b lykeiou geniki paideia xhmeia
TRANSCRIPT
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.
2007
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' - 2
-2-
O
.1. I
.
CO2 CO (H2CO3) .
' 4
(.. ,,).
E. .
) : , .
) : () .
) :.
) :,,S .
) :
.
) : .
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3 ' -
-3-
. .
-COOH
||-C -O
-
CvH2vO2 v1
-COO-
||-C -
O
-
CvH2vO2 v2
-CH=O(-CHO)
CvH2vO v 1
||-C -
O
(CO-) CvH2vO v 3
-OH CvH2v+2O(CvH2v+1-OH)
v 1
-O- CvH2v+2O v 2
- - ()
CvH2v+2 v 1
- - (1 ..)
CvH2v v 2
- - (1 ..)
CvH2v-2 v 2
- - (2 ..)
CvH2v-2 v 3
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.A AA A AA
K -COOH K- - -COOR -- -A -CHO - (-) - >C=O - (K-) -A -OH - -A -OR A- -A -X A- -Y A- -
1 2 3
1C - K. -- 2C A- 1 .. -- 3C - 1 .. -- 4C B- 2 .. --5C - 2 .. --
1._ E:(1) . .(2) .(3) .
2._ :(1) .(2) .(3) (4) .
3._ ' .
AA:
:
CH3CH=CHCH2CH3: 2-.
1 .1 .. .. .. --.
C2=CH-CCH : 1--3-
:CH3- CH
|
OH
-CH3 : 2-.
/: .
CH2=CH- CH|
OH
-CH3 : 3---2-
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-5-
()
. .
( 2-- CH3- CH|
OH
-COOH )
I
, .
. CH3-CCH - CH2=C=CH2..: C3H4
H
.
T:I.
I
.
I.
. :
..
- CvH2v-2E .. - K. CvH2v+2O. . CvH2vO. .- . CvH2vO2
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' - 6
-6-
IOMEP
, :
1. B.
2. , ,
.
3. .
E
.
,
.4 O.
XOIO : H .
4
4 .
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1.1.
(1-53) .
1. :
. ()
.
.
. .
2. CO2:.
.
.
. .
3. (CaCO3) :
. ,
. (
)
.
. .
4. : CO2, NaHCO3, CH4, H2CO3, CHCl3NaCl,:
. CO2, NaHCO3, CH4, H2CO3, CHCl3 . NaCl
. CH4, CHCl3, H2CO3 . CH4, CHCl3.
5. ( Vis - Vitalis) :
.
.
.
. .
6. Wohler :
. .
. . .
7. 1828 Wohler :
.
.
.
. .
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' - 8
-8-
8.
:
. CO2
.
.
. .
9. :
CH2=CH2 CH3-| |C
O
-CH3 CH2=CH-CH3 CHCH CH4
(I) (II) (III) (IV) (V)
:
. (II) (V) . (V) . . .
10. :
CH3-CH=O H-C=O CH3-CN CH2=CH-COOH
() () () (V)
:
. () (V) . (V) . . .
11. AC2H4, C4H6, C5H10,C3H6, C6H10, C8H16
C5H12:
. C2H4, C4H6, C5H10, C3H6,C6H10, C8H16
. C2H4, C5H10, C3H6, C8H16
. C5H12. C4H6, C6H10.
12. C11H24:
.
.
.
. .
13. :
. (..), . (..)
. ,
. .
14. :
.
.
.
. , .
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15. CH4, CH2O2, C2H6, C4H8, CH3OH C2H4O
:
. CH4, C2H6C4H8 . CH3OH C2H4O
. CH3OH, C2H4O CH2O . CH4C2H6.
16. :
CH2O2 CH2O C2H5-O-CH3 C2H5COOH
(I) (II) (III) (IV)
:
. (I) (III) . (I) (IV) . (II) (III) . (II) (IV).
17. C6H6:
.
. .
. .
18. : CH4, C3H6, C10H18, C5H8, C6H10, C4H8
:
. C10H18, C5H8, C6H10 . C3H6C4H8
. CH4 . CH4.
19. O:
. C2+22 . C22. CH2-22 . C2+21.
20. C2+22 :
.
.
.
. .
21. :
. C3H4 . C4H6 . C3H6 . C4H8.
22. |
-C=O
OH
:
. . . . .
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23. :
1) -, 2) -C=, 3) -C, 4)| |
| |-C- CO - C-
O:
. -, -, -, -
. -, -, -, -
. -, -, -, -
. -, -, -, -.
24. :
. R-O-R . RCOR . RCOOR . R-O-O-R
25. CxC:
.
.
.
. .
26. :
. CH2O2 . CH2COOH
. CH2+2O . CH2+2O2.
27. :
. C2vO 1 . C2+2 3. C2vO 3 . C22 2
28. ;
.
.
.
. .
29. 1,:
. .
.
. .
30. ;
. C3H6O . C4H8O . C5H10O . C2H4O.
31. :
. C34 . C3H2
. C3H6 . C3H8.
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32. 2,-1-:
. C4H8 . C5H8
. C5H10 . C6H12.
33. 2-,
2-, 2,2 1,2 :
.
.
.
. .
34. 2 3 |
3
CH = CH - CH - CH
CH
o:
. 3--1- . 3,3--1-
. 2--3- . 1-
35. 2 2| |
3 3
CH = C - CH
CH CH
o:
. 3--3- . 2,3--1-
. 2--1- . 1-.
36.
|
2 2 2
| | |
3 3 3
OH
CH - C - CH - CH
CH CH CH
:
. 2--2- . 1,2,4--2-
. 3--3- . 1,3,4--3-.
37. 2 3|
2 5
CH = CH- CH - CH
C H
:. 3--1- . 2--3-
. 3--4- . 3--1-.
38. :
. . . 2- . .
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39. :
2-, 2,3--2-,
4--1- 1--,
:
. C4H8Cl . C3H6Cl . C4H7Cl . C4H8Cl2.
40. IUPAC:
. . - . . .
41. , :
.
.
. . .
42.
:
.
.
.
. .
43. C6H12. :
. 3,3--1- . 3,3--1-. 2,3--1- . 3--1-.
44. ;
. . . . .
45. C5H10:
. . . . .
46. 3--1-:
. 1- . 3--. 3--1- . 3,3--1-.
47. CH3-CH=CH-CH2-CH3CHC-|
3
CH-
CH
CH3
.
.
.
. .
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48. (I) (V):
3
|
3
CH C- CH - CH
CH
(I) 2 2 3|
3
CH C - CH -CH
CH
=
(II) 3|
3
CH - CH CH
CH
=
(III)
3 2 2CH - CH - CH CH= (IV) 2 2|
3
CH CH - C CH
CH
= =
(V)
:
. , V . II IV
. I, II, IV, V . , III.
49. CO2,
:
. H2O . aOH . . Ca(OH)2.
50. :
.
.
.
. .
51. :
.
.
. %
. .
52.
:
.
. moles
. moles
. % .
53. 1,5 mol C 3 mol
H, .:
. (CH)X . (CH2)X . (C1,5H3)X . (C3H6)X.
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1.2
1.
.
(I) (II)
.
.
. 2-
. -
. -
.
1. C4H6
2. C5H12
3. C2H2
4. C3H6
5. C2H6
6. C4H8.
2. ()
().
(I) (II)
. -COOH
.| |
| |C O-C
. CH=O
.| |
| |||
C C C
O
. OH
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. .
3. () ()
().
(I) (II)
A. C10H22
. C2H4O
. C3H6O
. CH2O2
. CH4O
. C2H6O
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. .
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4. ()
(), (|).
(I) (II) (III)
A. C2H4
B. C3H6
. C2H2
. C2H6
. C3H8
.
.
.
.
.
1.
2.
3. .
5. N()
().
. 3 2 2 3||
2
CH -CH - C - CH -CH
CH
. 2 2CH =CH-CH=CH
. 2CH =CHCl
. 3 2CH -CH Cl
.
3
|
3
|
3
CH
CH -C - OH
CH
. 3 2CH -CH -CH=O
. 3 2 2 3| |
CH - C CH -CH -CH
O
.3
| |
CH -C -OH
O
. 3 2 2 3CH -CH -O-CH -CH
. 3|
CH - CH COOH
OH
1. 2--1-
2.
3.
4.
5. 1,3-
6. 2--2-
7. 2-.
8. 2--
9.
10. .
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6. ()
(). .
() ()
. 1
. 1
.
.
.
1. C7H16
2. C10H20
3. C8H14
4. C4H10O
5. CH4O
.
7. (I) (II).
() (). CH3-CH2-O-CH3
. H-CH=O
. CH3-| |
C
O
-CH3
. CH3-COOH
. CH3-CH2-OH
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. .
8. () ()
.
(I) (II)
. 3 2 3|
3
CH - CH CH -CH
CH
. CH3-O-CH2-CH3
. 3 | |
3
CH - CH - C=O
CH H
. 2 3
3 3
CH = C - CH - CH
| |CH CH
1. 2-
2.
3.
4. 2,3--2-.
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9.
().
(I) (II)
. --
. -
. --
. -
. -
. -
1.
2.
3.
4. 2 C
5.
6.
7. .
10. N
.
(I) (II)
. 3--1-
. 2-
. 3-
. 2-
. 2--2-
. 2-
1. C5H10O
2. C4H8O2
3. C5H8
4. C5H10
5. C4H8O
6. C4H10O
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1.1. N.. :
1. 2-- 3,3--4--2,5,5-
-
-4--2-
2. - -2- 1--3-
3. 2,2,3-- -2- 1--
4. - -1,3,5- 1---
5. - -2- --
6. 2,3--3--
, 3--
7. - 3,3-- -3,3--
8. -3--3--4-
-
1,2,3,4-- 2-
9. -1- - 2,2--1,1,1-
-10. 4,5---2,3- -2-
11. 2--2--
-- -
12. - -- -
13. 4,5--4--
- --
14. 2--
15. 2-- 1--3-- -3-
16. 4--2-- 4-- ,-3-
17. -
18. - -2--
19. 3-- -
20. . 4--4--
.
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1.2. :
1. CH3(CH2)4CH3. 2. CH3-|
3
CH
CH
-CH2-|
3
CH
CH
-CH3
3. CH2=CH-|
3
C
CH
= CH-CH3. 4. CH2=CH-|
3
CH
CH
-CH2-CCH
5. CH2=|
3
C
CH
3|
|
3
CH
C
CH
CCl3.
6. CH3-|
3
CH
CH
-|CH
OH
-CH=CH2
7. CHC-|
3
CH
CH
-|
3
CH
CH
-|CH
OH
-|CH
OH
-CH3. 8. H-CH=O
9. CH3CHO 10. CH3-|
3
CH
CH
-CHO
11. CH2=C=C-|
3
CH
CH
-CHO 12. HCC-|
3
CH
CH
-|CH
OH
-CHO
13. (CH3CH2)2CO 14. CH3-|
3
CH
CH
-|
2 5
CH -
C H| |C
O
-CH3
15. HCOOH 16. CH3COOH
17. CH3|
3
CH
CH
-COOH 18. Cl-CH2-COOH
19. CH2=|
3
C
CH
|
3
CH
CH
-COOH 20. HCC-| |C
O
-|
3
CH
CH
-COOH
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.. & ..
1.3. 4,4 gr 3,6 gr C 0,8 gr H. N..
1.4. M(CHO2). .. MB 90;
1.5. T40. .. ;
1.6. T0,4 gr 0,36 gr . 0.82 atm
300 cm3 27 C , .T.
1.7. T11 gr 6 gr , 1 gr .
N. A1,5 mol 132 gr .. ;
1.8. O .. (C2H4O). A44, 132 176 ,
.
1.9. 26,667% . N.. .
1.10. N.. : 2,1% , 12,8% C, 85,1% r. 1 gr
179 cm3140C 765 mm Hg.
1.11. O62,07% C 10,34% . 58. N
.. ..
1.12. 6 gr /17,6 gr CO2. N..
/. ..=30.
1.13. 0,9 gr N3
50ml 60ml Na0,5N. N.
1.14. 0,6 gr 0,88 gr CO20,36 gr H2O. =30.
N, .., ..
1.15. 2,9 gr 8,8 gr CO24,5 gr H2O. N
.. . = 58.
1.16. E / 80% C. 1 mol gr-at , 54 gr
H2O. N: ) .., ) .. /.
1.17. / 85,71% C. 0,75 gr 0,66lit =38cmHg
27C. N .. /.
1.18. 0,89 gr . C,H,O,N CuO
0,63 gr 1,32 gr. 112 cm
3s.t.p. 5,6
lit s.t.p. 22,25 gr. N.. .
1.19. 2,2 gr / 3,6 gr .
/1,12lit s.t.p. N.. /.
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1.20. 11,2 gr /
()2, 157,6 gr . =56. N.. /.
1.21. O40% 6,67 % . N
.. AMB 30, ;
1.22. O40% C, 6,67 % H. 6 gr 100 ml ,
0,5. AAB C=12 H=1 .
1.23. T1,48 gr , 2,64 gr
CO21,08 gr . AM.B. 74 .. .
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..22
.
.
: CvH2v+ H2Ni,Pt CvH2v+2
A:
R+ H2RH + H2RX + 2Na R-R + 2NaX Wurtz ()
A:
RCOONa + NaOHRH+ Na2CO3 MTo NaOH CaO .
.
1 4 , 5 15 16 .
.
1.
) : CvH2v+2+3v 1
2
+O2vCO2+ (v+1)H2O
) : CvH2v+2+v 1
2
+ 2vC + (v+1)H2O
2. :
) : RH + HO-NO2R_NO2+ H2O. ().) : RH + HO-SO3H R_SO3H ()
) RH + X2hv RX + HX. K - -
.
3. : 2 2C.
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II. AKENIA
. AA
1. : R-CH2-CH2OHH+ R-CH=CH2+ H2O
2. A: R-CH2-CH2X + KOH R-CH=CH2 +KX+ H2O
3. : CvH2v-2+ H2Ni CvH2v
B.
1. .
R-CH=CH2+- +
A -B R- C|A
H|
- C
B
H2
Markovnikov: .
:
() RCH=CH2+n+ n-
H-Cl R- C|
Cl
H-CH3
() RCH=CH2++ -
H- R-CH|
H
-C3
( ) ..
CH3-CH=CH-C2H5+ HCl CH3 C
Cl|
H-CH-C2H5+ CH3CH2- C
Cl|
H-C2H5
, . .
3. A: v(CH2=
CH
|A
)H+ (-CH2- CH
|A
H-)v
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II. AKINIA
.
1. AC.: R-
|C
Cl
H-|
C
Cl
H2+ 2KOH RCCH + 2KCl +2H2O
H-|
|
Cl
C
Cl
-|
|
H
C
H
-H + 2KOH H-CCH + 2KCl +2H2O
2. A(C2H2) :
) CHC-H + Na CHC-Na + 1/2H2) CHC-Na + X-R CHC-R + NaX.
3. To :
) CaCO3 CaO + CO2) CaO + 3C CaC2+ CO) CaC2+2H2O CHCH + Ca(OH)2
B.
1. A:
) R-CCH + H2R-CH=CH2 2H
R-CH2-CH3.
) R-CCH + Cl2R- C|
Cl
=CHCl 2Cl
R-
Cl|C|
Cl
-CHCl2.
) R-CCH + HCl R- C|
Cl
=CH2HCl
R-
Cl|C|
Cl
-CH3
) RCCH + H2 42 4
Hg,HgSO
H SO R- C=
|OH
CH2 R- C||O
-CH3
2. A:ROH + H-CC-R' R-CC-R' + H2O
3. A:
) R-CC-H + Na R-CC-Na + 1/2H2) R-CC-H + CuCl + NH3R-CC-Cu+ NH4Cl
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4. :
) 3C2H2 C6H6
5. : 2CHCH CuClNH Cl4
HCC-CH=CH2H2CH2=CH-CH=CH2
.
:
C6H14 + H2
H2CCH2
CH2
CH2
CH2H2C HC
HCCH
CH
CH
CH
:
3CHCH C6H6.
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2.1 .
: (1-35) .
1. :. . . , . .
2. :.
. . . .
3. :. . . . , .
4. :. . . . .
5. :. . . . .
6. :. . . . .
7. :. . . .. .
8. :. . . . .
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9. :. . . . .
10. :. , , , . , , , . , , . , , .
11. :. , . . . , .
12. NaOH, :. . . . .
13. :. .. CH4CO2. . .
14. :
. . . . .
15. :. CH4CO2. CH4CO. . CO.
16. :.
. . .. .
17. :. . . , . .
18. : , , , :. , .
.
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. .
19. :. , . . . .
20. :. . 22. . .
21. :
. CO, CO22. CO CO22
. . .
22. , , Br2CCl4, :
. . . . , , .
23. :. 1- . 1,1-. 2- . 1,2-.
24. 2-:. . . 2, . 2,3 .
25. :
i)
ii)
iii) .:. .
. . .
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26. :
. CH=C-R |
3 V
CH= C -
CH
. RCH=CHR | |
V
CH - C H-
R R
. 2 2CH =CH ( )2 2 -CH -CH -
. 2| | CH -CH-R |
-CH-CH-
R
27. :. 1,2- . . 1,2- . 1,1-.
28. :
CHCH+HOH 2 4 4H SO ,HgSO[ CH2= CHOH ]
2 CHCH4CuCl,NH Cl
B,:. . . . .
29. : , , . :
. . . . .
30. 1,2-:
. 2- . 1- . 1- . 2-
31. :. . /. . .
32. :. CO2, O3, CH4, ClFCs . CO2, H2O, CH4, ClFCS.. NOX, CO, O3, CF2Cl2 . NO2, CO, CO2, CF2Cl2.
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33. :. . CO2. CO2. .
34. :. . . . .
35. , :
. . . . .
2.2.
1. () ().
() ()
A.
B.
.
1.
2.
3.
4. .
2. () ().
(I) (II)
. C3H8
. C4H10
. C8H18
. C22H46
. C5H12
.. C10H22
1.
2.
3. .
-
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3. () ().
() ()
. CH4
. C3H8
. C20H42
. C7H16
. C4H10
. C8H18
1.
2.
3.
4.
4. N(I) ().
() ()
. H2 + C2H4
. Br + C2H4
. r2 + C2H4
. H2O + C2H4
1. 1,2-
2.
3.
4. .
5.
() o o.(I) (II)
. . . 1-.
1.
2.
3.
4. .
6. () ()
.() ()
.
.2-
.1-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. 2,3-.
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7. (I) (II).
(I) (II)
.
.2
.Hr
.
.Br2
1. (- CH2 - CH2 -)
2. CH2 = CH2
3. 2 3| |
CH CH CH
Br Br
4. CH3 - CH2 - CH3
5. CH3 - CH2Br.
8. () ().() ()
.
.
.
.
.
1. P.V.C.
2. (- CH2 - CH2 -)
3.
|
3
CH- CH-
CH
4. C6H6
5. rlon.
-
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K
, 20 % . 2 (V/V) , .. CuO, KClO3. , .
T ,
. :
CO2: C
2: ()
2: ()
SO2: S
(CuO) (Cu).
, , . (C, CO ..), . ,
.
(2(g))
(2(g)) , ( ), ( 100 C ). , H2SO4, CaCl2, P2O5. ,. , .
, .
(CO2)
(.. , , C()2,...) ,(.. 2CO3) (.. CO2 + C()2 CCO3 + H2O) , , .
- 1
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, . .- 2
, .
,. , ,.
, ,
.
. % .(20 % .2-80 % .2), , .
. , - ..
. , .
. , .
= +
CuO
, . , () .
1. , mol mol . V1/V2= n1/n2.
2. A s.t.p. , mol .
3. x, y, ... mol ( ) . .
-
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4. , C2.
5. .
6. .
7. .
2.1. A5 lt 140 lt . N
(v/v) , .
2:100 lit 20 lit 2
140 lit x=;
x=28 lit 2
C3H8+ 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O1 5 3 45 ;=25 ;=15 ;=200 28-25= 3 15 20 lit
2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2. 0,05 moles / CaCl2 1,8 gr Ca(OH)2 15 gr. .. /.
CaCl2, .
CO2Ca(OH)2CaCO3:
Ca(OH)2+ CO2 CaCO3+ H2O1mole 100 gr
x=; 15 gr
x=0,15 moles CO2
CxHy+ (4x+y)/4 O2 xCO2 + y/2H2Oy
181 x 2
0,05 0,15 1,8
= = x= 3, y= 4
A C3H4
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2.3.2.3.2.3.2.3. 62
. % .. .
x lit CH4y lit C4H10
CH4+ 2O2CO2+ 2H2O C4H10+13
2O24CO2+ 5H2O
1 2 lit 113
2 lit
x ;=2x y ;=13
2y
V= x + y lit (1)
V2 = 2x +13
2
y (2)
V2= 6V2x +13
2y = 6
.(x + y) 4x = 1,5y x=0,375y
x+y x lit CH4100 =;
=100 0,375y100x
x y 1,375y
= =
+ 27,3% CH4
100-27,3 = 72,7% C4H10
2.4.2.4.2.4.2.4. 40cm3
200 cm3
2. 160 cm
3. 60cm
3.
.. /.
x cm3C2H2
y cm3CvH2v+1 x+ y = 40 (1)
160 cm3
CO2O2.60 cm32. . 200-60 = 140
cm32160-60 = 100 cm
3CO2
C2H2+ 5/2 O2 2CO2+ H2O CvH2v+2 +3v 1
2
+O2vCO2+ (v+1) H2O
1 5/2 2 13v 1
2
+ v
x ;=5x/2 ;=2x y ;=3v 1
2
+y ;=vy
5x 3v 1y
2 2
++ = 140 (2)
2x + vy = 100 (3)
(1),(2) (3) x=30, y=10, =4, .. C4H10
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A.
2.5. (CO2+ H2O) 0,2lit .
2.6. (20% .. 2) (s.t.p.) 5 gr .
2.7. 30 gr .
2.8. (s.t.p.) 4 gr
6 gr ;
2.9. 20 gr .
2.10. CO210 gr CH3OH.
2.11. 5mol .
2.12.:
) stp 5 mol .) stp, , .: 20% .. (v/v) 280% .. (v/v) 2.
2.13.10L C26200L .
) .) .
.: 20% .. (v/v) 280% 2.
2.14. (2: 20%) 5,6 lt ;
CO2; .
2.15. 10,5 gr
; CO2 ; .
2.16. A5 lt 40 lt . N
(v/v) ,
.
2.17. 6 lt ; CO2
; , 20% (v/v) .
2.18. A5 lt 90 lt . N
(v/v) , .
2.19. A96 lt . N%
(v/v) ,8 lt CO2.
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2.20. 2- 60 lt . N
(v/v) , 8lt H2O .
2.21. A 2 lt 6 lt . N(v/v) , .
2.22. A 2 lt
. N8 lt CO2.
2.23. M 48 cm3 O2. M
118 cm3. MKOH 58 cm
3.N
(v/v) .
2.24. lt 44 gr 56
gr ; , 20% (v/v) O2.
2.25. .
. % .
2.26. NNOH
2,2 gr CO2.
2.27. .
CO214:19. ) mol CH4:C4H10) % .. .
2.28. A100 cm3. T
400 cm3 CO2 420 cm
3 . N
. .
2.29. A 4 lt
. N18 lt CO2.
2.30. / .
3/5 CO2. N.
2.31. 95 lit . 14 lit. .
2.32. O O2. T
KOH 144 cm3. N
, o CO2. .
2.33.12g.
) stp .)
, ;
-
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: C: 12, H: 1, : 16.
2.34.100L 60L CH440L CO2. :
) 56L ,
CO2.) , 20 MJ/Kg..: C: 12, H: 1, : 16 20%v/v O2.
' OMAA
2.35. 2,
. % .. .
2.36. C2H2 2 2,
. % .. .
2.37. s.t.p. d=2,433 gr/lit.
34,2 gr H2SO4.;
2.38. (C2H6O) (C3H6O)
CuO. 43,75% .. CO2, %..
2.39. 2 .
. % ...
2.40. 2 300 cm3.
, 75 cm3
(). .
2.41. 62
. % .. .
2.42. 2.
, 50%. 120 cm
3;
2.43. 60 lit CO2600 lit 2 . % .
2.44. O .
5,8 lit 400 cm32. .
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. .. .
. .
2.45. 20 cm3 /, 130 cm
3 2. ..
/.
2.46. K5 gr /9 gr . .. /.
2.47. 16 gr 44 gr
CO2;
2.48. T 0,45 lt 1,35 lt CO2 .
;
2.49. T136 gr 224 lit CO2K.. N..
.
2.50. , 4,3 gr 6,72 lt
CO2K..;
2.51. T10 lit 275 lit 20 % . N..
.
2.52. OCO2 / . 6,72 lit
/s.t.p. 29,4 gr. .. /.
2.53. 2,9 gr 4,35 gr . :) .. /.) .
2.54. 2,24lit (1 ..) /37,2 gr .
: ) .. /. ) .
2.55. 1 gr 2
Ca(OH)2, 7 gr . .. .
2.56. 7,2 gr 32,7 gr.
: ) .. ) .
2.57. T3,75 mol 135 gr H2O.
;
2.58. O 5 .
.
2.59. , . N
;
2.60. CO2
. ;
-
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2.61. 1,16 lit / 26,1 lit .
25, 3,48 lit. .. /.
2.62. / 6 4
CO2. N./.
2.63. 3,36 lit /s.t.p. .
5,4 gr . 19,8 gr. .. /.
2.64. 1,485 gr .
9,68 gr . /.
2.65. C, H, 1 .
423CO2. .. /.
2.66. 20 cm3/80 cm
32.
40 cm3. 30 cm
3.
..
2.67. 2,8 lit 2s.t.p.
3,3 gr. .. /.
2.68. /
27:29 CO2 . : ).. )..
2.69. 2250 cm327C 1 atm 25 cm
3.
. 862,5 cm3627 C 1
atm, .. .
2.70. C,H N. 50 cm32.
, 275 cm3.
362,5 cm32. -
.. .
2.71. /20(20% .. 2). ..
/.
2.72. 20 cm3 / 600 cm3 80 cm
3. ..
/.
2.73. 10 cm3/.
30cm
3. 160 cm
3. .. /.
2.74. 0,05 moles / CaCl2
1,8 gr Ca(OH)2 15 gr. .. /.
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2.75. ,
8,08% CO2. 50% , ..
2.76. 40cm3 40% .
1320 cm3
. .. .
2.77. 10L 70L
. CO220L. :) .) , .0C 1at.
. .
2.78. 60 cm3
220 cm3,
NaOH 200 cm3
. .. .. /.
2.79. 50 cm31 lit .
160 cm3. ..
.. /.
2.80. 40 cm3 200 cm
3 2.
160 cm3. 60cm
3.
.. /.
2.81. 60 cm3 1,25 lit .
1,180 lit. 160cm3. .. /.. .
2.82. 30 cm3 / 750 cm
3
110 cm3CO280 cm
3. .. .. /.
2.83. /30 cm3. 575 cm
3
70 cm3.
80 cm3. ..
.. /.
2.84. /, 50 cm3 200 cm
3 CO2
. 50 cm370 cm
3
2. .. .
2.85. 6,72 lit 240 lit .
25,2 gr. 199,68 lit.
2.86. , 40 cm3.
575 cm3. 70 cm
3CO290 cm
3.
.. .. .
2.87. 40 cm340% . 1320
cm3. .. .
-
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2.88. 6,2 lt O2. T
24,8 lt KOH 18,6 lt. N . .
2.89. 2 lt 8 lt O2. T
KOH 4 lt. T3 lt . N . .
2.90. A. T
8 lt KOH 6 lt. N. .
2.91. T10 lt 325 lt . N) )
. , 20%
(v/v) .2.92. 6,4 gr CaC2 . T
. N KOH 0,5 M . ( pH 250 ml H2O ).
2.93. 40 cm3. To
60 cm3CO2. 3:1 C
, .. /.
2.94. /21:8,
CO255:27. .. /.
2.95. / 42,5 ,
CO25,5 . /2, ..
2.96.
257,6 cm32(K..) (OH)21,576 gr
. ..
2.97. 20cm3/,
. , 80cm3.
Ca(OH)2. 480cm3.
.. /.
2.98. .
. 1/3 ..
2.99. /, CO
. CO 2 4:5 (.= ). ..
2.100. 784 ml s.t.p. 2
. , 1,62 gr 4,18 gr. CuCl . .
-
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.
2.107.
73,4 %. .. ;
.
2CvH2v+1Br + Na C2vH4v+2 + 2NaBr2(14v+81) gr 28v+2 gr m=160gr100 73,4
=2, .. o: 3 2 2 3CH CH CH CH .
2.108. . ,
74,7% . .. [. C6H14 - 2 ].
.
2.109.2.109.2.109.2.109. 200 ml 0,75
a. a. 13,2 gr CO2. .. ..
moles : (200/1000)0,75 = 0,15 moles CvH2v+1COOH.
E:
CvH2v+1COOH + a CvH2v+1COOa + H2O0,15 mol 0,15 moles
:
CvH2v+1COOa + a CvH2v+2 + Na2CO30,15 mol 0,15 moles
K
CvH2v+2+ 3v+ 1
2O2
vCO2 + (v+1) H2O
0,15 moles v0,15 moles
mCO2 =0,1544 = 13,2 v=2
.. 3 2CH CH COOH
2.110. moles /4,1 gr NaOH.
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2.111. lit stp / 0,4
moles CH3CH2COONa NaOH.(20% V/V 2)
2.112. a.
. Ca(OH)226,4 gr. .[. 16,4gr -19,2gr]
2.113. moles 1 : 2
a(s) 1,512 m3
(s.t.p.) 330 gr CO2... .[. CH3CH2COONa]
2.114. a.
2, (>100C). .. .[. CH3COONa]
2.115. 500 ml CH3COOH a.
a(s). /2,24 lit 2(s.t.p.) .:) (molarity) .) .H2SO4NaOH ().[. ) 0,1, ) 1,8 gr - 2,2gr]
2.116. 14,8 gr .
a . a(s}, 4,48 lit (s.t.p.) .. .[. CH3CH2COOH]
2.117. 44,8 lit .
8,96 lit Cl2. .: 80% 2- 20% 2, s.t.p.[. CH3Cl ]
2.118. lit Cl2 s.t.p. 32 gr CH4CCl4. CCl4.[. 179,2 lit - 308 gr]
2.119. CH4 , 70,3% ..
.) .. .) CH4 Cl2 o 505 gr .[. ) CH3Cl, 224 lit]
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.
2.120. gr 9,2 gr .
2.121. gr 0,5 moles ;
2.122. K7,4 gr 2,24 lit stp.
) .. .)
2.123. 2-6,72 lit
(s.t.p.) /. .. /; ;
2.124.2.124.2.124.2.124. 9 gr . H2SO45,04 gr
80%. .. ;
CvH2v+1OHH SO2 4 CvH2v+ H2O
14v+18 gr 0,814v gr9 5,04
14v 18 0,8 14v
9 5,04
+ = v 3=
.. : CH3-CH====CH
2.().
2.125. . 67,2 lit
(s.t.p.). 60%, .[. 230 gr].
2.126. 10,6 gr .
4,48 lit (s.t.p.) .. ;[C2H5OH, C3H7OH]
:
CvH2v+1OHH SO2 4 CvH2v+ H2O
14v+18 gr 14v gr m=18 gr
2.127. L2O3
, 30% . .. ;[. C3H6].
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CvH2v+ H2 CvH2v+2
moles
:
1. > .
CvH2v+ H2 CvH2v+2 /
. - 0
2. = () .
CvH2v+ H2 CvH2v+2 / =
. 0 0
3.
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C2H4+ Br2 C2H4Br21 1- ;=- moles
100 ml . Br2 4 gr Br2 (r2=160)400 -//- (-)160 gr
( )
=
160
4
400
1001,0 = (1).
( ) 96,84,22 =+ 4,0 =+ (2).
(1) (2) moles.0,15=25,0=
:2 4C H H2
V 5,6 V 3,36 lit= =
2.129.2.129.2.129.2.129. 100 cm3120 cm
32.
, 510 cm32. .. .
.
CvH2v+ H2 CvH2v+2 100 cm
3 120 cm
3
/ 100 100 100
. 0 20 100
:
CvH2v+2 +3v+ 1
2O2
v CO2+ (v+1) H2O
1 cm3
3v 1
2
+cm
3
100 V1=3v 1
2
+100
H2 +1
2O2H2O
1 cm3
12
cm3
20 V2=10 cm3
V1+ V2=VO23v 1
2
+100 + 10 =510 v 3=
.
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2.130. )200 ml Br23,2 % .. 0,84 gr .
;) 3,2
% w/v.
2.131. )2. .
) 5,6 gr / 12,8 gr r2 448 cm3
2 ., . .. .[. C4H8].
2.132. 500 ml 6,4 % ..
100,8 lit ( s.t.p.) . Br (s.t.p.) 12,6 gr ;[. 6,72 lit]
2.133. 0,92 gr .
200 ml r2 1,6 w/v. :
) .. ) r2.) (s.t.p.) .
[. ) C2H2, ) 3,76 gr, ) 6,72 lit]
2.134. Br 65 % .. . ..
;[. ]
2.135. 1-300 ml 8% ..
HCl s.t.p. 1- ; 2-;
2.136. 4,92 gr a896 ml (s.t.p.)) .. ;) .. ;
[. ) ]
2.137. 5,6 lit HCl (.) .
Br27gr. :) .. .)
.[. ) C2H4, ) 23 gr]
K.
2.138. HCl 52,14 %. ..
;[. C5H10]
2.139. r2.
5,6 gr, 4,48 lit (s.t.p.)... .[. - ]
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2.140. 200 cm3i ) 150 cm
3, ) 200 cm
3, ) 250 cm
3.
:).. .).
.[. ) ) 150 - 50cm3, ) 200cm
3, ) 200 - 50 cm
3, ) ) 4,875 lit, ) 5lit ) 5,125 lit]
2.141. 896 cm3(s.t.p.) 2 i. To ,
448 cm3 ( s.t.p.) HCl 1,29 gr
. .. ;[. 672 cm
3C2H4- 224 cm
3H2]
2.142. HCl, 15,7 gr ,
a . , Ca()2 60 gr . .. ;[. C3H6]
2.143. 4,2 gr
a13,2gr.320 ml Br25% w/v.
) .. ;)4,2 gr i 560 cm
32(s.t.p.) HBr
(s.t.p.) ;[. ) C3H6) 1,68 lit]
2.144. C H ..=56.000.
, 2000. C. :) .. .
) .. ;).
[. ) =28, ) C2H4]
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III. -
2.145. 3000 C
. 56 lit s.t.p.CaO;[. 140 gr]
2.146. 51,2 gr CaC2.
25% :) s.t.p.)
, 90%;[. ) 13,44lit, ) 24,84 gr]
2.147. 10,1 1,1--
/1,12 lit (s.t.p.)
[A. ]
.
v 2v-2 2 v 2vC H H C H+ (1)
v 2v 2 v 2v 2C H H C H ++ (2)
H :, 2:
1. 2 ( ) .
2. 2 .
2.148.2.148.2.148.2.148. 200 cm3250 cm
3 2
, i. .
1:
C2H2+ H2 C2H4A 200 250
200 200
200 0 50 200
2:
C2H4+ H2 C2H6A 200 50
50 50 50
150 0 50
: C2H4 : 150 cm3 C2H6 : 50 cm
3
-
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2.149. 300 cm3 i 400 cm
3 2.
.[. 200 cm
3C2H4- 100 cm
3C2H6]
2.150. 16 gr CaC280% 10%, 8,96 lit 2i.) ;) ;
[. ) 4,032 - 0,896 lit , ) 72,8 lit ]
2.151. 4 gr 4,48 lit 2 i. ..
.[. ].
2.152. 13,6 gr r2 24 gr Br2.
, 20,25 gr HBr. .. ;[. C5H8]
2.153. / 2 .
/CO2. .. /. (,= .).[. C2H2]
1-, .
2.154. 5,6 lit 2.
2 .[. 22 gr]
2.155. 13,5 gr 2,8 lit 2s.t.p. .. .
[1-]
2.156. 11 gr CO2.
CuCl + NH33,4 gr. .. ;[. C5H8].
2.157.2.157.2.157.2.157. 800 gr CaC2 80%
HCl. 60%. .
CaC2(MB=64).100 gr CaC2 80 gr .800 x=640 gr 640 /64 =10 moles . CaC2.
CaC2+ 2H2O CHCH + Ca(OH)210 moles x=10moles
CHCH + HCl CH2 =CH-Cl10 moles x=10moles
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vCH2====CH-Cl
CH - CH2 |
Cl v
v moles 10,6 62,5v gr
10 x= 100,6 62,5v 375grv
=
2.158. CaO 112 gr 3000C.
x500C Fe. 75% x.[. 39 gr]
2.159. 500C x
x x ( ) ;[. 75%]
2.160. x '
x . 80% x860 gr ;[. 624 gr ]
2.161. .)xx156 gr C2H275% x;) 2;
[. ) 117 gr, ) 252 lit]
2.162. () , x. ( -), x.) x936 Kgr 90%;) x.
[. ) 1060 Kgr]
.
2.163. x
375 ml r26,4 % w/v.x2,
xNaOH, 26,4 gr... /.
[. 2,1 gr C3H6, 2 gr C3H4]
2.164. 4,1 gr 2 2. ,
x , 13,2 gr. , x6,72 lit HBr s.t.p.) .. x.) x i,
Br26,4 % w/v .[. ) 3,9gr C2H2- 0,2 gr H2, ) 500 ml.]
2.165. /.
)0,2 moles x800 ml Br28% w/v. /;) . x
/. .. /.
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) a 2..[. 1-].
2.166. Na , .
x50 ml HCl 0,2 , :) .) (s.t.p.) , i.
[. ) 0,23 gr, ) 56 ml]
2.167. CH3Br . 5,6 lit
/ (). 2 . lit / () stp;
2.168. .
17,6 gr ().) 2. lit stp.) ml r216 % w/v ;
2.169. 11 gr CaC2Na moles 1 : 2 x
, i. Br2 3,2 % w/vx;[. 500 ml]
2.170. 500 ml HCl 0,1 .
1,05 gr , , xBr2. .. .
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:
) stp 5 mol .) stp, , .: 20% .. (v/v) 280% .. (v/v) 2.
10L C26200L .) .
) ..: 20% .. (v/v) 280% 2.
6,72 L stp.
: C:12, H:1, O:16, Na:23.
12g.) stp .)
, ;: C: 12, H: 1, : 16.
2.171. 10L 70L
. CO220L. :) .) , .0C 1at.
2.172.100L 60L CH440L CO2. :
) 56L ,CO2.
) , 20 MJ/Kg.
.: C: 12, H: 1, : 16 20%v/vO2.
2.173.50g .
11,2L .) .) % .: C: 12, H: 1, : 16, Na: 23.
2.174.stp, 20 % . . (v/v) ,
1L 0,855g/mL. .
: C:12, O:16.
2.175.Y:
) 0,5mol .) 50 mol .: C:12, H:1, Br:80.
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2.176. 0,72g/ml. 50mL
, .: 2= 54g CO2= 110g. :
)
) ) mol .: C: 12, H: 1, O: 16.
2.177.
. - , . 38,4g 42,4g, 4,48L stp. :
) .
) % .. .
) .: C:12, H:1, O:16, Na:23.
2.178..
m1 = 572g. 10min m2 = 550g.) CO2.) ,
L/min, stp.: C: 12, H: 1, O: 16.
2.179.35MJ/Kgr. :
) - , 204 Km, 1L 10 Km.
) , MJ/mol.= 0,8g/mL : C: 12, H: 1.
2.180. 2,-
8,4g . :) 2,-.) , 8,4g .: C: 12, H: 1, O: 16, Br: 80
2.181. 27,5% .. 72,5% ..
. 320g.) , CO2
.) 56 m
3, %
; ;
, , , . 20% .. 2.: C: 12, H: 1, : 16.
2.182. 5,45g - 4,6g
, .) .) .: ) : C:12, H:1, a:23, Br:80. )
.
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2.183.200mL NaOH 6 % .. (w/v) 16,4g
. . :
) ) .: C: 12, H: 1, : 16, Na: 23.
2.184.0,2mol HCl, 15,7g .
) .)
15,7g .: C: 12, H: 1, Cl: 35,5.
2.185.156L stp 31g.
) mol .) 1233,6L stp.
2;: C: 12, H: 1.
2.186.C2H4,
. , 00
C CO22 , 5,6L 28L, stp. :
) C2H4) stp, C2H4.: C: 12, H: 1 20% v/v O2.
2.187. 200mL 1
. 2120mL.) 2.
) 2 , 3. .
2.188.)
:i) ii) .
) :i) 10,9g ii) 9,2g .
)
; .: C: 12, H: 1, O: 16, Br: 80.
2.189., .
10L 12,8L .) % .. .) 10L 100L ,
;.20%v/v O280%v/v N2.
2.190. 5g .
2SO4,
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NaOH. 304,2g, 313g. :
) % .. .) .: C: 12, H: 1, O: 16.
2.191.21,8g .
Na,2,9g .
2i,1,12L , stp.
, . :) mol ) mol .) g .: C: 12, H: 1, Br: 80.
2.192.- 8% .. (w/w). 20g
1700C. , ,
, 6,72L . :) % .) 300g Br2CCl44% .,
, . stp;
: C: 12, H: 1, O: 16, Br2: 80 .
2.193., , ,
. .
CaC2 + ........... Ca(OH)2+ A, A + H2 B, + Br2 , B + HCl , + Na E.2.194.
Ca(OH)2. , , 7,5g. 2,4g Br2.
) .) ,
I.U.P.A.C.: C: 12, O: 16, Ca: 40, Br: 80.
2.195. 16g Br2 ,
. 2,8g.
) .
) a , . , . : C: 12, H: 1, Br:80.
2.196. 640g , .
:) mol ) stp ) CO2.
: C: 12, O: 16, Ca: 40.
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2.197.
.) .
) , .: C: 12, H: 1, O: 16.
2.198., 20g
96 %. :) , stp,
. ,
.: Ca: 40, C: 12, Ag: 108.
2.199. , .
, , . .
2.200. 5000 C.
.=0,78g/mL, . 20 mL 4,48L stp. :) % .. ) .: C: 12, H: 1.
2.201. 1,-.
HCl, ,.
Cl2, . .
) , .) .). .
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..33 AA
.
1. : RX+ AgOH ROH + AgX
2. : RCH=CH2+
O+
H |
R-CH
OH
-C3
3. ""
) RCHO + H2RCH2OH (1)) R-
| |C
O
-R + H2|
R-CH
-R (2)
.
. , .
.
.
1. : ROH + Na RONa + 1/2H2.
2. E. (+ + 2)
: RCOOH+ HO-R RCOOR + H2O
3. : CvH2v+1-OH +3v/2O2vCO2+ (v+1) H2O (T).
4. :
) 1- : RCH2OHOH
|O|
2 RCHO | |O RCOOH
) 2- :|
R-CH
H
-R| |O R-
| |C
O
-R + 2
3- .
5. :
) RCH2CH2OHoH2SO4 / 170 C RCH=CH2+ H2O.
) 2R-OHoH2SO4 / 140 C R-O-R +H2O
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.
1. :) : (1)
RCH2-OH| |O RCH=O + H2O
) : (2)
R- CH|
OH
-R' | |O R-| |C
O
-R' + H2O.
.
. (& ).
1. "" :
) : RCHO + H2RCH2OH) : R-
| |C
O
-R + H2R- CH|
OH
-R'
2. .
>C=O + CN CN>C