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    Bahadur Shah II

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    To comply with Wikipedia'sguidelines, the introduction of this article may need to

    be rewritten. Please discuss this issue on thetalk pageand read thelayout guidetomake sure the section will be inclusive of all essential details. (February 2011)

    Bahadur Shah II

    His Royal Highness Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar(Urdu: ), also known as Bahadur Shah or Bahadur Shah II(Urdu: ) (October 1775 7 November 1862) was the last of theMughalemperorsinIndia, as well as the last ruler of theTimurid Dynasty. He was the son ofAkbar

    Shah IIand Lalbai, who was aHinduRajput. He became the Mughal Emperor upon his

    father's death on 28 September 1837. Zafar (Urdu: ), meaning victory[1]was hisnom de plume(takhallus) as anUrdu poet. Even in defeat it is traditionally believed that he

    said[2]

    Ghzio m b rahegi jab talak imn ki; Takht-e-London tak chalegi tgh

    Hindustan ki

    As long as there remains the scent of faith in the hearts of our heroes, so long

    shall the sword of Hindustan flash before the throne of London

    Emperor Bahadur Shah is seen as a freedom fighter (he was Commander-In-Chief of the

    mutiny army), fighting for India's independence from the British. As the last ruling memberof the imperialTimurid Dynastyhe was surprisingly composed and calm when Major

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    Hodsonpresented decapitated heads of his own sons to him asNowruzgifts. He is famously

    remembered to have said.[3][3]

    Thanks to Allah, the descendents ofTimuralways come in front of their fathers in

    this way.

    Zafar's father,Akbar Shah II, ruled over a rapidly disintegrating empire between 1806 to1837. It was during his time that the East India Company dispensed with the illusion of ruling

    in the name of the Mughal monarch and removed his name from the Persian texts that

    appeared on the coins struck by the company in the areas under their control.

    Bahadur Shah Zafar who succeeded him was not Akbar Shah Saanis choice as his successor.Akbar Shah was, in fact, under great pressure by one of his queens, Mumtaz Begum to

    declare her son Mirza Jahangir as the successor. Akbar Shah would have probably accepted

    this demand but Mirza Jahangir had fallen afoul of the British and they would have none of

    this.[citation needed]

    Rani laxmi bai

    Lakshmi Bai, the Rani of Jhansi (c.19 November 1835

    17 June 1858) (Marathi-), known as Jhansi Ki

    Rani, or the queen ofJhansi, was one of the leading figures

    of theIndian Rebellion of 1857, and a symbol of resistance

    toBritish rulein India. She was the queen of theMaratha-

    ruled princely state of Jhansi, situated in the northern part of

    India.

    [edit]Early life

    Originally named Manikarnika and nicknamed Manu, she was born on 19 November 1835 at

    Kashi (Varanasi)[1]toMaharashtrian Karhade Brahminfamily, the daughter of Moropant

    Tambe and Bhagirathibai Tambe. She lost her mother at the age of four, and was educatedat home. Her father, Moropant Tambe, worked at the court of Peshwa at Bithur, who brought

    her up like his own daughter, and called her "Chhabili" for her light-heartedness.

    Because of her father's influence at court, Rani Lakshmi Bai had more independence than

    most women, who were normally restricted to the zenana. She studied self defence,

    horsemanship, archery, and even formed her own army out of her female friends at court.

    Tatya Tope who was considered as a nightmare by the British during the 'Great Revolt of

    1857' was Lakshmi Bai's tutor. She was married to Raja Gangadhar Rao Newalkar, the

    ['Bold text'

    [Maharaja]] of Jhansi in 1842, and became the queen of Jhansi. After theirmarriage, she was given the name Lakshmi Bai.The Raja was very affectionate to her.

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    She[2]gave birth to a son Damodar Rao in 1851. However, the child died when he was about

    four months old. After the death of their son, the Raja and Rani of Jhansi adopted Anand

    Rao. Anand Rao was the son of Gangadhar Rao's cousin.He was later renamed as

    Damodar Rao. However, it is said that theRajaof Jhansi never recovered from his son's

    death, and he died on 21 November 1853.

    BecauseAnand Raowas adopted, the East India Company, under Governor-GeneralLord

    Dalhousie, had an excuse to apply theDoctrine of Lapse, rejecting Rao's claim to the throne.

    Dalhousie then annexed Jhansi, saying that the throne had "lapsed" and claimed the right to

    put Jhansi under his protection. In March 1854, she was given a pension of 60,000 rupees

    and ordered to leave the palace and the Jhansi fort.

    Nanasaheb PeshwaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Jump to:navigation,search

    For the Nana Saheb of Bithur, seeNana Sahib.

    Nanasaheb Peshwe

    Peshwa

    Reign Maratha Empire

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    Titles Balaji Bajirao

    Born 8/12/1720

    Died 23/6/1761

    Vishwasrao

    Nanasaheb Peshwa(b.8 Dec. 1721, d. 23 Jun. 1761), also known asBalajiBajirao, was the son ofBajiraofrom his marriage with Kashibai and one ofthePeshwasof the Maratha Empire. He contributed heavily to the development of

    the city ofPune,India. He was appointed as Peshwa by ChattrapatiShahuhimself.At time of his death in 1749, the issueless Shahu made the Peshwasthe rulers oftheMaratha Empire.

    [edit] Contribution to Pune city

    During his 20 year reign (1740 to 1761), Balaji Bajirao completely

    transformedPunefrom a nagar into a vast city. He established many newneighbourhoods (calledpeths) like Nana Peth, etc and developed few like Shaniwar

    Peth, Ravivar Peth, Somwar Peth, Budhwar Peth. He built the famous Parvatitempleatop a hill that overlooks the city and built the first permanent bridge across

    the river Mutha. (That bridge was made of wood, so the new concrete bridge thatstands at the same location today is also called Lakdi Pool or 'the wooden bridge').

    He also established a reservoir at the nearby town of Katraj to provide clean

    running water to the city. The 250 year old system is still functioning, but parts ofit have been destroyed by careless development.

    Tatya TopeFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Tantya Tope

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    Tantya Tope, after his capture in 1859.

    Ramachandra Pandurang Tope (1814 18 April 1859), popularly known as Tatya

    Tope(Marathi:) (pronounced Toh-pey), was an Indian leader in theIndianRebellion of 1857and one of its finest generals. He was a personal adherent ofNana

    Sahibof Kanpur. He progressed with the Gwalior contingent after the British reoccupation of

    Kanpur and forced General Windham to retreat from Kanpur. Later on, he came to therescue ofRani Laxmi Bai. However he was defeated by General Napier's British Indian

    troops after the betrayal of his trusted friend Man Singh. He was executed by the British

    Government atShivpurion 18 April 1859.

    [edit]Early life

    Born in a village called Yeola inMaharashtra, he was the only son of Pandurang Rao Tope

    and his wife Rukhmabai. In 1814, whenJames Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of

    Dalhousiedeprived Nana Sahib of his father's pension, Tatya Tope also became a sworn

    enemy of the British.[citation needed]

    [edit]Role in the 1857 uprising

    Main article:Siege of Cawnpore

    Tatya Tope wasNana Sahib's close associate and general. During theSiege of Cawnporein

    1857, Nana Sahib's forces attacked the British entrenchment atKanpurin June 1857. The

    low supplies of food, water and medicine added to the misery of the British Forces who

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    decided to surrender in return for a safe passage to Allahabad. Nana Sahib agreed to this

    and made arrangements as best as he could. However, under ambiguous circumstances,

    the evacuation of the British from Cawnpore turned into a conflict at theSatichaura Ghat.

    Though controversy surrounds what exactly happened next at the Satichaura Ghat,[1]and

    who fired the first shot,[2]it is known that soon afterwards, the departing British were attacked

    by the rebel sepoys. After the conflict began, Tatya Tope allegedly ordered the2nd Bengal

    Cavalryunit and some artillery units to open fire on the British.[3]Many of General Wheelers

    men were either killed or captured. The surviving British women and children were moved

    from the Savada House to Bibighar "the House of the Ladies", a villa-type house in Kanpur.

    Nana Sahib decided to use the captives for bargaining with the East India Company.[3]The

    Company forces from Allahabad, under the command of GeneralHenry Havelock, advanced

    relentlessly towards Cawnpore. Two forces sent by Nana Sahib to check their advance were

    defeated. When it became clear that the bargaining attempts had failed, an order was given

    to murder the women and children imprisoned at Bibighar, on July 15. The details of the

    incident, such as who ordered the massacre, are not clear.[4]The sepoys refused to kill the

    captive women and children, but some of them agreed to remove the women and children

    from the courtyard, when Tatya Tope threatened to execute them for dereliction of duty.

    Begum Hussaini Khanum, the in-charge of Bibighar, termed the sepoys' act as cowardice,

    and asked her lover Sarvur Khan to finish the job of killing the captives.[3]Sarvur Khan hired

    somebutchers, who murdered the surviving women and children withcleavers.

    The Company forces reached Cawnpore on July 16, and captured the city. Both Nana Sahib

    and Tatya Tope escaped from the city. While Nana Sahib fled to an unknown place, Tatya

    Tope continued the fight against the British. In November 1857, he gathered a large army,

    mainly consisting of the rebel soldiers from the Gwalior contingent, to recapture Cawnpore.

    By November 19, Tantya Tope's advance guard of 6,000 dominated all the routes west and

    north-west of Cawnpore. However, his forces were defeated by the Company forces

    underColin Campbellin theSecond Battle of Cawnpore, marking the end of the rebellion in

    the Cawnpore area. Tantya Tope then joinedRani Lakshmibai.

    Begum Hazrat MahalFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Begum Hazrat Mahal

    Begum Hazrat Mahal(Urdu: ),

    also known asBegumofAwadh, was the first wife

    ofNawabWajid Ali Shah.

    [edit]Queen of Awadh

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    Her maiden name was Muhammadi Khanum and she was born atFaizabad, Awadh, India[1].

    She was a courtesan by profession and had been taken into the royal harem as a Khawasin,

    after being sold by her parents to Royal agents[2]. Then promoted to a Pari. She became a

    Begum after being accepted as a royal concubine of the King of Oudh.[3], and she was

    bestowed the title 'Hazrat Mahal' after the birth of their son,Birjis Qadra.

    She was a junior[4]wife of the last Tajdaar-e-Awadh,Wajid Ali Shah. The British had

    annexed Oudh in 1856 and Wajid Ali Shah was exiled to Calcutta. After, her husband was

    exiled toCalcutta, she took charge of the affairs of the state ofAwadhdespite her divorce

    from the Nawab[5], which then was a large part of the current state ofUttar Pradesh,India.

    [edit]First War of independence

    DuringIndias First War of independence(185758), Begum Hazrat Mahal led a band of her

    supporters against theBritish, and was even able to seize the control ofLucknow. She

    declared her sonBirjis Qadraas the king of Oudh. When the forces under the command of

    the Britishre-captured Lucknowand most of Oudh, she was forced to retreat.

    One of the principal complaints of Begum Hazrat Mahal was that theEast India

    Companycasually demolished temples and mosques in order to make way for roads.[6]In a

    proclamation issued during the final days of the revolt, she mocked the British claim to allow

    freedom of worship:[6]

    "To eat pigs and drink wine, to bite greased cartridges and to mix pig's fat with sweetmeats,to destroy Hindu and Mussalman temples on pretense of making roads, to build churches, to

    send clergymen into the streets to preach the Christian religion, to institute English schools,

    and pay people a monthly stipend for learning the English sciences, while the places of

    worship of Hindus and Mussalmans are to this day entirely neglected; with all this, how can

    people believe that religion will not be interfered with?"

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