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Cellular Telephone

 And Satellite Networks

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17.1 Cellular Telephony17.1 Cellular Telephony

Frequency Reuse Principle

Transmitting

Receiving

Handoff 

Roaming

First Generation

Second Generation

Third Generation

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Figure 17.1 Cellular system

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Figure 17.2 Frequency reuse patterns

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Figure 17.3 Cellular bands for AMPS

 AMPS is an analog cellular phone

 system using FDMA.

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Figure 17.4 AMPS reverse communication band

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Figure 17.5 Second-generation cellular phone systems

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Figure 17.6 D-AMPS

 D-AMPS, or IS-136, is a digital 

 cellular phone system using TDMA and FDMA.

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Figure 17.7 GSM bands

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Figure 17.8 GSM

GSM is a digital cellular phone system

using TDMA and FDMA.

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Figure 17.9 Multiframe components

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Figure 17.10 IS-95 forward transmission

 IS-95 is a digital cellular phone

 system using CDMA/DSSS and  FDMA.

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Figure 17.11 IS-95 reverse transmission

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The main goal of third-generation

 cellular telephony is to provide

universal personal communication.

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IMT-2000 radio interfaces

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Satelli te NetworksSatellite Networks

Orbits

Three Categories of Satellites

GEO Satellites

MEO Satellites

LEO Satell ites

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Satellite orbits

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 Example 1 Example 1

What is the period of the moon according to Kepler’s

law?

SolutionSolution

The moon is located approximately 384,000 km above the earth. The radius of the earth is 6378 km. Applying

 the formula, we get

 Period = (1/100) (384,000 + 6378)1.5 = 2,439,090 s

= 1 month

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 Example 2 Example 2

 According to Kepler’s law, what is the period of a

 satellite that is located at an orbit approximately 35,786 

 km above the earth?

SolutionSolution

 Applying the formula, we get

 Period = (1/100) (35,786 + 6378)1.5 = 86,579 s = 24 h

 A satellite like this is said to be stationary to the earth.The orbit, as we will see, is called a geosynchronous

 orbit.

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Figure 17.14 Satellite categories

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Figure 17.15 Satellite orbit altitudes

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The Earth’s Radiation Belts Also known as “Van Allen

Belts”, is a torus of energetic charged particles(i.e. a plasma) aroundEarth, trapped by Earth'smagnetic field.When the belts "overload",particles strike the upper

atmosphere and fluoresce,causing the polar aurora.The inner belt consistsmostly of protons while theouter belt consists mostly of electrons.It is generally understoodthat the Van Allen belts area result of the collisionof Earth's magnetic fieldwith the solar wind.

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 A solar wind is astream of chargedparticles (i.e., aplasma) whichareejected from theupperatmosphere of 

the sun.

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The Earth’s Radiation Belts

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Table 17.1 Satellite frequency band Table 17.1 Satellite frequency band 

3500

500

500

70

15

Bandwidth,

MHz

20

11

4

1.9

1.5

Downlink,

GHz

30Ka

14Ku

6C

2.2S

1.6L

Uplink, GHzBand

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Satellites in geosynchronous orbit

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Triangulation

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GPS

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LEO satellite system

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Iridium constellation

The Iridium system has 66 satellites in six LEO orbits, each atan alt itude of 750 km.

 Iridium is designed to provide direct worldwide voice and 

 data communication using handheld terminals, a service

 similar to cellular telephony but on a global scale.

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Teledesic

Teledesic has 288 satellites in 12 LEO

 orbits, each at an altitude of 1350 km.

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