a feminist critique on christianity by sara joseph. സ്ത്രീ, എഴുത്ത്,...
TRANSCRIPT
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7/27/2019 A Feminist Critique on Christianity by Sara Joseph. , , -
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kv{Xo, Fgpv, aXw
aXw Fp ]dbptm Xs F\nmZyw HmhcpXv kn.F. BWn
amjns\bmWv. aebmfw Fw.Fbvv ss{]hmbn ]Tnptm `mjmimkv{Xkwi
bfpambn Rm kn.F. BWnamsj kao]nncpp. amsjtmSv tNmZnp \n\v
\ {InkvXym\nbmItWm \ FgppImcnbmItWm? IdIf {InkvXym\nbmb
amjnt\mSv t\cnb btmsSbmsWnepw Rm ]dp: F\nv FgppImcnbmbm
aXn. Fm \n\v \ {InkvXym\nbmhm Ignbn Fv amsj\nv adp]Sn \In.
CXns ImcWw Ames\nv hyambncpn. Cv AXns ImcWhyambn ]dbm\mIpw. aXn\Ip\npsImv PohnXbmYmyfpw
aXnsXs bmYmyfpw Xpdp ]dbpXn\v ]cnanXnItfsdbpv. aXsbpw
{InkvXphns\bpw kw_n hynIfpsS XncndnhpI ]pshbvm
aX]utcmlnXyhpw AXpsmffp kaqlhpw cWm[nImcnIfpw A\phmZw \Imdn.
kwLSnXaXfpw AXns ]utcmlnXy A[nImckwLS\Ifpw hnizmknIfpsS
AXsb NqjWw sNbvXmWv \nesImffpXv. CXn\pZmlcWambn Fs Hcp
A\p`hw ]dbmw. cn \npw aqntebvp Pbntm ]ffnhI kvq XpSnsb
ImcWw ]dv Fs \ s]mbn hfmthn AXntebvv
shntpIbmWpmbXv. sXmSp hjfnemWv hntamN\kacw \SXv.
abpw shffbpw CSIe sImSn\In Rsf kacn AWn\ncnbXv
Rmt\mppv. kacns\pdnv [mcWbnm Hcp ]s, hnizmknIsf,
IpnIsf A[nImchpw ]utcmlnXyirwJebpw AWn\ncpIbmWv sNbvXXv. Hcp
IpnbpsS Fm \njvIfXtbmSpw IqSn B kacn AWntN Rm B sImSn
BemlbpsS s]afn B\nbpsS In sImSpnpv. sImSn]nSnXnepw
aptcnsb Xm apm aptcn Fp hnfnXnse i_vZkucynepamWv
FstmseXs B\nbpw kpjvSbmIpXv.
hnizmknIfpsS AXsb NqjWw sNbvXpsImv A[nImc XmXv]cyw
kwcnm aX]utcmlnXyw Fmepw apIsSppp. A[nImcns
LS\bntebvv IbdnhcnIbpw AXnt\mSp _sp {]hnpIbpw sNbvXncp
Ahbn \nv A[nImcs Xocpam\npXpXs aXfmsW nXnbmWv
tIcfn Cv kwPmXambncnpXv. \thmm\ImeLn Dbnsmph
Fm ]ptcmKa\ Bibsfbpw aXw XIpIfbpIbmWpmbXv. \thmm\
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7/27/2019 A Feminist Critique on Christianity by Sara Joseph. , , -
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GsXmcp hynbpw aXn\pffnemWv ]ndp hogpXv. aXn\pffnshv
cq]sSpnsbSp BflmhpambmWv hynI \nesImffpXv. aXn
\nsmcmpw tamN\w km[ya. AYhm tamN\w BhiysSptm Abmsf
XpcntbmSnpIbpw sNpp. lnpaXn BZyImev Dbph BcykamPw,
{_kamPw t]mepff kwLS\I henb {]XoIfmWv \InbXv. ChbvsmpwXpSIfpmbnnsv ImWmhpXmWv. Chbn\npw kwL]cnhmdntebvpw
hnizlnp]cnjntebvpamWv Ah Fn\npXv. Ccn {]XntemaIcamb
aqeycmlnXyntebvpw a\pjycmlnXyntebvpw kaqlw amdnsmncnpXn\p
]nn {]hnpXv aXfmWv. Fm {]iv\fpsS ]ndInepw aXfpsp
ImWmhpXmWv. tNmZyw sNm\mhm hn[w aXns CSs]SepI hfp
Ignncnpp. ChnsSbmWv kv{Xosb\nebn aXs Fgpnepw kzm\p`hfnepw
ASbmfsSppsXs\ F {]iv\w DbphcpXv. GXp aXnembmepwBibfpsS ]p\cpXv]mZ\tI{w Fp ]dbpXv IpSpw_fmWv. {]XypXv]mZ\hpw
]p\cpXv]mZ\hpw \Sp CSw. kXnIfpmhpIbpw Ahmhiyamb
aqeyt_m[tmsS DunhfpIbpw sNp Ifcnbmbn IpSpw_s
\ne\npXnemWv Fm aXfpw {i \IpXv. ChbpsS XmXv]cyw IpSpw_sf
]nSnp\npXnemWv. CXn\mbn aXw IpSpw_ns Axksb
tNmnfbpIbpw IqSpX A\pjvTm\]campIbpamWv sNpXv.
kv{XoImWnhnsS A\pjvTm\ GsSptn hcpXv. hnizmksf
ap\nnbpff aXfpsS {]h\fmWnhsbmw. Aense tammbv
Xo sImfppI FmWv hn.Sn.`XncnmS Blzm\w sNbvXXv. at\mlcamb Aefpw
apw s]mfnv ]pXnb ImeLn\\pkrXambn hnIeamb ssienbn
]pXpnWnbpXmWv Cp IphcpXv. {InkvXym\nIfmWo {]h\n Ghpw
kPohambn CSs]SpXv. AgnaXnIfpsSbpw NqjWnsbpw IYI Ccw
]p\cpmcW {]h\v ]ndIn {]hnpps kXyw kaqlw
Xncndnbpn. {InkvXpXs ]ffn FmbncnWw FXns\ Ipdnv ss__nfn
]dbppv. ]ffnbvI Xs ]nXmhpffsXpw kaqlnse GXp
aqey\pkrXambn cq]wsIm ]ptcmKa\]camb ]cnjvImc{]h\sf
apgph ]noSv Dbph aX]cX B{IanpIbpw AXns\ ]ngnsSppIbpamWv
sNbvXXv. IpSpw_sf ap\nnbpff aXmlzm\sf AXohPm{KXtbmsS
t\mnmtWnbncnpp. P\kwJymscpw, `ymaw XpSnb \nch[n
{]iv\ \nd ham\kaqln \npsImv s]pIqn aXfpsS AwKkwJy
h[nnm Blzm\w sNp aXfpsS X{w F{X AclnXamWv.
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Xnepffhpw hncnmhp HcnSamIWw ]ffnsbpamWv {InkvXp ]dXv Fm
CXn \np XnIpw `namb nXnbmWnpffXv. hn`h NqjWw sNbvXv
sInsmp, hnizmknIsf ]ckv]cw bpw sNnnm t{]cnnp
AhbntemWnXv amdnbncnpXv.
kv{XoIsf kw_npff {InkvXphns Zi\hpw {][m\amWv. {InkvXphns
km[yXIsf Adnbm kv{XoIv [mcmfw Ahkcw \Inbncp {InkvXp kv{XoItfmSp
tNcmXncnpXmWv ]pcpj\p Ghpw DNnXsamWv ]dXv. kv{XoItfmSpff
ks ]m]w FmWv skannIv aX hntijnnXv. kv{XoIfpsS ta
{]tbmKn A[nImcw ]IpXn a\pjycminbpsS taepff AXn`oIcamb \nb{WamWv.
Cu \nb{WwsImpXsbmWv ssewKnIX Ghpw henb ]m]ambn amdnbncnpXv.
IpSpw_nsbpw hnhmlnsbpw AIffn\nv e`nt HmWv ssewKnIX
F Ahbntebvv aX a\pjysc amnopp. IpSpw_n\p
]pdpffsXmw AhnlnXambn amdpp. CXv ]pcpjs\b kv{XoIsf am{XamWv
_m[npsX nXnbmWv kaqln CpffXv. lnXnsbpw
AhnlnXnsbpw CSbn sRcpm hn[nsSpXv kv{XoIfmWv. \psS
aqeyt_m[w ]pcpj\p [mcmfw CSfmWv Inp sImSppXv.
IpSpw_s kwcnp \ne\ntXv kv{XoIfpsS am{Xw ISabmbn
Xoncnpp. F{X Ipp thWsaXn kv{XoIfpsS sXcsSpv {][m\amWv.Ccw sXcsSppIfn IpSpw_n\p ]pdpff aXhpw A[nImchpw t\cnv
CSs]Sp ImgvNbmWv Cp IphcpXv.
IpSpw_ns P\m[n]XyhXvIcWs iambn FXnpXv aXamWv.
A[nImcns mKp \np aXw ]pcpjm[nImcns Hcp bqWnv F \nebn
IpSpw_s \ne\nm\mWv {ianpXv. GZ tXmn BZmapw lbpw a\pjy\pw
kv{Xobpambn Pohnptm {]iv\fnm nXnbmWpffXv. ]s Ah
`mcym`mmcmbn amdptm A[nImcns CSs]S ISphcnIbpw Zpc
Gphmtn hcnIbpw sNpp.
aXhpw A[nImchpw hKobXbpambn _sp ISphcptmgpw kv{XobmWv
AXns Ccbmbn amdpXv. Cv IpSpw_n\Ipw ]pdpw IpnI t]mepw
kpcnXc. Ccw _emwKv ]ndIn ]pcpj Iman\pdw \nch[n
ImcWfpv. ZfnXsc IogSm AhcpsS kv{XoIsf _emwKw sNbvXp NppsImv
HXppI F eyw Ccw _emwKp ]ndIn {]hnppv. khW
PmXn, Pn ta[mhnXzns hm ZfnXsc _emwKw sNptm Imans
{]iv\amb hKobXbpsS, ZfnXv hncpXbpsS {]iv\ambmWv CXns\
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t\mnmtWXv.
hKobelfInSbn \Sp _emwK FXnaXns]
]pcpjt\mSpff {]XnImcns kqNIambmWv ]etmgpw amdpXv. lnwk, shdpv Fo
ImcWfmWv _emwKv ]ndIn {][m\ambpw {]hnpXv. CXv aX]ctam
ap ImcWfm kw`hnptXm BImw. Cv shdpv DXv]mZnnpXn Ghpw
{]_eambn \npXv aXXsbmWv. asmcp aXs AwKoIcnm\
shdpm\mWv Hmtcm aXhpw {ianpXv. A]cs i{Xphmbn ImWp
at\m`mhamWnhnsS sXfnbpXv. HXv F t\mhense IYm]m{X ]ecpw bYm
PohnXnepffhcmWv. bmsXmcp A`bm\hpanm HXnse B ZXnam Fs
kplrp XsbmWv. Ah A\p`hntnh bmX\I FtmSv
]pshncpp. ]phjw Igntmtgbvpw `mhv kwLj`cnXamb
PohnXZpxJm acWsSpIbmWpmbXv. Atlns `mcy Xs IpnIfpsamv
Cv s]IpnImbpff _[ncaqI hnZymebw \Sn Pohnpp. \mw At\zjnp
BflobX m]nXaXn\Iv Ism Ignbpnsn AXn\p ]pdphv
kzX{amb PohnXw \bnm km[nm Ahbpv. AXn\p XpeyamWv kv{Xobvv
hnhmltamNnXbmbn IpSpw_n\p ]pdphv Pohnm Ignbm Ahbpw.
hnhmln\pffn {]iv\fpsnepw AXn\nv csS F \ne kwPmX
ambncnpsXs\bmWv ? hnhmlw cpt] ]ckv]cw BZcnv, kvt\lnv,_lpam\nv A`n{]mb{]IS\w \Sp P\m[n]Xy]camb aWvUeambn amdWw. CXn\p
Ignbpnsn kplrpsftmse th]ncnv kzX{ambn Pohnm Ignbp
kmaqlnI AcoapmIWw. ]s ChnsS CXpmIpn. ZmXynse ]ncnp
t]mIens\ henb thZ\Ifmbpw ]m]ambpw s]ns AlXnbpw BWns
ZpxkzmX{yhpsamsbmbn hymJym\npIbmsX ]pXnsbmcp Xpdhn sImphcm
km[nnn. aebmfIYIfn Cs\ kzmX{yw {]Jym]np kv{XoIv ]camh[n
in \IpXp ImWmw. F.Fkv. am[hs ImWn, kn.hn. {iocmas Ccn]nWvUw
XpSnb IYI DZmlcWw. X\np tbmPnm _w Dt]nv asmcp _w
kzoIcnm\pff kzX{mcow kv{Xobvp krjvSnp \Im kaqln\p
Ignbpn. AtXkabw AXn{Iqcamb _emwKfpw kv{Xo[\ acWfpw
]oU\fpw kzmX{yanmbvabpw AkwXr]vXnbpw AcnjvSnpff PohnXhpw
]ckv]capff shdppsams krjvSnm Cu kaqlw \nccw {ianpIbpw sNpw.
Ccnepff sIps]mnp ]pdp t]mIpXmWv Ghpw henb A]cm[w Fp
]dbp Hcp kwhn[m\w \mw \ne\nptm AXns Ghpw henb CcIfmbn
XocpXv kv{XoIfmWv. kmnIhpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb [mcmfw ImcW ChnsS
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Dbphcppv.
ssewKnIX, hnhmlw, IpSpw_w Chbvp apIfnepff aXns taevss
kaqln AcmPIamb hyh krjvSnv AXns\ IcnSwsImv
aqSnhncnpIbmWv. Cu I]S kZmNmcns tXmXv A\pZn\w h[npsImn
cnpXmWv Cp ImWpXv. kZmNmcw, {]Wbw, kv{Xo]pcpjssewKnIX, kv{Xo]pcpj
kzmX{yw XpSnbhsbpdnsms Xpd hnNmc ISphtcnbncnpp.
aXhpw cmjv{Sob ]mnIfpw Ccw {]iv\sf NbvsSppn. tkzOm{]Imcapff
ssewKnIXbpsS t]cn cmjv{Sob t\Xmsf hnebncppIbpw CXns t]cn AhcpsS
ap KpWsfmw CIgvpIbpw sNp Hcp coXnbpv. ssewKnIXsb Hcp hynbpsS
kzmX{yambn IWmm Hcp aXhpw A\phZnpn. Xpd ssewKnIXsbpdnv
kwkmcnm A\phZnm m]\ aXhpw cmjv{Sob ]mnIfpamWv.
tIcfnse ]ffnIfpsS nXn ]cntim[nptm ChnSfnse ZfnXv
]ptcmlnXcpsS Fw hncfamsWp ImWmw. kucyw, PmXn t{ijvTX, kv, XdhmSv
Ccw LSIsf ]cnKWnmWv k` ]ptcmlnXsc \nbanpXv. aXhnai\
aXpffn \nmWv DbphtcXv. Fm aXsfbpw Ccn
t\mnmtWXmWv. JZoP apwXmkv _kFgpXnbtm Rm tNmZnp C\nbpant
apwXmtk, FhnsSsbmstbm, Fsnepw Hfnnp hnnt? FmWh
]pdtbvsSpmXv?]n Sotd
FmWh adp]Sn ]dXv. hn.Sn.`XncnmSv
hnhns \mbnI Fp hntijnn Xm{Xnpnsbpdnpff efnXmw_nI
AP\ns \ncoWhpw ChnsS HmmhpXmWv. eyw \XmWv, amw
NobmWv FmWv AP\w A`n{]mbsXv. Pohnp hyhnXntbmSpff
`bwsImmWv ]qambpw FgpXm X\nv IgnbmXv Fv AP\w
Xpdp]dnpv.
CXpt]mse {][m\amb Hcp {]iv\amWv \yq\] ssewKnIX. \yq\]
ssewKnIX \nbahnt[bamnb \nch[n cmjv{Sfpv. Fm t]mv CXn\v AwKoImcw
\Inbnn. apJy[mcm \nba aXn\p apn XIp t]mIpXn\v
DZmlcWamWv CXv. kv{XoIfpsS PohnXw kmwkvImcnIamb ISpw]nSpfpsSbpw
m]nX ]pcpj aqeyfpsSbpw CSbns] v sRcppXn\v {][m\ImcWw aXamWv.
Ccsamcp hoWn\npsImv Fm aXsfbpw ]p\hmbntnbncnpp.
ss__nfnse `mj Fs\ kv{XohncpamIpp F coXnbn ]pdph
]p\hmb\I CXn\pZmlcWamWv. ss__nfns\ Ccn hmbnm aXw
A\phZnbvmdn. hnizmknIv kzX{ambn ss__n hmbnv hymJym\w sNbvXv
PohnXs cq]sSpmt\m AXn\\pkrXambn Pohnmt\m AXn\nv kam[m\w
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ssIsmffmt\m aXw A\phmZw \Ipn. GXp hyhbvIp Pohnmepw \psS
a\n\p icnsbp tXmpXpw \app ktmjw \IpXpamb PohnXw Pohnm
Ignnsn B hyhbvpffn InSv \mw Ponp t]mIpItb Dffq.
kmdmtPmk v
XmdmnbXv
{]koZ. bp.hn.
(ImeSn {ioicmNmcy kwkvIrXkhIemimebnshp \S jmPntP_ns
aebmft\mh: `mh\bpsS cmjv{Sobw F hnai\{Kw {]Imi\w \nhlnpsImv\Snb {]`mjWw.)