28$- ;R.- 0- 3- 9.- <A- 2R-@A- 3- =- ;A- <A- o.-
;R%?- ?- 2c=- 0:A- =R- o?- G%- $?J<- ;A$- #$- +- :#R.- ;R.- v<- <J.- =, .J- /A- 3A- =R- !R%- U$- z$- $ A-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 60 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
;<- }R/- IA- 35S- *J?- 3- @- $- <- aR2- .0R/-0E- :L%- $/?- .%- , 3#/- (J/- ?J3?- .0:- (J/- 0R- /?-
2o.- 0:A- <%- <J:A- l- 2- .%- 2o.- 0:A- ]- 3- i3?- GA?- $?%- $A- $%- 2?- ?- !J%- .R$- 0R<- L?- 0:A-
2!:- SA/- *$- $&A$- ;A/- 0- .J- 2?- G%- (R?- ?- 3J., <%- <J:A- 7*2?- eJ- i3?- /A- $&A$- =?- $&A$-
35<- $?J<-<A:A- UJ%- 2- 5<- .- .%<- 2:A- *2?- :R$- /?- <%- <J- {=- 29%- .- I<- ;R.- 0- ;%- 2eJ.- .-
3J.- 0:A- $/.- .R/- 8A$- +- I<, %- 5S?- 3A$- .0J- 29%- 0R?- 2!:- SA/-eJ?- S/- IA?- 2!/- 0- (R?- 28A/-
*R%- .$R?- 0- .J- <J.- =, :.?- ?R%- $A- 7 *2?- eJ- 2..- :)R3?- <A/- 0R- (J- .%- , 7*2?- eJ- 3HJ/- 2lJ-
<A/- 0R- (J, .- v- :5S- 8A%- 28$?-28A/- 0:A- 7*2?- eJ-hR- P2- <A/- 0R- (J, 7*2?- eJ- L- V=- <A/- 0R- (J, 7*2?- eJ- !$- =%- lJ- 3=- <A/- 0R- i3?- GA- 2!:- .$R%?- $8A<- 29%- .%- , H.- 0<- fA%- 2!/- $4S?-
<A?- ?- 3- (.- 0:A- 2!/- 0<- _2?- (J- 8A%- SA/- 3,$- 0:A- #3?- $?3- 7(R?- GA- o=- 0R- 3#/- (J/-
:)A$?- 3J.- 1/- 5S$?- .%- , 7*2?- eJ- P2- .2%- 0E- /R<- 2-9%- $A?- 2!/- .R/- 2*%?- 5=- =- K A-
3A$- ;%- ;%- 2v?- /?- <%- 2!/- $&A$- 1A=- .%- 3*3- =?- ?R$?- _2?- (J- 2:A- K$- =J/- =- $9A$?-
o- .J- 2?- G%- $=- (J, .J- 28A/- {2?- :.A<- 2R.- KA- /%- $4S?- 0:A- $8/- :V$- .%- , :V?- uR%? , =-
?$?, #- /, 3R/- 0, g- 3%- , ><- 0- =- ?R$?- @A- 3- =:A- <A- :.2?- GA- ..- w/- ,<- 2- . R/- $*J<-
3#/- $&A$- eJ?- $*A?- 3,.- /?- K$- 3(R.- {=- 29%- =- <J- 2:A- {2?- .J<- }- :I<- (R/- =3- 5S$?-
0:A- $R- 1A$- :R$- 3#/- (J/- i3?- GA?- /%- (R?- %R- 3R.- <J- $/%- o- #- 5- .$R?- $+$?- GA- L- 2- $=- (J/-
8A$- =- %R?- :6B/- .$R?, }- :I<- fA%- 3:A- (R/- =3- 9J<- 2- .R/- w/- IA?- :63- \A%- $%- ?- /?- 1J2?-
0:A- 2o.- <A3- w/- 0:A- 3#/- 3=- ]- aR2- 5%- 3<- $./- ,R2- .%- , 3,/- nJ/- $&A$- 35%?- G A?-
3*3- =?- 3*3- :5S$?- LJ.- o- .J- 2?- G%- (R?- 3J.- <J., .J- 28A/- .J%- $A- .?- /- 2R.- 2o.- /%- 2!/-
8J?- :63- \A%- /- ~/- 0:A- 2!/- 0- <A/- 0R- (J- :.A- *A.- .?- <2?- *J<- $&A$- 0:A- /%- 0- .%- /%- 0:A-
.$R/- #J- #$- .J%- <2?- .%- , .J%- <2?- ;<- ,R/- IA?- 2!/- 0:A- 1A$- :6$?- =- ,$?- 2?3- z<- =J/-
0:A- 3#?- .2%- .3- 0- 3#/- (J/- 5=- OA3?- ]R- PR?- .%- , LJ?- GA- 3#/- (J/- .3- 0- 0E- >J?- <2-
?R$?- =- .?- .%- .?- ?- 2!:- .$ R%?- =3- !R/- 8?- /?- <%- <J- 24/- LR=- ,A- 5S$?- OR.- GA- 2!/- 0-
:.A- 1$?- o%- <A%- 0R<- o/- $/?- o/- *R%- LJ.- 0:%- $=- (J/- .- 3,R%- , .J- 28A/- }R/- ?R%- .3- 0-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 61 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
i3?- GA?- K$- eJ?- GA- <A- 3R- 3- ;=- 2<- L?- /?- (R?- (R?- 28A/- LJ.- o- =?- (R?- YA.- .- 2YJ?- /?-
2!/- 0:A- ~A%- 0R- M<- =3- mR$?- 0- (J/- 0R:A- <%- 3.%?- ;=- 2<- 3A- :I<- 2:A- .R/- =- !/- IA?- 2?3-
$8A$-$A?- $%- /?- &A- tR$?-GA?- 2!/- 0:A- ~A%- 0R:C- <J- :V?- o.- =- =R/- 0:A- ,2?- =3- =- :2.- 0<-
:5=- 8J?, P2- .2%- 2./- 0:A- 3A%- :6B/- :)A$?- 3J.- ]R- $?=- .2%- 0R:3- 2!/- :6B/- :)A$?-
V=- z/- 0R- /?- }- :I<-<A$- 36S. - lR3- 1A$- 0:A- 2!:- .$R%?- v<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R- ,J%?- 23 0<, 2R.- <2- $/?- t$?- 3R- ;R?- =R:C- ^- 7 5K?- 10 *A/- VA?- 0- .$J- =J$?- ?- I<- &A$,
? G- =R- <A/- 0R- (J- 3(R$- $A- $?%- :UA/,
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R- {2?-*J<- $?3-0- :5S$- =- *J- 2:A- .?- :.A<- {=- 2- 29%- 0R- ;A.- =-
.%- .%- {2?- ?- }- :I<- <A$- 36S.- lR3- 1A$- z/- 5S$?- GA- 2!:- {=- ^R$- +- 3- 2+2- 0<, $?-
}$?- c/- IA- 2?3- 5=, }- :I<- 2!/- 0:A- $?=- LJ.- 7*2?- eJ- .<- ,%- <A/-0R- (J- /?- ,$?- 2*J.-
92- 3R?- :63- \A%- 8A- 2.J:A- }- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R - .2- :6$?- $/%- !J, H.- (R?- (J- 2- S$- $A?-
3%R/- 0<- :1$?- 0:A- 3#/- aR2- (R?- $?3- IA- <A%- =$?- SA- 3- 3J.- 0- :.A- 28A/, hR<- $./- }- :I<-
(R/- =3- (J/- 3R:C- .2- :6B/- 7*2?- eJ- 2.J- 2<- $>J$?- 0- $R% - 3- /- <A3- i3?- /?- =R- %R- *J<- $*A?- GA-
<A%- =- <%- &$- }- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R- *A- 3- ><- 2- v<- $R%- /?- $R%- .- .- 2<- %J= - G%- , <%- &$- fA%-
3- 0- i3?- =- nJ/- %/- 2<- (.- GA- .2%- $A?- 7*2?- eJ- hR- eJ- :(%- P 2- .2%- <A/- 0R- (J- 8A%- $8/- .-
$>J$?- 0- .%- , .J- 28A/- .- 7*2?- eJ- :O=- 8A$- E-3=- hR- eJ- :(%- , 7*2?- eJ- (A/- \A%- OA- (J/- <A/-
0R- (J- 2&?- 8A%- #3?- $8/- .- $>J$?- 0:A- ]R- 13-5.- 3J. - <A- =$- 0- ,$- 0?- 3A- :.?- 8J?- 0- .J- L%- , :R/- G%- eJ?- 28$?- *2?- eJ- i3- 0- .%- , ]- 3=- 3#/- 0R- i3?- /?- 8A- 2<- $>J$?- 0- 7*2?- eJ- hR-
eJ- :(%- P2- .2%- <A/- 0R-(J- 3(R$- .%- , 7*2?- eJ- :O=- 8A$- E- 3=- hR- eJ- :(%- i3- 0:A- ,$?- 28 J.-
v<- }- :I<- (J- 2- S$- w/- IA- 1- (R?- $4%- 3:A- <%- 2!/- 2o.- :6B/-i3?- hR$- l- $&A$- 1A=- %%- /?-
8A%- $>J$?- .3- 0- i3?- GA- ,$?- .$R%?- 92- 3R- 212-o- /A- <%- <J- fA%- 3- 0- ,A- =- ,R$- 22?- GA- =?-
}- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R, 62 {2?- *J<- $?3- 0,
:$/- .- 3,R%- , *2?- ;=- $R%- 3-7 *2?- eJ- i3- 0- .%- , ]- 3=- 3#/- 0R- i3?- =- $?- 0?- $.%-
>$?- S$- 0R:C- |R- /?- ,$?- 3,/- OA3?- $4%- .3- 5B$- :R- (- $&A$- :SJ?- GA?- :63- \A%- 8A- 2.J- 12-
LJ. - }- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R<- $.%- >$?- $&A$- 1A=- IA?- .$R%?- 0- o- (J/- 0R- 28J?- <R$?- $/%-
8J?- $?- G- =R- }$?- c/- /?- :2R.- {=- lJ- $&A$- +- 8- o- ;A/, 7*2?- eJ- 2.J- 2<- $>J$?- 0- P2-
.2%- 0E- /R<- 2- <A/- 0R- (J- /?, A- <A<- $?- =- P2- .2%- <A/- 0R- (J- 3(R$- *A.- G%- {- 3- 2eJ?- 2<- }-
:I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R<- 1J2?- o- ;A/- =- 2.$-$A?-G% - .J- 28A/-12?- >R$- &J?- 2!:- aR2- 8=- (J3?-
1J2?- 0?- $?- <%- ;%- :L%- =?- :.A- 3,:- 3- 2#?- 2<- .- }- :I<- (R/- =3- (J/- 3R<- 82?- 2&<- 8-
%J?, }- :I<- <A$- 36S.- lR3- 1A$- z/- #%- /?- *2?- ;=- $R% - 3- i3?- .%- , 3#/- 3=- 3#?- 3%-
i3- 0:A- 2!:- aR2- $?J<- IA- ;%- 8/- v- 2- i3?- KR$?- 21A$?- :PJ3- %J=- $/%- 2- =- $?- /?- }-
:I<- ?J<- *- 1R- 3R- ;R%?- GA- {- 52- L?- +J - ,$?- eJ- (J- 8, 3,:- .R/- :.A- =R- }- :I<- 2!/- :PR:A- 3$R/ -
.0%- *J- 2:A- <A$?- 2.$-7 *2?- eJ-L- V=- ?%?- o?- h R- eJ- 3(R$- .- =R<- .$%- P%?- 2o- ,3- 0<-
1J2?- ;R.- 0?, :.A- $- <A$- :6B/-1R- V%- .$R/- /?- {- ;A- 2g/- 28$?- 1=- 2<- ,$?- 2lJ- 2?- .IJ?-
28J?- L%- 2- .%- , .J- 28A/- *2?- eJ-!/- %%?- 0- 7?%?- o?- hR- eJ:A- {- 5K- 82?- 0.- ;/- /?- ;/- .-
2g/- 0- .%- , .J- 28A/- :63- \A%- 8A- 2.J:A- .J.- .0R/- 7$R%- ?- *2?- 3$R/- (J/- 0R- 2&- 28A- 0- 3(R$-
.%- , 7*2?- eJ- hR- P2- (J/- <A/- 0R- (J, 7*2?- eJ- kR$- 5- <A/- 0R- (J, 7 *2?-eJ- !$- =%- lJ- 3=- <A/- 0R-
(J:A- .2?- <A?- 3J.- 2!/- :6B/- *J?- 2- i3?- 82?- 0.- 2g/- &A%- 36.- UA/- .L<- 35S- v<- o?- 0- .%-
:1$?- 5S$?- #J- $*A?- GA- .$J- :./- i3?- ,$?- 3,/, OA3?- $4%- , 2>.- 12- GA- 2!/- 0- KR$?-
2&<- o?- >A%- :63- \A%- 8A- 2.J<- $/?- 0: A- (R/- :./- IA- 353?- .<- +J, 3.R- }$?- (R?- 5=- 5%- =-
3- /R<- 2, ,3#?- >A%- P2- 2fJ?- <A$- :6A/- 2o.- 0:A- YR=, ,,2- 2!/- ~A%- 0R- $?%- }$?- }- :I<-
2:A, ,2!/- 0- :1J =- o?- :63- \A%- H2- I<- &A$, &J?- .0=- w/- G- =R:C- 2o.- :6A/- 2&- $&A$- 0- hR- eJ- 2.J- (J/- l=- =3- S$- l=- hR- eJ?- A-
<A:A- PR%- 2h=- (J/- 0R- 7- >A%- QR /- .- 1R- V%- .!<- 0R:C- *J- :P3- <A$- :6A/- 1R- V%- /?, ,A- =R- 2011 ^- 10 5K? 15 =- 1=,
NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO 63 23rd ANNIVERSARY
The brief Biography of Trulshik Ngawang Chokyi Loday, the 5th President of Ngagyur Nyingma, and
His Attainment of Mahaparanirvana
is Holiness Trulshik Rinpoche was born in Yar-Drong Taklung of U-Tsang on 10th of September in 1924 to father Tenzin Chodhar and mother Jamyang Wangmo with various auspicious signs as prophesied.
At the age of 4, he was recognized as the flawless reincarnation of Za-Due Kunzang Thongdrol Dorjee or Trulshik Do-Ngag Lingpa by his ex-disciple Zatrul Rinpoche Ngawang Tenzin Norbu and named Ngawang Do-Ngag Tenzin Pal-Zangpo. Once when Zatrul Rinpoche, made prayers from depth to his late master there radiated in his pure vision the three rays from Nga-Yab Ling (the Heavenly Abode of Guru Rinpoche) of which two radiated on uncertain place, but the one radiated on the resident of His Holiness, thus validating it as the definite sign of the coming back of His Holiness Trulshik Do-Ngag Lingpa.
H
At the age of 12, His Holiness was instructed all the teachings on Pratimoksha, Boddhicitta and Mantrayana by his Lord Zatrul Rinpoche with great gladness, and became the heart-son of him. Not only listening of the instruction had he perfected but remained in strict retreat for three years at the age of 18. His Holiness was infinitely industrious on meditation.
His Holiness shouldered the liability to hold the administration and development of the Zarong Do-Ngag Choling Monastery in accordance with the command of his master Zatrul Rinpoche. In addition, he was conferred upon the title of Khenpo by H.H. Chung Rinpoche Ngawang Chodak since he made his frequent visits at the age of 21 to Yog-Min Ugyen Mindroling Monastery.
His Holiness was fully ordained from Khenchen Khentse Norbu Rinpoche with exact number of monks, and was renowned of preserving pure observance. His Holiness relied upon more than 30 masters, such as: Dzongsar Khentse Rinpoche Cokyid Loday, Khuna Lama Tenzin Gyeltsen, Tanag Thubten She-Nyen Phuntso, H.H. the 14th Dalai Lama, etc. and received all the teachings of Four Sects of Dharma Tradition impartially. In short, His Holiness had elapsed his time by learning, contemplating and meditating since young age.
In addition, His Holiness received Four Heart-Essences of Longchen Rabjam from Lord Mugtshang Rinpoche in Gangri Thokar, the retreat place of Longchen Rabjam, and at the age of 31 he received Terzod Empowerment, Seven Treasures of Longchen Rabjam, and many the like, from His Holiness Dudjom Rinpoche.
At 36, His Holiness received the empowerment and transmission of Ngagyur Kama. Above all, he met His Holiness Dilgo Khentse Rinpoche and received the teaching of 'the Letter to Friend' as the first teaching from him. Then His Holiness received the empowerment on profound treasure of Nyag's Kilaya. Later, at the request of His Holiness, H.H. Dilgo Khentse Rinpoche bestowed the transmissions on Kangyur (translated word of Buddha) at the Boudha-Stupa in Nepal, and thus said that this was one of the great means he had conducted in life. His Holiness Dilgo Khentse Rinpoche was then invited to Thupten Do-Ngag Chokhor Ling monastery, where His Holiness received several empowerments and transmissions on teachings
NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO 64 23rd ANNIVERSARY
by Longchen Rabjam, and the like. From then on His Holiness relied upon H.H. Dilgo Khentse Rinpoche as his Supreme Root Guru. His Holiness became the heart-son of guru. His root guru foreseeing the future followers appointed His Holiness as his representative.
Though His Holiness became equivalent as the great masters, but for the sake of sentient beings he elapsed his times on studies and meditations, and established Thupten Do-Ngag Chokhor Ling Monastery at Shar Khumbu in Nepal shouldering the core responsibility to hold the lineage of Ogyen Minling. Presently, there are 500 resident monks and nuns. On auspicious occasions great offerings are made.
Furthermore, His Holiness bestowed the instructions on heart-teachings of Ngagyur Nyingma to His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and became the spiritual guru of him. There are numerous disciples of His Holiness from all the four sects of dharma tradition. In brief, His Holiness had always acted for the benefit of all the sentient beings. Especially, on 15th January, 2010, at the insistent request from senior masters of Ngagyur Nyingma for His Holiness to accept the post of the 5th President of Ngagyur Nyingma, His Holiness compassionately accepted it bearing on shoulder the key responsibility to uphold the Nyingma tradition. But unfortunately His Holiness entered the nirvana displaying many auspicious signs on 2nd September, 2011, at the age of 88.
Attainment of Mahaparinirvana
At the age of 88, on 2nd September 2011, at 8:30 a.m. in the morning His Holiness attained the mahaparinirvana dissolving his wisdom mind into the sphere of ultimate reality. His Holiness remained in Thugdam (the meditative state of clear light) for three days. At his own monastery in Shar-Khambu Thubten Dongag Choeling, the whole assembly of sangha performed the supplication and aspirational prayers with deep longing devotion with vast cloud of actual and visualized offerings during memorial ceremony for forty nine days. Similarly, the representatives from Nyingma monasteries in India, Nepal and Bhutan, representatives of Tibetan Government in exile, the president of Buddhist Association of Nepal, Kyabje Khentse Yangse Rinpoche, Dudjom Yangse Rinpoche and so forth had also congregated in one after the other for participating in the memorial ceremony.
On 5th September, at 12 noon, the chief justice, judges, all the standing committee of the general representatives of Tibetan people, the secretaries of the various offices and so on had gathered in the assembly hall of Gangchen Kyidshong in Darmsala and performed the aspirational prayers for an hour. On that day, all the offices under the Tibetan Government in exile remained closed as a mark of respect and condolence for the late His Holiness.
On 7th September, the whole assembly of the monks and nuns of the great seat of Drubwang Padma Norbu Rinpoche, Theg-Chog Namdrol Shedrup Dargyeling, had performed the extensive feast offerings of Vajrasattava mandala. Similar feast offering rituals were also conducted by the other Nyingma monasteries in India, Bhutan, Nepal, etc. for the memorial ceremony.
Notice We have contacted several times the monastery for the information on mahaparinirvana of His Holiness, but due to the lack of time and the like have unable us to include it here.
NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO 65 23rd ANNIVERSARY
Depressing News on the Attainment of Mahaparinirvana of Khenpo Achuk, the great Illuminator of Ngagyur Nyingma
tarting from the 17th day of the third Tibetan month, 2011, he displayed the sign of illness. So, the whole world in general
and his devoted disciples from China and Tibet in particular had performed boundless rites for his longevity.
Many great lamas headed by Khenchen Tshultrim Lodroe have flocked there and supplicated before him to live longer as the ultimate protector of the Buddha dharma and the sentient beings; to that he accepted their request to live longer for a while and accordingly, he recovered for the time being.
But not being able to embrace by the virtues of the beings, His Holiness entered the mahaparinirvana, at 2:40am on 22nd of fifth Tibetan month in Yachen Ugen Samtenling. When he was about to depart, he told his heart-sons like trulku Asang and so forth, that chief disciples should be compatible among themselves and the son-like disciples to consider the next lives more important than the present ones. These are his last two key testaments left for his disciples. Then he said, it is a natural disposition of the bodhisattvas in common to accomplish the purpose of sentient beings with millions of emanations, but there won't be his particular reincarnation to be recognised. In reply his heart son, trulku Asang earnestly insisted him for the reincarnation, so he said; there will be one to whom you will not have to go in search of, but he will come in search of you all.
He also gave the instructions on what to do after his departure that his relics after the cremation will spread into four great rivers and his holy-bodily-remained can be preserved temporarily if necessary, and Khenpo Yeshey Dentog should take the responsibility during the ceremony for his holy remains.
The chief disciples discussed and maintained seven days of secrecy due to many external and internal reasons. On 30th, it was declared publicly and subsequently his sacred
corpse was seated in the posture of sambhokagakaya with its adornments by Khenpo Yeshe Dentok, Trulku Asang and his nephew Choedak. On 1st of Sixth Tibetan month, many Khenpos and the Trukus from Serta Larung headed by Khenpo Tsultrim Lodroe had visited the monastery and Khenpo Tsultrim Lodroe had promised to look after the Yachen religious centre without any differentiation with the Larung Buddhist learning centre. He also gave consoling advice to all the disciples left behind. He said that, they must endeavour to maintain the administrations, both within and outside as the time of Rinpoche himself. On 2nd, the representatives of the non-sectarian sangha associations of twenty four monasteries of Drago headed by the chief of Drago monastery Ugen-Chab, the representatives of Nyag-Rong sangha associations led by Nyag-Rong Khenpo Tsultrim, representatives of the religious affair department of Karze autonomy and the governor of Payul District have also arrived one after other to offer their condolence. Starting from the day of opening audience to the public till third day, within three days, more than fifty thousand people have gathered there for paying their last homage before the holy body. In spite of restrictions by the government, too many Chinese disciples also rushed for the audience.
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His Holiness Khenpo Achuk was born in the family of Atshab Tsethar of the six Atshab patrinomy in Fire Rabbit Year. To avoid curse from other people, he was given the name Khe-Wo (infant boy). He was said to have guarded by the four great kings (directional guardians) during his infancy. He had received many empowerments and oral transmissions like Lam-Drey (path and fruition) and so forth of Sacha tradition from Khen Jamyang Kunga Namgyal and also received the vow of renunciation and was given the name Jamyang Kunga Tenphel. He had also received numerous empowerments, transmissions and instructions of the great secret doctrine of Ngagyur Nyingma and others from
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Throm-Tod lama Tra-Tshe, Drungpa Jampel Drakpa, Sera Yang-Trul, Khenchen Jigmed Phuntsho and so on. In particular, he relied upon Throm-Ge Arig Rinpoche as his root guru and perfected the three ways of pleasing master by enduring untiring hardships.
Then having accomplished the self purpose, everything revealed as the pure perception and had visions of yidam deities. Even during his first initiation on the instructions of preliminary ripening and the six intermediate states, several disciples showed many extraordinary signs of having recognised the very essence of awareness. In particular, he brought up many fortunate disciples by expounding exclusively the profound teachings of the great perfections for his whole life. He had also led numerous beings of evil karma on the path of liberation by performing bone sadhana. Many miraculous signs were noticed while he undertook the constructions of the temples and the supports of body, speech and mind. He had accomplished great enlightened activities for the purpose of sentient beings by arousing the deep faith in the mind of his disciples by foretelling numerous unmistaken birthmarks and prophecies.
His Holiness had opened the doors of countless holy sites and especially established the Yachen Ugen Samtenling Religious Centre in 1985. Gradually, the centre expanded as the followers from all the directions gathered and later it was divided in to ten great lands as; the five lands of dakas, four lands of dakinis and a land of upasakas (lay- practitioner) with two masters of teachings in each land. There are 4000 resident monks, around 7000 resident nuns and around 1000 upasakas, nearing twelve thousand in total. There, the sangha committee stressed mainly on practice rather than exposition. They execute a gradual course of meditation practice commencing from the common outer and inner preliminary practice to the actual practice of Trek-Chod and Thod-Gal according to the orders of instructions. In fact, it has become one of the largest religious centres of practice in the Land of Snow. Even from now, it will continue to survive with the uninterrupted administration and management by His Holiness's heart son, the lord of dharma trulku Asang Rinpopche and other Khen-truls recognised by himself as his lineage holders.
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The Merit of Manjushri Nama Samgiti
(Praise to the Lord of Soft Speech by Eight Maidens)
he merits of reciting the names and mantra of Manjushri, praising and engaging in the meditational practices on
manjushri are boundless and beyond the understanding of ordinary beings. Nevertheless, a drop of it from the ocean of merits will be described here with the help of Buddha's doctrines and their commentaries.
The great mahapandita of Ngagyur Nyingma, the omniscient Rongzom said: "What is the intrinsic nature and names of Jampal, the sage Manjushri? How the perfectly uttered names are described? The word Sage Manjushri refers to the non-dual wakefulness; which is the nature of all Buddhas, the nature of bodhicitta the enlightened mind - reality of all phenomena - the appearance of physical manifestation, Complete Assets Body and emanation body, experienced by them in the very nature of Wisdom Body. And the entire phenomena of the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas described in the Mahayana and Hinayana texts are also considered as Phagpa Jampal." Thus knowing the meaning of Phagpa Jampal, the benefits of uttering his spiritual names will be highlighted in the following lines.
In the Namasangirti Tantra, it is said: "Vajrapani, the Lord of Tantra! Immeasurable good qualities and lot of other perfections will be achieved. Vajrapani, a person perfectly holding the recitation-prayer of ultimate names of Manjushri will very swiftly achieve enlightened qualities and thus liberate upon the perfections of two accumulations: the accumulation of merit with concepts and the accumulation of wisdom beyond concepts. Then he will expound the supreme dharma to beings without entering into the nirvana for eons; and will become the great dharma king who will hold the dharma in the ten directions."
And from the Namasangirti Elucidation by Rathna Akar Gupta: "the Namasangirti is consolidated by vast and profound qualities of
kayas and wisdoms; and is matchless, endowed with the great benefits. Thus, its benefits have to be known as described in the texts concerning the spiritual benefits of this prayer." And also: "It must be understood as the primordial source of Buddhas, means of salvation, object of the Buddhas and spiritual friend of all the Buddhas and so forth.
The fortunate noble sons and daughters, having expectations of achieving enlightenment by the means of secret mantra must write this in the form of volume; then whether this is read, contemplated or meditated properly on the ultimate reality - acting in this way will obtain boundless positive qualities and benefits. So, as praised by the Lord Buddha this must be handled perfectly."
As stated in the 'Delighted Followers of Middle Way - Namasangirti Elucidation': "It is more virtuous to recite the names of Manjushri for a single time than reciting the names of other Buddahs equivalent to the numbers of sand particles of the Ganga River for eons or more, for Manjushri has been the spiritual teacher for limitless Buddhas."
From the Three Aspects Namasangirti commentary by Omniscient Rongzom Pandita: "the fortunate sons and daughters, having generated the pure intention for enlightenment and entered the greater vehicle with the full faith, one must at the very beginning recite the names of Manjushri- the great nature of all Buddhas of the ten directions, holder of the precious qualities of them. As the compassion and the enlightened activities of the Buddhas never cease, he fulfils the entire wishes of sky pervasive Buddhas, and complete realms of all beings. Thus, even the merits of reciting the names of all the Buddhas for eons equivalent to the sand particles of the Ganga River cannot exemplify the merits of reciting the names of Manjushri.
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Furthermore, it is said: "One must know that, uttering the names of Manjushri is like uttering the complete auspicious qualities of all the Buddhas." And again it is said: "The fortunate sons and daughters desiring to achieve the practice of the greater vehicles, desiring to free from entire sins swiftly and wishing to illuminate the various aspects of Buddha dharma like the appearance of various images in the mirror for the welfare of all beings, one must endeavour to generate the non-duality wisdom by uttering the names of Manjushri. How is the non-duality wisdom generated by the recitation of Namasangirti? One must understand that it is in this text that all the immeasurable Buddha Dharma, the Eighty-Four Thousand Dharma Teachings of truths and so forth, meant solely for benefitting the beings had been taught.
And also: "by uttering names of Manjushri, the true nature of phenomena must be expected, minded, enthused, and also the faith of confidence must be generated. Through these powers, the faith, diligence, mindfulness, samadhi and wisdom which accords with the non-duality phenomena can be generated in one's mind stream. Through this, the view of me and mine can be avoided. If these are achieved, then a person will be free of conceptual thoughts-which results in the non-apprehension of dualism and non-attachment, where a devotee will be left Passionless and free of grasping. Indeed, there will have no source for the generation of suffering. Thus, having familiarized oneself with the non-duality of phenomena, it should be practised constantly. By becoming extremely accustomed with it, the entire defilements will be diminished and your mind will become inseparable with the non-dual wakefulness. The very means of
achieving this is the recitation of Manjushri's names. In this way, the two-fold accumulations of merit and wisdom can be achieved at the same time. By describing the spiritual qualities of Buddha which is beneficial to the sentient beings, the accumulation of virtues is achieved. While by having highlighted the authentic meaning of non-duality phenomena, the accumulation of wisdom is achieved.
And also Jamyang Khentse Wangpo Padma Wodsal Dongag Lingpa says: "In this way, if one puts effort in this recitation, all the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas will bless and one will accomplished the audacity, become the intentional subject of the Hearers and Solitary Realizers, the gods of the mundane and beyond the mundane world will guard and defend, one will never take rebirth in the eight bad moments and thus will remain fearlessly, filled with the wondrous three fold perfection. Having endowed with the boundless magical formulate, knowledge, morality, and the like without deteriorating will enable the attainment of enlightenment very soon. Therefore, this tantra of Manjushri considering as a focus of prayer is highly advantageous!
The extensive and concise merits are described in the commentaries of Manjushri Nama Samgiti by Master like Tsendra Gomi, Pal Nyimed Dorjee, Dombi Heruka, Sangdan, Due Zhabpa, Jigten Wangcchuk Padma Karpo, Drubchen Paimai Tsho, Nyima Pal, and many others. The knowledgeable readers may go through these commentaries for more information.
By Rigzod Editor
NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO 69 23rd ANNIVERSARY
The Merit of Phagpa Zangpo Chodpa (Bhadracarya Pranidhana, the Conduct of the Excellent Noble ones)
ollowing the thesis of scholars of India and Tibet, the merit of the Conduct of the Excellent Noble ones will be briefly
articulated here. The commentary on the Conduct of the Excellent Noble ones by Nagarjuna states:
"The tenth topic is the merit of prayer. That is of two kinds: the merit obtained within this and the next lifetimes. The four kinds of merits are associated with the present lifetime. They are as follows: • the acquirements of the distinct virtues
• attainment of ability to see the Buddha
• achievement of equivalent status of that of
Bodhisattva • purification of complete Karmic obscuration
And the merits obtained in the next lifetimes are of two kinds: the merit belonging to the cause and the effect. The merits which belong to the cause are: achievement of perfect body, auspicious major marks, auspicious minor marks, noble race, good lineage, and become the object of worship. And the merits which belongs to the fruition are: enable to follow the path of the essence of enlightenments, acquire the lion-throne, power of taming demons, attainment of Buddha hood, turning of Dharma Wheel and the like."
Thus, merits are grouped under the cause and the fruition. In the short commentary on Phagpa Zangpo Chodpa, the 'Limitless Entrance of the liberation,' by Lochen Dharma Shri, the great ancient master of Ngagyur Nyingma Tradition, it is said that; even the merits accumulated from an instant faith in this 'King of Aspirations' is greater than the merits accumulated by offering variety of precious jewels and the entire supreme bliss of humans and gods' realms till the end of many eons. Therefore, it's needless to talk about the accumulation of merit by placing faith in the 'King of Aspiration' for a long time.
And also: Whoever puts sincere efforts in reciting this 'Excellent Conduct Prayer' with the sublime faith, will obtain the following thirteen merits successively.
The first merit: the cause of rebirth in the hell realms by the influence of one's own past actions can be avoided.
The second merit: the bad companions can be abandoned both in this and the next lives.
The third merit: it can enable to take rebirth in the Western Realm of Great Bliss and see the Lord Amitabha swiftly in this lifetime.
The fourth merit: whoever strives hard on this prayer can have harmonious conditions and obtain the best possessions.
The fifth merit: enable to live without any obstacle until the completion of present life and ensure the continuation of peace and prosperity all throughout the life.
The sixth merit: make this very life meaningful and perfect, thus it can be termed as the truly suitable life.
The seventh merit: just as exactly as Samantabhadra Buddha is, the knowledge and manifestations of him will be achieved before long.
The eighth merit: person who recites this prayer with the deepest faith from his heart can even fully purify the sins of the five heinous crimes. Killing one's mother, one's father, an Arhat, causing schism in the Sangha community and drawing blood from Buddha with evil intention are known as five heinous crimes.
The ninth merit: a person will be endowed with the perfect wisdom - the origin of non-discriminating wisdom of noble ones.
The tenth merit: the good-looking body endowed with the excellent major and minor marks will be achieved; and will be born in the
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royal lineage.
The eleventh merit: the evil-aspirations of heretics, demons, malicious antagonism and the like, cannot harm and seek faults.
The twelfth merit: the devotees of this prayer will be worshipped, respected and helped by the humans and gods in the three realms.
The thirteenth merit: will accomplish aspirations and perfect the two accumulations of merit and thus before long, and will take seat beneath the Bodhi-tree, tame the forces of maras, attain complete enlightenment and turn the Dharma Wheel for the sake of all the beings."
And it is also said: "Whoever upholds, writes, teaches or reads the King of Aspiration, its karmic maturation and merits are inconceivable. Even if the wisdom of the noble shravakas, pratyekabuddhas, and the like fail to conceive the very merits of this prayer, forget about the wisdom of ordinary beings. Thus, its maturations
can be discerned only by the perfect wisdom of the Buddha. Hence, the merits of obtain from this King of Aspirations will definitely lead to the supreme enlightenment.
Likewise, recalling the profound merits of this prayer as described by the great ancient masters like Dignaga, Sakya Mitra, Bhadravaha, Vasubandhu, Lochen yeshe De, Azom Gyalse Rigzin Gyurmed Dorjee and the like; we may well chant this prayer at all times, according to the noble enlightened activities of bodhisattvas, the sons of the victorious ones and dedicate every virtue for all the beings with the threefold purity as instructed by the great Buddhist Master Omniscient Longchen Rabjam:
Begin practice with altruistic mind in the beginning, Actual practice with non-conception in the middle,
And blend with dedication at the end. These are three essential paths to the liberation.
By Rigzod Edit
NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO 71 23rd ANNIVERSARY
The Grave Consequences of Disrespecting
the Three Shrine Objects
Homage to thee, the lord of subduers, victorious Sakaymuni!
Who had specifically expounded that, until extinction of subtlest dualistic appeareance
If one do not strive to act according to the dos and don'ts of good and
bad actions One will have to bear the infallible effects of one's
action.
hough, it is an unquestionable fact that one must bear the effect of one's action, be it wholesome or unwholesome, some
simply do not know how to abide by the laws due to their ignorance about the do's and don'ts of good and bad actions and there are others who intentionally break the laws of cause and effect, doing whatever one like. So, with the hope of helping the former of these two groups of people, the collection of verbal testimonies of the bygone scholar-adepts on the grave consequences of disrespecting the three shrine objects or the three supports has been included in this issue.
a) A brief Introduction of the three shrine objects The cast statues, drawn pictures and
engraved images of the Buddha are identified as the body supports. The speech supports are the Dharma texts that possess the two virtuous qualities of treatises; healing and protecting,
which are composed by Buddha and his learned disciples and the stupas are the mind supports. These identifications are found in the verifiable texts of Buddhism.
b) The collection of the verbal testimonies of the bygone scholar-adepts on grave consequences of disrespecting the three shrine objects
As (Jowo-je) Dipamkara Shri-jana said:
It is the refuge that makes the difference between the Buddhist and a non-Buddhist.
To become an authentic Buddhist, the foremost thing is to receive the vow of refuge, as said in the seventy stanzas on the refuge;
Indeed, everyone can take the vows, Except those who have not taken refuge.
But, receiving the vows alone won't help us, if we do not follow the instruction of do's and don'ts. As the great bodhisattva Patrul Rinpoche
writes on the instruction of refuge in his 'Words of My Perfect Teacher':
These days, some people claim to be followers of Three Jewels, but do not have the slightest respect for their representations. They consider paintings and statues representing the Buddha or books containing his words as ordinary goods that can be sold or pawned. This is called 'living by holding the Three Jewels to ransom' and is a very severe fault. To point out the ugliness of a drawing or statue of the Buddha or otherwise criticize it, unless you are evaluating its
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proportions in order to fix it, is also a grave error and should be avoided. To place books containing the scriptures directly on the floor, to step over them, to wet your fingers with saliva to turn the pages and similar disrespectful behaviors are all serious mistakes as well. The Buddha himself said:
At the end of five hundred years My presence will be in the form of scriptures.
Consider them as identical to me And show them due respect.
It is an everyday maxim that one should not put images on top of the scripture. For it is the representation of the Buddha, rather than that of his body or mind, that teaches us what to do and what not to do and also ensures the continuity of his doctrine. The scriptures are therefore no different from the Buddha himself, and are particularly sacred.
Furthermore, most people do not think of a vajra (Dorji) and bell (Drilbu) as anything but ordinary objects. They do not appreciate that they are representations of the Three Jewels. The vajra symbolises the Buddha's mind, the five wisdoms. The bell bears the image of a face which, according to the outer tantras, is that of Vairocana and, in the view of higher tantras, is Vajradhatvishvari. In other words, it bears an image of the Buddha's body. The letters engraved on it are the eight seed-syllables of the eight consorts, and the bell itself symbolizes the Buddha's speech, the sound of the Dharma. So together, vajra and bell fulfil all the criteria of representations of the Buddha's body, speech and mind. More particularly, these two objects contain all the mandalas of the Secret Mantra Vajrayana, and so are considered extraordinary samaya objects. To treat them with disrespect is therefore a grave fault. Always venerate them.
And also in his commentary on vajra and bell Patrul Rinpoche writes:
The vajra represents the five indestructible kayas of the Buddhas
The bell represents the indivisible state of appearance and emptiness of Buddda's body
The sound of the bell is the inexpressible natural resonance of dharma
The letters of the syllables inscribed on the bell are the representation of Buddha's exalted speech
Vajra, the representation of the wisdom minds of the Buddhas
Is the ultimate nature of the five wisdoms of Buddha's mind and
Thus, it is the representation of the body, speech and mind of all the Buddha
Whoever despises or disrespects these objects without consideration
He will have violated the secret samaya having given up the Three Jewels
Such a degenerated person will be forsaken by the protective Gods
And will be re-born in the endless and boundless sufferings of vajra hell in future.
Again his assembled instruction to Bodhisattvas says:
Denigrating the authentic precepts of Buddha, saying it is not the words of Buddha is a grave action forsaking the dharma, the second root downfall of the Bodhisattvas.
And also, in his book on the mode of respecting the three shrine objects, the noble antidote of the right path:
It is said in Vinaya scriptures that, even if you used the same broom of the monastery to clean your house, you will be re-born in the broom like hell and if you dirty the walls and pillars of the temples with snot, etc. you will be re-born in the hell like pillars and walls. In particular, using the money, substances etc. offered for the welfare of the monastery is a serious offence, similar to an inexpiable sin, it is also considered as the root down fall of the bodhisattvas as he plunders the wealth in the name of precious Jewels. So, immediately after his death, he will take rebirth in the hell realm of drinking the boiling metals and after that he has to take thousand rebirths among the hungry ghost and so forth. Even if one offer the substances meant for offering in the morning in the evening, in autumn which is meant for summer and leaving gap between the actual times of offering, he will be born among the trifling hell with many bodies joined with a tiny particle in between.
Zhichen Gyal-tshab's collection of stories from Sutras expound thus:
Dumbness is caused due to deprecating Dharma, while deafness is fruition of disliking in
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hearing Dharma teachings and misshapen noses are the fruition of offering foul smelling incense to Buddha.
And also: People with the dark grey complexion and angry countenance are the result of keeping the statues of Buddha in open fields, halls, courtyards, houses etc.
And also: If anyone enjoys the wealth or materials offered to Three Jewels, by destroying temples and stupas, he will be reborn in the hell of ceaseless sufferings. Once he is realised from such hells, he will be reborn among the pigeons, sparrows, ducks, parrots, tortise, pigs, deers and monkeys etc. Even if he is born among the human, he will be born as woman, hermaphrodite, prostitutes and so forth.
And also: If one treads on the shrine objects, he will be born as camel and if one walks in temples with shoes he will be reborn as frog.
And also: The ten actions resulting ugliness are; anger, resentment, littering the surroundings of stupas and temples making it untidy, putting off the butter lamps offered to the shrine objects and so forth.
And also: Leprosy is a karmic result of dismantling the shrine objects of the Three Jewels.
And also: If one dismantles temples and stupas and impiously disrespects spiritual community, parents and abbots in the present life, he will be reborn in the eight burning hot hells successively.
And also: Bent body is a result of turning back towards the statues of Buddha wearing dirty clothes and one will be reborn among the barbarians if he do not join the palms while prostrating before statues of Buddha.
Three statements of essential meaning also states thus:
Scriptures are certainly equivalent to masters As they teach unmistaken noble paths
They are no less than Buddha in person No ordinary masters can match them
The reason for teaching unmistaken noble paths Can be clearly understood from the respective
definitions of Buddha's words, treatises and the oral instructions.
Firstly the definition of Buddha's words given in the treatises in the sublime continuum is thus;
Those scriptures with great meaning and stainless words, which expound the ways to eliminate the afflictions of three realms praising the virtues of the ultimate peace are called the words of Buddha.
And also: The definition of treatises; texts written by someone free from the distractions, without diverting from the original teachings of Buddha, which accords with the path of liberation are known as treatises, so it also should be regarded as the words of Buddha.
And also: It is also because all these texts are composed by ones who are endowed with the three qualities of composing treatises. Therefore, these texts are flawless, bearing the dual qualities of healing and protecting.
And also: Scriptures are equivalent to Buddha himself; as it is quoted in Sutra;
At the end of five hundred years My presence will be in the form of scriptures.
And in the excellent doctrine of white lotus it is said thus;
Emanating in the different forms of bodies I will fulfil the purpose of leading the beings to the
virtuous acts.
And also: Verbal testimonies supporting that, the ordinary masters cannot match the scriptures;
As all the superior qualities of abandonment and realization
Of the Buddha are condensed in the scriptures The ordinary masters cannot even make
Hundredth or thousandth part of its qualities They cannot even exemplify them
So, these days it will be far better to have a single text
Than relying on many ordinary popular masters.
It is said in tantra text that:
If one does not consider the teacher who has taught you a single stanza as equivalent to one's own masters, he will be reborn as dogs for hundred times before he attains the next human form in a family of low descent. Similarly, if you disrespect the scriptures, it is for certain that, you
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must have to bear the similar consequences since scriptures and the masters are inseparable.
The Mahayana sutra, called the great strength of noble beings says:
The lord of secret! Vajra bearer! Whoever disrespects this sutra, he will be reborn in the eight great hells.
The sacred incantation called Noble ones endowed with the victorious qualities quotes:
Whoever strays away from this queen of knowledge mantras, it would become insult to victorious Buddha.
The sutra of ko-Shi-ka on Confession states:
If one sells scriptures, he will be reborn in vajra hell If one cuts and uses the scriptures, he will be reborn
in the rounding-up and crushing hell If one trade the scriptures and despatch it carelessly He will bear five hundred tongues with ploughing
yaks on each If one do not read scriptures properly, leaving the
words in between He will be soon dragged through the marsh of rotting
corpses and so forth and on.................
As the aspirational prayer of the sukhavati paradise of Amitabha Buddha by scholar-adept Karma Chagmed says:
Vandalizing statues, stupas, temples and so on I acknowledge my commitment of those grave sins
which are similar to the five-heinous sins and confess before you!
And also:
Keeping the Triple Gem, temples, Dharma-texts, the three replicas and so forth as the witness
Undermining their qualities, swearing before them and so on.
I acknowledge and confess those grave actions of forsaking Dharma.
So, disrespecting the shrine objects are considered as one of the greatest non-virtuous actions, as the omniscient Mipham wrote in his book called the gate way to knowledge, that these
actions are similar to the five heinous sins, the most serious crime.
c) Conclusion
Today, at the time when the signs of five generations are swelling from all the directions, some unfortunate beings due to the propensities of their evil karma, they are exchanging the priceless old sacred objects with the daily necessities like food and clothes. They also try every headless alternative to make the new shrine objects to look like the old ones for selling and there are also some sangha members who use the sacred objects of tantra like vajra and bell as the playing objects. Since these actions are really dreadful crimes which will result in boundless sufferings in their future lives, this collection of the genuine verbal testimonies of the past scholar-adepts are anticipated to be a little benefit to these people gone astray. As it is said:
The verbal testimonies are the words to be trusted While the false words are merely the source of
troubles.
These words are reliable for everyone to follow without questions, since they are collected from the verifiable texts by the past authentic masters.
Dedication
Though the four streams of true-writings of the past masters flows continuously in the words and the
treatises respectively With the pure intention of quenching the thirst of all the assembled fortunate dharma brothers and sisters
here We have condensed all these into a single ocean of
testimony By the virtues of this endeavour, may all the sentient
beings gain the eyes of discernment!
By Rigzod Editor
NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO 75 23rd ANNIVERSARY
Brief account of Nalanda
he Buddhist educational institution plays major roles in spreading the messages of peace, love, compassion and truth within
the mind streams of all the beings. Nalanda University was renowned as one of the first and great universities of world. It was flourished in South Asia long before the establishment of Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Universities.
The Origin of Nalanda
The name 'Nalanda' in Sanskrit means 'enthusiastic giver of knowledge'. The site of Nalanda is located in the Indian state of Bihar, about 55 miles from Patna, the capital city of Bihar. Lord Buddha visited and blessed Nalanda quite frequently in the 6th century BC. Nalanda is the birth place of Sariputra, one of the two main disciples of Lord Buddha. It is also believed to be the site where Sariputra along with his eighty thousand arhat disciples attained nirvana. More to the point, Nalanda became centre of the Higher Buddhist Studies and Research in ancient days.
Nalanda University The dharma king Asoka made extensive
offerings to the stupa of Sariputra and built a huge temple for Buddhism. Nalanda temple was firstly built in the 3rd century BC at the time of Chakrawartin king, a former incarnation of Buddha Shakyamuni. Subsequently about 5th and 6th century, when its structural development touched the minds of noble beings, the five hundred Buddhist spiritual masters of Mahayana Tradition sat together and decided that the Buddhist centre be established here to preach Mahayana Buddhism.
Foreseeing the auspicious signs of spreading Mahayana Buddhism far and wide if it was preached there, the holy birth place of Sariputra, the eight Brahmin brothers (teachers)
built eight temples and the king Laksha Asho invited five hundred Mahayana masters where they were each given a temple to reside in the newly built five hundred temples at the peak of mountain called Abhu.
The king advised his five hundred highly devoted and wise attendants to ordain and receive the teachings of Mahayana Buddhism. With the intention of compiling scriptures, the king enquired about the quantity. The king was informed that out of limitless scriptures, there were around hundred thousand lakhs available at hands. Though it was too much, but he sponsored the translation works and thus all the scriptural collections of Mahayana Buddhism were compiled and distributed to the monks and these were housed by the temples.
During the tenth century, Nalanda was magnificently renowned as the great university in India. This University was main research centre of ancient Buddhism in India and produced many highly learned scholars. The university had got three large, middle and small libraries, clinics for regular treatment and dairy farm for supplying milk and butter to the sangha community. In their heyday, Buddhist courses on Mahayana and Hinayana to over 10,000 resident students by over thousand professors and lectures were provided. Consequently, over thousands of highly learned scholars of the three collections of scriptures graduated annually from Nalanda University.
The survival of sangha community depended on the collected grains from the two hundred large villages given by the king as grants. Almost all the highly learned and renowned masters of ancient India were the exemplary fruits of Nalanda Buddhist University.
The Development of Nalanda
In due course of the time, when the five hundred teachers of the philosopher of
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Cittamatrin School, the practice of systematic meditation, two brothers of non-Buddhist Brahmin Thotsun Drubje and Degye Dagpo left their religion and ordained as monk. After mastering the entire course in Buddhist philosophy, they had composed the text titled Praise of The Buddha and Exceeding the Gods' respectively, differentiating the quality of goodness and badness between Buddhist and non-Buddhist. Two brothers sponsored the meals to five hundred Hinayana monks at Bodhgaya and five hundred Mahayana monks at Nalanda as well. Then the Mahasiddha Sarahapa (Rahula), Lord Nagarjuna and the like came to Nalanda and propagated the Madhyamika, the middle path of Mahayana Buddhism.
This university had immensely benefited the ancient Buddhist followers of both Mahayana and the Hinayana. The vinaya vows were protected and maintained strictly by expelling the apostate-monks. The foods for the five hundred proponents of Mahayana were managed by the practice of alchemy. The five Collections of Reasoning and other texts were composed for the reversal of debate from the Proponent of True Existence, the first three of the four schools, thus protecting the Buddhism properly.
In the meantime, the Brahmin Su Vishnu constructed one hundred and eight temples at Nalanda. During the days of King Sala Tsanda Gupta, the master Aryadeva and Naga Hawa extensively maintained and spread the doctrine of Buddha. The acharya Asanga spent his later life at Nalanda for twelve years, where the attacks of non-Buddhists were refuted with multiplicity of logics, taught the dharma and nearly thousand of them received the monastic vows and joined the Buddhist society.
After the mahaparinirvana of Asanga, his brother Vasubandhu became the abbot of Nalanda and looked after the doctrine of Buddha. During the reign of Dignaga, when the Buddhist faced difficulty in winning the philosophical debate from Non-Buddhist School, master Vasubandhu was invited where he had conquered Sudu Raja, the great and renowned master of Non-Buddhist School for thrice.
During the era of King Singha Tsanda, Chandrakirti came to Nalanda and subsequently
became its abbot. Through the commentaries of Nagarjuna's Root of Wisdom, Aryadeva's Four Hundred stanzas, and Sixty Stanzas of Reasoning and the like, the Tradition of Buddhapalita spread like a bright sun shine. Chandrakirti miraculously milked from the painting of cow and served sangha with milk-noodles. Chandrakirti and Tsanda Gomi met in Nalanda where they had examined and refuted thesis on scholastic sectarianism of Madhyamikas and Chittamatra with scripture and reasoning for almost seven years. Then many spiritual masters such as Dharmapala, Gyalwa Lha, Shantideva, Shantarakshita and so on continued to uphold the distinct doctrine of Buddha.
During the time of King Abhivyakti and King Simha Pajcama, Dharmakirti visited Nalanda where he had defeated the great Non-Buddhist masters Zhonu Rolpa (Kumara Lalita) and Samgar Acharyana and written Seven Treatises on Logic, which also proved Lord Buddha an authentic person. Likewise, the seventeen great Pandits and many junior Pandits of Nalanda University carried out the spiritual activities of learning, contemplating and meditation for oneself; explanation, debate, and composition for others; and teaching, practice and virtuous actions for self and others.
Nalanda enjoyed patronage from regional rulers, thus securing its finances and even being acquired their necessary requirements. Thus, the banner of Buddha Dharma was raised higher in the expanse of the sky.
The Structural Beauty
Nalanda was of multi-storied buildings containing many class rooms and meditation halls, with eight separate compounds and many temples, spotted with lotus-adorned lakes and parks filled with abundant mango trees. The university was considered an architectural masterpiece. The library was located in a nine storied building where meticulous copies of texts were produced. The University complex had a great Stupa. The research shows that this Stupa is flanked by flights of steps and terraces.
The main Stupa at Nalanda contained a huge carved image of Buddha Sakyamuni. It has been found that the very small original structure was enlarged by later temples built over and
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around the ruins of the earlier ones. Its compound was occupied by a row of monastery sites lies from south to north. Almost all of them have the same pattern. The monasteries had many monks' cells with wide verandas. It was originally a building of two or probably more storey as the existence of stairs in the south-east corner clearly proves that. In the courtyard of monasteries, there used to be Lord Buddha's shrine. The wells were dug in the ground from which the water was supplied.
Today, the rush of pilgrims from all over the world comes to India to visit Nalanda for its architectural beauty and sacred site. All the structures are of red brick with beautiful gardens. Pilgrims can still see the remains of those red bricks at Nalanda.
The Programme of Studies
As explained above, Nalanda University provided the entire courses of Buddhist philosophy on four schools under the spiritual guidance of highly qualified professors like Nagarjuna, Vimalamitra, Dharmakirti, Shantarakshita and the like. The four school of Buddhism are: 1) Sautrāntika, 2) Vaibhāṣika 3) Cittamatra and 4) Mādhyamaka
The University attracted large number of Buddhist students and scholars from India, Korea, Burma, Japan, China, Tibet, Indonesia, Persia, Turkey and different parts of the world. The main courses which were taught included the Buddhist scriptures of Mahayana and Hinayana, Vedas, Logic, Grammar and Medicine. The instructors also taught various subjects like fine arts, mathematics, astronomy, agricultural science, arts and crafts, etc.
The Decline and Restoration of Nalanda
The first effort of ruining Nalanda
University was made when it was only a few years old. Shortly after the enthronement of Nema Tsandra as king, the Brahmin called Pushya Mitra revolted king and ruled his kingdom. When an old woman, the relative of Brahmin came to
Nalanda and rung the dharma bell, it produced the sound 'phataya'. When examined, it interpreted the meaning: "vanquish the brain of non-Buddhist". Then the non-Buddhist like King Pushya Mitra and others led war and consequently many Buddhist temples from Bodhgaya to Dzalandha were burned up. Monk Bahuzruta Nanda and many others lost their lives. Thus, Nalanda was damaged severely by that war. Later the powerful and rich king named Godra Phelgyed of Godra, the sub region of eastern Bengal rebuilt all destroyed temples and restored Nalanda.
During the period of king Dharma Tsandra, the son of King Sri Tsandra and the king of Molatana and Lahor called Bendaro quarrelled occasionally. Once when the peace was restored between the two kingdoms, the king of Persia sent horses and varieties of jewels as a gesture of goodwill to the king of Magadha, Dharma Tsandra. In return, the king of Magadha sent him the elephants, very fine silk and brocade clothes, and so forth. One day, the king of Magadha sent him the special dress without slit, but accidently the foot-mark-like-form appeared on the centre of the woven cloth. This suspected the performing of evil spells. Again when the king of Magadha wished of sending fruits as gift, a Brahmin wrote the Tantric wheels on many barks of tree, which were carried out by the wind while keeping in the sun light, entered into the banana fruits. Banana and many other fruits were placed into the box filled with the butter and sent to the king of Persia. One day, when the king noticed the Tantric wheels in the fruits, the king thought and came to the conclusion that the king of Magadha was doing evil spells to him. Thus the troops of Turushka conquered the whole regions of Magadha; many temples were demolished and even the Nalanda was severely destroyed. The ordained monks had to run away from Nalanda.
Then, Sangye Chog the king of Varanasi, sent some of the teachers of Sautrantikas (Proponent of Sutra) to China, where the Chinese king in return for kindness sent him gold and many other worthy things. The king won the hearts of all the kings of Eastern and Central India with this wealth. They united and fought battle with the king of Persia where the king Khunim Mapta and nearly all the courageous men
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of Persia were killed. All the destroyed temples were rebuilt and monks were invited. Out of the eighty four temples for the support of the religious institution, the seventy one had been built by the king himself, whereas the remaining ones were built by queen and the ministers. Thus, the deteriorated dharma of Buddha was restored completely.
After the extensive flourish of the doctrine of dharma for around forty years, when the minister called Kakuta Singha laid the foundation stone for the new temple, the huge crowds of people were present where they were entertained by the show. The two beggars of the non-Buddhist came for the begging. Those barbarous novices spread the swill on them and chased them until the gate and sent ferocious dogs. These angered them and one of them entered the retreat to recite the mantra of Aditya (Nyima) where as the other managed foods. Living in the far depths of the ground he recited the mantra of Aditya for nine years, but failed to accomplish it. Thus, when he attempted to run away from the depth of the ground, his friend warned him that he will be beheaded if he goes away without achieving their goal. Out of fear, he went in and recited it for three more years. So, he accomplished it after twelve years and performed the fire ritual.
He recited mantra and blew on the ashes and scattered it, where it glows of itself and burned all the eighty four temples there. The library of Nalanda was known as Dharma Gunj (Mountain of Truth) or Dharmagañja (Treasury of Truth). The three temples called Ratba Sagara, dadhi and Ratna Randraka housed the entire scriptures of Mahayana were also burned by the fire. The flow of the water sprang from some scriptures of ninth floor of the Ratna Dadhi Temple and controlled the fire. Wherever the water fell, it saved the scriptures from the fire. When examined, these scriptures were found to be the scripture of the five Tantras of Mahayana. Some sources revealed this text as Guhyasamaja.
Likewise, many temples in different regions were also raised to the ground. Fearing the harsh punishment of king, they escaped to the Hasama in northern India, but the karmic fruition of their sins took away their life with the self burning fire from their bodies.
Then many learned monks from all parts of the India assembled there, collected available scriptures, and wrote out the teachings in their hearts on papers. The king of Varanasi, The Brahmin Sangku and many devoted people gathered there and restored the destroyed temples. Out of the fifteen portions of the scriptures of the Mahayana which spread in the human realms, about four of them were lost during first two battles. The two portions of them were lost due to the natural factors, and the remaining nine portions were completely destroyed by the fire. Thus, only a portion of scripture was left for the betterment of the beings.
In 1197, the Muslim king named Mahamati Jarju of Turky let a battle to India and occupied many parts of India where the Nalanda was also occupied and set on fire by the invaders. Shakyashribhadra was believed as the last abbot of Nalanda University, The monks and the scholars of Buddhism fled to Tibet, Nepal, and to other parts of the world.
From 1915 to 1937, the archaeological department of Indian Government discovered the ruins of Nalanda. There were 14 acres with 300 quarters for monks. In brief, Nalanda was destroyed thrice in the 5th, 7th and the 12th centuries. As explained earlier, the rulers of that century rebuilt and restored the University from the first two destructions. When the Turkish Muslim invaders destroyed it for a third time in 1197, there was nobody in the region to restore the institution to its former glory. The only its ruins are visible at present generation.
By Rigzod Editor
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A Brief Biography of Rigzin Terdag Lingpa
Padma Garwang Gyurmed Dorje
s prophecy from his own treasure called the seal of secrecy reads;
At the time of increasing the five degenerations, where the average life span of general people is too
short In a place called Yoru in the province of Dra to the
south west of Samye
At the junction of a north facing valley which looks like hanging breeches in Lha Zhol
To a father named Tse an emanation of Buddha Jana and the mother bearing the name Yangchen an
emanation of Shelkar Tshoden A child named Pema a yogi with a manner of tantra practitioner will be born in fire dog year; he will be
neither too short nor too tall with a glossy complexion symbolizing the Ratna family
He will have firm devotion to me the Pema and at the age of eighteen he will start discovering treasures.
According to this and many similar prophecies from other treasures, the sovereign lord of the great secret doctrine, the speech emanation of the great translator Vairocana, Minling Terchen Pema Garwang Gyurmed Dorje was born to his father Noeten Chenpo Sangdag Thinley Lhundup, a descendent of Noe family and mother Rigza Hazin Yangchen Dolma an emanation of Shelkar Dorji Tsho in 1646 A.D on tenth day of second Tibetan month corresponding to the fire dog year of eleventh rabjung in Dranang Dargye Choling with many auspicious signs.
As soon as he was born, his revered father bestowed him with empowerments and blessings for clearing away the obstacle. He was guarded by the protective deities in the form a yogi with a plaited hair and two beautiful girls from very young, which he could remember even later. When he was still in the lap of his mother and while playing with other kids, he displayed the gestures of samadhi and many other auspicious sign which instilled faith in many
people. At the age of four when he received the empowerments of the complete secret of the eight sadhana teachings (Kagyed Sang-Dzog) he established the perfect meaning of the four empowerments in his wisdom mind.
At the age of ten, while he was receiving the empowerment of assemblage of Sugatas (Desheg Duepa) he was empowered and blessed by the great Ugyen in a luminous manifestation by the power of which he experienced the real intuitive meaning of the vase empowerment (Bum Wang). By then, he had mastered all the fundamental requirements of a master like reading writing and traditional methods of rituals and so forth without any difficulty. So, beginning from then he accomplished the enlightened activities representing his revered father.
At eleven he met with the great fifth Dalia lama in Pelden Drepung who performed his first hair cutting ritual and gave him the name Ngawang Pema Tenzin. As the time of their meeting coincided with the arrival of the self-arisen image of the Avalokiteshvara of Kyidrong, he expressed his delight for such an auspicious coincidence. During that incident, a ray of light emerged from the heart of the self arisen statue and dissolved into Terchen's body. Later, when he met the great fifth Dalia lama at Samye, he appeared in the form of Avalokitesvara to the latter's vision. He considered his own father and the great fifth Dalia lama as his two peerless root gurus, as they were not only grateful during their life time, but also after entering the nirvana, as they blessed him with their wisdom bodies. He also had sixteen great masters from whom he received the profound doctrines on the maturation and liberation and thirty five other teachers from whom he received various profound teachings. It was from these masters that he received the three vows as the basis and got the oral transmission of all the canonical teachings of earlier translation that exist today, such as the
A
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scripture of the Great assemblage (dupa-do), Magical Emanation (gyu-trul), Kilaya (phurpa) and so forth along with numerous such teachings of later translations and the complete set of the translated words of Buddha (Ka-Gyur) which is like the root for all other teachings of Buddha.
In particular, he received all the empowerments and oral transmissions of Ngagyur Kama and Terma which were at the verge of extinction with great hardship. So, he gave the new life for the continuation of Kama and Terma teachings. Starting from thirteen, he had recieved lectures from his father on the root tantra, the essence of secret (tsa gyud sangwa nyingpo), the sublime continuum (gyud lama), relaxing in a natural state of mind (sem-nyid ngal gso) etc. and had memorised both the root texts and the commentaries. Particularly, he had given more important to the writings of Kunkhen Longchen Rabjam which gave him the power of understanding every phenomenon cutting all his doubts.
In short, he had studied and mastered all the teachings of Buddha, both earlier and later translations without any bias which are condensed into sutras, tantras and the pith instructions. This is a brief account of how he accomplished the wheel of study through reading, listening and contemplation (Logpa thoe-sam gyi khorlo) out of the three-fold wheels.
Having cleared the doubts and misconceptions on all the profound sutra and tantra teachings with certain understandings, he set forth to practical application through meditation. He had entered into solitary meditation starting from one month, three months, six months and year's sessions in hermitages like, Dragmar Chimphug, Yamalung, Yodsel-tse, Samten-tse and so forth, on recitation practice of peaceful and wrathful guru, vajrasattava, eight great deities etc. His core practices were on cutting through (tregchod) and leap-over (thod-gal) of Dzogpachenpo along with prana-practice. Having perfected these practices with development stages and completion stages all his impure perceptions ceased and enlightened intent of awareness's own manifestations was born in him. So, he could accomplish all the four activities without any hindrance.
As every appearance and action was a mere display of wisdom, the wisdom bodies of great Indian and Tibetan learned sages such as, the great Guru Padmasambhava, Vimalamitra, Hungze, Sangye Sangwa, Vairocana, Tshogyal, Nangral, Kuenkhen Choje and so forth, appeared before him and projected the mandalas of emanations and bestowed the empowerments of numerous Kama and Terma along with their respective treasure teachings, with the explanations of all pith instructions for the profound path. The tutelary deities like Vajrakumara (Dorji Zhonnu), Vajrasattava (Dorji-Sempa), Avalokitesvara (Thugje Chenpo), peaceful and wrathful deities (Zhi-Thro), Nal-Jorma (Yogini) and so forth had also revealed him and bestowed empowerments and blessings. He could travel to many pure lands like blissful pure land (Dewachen), glorious mountain (Ngayabling) and etc. having mastered the ground purification samadhi. He also had boundless wondrous visions such as receiving secret massages from dakinis and the dharma protectors and they also spontaneously accomplished all the dharmic activities. As he possessed the perfect clairvoyance without desire and obstruction, he made many predictions about the future happenings which later came true and became the valid justification. These are a brief account on how he accomplished the wheel of abandonment through concentration.
Starting from the age of ten, he began accomplishing the enlightened activities representing his great father through explanation, debate and composition and teaching, practicing and activities. According to the prophecy mentioned above, he revealed the Rigzin Thug-thig (heart essence of vajradhara) from Yamalung at the age of eighteen corresponding to the tenth day of fifth Tibetan month of water rabbit year.
At the age of twenty two, on eighth day of eighth month of Fire-Sheep-Year, he miraculously discovered the Shinje-Shed Drek-jom (yamantaka) from Sheldrag. At thirty one he discovered Gur-drag (wrathful guru) and ati-version of Dorsem (vajrasattava) form Ogar-Drag and at thirty five on twenty ninth of sixth month of iron monkey year, he revealed Thugje-chenpo Desheg-Kundue (Avalokitesvara the embidiment of all the sugatas) from Shawog Tago amidst a
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crowd of people. As he had mastered whole Buddha's teaching through hearing, contemplation and meditation, he had benefited numerous beings through empowerments, oral transmission and instructions. Though he taught all the teachings of Buddha without bias in general, he particularly stressed on rendering profound instructions that directly introduced the fortunate ones to the Self-originated primordial wisdom.
His chief disciples were: the great fifth Dalia lama, Desi Sangay Jamtsho, Dodrag Rigzin Pema Thinley, Sakya Trichen Kunga Tashi, Tsedong Zhabdrung, Taglungpa Tenzin Sidzhi Namgyal, Drukpa Thamchen Khenpa, Tsurphu Gyaltsab, Drigung Kunchok Thrinley, Kathog Gyalse, Second Dzogchen Jurmed Thegchog Tenzin, his own son Pema Jurmed Jamtsho and his only inner heart son Lochen Dahrma Shiri etc.
In short, all the people holding high post and the great spirituals masters of his time became his followers. In this way, he had bestowed the instructions, empowerments and the oral transmissions continuously on the orally transmitted teachings and the revealed treasure teachings of earlier translations (Ngagyur Kama and Terma), new tantras (Ngag-Sarma) and Sutra teachings to all fortunate beings flocked there from Utsang, Kham, Kongpo, Lho-mon, Ngari and so forth. With the noble intention for the continuation of Buddha dharma, he had compiled as many as sixteen volumes of excellent treatises on sadhana, mandala and empowerment rituals of Kama teachings and the teachings of both earlier and later treasures which are still continuing to ripen and liberate beings. Thus, he became peerless in illuminating and propagating the stainless teachings of Buddha.
As prophesised in treasures, he had established Wog-men Ugyen Mindroling seat, the source of Kama and Terma teachings of the secret Ngagyur Nyingma in central Tibet, in 1676 corresponding to fire male dragon year of eleventh rabjung. There assembled around three hundred resident monks, to whom he provided with clothing, shelters, ritual objects and so on. He had generously sponsored the writing of more than five hundred volumes of Kangyur and many other Ngagyur treatises in gold and silver. He had also built numerous statues of paintings and carvings,
the great tangka of 100,000 images (Kubum thongdrol chenmo) and many other shrine objects of body, speech and the mind. These are a glimpse of a few enlightened activities of this great master out of his limitless activities with his selfless generosity, solely for the welfare of the Buddha dharma and the sentient beings or a concise account of how he accomplished the wheel of service through activities.
In this way, Terchen was benevolent to both the earlier and the later translation schools either directly or indirectly. He was also very instrumental in developing the tiny streams of doctrines like Jo, Shang, Zhi-chod and Bodong etc. akin to giving new life. One of his most significant achievement was the reviving of the excellent tradition of Sutra, illusion and mind (do-gyu-sem-sum) doctrine of Ngagyur Kama, through teachings, practice and activities which were at the verge of extinction. In fact, it was due to amazingly matchless kindness and the works of the great Terchen and his descendants that made the name of the ancient tantric tradition (Sang-Ngag Nyingma) authentic, with the meaningful back ground, which is still flourishing further. Therefore, it is very important to strive to follow and propagate this particular great tradition once you enter the boundary of Ngagyur Nyingma followers instead of relying on minor doctrines bearing the name of profound teaching.
As the time for concluding such activities of an inconceivable secret approached, he displayed the signs of minor illness from the first month of wood horse year at the age of sixty nine. Starting from 25th of that month he gave final advice to his uncles, nephews and descendants. From then, the continuous melodious sound of trumpet emerged from the west of the fortress to the appearance of those who have flocked there for rites and similarly, fragrance of camphor pervaded the whole chamber and its surroundings. Then, on the morning of the second day of second Tibetan month of that same year, he said to his disciples nearby that he had to take seven footsteps facing the east direction and thus, he stood up and took seven steps and sat in cross-legged posture. Sitting in this posture he spoke out the following last words of aspirations;
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Appearances, sounds and awareness are experienced as the deity, mantra and Dharmakaya
Within this vast expanse of the display of enlightened embodiments and primordial wisdom
Through the practice of the Great Yoga of the profound and secret
May we remain indivisible with the quintessence of the one-taste of the Enlightened Mind!
After this he said, "Now the reception from dakinis had also appeared". With this, he departed for the paradise of Lotus radiance (Pema-Wod kyi zhingkham) in the gesture of
playing drum and bell with a yogic gaze accompanied by many astonishing signs and miracles such as, encirclement of rainbow, trembling of earth and so forth. During the cremation of his holy body, many similar miraculous manifestations like, crown of his head left behind as the fire did not burn it, many other relics were also appeared and so forth, as the sign of great accomplishment which instilled deep faith in the mind of his disciples and people present there, transporting them on the path of maturation and liberations.
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Message from H.H. Taglung Tsetrul Rinpoche
Through the unsurpassed kindness of His Holiness Darthang Rinpoche in spreading the source of peace and prosperity and wellbeing of all the beings, the continuation of the World Peace Ceremony of Nyingmapa by numbers of the followers of Nyingma Tradition at Bodhgaya continues to remain without any degradation. Hence, with rejoice, for the longevity of Buddha Dharma and attainment of enlightenment by all the beings, I request the huge noble assemblage of sanghas and lay practitioners to pray with great aspiration and perfect conduct.
At the behest of Ngagyur Rigzod Editorial Committee, this message was sent by His Holiness Taglung Tsetrul Rinpoche from Dodrag Monastery, Simla, on 15th of September, 2011.
Message from H.H. Dharthang Rinpoche
Homage to the Three Jewels
As said in the Treasury of the Supreme Vehicle: "We are born in this world, which is very hard to obtain, as human being where dharma is present. When we have obtained all those which are extremely rare to obtain, such as: born in this world where dharma is present with perfect well-favoured human birth, met perfect master to guide upon, practise Buddha Dharma with leisure, know the ultimate meaning of marvellous instructions, and abandon the ocean of sufferings and be liberated to blissful land, we must practise the Buddha Dharma conscientiously. If we don't practise it conscientiously now when entire requisite is in hand, such are scarce to meet in next life. Hence, one has to practise on ultimate mean with great endeavour all the time.
As Lord Nagarjuna had said:
Abided in the place well-endowed with pleasure, Relied on a perfect spiritual master,
Accumulating virtuous deeds and purifying sins by ideal prayers, Thus, you have possessed four great wheel.
Shantideva said:
So hard to find such ease and wealth Whereby to render meaningful this human birth!
If now I fail to turn it to my profit, How could such a chance be mine again?
And also he said:
Though you have obtained well-favoured human body, If you don't practise productively in this life,
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You will take birth in the hell realms; For many years and eons.
Even the sound of happiness won't be heard, So to talk about good rebirth is needless.
All the happiness and sufferings we experience now are the consequences of our previous karma. Likewise whatever we are to experience in our next life depends on our present action.
If we have had accumulated evil-deeds in our previous lives we will be born as blind, deaf, ugly, poor, without freedom, etc. And if we have had accumulated virtuous deeds in previous lives we will take a birth with complete sense, beauty/handsome, admirable, wealthy, always powerful, freedom, etc. Therefore, where and in what condition we are to be born in next life depends all upon one's evil or virtuous attitude and action of this life.
If one accumulates merit by giving, preserving vows, etc. one will be born in higher realm with good wealth and power. By tolerating one will take a birth with good looks. By saving and guiding others one will take a birth where there is dharma and free to practise it, get respect from all, and there will be no disturbance. By being obedient to one's master in previous life one will take a birth in good place endowed with wealth, meet with master and receive teachings.
The consequence of having faithfully made offerings in previous lives will achieve ultimate goal in this life by being fully ordained and practising the supreme dharma well. It will be wise and intelligent blessed with proper quality to understand all the means if we have had listened and contemplated properly in previous life; so could the means for both self and others be done.
If accumulated evil deed in previous life one will be born in lower realm and even if one takes birth in higher realm, one will lack the skill of sense, wealth and power, and be less fortunate. Similarly, if one commits evil-deed now one will take a birth filled with sufferings.
In short, one will know what one had done in previous lives by outlining the mode of happiness and suffering one experience now. And where one is to take a birth will be outlined by judging one's present attitude and action. Hence, all depends upon karma. It is said:
See the present body, to know what action one might had done in previous lives. See the present attitude, to know where one is to take a birth in next life.
Thus, storing this in mind one has to avoid evil deed and always accumulate virtuous deed; because there is no other aid than virtues. It is said in Sutra:
Not even parents or family, either relatives or kinsman, And not even son or daughter, are the protector,
Other than Triple Gem who contains all qualities; There is no other protector in this world.
In the sutra of Instructions to King:
Even if the king dies when the time comes, He cannot with him take a wealth, queen, relative or friends,
So, whoever dies and is reborn in any realm, Karma is only the thing which follows like a shadow.
Secondly, how to feel depress and arise desire to get out of samsara, and realize the fact always by thinking of the certain death or fall? Even if we obtain a complete human-body, it is certain to fall for it is just a combination of four elements. So, there is no surety when our body is to disintegrate. Therefore, one has to practise dharma wisely when one has power to do so.
One must think from depth that there is no mean of visions that is experienced for it is just like a dream or illusion.
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From the Sutra of Collective Jewel, it is said: It is surprising that there is no place to reside on material formed body,
It is surprising that all the men are impermanent, having no valid time to live, It is surprising that all visions experience by six senses are temporary, It is surprising that the thought and sensation of human is endless,
It is surprising that there is no clearance to the sufferings formed from body.
Though all are impermanent but one gets attached on the visions of this life by considering it permanent. Always examine one's mind, for there is no mean whether one benefits others or tame an enemy, or be saviour or anything else, indeed it deceives us.
Pal Mazhi Zod Yeshi Said:
Ah! When I look on to the worldly activity, I see all the acts nil of mean,
There is nothing beneficial if thought, So, always examine only one's own mind.
Thus, think in this way!
Thirdly, here is the instruction to realize the certain of death and achieve ultimate bliss: Generally, the compound phenomena are impermanence like dream, illusion, etc. It is said in Udanavarga:
Alas! All the compound phenomena are impermanent, It is the subject that they disintegrate after born,
So, be liberated from all these, For it is to disintegrate after born.
The entire compound phenomena are like: The twinkling star, the butter lamp, Illusion, dew-drop, bubble of water,
Dream, flash and cloud.
And particularly the impermanence of human beings is like said in the tantric treatise, the Supreme Secret of Union Moon and Sun:
The lives of the living beings are: Impermanent like a dream, for it doesn't exist,
Impermanent like a waterfall, for it cannot stay in collection, Impermanent like air, which cannot be grasped,
Impermanent like a magical creation, which cannot remain for long, Impermanent like an illusion, in which there are no piece to rely on,
Impermanent like a guest, who doesn't stay in one place, Impermanent like rains, in which cloud cannot be predicted,
Thus, the limit of the lives of people, Are never the certain to make out;
For it is sudden and direct. Therefore, the time cannot be beheld,
It is also said in the Lalitavistara Sutra: Life is like a display of cloud,
It will disappear quickly like a fall of water.
As in Udanavarga Sutra:
Some die in the womb, Some die just after the birth,
Some die when they just start to crawl around. Likewise, some die while running,
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Some die in old age and some in infantile age, Some die in youthful stage,
Therefore, one cannot say for confident that This young person will live.
Thus, one has to think from depth the certain of death and discard all the worldly activities like,
attachment and hatred, quarrelling, laziness, hoarding, yearning for greatness, partiality, protecting friends and conquering enemies, and the like. It is said in Tamjar:
The aspect of phenomenon is vast, and the life is short, Even the limit of life to live is unknown,
So, earnestly endeavour on one's own advantage, Like a duck extracts milk from water.
Thus, be realized that there is nothing permanent to rely upon; for all are, soon or later, but certain to expire. Don't get distracted even for a while for all the human bodies, thoughts, happiness and misery, and so forth are unstable. Moreover, one must think that the death cannot be reversed away. Therefore sincerely practise dharma which is only the thing beneficial.
Shantideva said:
All the day and night, one must Think the fact of impermanence.
There is no other profound way than practising the awareness of impermanence-fact to be liberated from samsara. Hence, one must avoid all the actions, even meditating, unless the fact of impermanence is realized.
Guru Padmasambhava said:
Plant an exhortation of impermanence without distracted mind, And meditate on it all the days and nights.
Even if we think on the longest length of the beginning and end of the world it is impermanent, and to the shortest moment as well it is impermanent. In short, all the sentient beings are impermanent as their senses and objects change moment by moment, the wealth and retinue one possessed disappear, parents, relatives and neighbour decease, and the like. So all the happiness, misery, enemy, relatives, and so forth, are like a guest who meet for a while and then disperse.
In this way, all the sentient beings are in the dark home of samsara bound by five poisons. Therefore, when one has opportunity in hand, should bear in mind to get liberated from the dark home of samsara following the methods to liberation.
The samsaric beings are overpowered by affliction and karma, Clung as true existence though the impermanence is faced,
Unable to escape even if drowned in the river of birth and death, Not scared even if experienced various sufferings.
No protector to guide or a spiritual master to instruct, And wandering in the darkness without dharma;
Thus, think this rarity of the possession of leisure and fortune, And practise the dharma with Boddhicitta mind captivatingly.
May we meet with perfect spiritual master ever! And when the profound nectar of dharma is obtained,
May we with industrious effort cross the ocean of three worlds! Thus, industriously make an effort to reach liberation.
The impermanence of life is like a shadow of western mountain; It is like a tree on cliff blown by wind;
It is like a cloud, lightening, and dew on tip of leave,
NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO 87 23rd ANNIVERSARY
Thus, think that we are soon to die. Think vigorously one is to die now;
If not the laziness won't help when deceased, Thus, practise the nectar of profound dharma
With fear that the death has reached you! From now, in the forest of flowers, I will step,
Where it will be void of people with sound of water fall, Will seat in the pleasant isolated place,
And contemplate that all the four seasons as peripheral, It will be adorned by virtuous actions, And thus, obtain the profound nectar;
May the great sound of impermanent be proclaimed! By practising well the nectar of dharma in the beautiful isolated place,
May the core luminosity of Buddha be obtained in this single life! From the bejewelled abode of liberation,
The sound of dharma is intoned, So may all the beings awake from ignorance
And attain the enlightenment! To clear the mind of spontaneous sorrow,
Desires to wander in the forest lonely, Thus, this is intoned prayers from depth, So, may all realize this soon faithfully!
This profound advice is written by Omniscient Longchen Rabjam.
Khen-Lop-Cho-sum, their disciples, and the teachings of Kama and Terma,
The holders of spotless lineage of Ngagyur Nyingma, And the union glory of Sutra and Tantra,
May these rays of benefit and bliss shelter every nook and cranny!
Thus, submitted by Dharthang Rinpoche
NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO 88 23rd ANNIVERSARY
Message from H.H. Shechen Rabjam Rinpoche
The complete and flawless doctrine of our peerless teacher, the lord of subduers, which encompasses
both lesser and greater vehicles including the tantra teachings have flourished and disseminated in the Land of Snow as prophesied by Buddha himself. But owing to the power of inferior virtues of the sentient beings, it had appeared to be degenerating for time being. However, today, due to the great kindness and the unimaginable enlightened activities of the past Buddhas and Bodhisattvas it is disseminating throughout globe. So, at this juncture, we the followers of Nyingma are annually gathering at Both Gaya, the supreme sacred site where the one thousand Buddhas of this fortunate eon are said to attain enlightenment, with the aim of spreading and flourishing the Budddha dharma in general and the doctrine of Ngagyur Nyingma in particular and for the longevity of all the great adherents of the dharma headed by H.H the Dalia lama, the great saviour of Gods and human beings with their enlightened activities accomplished spontaneously, so that all the living beings of this world enjoy the glory of peace and happiness. And in particular for the pacification of increasing disasters like earthquake caused by the upsetting of the four element and for the swift reincarnation of the fifth supreme head of the Ngagyur Nyingma H.H Kyab-Je Thrulshik Rinpoche Jurmed Ngawang Choki Lodroe, who have entered the maha-parinirvana recently, for continuing his enlightened activities.
Therefore, I humbly request everyone assembled here to put your utmost efforts to make your aspirational prayers as profound as possible by embracing it with the three excellences for fulfilling the above mentioned wishes.
I also would like to appeal everybody to make earnest efforts to accord with four modes of conduct taught in the vinaya teaching, so that we can become eye-catching ornaments for the faithful devotees and an ideal object for the wealthy ones to accumulate merits.
By Shechen Rabjam Gyurmed She-Drub Choeki Singye On 29th day of 7th Tibetan month of Iron Rabbit year (2138 Tibetan Royal year)
Message from H.H Minling Khenchen Rinpoche
As we are assembling here for the 23rd Ngagyur Monlam Chenmo with the noble intention for
spreading, flourishing and the retention of the Buddha dharma in general and the tradition of Gyalwang Pema Kara, the great secret Vajra-yana teachings which is akin to the pure refined gold endowed with six excellences in particular with its great nonsectarian adherents headed by H.H Dalia lama living long. And for the complete pacification of diseases, famine, blight and drought, wars, etc. which have occurred and are occurring everywhere in the world. I would like to make a few reminders with respect to the period of this great event: As it is said:
The magnitude of the merits and the demerits cannot be measured from physical appearance Rather, it can be measured from the degrees of good and the bad intentions.
NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO 89 23rd ANNIVERSARY
It is not that beneficial to be just a member of this prayer ceremony and merely to get here in the great sacred site of Vajrasana. So, at least for ten days assembly endeavour with a pure intention to keep away with the eight worldly concerns such as gain, rank and so forth, abandoning the spirit of jealousy, deception, envy, etc. and cultivate the loving-kindness and compassion in your mind streams. Try to focus on transforming your accumulations in to great merits by connecting it with the completely pure aspirational prayers beneficial for self and others. Try to channelize the things offered by the faithful peoples both from within and outside in a meaningful way without wasting them. In short, I earnestly request all the monks, nuns and the lay-practitioners to bear in mind to become an eye catching ornament for those endowed with devotion and a supreme field for accumulating merits for those wealthy ones. You must avoid disgracing Nyingmapas during ten days of Nyingma Monlam Chenmo.
Even during the recitation of Arya Bhadracaryapranidhanaraja and Nama Samgiti you must try to recite with remembering their meanings in your mind without distractions. As Kunchen Longchenpa said:
Begin practice with altruistic mind in the beginning Actual practice with non-conception in the middle
And blend with dedication at the end These are three essential paths to the liberation.
It is very important to blend all your dharmic activities with these three excellences; the excellent beginning of bodhichitta, the excellent main part without conceptualization and the excellent conclusion of dedication.
It is very important for all the chief lamas of the Ngyingmapas, head of the monasteries, Khenpos, trulkus and all the sangha members to take part in this great prayer ceremony, despite your hectic schedules for the purpose of Buddha dharma and the sentient beings. For it is the only occasion on which the whole assemblage of Nyingmapas gather together, which is an auspicious circumstances for us to connect pure intentions and prayers for revival and further advancement of the Buddha dharma in particular and the great secret Vajrayana tradition in particular. So, I request everyone to make the gathering as big as possible, because it is just for a period of ten days which is not too long.
During the Monlam Chenmo, avoid disgracing Buddhists by observing the general rules and regulations of this great congregation and the specific disciplines of your particular monastery. As Kunkhen Mipham Rinpoche said:
Monastic precepts are the self-benefitting elegant ornaments While, following a spiritual master is praised as the root of path.
I humbly request everyone not to transgress the dharma precepts in terms of your conducts through three-doors. I also take this great opportunity to make this earnest appeal for everybody to put combined effort to continue with the same spirit of loyalty, integrity, mutual agreement and pure-precepts among all the dharma communities of Ngagyur Nyingma headed by the great seats, like the milk mixed with water as it had been till date.
With wish and aspirations for continuation of the Ngagyur Monlam Chenmo until the samsara is empty! At the request of Ngagyur Rigzod editorial committee, Minling Khenchen has written this, on 5/10/2011.
NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO 90 23rd ANNIVERSARY
Message from H.H. Dzogchen Rinpoche
To all the faithful followers of Nyingma tradition:
By holding our destined lord as the root guru, we ourselves must have pure vision to all others' tradition. This is the very essence of my request! The pinnacle of Yana, the great secret of Ngagyur Nyingma has flourished long before the thousand years through the two classes of orders particularly in the Himalayan regions and rest of the world bringing out vast achievement of supremacy, wealth and lineage, and moreover, the account of its presence in the whole Himalayan nations was contained in the golden- records.
Since thousand years ago, the lineages of Guru Padmasambhava and great Bodhisattva Shantarakshita were passed down to our lineage holders and root guru, where their transmissions spread throughout the world - thus their kindness are pointless to express. All our Rinpoches are one more amazing than the other and under the protection of their lineages of golden mountains, we are very fortunate and their gratitude is unforgettable. We should uphold the Buddha Dharma in accordance to Late His Holiness Dudjom Rinpoche and Kyentse Rinpoche, and foremost, the living masters: His Holiness Dodrub Rinpoche, His Holiness Thrulshik Rinpoche, His Holiness Jadral Rinpoche, His Holiness Taglung Tsetul Rinpoche, etc. Particularly, we must look back to the exemplary path of the dharma king Late His Holiness Khenchen Jigme Phutsho Jungney Rinpoche and His Holiness Drubwang Padma Norbu Rinpoche, who had benefitted the Buddha Doctrine extensively. And should always remember their kindness.
Likewise, while the fortunate people within and outside Tibet and others from the Himalayan Range like Bhutan, Sikkim, Ladakh, Khunu, Arunachal Pradesh, and the like from rest of the world constantly make offerings, bestowing introduction on Buddhism by the Rinpoches and khenchens under the organizing committee of Ngagyur Monlam Chenmo must be regarded as the most significant service. The Ngagyur Monlam is not just a prayer carried out in exile, but all lineage holders of Ngagyur Nyingma from outside and inside Tibet and all parts of the world get seat, share common facilities and pray together for peace and security in the world. This is very amazing! Similarly, in this century, the so called Tibetan Buddhism which is highly renowned in the world should be maintained by the Buddhist of 21st century and Buddhist monastic institutions. And making timely and pertinent call to the sympathetic and paying heed to the modern advanced Buddhism from highly learned masters like Khenchen Tshulthrim Lodro, Khenchen Padma Sherab, etc., for the lasting of Buddha doctrines in exile is considered as the priceless goal.
To uphold the great achievements of our past masters, the dharma must be practised accordingly. Thinking and acting as far as possible to preserve the natural radiance of great perfection without concerning with the political matter, let's strive hard for the achievement of liberation by the path of skilful means.
Written by 7th Drubwang Dzogchen Rinpoche Jigme Losal Wangpo alias Tenzin Jigdrel Lhunpo, as requested by the Ngagyur Rigzod Editorial Committee on 10h day of the 7th month of the Iron Female-Rabbit Year for the 22nd World Peace Ceremony.
May this be the source of virtues and auspiciousness!
NGAGYUR MONLAM CHENMO 91 23rd ANNIVERSARY
Message from H.E. Ralo Rinpoche
When the 23rd annual Ngagyur Monlam Chenmo is nearing, while the auspicious occasion is wavering in the heart, being unable to turn down the request of Ngagyur Rigzod Editorial Committee, with respect, the feelings of the old yogi will be expressed here.
Through the immeasurable kindness of His Holiness Darthang Rinpoche; the illuminator of Ngagyur Nyingma, the annual World Peace Ceremony was established, where the stainless Tradition of Khen-Lop-Choe-Sum (Abbot Shantarakshita, Master Padmasambhava. and King Trisong Deutsen) endowed with the Six Excellencies continues to flourish and likewise, the presidents of Dorden Ngagyur Monlam Chenmo; the late masters ensured the continuation of the Great World Peace Ceremony for the last 22 years like a bright-sunshine. Nevertheless, due to the adverse circumstances and obstacles on the Nyingmapas, His Holiness the Dorje-Chang Padma Norbu Rinpoche and also His Holiness Thrulzhig Rinpoche and His Holiness Minling Thrichen Rinpoche had passed away for the sake of the beings in other realms; thus it's truly heartbreaking - as a saying goes: 'the fallen-mountain cannot be brought back by a rope.' Nonetheless, for the accomplishment of the noble wishes of our late His Holiness Padma Norbu Rinpoche and His Holiness Thrulshik Rinpoche, the living masters, lamas, trulkus, khenpos and the followers of Ngagyur Nyingma Tradition must come together with unity to act accordingly - hence this is the well-timed duty of all Nyingmapas.
To you, the Rinpoches, lamas, trulkus, Khenpos and the like; the field of refugees, with my extreme longing, I request one and all to compassionately entreat and generate common intention for the cause of peace and prosperity in the world while guarding the samayas and living harmonious like milk and water. I, the old Ralo Yogi single-mindedly make this call.
The late (sugata) His Holiness Padma Norbu Rinpoche had once spoken to me in USA: "I will attend World Peace Ceremony until I leave my body; similarly, you follow this as well." Thus with this spiritual advice from His Holiness, I am very certain to attend it until I leave this human body. The refined golden advice of Rinpoches, khenpos, and trulkus, are being compiled and distributed by the Ngagyur Rigzod Editor. Therefore, I wish to convey the great thankfulness on behalf of all the followers of Ngagyur Nyingma Tradition.
Lastly, the longevity ceremony was offered to our 100-year-old His Holiness Jadral Rinpoche; the lord and the protector of beings and dharma by Rigzin Phodrang Monastery, where His Holiness had compassionately accepted it. With my aspirations for the longevity and achievements of the noble wishes and activities of His Holiness Jadral Sangay Dorjee Rinpoche, His Holiness the Dalai Lama, His Holiness Dodrup Rinpoche, His Holiness Mogtsha Rinpoche, His Holiness Taglung Tsetrul Rinpoche and all the dharma masters regardless of their lineages - I wish that all spiritual activities of them rise like a Summer-Lake! May the two sections of sanghas (Monks and Lay Practitioners) live harmoniously, uphold the vinaya vows properly, and the teachings and practices of Buddhism spread throughout the ten vast directions, subsequently prevailing peace and security in the world!
The complete and unbroken way of the Sutras and Tantras, The learned and the accomplished tradition of the awareness holders,
The essence of the teachings of the Able One- The Secrete Mantra of the Original Translations.
May it soar higher and flourish throughout the world!
Thus, it was written by the 11th Ralo lineage holder H.E. Dorje Dechen Tshal alias Draktsal Dorje from Rigzin Phodrang Monastery, located near the White House, Washington, USA on 24-10-2011.
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Nepal345)
9640----
Bhutan346)
9641-----
Nepal347)
9642-----
Nepal348)
9643-----
India349)
9644------
Nepal350)
