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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
0
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
1
Physical Geography-
1- i`Foh
2- v{kka”k o ns”kkUrj
3- LFkkuh; le; x.kuk
4- i`Foh dh vkUrfjd lajpuk
5- jksd
6- IysV foorZfudh fl)kar
7- tyok;q foKku
8- ok;qe.My
9- ok;qe.My dh lajpuk
10- ok;qe.Myh; nkc
11- ok;qnkc isfV;k¡
12- iou ra=
13- vknzZrk
14- lkSj rki
15- leqnz foKku
16- Albedo 17- egklkxjh; Tokj
18- izoky fHkfr
19- egklkxjh; /kkjk,a
World Geography-
egk}hi
1- mRrjh vesfjdk
2- nf{k.k vesfjdk
3- vQzhdk
4- ;wjksi
5- ,f”k;k
6- vkWLVªsfy;k
7- v.VkdZfVdk
egklkxj
1- fOk”o dh tyok;q
2- oSf”od [kfut forj.k
3- fo”o ds lcls cMs }hi o >hy
4- egk}hih; foLFkkiu fl)kUr
5- feV~Vh
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
2
Earth
i`Foh gekjs LkkSj e.My dk ,dek= ,slk x`g tgkW thou ik;k tkrk gSA
&i`Foh dk vkdkj xksykHk (Geoid) gSA i`Foh }kjk viuhs /kqjh ij fd;s tkus okys ifjHkze.k
ds dkj.k /kqjh ls ckgj dh rjQ vidsUnzh; cy yxrk gS ftlds dkj.k i`Foh dk fo’k qor
js[kh; {ks=ksa eas vf/kd izlkj gks tkrk gS blhfy, i`Foh dh foiqorjs[kh; f=T;k mldh
/kzqoh; f=T;k ls vf/kd gksrh gSA
&i`Foh dh /kqjh (Axis of the Earth)& og dkYifud js[kk ftlds pkjksa vksj i`Foh
ifjHkze.k djrh gqbZ izrhr gksrh gS ]og i`Foh dh /kqjh dgykrh gSA
&i`FOkh dh /kqjh yEcor ugha gS] vfirq ;g yEcor (Vertical) ls 23 1@2 >qdh gqbZ gSA
i`FOkh dh /kqjh dk ;gh >qdko v{kh; >qdko (Axial Bending) dgykrk gSA
&i`Foh dh d{kk (Orbit of the Earth)&og LFkk;h ekxZ ftl ij pyrs gq, i`Foh lw;Z ds
pkjkas vksj ifjdze.k djrh gSA og i`Foh dh d{kk (Orbit of the earth) dgykrh gSA
&i`Foh ,d nh?kZo`rkdkj vFkok v.Mkdkj d{kk esa pyrs gq, lw;Z ds pkjksaa vksj ifjdze.k
djrh gSA
&nh?kZo`rkdkj d{kk ds dkj.k i`Foh o lw;Z ds e/; nwjh leku ugha gksrh gSA
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
3
&i`Foh o lw;Z ds e/; vkSlr nwjh 150 fefy;u fdeh ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
&i`Foh dh d{kk es og fcUnq tgkW i`Foh o lw;Z ds e/; nwjh U;wure gksrh gS] og milkSj
voLFkk (Perigee)dgykrk gSA
&i`FOkh gj o’kZ 3 tuojh dks milkSj voLFkk es gksrh gSA rFkk bl le; lw;Z ls i`Foh dh
nwjh 147 ,e fdeh gksrh gSA
&i`Foh dh d{kk eas og fcUnq tgka i`Foh o lw;Z ds e/; nwjh lokZf/kd gksrh gS] og vilkSj
(Apogee) dgykrk gSA
&i`Foh gj o’kZ 4 tqykbZ dks vilkSj voLFkk es gksrh gS] rFkk bl le; lw;Z ls bldh nwjh
yxHkx 152 ,e fdeh gksrh gSA
uksV& [kxksyh; bdkbZ (Astronomical Unit)&bl bdkbZ dk mi;ksx lkSj e.My es
[kxksy fi.Mkas ds e/; nwjh ekius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
&,d [kxksyh; bdkbZ dk eku i`FOkh dk lw;Z ds e/; vkSlr nwjh ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
(1 Au=150 million Km)
- ifjdze.k(Revolution)& iFoh }kjk lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj dh tkus okyh o`rkdkj xfr
ifjdze.k dgykrh gSA
&i`Foh dks ,d ifjdze.k iwjk djus esa 365 fnu o 6 ?k.Vs dk le; yxrk gSA
&i`Foh if”pe ls iwoZ fn”kk dh vksj pyrs gq, ifjdze.k iwjk djrh gSA
&i`Foh ds ifjdze.k dk izHkko&iFoh ij _rqvksa ds fuekZ.k rFkk /kzqoh; {ks=ksa eas 6
efguksa ds fnu o jkr ds fy, i`Foh dk ifjdze.k rFkk mldk v{kh; >qdko
ftEesnkj gSA(Revolution & Exial Bending)
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
4
&fo’kqo (Equinor)&o’kZ ds og fnu tc lw;Z fo’kqDr js[kk ds mij yEcor fLFkj gksrk gS]
og fo’kqo dgykrs gS&
21 ekpZ & clUr fo’kqo
28 flrEcj& “kjn fo’kqo
bu nksuksa fnu i`Foh ij lHkh txg 12 ?k.Vs ds fnu o 12 ?k.Vs dh jkr gksrh gSA
&v;ukUr (Solstice)&o’kZ ds os fnu tc lw;Z ddZ js[kk rFkk edj js[kk ij yEcor
fLFkr gksrk gS] os fnu v;UkkUr dgykrs gSA
&21 tqu dks lw;Z ddZ js[kk ij yEcor fLFkfr gksrk gS] rFkk ;g fnu xzh’e v;ukUr
dgykrk gSA ;g mrjh xksyk)Z dk lcls yEck fnu gksrk gS] rFkk nf{k.kh xksyk)Z dh
lcls yEch jkr gksrh gSA
&22 fnlEcj dks lw;Z edj js[kk ij yEcor fLFkr gksrk gS] rFkk bls “khr v;ukUr dgrs
gSA ;g nf{k.kh xksyk)Z dk lcls yEck fnu o mrjh xksyk)Z dh lcls yEch jkr gksrh gSA
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
5
v{kak”k ,oa ns”kkUrj (Latitude and Longitude)
v{kka”k ,oa ns”kkarj dk mi;ksx i`Foh dh lrg ij fdlh Hkh LFkku dh fof”k’V fLFkrh
fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
LFkkuh; le; x.kuk (Local Time Calculation)
1884 eas gq, ^vUrjkZ’Vªh; ns”kkUrj lEesyu ds nkSjku LFkkuh; le; x.kuk ds ekud
LFkkfir fd;s x;sA
&bl lEesyu ds nkSjku xzhufop ls ikl gksus okys ns”kkUrj dks e/;k) js[kk ekuk x;kA
i`Foh dh vkUrfjd lajpuk (Internal Structure of the Earth)
&i`Foh gekjs lkSj e.My dk lokZf/kd ?kuRo okyk xzg gSA ?kUkRo&5-5gm/cm3
Density = mass/ volume
&^”kfu^ gekjs lkSj e.My dk lcls fuEu ?kUkRo okyk xzg gSA 0-69gm/cm3
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
6
dk;kUrfjr pV~Vkusa (Metamorphic Rocks)& vR;f/kd nkc rFkk rkieku
ds dkj.k tc vkXus; rFkk volknh pV~Vkuksa ds HkkSfrd rFkk jklk;fud xq.kkas esa
ifjorZu gksrk gS] rc buls cuus okyh ubZ pV~Vkuas dk;kUrfjr pV~Vkuas dgykrh gSA
IysV foorZfudh fl)kar (Plate Tectonics Theory)
&IysV foorZfudh fl)kUr LFky e.My dh IysVksa ds fuekZ.k] fodkl rFkk IysVksa ds e/;
gksus okyh lakisf{kd] xfr ds dkj.k mRiUu gksus okyh Hkw&vkd`frd ifj?kVukvksa tSls&
egk}hih; foLFkkiu] HkwdEi] Tokyk eq[kh mn~Hko] ioZr fuekZ.k vkfn dks oSKkfud :i ls
le>krk gSA
&i`Foh dk LFky e.My (Lithosphere) cgqr ls Hkkxksa ds caVk gqvk gSA LFky e.My ds
;gh Hkkx IysV dgykrs gSA
&LFky e.My esa dqy 6 izeq[k IysVsa rFkk 20 y?kq IysVsa gS&
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
7
Climatology Tkyok;q foKku
1- ekSle(Weather) 2- _rq(Season) 3- tyok;q(Climate)
1- ekSle (Weather)& fdlh lhfer {ks= esa ,d lhfer dky [k.M ds nkSjku feyus
okyh ok;qe.Myh; ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ml {ks= dk ekSle dgykrh gSA
2- _rq (season)& ,d foLr`r {ks= ds mij e/;kof/k dky ds nkSjku feyus okyh
vkSlr ok;qe.Myh; ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ml {ks= dh +_rq dgykrh gSA
3- tyok;q (Climate)& fdlh foLr`r Hkw&Hkkx ij ,d yEcs dky[k.M ds nkSjku
feyus okyh vkSlr ok;qe.Myh; ifjfLFkfr;ka ml {ks= dh tyok;q dgykrh gSA
ok;qe.My (Atmosphere)
&i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj feyus okyh ok;q dh ijr ok;qe.My dgykrh gSA
&i`Foh ds xq:Rokd’kZ.k cy ds dkj.k gh ;g ok;qe.My i`Foh ds pkjkas vksj cuk jgrk gSA
&ok;qe.My i`Foh ij thou ds fy, vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;kW cuk;s j[kus ds fy,
vfrvko”;d gSA
&ok;qe.My esa rhu izeq[k ?kVd ik;s tkrs gSA&
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
8
&lw;Z ls vkus okyh y/kq rjax fofdj.k Short Wave Radiation ds fy, i`Foh dk
ok;qe.My ikjn”khZ O;ogkj djrk gS] vr% bl fofdj.k dk vo”kks’k.k ok;qe.My }kjk ugha
fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ;g ok;qe.My dks xeZ djus ds fy, ftEesnkj ugha gSA
ok;qe.My dh lajpuk (Structure of Atmosphere)
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
9
ok;qe.My dks pkj fofHkUu ijrksa eas foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA&
ok;qe.Myh; nkc(Atmospheric Pressure)
ok;q ds otu ds dkj.k i`FOkh dh lrg ij yxus okyk nkc ok;qe.Myh; nkc dgykrk gSA
&ok;qe.Myh; nkc dh bdkbZ& feyhckj
&ok;qe.Myh; nkc dh ekid& cSjksfeVj
D;kasfd i`Foh dh lrg ls m¡pkbZ c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk ok;q dh lkUnzrk de gksrh tkrh gS]
blhfy, ok;qe.Myh; nkc Hkh de gksrk tkrk gSA
izk;% rkieku c<us ds lkFk&lkFk ok;qe.Myh; nkc de gksrk tkrk gSA
i`FOkh dh ok;qnkc isfV;k¡ (Pressure Belts of Earth)
¼ok;q dh deh i`Foh ds ?kw.kZu ds dkj.k½
&fo’kqor js[kk dk rkieku vf/kd gksxk] blfy, ;gkW ok;q xeZ gksxh o ok;q dk nkc de
gksxkA
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
10
iou ra= (Winds System)
LFkk;h iousa v)Z LFkk;h iousa LFkkuh; iousa
(Permanent Winds) (Semi Permanent Winds) (Local Winds)
1- O;kikfjd iouas 1- ekulwu 1- LFky ,oa ty
lehj
2- iNqok iouas 2- ?kkVh o ioZr
lehj
3- /kzqoh; iouas 3- fpuwd iouas
4- fo’kqor js[kh; 4- gjeV~Vu
iNqok iousa 5- Sirrocco 6- Mistral
7- Boar
8 Blirard
9 Buran¼cqjku½
1- LFkk;h iousa&;s iousa o’kZ Hkj ,d gh fn”kk esa pyrh gS]blfy, bUgs LFkk;h iousa
dgk tkrk gSA
&;s iousa i`Foh ds ,d CkM+s Hkw&Hkkx dks izHkkfor djrh gS blfy, bUgsa xzgh; iousa
Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
11
fpuwd o Qksgu (Chinook & Fohn)&
&mrjh vesfjdk esa jkWdh ioZrksa ds iwohZ <kyksa ls vorfyr gksdj pyus okyh xeZ gok,a
fpuwd dgykrh gSA
&;s gok,a izHkkfor {ks=ksa es dqN gh le; esa rkieku dks vR;f/kd c<k nsrh gS] ftlds
dkj.k jkWdh ioZrksa ds insu {ks=ksa esa (Foothills) cQZ ls <ds eSnkuh {ks=ksa es cQZ le; ls
igys fi/ky tkrh gSA ftlls ;gka ij dh tkus okyh d`f’k le; ls igys izkjaHk gks tkrh
gSA vr% ;g ;gka dh tkus okyh xsgw dh [ksrh ds fy, vko”;d gSA
Mistral –
vkyil ioZrksa ls vorfyr gksdj Lisu rFkk Qazkl ds mij ls xqtjus okyh vR;f/kd BaMh
,ao “kq’d gok,a feLVªky dgykrh gS
lkSj rki(Solar Insolation)
lw;Z ls i`FOkh ds ok;qe.My esa izkIr gksus okyk lkSj fofdj.k lkSj rki dgykrk gSA
&ckgjh ok;qe.My esa lkSj rki dh ek=k LFkk;h gksrh gSA lkSj rki dh ;gh ek=k lkSj
fu;rkad dgykrh gSA
C.S.= 1.96 calories/ cm2/ min
= 2 calories / cm2/ min
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
12
&i`Foh dh lrg ij fuEu dkj.kksa ls lkSj rki dh ek=k izHkkfor gksrh gS&
egklkxjh; Tokj (Ocean Tides)
pUnzek }kjk leqnz dh lrg ij yxk;s tkus okys xq:Rokd’kZ.k cy ds dkj.k leqnzh ty
mij dh vksj mBrk gS] ftlds dkj.k mRiUu gqbZ rjaxs Tokj dgykrh gSA
&Tokjksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, pUnzek ds xq:Rokd’kZ.k cy ds lkFk&lkFk lw;Z dk xq:Rokd’kZ.k
cy Hkh ftEesnkj gSA
&fdlh Hkh le; i`Foh ij ,d lkFk nks txgksa ij Tokjksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ;s nksuksa fcUnw
,d&nwljs ds 180a dh dks.kh; nwjh ij fLFkj gksrs gSA
izoky fHkfr (Coral Reefs)
izoky fHkfr;kW dSfYl;e ]dkcksZusV dh cuh pV~Vkua s gS] tks m’.k dfVca/kh; egklkxj esa
tyeXu voLFkk esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
&izoky fHkfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k ,d y?kq egklkxjh; tho Coral Polyp }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
&bl Coral Polyp dk dadky dkcksZusV dk cuk gksrk gS]blhfy, Coral Polyp dh e`R;q
ds i”pkr buds dadkyks ds ,d ds mIkj ,d tek gksus ls bu izoky fHkfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k
gksrk gSA
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
13
&izoky fHkfr;ksa dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd&
izkd`frd dkjd(Natural Factors) ekuo tfur dkjd(Anthropogenic Factors)
egklkxjh; /kkjk,a (Ocean Currents)
&oSf”od egklkxjh; pdz.k Hkh dgrs gSA (Global Oceanic Circulation)
&tc egklkxjh; ty cM+h ek=k esa ,d gh fn”kk esa cguk izkjaHk djrk gS] rks og
egklkxjh; /kkjkvksa dks tUe nsrk gSA
ßegk}hiÞ
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
14
{ks=Qy ds vk/kkj ij %&
1- ,f”k;k
2- vÝhdk
3- North America
4- South America
5- Antarctica
6- Europe
7- Australia
Population ds vk/kkj ij %&
1- Asia
2- Africa
3- Europe
4- North America
5- South America
6- Australia
7-Antarctica
& fo”o dk rhljk lcls cM+k egk}hi {ks=Qy ds vk/kkj ijA
& tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij pkSFkk lcls cM+k egk}hi gSA
North America
¼mŸkjh vesfjdk½
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
15
2- Applachian Mountain Region %&
;g izns”k eq[; :i ls U.S.A. ds iwohZ Hkkx eas fLFkr gSA
& ,d izkphu ofyr old fold mountain dk mnkgj.k gSA
blhfy, bldh Å¡pkbZ 1000&2000 eh- rd ikbZ tkrh gSA ¼low hight mountain½
& bu ioZrksa ds n- Hkkx esa ^ekm.V fe”ksy pksVh * fLFkr gS] tks fd Applachian Mountain
dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh gSA
* Sierra Nevado :
Block Mountain ¼[k.M ioZr½
&U.S.A. ds dSfyQksfUkZ;k jkT; esa fLFkr [k.M ioZr
& ;g fo”o dk lcls cM+k ^[k.M ioZr* gSA
& Mt. Whitney ¼4418 eh-½ bl ioZr dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh gSA
& bl ioZr rFkk jkWdh ioZrksa ds e/; Great Basin Plateau fLFkr gS] tks fd ,d vUr% ioZrh;
iBkj gSA
*mRkjh vesfjdk ds izeq[k iBkj %&
*Columbia Plateau %&
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
16
mŸkjh vesfjdk dk viokg ra=
* Yucon River ¼;qdksu unh½ %
U.S.A. ds vykLdk jkT; dh izeq[k unhA
& bl unh dk mn~xe eSdsUyks ioZrksa ls gksrk gS] rFkk ;g unh ^Bearing lkxj * esa tkdj fxjrh gSA
& bl unh ds csflu esa lksus ds Placer deposits ¼Iyslj fu{ksi½ ik;s tkrs gSA
ufn;ksa }kjk tek fd;s x;s volkn
* Mackanzie River ¼eSdsUth unh½ %&
1- Great Bear Lake :
&m- dukMk esa fLFkr ehBs ikuh dh >hy
& bl >hy dk fuekZ.k fge unksa ds fi?kyus ls gqvk gSA
& iw.kZ :i ls dukMk esa fLFkr lcls cM+h >hyA
& bl >hy ds fdukjs Port Radium fLFkr gS] tks fd Radium] ;wjsfu;e rFkk lksus ds Hk.Mkjksa ds
fy, fo[;kr gSA
2- Great Slave Lake :
* Praries :
mŸkjh vesfjdk dh izeq[k >hyas
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
17
mŸkj vesfjdk esa fLFkr 'khrks".k dfVca/kh; ?kkl ds eSnkuA
& ;s ?kkl ds eSnku dukMk rFkk U.S.A. esa fLFkr gSA rFkk e/;orhZ eSnkuh izns”k dk Hkkx gSA
& bu ?kkl ds eSnkuksa esa Chernozem¼pjekste½ Soil ¼feV~Vh½ feyrh gS] ftlesa g~;qel dh ek=k
vf/kd gksrh gS] ftlds dkj.k ;g feV~Vh dkys jax dh utj vkrh gSA
& bu {ks=ksa esa NksVh ijUrq ikSf"Vd ?kkl gksrh gS tks fd cgqr ls oU; tho iztkfr;ksa ds fodkl ds fy,
lgk;d gSA
& bu ?kkl ds eSnkuksa dk mi;ksx eq[; :i ls xsgw¡ dh d`f"k ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk ;g Praries
¼ijsfjt½ {ks= U.S.A. o Canada dks fo”o dk lcls cM+s xsgw¡ fu;kZrd ns”k cukrk gSA
& bu ?kkl ds eSnkuksa dk mi;ksx Ik”kqikyu ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA ¼Animal Husbandry½
* Yellow Stone National Park :
Cuba » Caribbean Sea ds ikl [South East]
phuh mRiknu
fo”o dk phuh dk dVksjk
rEckdw dh [ksrh &[flxkj (sigar) ds fy, famous]
^esfMdy lqfo/kkvksa* ds fy, izfl) gSA
&Havana&Cuba dh Capital
* iukek LFky laf/k & m- vesfjdk o n- vesfjdk dks tksM+rh gSA
* cSfjax ty laf/k & ,f”k;k dks N vesfjdk ls vyx djrh gSA
( Bearing Straits)
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
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South America/ nf{k.k vesfjdk
n- vesfjdk ds HkkSxksfyd foHkkx %
1-
n- vesfjdk ds if”pe Hkkx esa ^,aMht ioZrksa o iz”kkUr egklkxj* ds e/;
fLFkr ldM+k eSnkuh {ks=A
& ;g fo”o dk lcls yEck rVorhZ {ks= gSA
& bu rVorhZ eSnkuh ds e/; Hkkx esa ^,Vsdkek e:LFky* [Atacama Desert] fLFkr gSA
& bu izns”kksa esa feyus okyh feV~Vh esa ukbVªsV rFkk QkWLQsV dh ek=k vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gSA
2-
If”peh rVorhZ eSnkuh izns”k
[Western Coastal Plains Region]
If”peh ioZrh; izns”k
Western Mountains Region
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
19
*
n- vesfjdk ds mŸkjh Hkkx esa cgus okyh unh] tks fd ^osustq,yk* ns”k dh lcls izeq[k unh gSA
& bl unh dk mn~xe xq;kuk iBkj ls gksrk gS] rFkk ;g unh MsYVk cukus ds i”pkr~ vVykafVd
egklkxj esa tkdj fxjrh gSA
&Caroni ¼djksuh½ bldh lgk;d unh gS] ftl ij fo”o fo[;kr Angel Falls ¼,afty ty izikr½
fLFkr gSA ;g fo”o dk lcls Å¡pk ty izikr gS] ftldh Å¡pkbZ 979 ehVj gSA
& djksuh unh ij gh Guri Dam ¼xqjh cka/k½ fLFkr gSA rFkk ;g fo”o dh rhljh lcls cM+h ^ty
fo|qr mRiknu ifj;kstuk* gSA mRiknu {kerk 10]000 eSxkokV ¼oststq,yk esa½
& bl unh ds csflu esa isVªksfy;e ds Hk.Mkj feyrs gS& vkWfjuksdks unh esaA
& bl unh ds csflu esa fLFkr m".k dfVca/kh; ?kkl ds eSnku ^LLANOS* dgykrs gSA
*
Orinocco River
[vkWfjuksdks unh]
Amazon River [vestu unh]
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
20
*Titicaca Lake :
is: rFkk cksfyfo;k ns”kksa ds lhek {ks=ksa esa fLFkr >hy
& ;g >hy cksfyfo;k ds iBkj ij fLFkr gSA
& ;g ,d ehBs ikuh dh >hy gS] ftldk fuekZ.k fge unksa ds fi?kyu ls gqvk gSA
& ;g fo”o dh lcls Å¡pkbZ ij fLFkr ukSdk;u mi;qDr >hy gSA
*
1- ,Vsdkek e:LFky %
nf{k.k vesfjdk ds if”peh rVh; {ks=ksa esa feyus okyk e:LFkyA
& ;g e:LFky n- is: rFkk fpyh ns”k esa fLFkr gSA
& bl e:LFky ds fuekZ.k ds dkj.k& miks".k dfVca/kh; mPp nkc isVh 'kq"d O;kikfjd iousa rFkk B.Mh
iou /kkjk gSA
& ;g fo”o dk lcls 'kq"d e:LFky gSA
&Atacama Desert vius rkacs ds Hk.Mkjksa ds fy, izfl) gSA
& bl e:LFky esa feyus okyh feV~Vh esa ukbVªsV rFkk QkWLQsV dh ek=k vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gSA
& ukbVªsV o QkWLQsV dh ek=k vf/kd gksus ds fy, iz”kkUr egklkxj esa feyus okys egklkxjh; i{kh
ftEesnkj gS] ftudh ihB esa ukbVªsV o QkWLQsV dh ek=k vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gSA
& bu if{k;ksa dh chV dks xqvkuks ¼Guano½ dgrs gS] blfy, bUgsa Guano Bird Hkh dgrs gSA
* isVkxksfu;k e:LFky [Patagonian Desert] :
eq[; :i ls nf{k.kh vtsZVhuk rFkk fpyh esa fLFkr e:LFkyA
* PAMPAS ¼iEikl½ %
n- vesfjdk esa fLFkr 'khrks".k dfVca/kh; ?kkl ds eSnku PAMPAS dgykrs gSA
nf{k.k vesfjdk esa feyus okys e:LFky
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21
& ;s ?kkl ds eSnku eq[; :i ls vtsZVhuk ns”k esa fLFkr gSA
& bl ?kkl ds eSnkuksa esa pjekste feV~Vh ikbZ gS] ftlesa g~;qel dh ek=k vf/kd gksrh gSA
& bu ?kkl ds eSnkuksa dk mi;ksx xsgw¡ dh [ksrh ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] rFkk ;g {ks= vtsZVhuk dks fo”o
dk rhljk lcls cM+k xsgw¡ fu;kZrd ns”k cukrs gSA
& vtsZVhuk esa ;g {ks= i’kqikyu m|ksx ds fy, Hkh fo[;kr gSA
*Cape Horn [dsi gkWuZ ] : n- vesfjdk dk nf{k.kre fcUnq
*Panama Canal ¼iukek ugj½ %
;g ugj iukek dh [kkM+h [Gulf Of Panama] dks dsfjfc;u lkxj ls tksM+rh gSA
rFkk ;g iz”kkUr egklkxj dks vVykafVd egklkxj ls tksM+rh gSA
& bl ugj dk fuekZ.k 1914 A.D. esa fd;k x;k] rFkk ;g m- vesfjdk ds i- rV rFkk n- vesfjdk ds
iw- rV vkSj ;wjksi ds if”peh rV ds e/; nwjh dks de djrh gSA
& orZeku esa bl ugj dk izca/ku iukek ns”k }kjk fd;k tk jgk gSA
& ;g ugj ,d ^yksd flLVe* ds ek/;e ls lapkfyr dh tkrh gSA
& ;g fo’o ds lcls izeq[k vUrjkZ"Vªh; tyekxksZa esa ls ,d gSA
* Salvador ¼lYokMksj½ %&Slave Port [nkl cUnjxkg ]
& czkthy ds iwohZ Hkkx esa
* Belo Horizonte ¼csyks gksfjtksUVs½ %&ykSg v;Ld [kuu dk izeq[k dsUnz ¼czkthy½
& {ks=Qy rFkk tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij fo”o dk nwljk lcls cM+k egk}hiA
& fo”o dk ,dek= egk}hi tgka ls fo"kqor js[kk [Equtor],ddZ js[kk [Cancer] rFkk edj js[kk
[Capricon] xqtjrh gSA
High - -- - - - - - Low
AFRICA [vÝhdk]
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& D;ksafd bl egk}hi dk lokZf/kd Hkkx m".k dfVca/kh; {ks= esa fLFkr gS] blhfy, ;g fo”o dk lcls
xeZ egk}hi gSA
& vÝhdk ds i- Hkkx ls e/;k) js[kk xqtjrh gS] rFkk vÝhdk ,dek= ,slk egk}hi gS] tks fd pkjksa
xksyk)ksZa esa fLFkr gSA
& ekuo thou dk fodkl loZizFke blh egk}hi esa gqvk Fkk] blhfy, bls ^^ekuo lH;rk dk ikyuk
[Cradle of Mankind]** Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
& ;g egk}hi ,d iBkj dk mnkgj.k gS] vFkkZr~ ;g egk}hi okLro esa ,d iBkjh {ks= gS] ftl ij
cgus okyh ufn;ka cgqr ls ty izikrksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gS] blhfy, lHkh egk}hiksa esa lokZf/kd ty
fo|qr mRiknu {kerk blh egk}hi esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
& ckdh egk}hiksa ds eqdkcys vÝhdk fodkl esa dkQh fiNM+k gqvk gS] blhfy, bls ^vU/k egk}hi
[Dark Continent] dgk tkrk gSA
*
1- Atlas Mountains ¼,Vyl ioZr½ %&vÝhdk dh lcls izeq[k ioZr Ja[kykA
& vÝhdk ds m- i- Hkkx esa fLFkr eksjDdks [Morrocco]] vYthfj;k [Algeria] ,oa V~;wuhf”k;k ns”k esa foLr`rA
& ;g ,d uohu ofyr ioZrksa [Young Fold Mountains] dk mnk- gS] ftldk fuekZ.k vÝhdh IysV
rFkk ;wjsf”k;k IysV ds vfHklj.k ls gqvkA
& ^ekm.V Vkscdy* bu ioZrksa dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh gS
& bu ioZrksa esa /kkfRod [kfutksa ds Hk.Mkj ik;s tkrs gSA
ykSg v;Ld] rkack] lksuk vkfn
2- yksek ioZr [Loma Mountain] :- i- vÝhdk dh lcls Å¡ph ioZr Ja[kykA
vÝhdk dh izeq[k ioZr Jsf.k;ka
Important Mt. Ranges Of Africa
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
23
*
* River Niger ¼ukbtj unh½ %&
i- vÝhdk dh lcls yEch ,oa egRoiw.kZ unhA
& bl unh dk mn~xe ^yksek ioZrksa* ls gksrk gS rFkk ;g unh MsYVk cukus ds i”pkr fxuh dh [kkM+h
[Gulf Of Guinea] esa tkdj fxjrh gSA
& bl unh dks ^River Of Bend* o ^River Of Return* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
& bl unh ds MsYVk {ks= esa isVªksfy;e ds Hk.Mkj feyrs gSA
& ekyh ns”k dk izeq[k 'kgj fVEcdVw ¼Tombouctou½ 'kgj blh unh ds fdukjs clk gqvk gSA
* Volta River :
?kkuk ns’k dh izeq[k unh
& ?kkuk Gold ds fy, izfl) gS] blhfy, igys bls ^Gold Coast’ dgrs FksA
vÝhdk dk viokg ra=
Drainage System Of Africa
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24
& bl unh ij Akosombo Dam ¼vdkslksEcks cka/k½ fLFkr gS] ftlls oksYVk >hy dk fuekZ.k gksrk
gSA
& {ks=Qy ds vk/kkj ij ^oksYVk >hy* lcls cM+h ekuo fufeZr >hy gSA
* uhy unh %&
%&Important Lakes of Africa :
* foDVksfj;k >hy %&
vÝhdk dh lcls cM+h rFkk fo”o dh nwljh lcls cM+h ehBs ikuh dh >hyA
&bl >hy ls fo"kqor js[kk xqtjrh gSA
& ;qxkaMk] dsfu;k rFkk ratkfu;k ds lhek {ks= esa fLFkr
& bl >hy ls White Nile River dk mn~xe gksrk gSA
& ;g >hy egku~ Hkaz”k ?kkVh [Great Rift Vally] esa fLFkr ugha gSA
* Lake Chad [pkM >hy ] :
& vjc izk;}hi rFkk vÝhdk ds iwoZ esa fLFkr Hkza”k ?kkVh
izeq[k >hysa
egku Hkza”k ?kkVh
Great Rift Valley
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25
* Sahara Desert :
* KALAHARI Desert :
* Namib Desert :
* Suez Canal [Lost ugj] :
;g ugj Hkwe/; lkxj dks ^yky lkxj* [Red Sea] ls tksM+rh gSA
& bl ugj dk fuekZ.k 1869 A.D. esa iw.kZ gqvkA rFkk bl ugj dh dqy yEckbZ 173 fd-eh- gSA
& bl ugj dk izcU/ku ^feJ* }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk ;g feJ ds Lost cUnjxkg dks lbn ¼Said½ cUnjxkg ls tksM+rh gSA
& ;g fo”o ds izeq[k vUrjkZ"Vªh; tyekxksZa esa ls ,d gS] rFkk isVªksfy;e ds O;kikj ds fy, fo[;kr gSA
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* vkblyS.M] LohMu] ukosZ] MsuekdZ ns”k Scandinavian dgykrs gS D;ksafd bu ns’kksa esa ^Ldsf.Musfo;k
lewg dh Hkk"kkvksa dk use fd;k tkrk gSA blfy, ;g lewg ,d lkaLd`frd Hkk"kk;h izns”k gSA
& buesa fQuyS.M 'kkfey ugha gSA [INDS]
Europe ¼;wjksi½
I S N D
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
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* England/Great Britain/U.K.
* England ,d ns”k gSA
* Great Britain
(i) England (ii) Wales (iii) Scotland
* U.K. (United Kingdom)
(i) Great Britain (ii) Northern Ireland
* ^uhnjyS.M] csfYt;e] yDtecxZ ns”kksa* dks ‘Benelur Country (csusyDl ns”k)’ dgrs gSA ¼Ýkal ds
ikl½
* ‘Benelur c. - Low Country :-
leqnz ry ls Å¡pkbZ de gksus ds dkj.k ;s ns”k ^fuEu ns”k* dgykrs gSA ¼csusyDl½
;wjksi ds izeq[k ioZr %&
* Cantabrain Mountains : Lisu ds m- Hkkx esa fLFkrA
& ;g ,d uohu ofyr ioZr gSA
& Lius dh izeq[k unh Ebro ¼,czks½ dk mn~xe bUgha ioZrksa ls gksrk gSA
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1- tsusok >hy [Geneva Lake] :
Ýkal o LohV~tjyS.M ds lhek {ks= esa fLFkrA
& ;g >hy jksu unh ij fLFkr gSA
& LohV~tjyS.M dk fo[;kr ”kgj tsusok blh >hy ds fdukjs clk gSA
;wjksi dh izeq[k >hysa
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29
1
Jhyadk [Sri Lanka]
& Jhyadk esa vi dsUnzh; viokg ra= dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
[Centrifugal drainage System]
* Palk Strait :
;g ty laf/k ikd dh [kkM+h dks caxky dh [kkM+h ls tksM+rh gSA
& ;g Jhyadk dks Hkkjr ls vyx djrh gSA
ikfdLrku
* Potwar Plateau :
Asia ¼,f”k;k½
palk
Strait
sa
strait
Adam’s
Peak
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ikfdLrku ds m- Hkkx esa fLFkr iBkjA
& ;g iBkj vius isVªksfy;e rFkk izkd`frd xSl ds Hk.Mkjksa ds fy, fo[;kr gSA
& ;g iBkj vius dks;ys ds Hk.Mkjksa ds fy, Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
&Capital - bLykekckn rFkk egRoiw.kZ 'kgj jkoyfiafM blh iBkj ij fLFkr gSA
* Salt Range &
ikfdLrku ds m- Hkkx esa fLFkr ioZr Js.khA
& ;g ioZr Js.kh lksfM;e DyksjkbM ¼Nacl½ ds [kfut Hk.Mkjksa ds fy, fo[;kr gSA
* Gwadar ¼Xoknj½ %
ikd ds edjku ¼n- esa½ rV ij fLFkr cUnjxkg ¼n- i-½
& bl cUnjxkg dk fodkl phu dh lgk;rk ls fd;k x;k gSA
& bl cUnjxkg dk eq[; mn~ns”; djkph cUnjxkg ij ls ncko dks de djuk gSA
* FATA : Fedrally Administered Tribal Area
(N.W.QUVh;j ¼jkT;½ ds n- ) Terrorism ls izHkkfor {ks=
&Chagai Hills - ikd dk ijek.kq i- vuqla/kku dsUnz
vQxkfuLrku
South East Asia
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phu [CHINA]
& phu dh izeq[k ufn;ka %&
1- Huang He ¼gqvkax gs½ %
phu rFkk ,f”k;k dh nwljh lcls yEch unhA
& bl unh dk mn~xe iw - ,f”k;k dh igkfM+;ksa ls gksrk gSA rFkk ;g ^cksgkbZ dh [kkM+h* esa tkdj fxjrh
gSA
& ;g ,d dVksjs ds vkdkj ds csflu {ks= dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
& ;g unh Yellow River ¼ihyh unh½ dgykrh gS] D;ksafd ;g ihys jax ds volkn tek djrh gSA
& fo”o esa lokZf/kd ek=k esa volkn ys tkus okyh unhA
& volknksa dh ek=k vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k ;g unh viuk ekxZ ifjofrZr djrh gS] rFkk ck<+ dh
leL;k mRiUu djrh gS] blhfy, bl unh dks ^^phu dk 'kksd** ¼Sorrow Of China½ dgk tkrk gSA
2-Yangtze River ¼;saxth unh½ / Chang Xiang River ¼pkax ft;kax½ %&
:l@Russia
* lkbcsfj;k dh egku~ ufn;ka %
1- Ob River ¼vksc unh½ %
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* cSdky >hy [L. Baikal] :
:l esa fLFkr ehBs ikuh dh >hyA
& fo”o dh lcls xgjh >hy gSA xgjkbZ ¼16 fd-eh-½
& ty ds vk;ru ds vk/kkj ij fo”o dh lcls cM+h ehBs ikuh dh >hy gSA ¼{ks- &Lake Superior½
& bl >hy esa fo”o ds dqy lrgh ehBs ty dk 20% Hkkx ik;k tkrk gSA
& ;g >hy ,d Hkaz”k ?kkVh esa fLFkr gSA
if”pe ,f”k;k
* ekm.V vjkjkr @ Mt. Ararat :
VdhZ esa fLFkr ioZrh; pksVh
& bl pksVh ij ^vYcqxZ ioZr* rFkk ^txzksl ioZr* vkdj feyrs gSA
& ;g ,d ^lq"kqIr Tokykeq[kh* pksVh gSA
& VdhZ dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh gSA
Tkkiku
* D;q’kq }hi %& ^tax }hi* dgrs gSA
D;ksafd ;g vk;ju o LVhy m|ksx ds fy, fo[;kr gSA
* ukxklkdh %& tgkt fuekZ.k m|ksx] yksg o bLikr m|ksx ds fy, fo[;krA
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dksfj;k
& m- dksfj;k o n- dksfj;k ds e/; vUrjkZ"Vªh; lhek dk fuekZ.k ^38a v{kak”k* djrk gSA
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34
vkWLVªsfy;k
1- i- mPp izns”k
2- e/;orhZ eSnkuh izns”k
3- iw- ioZrh; izns”k
1- if”peh mPp izns”k %& vkWLVªsfy;k ds i- Hkkx esa fLFkr iBkjh izns”kA
& ;g izns”k vkWLVªsfy;k ds yxHkx 2/3 Hkw&Hkkx esa fLFkr gSA
& ;g ,d izkphu iBkjh {ks= gS] rFkk ,d f”kYM dk mnkgj.k gSA
& bl iBkjh izns”k ij 'kq"d ifjfLFkfr;ka ikbZ tkrh gSa] ftlds dkj.k ;gka cgqr ls e:LFky ik;s tkrs
gS &
1- Great Victoria Desert
2. Gibson Desert
3. Tanaml Desert
& bl iBkjh {ks= ij cgqr lh [kkjs ikuh dh >hysa ikbZ tkrh gSA
L. Disappointment ¼fMl viksbUVesUV½
*U;wthyS.M %&
Mt. Cook : U;wthyS.M dk Highest Peak
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*U;wthyS.M esa fLFkr 'khrks".k dfVca/kh; ?kkl ds eSnku ^^dSVkcjh** dgykrs gSA
n- }hi ij fLFkr gSA
&U;wthyS.M fo”o esa ^Ms;jh m|ksx* ds fy, fo[;kr gSA
v.VkdZfVdk [Antarctica]
* Vªkal v.VkdZfVd ioZr %
v.VkdZfVdk esa feyus okyh ioZr J`a[kyk] tks jkWl lkxj ¼Ross Sea½ ls ysdj osMy lkxj rd
foLr`r gSA
& ;g ioZr Ja[kyk v.VkdZfVdk dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVrh gS &
1- iwohZ v.VkdZfVdk
2- if”peh v.VkdZfVdk
& fo”o dk rhljk lcls yEck ioZr ra= ¼Ist& ,aMht ioZr ¼S.A.), II
nd -Rocky Mt. (N.A.)A
& budh yackbZ & 3500 fd-eh- gSA
& bl ioZr ds uhps ^Dohu eksB ioZr* Hkh fLFkr gSA
& ,YlcFkZ ioZrksa esa fLFkr foUlu ekflQ pksVh v.VkdZfVdk dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh gSA
(South Pole ls West esa)
& nf{k.k xaxks=h rFkk eS=h o Hkkjrh ^2008* vuqla/kku dsUnz u"V gks x;kA
Ist
center Fkk Hkkjr Hkkjr ds v.VkdZfVdk esa vuqla/kku dsUnz gSA
& vkdZfVd {ks= esa Hkkjr dk vuqla/kku dsUnz & fgeknzh ¼2010 esa½
egklkxj (OCEANS)
* e/; vVykafVd dVd ¼Mid Atlantic Ridge½
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& vVykafVd egklkxj ds e/; esa fLFkr dVd ftldk fuekZ.k LFky e.Myh; IysVksa ds vilj.k ds
dkj.k gqvk gSA
& ;g fo”o dh lcls yEch ioZr Js.kh gS] bldh dqy yackbZ yxHkx 14]000 fd- eh- gSA
World Climate
¼fo”o dh tyok;q½
1. Equatorial Type Of climate (fo"kqor js[kh; tyok;q) :
fo"kqor js[kh; {ks=ksa esa feyus okyh tyok;q] tgka lkyHkj mPp rkieku ¼26&27* c½ rFkk Hkkjh o"kkZ ¼250 lsUVhehVj½ izkIr gksrh gSA
& bl {ks= esa o"kZ Hkj lw;Z dh yEcor~ fdj.ksa izkIr gksrh gS] blfy, ;gka mPp rkieku ik;k tkrk gS]
rFkk 'khr _rq dk fodkl ugha gksrkA
& laogu dh ek=k vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k ls {ks= Hkkjh o"kkZ izkIr djrs gSA
& bu {ks=ksa esa fo"kqor js[kh; o"kkZ ou ik;s tkrs gS] tks fd lnkcgkj ou gSA
& bu ouksa esa dBksj ydM+h okys o`{k ik;s tkrs gSA
Global Minaral Distribution
oSf’od [kfut forj.k
* ykSg v;Ld ¼Iron Ore½ %
ykSg v;Ld dh pkj fdLesa ikbZ tkrh gS &
1- eSXusVkbV 80 %
2- gsesVkbV 70 %
3- fyeksukbV 60 %
4- flMsjkbV ¼Siderite½ & 40 %
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37
* {ks= %&
1- ;qØsu %& fo”o esa lcls cM+s ykSg v;Ld ds Hk.Mkj feyrs gSA
& fØoks; fjg (Krivoy Rih/ Rog)
& dpZ izk;}hi (Kerch Peninsula)
2. Russia - esfXuVksxksLd (Magnitogorsk) (;wjky Mt. ds South esa )
Distribution Of Industry :-
1- vk;ju o LVhy m|ksx %&
* lqrh oL= m|ksx [Cotton Textile] :
»India - eaqcbZ & Cottonopolis Of India
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38
¼rfeyukMw ½dks;EcVqj & eSupsLVj Of South India
dkuiqj &eSupsLVj Of North India
vgenkckn &cksLVu Of India
* vkWVkseksckby m|ksx %& ¼vk;ju o LVhy Industry ds ikl gksrs gS½
» U.S.A - MsVªksbV
» Canada - foUMlj ¼Windsor½
» teZuh - LVVZxkVZ
egk}hih; foLFkkiu fl)kar
Continental Drift Theory
& teZu ekSle oSKkfud vYÝsM osXuj }kjk o"kZ 1912 esa ^egk}hih; foLFkkiu fl)kUr* fn;k x;kA
& bl fl)kar ds ek/;e ls osXuj egk}hiksa ij iwoZ eas feyus okyh tyok;q ifjfLFkfr;kas ds fodkl ds
dkj.kksa dks le>kuk pkgrs FksA
& osXuj ds vuqlkj egk}hiksa dh fLFkfr LFkkbZ ugha gS] cfYd egk}hi ,d txg ls nwljh txg
foLFkkfir gks jgs gSA
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39
* fu"d"kZ %&
osXuj }kjk vius fl)kUr dks lR;kfir djus ds fy, fn;s x;s izek.k oSKkfud n`f"V ls Bhd
ugha Fks] ijUrq dkykUrj esa 1960 ds n”kd esa fodflr fd;k x;k IysV foorZfudh ds fl)kUr us
^egk}hih; fo- fl)kUr* dks lR;kfir fd;kA
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40
feV~Vh [Soils]
2- Halomorphic Soil& vR;f/kd lkSj rki ds dkj.k ok"ihdj.k dh fØ;k c<+rh gS] ftlds dkj.k
feV~Vh esa yo.kksa dh lkUnzrk c<+rh tkrh gSA ftlls yo.kh; e`nk dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
3- Calcimorphic Soil (dSfYleksjfQd) : ftu {ks=ksa esa pwuk iRFkj ¼Lime Stone½ dh pV~Vkusa ikbZ
tkrh gS] mu {ks=ksa esa feV~Vh esa pwus dh lkUnzrk Hkh vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gSA
* Lime dh ek=k vf/kd %&
1- Terra Roxa - czkthy esa - Lime [(cao) + Iron Oxide]
{ks=h; e`nk
[Zonal Soil]
climate o vegetation
1- og enk ftlds fuekZ.k esa
izeq[k Hkwfedk ml {ks= dh
tyok;q o ouLifr dh gksrh
gSA
2- bl feV~Vh esa laiw.kZ e`nk
ifjPNsfndk ¼Soil Profile½ dk fodkl gksrk gSA
3- bl izdkj dh enk ds
fuekZ.k esa yack le; yxrk gS]
blfy, ;s feV~Vh ifjiDo gksrh
gSA
e`nk ifjPNsfndk &
e`nk dh 5 ijr 0 &
A &
B &
C &
D &
vUrj{ks=h; enk
[Intra Zonal Soil]
1- {ks=h; dkjd & ty i~ykou]
¼Water Logging½
& mPp lkSj rki vkfn dk izHkko
vf/kd gksrk gSA
2- bl izdkj dh feV~Vh esa e`nk
ifjPNsfndk dk vkaf”kd fodkl gksrk
gSA rFkk ;s feV~Vh vkaf”kd :i ls
ifjiDo gksrh gSA
Ex.
1. Hydromorpic Soil
(i) (ii)
Bog Soil Meadow Soil
(i) Bog Soil& bldk fodkl mu
{ks=ksa esa gksrk gS] tgka LFkkbZ :i ls
ty Iykou ifjfLFkfr;ka feyrh gSA
(ii) Meadow Soil& bl feV~Vh
dk fodkl mu {ks=ksa esa gksrk gS] tgka
v)ZLFkk;h ty Iykou ifj;kstuk
ikbZ tkrh gSA
Azonal Soil
1- bl izdkj dh feV~Vh ds
fuekZ.k esa isSr`d inkFkZ }kjk
eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ tkrh
gSA [Parent Material]
2- bl izdkj dh feV~Vh dk
vijnu vR;f/kd vR;f/kd
ek=k esa gksrk gS] blhfy,
bu ij tyok;q ouLifr
rFkk tSfod ?kVdksa dk izHkko
lhfer gksrk gSA
3- bl izdkj dh feV~Vh esa
e`nk ifjPNsfndk dk fodkl
ugha gksrk gS] rFkk ;s feV~Vh
vifjiDo gksrh gSA
mnk- &
1- tyks<+ feV~Vh ¼Alluvial
Soil½
2- Loess Soil ¼yksvl½
&Huang He Valley
&Ukraine ¼;qØsu½
3- ioZrh; feV~Vh
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41
¼dSfYl;e vkWDlkbM½
2- Terra Rossa - Balkan Peninsula (;wjksi)
3. Rendizina (jsafMftuk) - U.K. ds pkSd izns”k
(Chalk region)
Ca Co3
1. Zonal Soil ¼{ks=h; e`nk½ dk oSf”od forj.k &
1- ysVsjkbV enk %&
bl izdkj dh feV~Vh dk fuekZ.k mPp rkieku rFkk Hkkjh o"kkZ okys {ks=ksa esa gksrk gSA
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42
Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy – Indian Geography
nkc isVh;k¡
xeZ ok;q okys {ks= eas fuEu nkc gksrk gSa vkSj BMh ok;q okys {ks= ess mPp nkc dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
ok;qeMyh; nkc esa fHkUurk ds dkj.k ok;q xfreku gksrh gSA bl {ksfrt ok;q dks iou dgrs gSA iouas
mPp nkc ls de nkc dh rjQ izokfgr gksrh gSaA bls izo.krk dk izHkko dgrs gSaA
izk;% fuEu nkc ij ok;q vfHklfjr gksrh gSa vkSj Åij mBrh gS mPp nkc {ks=ksa esa ok;q dk voryu gksrk
gS vkSj /kjkry ij vilfjr gksrh gSaA
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43
Hkwry ij /kjkryh; fo"kerkvksa ds dkj.k ?k"kZ.k iSnk gksrk gS tks iouks dh xfr dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
/kjkry ij ?k"kZ.k lokZf/kd gksrk gS vkSj bldk izHko izk;% /kjkry ls 1 ls 3 fdñehñ Å¡pkbZ rd gksrk
gSA leqnz lrg ij ?k"kZ.k U;wure gksrk gS A
blds lkFk i`Foh dk ?k"kZ.k Hkh iouks ds osx dks izHkkfor djrk gSaA i`Foh ds ?kw.kZu }kjk yxus okys cy
dks dksfjvkWfyl cy dgk tkrk gSA bl izHkko ls ious mRRkjh xksyk)Z esa viuh ewy fn”kk ls nkfgus
rjQ nf{k.k xksyk)Z esa ckbZ rjQ fo{ksfir gks tkrh gSA tc iouksa dk osx vf/kd gksrk gS] rc fo{ksi.k
Hkh vf/kd gksrk gSA ;g /kzqoksa ij lokZf/kd vksj fo"kqor~ o`r ij vuqifLFkr gksrk gSA
vr% i`Foh ds /kjkry ij {kSfrt iousa rhu la;qDr izHkkoksa dk ifj.kke gSA nkc izo.krk izHkko] ?k"kZ.k cy]
rFkk dksfjvkfyl cyA blds vfrfjDr] xq:Rokd"kZ.k cy iouksa dks uhps izokfgr djrk gSA
fuEu nkc {ks= ds pkjksa rjQ iouksa dk ifjdze.k pdzokrh ifjlapj.k dgykrk gSA mPp ok;q nkc {ks=
ds pkjksa rjQ ,slk gksuk izfrpdzokrh ifjlapj.k dgk tkrk gSA bu iz.kkfy;ksa esa iouksa dh fn”kk nksuksa
xksyk)ksZ esa fHkUu gksrh gSA
nkc i)fr dsaæ esa nkc dh fn'kk iou fn'kk dk çk:i
pØokr
çfrpØokr
fuEu
mPp
?kMh ds lqbZ dh
fn'kk ds foijhr
?kMh ds lqbZ dh
fn'kk ds vuq:i
?kMh ds lqbZ dh
fn'kk ds vuq:i
?kMh ds lqbZ dh
fn'kk ds foijhr
HkweaMyh; iouksa dk ifjlapj.k eq[;r% fuEu ckrksa ij fuHkZj gS %
ok;qeaMyh; rki esa v{kka”kh; fHkUurk
ok;qnkc isVh;ksa dh mifLFkfr
ok;qnkc isVh;ksa dk lkSj fdj.kksa ds lkFk foLFkkiu
egklkxjksa o egk}hiksa dk forj.k
i`Foh dk ?kw.kZuA
;g ok;qeaMyh; ifjlapj.k egklkxjh; ty dks Hkh xfreku djrk gS] tks i`Foh dh tyok;q dks izHkkfor
djrk gSA rkih; ÅtkZ dk fuEu v{kka”kksa ls mPp v{kka”kksa esa LFkkukarj lkekU; ifjlapj.k dks cuk;s
j[krk gSA
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44
fo"kqor~ o`Ÿk ds fudV ok;qnkc de gksrk gS vkSj bls fo"kqo js[kh; {ks= ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA 30°
mŸkjh o 30° nf{k.kh v{kka”kksa ds lkFk mPp nkc {ks= ik, tkrs gS] ftUgsa miks".k mPp ok;qnkc {ks= dgk
tkrk gSA iqu% /kqzokas dh rjQ 60° mŸkjh o 60° nf{k.kh v{kka”kksa ij fuEu nkc isfV~V;k¡ gSa] ftUgsa
v/kks/kqzoh; ;k ^”khrks".k dfVca/kh; fuEunkc isVh* dgrs gSA /kzqoksa ds fudV ok;qnkc vf/kd gksrk gS vkSj
bls /kzqoh; mPp ok;qnkc isVh dgrs gSA ;s ok;qnkc isVh;k¡ LFkkbZ ugha gSA lw;Z fdj.kksa ds foLFkkiu ds
lkFk ;s isVh;k¡ foLFkkfir gk srh jgrh gSA mŸkjh xksyk}Z esa “khr _rq esa ;s isVh;k¡ nf{k.k dh vksj rFkk
xzh"e _rq ;s mŸkj fn”kk dh vksj f[kld tkrh gSA
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45
nf{k.k-if”peh ekulwu dh _rq ¼o"kkZ _rq½
ebzZ ds eghus ea mŸkj-if”peh eSnkuksa esa rkieku ds rsth ls c<+us ds dkj.k fuEu
ok;qnkc dh n”kk,¡ vkSj vf/kd xgjkus yxrh gSA twu ds vkjaHk esa ;s n”kk,¡ bruh “kfDr”kkyh gks tkrh
gS fd os fgan egklkxj ls vkus okyh nf{k.kh xksyk}Z dh O;kikfjd iouksa dks vkdf"kZr dj ysrh gSA ;s
nf{k.kh-iwohZ O;kikfjd iousa Hkwe/; js[kk dks ikj djds caxky dh [kkM+h vkSj vjc lkxj esa izos”k dj
tkrh gS] tgk¡ ;s Hkkjr ds Åij fo|eku ok;q ifjlapj.k esa fey tkrh gSA Hkwe/;js[kh; xeZ leqnªh
/kkjkvksa ds Åij ls xqtjus ds dkj.k ;s iousa vius lkFk i;kZIr ek=k esa vknªzZrk ykrh gSA Hkwe/;js[kk dks
ikj djds budh fn”kk nf{k.k-if’peh gks tkrh gSA blh dkj.k bls nf{k.k-if”peh ekulwu dgk tkrk
gSA
nf{k.k-if”peh ekulwu dh _rq esa o"kkZ vpkud vkjaHk gks tkrh gSA igyh ckfj”k dk vlj ;g gksrk gS
fd rkieku esa dkQh fxjkoV vk tkrh gSA izpaM xtZu vkSj fctyh dh dM+d ds lkFk bu vknªZrk Hkjh
iouksa dk vpkud pyuk izk;% ekulwu dk ^izLQksV* dgykrk gSA twu ds igys lIrkg esa dsjy]
dukZVd] xksok vkSj egkjk"Vª ds rVh; Hkkxksa esa ekulwu QV iM+rk gS] tcfd ns”k ds vkarfjd Hkkxksa esa
;g tqykbZ ds igys lIrkg rd gks ikrk gSA e/; twu ls e/; tqykbZ ds chp fnu ds rkieku esa 5° ls
8° lsfYl;l dh fxjkoV vk tkrh gSA
T;ksa gh] ;s iousa LFky ij igq¡prh mPpkop vkSj mŸkj-if”peh Hkkjr ij fLFkr rkih; fuEu ok;qnkc
budh nf{k.k-if”peh fn”kk dks la”kksf/kr dj nsrs gSA Hkw[kaM ij ekulwu nks “kk[kkvksa esa igq¡prh gSA
vjc lkxj dh “kk[kk
caxky dh [kkM+h dh “kk[kk
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46
vjc lkxj dh ekulwu iousa
a vjc lkxj ls mRiUu gksus okyh ekulwu iousa vkxs rhu “kk[kkvksa esa c¡Vrh gS %
bldh ,d “kk[kk dks if”peh ?kkV jksdrs gSA ;s iousa if”peh ?kkV dh <ykuksa ij 900 ls 1200
ehVj dh Å¡pkbZ rd p<+rh gSA vr% ;s iousa rRdky BaMh gksdj laákfnª dh ioukfHkeq[kh <ky
rFkk if”peh rVh; eSnku ij 250 ls 400 lsaVhehVj ds chp Hkkjh o"kkZ djrh gSA if”peh ?kkV
dks ikj djus ds ckn ;s iousa uhps mrjrh gS vkSj xje gksus yxrh gSA blls bu iouksa dh
vknªZrk esa deh vk tkrh gSA ifj.kkeLo:i if”peh ?kkV ds iwoZ esa bu iouksa ls ukeek=k dh
o"kkZ gksrh gSA de o"kkZ dk ;s {ks= o`f"V-Nk;k {ks= dgykrk gSA
vjc lkxj ls mBus okyh ekulwu dh nwljh “kk[kk eqacbzZ ds mŸkj esa ueZnk vkSj rkih ufn;ksa dh
?kkfV;ksa ls gksdj e/; Hkkjr esa nwj rd o"kkZ djrh gSA ;gk¡ ;g xaxk ds eSnku esa izos”k dj
tkrh gS vkSj caxky dh [kkM+h ls vkus okyh ekulwu dh “kk[kk ls fey tkrh gSA
bl ekulwu dh rhljh “kk[kk lkSjk"Vª izk;}hi vkSj dPN ls Vdjkrh gSA ogk¡ ls ;g vjkoyh ds
lkFk-lkFk if”peh jktLFkku dks yk¡?krh gS vkSj cgqr gh de o"kkZ djrh gSA iatkc vkSj
gfj;k.kk esa ;g Hkh caxky dh [kkM+h ls vkus okyh ekulwu dh “kk[kk ls fey tkrh gSA ;s nkuksas
“kk[kk,¡ ,d nwljs ds lgkjs izcfyr gksdj if”peh fgeky; fo”ks"k :i ls /keZ”kkyk esa o"kkZ djrh
gSA
caxky dh [kkM+h dh ekulwu iousa
caxky dh [kkM+h dh ekulwu iouksa dh “kk[kk E;kaekj ds rV rFkk nf{k.kh-iwohZ cakXykns”k ds ,d FkksM+s ls
Hkkx ls Vdjkrh gSA fdarq E;kaekj ds rV ij fLFkr vjkdu igkfM+;k¡ bl “kk[kk ds ,d cM+s fgLls dks
Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dh vksj fo{ksfir dj nsrh gSA bl izdkj ekulwu if”pe caxky vkSj ckaXykns”k esa
nf{k.k-if”peh fn”kk dh vis{kk nf{k.kh o nf{k.k-iwohZ fn’kk ls izos”k djrh gSA ;gk¡ ls ;g “kk[kk
fgeky; ioZr rFkk Hkkjr ds mŸkj-if”pe esa fLFkr rkih; fuEunkc ds izHkkok/khu nks Hkkxksa esa c¡V tkrh
gS] bldh ,d “kk[kk xaxk ds eSnku ds lkFk-lkFk if”pe dh vksj c<+rh gS vkSj iatkc ds eSnku rd
igq¡prh gSA bldh nwljh “kk[kk mŸkj o mŸkjh-iwoZ esa czãiq=k ?kkVh esa c<+rh gSA ;g “kk[kk ogk¡ foLr`r
{ks=ksa esa o"kkZ djrh gSA bldh ,d mi”kk[kk es?kky; esa fLFkr xkjks vkSj [kklh dh igkfM+;ksa ls Vdjkrh
gSA [kklh igkfM+;ksa ds f”k[kj ij fLFkr ek¡flujke fo”o dh lokZf/kd vkSlr okf"kZd o"kkZ izkIr djrk gSA
ijUrq rfeyukMq rV o"kkZ _rq esa “kq"d jg tkrk gSA blds fy, nks dkjd mŸknk;h gSA
rfeyukMq rV caxky dh [kkM+ dh ekulwu iouksa ds lekukarj iM+rk gSA
;g nf{k.k-if”pe ekulwu dh vjc lkxj “kk[kk ds o`f"V-{ks= esa fLFkr gSA
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47
ekulwu o"kkZ dh fo’ks"krk,¡
nf{k.k-if”pe ekulwu ls izkIr gksus okyh o’kkZ ekSleh gS] tks twu ls flracj ds nkSjku gksrh
gSA
ekulwu o"kkZ eq[; :i ls mPpkop vFkok Hkwvkd`fr }kjk fu;af=r gksrh gSA mnkg.k ds rkSj ij
if’peh ?kkV dh ioukfHkeq[kh <ky 250 lsaVhehVj ls vf/kd o"kkZ ntZ djrh gSA blh izdkj
mŸkj-iwohZ jkT;ksa esa gksus okyh Hkkjh o"kkZ ds fy, Hkh ogk¡ dh igkfM+;k¡ vkSj iwohZ fgeky;
ftEesnkj gSA
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48
Hkkjr ds tyok;q izns’k
Hkkjr dh tyok;q ekulwu izdkj dh gS rFkkfi ekSle ds rRoksa ds esy ls vusd {ks=h; fofHkUurk,¡
iznf”kZr gksrh gSA ;gh fofHkUurk,¡ tyok;q ds mi-izdkjksa esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA blh vk/kkj ij tyk;q
izns”k igpkus tk ldrs gSA ,d tyok;q izns”k esa tyok;oh n”kkvksa dh le:irk gksrh gS] tks tyok;q
ds dkjdksa ds la;qDr izHkko ls mRiUu gksrh gSA rkieku vkSj o"kkZ tyok;q ds nks egRoiw.kZ rRo gS] ftUgsa
tyok;q oxhZdj.k dh lHkh i}fr;ksa esa fu.kkZ;d ekuk tkrk gSA
rFkkfi tyok;q dk oxhZdj.k ,d tfVy izfØ;k gSA tyok;q ds oxhZdj.k dh vusd i}fr;kW gSA dksisu
dh i}fr ij vk/kkfjr Hkkjr dh tyok;q ds izeq[k izdkjksa dk o.kZu vxzfyf[kr gSA
dksisu ds vius tyok;q oxhZdj.k dk vk/kkj rkieku rFkk o"kZ.k ds ekfld ekuksa dks j[kk gSA mUgksaus
tyok;q ds ik¡p izdkj ekus gS] ftuds uke gS %
m".k dfVca/kh; tyok;q] tgk¡ lkjk lky vkSlr ekfld rkieku 18° lsfYl;l ls vf/kd jgrk
gS;
“kq"d tyok;q] tgk¡ rkieku dh rqyuk esa o"kZ.k cgqr de gksrk gS vkSj blfy, “kq"d gSA
“kq"drk de gksus ij ;g v/kZ-“kq"d e:LFky ¼S½ dgykrk gS] “kq"drk vf/kd gS rks ;g e:LFky
¼W½ gksrk gSA
xeZ tyok;q] tgk¡ lcls BaMs eghus dk vkSlr rkieku 18° lsfYl;l vkSj -3° lsfYl;l ds chp
jgrk gSA
o"kkZ dk forj.k
Hkkjr esa vkSlr okf"kZd o"kkZ yxHkx 125 lsaVhehVj gS] ysfdu blesa {ks=h; fofHkUurk,¡ rkbZ tkrh gSA
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vf/kd o"kkZ okys {ks= % vf/kd o"kkZ if”peh rV] if”peh ?kkV] mŸkj-iwoZ ds mi-fgeky;h {ks= rFkk
es?kky; dh igkfM+;ksa ij gksrh gSA ;gk¡ o"kkZ 200 lsaVhehVj ls vf/kd gksrh gSA [kklh vkSj t;afr;k
igkfM+;ksa ds dqN Hkkxksa esa o"kkZ 100 lsaVhehVj ls vf/kd gksrh gSA czãiq=k ?kkVh rFkk fudVorhZ igkfM+;ksa
ij o"kkZ 200 lsaVhehVj ls Hkh de gksrh gSA
e/;e o"kkZ ds {ks= % xqtjkr ds nf{k.kh Hkkx] iwohZ rfeyukMq] mM+hlk lfgr mŸkj-iwohZ izk;}hi] >kj[k.M]
fcgkj] iwohZ e/; izns”k] mifgeky; ds lkFk layXu xaxk dk mŸkjh eSnku] dNkj ?kkVh vkSj ef.kiqj esa
o"kkZ 100 ls 200 lsaVhehVj ds chp gksrh gSA
U;wu o"kkZ ds {ks= % if”peh mŸkj izns”k] fnYyh] gfj;k.kk] iatkc] tEew o d”ehj] iwohZ jktLFkku] xqtjkr
rFkk nDdu ds iBkj ij o"kkZ 50 ls 100 lsaVhehVj ds chp gksrh gSA
vi;kZIr o"kkZ ds {ks= % izk;}hi ds dqN Hkkxksa fo”ks"k :i ls vka/kz izns”k] dukZVd vkSj egkjk"Vª esa] yík[k
vkSj if”peh jktLFkku ds vf/kdrj Hkkxksa esa 50 lsaVhehVj ls de o"kkZ gksrh gSA
e`nk
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50
e`nk “kSy] eyok vkSj tSo lkexzh dk lfEeJ.k gksrh gS tks i`Foh dh lrg ij fodflr gksrs gSA e`nk-
fuekZ.k dks izHkkfor djus okys izeq[k dkjd gS- mPpkop] tud lkexzh] tyok;q] ouLifr rFkk vU;
tho :i vkSj le;A buds vfrfjDr ekuoh; fØ;k,¡ Hkh i;kZIr lhek rd bls izHkkfor djrh gSA
e`nk ds ?kVd [kfut d.k] áwel] ty rFkk ok;q gksrs gSA buesa ls izR;sd dh okLrfod ek=k e`nk ds
izdkj ij fuHkZj djrh gSA dqN enkvksa esa] buesa ls ,d ;k vf/kd ?kVd de ek=k esa gksrk gS tcfd
vU; dqN enkvksa esa bu ?kVdkas dk la;kstu fHkUu izdkj dk ik;k tkrk gSA
mŸifŸk] jax] la;kstu rFkk vofLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr dh feV~Vh;ksa dh fuEufyf[kr izdkjksa esa oxhZd`r
fd;k x;k gS%
tyks<+ e`nk,¡
dkyh e`nk,¡
yky o ihyh e`nk,¡
ySVsjkbV enk,¡
v)Z “kq"d enk,¡
yo.k enk,¡
ihVe; enk,¡
ou enk,¡
tyks<+ e`nk,¡
tyks<+ e`nk,¡ mŸkjh eSnku vkSj unh ?kkfV;ksa ds foLr`r Hkkxksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA ;s e`nk,¡ ns”k ds
dqy {ks=Qy ds yxHkx 40 izfr’kr Hkkx dks <ds gq, gSA ;s fu{ksi.k enk,¡ gS ftUgsa ufn;ksa vkSj lfjrkvksa
us okfgr rFkk fu{ksfir fd;k gS] blfy, lg v{ks=h; feV~Vh gksrh gS] ftlesa enk ifjPNsfndk dk
fodkl ugha gksrkA bl feV~Vh ds d.k lw{e gksrs gS] ftlds dkj.k bldh ty xzg.k {kerk vf/kd ikbZ
tkrh gSA jktLFkku ds ,d ladh.kZ xfy;kjs ls gksrh gqbZ ;s enk,¡ xqtjkr ds eSnku esa QSyh feyrh gSA
izk;}hih; izns”k esa ;s iwohZ rV dh ufn;ksa ds MsYVkvksa vkSj ufn;ksa dh ?kkfV;ksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
tyks<+ e`nk,¡ xBu esa cyqbZ nqxV ls fpduh feV~Vh dh izd`fr dh ikb Z tkrh gSA lkekU;r% buesa iksVk”k
dh ek=k vf/kd vkSj QkWLQksjl] ukbVªkstu rFkk g;qel dh ek=k de ikbZ tkrh gSA xaxk ds Åijh vkSj
e/;orhZ eSnku esa ^[kknj* vkSj ^ckaxj* uke dh nks fHkUu e`nk,¡ fodflr gqbZ gSA [kknj izfro"kZ ck<ksa ds
}kjk fu{ksfir gksus okyk u;k tyks<d gS] tks eghu xkn gksus ds dkj.k enk dh moZjrk c<+k nsrk gSA
ckaxj iqjkuk tyks<d gksrk gS ftldk teko ck<+ d`r eSnku ls nwj gksrk gSA [kknj vkSj ckaxj e`nkvksa
esa dSfYl;eh laxzFku vFkkZr~ dadM+ ik, tkrs gSA fuEu rFkk e/; xaxk ds eSnku vkSj czãiq=k ?kkVh esa ;s
e`nk,¡ vf/kd nqeVh vkSj e.e; g SA if”pe ls iwoZ dh vksj buesa ckyw dh ek=k ?kVrh tkrh gSA tyks<
e`nkvksa dk jax gYds /kwlj ls jk[k /kwlj tSlk gksrk gSA bldk jax fu{ksi.k dh xgjkbZ] tyks< ds xBu
vkSj fuekZ.k esa yxus okyh le;kof/k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA tyks< enkvksa ij xgu d`f"k dh tkrh gSA
dkyh enk,¡
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51
ySVsjkbV e`nk,¡
“kq"d enk,¡
yo.k enk,¡
ihVe; enk,¡
ou enk,¡
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52
ouLifr
izeq[k ouLifr izdkj rFkk tyok;q ifjfLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjrh; ouksa dks fuEu izdkjksa esa ckVk¡ tk
ldrk gSA
ouksa ds izdkj
m".k dfVca/kh; lnkcgkj ou
m".k dfVca/kh; i.kZikrh ou
m".k dfVca/kh; dk¡Vsnkj ou
ioZrh; ou
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53
ozsykapyh o vuwi ou
ouLifr rFkk oU; izkf.k;ksa esa bruh fofo/krk fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ls gSA
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+
* Hkkjr esa ddZ js[kk ij fLFkr jkT; %&
1- xqtjkr
2- jktLFkku
3- e/;izns”k
4- Nrhlx<+
5- >kj[k.M
6- if”pe caxky
7- f=iqjk
8- fetksje
* Hkkjr dk dqy {ks=Qy 3-28 fefy;u2 dh eh gS A {kS=Qy ds vk/kkj ij ;g fo”o dk lkroka lcls
cM+k ns”k gSA
& lcls cM+s ns”k & ¼{ks- ds vk/kkj ij½
1- :l
2- dukMk
3- phu
4- U.S.A
5- czkthy
6- vkWLVªsfy;k
7- Hkkjr
8- vtsZVhuk
9- dtkfdLrku
& 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr dh dqy tula[;k ^121 djksM+* gSA rFkk tula[;k ds vk/kkj
ij ;g fo”o dk nwljk lcls cM+k n s”k gSA
& fo”o dh dqy tula[;k dk 17-5 % Hkkx Hkkjr esa fuokl djrk gSA
I.A.S ¼Øe½
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55
* tula[;k ds vk/kkj ij lcls cM+s ns”k %&
1- phu
2- Hkkjr
3- U.S.A
4- b.Mksusf”k;k
5- czkthy
6- ikfdLrku
7- ukbthfj;k
8- ckaXykns”k
9- :l
& Hkkjr esa LFkkuh; le; x.kuk ds fy, 82½ a E ns”kkUrj ds ekud ns”kkarj ekuk x;k gSA
& ;g ekud ns”kkUrj Hkkjr ds 5 jkT;ksa ls xqtjrk gS &
1- W.B.
2- M.P.
3- Nrhlx<+
4- mM+hlk
5- vkU/kzizns”k
& Hkkjr dh dqy LFkyh; lhek dh y- 15200 fd-eh- gSA
* Hkkjr dh lhek ij ns”k %&
1- ckaXykns”k ¼4096 fd-eh-½
2- phu
3- ikfdLrku
4- usiky
5- E;kaekj
6- HkqVku
7- vQxkfuLrku ¼84 fd-eh- cksMZj½
& Hkkjr dh dqy rVh; lhek dh yEckbZ & 7516-6 fd-eh- gSA ftlesa Hkkjr ds eq[; Hkw&Hkkx dh dqy
rVh; lhek 6100 fd-eh- gSA
* lokZf/kd rVh; lhek %&
lokZf/kd eqfLye
tula[;k okyk ns’k
vÝhdk dk lokZf/kd
tula[;k okyk ns’k
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56
xqtjkr & vkU/kzizns”k & rfeyukMw
& lcls de rVh; lhek & xksok
* iqnqpsjh (Puduchery) :
;ue ¼vkU/kzizns”k½
$ iqnqpsjh ¼rfeyukMq½
$ djsdky ¼rfeyukMw½
$ ekgs ¼dsjy½
Hkkjr ds HkkSxksfyd Hkw&Hkkx
Physiography Devision Of India
& eq[; njsZ ¼Pass½ &
1- tksft+yk ¼Zozila½ & ;g njkZ Jhuxj dks ysg ls tksM+rk gSA
& National Highway-1 D blh njsZ ls xqtjrk gSA
(ii) e/; fgeky; %&
egku~ fgeky; Js.kh ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr
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& bl Js.kh dks ^fgekpy Js.kh* rFkk ^y?kq fgeky; Js.kh* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
& bl Js.kh dh ÅapkbZ 3500&4500 eh- ds e/; ikbZ tkrh gSA
& bl Js.kh ds fofHkUu LFkkuh; uke gS &
Û tEew d’ehj & ihj iatky
Û fgekpy izns”k & /kkSyk/kj
Û mŸkjk[k.M & elwjh@ukx fVCck
Û usiky & egkHkkjr Js.kh
Û flfDde & Mksd;k Js.kh ¼Dokya Range½
Û HkwVku & Cysd ekmaVsu
& bl Js.kh esa dqN izeq[k njsZ %&
1- cfugky njkZ %& Jhuxj dks tEew ls tksM+rk gSA
& N.H.-1A bl njsZ ls xqtjrk gSA
2-
& Hkkjr ds m-iw- jkT;ksa esa m- ls n- fn”kk dh vksj pyus okyh ioZr Ja[kyk,a feydj iwokZapy fgeky;
dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
& bu lHkh uohu ofyr ioZrksa dk fuekZ.k ^Hkkjrh; IysV* rFkk ^cekZ IysV* ds vfHklj.k ls gqvk gSA
& ;s lHkh ioZr Jsf.k;ka ^ckyw iRFkj* ls cuh gSA
& ;s ioZr Jsf.k;ka ekulwu iouksa ls Hkkjh o"kkZ izkIr djrh gS] blhfy, bl {ks= esa xgu ouLifr ikbZ
tkrh gS] rFkk ;g {ks= viuh tSo fofo/krk ds fy, fo[;kr gSA
& ;g fo”o ds 25 gkWV LikWV {ks=ksa esa ls ,d gSA
» Naga Hills dh Highest peak : ekm.V lkjkorh
&fetksje Hills dh Highest Peak : Blue Mountain
NOTE :-
djsok (Karewa) :
d”ehj ?kkVh esa iwoZ esa ihj iatky Js.kh ds fuekZ.k ds nkSjku fodflr gqbZ vLFkkbZ >hy esa tek
gq, volkn tks fd >hy ds foyqIr gks tkus ds i”pkr~ lrg ij tes jg x;s] os djsok volkn
dgykrs gSaA
& ;s volkn@fu{ksi bl {ks= dh feV~Vh dh mRikndrk dks c<+k nsrs gSA rFkk budk mi;ksx dslj o
pkoy dh [ksrh ds fy, gksrk gSA
Q. fgeky; ioZrh; izns”k ds izknsf”kd foHkkxksa dks foLrkj ls le>kb;sA
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58
mŸkjh eSnkuh izns”k
Northern Plain Region
fgeky; ioZrh; izns”k rFkk izk;}hih; iBkjh izns”k ds e/; fLFkr eSnkuh izns”kA
& bl eSnkuh izns”k dk fuekZ.k fgeky; rFkk izk;}hih; iBkjh {ks= ls cgus okyh ufn;ksa }kjk VsfFkl
lkxj esa tek fd;s x;s volknksa ds dkj.k gqvk gSA
& ufn;ksa }kjk tek fd;s x;s tyks<+ volknksa ds dkj.k bu tyks<+ eSnkuksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk gS] tks fd
fo”o ds lcls cM+s tyks<+ eSnku gSA
& ;g Hkkjr dk lcls uohu HkkSxksfyd Hkkx gS] rFkk lcls egŸoiw.kZ d`f"k {ks= Hkh gSA
(i) jktLFkku ds eSnku %&
jktLFkku esa vjkoyh ioZrksa ds if”pe esa fLFkr eSnkuh {ks=A
(iii) xaxk ds eSnku %&
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59
bu eSnkuksa dk fuekZ.k xaxk rFkk bldh lgk;d ufn;kas }kjk fd;k x;k gSA
& ;g eq[; :i ls U.P.] fcgkj] W.caxky esa fLFkr gSA
& bl eSnkuh {ks= dk <ky m-i- ls n-iw „ fn”kk dh vksj gSA
& fnYyh ds iwjc esa ;g ^jksfgy[k.M* ds eSnku dgykrs gS] y[kuÅ ¼U.P.½ ds vklikl okys {ks=ksa esa
;g ^vo/k ds eSnku* dgykrs gS] fcgkj esa xaxk unh ds mŸkj esa ;g fefFkyk ds eSnku rFkk n- esa ^ex/k
ds eSnku* dgykrs gS] dks”kh rFkk egkuUnk unh ds e/; ;g ^ckfjUn ds eSnku* dgykrs gS] tcfd
nkeksnj o Lo.kZ js[kk unh ds e/; ;s Rarh ¼jkj½ ds eSnku dgykrs gSA
& ;g eSnkuh {ks= Hkkjr dk lokZf/kd d`f"k mRiknu okyk {ks= gS] rFkk Hkkjr esa lokZf/kd tula[;k
?kuRo Hkh blh {ks= esa feyrk gSA ¼ Production df"k {ks= vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k d`f"k vf/kd½
(iv) czáiq= ds eSnku %&
* lajpuk ds vk/kkj ij mŸkjh eSnkuh izns”k dks fuEu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS &
(i) Hkkcj ds eSnku %&
fgeky; ioZrksa ds insu {ks=ksa esa ufn;ksa }kjk tek fd;s x;s cM+s volknksa ls 8 ls 15 fdeh- dh
pkSM+kbZ okyk iV~Vhuqek eSnkuh {ks= Hkkcj dgykrk gSA
& ;g {ks= tEew d”ehj ls ysdj v:.kkpy izns”k rd foLrr gSA
& bu {ks=ksa esa ufn;ka cM+s volknksa ds uhps ls gksrs gq, vkxs dh vksj c<+rh gS] rFkk lrg ij vn’; gks
tkrh gSA
(ii) rjkbZ {ks= %&
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3- izk;}hih; iBkjh izns’k
& Hkkjr ds n- izk;}hi esa fLFkr iBkjh i zns”k
& ;g Hkkjr dk lcls iqjkuk HkkSxksfyd izns”k gS] tks fd ^xksaMokukyS.M* dk Hkkx gqvk djrk FkkA
& ;g ,d f”kYM dk mnkgj.k gS] rFkk /kkfRod [kfutksa esa lEiUu gSA
& {ks- ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k HkkSxksfyd izns”k gSA
& ;g HkkSxksfyd izns”k cgqr lh ioZr Ja[kykvksa rFkk iBkjksa ls cuk gSA
& bl izns”k esa feyus okys izeq[k iBkj &
esokM+ iBkj %& vjkoyh ds iw - esa fLFkr iBkjA bl iBkj dk <+ky i- ls iw - dh vksj gSA
& bl iBkj ij ^cukl unh* cgrh gSA
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61
dukZVd Plateau :& dukZVd jkT; esa fLFkr iBkj
& bl iBkj ls dkosjh rFkk rqaxHknzk ufn;ka cgrh gSA
& bl iBkj dk m- Hkkx ^cSaXkyksj iBkj* rFkk n- Hkkx ^eSlwj iBkj* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
* izk;}hih; iBkjh {ks= dh izeq[k Jsf.k;ka
* vjkoyh Js.kh %
xqtjkr ls ysdj fnYyh rd n-i- ls m- iw - esa QSyh ioZr Js.khA
& ;g ,d izkphu ofyr ioZr gS] rFkk ,d vif”k"V ioZr dk mnkgj.k Hkh gSA
& ^xq:f”k[kj* bldh lcls Åaph pksVh gSA ¼1722 eh-½
& ;g ioZr Js.kh Hkkjr ds egku~ ty foHkktd dk Hkkx gSA
foU/;kpy Js.kh %&
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62
» egknso igkfM+;ka %
bu igkfM+;ksa ds nf{k.k esa ^csrqy iBkj* fLFkr gS] tgka ls rkih unh dk mn~xe gksrk gSA
& ^lriqM+k Js.kh* dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh ^/kwix<+* blh igkM+h esa fLFkr gSA
& e/;izns”k dk fo[;kr ioZrh; LFky ^iape<+h* bUgha igkfM+;ksa esa fLFkr gSA
Biosphere Reserve okyk {ks=
& vejdaVd iBkj & bl iBkj ls ueZnk unh rFkk lksu unh dk mn~xe gksrk gSA
if”peh ?kkV %&
(iii) iky?kkV %& uhyfxfj rFkk vUukeykbZ igkfM+;ksa ds e/; fLFkrA
& ;g dksPph ¼dsjy½ dks dks;EcVqj ls tksM+rk gSA
& NH-47 xqtjrk gSA
& bl njsZ ls ekulwu iousa rfeyukMw ds vkUrfjd Hkkxksa rd igqaprh gSA
(iv) lsudksVk xsi %& vUukeykbZ rFkk dkMZee igkfM+;ksa ds e/; fLFkrA
& ;g fr:ouUriqje ¼dsjy½ dks enqjbZ (T.N.) ls tksM+rk gSA
& NH-47 bl njsZ ls xqtjrk gSA
& bl njsZ ls ekulwu iousa rfeyukMw ds vkUrfjd Hkkxksa esa igqaprh gSA
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5- iwohZ ?kkV %&
Hkkjr ds iw - rV ds lekukUrj egkunh ?kkVh ls ysdj uhyfxfj igkfM+;ksa ds e/; fLFkr Js.khA
& ;g ,d izkphu ofyr ioZr dk mnkgj.k gSA
& ufn;ksa }kjk fd;s x;s vijnu ds dkj.k gh ;g Js.kh egkunh ?kkVh ls ysdj xksnkojh ?kkVh ds e/;
lrr gSA
& ^vkU/kzizns”k* esa fLFkr ^vjk;kdksaMk pksVh* bldh lcls Å¡ph pksVh gSA
& ftUnk xk<k] fo”kk[kkiV~Vue] egsUnzfxfj bldh vU; izeq[k pksfV;ka gSA
& vkU/kzizns”k esa fLFkr ukYykeYyk] ,jkeYyk] osfydksaM ikydksaMk igkfM+;ka iwohZ ?kkV dk gh Hkkx gSA
& rfeyukMw esa fLFkr tkoknh rFkk f”kojkW; igkfM+;ka Hkh iwohZ ?kkV dk gh Hkkx gSA
6- uhyfxfj igkfM+;ka %&
dukZVd] dsjy rFkk rfeyukMq ds lhek {ks= esa fLFkr igkfM+;kaA
& ;g ,d ^[k.M ioZr* dk mnkgj.k gSA
& ^MksMk csVk* bu igkfM+;ksa dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh gS] rFkk n- Hkkjr dh nwljh lcls Å¡ph pksVh gSA
¼igyh & vUukeqM+h½
& iw - ?kkV rFkk i- ?kkV bUgha igkfM+;ksa esa vkdj feyrs gSA
& ;s igkfM+;ka viuh tSo fofo/krk ds fy, fo[;kr gS] rFkk Hkkjr dk igyk tSo vkjf{kr {ks= bUgha
igkfM+;ksa esa LFkkfir fd;k x;kA ¼uhyfxfj B.R. - 1986)
& n- Hkkjr dk izfl) ioZrh; LFky ÅVh ¼rfeyukMq½ uhyfxfj i- esa gSA
& ;s igkfM+;ka pk; dh jksi.k d`f"k ds fy, izfl) gSA
& bu igkfM+;ksa ij ^VksMk* tutkfr fuokl djrh gS] tks fd HkSal ikyu ds fy, fo[;kr gSA
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64
* iwohZ rFkk if’peh ?kkV esa vUrj
Western Ghat
1- Hkkjr ds i- rV ds lekukUrj rkih ?kkVh ls ysdj
dU;kdqekjh rd fLFkrA
2- ;g [k.M ioZrkas dk mnk- gS] ftudk fuekZ.k
izk;}hih; iBkjh {ks= ds if’peh Hkkx ds VwVdj vyx
gksus ls gqvk gSA
3- ;g ,d lrr ioZr Js.kh gS] ftls dsoy njksZa ds
ek/;e ls ikj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
4- ;g Å¡ph ioZr Js.kh gS] ftldh vkSlr Å¡pkbZ
yxHkx 1200 eh- gS rFkk vUukeqMh ¼2625 eh-½ bldh
lcls Å¡ph pksVh gSA
5- ekulwu iouksa dh fn’kk rFkk budh vf/kd Å¡pkbZ ds
dkj.k ;g {ks= Hkkjh o"kkZ izkIr djrs gSaA
6- o"kkZ dh ek=k vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k bu {ks=ksa esa m".k
dfVcaa/kh; lnkcgkj ouksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA
7- bu {ks=ksa esa mPp tSofofo/krk ikbZ tkrh gSA rFkk ;g
fo’o ds 25 gkWV LikWV {ks=ksa esa ls ,d gSA
Eastern Ghat
1- Hkkjr ds iw - rV ds lekukUrj egkunh ?kkVh ls
ysdj uhyfxfj igkfM+;ksa ds e/; fLFkr gSA
2- ;g izkphu ofyr ioZrksa dk mnkgj.k gSA
3- ;g dsoy egkunh ?kkVh ls ysdj xksnkojh ?kkVh
rd gh fujUrj gS] rFkk mlds i’pkr~ ufn;ksa }kjk
fd;s x;s vijnu ds dkj.k ;g vlrr gks tkrh
gSA
4- vof’k"V ioZr gksus ds dkj.k bldh vkSlr
Å¡pkbZ 900 eh- gS] rFkk vjk;kdksaMk ¼1680 eh-½
bldh lcls Å¡ph pksVh gSA
5- ekulwu iouksa dh fn’kk rFkk budh de Å¡pkbZ
ds dkj.k ;g {ks= de o"kkZ izkIr djrs gSaA
6- o"kkZ dh ek=k de gksus ds dkj.k bu {ks=ksa esa
m".k dfVca/kh; vknzZ ir>M+ ouksa dk fodkl gksrk
gSA
7- bu {ks=ksa esa lhfer@e/;e Lrj dh tSo
fofo/krk ikbZ tkrh gSA
8- n- Hkkjr dh lHkh izeq[k ufn;kas dk mn~xe bl {ks=
ls gksrk gSA
8- n- Hkkjr dh izeq[k ufn;ka i- ls iw- fn’kk dh
vksj cgrs gq, iwohZ ?kkVksa dks dkVrh gS] rFkk ^caxky
dh [kkM+h* esa tkdj fxjrh gSA
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65
- rVorhZ eSnkuh izns’k %&
(ii) iwohZ rVorhZ eSnku %&
Hkkjr ds iw - rVh; {ks=ksa esa Lo.kZ js[kk unh ls ysdj dU;kdqekjh ds e/; foLr`r eSnkuh {ks=A
& bl eSnkuh {ks= dk fuekZ.k eq[; :i ls ufn;ksa }kjk fufeZr ^MsYVk* ls gqvk gS] blhfy, budh pkSM+kbZ
vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gSA
& bl rVorhZ eSnku dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS&
^Lo.kZ js[kk* unh ls ^d`".kk unh* rd ;s eSnku ^mRRkjh ljdkj* dgykrs gS] tcfd ^d".kk unh*
ls ^dU;kdqekjh* rd ;s eSnku ^dksjkse.My rV* dgykrs gSA
& bl rVorhZ eSnkuh izns”k dks rhu izknsf”kd Hkkxksa esa Hkh ckaVk tk ldrk gS &
(A) mRdy eSnku %&
mM+hlk esa fLFkr rVorhZ eSnkuA
& budk fuekZ.k eq[; :i ls egkunh MsYVk ls gqvk gSA
& bu eSnkuksa ds n- Hkkx esa ^fpYdk >hy* fLFkr gS] tks fd ,d ySxwu >hy dk mnkgj.k gS rFkk Hkkjr
dh lcls cM+h >hy gSA
(B) vkU/kzk eSnku %&
^vkU/kzkizns”k* esa fLFkr rVorhZ eSnkuA
& budk fuekZ.k d".kk rFkk xksnkojh unh ds MsYVk ls gqvk gSA
& bl eSnkuh {ks= ds e/; Hkkx esa ^dksys: >hy* fLFkr gS tks fd ,d ehBs ikuh dh >hy gSA
& bu eSnkuksa ds n- Hkkx esa ^iqyhdV >hy* fLFkr gS tks fd ,d ^ySxwu >hy* dk mnkgj.k gSA
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66
& ^lrh”k /kou Lisl lsUVj* ¼vkU/kzizns”k½ blh >hy esa fLFkr gSA
( C ) rfeyukMw eSnku %&
5- }hih; lewg izns”k %&
Hkkjr ds n- rV ds utnhd v.Meku fudksckj rFkk y{k}hi }hi lewg ik;s tkrs gSA tks fd
feydj }hih; lewg izns”k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
¼i½ v.Meku fudksckj }hi lewg %&
caxky dh [kkM+h esa fLFkr 572 }hiksa dk lewgA
& ;g Tokykeq[kh; }hiksa dk mnkgj.k gS] ftudk fuekZ.k Hkkjrh; IysV rFkk cekZ dh IysV ds vfHklj.k
ls gqvk gSA
& bu }hiksa dk vjkdu ;ksek ioZr Js.kh dk foLrkj gh ekuk tkrk gSA
& 10* psuy v.Meku dks fudksckj }hi lewg ls vyx djrk gSA
& v.Meku esa 4 izeq[k }hi fLFkr gS &
(a) mrjh v.Meku
(b) e/; v.Meku
(c ) nf{k.k v.Meku
(d) y?kq v.Meku
& ^e/; v.Meku }hi* v.Meku fudksckj dk lcls cM+k }hi gSA
& v.Meku fudksckj dh jkt/kkuh ^ikWVZ Cys;j* nf{k.k v.Meku }hi fLFkr gSA
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67
Indian Monsoon
& ekulwu 'kCn dk mn~xe ^vjch 'kCn Mousim ¼eksfle½ ls gqvk gS] ftldk vFkZ ^_rq* gksrk gSA
& ekulwu okLro esa ,d ^v)Z LFkk;h* ¼Semi Permanent½ iou gS] tks gj dqN le; ds i”pkr~
viuh fn”kk ds foijhr fn”kk esa cguk 'kq: dj nsrh gSA
& ekulwu iouksa ls izHkkfor {ks=kas esa ^m".k dfVca/kh; ekulwu tyok;q* ikbZ tkrh gS rFkk ;g {ks= viuh
okf"kZd o"kkZ dk yxHkx 80% Hkkx xzh"e _rq ds 2 ls 3 efguksa esa izkIr djrs gS] ftl nkSjku ekulwu
iousa leqnz ls egk}hiksa dh vksj pyrh gSA
& bl izdkj dh tyok;q okys {ks=ksa esa m".k dfVca/kh; ir>M+ ouksa dk fodkl gksrk gS] ftUgas ^m".k
dfVca/kh; ekulwu ou* Hkh dgrs gSA
& nf{k.k ,f”k;k] S-E Asia] rFkk North Australia esa ekulwu tyok;q dk izHkko lokZf/kd ns[kk
tkrk gSA
& Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ij vizsy ls vDVwcj efgus ds e/; ekulwu iousa fgUn egklkxj ls miegk}hi
dh vksj pyrh gSA
& ;s gok;sa n- i- ekulwu gok;sa dgykrh gSA rFkk bu {ks=ksa esa o"kkZ ysdj vkrh gSA
& vDVwcj ls vizsy efgus ds e/; ekulwu iousa miegk}hi ls fgUn egklkxj dh vksj pyrh gSA
& ;s gok;sa ^m- iw - ekulwu gok;sa* dgykrh gS] rFkk 'kq"d ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fodkl djrh gSA
* ekulwu fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k dks le>kus ds fy, nks fl)kar fn;s x;s %&
1- Classical Concept :
ekulwu fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k dks le>kus ds fy, fn;k x;k igyk fl)karA
& ;g fl)kar ekulwu fuekZ.k ds fy, tyh; rFkk LFkyh; {ks=ksa esa rkih; xq.kksa esa feyus okys vUrj dks
ekulwu fuekZ.k ds fy, ftEesnkj ekurk gSA
& xzh"e _rq ds nkSjku Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ij mPp rkieku ik;k tkrk gS] ftlds dkj.k xaxk ds
eSnkuh {ks=ksa esa fuEu nkc ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA
& blds foijhr fgUn egklkxj esa rkieku de gksus ds dkj.k mPp nkc ifjfLFkfr;ka fodflr gksrh
gSA
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68
2. Modern Concept ¼vk/kqfud fl)kar½ %&
1950 ds n”kd esa ekulwu dk vk/kqfud fl)kar Flohn ¼¶yksu½ uked ekSle oSKkfud us
fn;kA
vyuhuks dh fLFkfr »
yk uhuk &
vyuhuks ds fuekZ.k ds nkSjku okWdj dksf”kdk esa ok;q ds pØ.k dh rhozrk vf/kd gksrh gS]
ftlds dkj.k bl {ks= esa pyus okyh Trade Winds vo:) gks tkrh gSA
bl nkSjku n- vesfjdk ds i- rVh; {ks=ksa esa gksus okyh Hkkjh o"kkZ ds dkj.k iw - iz”kkar
egklkxj esa ty Lrj c<+ tkrk gS] ftlds dkj.k leqnzh ty i- fn”kk dh vksj pyuk izkjaHk djrk gSA
& blds lkFk gh vyuhuks dk izHkko de gksus ij O;kikfjd iousa iquLFkkZfir gks tkrh gS] rFkk xeZ
egklkxjh; ty dks n- vesfjdk ds rV ls foLFkkfir dj nsrh gSA
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4- Indian Ocean Dipole ¼fgUn egklkxjh; f}/kzqo½
fgUn egklkxj ds i- rFkk iw - Hkkxksa ds e/; ^foijhr rkih; xq.k ik;s tkrs gSaA
& tc i- Hkkxksa esa rkieku vf/kd gksrk gS] mlds eqdkcys iw- Hkkxksa esaa rkieku de ik;k tkrk gSA
& tc i- Hkkxksa esa rkieku de gksrk gS] blds eqdkcys iw - Hkkxksa esa rkieku T;knk ik;k tkrk gSA
& i- Hkkxksa esa rkieku vf/kd gksus ij bu {ks=ksa esa laogu dh ek=k c<+ tkrh gS] tks fd fQj vÝhdk ds
iwohZ Hkkxksa rFkk Hkkjrh; ekulwu ds nkSjku gksus okyh o"kkZ dh ek=k dks c<k nsrk gSA
& tcfd iw - Hkkxksa esa rkieku vf/kd gksus ij b.Mksusf”k;k rFkk m- vkWLVsªfy;k esa o"kkZ dh ek=k c<+
tkrh gS] rFkk Hkkjrh; ekulwu detksj gks tkrk gSA
& blhfy, ;fn vyuhuks fuekZ.k ds nkSjku fgUn egklkxj ds i- Hkkx esa rkieku vf/kd gksrk gS rks og
vyuhuks ds izHkko dks de djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
Å".k dfVca/kh; pØokr
[Tropical Cyclone]
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70
Hkkjr dk viokg ra=
Drainage System Of India
ftl ekxZ ls cgrs gq, unh vkxs c<+rh gS] og unh dk ^viokg ¼Drainage Channel½ dgykrk gSA
& cgqr lh ufn;ksa ds feyus ls fdlh {ks= esa ,d ^viokg ra=* dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
& og {ks= tgka ls o"kkZ vFkok fgeunk sa ls feyus okyk ty fdlh unh fo”ks"k rd igqaprk gS] og {ks=
ml unh dk csflu ¼ ½ dgykrk gSA
Hkkjr ds viokg ra= dks ufn;kas ds L=ksr ds vk/kkj ij nks oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk
gS &
¼1½ fgeky; viokg ra=
¼2½ izk;}hih; viokg ra= ¼Peninsular Drainage System½
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fgeky; viokg ra=
1- bl viokg ra= dh ufn;ksa dk mn~xe ;k rks
fgeky; ioZrksa ls gksrk gS] ;k fQj ufn;ka fgeky; ls
fudyus okyh ufn;ksa ls feyrh gSA
2- bl viokg ra= dh ufn;kas dks fgeunksa o o"kkZ
nksuksa ls ty dh izkfIr gksrh gS] blfy, ;s ufn;ka
^lnkuhjk* gSA ¼Peninsular)
3- uohu ofyr ioZrksa okys {ks=ksa ls cgus ds dkj.k ;s
ufn;ka orZeku esa viuh ;qokoLFkk ¼young½ esa gSA
4- ;qokoLFkk esa gksus ds dkj.k bu ufn;ksa dh vijnu
¼erosion½ {kerk vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gSA
5- vijnu {kerk vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k ;s ufn;ka
v&vkdkj dh ?kkfV;ka] xksjt ¼Gorges½] dSfu;u
¼Canyon½ rFkk ty izikrksa (water falls) dk
fuekZ.k djrh gSA
6- bu ufn;ksa esa volknksa dh ek=k T;knk gksus ds
dkj.k buds }kjk ogn~ eSnkuh {ks=ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k
tkrk gS & mŸkjh eSnkuA
7- bu ufn;ksa ds viokg ds ry dk fuekZ.k tyks<+
volknksa ls gqvk gSA
izk;}hih; viokg ra=
1- bl viokg ra= dh ufn;kas dk mn~xe izk;}hih;
iBkjh {ks=ksa ls gksrk gSA
2- bl viokg ra= dh ufn;ksa dks dsoy o"kkZ ls ty
dh izkfIr gksrh gS] blhfy, ;s ufn;ka ekSleh gSA
¼Seasonal Non Perennial)
3- izk;}hih; iBkjh {ks=ksa ls cgus ds dkj.k ;s ufn;ak
viuh o`)koLFkk (old) esa gSA
4- o`) voLFkk esa gksus ds dkj.k bu ufn;ksa dh
fu{ksi.k (Deposition) {kerk vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gSA
5- vijnu {kerk de gksus ds dkj.k ;s ufn;ka pkSM+h
?kkfV;ksa ¼U&vkdkj½ dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA
6- bu ufn;ksa esa volknksa dh ek=k lhfer gksus
ds dkj.k buds }kjk lhfer eSnkuh {ks=ksa dk fuekZ.k
fd;k x;k gSA
7- bu ufn;ksa ds viokg ds ry dk fuekZ.k pV~Vkuksa
ls gqvk gSA
8- m- eSnkuksa ls cgrs le; ufn;ka folikZdkj ekxksZa
dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA ¼Meanders½
9- bl viokg ra= dh cgqr lh ufn;ka fgeky;
ioZrksa ds fuekZ.k ls iwoZ vfLrRo esa vk pqdh FkhA vr%
bl viokg ra= dh ufn;ka iwoZ&orhZ ufn;ka gSA
10- bl viokg ra= dh ufn;ka xgjh ?kkfV;ksa ls
cgrh gS] ftlds dkj.k buesa ^ty fo|qr mRiknu
{kerk* vf/kd gSA ijUrq orZeku esa bl {kerk dk iw.kZ
fodkl ugha fd;k tk ldk gSA
11- ;s ufn;ka foLr`r eSnkuh {ks=ksa ls cgrh gS]
blhfy, ukSdk;u ds fy, T;knk mi;qDr gSA
8- iBkjh rFkk pV~Vkuh {ks=ksa ls cgus ds dkj.k ;s
ufn;ka foliZ.k ugha djrhA buds }kjk fd;k tkus
okyk foliZ.k dsoy buds MsYVk {ks=ksa rd gh lhfer
gSA
9- bl viokg ra= dh ufn;ka izk;}hih; iBkjh izns”k
ds fuekZ.k ds ckn vfLrRo esa vkbZ gSA blhfy;s ;s
ufn;ka vuqorhZ ufn;ka gSA
10- ?kkfV;ksa dh xgjkbZ de gksus ds dkj.k rFkk ty
dh ek=k lhfer gksus ds dkj.k bu ufn;ksa dh ty
fo|qr mRiknu {kerk lhfer gksrh gS] ijUrq budh
{kerk dk iw.kZ fodkl fd;k tk pqdk gSA
11- ;s ufn;ka eq[; :i ls iBkjh {ks= ls cgrh gS]
blhfy, ukSdk;u ds fy, de mi;qDr gSA dsoy
vius MsYVk {ks= esa budk ukSdk;u ds fy, mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA
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fgeky; viokg ra=
¼7½ egkuUnk
* nkeksnj unh %&
& ;g gqxyh unh dh lgk;d unh gSA
& bl unh dk mn~xe >kj[k.M esa NksVk ukxiqj iBkj ls gksrk gSA
& bl unh dh ?kkVh dks;ys ds Hk.Mkjksa ds fy, fo[;kr gS] rFkk bls ^Hkkjr dh #j ?kkVh* Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA
& iwoZ esa nkeksnj unh gj o"kZ ck<+ ysdj vkrh Fkh] ftlds dkj.k ls ^caxky dk 'kksd* dgk tkrk FkkA
& ck<+ dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, Lora= Hkkjr dh igyh ^cgq mn~ns’kh; unh ?kkVh ifj;kstuk* dk
fodkl blh unh ij fd;k x;k gSA bls ^nkeksnj ?kkVh ifj;kstuk* ¼Vsfelh ifj- ij vk/kkfjr &
felhlhih dh lgk;d unh½
& dksukj] feBksu] ckjkQj] fryS;k nkeksnj ?kkVh ifj;kstuk ds vUrxZr fodflr fd;s dqN cka/k gSA
& nkeksnj ,d vR;f/kd iznwf"kr unh gS rFkk tSfod n`f"V ls e`r gSA ¼;equk unh Hkh½
¼2½ czãiq= viokg ra= &
bl viokg ra= dk fuekZ.k czãiq= rFkk mldh lgk;d ufn;ksa }kjk fd;k x;k gSA
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& ;g viokg ra= eq[; :i ls Hkkjr ds mŸkj&iwohZ jkT;ksa esa fLFkr gSA
& ^czãiq= unh* dk mn~xe ^frCcr ds iBkj* ls gksrk gS rFkk ;g unh ukeNk cckZ pksVh ds utnhd
fLFkr ,d xgjh ?kkVh ds ek/;e ls Hkkjr esa izos”k djrh gSA
& Hkkjr dh lokZf/kd ek=k esa ty ys tkus okyh unh gSA
& rhLrk] ekul] lqcufljh bldh nka;s gkFk dh izeq[k lgk;d ufn;ka gS] rFkk fnckax] fnlkax] yksfgr
<ka;s gkFk dh izeq[k lgk;d ufn;ka gSA
& bl unh ds e/; vle esa ^ektqyh }hi* fLFkr gS] tks fd Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k unh }hi gSA
& Hkkjr esa lokZf/kd ty fo|qr {kerk blh unh esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
izk;}hih; viokg ra=
[Peninsular Drainage System]
Hkkjr dh izkd`frd ouLifr
Natural Vegetation Of India
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74
5- ioZrh; ouLifr %&
ioZrh; {ks=ksa esa Å¡pkbZ c<+us ds lkFk rkieku rFkk o"kkZ dh ek=k ifjofrZr gksrh tkrh gS]
blhfy, bu {ks=ksa esa vyx&vyx Å¡pkbZ ij vyx&vyx ouLifr;kas dk fodkl gksrk gSA
Hkkjr esa ioZrh; {ks=ksa ij Å¡pkbZ c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk fuEu ouLifr;ka ikbZ tkrh gS &
(i) Å".k dfVca/kh; vknzZ ouLifr &
;g ouLifr ioZrksa ds insu {ks=ksa esa yxHkx 1000 eh- dh ÅapkbZ rd ikbZ tkrh gSA
& ;g {ks= yxHkx 100 c.m. o"kkZ izkIr djrs gS rFkk ^lkxoku* bu {ks=ksa esa feyus okyh lcls izeq[k
iztkfr gSA
fdlh {ks= esa feyus okyh thou dh fofHkUurk ¼Variation½ ml {ks= dh ^tSo
fofo/krk* dgykrh gSA
& fdlh {ks= dh tSo fofo/krk ¼Bio Diversity½ dk vuqeku yxkrs le; ml {ks= esa feyus okyh
iztkfr; (Species) fofo/krk] vkuqokaf”kd (Genetic) fofo/krk rFkk ikfjfjFkfrdh fofo/krk dks
lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA
lqjf{kr {ks=@vkjf{kr {ks=
Protected Areas
oU; tho vH;kj.;
[Wildlife
Scantury]
jk"Vªh; m|ku
[National Park]
tSo fofo/krk vkjf{kr
{ks=
[Biosphere
Reserve]
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tSo fofo/krk fdlh {ks= esa thou ds vfLrRo cus jgus dh laHkkoukvksa dks c<+k nsrh
gSA
& tSo fofo/krk dh egŸkk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, blds laj{k.k ds fy, Hkkjr es a eq[; :i ls 3 izdkj
ds lqjf{kr@vkjf{kr {ks= LFkkfir fd;s x;s gS &
1- oU; tho vH;kj.;
2- jk"Vªh; ikdZ ¼m|ku½
3- tSo fofo/krk vkjf{kr {ks=
* Hkkjr ds izeq[k jk"Vªh; m|ku &
oU; tho vH;kj.;
Wildlife Scantury
1- oU; tho lqj{kk la”kks/ku vf/kfu;e 2002 [Wildlife
Protection Amendment Act 2002] ds vuqlkj
,lk {ks= tks fd ouLifr] oU;tho] LFkyd`fr] tSo tUrq
foKku] okuLifrd foKku ikfjfLFkfrdh vkfn dh n`f"V
ls egŸoiw.kZ gks mls oU; tho vH;kj.; ?kksf"kr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
2- W.P.A. Act ds ‘Section 18’ ds vuqlkj &
jkT; ljdkj fdlh {ks= dks oU; tho vH;kj.;
?kksf"kr dj ldrh gSA
3- bl vf/k- dk ‘Section 38’ ^dsUnz ljdkj* dks oU;
tho vHk;kj.; LFkkfir djus dk vf/kdkj nsrk gSA
4- budh LFkkiuk izk;% fdlh ,d oU; tho iztkfr ds
laj{k.k dks /;ku esa j[kdj dh tkrh gSA
5- bu {ks=ksa esa dqN ekuo xfrfof/k;ka tSls pkj.k rFkk
ou mRiknksa dk laxzg.k vkfn dh vuqefr nh tkrh gSA
6- izk;% budh LFkkiuk jkT; ljdkj }kjk dh tkrh gSA
jk"Vªh; m|ku
National Park
1- jk"Vªh; m|ku lqj{kk la’kks/ku vf/kfu;e
2002 ds vuqlkj ,slk {ks= tks fd ouLifr]
oU; tho] LFkykd`fr] tUrq foKku
¼zoology½] okuLifrd foKku ¼Botancy ½] ikfjfLFkfrdh vkfn dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ
gks mls jk"Vªh; m|ku ?kksf"kr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
2- bl vf/k- ds ‘Section 35’ ds vuqlkj
jkT; ljdkj fdlh {ks= dks jk"Vªh; m|ku
?kksf"kr dj ldrh gSA
3- bl vf/k- dk ‘Section 38’ dsUnz ljdkj
dks jk"Vªh; m|ku LFkkfir djus dk vf/kdkj
nsrk gSA
4- buds ek/;e ls vkjf{kr {ks= esa feyus
okys lHkh ouLifr o oU; thoksa dk laj{k.k
fd;k tkrk gSA
5- bu {ks=ksa esa lHkh izdkj dh ekuo
xfrfof/k;ka fu"ks/k gksrh gSA rFkk Hkkjr esa
lokZf/kd lqj{kk Lrj jk"Vªh; m|kuksa esa gh
ik;k tkrk gSA
6- izk;% budh LFkkiuk dsUnz ljdkj }kjk dh
tkrh gSA
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
76
1- ckU/kox<+ jk"Vªh; m|ku e/;izns”k
2- ckUnhiqj N.P. dukZVd
3- cusj?kVk N.P. dukZVd
4- Hkhrjdf.kdk N.P. & mM+hlk ¼vksfyo fjMys dNq,½
5- fte dkscZV N.P. & mrjk[k.M ¼1936½
Hkkjr dk igyk N.P.
Hkkjr dh feV~Vh@e`nk
Soils Of India
e`nk ,d izeq[k lalk/ku gS] ftlds fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k vR;f/kd /kheh gksrh gS] blhfy, ;g ,d
Non-Renewable ¼vuohuhdj.k@vuOldj.kh;½ lalk/ku gS] tks fd bldh egŸkk dks vksj vf/kd
c<+k nsrk gSA
Hkkjr esa fofo/k Hkw&vkd`frd] Hkw&oSKkfud tyok;q rFkk ouLifr ifjfLFkfr;ka feyrh gSA ftlds
dkj.k ;gka fofHkUu izdkj dh fefV~V;ksa dk fodkl gqvk gSA
Hkkjr esa feyus okyk dqN e`nk lewg %&
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
77
1- tyks<+ feV~Vh [Alluwial Soil]
2- dkyh feV~Vh
3- yky feV~Vh
4- ysVsjkbV feV~Vh
5- ou ,oa ioZrh; feV~Vh
6- 'kq"d ,oa e:LFkyh; feV~Vh
7- yo.kh; rFkk {kkjh; feV~Vh
8- nynyh feV~Vh
1- tyks<+ feV~Vh %&
Hkkjr esa feyus okyk lcls izeq[k enk lewg] tks fd Hkkjr ds yxHkx 4&5% {ks= esa ik;k tkrk
gSA
& bl feV~Vh dk fuekZ.k ufn;ksa }kjk tek fd;s x;s volknksa ls gksrk gS] blhfy, ;g ,d v{ks=h;
feV~Vh gS] ftlesa e`nk ifjPNsfndk ¼Soil Profile½ dk fodkl ugha gksrkA
& bl feV~Vh ds d.k lw{e gksrs gS] ftlds dkj.k bldh ty xzg.k {kerk vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gSA
& bl feV~Vh esa ukbVªkstu rFkk g~;wel dh ek=k de ikbZ tkrh gS rFkk QkWLQsV rFkk iksVk”k dh ek=k
vf/kd gksrh gSA
& ;g d`f"k ds fy, lcls mi;qDr feV~Vh gSA rFkk Hkkjr esa feV~Vh eq[; :i ls mŸkjh eSnkuh izns”k
rFkk ufn;ksa ds MsYVk {ks=ksa esa ik;h tkrh gSA
Miscellaneous
dks;yk
* if”pe caxky &
* jkuhxat &Hkkjr dh lcls cM+h dks;ys dh [kku
* NŸkhlx<+ &
dksjck
f>yfeyh
fpyhfeyh
* vksfMlk &
rYpj ¼Talchar½ & CIL lcls igys moZjdksa dk fuekZ.k Start djsxhA
.............
.............
º º º º
º º º º
xxxxx
xxxxx
x
+++
+++
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
78
* M.P.-
flaxjksyh
lksgkxiqj
* vkU/kzizns’k %& flaxjsuh
* rfeyukMw & lkyse
isVªksfy;e
On share Deposits Off Share Deposits
1- xqtjkr & cksEcs gkbZ
¼A½ vadys”oj India eas lokZf/kd
(B) yqust & clhu
( C) dkyksy & vfy;k csr
¼[kEHkkr dh [kkM+h½
(D) esglkuk & d".kk xksnkojh csflu
(E) ckyksy & dkosjh csflu ¼T.N. ½
(F ) dks’kkEch & jkok ¼vkU/kzizns’k½
2- vle %&
czãiq= unh csflu
1- fnXcksbZ & India esa First
2- uqekyhx<+
3- ukgjdkfV;k
4- eksjku&Mqxjhtu
5- lqjek ?kkVh
3- jktLFkku %&
1- tSlyesj csflu
& izkd`frd xSl ds Hk.Mkjksa ds fy, fo[;kr
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
79
* ;wjsfu;e %&
Fkksfj;e & dsjy ds rVh; {ks=ksa esa feyus okyh ^eksuktkbV feV~Vh* esa Fkksfj;e ds Hk.Mkj ik;s
tkrs gSA
& fo”o ds dqy Fkksfj;e Hk.Mkjksa dk 80% Hkkx Hkkjr esa feyrk gSA
;wjsfu;e
99-7% 3%
U238
U285
;wjsfu;e dk 2% Hkkjr esa ik;k tkrk gSA
>kj[k.M &
flagHkwe ftyk
tknwxqM+k
ujrk igkM+
ekfru
rqjke.Mh
vkU/kzizns”k &
'kadjk [kku ¼usYyksj ftyk½
rqEeky iYyh ¼India esa lcls U ds Hk.Mkj½
YSR ftyk uke dj fn;k
& lqUnjx<+ ftyk
¼1½ cksukbZ igkM+
¼2½ ckjktenk
* NŸkhlx<+ &
¼1½ Myh jkt/kkjk ¼nwxZ ftyk½
¼2½ csykfnyk ftyk ¼cLrj ftyk½
* dukZVd &
Pre &
dks;yk
isVªksfy;e
;wjsfu;e
vk;ju
esaxuht
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
80
* ckck cwnu igkfM+;ka & dkWQh ds fy, famous
& dwnjseq[k pksVh & eSaxyksj canjxkg ls bjku dks fu;kZr
& dsekuxqM+h ¼VISCO½
fo”os’o;Z vk;ju o LVhy daiuh
& lsUM;qj Range ¼gkslisV csykjh ftyk½
* rfeyukMw %& lkyse
* jktLFkku %& eksfjtk ¼t;iqj½
* xksok
ckWDlkbV
^,Y;qfefu;e* dk v;Ld gSA
1- >kj[k.M & jkaph iBkj {ks= ¼NksVk ukxiqj iBkj dk n- Hkkx½
yksgkjnkxk o iYeq
2- vksfMlk & dkjkiqr
cksykafxj
dkykgkaMh
lkaHkyiqj
3- NŸkhlx<+ & cLrj iBkj {ks=
ljxqtk
4- xqtjkr & [ksM+k
tkeuxj
5- egkjk"Vª &
jRukfxfj & vjsok dk U;wfDy;j ikoj IykaV
6- rfeyukMw & lkfye
enqjbZ
lksuk ¼Gold½
1- dukZVd & dksykj lksus dh [kku ¼eSlwj ftys esa ½
KBK
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
81
gkVh ¼jk;pwj ftys esa½
2- vkU/kzizns”k & jkefxfj ¼vuUriqj ftys esa½
fprwj o dquwZj ftys
3- Iyslj fu{ksi (Placer Deposits) - lksu o Lo.kZjs[kk unh
pkanh ¼Silver)
1- dukZVd & dksykj
jk;pwj
fprnwxZ
2- >kj[k.M & rqUnw
3- jktLFkku & tkoj ¼mn;iqj½
4- vkU/kzizns”k & dMIik ¼YSR ftyk½
xqUVqj o dqtZwy
ftIle
& lhesaV esa use
& feV~Vh dh yo.krk dks de djus ds fy,
1- jktLFkku & tkelj ¼chdkusj½
2- rfeyukMw & fdjph
dks;EcVwj
ekcZy ¼laxejej½ &Matamorphic Rocks ls fuekZ.k & Lime Stone (pwuk iRFkj )
1- jktLFkku & edjkuk ¼ukxkSj½
2. M.P. & tcyiqj
cSrqy
3- vkU/kzizns”k & fo”kk[kkiV~Vue
Mica
&fo|qr dk dqpkyd gksrk gSA
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
82
1- >kj[k.M & dksnjek
2- fcgkj & ewaxsj
3- rfeyukMw &dks;EcVwj
4- vkU/kzizns”k &usYyksj
5- jktLFkku & HkhyokM+k
Hkkjr ds izeq[k m|ksx
Indian-Industry
dksydkrk & gfYn;k vkS- {ks- &lwrh oL= m|ksx
twV m|ksx
vkWVkseksckby m|ksx & xqM+xkao
psUubZ
iq.ks
Qjhnkckn esa ;kekgk dk center
& i- caxky esa fLFkr rhu ykSg&bLikr l;a= & dqYVh] cuZiqj o gfjiqj ds izcU/ku ds fy, IISCO dh
LFkkiuk dhA
* VISCO -
fo”os’o;Z vk;ju ,oa LVhy daiuh
LFkkiuk 1923 A.D.
Hknªkorh ¼dukZVd½
* Loar=rk ds ckn &
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
83
1- fHkykbZ vk;ju ,oa LVhy IykaV &
Nrhlx<+
1955 A.D.
USSR ds lkFk
2- jkmjdsyk vk;ju o LVhy IykaV &
vksfMlk
1959 A.D.
¼teZuh ds lkFk½
3- nqxkZiqj I & S Plant & iñ caxky
1962 ¼U.K. ds LkkFk½
Cotton Textile Industry
lwrh oL= m?kksx
fo”o dk nqljk lcls cM+k lwrh oL= m?kksx Hkkjr esa feyrk gSA
& ;g m?kksx fu;kZr dh n`f"V ls vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA
& ;g m?kksx jkstxkj ltu dh nf"V ls Hkh vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA
& Hkkjr esa ;g m?kksx yxHkx iwjs ns”k esa foLr`r gSA D;ksafd bl m?kksx esa dke esa fy;k tkus okyk
dPpk eky ijlaLdj.k ds ckn viuk out ugha [kksrk gSA
* Cotton Polis of India - Mumbai
* Boston of India - Ahmedabad
* Manchester of South India - dks;EcVwj
* Manchester of North India - Kanpur
{ks= &
1- egkjk"Vª &
eqEcbZ
lksykiqj
dksykiqj
lkaxyh
ukxiqj
dkxt fuekZ.k m?kksx
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
84
Hkkjr esa dkxt fuekZ.k ds fy, eq[; :i ls lcbZ ckal
o xUus ls izkIr cxkl dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
& Hkkjr esa igyh dkxt ehy dh LFkkiuk 1832 A.D. esa i- caxky esa lsjkeiqj esa dhA
{ks= &
1- i- caxky &
lsjkeiqj
fVVkx<+ *
ckyhxat
2- vkU/kzizns”k &
fljiqj
jkteq¡nM+h
3- e/;izns”k &
usikuxj & News Print ds fuekZ.k ds fy,
4- dukZVd &
csyxksyk
4- v”kksd ys;yS.M ¼Ashoka Leyland) & fgUnqtk
psUubZ
vyoj
5- VkVk eksVLkZ &
Hkkjr dh lcls cM+h dEiuh
iq.ks
vgenkckn esa ¼lkuan½& uSuks dk fuekZ.k
iaFkuxj ¼mrjk[k.M½ &
° bafMdk dkj dk fuekZ.k
fiFkeiqjk ¼M.P.)
y[kuÅ ¼U.P.)
& iqus] psUubZ o xqM+xk¡o Hkkjr esa vk¡Vkseksckby m?kksx ds lcls izeq[k dsUnª gSA
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
85
& xqM+xk¡o dks ^MsVªksbM* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
U.S.A. esa
4- Bharat Al. Co. [ BALCO] -
dksjck ¼Nrhlx<½
jRukfxfj ¼egkjk"Vª½
5- enªkl ,Y;qfefu;e daiuh ¼MALCO) -
esVqj ¼rfeyukMw½
Åuh oL= m?kksx
Woolen textile Industry
* iatkc &
ve`rlj
yqf/k;kuk
/kkfjoky
* tEew d”ehj &
Jhuxj
* mrj izns”k &
fetkZiqj ¼dkyhu m?kksx ds fy, fo[;kr½
* e/; izns”k &
bUnkSj
moZjd m?kksx
¼Fertilizer Industry)
Hkkjr esa Lora=rk ds Ik”pkr~ igyk moZjd la;a= ^>kj[k.M* esa ^flUnjh* uked LFkku ij
yxk;k x;k ¼1951 A.D.)
& moZjd m?kksx esa izkd`frd xSl dk mi;ksx dPps eky ds :i esa gksrk gS] blhfy, moZjd m?kksx izk;%
izkd`frd xSl dh ikbi ykbu ds utnhd fLFkr {ks=ksa esa LFkkfir fd;s tkrs gSA
& ftu cUnjxkgksa ij izkdfrd xSl dk vk;kr gksrk gS] muds utnhd Hkh moZjd la;a= LFkkfir fd;s
tkrs gSA
& HBJ ikbi ykbu ij vk/kkfjr dqN moZjd la;a= %
1- chtkiqj
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
86
2- lokbZ ek/kksiqj Raj.
3- pEcy QVhZykbtlZ ,.M dsfedy fyfeVsM (CFCL)
(Kota)
4- ckuokyk
5- ccjkyk
6- “kkgtgk¡iqj U.P.
7- txnh”kiqj
8- xksj[kiqj & iw- U.P.
9- frjph
10- jkuhisr T.N.
esa fLFkr gSA blh dkj.k ls n- “kjr esa fdlkuksa o ehy ekfydksa ds e/; csgrj laca/k gksrs gS] tks fd
mRiknu c<+kus esa Hkh lgk;d gksrs gSA
Note:
phuh dh ehysa ges”kk xUus ds [ksrksa ds vkl ikl gh LFkkfir dh tkrh gSA
* phuh dk lokZf/kd mRiknu &
egkjk"Vª > U.P. > rfeyukMw
* phuh m?kksx ds izeq[k dsUnª &
1- egkjk"Vª &
vgenuxj
lksykiqj
dksykiqj
iq.ks
2- U.P.&
esjB
lgkjuiqj
xkft;kckn West U.P. (xzhu Revolution okys {ks= )
cqyUn”kgj
eqt¶Qjuxj
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
87
xksj[kiqj & East U.P.
ifjogu {ks=
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Roadways Railways Waterways Airways
ty ifjogu ok;q ifjogu
1- lM+d ifjogu (Roadways)
Hkkjr esa dqy 46 yk[k K.M. yEckbZ dk lM+d ra= feyrk gSA
U.S.A. ds ckn ;g fo”o dk 2nd lcls yEck lM+d ra= gSA ¼U.S.A. esa 65 yk[k K.M.)
& Hkkjr esa lcls cM+s lM+d ra= okys jkT; &
I egkjk"Vª & 4-1 yk[k K.M.
II U.P.>
III i- caxky
& Hkkjr esa lcls NksVs lM+d ra= okys jkT; &
I flfDde & 4000 K.M.
II fetksje <
III xksok
& lM+d ?kuRo & gj 100 oxZ fd- eh- {ks=Qy esa feyus okyh lM+d dh YkEckbZ lM+d ?kuRo
dgykrk gSA
* jk"Vªh; jktekxZ &
vkfFkZd n`f"V ls ;g Hkkjr ds lM+d ra= dk lcls egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA
& ;g dqy lM+d ra= dk yxHkx 2% Hkkx dk fuekZ.k djrs gSA ijUrq ifjogu dk yxHkx 40% Hkkx bUgha ds Åij ls xqtjrk gSA
Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; jktekxksZa dk fodkl dsUnª ljdkj }kjk jk"Vªh; jktekxZ fodkl
dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr fd;k tk jgk gSA
& bl dk;ZØe dh “kq:vkr o"kZ 1998 esa dh xbZ] rFkk bl dk;ZØe dk fØ;kUo;u ^Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;
jktekxZ izkf/kdj.k* (NHAI) }kjk fd;k tk jgk gSA
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
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& bu jktekxksZ dk fodkl P.P.P.(Public Private Partnership) ds vUrxZr fd;k tk jgk gSA
& jk"Vªh; jktekxZ fodkl dk;ZØe dk fØ;kUo;u 7 pj.kksa esa fd;k tk jgk gSA
* NHDP - I &
bl pj.k ds nkSjku Hkkjr ds pkj izeq[k esVªks “kgjksa dks ,d nwljs ls jk"Vªh; jktekxksZ ds ek/;e
ls tksM+k x;k gS] rFkk bls ^Lof.Zke prqHkqZt*uke fn;k x;k A
iwñ iñ xfy;kjk &
flypj ¼vle½ dks iksjUcnj ¼xqtjkr½ dks tksM+rk gSA
y- & 3300 K.M.
& ;s nksuksa xfy;kjs U.P. esa >kSlh esa vkdj feyrs gSA
* NHDP - II
bl pj.k ds nkSjku yxHkx 20]000 K.M. dh yñ ds ^flaxy ysu jktekxksZ* dks Mcy ysu esa
ifjofrZr fd;k tk jgk gSA
* NHDP - III
bl pj.k ds nkSjku jkT;ksa dh jkt/kkuh rFkk vU; izeq[k vkfFkZd dsUnª tks fd igys ,oa nwljs
pj.k ds nkSjku jktekxksZa ls ugha tksM+s tk lds Fks]A mu lc dks tksM+rk gSA
* NHDP - V
bl pj.k ds nkSjku yxHkx 5 gtkj K.M. yñ ds ^4 ysu jktekxksZa* dks 6 ysu esa ifjofrZr
fd;k tk jgk gSA
* NH - 1
fnYyh & vEckyk & tkyU/kj & ve`rlj & vVkjh
* NH - 1- A
tkyU/kj & tEew & Jhuxj & uri (cfugkj njkZ)
* NH - 2
fnYyh & eFkqjk & vkxjk & dkuiqj & bykgckn & okjk.klh & /kuckn ¼>kj[k.M½ & nudq.kh ¼dksydkrk½
* NH - 3
vkxjk & /kkSyiqj & Xokfy;j & bUnkSj & ufld & Fkkus & eqEcbZ
* NH - 4
Fkkus & iq.ks & dksykiqj & cSaxyksj & dksykj & jkuhisr & pSUubZ
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
89
* NH - 5
pSUubZ & usYyksj ¼vka/kzizns”k½ & fot;okM+k & fo”kk[kkiV~Vue & Hkqous”oj & dVd & cgjkxksjk
¼>kj[k.M½
;g jk"Vªh; ekxZ iwñ rV ds lekukUrj pyrk gSA
* NH - 6 yañ ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr ds IInd N.H.
gftjk & lwjr (Gujrat) & vejkorh (MH) & ukxiqj & jk;iqj (CH) & cgjkxksjk ¼>kj[k.M½ & [kM+xiqj & gkoM+k & dksydkrk
* NH - 7- A
dksph & osyhXVu }hi
Hkkjr dk lcls NksVk N.H. yñ 6 K.M.
& dksph cUnjxkg osyhaXVu }hi ij gh fLFkr gSA
& ns”k esa lokZf/kd jktekxZ okys jkT;
U.P. > Rajasthan > M.P. > rfeyukMw >
ioZrh; {ks=ksa esa feyus okyh dqN fo[;kr jsy ykbu &
f”keyk & dkYdk jsyos
^;wusLdks* dh ^oYMZ nkthZfyax fgeky;u jsyos
gsfjVst ¼vUrjkZ"Vªh; /kjksgj½ uhyfxfj ekm.Vsu jsyos
fyLV* esa “kkfey fd;k x;k gSA dkaxM-k osyh jsyos
eaFksju ekm.Vsu jsyos ¼egkjk"Vª½
* dksad.k jsyos &
;g jsyos ykbu Hkkjr ds dksad.k rV okys {ks= esa fodflr dh xbZ gSA (1990-1998 AD ds
e/; fodkl½
& ;g jsyos ykbu egkjk"Vª esa fLFkr ^jksBk* dks ^eSaxyksj* ls tksM+rh gSA
& bl jsy ykbu dh dqy yñ 740 K.M. gSA
& bl jsy ykbu dk yxHkx 10% Hkkx lqj¡xks ls xqtjrk gS] rFkk ^jRukfxfj* esa fLFkr ^djO;qMs lqjax*
buesa ls lcls yEch lqjax gS] ftldh yñ yxHkx 7.6 K.M. gSA
* NW - I
& bykgkckn ls gfYn;k ds e/; fLFkr gSA
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A-1, Keshav Vihar, Riddhi Siddhi main chauraha, Gopalpura Bye pass, Jaipur , M-9636977490
90
& dqy yEckbZ 1620 K.M. gSA
& xaxk o gqxyh unh esaA
& Hkkjr dk lcls yEck tyekxZ
* NW - 2
& lfn;k ls nqcjh ¼vle½ ds e/;
& dqy yñ & 393 K.M. gSA
& unh & czáiq= unh
* NW - 3
& dsjy esa
& yEckbZ 205 K.M. gSA
& iñ rV ugj + pEikdkjk ugj + m?kksx e.My ugj
* NW - 4
& dkdhukM+k ¼vkU/zkizns”k½ & iqnwpsjh
& State & vkU/zkizns”k] rfeyukMw ] iqnwpsjh
& yñ & 1095 K.M.
& iwñ rV ugj + xksnkojh o d`".kk unh dk MsYVk {ks=
ekjekxkgks cUnjxkg
^xksok* esa fLFkr cUnjxkgA
& ;g cUnjxkg tqokjh unh ds uneq[k esa fLFkr gS
& bl cUnjxkg dk eq[; mi;ksx xksok ls ykSg v;Ld ds fu;kZr ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
eSaxyksj cUnjxkg
dukZVd dk izeq[k cUnjxkg gSA
& dqnªseq[k [kku ls] feyus okys ykSg v;Ld dks bl iksVZ ds ek/;e ls bZjku dks fu;kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
dksph cUnjxkg
osEckukM >hy {ks= esa fLFkr iksVZA
^ySxwu >hy* ¼dsjy½
& bl cUnjxkg ls eq[; :i ls elkyksa rFkk d`f"k mRiknksa dk fu;kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
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91
& csyfnyk [kku ls fudyus okys ykSg v;Ld dks tkiku dks fu;kZr blh ds ek/;e ls fd;k tkrk gSA
ikjk}hi iksVZ ykSg v;Ld ds fu;kZr ¼tkiku½ ds fo[;krA
dksydkrk gfYn;k
gqxyh unh ij fLFkr cUnjxkg
& ^dksydkrk iksVZ* dks ^iwñ Hkkjr dk }kj* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
& bu cUnjxkgksa dk mi;ksx eq[; :i ls nñ iwñ ,f”k;kbZ ns”kksa das lkFk O;kikj ds fy, gksrk gSA
& ;s cUnjxkg fo”o ds lcls cM+s twV vk/kkfjr mRiknksa ds fu;kZr ds fy, izeq[k dsUnª gSA
iksVZ Cys;j
Hkkjr dk lcls u;k cUnjxkg 2013 esa izeq[k cUnjxkg ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
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