andhra pradesh

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Andhra Pradesh 1 Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ ﺁﻧﺪﮬﺮﺍ ﭘﺮﺩﯾﺶState Clockwise from top left: Charminar, Tirupathi, Prakasam Barrage, Lepakshi Nandi (bull), Kirti Torana of Warangal Fort Seal Nickname(s): Rice Bowl of India Location of Andhra Pradesh in India

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Page 2: Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh 2

Map of Andhra Pradesh

Coordinates (Hyderabad): 17.366°N 78.476°E [1]Coordinates: 17.366°N 78.476°E [1]

Country India

Established 1 November 1956

Capital Hyderabad

Largest city Hyderabad

Districts 23 total

Government

 • Body Government of India, Government of Andhra Pradesh

 • Governor E. S. L. Narasimhan

 • Chief Minister N. Kiran Kumar Reddy (INC)

 • Legislature Bicameral (294 + 90 seats)

 • Deputy Chief Minister Damodar Raja Narasimha

 • High Court Andhra Pradesh High Court

Area†

 • Total 275,045 km2 (106,195 sq mi)

Area rank 4th

Population (2011)

 • Total 84,655,533

 • Rank 5th

 • Density 310/km2 (800/sq mi)

Time zone IST (UTC+05:30)

UN/LOCODE AP

ISO 3166 code IN-AP

Vehicle registration AP

HDI 0.473 (low)

HDI rank 15th(2011)

Page 3: Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh 3

Literacy 67.77% (2011)

Official state language Telugu

Website ap.gov.in [2]

Symbols

Emblem Kalasha

Language Telugu, Urdu

Song Maa Telugu Thallikiby Sri Sankarambadi Sundaraachari

Dance Kuchipudi

Animal Blackbuck

Bird Indian Roller

Flower Water lily

Tree Neem

Sport Kabaddi

Andhra Pradesh (/ˌɑːndrəHelp:IPA for English#Keyprəˈdɛʃ/; Telugu: ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్, Urdu: آندھرا پردیش),abbreviated A.P., is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the country's southeastern coast. It is India'sfourth-largest state by area and fifth-largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Hyderabad. Andhra Pradeshis bordered by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the east, Tamil Nadu to thesouth and Karnataka to the west.On 30 July 2013, the Congress Working Committee adopted a resolution on the bifurcation of the state subject toparliamentary approval. This resolution, once approved by parliament, would bring the state of Telangana intoexistence with 10 districts, whilst the rest of the state would remain in Andhra Pradesh and comprise 13 districts.Hyderabad (part of Telangana) would be the common capital of both states for ten years.On 5 December 2013, Cabinet approved the Telangana draft bill prepared by the Group of Ministers(GoM). The billhas to be approved by Parliament before Telangana becomes the 29th state of the union.According to the Planning Commission of India, in the financial year 2011–12 the state was ranked second innominal GDP, and fourth in GDP per capital. Andhra Pradesh's GDP in the financial year 2011 was 5676.36 billion(US$91 billion). It is historically called the "Rice Bowl of India". More than 77% of its crop is rice; Andhra Pradeshproduced 17,796,000 tonnes (19,616,732 short tons) of rice in 2006. Two of the mega cities of the state – Hyderabadand Visakhapatnam – were listed among the top 15 cities contributing to India's overall Gross domestic product.Andhra Pradesh has the longest coastline (of 972 km (604 mi)) among all the states of India. Two major rivers, theGodavari and the Krishna, run across the state. The small enclave (30 square kilometres (12 sq mi)) of Yanam, adistrict of Pondicherry, lies in the Godavari delta to the northeast of the state. The state comprises three regions:Telangana, Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema. The state's most populous cities are Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam,Guntur, Vijayawada, Rajahmundry, Warangal and Nellore (2011 census).The primary official language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu and the co-official language is Urdu. Other languagesoften spoken in the state include Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Kannada and Oriya.On 1 November 1956, the States Reorganisation Act formed Andhra Pradesh by merging the Andhra State with theTelugu-speaking areas of the already existing Hyderabad State. The Marathi-speaking areas of Hyderabad Statemerged with Bombay State and the Kannada-speaking areas were merged with Mysore State.

Page 4: Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh 4

History

Kondaveedu

Kakatiya sculpture at Warangal

A pillar at Ahobilam temple inKurnool District of Andhra Pradesh

Early history

The first historical records appear in the Buddhist text Anguttara Nikaya, whenwhat is now the Nizamabad and Adilabad districts of the Telangana regionconstituted parts of the Assaka Mahajanapada (700–300 BCE).[3] An Andhratribe was mentioned in the Sanskrit epics such as Aitareya Brahmana (800 BCE)and Mahabharata (400 BCE). The Natya Shastra written by Bharatha (1st centuryBCE) also mentions about the Andhra people. The roots of the Telugu languagehave been seen on inscriptions found near the Guntur district and from othersdating to the rule of Renati Cholas in the 5th century CE.

Megasthenes, a Greek traveller and geographer who visited the Court ofChandragupta Maurya (322–297 BCE), mentioned that the region had threefortified towns and an army of 100,000 infantry, 200 cavalry, and 1,000elephants. Buddhist books reveal that Andhras established their huts or tents nearthe Godavari River at that time.

Inscriptions shows that there was an early kingdom in coastal Andhra (GunturDistrict) ruled first by Kuberaka and then by his son Varun, with Pratipalapura(Bhattiprolu) as the capital. Around the same time, Dhanyakatakam/Dharanikota(present day Amaravati) appears to have been an important place, which wasvisited by Gautama Buddha. According to the ancient Tibetan scholar Taranatha:"On the full moon of the month Chaitra in the year following his enlightenment,at the great stupa of Dhanyakataka, the Buddha emanated the mandala of 'TheGlorious Lunar Mansions' (Kalachakra)".[4]

The Mauryans extended their rule over Andhra in the 4th century BCE. With thefall of the Maurya Empire in the 3rd century BCE, the Satavahanas becameindependent. After the decline of the Satavahanas in 220 CE, the Ikshvakudynasty, Pallavas, Ananda Gotrikas, Rashtrakutas, Vishnukundinas, EasternChalukyas, and Cholas ruled the land.[5]

Scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā Sutras, the earliest MahayanaSutras,[6][7] developed among the Mahāsāṃghika along the Krishna River inAndhra country.[8] A.K. Warder holds that "the Mahāyāna originated in the southof India and almost certainly in the Andhra country."[9] Anthony Barber and SreePadma note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some

time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Nāgārjuna, Dignaga, Candrakīrti, Aryadeva, andBhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Andhra."[10]

They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Krishna Valley, including Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda

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Andhra Pradesh 5

Rock-cut Lord --Buddha-- Statue atBojjanakonda near Anakapalle, Visakhapatnam

and Jaggayyapeta "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, ifnot earlier."[11] Sri Singha, Savari, Maitripa and Virupa lived andtaught in the Andhra region for some portion of their lives or were insome cases permanent residents.[12] Ronald Davidson calls the KrisnaRiver valley "a site of extraordinary Buddhist activity for almost athousand years."[13]

During this period,Wikipedia:Please clarify Telugu emerged as apopular language, supplanting Prakrit and Sanskrit.[14] Telugu wasmade the official language by the Vishnukundina kings (5th and 6thcenturies), who ruled from their capital city of Vengi. EasternChalukyas ruled for a long period after the decline of Vishnukundinas;

their capital was also Vengi. As early as the 1st century CE, Chalukyas were mentioned as being vassals andchieftains under the Satavahanas and later under the Ikshvakus. The Chalukya ruler Rajaraja Narendra ruledRajahmundry around 1022 CE.

The battle of Palnadu (1182) resulted in the weakening of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty and led to the emergence ofthe Kakatiya dynasty in the 12th and 13th centuries CE. The Kakatiyas were at first vassals of the Rashtrakutas, andruled over a small territory near Warangal. Eventually all the Telugu lands were united by the Kakatiyas. In 1323CE, Delhi Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq sent a large army under Ulugh Khan to conquer the Telugu country andcaptured Warangal. King Prataparudra was taken prisoner.Reddy dynasty started from here they ruled more than 100years after them. Musunuri Nayaks recaptured Warangal from the Delhi Sultanate in 1326 CE and ruled for fiftyyears

Modern historyInspired by their success, the Vijayanagara Empire, one of the greatest empires in the history of Andhra Pradesh andIndia, was founded by Harihara and Bukka, who served as treasury officers of the Kakatiyas of Warangal.[15] In1347 CE, an independent Muslim state, the Bahmani Sultanate, was established in south India by Ala-ud-DinBahman Shah in a revolt against the Delhi Sultanate. The Qutb Shahi dynasty held sway over the Andhra country forabout two hundred years from the early part of the 16th century to the end of the 17th century. Although Hyderabadwas founded less than 500 years ago, archaeologists have unearthed Iron Age sites near the city that could date backto 500 BCE. Approximately over 1000 years ago this region was ruled by Kakatiyas until 1310 CE, and fell underDelhi sultanate from (1310–1345), when the central sultanate became weak the Bahmani Sultan revolted against theSultan of Delhi Muhammad bin Tughluq and established an independent state in Deccan within the Delhi Sultanatessouthern provinces and ruled until 1518 CE. Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, governor of Golconda, declared independence fromthe Bahmani Dynasty and proclaimed himself Sultan of Golcanda in that year, and he founded the Qutb Shahidynasty.Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, a fifth Sultan of the Qutb Shahi dynasty (the ruling family of the Golconda Sultanate,previously a feudatory of Bahmani sultanate that declared independence in 1512) founded the city of Hyderabad onthe banks of the Musi River in 1591 to relieve a water shortage the dynasty had experienced at its old headquarters inGolconda city (11 kilometres west of Hyderabad city on the other side of Musi). He also ordered the construction ofthe Charminar. The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb captured the kingdom of Golconda including the city of Hyderabadin 1687 and, during this short Mughal rule, Mughal-appointed governors of the city soon gained autonomy.In 1724, Asaf Jah I, who was granted the title Nizam-ul-Mulk ("Governor of the country") by the Mughal emperor, defeated a rival official to establish control over kingdom of Golconda renamed it as Hyderabad state. Thus began the Asaf Jahi dynasty that ruled Hyderabad State until a year after India's independence from Britain. Asaf Jah's successors ruled as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The rule of the seven Nizams saw the growth of Hyderabad city both culturally and economically. Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the kingdom (Hyderabad state) and

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Andhra Pradesh 6

Golkonda city was almost abandoned. Huge reservoirs, like the Nizam Sagar, Tungabhadra, Osman Sagar, andHimayat Sagar, were built. Survey work on Nagarjuna Sagar had also begun during this time; the actual work wascompleted by the Government of India in 1969. The wealth and grandeur of the Nizams is demonstrated by thefabled Jewels of The Nizams, which is a tourist attraction. The state was the richest and the largest among theprincely states of India. The land area of the state was 90,543 mi²; its population in 1901 was 50,073,759. It enjoyedan estimated revenue of £90,029,000.[16][17]

IIabs in Hyderabad

Visakhapatnam city skyline view

In Colonial India, Northern Circars became part of the British MadrasPresidency. Eventually this region emerged as the Coastal Andhraregion. Later the Nizam rulers of Hyderabad ceded five territories tothe British which eventually emerged as Rayalaseema region. TheNizams retained control of the interior provinces as the princely stateof Hyderabad, acknowledging British rule in return for local autonomy.However, Komaram Bheem, a tribal leader, started his fight against theerstwhile Asaf Jahi Dynasty for the liberation of Hyderabad State.Meanwhile, the French occupied Yanam, in the Godavari delta, and(save for periods of British control) would hold it until 1954.

India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947. TheNizam wanted to retain the independence of the Princely HyderabadState from India, but the people of the region launched a movement tojoin the Indian Union. The state of Hyderabad was forcibly joined tothe Republic of India with Operation Polo in 1948.

State reorganisationIn an effort to gain an independent state based on the linguistic and protect the interests of the Andhra(Telugu-speaking) people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted until death in 1952. After 1949 JVP committeereport which stated "Andhra Province could be formed provided the Andhras gave up their claim to the city ofMadras (now Chennai)", Madras city became bone of contention. But after Potti Sreeramulu's death, Andhra statewas carved out of Telugu speaking areas of Madras State on 1 November 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city.

Ethipothala Falls

The State reorganisation Commission has recommended for theresidual Hyderabad state i.e. Telangana region to be continues as aseparate state. On the basis of Agreement called Gentlemen Agreementon 1 November 1956, the Telugu-speaking areas of the formerHyderabad state also known as Telangana merged with the Andhrastate to form the state of Andhra Pradesh. The city of Hyderabad, theformer capital of the Hyderabad State, was made the capital of the newstate.

There were several movements to invalidate the merger to form twostates viz. Andhra and Telangana in 1969, 1972 and now. 1969movement was in Telangana region where 369 people died in police firings and 1972 movement was in Andhraregion. In 1972 to invalidate the Supreme Court ruling that the Mulki Rules for Telanagana people protection in jobsand education which were part of Gentlemen Agreement are valid, Jai Andhra Movement took place and

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Andhra Pradesh 7

Hyderabad state in 1956 (in yellowish green).After reorganisation in 1956, regions of the statewest of Red and Blue lines merged with Bombay

and Mysore states, respectively and rest of thestate (Telangana) was merged with Andhra state

to form Andhra Pradesh state

Six Point formula implemented to give legal sanctity to the jobs andeducational facilities to Andhra people in Telanagana region. ACurrent movement, which started in 1996, is in Telangana region andis an ongoing political issue in the state. In 2004 Congress party and in2009 TDP party have fought elections with alliance with TelanganaRashtra Samithi party (which was born for Telangana state formationin 2001).

On 9 December 2009, Government of India announced process offormation of Telangana state. It was announced that a separationproposal for Telangana would be introduced to the state assembly.Controversy arose as to the future status of Hyderabad City, part of oneof the ten districts of Telangana region. This move was opposed byprotesters from Kosta and Rayalaseema regions; however, the protestsin the state capital Hyderabad were rocked only by pro-bifurcationprotests. On 23 December 2009, the government decided to put thedecision of bifurcating the state on hold until a consensus is achievedamong the different political parties.

This agitated supporters of a separate Telangana state. On 5 January2010, the Central Government represented by Home Minister P Chidambaram conducted a meeting by inviting allthe recognised political parties of AP and recorded their stand on the issue. The Government of India appointed acommittee, headed by B. N. Srikrishna, to guide the central government to settle the issue of Telangana amicably.The committee submitted its report on 30 December 2010, a day before its term was to expire.

On 30 July 2013 the ruling Congress party's Congress Working Committee (CWC) passed a Resolution to demergeTelangana from Andhra Pradesh State as the 29th state of Republic of India. On the same day, the, the rulingcoalition, United Progressive Alliance (UPA) also passed the same Resolution creating Telangana State withHyderabad as its capital. The timeline for the creation of the new state involves an elaborate process, which has beenallotted a 122 days, or at least four months.[18] The bifurcation has to be approved by the Indian Parliament beforethe state is officially created. This triggered the rise of Samaikyandhra Movement (United Andhra movement) in thecoastal and rayalaseema districts of the state. The agitation led by Non Gazetteed officer employee unions of thestate government with support from students and all sections of people crossed 63 days upsetting the public lifeacross the region. On 3 Oct 2013, The Union Cabinet in its meeting held on Thursday approved the bill for creationof separate Telangana State by bifurcating the Andhra Pradesh thus forming the 29th State in the country. Thecabinet assured that rights of the citizens from all the regions of the state will be protected and a Group of Ministercomposed of the Unions Ministers of Home, Finance, Human Resource Development, Health, Irrigation, Power,Environment and Forests and Railways, as well as the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission is constitutedto go into the various issues which concern both States and suggest appropriate measures to address them. The UnionCabinet gave the go-ahead for the creation of a 10-district Telangana and outlined the blueprint for carving out thecountry's 29th state from the current Andhra Pradesh on 6 December 2013. The central government on Friday sent toPresident Pranab Mukherjee the draft bill for formation of a separate Telangana state. President Pranab Mukherjeelate on Wednesday evening, 13 December 2013, sent the Telangana draft Bill to the AP Legislature and gave it sixweeks to express its opinion. The draft Telangana Bill was introduced in the State Legislature of Andhra Pradesh forits members to express their views on the draft bill but no consent is needed. Amid constant disruptions for fourcontinuous days which made discussions impossible, the Speaker of the Assembly, Nadendla Manohar, suspendedthe legislature. Speaker N. Manohar adjourned the assembly till 3 Jan amid uproar by the Seemandhra (Rayalaseemaand coastal Andhra) lawmakers opposing the debate on the bill for the creation of a separate Telangana state.

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Geography and climate

The Mouth of the Godavari River (East)emptying into the Bay of Bengal

Greater Flamingoes (Phoenicopterusroseus) taking off Pocharam lake

Geographically, Andhra Pradesh is composed of most of the eastern half ofthe Deccan plateau and the plains to the east of the Eastern Ghats. AndhraPradesh is divided into three regions. The northern part of the plateau is theTelangana region and the southern part is known as Rayalaseema. These tworegions are separated by the River Krishna. The third region is CoastalAndhra. The plains to the east of Eastern Ghats form the Eastern coastalplains. The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and individual sections havelocal names. The Kadapa Basin formed by two arching branches of theEastern Ghats is a mineral-rich area. The coastal plains are for the most partdelta regions formed by the Godavari, Krishna, and Penner rivers. TheEastern Ghats are a major dividing line in the state's geography. The Ghatsbecome more pronounced towards the south and extreme north of the coast.The Eastern Ghat region is home to dense tropical forests, while thevegetation becomes sparse as the Ghats give way to the Deccan Plateau,where shrub vegetation is more common. Most of the coastal plains are put tointense agricultural use. The west and southwest parts of Andhra Pradeshhave semi-arid conditions.

The Indian Space Research Organisation's Satish Dhawan Space Centre islocated at the barrier island of Sriharikota, in Nellore district of AndhraPradesh.

The climate of Andhra Pradesh varies considerably, depending on the geographical region. Monsoons play a majorrole in determining the climate of the state. Summers last from March to June. In the coastal plain, the summertemperatures are generally higher than the rest of the state, with temperature ranging between 20 °C and 41 °C.July to September is the season for tropical rains in Andhra Pradesh. The state receives heavy rainfall from theSouthwest Monsoon during these months. About one third of the total rainfall in Andhra Pradesh is brought by theNortheast Monsoon. October and November see low-pressure systems and tropical cyclones form in the Bay ofBengal which, along with the Northeast Monsoon, bring rains to the southern and coastal regions of the state.November, December, January, and February are the winter months in Andhra Pradesh. Since the state has a longcoastal belt the winters are not very cold. The range of winter temperature is generally 12 °C to 30 °C.

Hyderabad is the capital and, along with the adjoining twin city Secunderabad, is the largest city in the state.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh's main seaport, is the second largest city and is home to the Indian Navy's EasternNaval Command. Due to its location and proximity to major rail and road routes, Vijayawada is a major tradingcentre and is the third largest city of the state, followed by Rajamundry, Tirupati, Nellore, Warangal, and Kakinada.Other important places of the state are Kadapa, Srikakulam, and Kurnool.

Demographics

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Population Trend Census Pop. %±

1961 35,983,000 —

1971 43,503,000 20.9%

1981 53,550,000 23.1%

1991 66,508,000 24.2%

2001 75,727,000 13.9%

2011 84,655,533 11.8%

Source:Census of India

First Languages of Andhra Pradesh in 2010  Telugu (83.88%)  Urdu (8.63%)  Hindi (3.23%)  Tamil (1.01%)

Population statisticsTelugu is the first official language of the state, spoken by 84.02% followed by Urdu, which is the second officiallanguage of the state and is spoken by 11.76% of the population. Major linguistic minority groups are Hindi (1.05%),and Tamil (1.01%). Other languages spoken in Andhra Pradesh by less than 1% are Kannada (0.74%), Marathi(0.80%), and Oriya (0.64%). Languages spoken by less than 0.2% of the population include Malayalam (0.09%),Gujarati (0.02%), Bengali (0.05%), Gorkhali/Nepali (0.03%), Punjabi (0.02%) and Sindhi (0.01%).Andhra Pradesh ranks tenth of all Indian States in the Human Development Index scores with a score of 0.416. TheNational Council of Applied Economic Research district analysis in 2001 reveals that Khammam, Krishna, WestGodavari, Chittoor, and Medak are the five districts in rural AP with the highest Human Development Index scoresin ascending order.The data show that the poor make up 16.3% of the total population in rural AP, and expenditure on consumption isaround 13.5% of the total consumption expenditure. The female literacy rate is 0.66 compared to male literacy rate inrural AP. The district-wise variations for poverty ratio are high and low for the ratio of female/male literacy rate. Thegender gap in illiteracy is one of the issues being addressed by the Asmita Resource Centre for Women, an IndianNGO based in Andhra Pradesh that works to better the socio-economic status of women and communities in India.

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Religions

Tirumala Temple entrance

Religion in Andhra Pradesh

Percent

Hinduism 70.00%

Islam 11.00%

Christianity 18.00%

Jainism 0.05%

Sikhism 0.04%

Others 0.68%

The state is home to Hindu saints of all castes. An important figure is Saint Yogi Sri Potuluri VirabrahmendraSwami. He was born in the Vishwabrahmin (goldsmith) caste and had Brahmin and Dalit disciples. FishermanRaghu was a Shudra saint where as Saint Kakkayya was a chura (sweeper) Harijan saint.Islam in Hyderabad, with historical patronizing by the rulers, has a strong Sufi influence, with various movementsactive in the last two decades. Hyderabad has also produced many renowned religious scholars representing differentIslamic sects and trends, including Abul Ala Maududi, Turab-ul-Haq Qadri, and Allamah Rasheed Turabi.[19]

Most Telugu Christians are Protestant belonging to major Indian Protestant denominations such as the Church ofSouth India, the Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church, the Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches and severalothers.

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Economy

High court of Andhra pradesh

[20]

Andhra Pradesh's GDP for 2011 wasapproximately 5,676.36 billion, placing itthird among the states. The state ranks secondin terms of overall Gross State Product amongall the states of the Indian Union.[21] In terms ofper capita GSDP the state compares veryfavorably with other large states. In the 2010list by Forbes Magazine, there are several fromAndhra Pradesh among the top 100 richestIndians.

Aerial view of Visakhapatnam port

Srisailam Dam - Hydro Electric Power Source

Agriculture has been the chief source of income for the state'seconomy. Andhra Pradesh is an exporter of many agricultural products.Four important rivers of India, the Godavari, Krishna, Penna, andThungabhadra flow through the state, providing irrigation. Rice,sugarcane, cotton, Chili pepper, mango, and tobacco are the localcrops. Recently, crops used for vegetable oil production such assunflower and peanuts have gained favour. There are many multi-stateirrigation projects in development, including Godavari River BasinIrrigation Projects and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.

The service sector of the state accounts for 43% of the gross statedomestic product (GSDP) and employs 20% of the work force. AndhraPradesh economy has registered over 5.5% annual economic growthrate during the last two decades.[citation needed] The state is ranked fifthindustrially developed states in India.

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Economic trends of Andhra Pradesh

Year GSDP State Rank

2008 3364813 (US$54,000) millions 3

2009 4267850 (US$68,000) millions 3

2010 4904110 (US$78,000) millions 3

2011 5889630 (US$94,000) millions 3

2012 6762340 (US$110,000) millions 3

Andhra Pradesh ranks second in India in terms of mineral wealth. The state has about one third of India's limestonereserves, estimated at about 30 billion tonnes. The Tummalapalle Uranium mine in Andhra has confirmed 49,000tonnes of ore and there are indications that it could hold reserves totalling three times its current size, The Times ofIndia quoted Srikumar Banerjee as saying. The mine's proven reserve is enough to support a 8,000 mega wattsnuclear power plant for 40 years, the report added. The Krishna Godavari Basin has huge reserves of natural gas andpetroleum. The state has a large amount of coal reserves. The state ranks first nationwide in hydro electricitygeneration, with a national market share of over 11%. Andhra Pradesh has the fourth largest power generating utilityin the country, with an installed capacity of around 10,650 MW. The two cheapest sources of thermal powergeneration – coal and natural gas – are in abundance.

Cyber Towers in Hyderabad

The Andhra Pradesh State Legislative Assemblyin the centre of Hyderabad City.

The IT exports in Andhra Pradesh reached 350.22 billion(US$5.6 billion) in 2010-11, contributed to 13.9% per cent of nationalIT exports and ranked fourth in India. Other key sectors include,Biopharmaceuticals, Power, Automobile, Tourism, Textiles, Retail,Leather, Mining and Religious tourism.

Administration

Andhra Pradesh has a Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly, lowerhouse) of 294 seats, and a Vidhan Parishad (legislative council, upperhouse) of 90 members. 31 members are elected from local bodies, 31members are elected from the assembly, eight members are electedfrom teachers, eight members are elected from graduates, and 12members are nominated by the Governor. In the Parliament of IndiaAndhra Pradesh has 18 in the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House, and 42 inthe Lok Sabha, the Lower House. Currently, Andhra Pradesh isadministratively divided into 23 districts.

Andhra Pradesh had a series of governments headed by IndianNational Congress (INC) Party until 1982. Nandamuri Taraka RamaRao is the founder of Telugu Desam party and served as the first chiefminister from the party. N. Chandrababu Naidu held the record for thelongest serving chief minister (1995 to 2004). P. V. Narasimha Raoserved as the chief minister of the state from 1971 to 1973, and went on to become the Prime Minister of India in1991. The first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh was Neelam Sanjiva Reddy who later served as President of India.

Until 1962, the CPI, along with socialist parties, played an important role as opposition parties. Parties namely PrajaSocialist Party and Krishi Lok Party played an important role in 1950s. In the 1967 state assembly elections, allsocialist parties were eliminated and CPI lost opposition party status. N.G. Ranga's Swatantra Party became theOpposition Party. They also failed to hold control later and became defunct. In 1978 Jalagam Vengal Rao and Kasu

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Brahmananda Reddy formed the Reddy Congress and contested against INC but lost.In 1983 the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) won the state elections and N.T. Rama Rao (NTR) became the chief ministerof the state for the first time. This broke the long time single party monopoly enjoyed by the INC from 1956 until1982. A few months after the election, Nadendla Bhaskara Rao usurped power when NTR was away in the UnitedStates for medical treatment. After coming back, NTR campaigned for a comeback by demonstrating the support ofthe majority of the elected MLAs. The governor Thakur Ram Lal was ousted by Indira Gandhi and in his place sheappointed Shankar Dayal Sharma. NTR was reinstated as chief minister. Within a month NTR recommended thedissolution of the assembly and called for fresh elections. Indira Gandhi was assassinated on 31 October 1984 by herSikh bodyguard and Rajiv Gandhi was made Prime Minister by President Giani Zail Singh. In the ensuing electionsfor Lok Sabha and the AP Assembly, the Telugu Desam Party won in Andhra Pradesh and NTR came back topower.The 1989 elections ended the rule of NTR, with the INC party returning to power with Marri Chenna Reddy at thehelm. He was replaced by Janardhan Reddy in 1990, who was replaced by Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy in 1992. In1994, Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again, and NTR became the chief minister again.Nara Chandrababu Naidu, the son-in-law of NTR, came to power with the backing of a majority of the MLAs. TheTelugu Desam Party won both the assembly and Lok Sabha election in 1999 under the leadership of ChandrababuNaidu. There was an assassination attempt on Naidu in 2003 in Tirupathi; he survived the attack. In the ensuingelections the party lost power to a resurgent INC and its allies. Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy became the Chief Minister.Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy became the CM again by fending off the Praja Rajyam Party and a major alliance of TDP,TRS, CPI and CPM. He died on 2 September 2009 in a helicopter crash. Konijeti Rosaiah, a senior statesman andformer state finance minister, became the Chief Minister on 3 September 2009. On 24 November 2010, Rosaiahsubmitted his resignation on the grounds of increased work pressure. Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy was sworn in asthe new Chief Minister on the following day.

Tourism

Belum Caves

Andhra Pradesh is promoted by its tourism department as the "Koh-i-Noor ofIndia."

Andhra Pradesh is the home of many religious pilgrim centres. TirumalaVenkateswara Temple in Tirupati is, according to believers, the abode of Hindugod Venkateswara. Srisailam, nestled in the Nallamala Hills, is the abode ofMallikarjuna and is one of twelve Jyotirlingas in India. Amaravati's Shivatemple is one of the Pancharamams, as is Yadagirigutta, the abode of an avataraof Vishnu, Narasimha Swamy. The Ramappa temple and Thousand Pillar templein Warangal are famous for their temple. The state has numerous Buddhistcentres at Amaravati, Nagarjuna Konda, Bhattiprolu, Ghantasala,Nelakondapalli, Dhulikatta, Bavikonda, Thotlakonda, Shalihundam,Pavuralakonda, Bojjannakonda (Sankaram), Phanigiri and Kolanpaka. TheVijayanagara Empire built number of monuments, including the Srisailam andLepakshi temples.

The golden beaches at Visakhapatnam, the one-million-year-old limestone caves at Borra, picturesque Araku Valley,hill resorts of Horsley Hills, river Godavari racing through a narrow gorge at Papi

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Charminar

Thousand Pillar Temple

Kuntala Waterfall

Kondalu, waterfalls at Ettipotala, Kuntala and rich bio-diversity atTalakona are some of the natural attractions of the state. Kailashagiri isa park near the sea in Visakhapatnam. Visakhapatnam is home to othertourist attractions such as the INS Kursura S20 Submarine museum(the only one of its kind in India), the longest beach road in India,Yarada Beach, Araku Valley, and Indira Gandhi Zoological Gardens.

The Borra Caves are located in the Anatagiri Hills of the EasternGhats, near Vishakapatnam. They are at an altitude of about 800 to1300 metres and are famous for million-year-old stalactite andstalagmite formations. They were discovered by British geologistWilliam King George in 1807. The caves get their name from aformation inside the caves that looks like the human brain, which in thelocal language, Telugu, is known as burra. The Belum caves wereformed due to erosion in limestone deposits in the area by the weaklyacidic water of the Chitravati River millions of years ago.

The Papi Hills are located in Khammam district, near Bhadrachalam.Boat cruises are available on the river Godavari.

The Belum Caves in Kurnool District have a length of 3,229 metres(10,594 ft), making them the second largest natural caves on the Indiansubcontinent. The Belum Caves derive their name from Bilum, theSanskrit word for caves. In Telugu, the caves are known as Guhalu.The caves have long passages, spacious chambers, freshwater galleries,and siphons. The caves' deepest point is 120 feet (37 m) from theentrance and is known asPatalganaga.

Horsley Hills, elevation 1,265 metres (4,150 ft), is a summer hill resortin Andhra Pradesh, about 160 km (99 mi) from Bangalore and144 km(89 mi) from Tirupati. The town of Madanapalle lies nearby. Majortourist attractions include the Mallamma temple and the Rishi ValleySchool. Horsely Hills is the departure point for the Koundinya WildlifeSanctuary at a distance of 87 km (54 mi).

Nirmal is famous for its handicrafts and paintings. Kuntala waterfall, at45 metres (148 ft), is the biggest in the state. Charminar, GolcondaFort, Chandragiri Fort, Chowmahalla Palace, and Falaknuma Palaceare some of the monuments in the state.

Kanaka Durga Temple in Vijayawada in Krishna district,Venkateswara Temple in Dwaraka Tirumala, West Godavari District,and Surya temple in Arasavelli in Srikakulam District are also places tosee in Andhra Pradesh.

The Annavaram Satayannarayana Swami temple is in East Godavari, near Kakinada. Konaseema is another place inEast Godavari for nature lovers with scenic greenery of lush paddy fields and coconut groves. All along the banks ofriver Godavari and its canals.

The Charminar, built in 1591 CE, is a monument and mosque located in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. The landmark has become a global icon of Hyderabad, listed among the most recognized structures of India. The Charminar is on the east bank of Musi river. To the northeast lies the Laad Bazaar and in the west end lies the

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granite-made richly ornamented Makkah Masjid. The English name is a transliteration and combination of the Urduwords Chār and Minar, translating to "Four Towers"; the eponymous towers are ornate minarets attached andsupported by four grand arches.The Thousand Pillar Temple is one of the oldest temples of South India that was built by the kakatiya. It stands outas a masterpiece and achieved major heights in terms of architectural skills by the ancient kakathiya vishwakarmasthapathis. It is believed that the Thousand Pillar Temple was built by King Rudra Deva in 1163 AD. The ThousandPillar Temple is a specimen of the Kakatiyan style of architecture of the 12th century. It was destroyed by theMuslims of Tughlaq dynasty during their invasion of South India. It comprises one temple and other building. Thereare one thousand pillars in the building and the temple, but no pillar obstructs a person in any point of the temple tosee the god in the other temple. The present day engineers have taken out all the pillars from the building. After theylifted all the pillars they encountered a huge mass of sand. It took nearly two weeks for them to take away all thesand. It was wet sand, because of a pipe connection from the nearby water body named Bhadrakali Cheruvu.

Religious tourism

Birla Mandir Hindu temple

Diguva Mangalagiri Temple

Durga Temple in Vijayawada

Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in the town of Tirumala in Chittoordistrict is a very important pilgrimage site for Hindus throughout India.It is the second richest pilgrimage city of any religious faith in theworld after Padmanabhaswamy Temple in the Indian state of Kerala.Its main temple is dedicated to the god Venkateswara. In 1517,Vijayanagara ruler Sri Krishna Deva Raya, on one of his many visits tothe temple, donated gold and jewels, enabling the Vimana (innershrine) roofing to be gilded. Statues of Sri Krishna Deva Raya and hisspouse stand in the premises of the temple.

The five ancient Hindu temples of Lord Shiva, known as PancharamaKshetras, are located at - Amararama, Draksharama, Somarama,Ksheerarama and Kumararama. The Sivalingas at these temples aremade from a single Sivalinga.

Simhachalam is another popular pilgrimage site of national importancelocated on a hill 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of the Visakhapatnam citycentre. Simhachalam is said to be the abode of the savior-godNarasimha, who rescued Prahlada from his abusive fatherHiranyakashipu. One of the most exquisitely sculpted shrines ofAndhra Pradesh, it has a beautifully carved 16-pillared Natya mantapaand a 96-pillared Kalyana mantapa. The temple was built in 11thcentury by Kullotunga chola. Engaged couples go to this temple as aritual just before marriage. It is one of the most crowded temples ofAndhra Pradesh.[citation needed]

Srisailam temple in Kurnool district is a very famous Shiva temple,and is one of the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines. Lord Rama himselfinstalled the Sahasralinga, while the Pandavas lodged thePanchapandava lingas in the temple courtyard. The Skanda Purana, anancient religious text, has a chapter called "Srisaila Kandam" dedicatedto this temple, which points to its ancient origin. It is said that Adi

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Ramappa Temple

Mounagiri Hanuman Temple inAnantapur

Malluru Ugra Narasimha SwamyTemple at Mangapet of Warangal

District Andhra Pradesh, India

Shankara (c. 788–821 CE) visited this temple at the time that hecomposed his Sivananda Lahiri. Srisailam is located in Kurnooldistrict.[citation needed]

Bhadrachalam Temple is a temple to Lord Rama in the town ofBhadrachalam in Khammam district. It is situated on the banks of theriver Godavari. This is the place where Kancherla Gopanna(1620–1680) wrote his devotional songs dedicated to lord Rama. It wasbelieved that lord Rama spent some years on the banks of riverGodavari here in Treta Yuga. Kancherla Gopanna raised the funds andconstructed the temple during the reign of Tanisha in the 17th century.Sri Rama Navami, a celebration of the Marriage of Lord Rama andsita, is celebrated here every year. Government of Andhra Pradeshsends pearls for the event.[citation needed]

Kanaka Durga Temple is a temple to the goddess Durga situated on theIndrakeeladri Hill in the city of Vijayawada on the banks of KrishnaRiver. Special pujas are performed during Dasara, also called Navratri.The most significant are Saraswati puja and Theppotsavam. Thefestival of Dasara for the Goddess Durga is celebrated there every year.A large number of pilgrims attend the colourful celebrations and take aholy dip in the Krishna River.[citation needed]

Raghavendra Swami Mutt in Mantralayam is a town in Kurnooldistrict. It lies on the banks of the Tungabhadra river on the borderwith neighbouring Karnataka state. It is also called Manchale. Thetown is noted for the holy presence of the Vrindavana of GuruRaghavendra Swami, a Madhwa saint and follower of Madhwacharya.It is believed that Guru Raghavendra Swami is in the Vrindavana fromthe past 339 years and is believed to be in the Vrindavana for another361 years. While entering the Vrindavana, Guru Raghavendra Swamistated that he would be there (in the Vrindavana) for 700 years.

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Notable religious locations in Andhra Pradesh

Mecca Masjid Frontage

• Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple in Antarvedi(అంతర్వేదిసాగర సంగమం),Razole, East Godavari district

• Tirumala Venkateswara Swami Temple in Tirupati• Gnana Saraswati Devi Temple, Basar, dedicated to Saraswati,

goddess of education• Yaganti Caves and Mahanandi, pilgrimage centres in Kurnool• Sri Rama temple in Bhadrachalam

• Chilkur Balaji Temple [22] in Chilkur, Hydearabad/Ranga Reddy•• Birla Mandir, Hyderabad• Sanghi Temple, at Sanghi Nagar, near Hyderabad• Ramappa Temple, constructed in 1213, located 77 km (48 mi) from Warangal• Mecca Masjid in Hyderabad• Buddha statue, erected in 1992 on the Hussain Sagar Lake in Hyderabad• Srikalahasti Temple, ancient Shiva temple by the Swarnamukhi river in Chittoor district• Kanipakam Vinayaka Temple, Kanipakam in Chittoor district• Vemulavada Sri Raja Rajeshwara temple in Karimnagar• Sri Viswa Viznana Vidya Adhyatmika Peetham, in Pithapuram, East Godavari district• Simhachalam, in Visakhapatnam• Sri Kanaka Durga Temple, Vijayawada• Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Yadagirigutta, Nalgonda district• Lepakshi, Anantapuramu.• Srisailam Bramaramba mallikarjuna swami temple, Srisailam, Karnool district• Ghantsala Jaladeeswara swami temple, Ghantasala, Krishna district

CultureBapu's paintings, Nanduri Venkata Subba Rao's Yenki Paatalu (Songs about a washerwoman called Yenki),mischievous Budugu (a character by Mullapudi), Annamayya's songs, Aavakaaya (a variant of mango pickle inwhich the kernel of mango is retained), Gongura (a chutney from Roselle plant), Atla Taddi (a seasonal festivalpredominantly for teenage girls), the banks of river Godavari, and the Dudu basavanna (the ceremonial ox decoratedfor door-to-door exhibition during the harvest festival Sankranthi) have long defined Telugu culture. The village ofDurgi is known for stone craft, producing carvings of idols in soft stone that must be exhibited in the shade becausethey are prone to weathering. Kalamkari is an ancient textile art form dating back to the Indus Valley Civilisation.Andhra Pradesh is famous for doll making. Dolls are made from wood, mud, dry grass, and lightweight metal alloys.Tirupathi is famous for redwood carvings. Kondapalli is famous for mud toys with rich colors. The village ofEtikoppaka, located in Visakhapatnam district, produces lacquered toys. Nirmal paintings are expressive and areusually painted over a black background. Story telling in Andhra Pradesh is an art form in itself. Folk dances uniqueto Andhra Pradesh include Yaksha ganam, Burra katha (usually done by three people, telling stories using threedifferent musical instruments), Jangama kathalu, Hari kathalu, Chekka bajana, Urumula natyam (usually done atfestivals, where a group of people dance in circles with loud music), and Ghata natyam (performances done withearthen pots over one's head). [citation needed]

Andhra Pradesh has many museums, the Salar Jung Museum in Hyderabad, which features a varied collection of sculptures, paintings, and religious artifacts, including the Archaeological Museum at Amaravati near Guntur City that features relics of nearby ancient sites, and the Visakha Museum, in Visakhapatnam, which displays the history of the pre-Independence and thotla konda which depicts the age old budhist stupa's and cultural style, Madras

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Presidency in a rehabilitated Dutch bungalow. Victoria Jubilee Museum in Vijayawada has a good collection ofancient sculptures, paintings, idols, weapons, cutlery and inscriptions. Other ancient sites include dozens of ancientBuddhist stupas in Nagarjunakonda which is now an island in Nagarjuna Sagar, an artificial lake that formed afterthe construction of Nagarjuna Sagar Dam. The Island has a large museum that houses many Buddhist relics.[23]

Just like in other parts of the country, many festivals are celebrated in Andhra Pradesh, which include - Ugadi,Sankranthi, Dasara, Varalakshmi Vratham, Vinayaka Chavithi, Deepavali, Batukamma, Rakhi poornima, Christmas,Sri Rama Navami, Bonalu, Maha Shivaratri, Nagula Chaviti, Holi, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Zuha, Muharram andMilad-un-Nabi.

CuisineThe cuisine of Andhra Pradesh is one of the spiciest of all Indian cuisines. There are many variations to the cuisinebased on geographical regions, caste and traditions. Rice is the staple food and is used in a wide varieties of dishes.Typically, rice is boiled and eaten with curry or made into a batter for use in a crepe-like dish called attu (pesarattuis made of a mixture of this batter and mung beans) or dosas, a crepe filled with black beans or lentils. Pickles andchutneys, locally known as thoku and pachadi in Telugu, are popular in Andhra Pradesh, many varieties of pickleand chutney are unique to the State. Chutneys are made from practically every vegetable including tomatoes, brinjals(eggplant), and roselle (Gongura). Aavakaaya (mango pickle) is probably the best known of the Andhra Pradeshpickles.[citation needed]

Hyderabadi Biryani is one of the most famous dishes in India and belongs to Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh's statecapital). This dish is prepared with rice mixed with vegetables, pulses, or non-vegetarian options (chicken, muttonand fish). Ulava charu is also a popular dish. [citation needed]

Meat, vegetables and greens are prepared with different spices (masala) into a variety of strongly flavored dishessuch as Hyderabadi Biryani, fish curry, brinjal curry and Gongura pachadi are the most popular dish of the state.The coastal region is even more well versed with the varieties in sea food specially known for Chapala Pulusu,Bommidala pulusu, Koramenu kura. Much of the cuisine is mainly prepared of meat. It is rich and aromatic, with aliberal use of exotic spices and ghee (clarified butter). Lamb, chicken and fish are the most widely used meats in thenon-vegetarian dishes.[citation needed]

The desserts or sweet dishes cherished in Andhra range from Payasam which is a rice or vermicelli pudding servedboth warm and cold; Pootharekulu; Bobbattlu; Paalakova; Mamidi Tandra; Khaja; Bandar Laddu; Sunnandalu;Ariselu.

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Performing arts and crafts

Kuchipudi, dance by Yamini Reddy

Classical dance in Andhra can be performed by both men and women; womentend to learn it more often. Kuchipudi is the state's best-known classical danceform. The various dance forms that existed through the state's history are Bonalu,Dappu, Chenchu Bhagotham, Kuchipudi, Bhamakalapam, Burrakatha,Veeranatyam, Butta bommalu, Tappeta Gullu, Lambadi, Dhimsa, Kolattam, andChindu. Jaanapadam theenmar is a popular folk dance.

Jayapa Senani was the first person to write about the dances prevalent in AndhraPradesh.[24] Both Desi and Margi forms of dances are included in his Sanskrittreatise Nrutya Ratnavali.

Literature

Nannayya, Tikkana, and Yerrapragada form the trinity who translated the greatSanskrit epic Mahabharata into Telugu. Pothana is the poet who composed theclassic SriMad Maha Bhagavatamu, a Telugu translation of Sri Bhagavatham,authored by Veda Vyasa in Sanskrit. Nannayya (c. 11th century CE), the earliest known Telugu author, waspatronized by the king Rajaraja Narendra who ruled from Rajamahendravaram (now Rajahmundry). TheVijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya wrote Amuktamalyada. The Telugu poet Vemana, a native of Kadapa, isnotable for his philosophical poems. Telugu literature after Kandukuri Veeresalingam (1848–1919) is termedmodern literature. Known as Gadya Tikkana, Satyavathi Charitam was the author Telugu-language social novel,Satyavathi Charitam. Jnanpith Award winners include Sri Viswanatha Satya Narayana and Dr. C. Narayana Reddy.The Andhra Pradesh native and revolutionary poet Sri Sri brought new forms of expressionism into Teluguliterature.[citation needed]

Other modern writers include Gunturu Seshendra Sarma, the only person nominated from India for a Nobel prize inliterature since Rabindranath Tagore. The West Bengal Government conferred on him the title Rashtrendu ("Moonof the Nation"). Telugu University awarded him an honorary Doctorate in Literature in 1994. He received theKalidas Samman award from the Madhya Pradhesh government, and he won the Central Sahitya Akademifellowship in 1999. Puttaparthi Narayanacharyulu is one of the scholarly poets of Telugu literature. He wrote thebooks Sivatandavam and Panduranga Mahatyam. Other notable writers from Andhra Pradesh include SrirangamSreenivasarao, Gurram Jashuva, Chinnayasuri and Viswanatha Satyanarayana.

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Cinema

A western street replica at RamojiFilm City

The Prasads IMAX world's largest 3D-IMAXscreen Prasads IMAX

In the early 1980s, the Telugu film industry had largely shifted its baseto Hyderabad from Madras. The Telugu film culture (or, "Tollywood")is the second-largest film industry in India next to Bollywood FilmIndustry. Hyderabad houses the Prasads IMAX theatre, which was thebiggest 3D IMAX screen in the world when it was built in 2007. It isalso home to Ramoji Film City which is the world’s largest integratedfilm studio complex at over 2,000 acres (809 ha) of land. Prolific filmproducer from the state, D. Ramanaidu holds a Guinness Record forthe most number of films produced by a person. Nandhamuri TarakaRama Rao and Chiranjeevi are the prominent figures in the Telugu filmindustry. In the years 2005, 2006 and 2008 the Telugu film industry,has produced the largest number of films in India exceeding thenumber of films produced in Bollywood. The industry holds theGuinness World Record for the largest film production facility in theworld. The Prasads IMAX located in Hyderabad is the world's largest3D IMAX screen, and the most attended cinema screen in the world.The state of Andhra Pradesh, consists of the most number of cinematheatres in India.

Music

Balamuralikrishna during a concert in Kuwait on29 March 2006, accompanied by Mavelikkara

Sathees Chandran (violin), Perunna G. Harikumar(mridangom), Manjoor Unnikrishnan (ghatam)

Many composers of Carnatic music like Annamacharya, Tyagaraja,Kshetrayya, and Bhadrachala Ramadas were of Telugu descent.Modern Carnatic music composers like Ghantasala and M.Balamuralikrishna are also of Telugu descent. The Telugu filmindustry hosts many music composers and playback singers such as S.P. Balasubrahmanyam, P.Susheela, S. Janaki, P B Srinivas. Telugushave a large number of folk dances. Folk songs are popular in themany rural areas of the state. Forms such as the Burra katha and Poliare still performed today.

Sports

The Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh, is the governing body whichlooks after the infrastructure development in Cricket, Field hockey, Association Football, Olympic weightlifting,Chess, Water Sports, Tennis, Badminton, Table Tennis, Cycling etc.[citation needed] Sports like kho kho, kabaddi,chinni daandu and goli (marbles) are played mostly in coastal Andhra & Telangana areas.

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One of the most popular sports in Andhra Pradesh is cricket. The Hyderabad Cricket Association nurtures potentialinternational players. The Hyderabad cricket team has won the Ranji Trophy twice. The Rajiv Gandhi InternationalCricket Stadium in Hyderabad and ACA-VDCA Stadium in Visakhapatnam, regularly host international matches.The Sunrisers Hyderabad, an Indian Premier League franchise, is based in Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam.Notable cricketers from Andhra Pradesh, include C. K. Nayudu, Maharajkumar of Vizianagram, M. V. NarasimhaRao, Mohammad Azharuddin, M. S. K. Prasad, V.V.S. Laxman, Tirumalasetti Suman, Arshad Ayub, AmbatiRayudu, Paul Valthaty, Venkatapathy Raju, Sravanthi Naidu, Yalaka Venugopal Rao etc.Other accomplished sports-persons include, A. Ramana Rao, Karnam Malleswari, Pullela Gopichand, Sania Mirza,Saina Nehwal, Sharath Kamal, Chetan Anand (Badminton), Guttikonda Pradeep, (Volley Ball), Mukesh Kumar(Hockey), Saranjeet Singh (Hockey), Abdul Najeeb Qureshi, Jwala Gutta, Raman Subbarao, Kamineni Eswara Rao,etc. Grandmasters in Chess like, Humpy Koneru, Pendyala Harikrishna, Dronavalli Harika and Gogineni Rohit hailfrom the state.

Education and research

Indian School of Business

Andhra Pradesh is served by more than 20 institutes ofhigher education. All major arts, humanities, science,engineering, law, medicine, business, and veterinaryscience are offered, with first degrees and postgraduateawards available. Advanced research is conducted in allmajor areas.[citation needed]

Andhra Pradesh has 1,330 arts, science and commercecolleges; 1,000 MBA and MCA colleges; 847engineering colleges; 53 medical colleges, one NIT(in warangal) and one Indian Institute of Technology (inHyderabad). The student to teacher ratio in higher education is 19:1. According to the 2011 census, Andhra Pradeshhas an overall literacy rate of 67.02% (as per India 2011 Census). The male literacy rate is 74.9% and the femaleliteracy rate is 59.15%.[25]

Osmania University is one of the oldest modern universities in India, and one of the largest university systems in thesubcontinent with over 300,000 students on its various campuses and affiliated colleges.[26] The Government ofAndhra Pradesh has established Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies (RGUKT) in 2008 to cater tothe educational needs of the gifted rural youth of Andhra Pradesh. The Institute specializes in teaching and researchin Information Technology and other emerging disciplines under the control of a common university GoverningCouncil and following a common syllabus.

School children in an elementary school inAndhra Pradesh

The state has recently made strides in setting up several institutes. TheDamodaram Sanjivayya National Law University, Birla Institute ofTechnology and Science, National Institute of PharmaceuticalEducation and Research, Indian Institute of Biotechnology, Universityof Hyderabad, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Tata Instituteof Fundamental Research Hyderabad,[27] International Institute ofInformation Technology, Hyderabad (IIIT-H), National Institute ofTechnology NIT Warangal, National Institute of Nutrition the NalsarUniversity of Law, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology(CCMB) Hyderabad, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT),Hyderabad, National Institute of Rural Development, School of

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Planning and Architecture, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, prestigious Indian School ofBusiness (ISB) and IFHE university's IBS, Hyderabad. The National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) andThe Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition are also located in Hyderabad. AlsoGeorgia Institute of Technology, is in the process of setting up their campus in Hyderabad.Additionally the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Osmania University, Andhra University, NagarjunaUniversity, Kakatiya University, Sri Venkateswara University, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Potti SreeramuluTelugu University, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Telangana University Nizamabad, MahathmaGandhi University Nalgonda, Palamur University Mahaboobnagar, Rayalaseema university, Kurnool, SriVenkateswara Veterinary University(SVVU) and private engineering colleges like Muffakham Jah College ofEngineering and Technology, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute ofEngineering and Technology, MVSR Engineering College, GRIET, Hyderabad Institute of Technology AndManagement to serve their people across Andhra Pradesh.

Transport

Major road links of Andhra Pradesh

The railroad bridge between Rajahmundry andKovvur

• Road: A total of 146,954 km (91,313 mi) of roads are maintainedby the State, of which State Highways comprise 42,511 km(26,415 mi), National Highways 2,949 km (1,832 mi), and DistrictRoads 101,484 km (63,059 mi). The growth rate for vehicleownership in Andhra Pradesh is the highest in the country at 16%.

The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) isthe major public transport corporation owned by the government ofAndhra Pradesh that connects all the cities and villages. APSRTC is inthe Guinness Book of World Records for having the largest fleet ofvehicles (approximately 21,000), and the longest distance covereddaily. Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station [M.G.B.S] in Hyderabad andNehru Bus stand in Vijayawada are among the largest bus stand inAsia. Thousands of private operators also run buses connecting majorcities and towns. Private vehicles like cars, motorised scooters, andbicycles occupy a major share of the local transport in the cities andadjoining villages.

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Rajiv Gandhi International Airport

The Secunderabad Railway Station, headquartersof the South Central Railway

Visakhapatnam seaport

• Rail: Railways are a major means of transport connecting all majorcities and towns. The history of railways in Andhra Pradesh datesback to the time of Nizam of Hyderabad. Most of Andhra Pradeshfalls under the auspices of the South Central Railway, founded in1966 with its headquarters at Secunderabad. The East CoastRailway serves Srikakulam, Vizianagaram District, and part ofVisakhapatnam district including Visakhapatnam City. VijayawadaRailway Station is one of the busiest railway junctions in India.Second largest & busiest Railway station in Asia.

• Air: Hyderabad International Airport, also known as Rajiv GandhiInternational Airport, is the international airport for the city ofHyderabad. It has won WORLD NO 1 Airport award twice (2009,2010) in the 5 - 15 million passenger category. It is the largestairport in the state and one of the busiest airports nationwide.Visakhapatnam Airport, the other international airport in the state isthe second largest serving close to 1 million passengers annually.Other airports in the state are Vijayawada Airport, RajahmundryAirport, and Tirupati Airport. The government also has plans to startairports in eight other cities: Guntur, Ongole, Nellore, Warangal,Kadapa, Tadepalligudem, Kurnool, Karimnagar, Ramagundam andKothagudem.

• Sea: Andhra Pradesh has two of the major ports of India atVisakhapatnam, the second largest port of India (cargo handling)and Kakinada and three minor ports at Krishnapatnam (Nellore), Machilipatnam, and Nizampatnam (Guntur). Aprivate port is being developed at Gangavaram, near Visakhapatnam. This deep seaport can accommodate oceanliners up to 200,000–250,000 DWT. Andhra Pradesh has the second largest sea coastal line in India of 974 km.

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Newspapers and journalsTelugu

•• Eenadu•• Andhra Jyothi•• Andhra Bhoomi•• Andhra Prabha•• Prajasakti•• Surya•• Vaartha•• Visalaandhra•• Sakshi•• Namasthe Telangana

Urdu

•• Awam•• Etemaad daily•• The Munsif Daily•• The Siasat Daily•• Blitz

English

•• Deccan Chronicle•• The Hindu•• Hindustan Times•• The Business Line•• The Economic Times•• The New Indian Express•• The Times of India•• The Hans India

References[1] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Andhra_Pradesh& params=17. 366_N_78. 476_E_region:IN-AP_type:adm1st[2] http:/ / www. ap. gov. in[3][3] Assaka[4] Helmutt Hoffmann, "Buddha's Preaching of the Kalachakra Tantra at the Stupa of Dhanyakataka," German Scholars on India, Vol. I. PP.

136–140. (Varanasi, 1973)[5][5] G. Durga Prasad, History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D., P.G. Publishers, Guntur, p. 116[6] Williams, Paul. Buddhist Thought. Routledge, 2000, pages 131.[7] Williams, Paul. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition. Routledge, 2009, pg. 47.[8] Guang Xing. The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory. 2004. pp. 65-66 "Several scholars have

suggested that the Prajnaparamita probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India, in the Andhra country, on the KrsnaRiver."

[9] Warder, A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000. p. 313[10] Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W. Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra. SUNY Press 2008, pg. 1.[11] Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W. Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra. SUNY Press 2008, pg. 2.[12] Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W. Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra. SUNY Press 2008, pp. 159-160.[13] Davidson, Ronald. Tibetan Renaissance. Columbia 2005, pp. 29.[14] Epigraphica Indica, 27: 220–228[15] Robert Sewell, A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): A contribution to the history of India, Chapter 2 Gutenberg.org (http:/ / www. gutenberg.

org/ dirs/ etext02/ fevch10. txt)[16][16] name="Golcondathroughtime"

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[17][17] name="TheNocturnalCourt"[18] Telangana: 122 days for the birth of a new state (http:/ / www. ndtv. com/ article/ india/

telangana-122-days-for-the-birth-of-a-new-state-398869)[19][19] Hyderabadi Muslims[20][20] /planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/index.php?data=datatab[21] http:/ / planningcommission. nic. in/ data/ datatable/ 0904/ tab_105. pdf[22] http:/ / www. chilkurbalaji. com/[23] Victoria Jubilee Museum (http:/ / www. indiatourism. com/ andhra-pradesh-museums/ victoria-jubilee-museum. html)[24] Ntitya Ratnavali (http:/ / www. telugupeople. com/ discussion/ article. asp?id=111)[25] http:/ / www. devinfo. org/ indiacensuspopulationtotals2011/ stock/ shared/ dv/ PivotData_2013_12_17_635228892593587133. htm[26][26] Osmania University[27] http:/ / www. univ. tifr. res. in

External links• Andhra Pradesh (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ Asia/ India/ Andhra_Pradesh) on the Open Directory Project• STD Codes of Andhra Pradesh (http:/ / std-codes. in/ stdcodes-of-Andhra-Pradesh. html)• Andhra Pradesh Facts & Figures (http:/ / www. aponline. gov. in/ apportal/ HomePageLinks/ FactsFigures. htm)Government• Andhra Pradesh Government Website (http:/ / www. aponline. gov. in/ apportal/ index. asp)• Department of Tourism, Government of Andhra Pradesh (http:/ / www. aptourism. in/ )

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Article Sources and ContributorsAndhra Pradesh  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595961686  Contributors: 12pavan34, 1exec1, 203.141.89.xxx, 5 albert square, A8UDI, ASmartKid, Aaron Schulz, Abdaal,Abecedare, Abhi437, Abhijithbikumalla, Abhinav54321, Abhishek191288, Abhishekmathur, Aboutvizag, Adarsh.darapaneni, Adhkiran123, Adiandhra, Adithya911, Aditya94708,Adityamadhav83, Adityapatadia, Adityavj, Adnan.jsr, Aeusoes1, Afroze.shaik, AhlinaS, Ahmadnisarsayeedi, Ahoerstemeier, Akhristov, Akkida, Akv, Al Silonov, Alexf, Alexius08, Algebraist,Alias Flood, Allipuram, Alphabetagamnma, Altruism, Alurujaya, Amarrg, Amartyabag, Ambarish, Ambuj.Saxena, Ameliorate!, AmosWolfe, Anandarajkumar, Anandhyd, Anandks007, Anchitk,Anders.Warga, Andhrabhoja, Andhrawala1, Andhrite, Andrevan, AndrewRT, Andrhawala, Andy Marchbanks, Andy anno, Andycjp, Angr, Anigalla, Anil 666, Animalsanimals45, AnnaFrodesiak, Annilkhan, Anthony aragorn, Anupam, Anvesh1891, Anwar saadat, Aoidh, Aonyx, Aps vr, Apstate, Aravindkumar123, Argyll Lassie, ArielGold, Arjunaraoc, Art LaPella, ArthurHolland, Arudraraju, Arunkanup, Arunkumar 401, Arunprakashts, Arvind Iyengar, Arvindn, AsceticRose, Ashraf nawab, Ashwatham, AssociateLong, Astynax, AtleyJackson, Auntof6,Auplainsman, Auric, Avianwing, Avillia, Avinashv11, Avoided, Avr0716ap, BD2412, Balloonguy, Balu213, Bandilokesh, Bangshee, Barastert, Barek, BarretB, Bastin, Bbang005, Beaumont,Beetstra, Bejnar, Beland, Ben Ben, Benedictdilton, Besidesamiracle, Betacommand, Betterusername, Bewareofgautam, Bgwhite, Bhadani, Bhagi karthik, BhanuPM, Bharathiya, Bhaskarsriram,Bhavaniprasad, Bhupal.bobbad, Bidngrab, Bilby, BlackOcelot, Bmaganti, Bob1960evens, Bobbie501, Bobblewik, [email protected], Bobo192, Bojja, Bolasanibk, BorgQueen,Boromir123, BostonMA, Bpuli, Brenria, BrightStarSky, Brown cp, Bryan Derksen, Bsreddy2000, Bssasidhar, Bsskchaitanya, Buaidh, C21K, CALR, CBM, CLW, CMBJ, Cacophony,CactusWriter, CambridgeBayWeather, CanadianLinuxUser, CanisRufus, Canterbury Tail, CarTick, CarolGray, Catgut, Cdc, Centerforward, Cephas 405, Cesdeva, Chairman S.,Chaitanyakadiyala, Chakri007007, Chandan Guha, Chandrasekhar madineni, Chanheigeorge, CharlotteWebb, Chickendude1313, Chini.sachin, Chirag, Chirags, Chowbok, Chris the speller,ChrisCork, ChrisGualtieri, Chrism, Christiantony, Ciry, Citterio, Ckatz, ClaretAsh, CliffC, Closedmouth, Cmdrjameson, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Communist4444,Conquerorshyderabad, Conscious, Conversion script, Copana2002, Covidien, Craftyminion, Crama26, Crazycar, Crohnie, Crystalwebsoft2010, Cynic1983, Czj, D.s.sankar, DRAGONBOOSTER, DVdm, Dac04, DanMS, Danelo, DanielRigal, Darahasa, Darwinahindu, Dav subrajathan.357, Davemck, David Woodward, Dbachmann, Dddssri, Dearwijay, Deepak D'Souza,Deepak Shah, Deepumnit, Dekisugi, Delljvc, DemocraticLuntz, Den fjättrade ankan, Denisarona, Deshineni, Dev, Deville, Dewan357, Dhakad85, Dharmadhyaksha, Dia^, Diannaa,Dilipspalsaniya, Dineshkannambadi, Dining philosopher, Discospinster, Dl2000, Dn9ahx, DoctorJava, Docu, Dogbarney, Download, Dpushkar89, Dputig07, Dr. Blofeld, Dragonbooster4,DragonflySixtyseven, Drm 1976, Drmies, Drmike2222, Dunia Penulis, Durgany, Dusti, Dvratnam, Dyapanaveen, Dysprosia, Earlypsychosis, Eastlaw, Editorofthewiki, Edward, Eeenadu, Ehyd,El C, Eldumpo, Eldunayz, Elmer Clark, Elockid, Emerydora, En.Dev, EoGuy, Ephraim6888, Epicgenius, Epolk, Eric Shalov, Ericdn, Espanyo, Euchiasmus, Eukesh, Evano1van, Excirial,Fajrbrother, Fanyavizuri, Favonian, Ferengi, Figma, FischX, Flatterworld, Florentyna, Flyer22, Foryouthonly3, Fraggle81, FrankDev, Fratrep, Fred Bauder, Frietjes, Frymaster, Frze, Funandtrvl,Fuseau, Fuzheado, Fylbecatulous, Fæ, GDibyendu, GSMR, Ganapatideva, Ganasak, Ganesh ora, Ganesh341, Ganeshk, Gangadhar. vempalli, Geofisherguy, Gerry Ashton, Getramkumar,Getsnoopy, Ghoshsanjoy, Gilliam, Giraffedata, Gitamishra, Gkb786, Glacialfox, Gman124, Gnanapiti, Gnt, Godkingxerces, Gogo Dodo, Goldenhawk 0, Good Olfactory, Goodnightmush, GoogleScholar, Gopalagarwal11, Gopinadh2004, Gppande, GraemeL, Grafen, Graham87, Graith, GreatWhiteNortherner, Green Giant, Grenavitar, Gsrihariraju, Gulielmus estavius, Gurubrahma, Gyopi,Gzornenplatz, H, Hadal, Hari1976, Haribabuc, Harryctrlaltdel, Hasindia, Head12hunter, Healcharity, Hello108, Hellosav, Hemanshu, Hendrick 99, Hephaestos, Hibachi007, Hike395, Hintha,Historyfreak69, Hnaluru, Hnthan, Hongooi, Horis, Hottentot, Hugo999, Hv1972, Hvn0413, I4ismail, Iak1973, Ias2008, Idleguy, Ilayaraja.rahman, Imc, Imjustmatthew, Improv, Incrazy, IndiaGate, Indian navy, IndianGeneralist, Indianpolice, Indianprithvi, Iner22, Infrogmation, Insanity Incarnate, Intercell, Iohannes Animosus, Isarra, It's-is-not-a-genitive, Ithinkhelikesit, Itsmejudith,Iustinus, Ivnews, JLaTondre, JNW, JaGa, Jac16888, Jagged, Jagged 85, Jahangard, JaiAndhraSridhar, Jam2k, JamesBWatson, Jameswilson, Japanese Searobin, JarlaxleArtemis, Jason Quinn, JeffG., Jeremyb, Jeroen, JesseW, JetLover, Jim1138, Jishacj, Jmateen, Jmgarg1, John Quincy Adding Machine, John of Reading, Johnuniq, Jon Ascton, Jorobeq, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jovianeye,Joy Doddigarla, Joyous!, Jph, Jsorens, Jstvicky, Juliechhuahati, Jwaghray, K dileep chowdary, KNM, KSB9, Kalathalan, Kalyanraju37, Kamalakardandu, Kamilikanth, Kanred, Karteek507,Karthik akkinapalli, KathrynLybarger, Katimawan2005, Kattu3126, Kaushlendratripathi, Kayau, Kaysov, Kedi the tramp, Kesav76, Ketiltrout, Khandavalli92, Khazar, Khazar2, Khoikhoi,KimChee, Kintetsubuffalo, Kiranavs, Kiranbaddi30, Kirandotc, Kiranreddy9999, KirkEN, Kishoreddi, Kjrajesh, Kkkishore, Kkm010, Kktejas, KnowledgeOfSelf, Knyght27, Koavf, Komala412,Kool79, Koolkanth, Koven.rm, Kovid Bhogoju, Kpvalluru, Krankman, Krich, Krishna8080, Krishnaddy, Krishnaeee, Krishnagopi06, Krishnakutam, Krishnasarikonda, Ktr101, Kumarjg,Kumarrao, KuwarOnline, Kvrkrishreddy, Kwamikagami, Kwdt2, L Kensington, L.vivian.richard, LUCKT, Lalithadithya, Landon1980, Largoplazo, Latakapoor, Lazyd0g, Leafeater, Leaflord,LessHeard vanU, Liam fitzy, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, Linguisticgeek, Lion of the Mountain, LogX, Logicalthinker33, Lokesh.iiit, Looxix, Lotje, Lukipuk, Luuva, M4gnum0n, MER-C, MKar,MThekkumthala, Madhukarcricket, Madhulathas, Magicalsaumy, Magioladitis, Mahanga, Mahesh nec, Mahesh.d, Mahmudmasri, Malapati, Malcolma, Malhonen, Malik Samudra, Mani1,Manikanta yendru, Manjunath Doddamani Gajendragad, Manoj nav, Manoj2259, Maramkirankumar, Marek69, Mark Arsten, MarkS, Maruthitejaparchuri, Masti 84, Materialscientist, MatheusFaria, Mattbr, Mattisse, Mauryapydah, Mav, Max.srinivas, Meetravig, Menchi, Mhvreddy, Micahrenfeldt, Michael Hardy, Mike Rosoft, MikeLynch, MikeWazowski, Mild Bill Hiccup, Miljoshi,Minimac, Mion, Misconfig, Mishra26, Mkweise, Mlpkr, Mneelapu, Mogism, MohanPodile, MohitSingh, Moizsma, Molly-in-md, Morwen, Mpalhan, Mpradeep, Mr pand, Mr.Clown, MrOllie,Mu5ti, Mugunth Kumar, Mundlapati, Murali Thoota, Muralichoudry, Murrallli, Musicpvm, Mutt Lunker, NSR, Nagakiran1, Nagaraju nuguri, Nagarjuna198, Nagavenkat02, Najeeb100,Nandagopal10, Naniwako, Nanopavan, Naren1221, Narendra0808, Narge, Narutomassclones, Naveenash25, Naveenji, Naveenpf, Navhus, Nawapji, NawlinWiki, Nbsubbaiah, Ncmvocalist,Neal007, NeilN, Neoandem, Neutrality, Niceguyedc, Nicenicecine, Nichalp, Nightcrawler123, Nikhilwatson, Nikkul, Ninja Diannaa, Nirvana888, Nishkid64, Niteshpradhans, Niz1vir, Node ue,Noman 123, Noor Aalam, Northamerica1000, Notinasnaid, NumeroEins, Nv8200p, Nx, Nyttend, Obradovic Goran, Ohconfucius, Ohnoitsjamie, Oliver Pereira, Olivier, Ombudswiki,Omer123hussain, Omnipaedista, OneGuy, Orangemike, Orinaayano, Ovidcaput, Paansing, Paddu, Pahari Sahib, Paine Ellsworth, Palefire, Parmeshreddy, Patel24, Patrix ppp, Paul August, Pavangeo, Pavan.gajjala, Pavanmns, Pavn123, Pax:Vobiscum, Pekinensis, Per Honor et Gloria, Petiatil, PhiJ, PhilKnight, PhnomPencil, Phuzion, Piano non troppo, Pidara, Pigsonthewing, Pikiwyn,Piledhigheranddeeper, Pinethicket, Pingali, PizzaOven, Pjohn899, Planemad, Plasticup, Plastikspork, Pluto.2006, Polumetla, Poojakaul, Poweroid, Ppavan1, Ppyoonus, Prabodh, Pradeepbv,PraveenForTruth, Pravikota, Preethi.nalikala, PrimeHunter, Prodigyhk, Pusapati, Quadell, Queenmomcat, Qwyrxian, R'n'B, RHBridges, RL0919, Radar signal, Raghav 8931, Raghavachari,Raghavkvp, Raghu.ane, Raghunc, Ragib, Rahul7488, Rahulkavi, Raj srikanth800, Raj56389, Rajasekhar1961, Rajeevrrs, Rajwiki 21, Rak3sh, Rama-Prayaga, Ramaksoud2000, Ramcrk, Ramesh,Rana A.R, Randhirreddy, RandomP, RationalHeuser, Raviteja338, Rdvrkpr, RedWolf, Redaloes, Redtigerxyz, Reedy, RegentsPark, Regs p, Rettetast, Reuleanx, Revharder, RexNL, Rguru.k,Riariaria, Riccardo.fabris, Rich Farmbrough, Rick Block, Rickard Vogelberg, Ricky81682, Rif Winfield, Rjwilmsi, Rob Hooft, Roberto Mura, Robin klein, RockMFR, Rocktruly18, Roeheat,Rohith goura, Roland zh, Ronanin, Roux, Rpresser, Rror, Rrreddy, Rsrikanth05, Rumiton, Ryallabandi, S sandeep 104, S.Chidipothu, SQGibbon, ST47, Sahuka, Sai santhosh00, Sai2020,Saichand.c, Saimdusan, Sainadha, Sajjanaidu, Sam Sailor, Samebchase, Samhita, Sampathpeechu, Samputi, Sandeep kallepu, Sandeepriya, Sandeepsaivissa, SanjayTilaiyan, Sanjaykar, Sannse,Santhoshrayala, Santoshbogi, Sanusreth, Sarathpschandra, Saravask, Sarvagnya, Sarvagyana guru, Satellizer, Satvahan, Satya1992, Satyendra Kumar A V, Sayanur, Scales, Sceptre,SchnitzelMannGreek, Schzmo, Sct72, Secret of success, Semposition2, Senthilkumaras, Servophbabu, Sescaugust, Sfan00 IMG, Shadowarrior hyd, Shadowjams, ShajiA, Shanzey,Sharmanic2002, Shashanksomanchi, Shaul1, Shivajivarma, Shmilyshy, Shoeofdeath, Shreevatsa, Shreyal K, Shyamsunder, Siddhartha Ghai, Siddineni, Signalhead, Simfan934, SimonP,Singhalawap, Sitush, Sk.mobeen, Skapur, Skinsmoke, Skumarla, Skurma, Skvuppala, Slazenger, Smalljim, Soman, Somya123, Somya26, SouIndian, Southernsunil, SpacemanSpiff, Spidern,Spundun, Spuppala, Squids and Chips, Sr1921, Sreebhar, SriYerneni, Srichakradhar, Sridharraov, Sriharsh1234, Srikanth1k, Srikanthbabu, Srikeit, Srimouli04, Srinivasamurthy.karumuru,Srinivasaraju, Srisadguru, Srisez, Srivathsaann, Ssamara, StAnselm, Star rox, StaticVision, Stickee, Storkk, Strike Eagle, Struthious Bandersnatch, Subash.chandran007, Sudhamsh Goutham,Sudheert, Sudipta.kamila, Sumanthk, Sun Creator, Sundar, Sundeep.gone, Sundeep.gummadi, Super cyclist, Suraj.subedi1, Sureshiras, Svadwalas, Svellanki, Svijay84, Swapart, Swaroopgj,Szquirrel, Tabletop, Tajvirgo, Talon Artaine, Tatiraju.rishabh, Tejam, Tejas.B, Tejas81, Telugu veera, Telugubidda, Teluwiki, Template namespace initialisation script, Terissn, Thaejas,Tharunsai.wikipedia, Thatguyflint, The Magnificent Clean-keeper, The Rambling Man, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Transhumanist, TheAckademie, TheNewPhobia, Thehelpfulone,Theniyogi, Thisthat2011, Thunderboltz, Tiles, TimBentley, Titanium97, Titodutta, Tjmayerinsf, Tkynerd, Tnsatish, To.shekar9, Tom Radulovich, Toussaint, Tpbradbury, Trakesht, Tri vikrama,Trinidade, Triona, TrollishTackyBling, Tschure, Tsja, Tuncrypt, Turn685, Tvkcyadav, TyA, Ucrram, Udayfan, Ugog Nizdast, Ulric1313, UnLoCode, Ureddy, Utcursch, Utkarsh sawale,Utkarshsingh.1992, VSMS, Vadali sudheer, Vamshi kishore, Vamshireddy.k, Vamsisv, Vanderesch, Vanished user iuh37uhewtriu5u7hsrfj3, Varlaam, Veankata333, Vempalligangadhar,Vensatry, Venu62, Versus22, Vidya nuthalapati, Vijayaditya, Vikramkone, Vinay h, Vineethtm, Viscious81, Vishalsahunitt, Vishnu 3310, Visweswar, Vkailasa, Vmallarapu, Vrr, Vvuppala,Vyzasatya, Wai Hong, Walter Görlitz, Wandering-teacher, Wantnot, Wavelength, Weedwhacker128, Weknowthem, Whispering, Wiikipedian, Wik, WikHead, Wiki Raja, Wiki alf, Wikipelli,Will Beback Auto, Willhsmit, Wjejskenewr, Woohookitty, World8115, Xufanc, Yadnyesh.juvekar, YangHui, Yash!, YellowMonkey, Ynyus75, Yogesh Khandke, Yuppie15, Zanhe, Zanoni,ZapThunderstrike, Zulfikkur, Zundark, Zzuuzz, ~shuri, דישנובה, జయంత్ కుమార్, കാർത്തുമ്പി, 3444 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Andhra_Pradesh_montage.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Andhra_Pradesh_montage.PNG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:SrikarkashyapFile:Seal_of_Andhra_Pradesh.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Seal_of_Andhra_Pradesh.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: unbekannt. Original uploaderwas Marsupilami at de.wikipediaFile:India Andhra Pradesh locator map.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_Andhra_Pradesh_locator_map.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: PlanemadFile:Andhra Pradesh locator map.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Andhra_Pradesh_locator_map.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Arjun red555, Hugehunk,JuTa, Planemad, Roland zh, Shadowxfox, Túrelio, Utcursch, 2 anonymous editsFile:Increase2.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Increase2.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SarangFile:Indian Rupee symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Indian_Rupee_symbol.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Orionist

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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 27

File:Kondavid6.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kondavid6.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Abdaal. Original uploader was Abdaal aten.wikipediaFile:Kakateeya Sculpture.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kakateeya_Sculpture.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Rajsrikanth800 at en.wikipediaFile:A pillar at Ahobilam temple in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:A_pillar_at_Ahobilam_temple_in_Kurnool_District_of_Andhra_Pradesh.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors:Adityamadhav83File:Rock-cut Lord --Buddha-- Statue at Bojjanakonda near Anakapalle of Visakhapatnam dist in AP.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rock-cut_Lord_--Buddha--_Statue_at_Bojjanakonda_near_Anakapalle_of_Visakhapatnam_dist_in_AP.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution 3.0  Contributors: Adityamadhav83File:Ilabs hyd.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ilabs_hyd.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:SrisezFile:vizagcity.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vizagcity.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader was Nballa at en.wikipediaFile:Ethipothala Water Falls2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ethipothala_Water_Falls2.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: AbhinabaBasuFile:Hyderabad State reorganization 1956.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hyderabad_State_reorganization_1956.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: RamcrkFile:Godavari satellite view.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Godavari_satellite_view.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Earth Sciences and Image Analysis,NASA-Johnson Space Center. 16 Sep. 2004. "Earth from Space" Original uploader was Nataraja at fr.wikipediaFile:Greater Flamingoes (Phoenicopterus roseus) taking off W2 IMG 9855.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Greater_Flamingoes_(Phoenicopterus_roseus)_taking_off_W2_IMG_9855.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors:J.M.GargFile:SideViewTirumalaTemple.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SideViewTirumalaTemple.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Roland zhFile:High Court of Andhra Pradesh.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:High_Court_of_Andhra_Pradesh.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Chiranjeevi.anisettiFile:Vizag Seaport aerial view.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vizag_Seaport_aerial_view.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:Original uploader was Sureshiras at 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