buddhan -- sattur கல்வி அமுது … 08, 2017 · buddhan -- sattur கல்வி...

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TNPSC / TET -I&II -8 th 9 th 10 th mwptpay; ,e;jpa kf;fs; bjhif tsh;r;rp bgUf;fk; 1991-2001 ,ilg;gl;l gj;jhz;oy; Rkhh; 21/30% MFk;/ ,J 2050k; Mz;od; 20% caUk; vd vjph; ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ/ 2010k; Mz;oy; ,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; bjhif njhuhakhf 1.192.196.919 (1/19 gpy;ypad;) jhtu';fs;. tpy';Ffis tsh;g;gJ Fwpj;J gof;Fk; mwptpapy; bgaUf;F (gphpt[f;F) ntshz;ik vd;W bgah;/ fhy;tha;g;ghrdk; Kiwapy; ePuhdJ tay; btspfspy; gaph; thpirfSf;F ,ilapy; cs;s cythf;fs; (rhy;) tHpahf ePh; ghrg;gLfpwJ/ njf;F ePh; ghrdk; ,k;Kiwapy; tayhdJ ePuhy; KGikahf epug;gg;gLfpwJ/ v/f bey;tay;/ bjspg;g[ ePh; ghrdk; ,k;Kiw ghrdk; <uj;jd;ikia ePz;l neuk; jf;f itj;J bfhs;shj kz;tiffis bfhz;l epyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/ v/f/ g[y;jiu/ Jh;f;nkdp*; jhd; ehl;oYs;s fhuhLk; vd;gLk; tptrha ghrdj;jpw;F gad;gLk; fhy;tha; jhd; cyfpnyna kpf ePskhd ghrd fhy;tha; ,J Rkhh; 1300 fp/kP ePsKilaJ/ ePiu mjpf mst[ njf;fp itg;gjpy; ,e;jpahtpnyna kpf bghpa ePh; njf;fk; guk;gpFsk; mHpahh; ePh; njf;fkhFk;/ cyfpy; cs;s Kjy; gj;J kpfg;bghpa ePh;njf;f';fspy; ,Jt[k; xd;whFk;/ ,e;jpahtpy; bghpa fhy;tha;fspy; xd;W ,e;jpuh fhe;jp fhy;tha; MFk;/ ,J Ry;jhd;g{hpy; &hpnf ghnu$; vd;Dkplj;jpy; Jt';FfpwJ/ mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk; fisr;brofs; 1) g[y;. 2) mkuhe;j*; 3) fhl;L xl;*; fis bfhy;ypfSf;F v/f/ lhyngd;. bkl;lhf;nshh;. 2. 4-ilFnshnuh gPdhf;*p mrpl;of; mkpyk; (2-4-0) caph;fisf; bfhy;yp vd;gJ g{";ir. ghf;Ohpah nghd;w Ez;zpaphpfisg; gad;gLj;jp fisj;jhtu';fis mfw;WtJ/ ,e;jpah KGtJk; gaph; mWtil bra;a[k; nghJ tpHh bfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ/ jkpH;ehl;oy; - bgh';fy;. m*;*hk; - gpF. nfushtpy; - efd;ah. Xzk;. n&hyp ,e;jpahtpy; ntshz;ik cw;gj;jpapy; etPd cj;jpfis nkw;bfhs;s gRikg[ul;rp nkw;bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ/ Ez;Zah;fsplk; kUe;J ghJfhg;git 1) ntg;gpiy. 2) cg;g[. 3)k";rs;. 4) tpsf;bfz;bza;/ rpW tptrhapfs; Efh;nthh;fspd; njitfis epiwntw;wp tUtJ cHth;re;ij jkpHfj;jpd; bew;fs";rpak; j";rht{h; tptrha tpisg;bghUs;fspd; juk;gphpf;ft[k; jug;gLj;jt[k; mf;khh;f; vd;w juf;fl;Lg;ghL gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ/ tpijj;jy; vjd; |yk; bgUkstpy; eilbgWfpwJ J}t[jy; |yk;/ fhy;tha; ghrdk; eilbgWtJ - gaph; tiffSf;Ff;fpilapy;/ njf;F ePh; ghrdk; bey;tay; 1 BUDDHAN -- SATTUR

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Page 1: BUDDHAN -- SATTUR கல்வி அமுது … 08, 2017 · BUDDHAN -- SATTUR கல்வி அமுது  ... 8

TNPSC / TET -I&II -8th 9th 10th mwptpay; ,e;jpa kf;fs; bjhif tsh;r;rp bgUf;fk; 1991-2001 ,ilg;gl;l gj;jhz;oy; Rkhh;

21/30% MFk;/ ,J 2050k; Mz;od; 20% caUk; vd vjph; ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ/ 2010k; Mz;oy; ,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; bjhif njhuhakhf 1.192.196.919 (1/19

gpy;ypad;) jhtu';fs;. tpy';Ffis tsh;g;gJ Fwpj;J gof;Fk; mwptpapy; bgaUf;F (gphpt[f;F)

ntshz;ik vd;W bgah;/ fhy;tha;g;ghrdk; Kiwapy; ePuhdJ tay; btspfspy; gaph; thpirfSf;F ,ilapy;

cs;s cythf;fs; (rhy;) tHpahf ePh; ghrg;gLfpwJ/ njf;F ePh; ghrdk; ,k;Kiwapy; tayhdJ ePuhy; KGikahf epug;gg;gLfpwJ/ v/f

bey;tay;/ bjspg;g[ ePh; ghrdk; ,k;Kiw ghrdk; <uj;jd;ikia ePz;l neuk; jf;f itj;J

bfhs;shj kz;tiffis bfhz;l epyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ/ v/f/ g[y;jiu/ Jh;f;nkdp*; jhd; ehl;oYs;s fhuhLk; vd;gLk; tptrha ghrdj;jpw;F gad;gLk;

fhy;tha; jhd; cyfpnyna kpf ePskhd ghrd fhy;tha; ,J Rkhh; 1300 fp/kP ePsKilaJ/

ePiu mjpf mst[ njf;fp itg;gjpy; ,e;jpahtpnyna kpf bghpa ePh; njf;fk; guk;gpFsk; mHpahh; ePh; njf;fkhFk;/ cyfpy; cs;s Kjy; gj;J kpfg;bghpa ePh;njf;f';fspy; ,Jt[k;xd;whFk;/

,e;jpahtpy; bghpa fhy;tha;fspy; xd;W ,e;jpuh fhe;jp fhy;tha; MFk;/ ,J Ry;jhd;g{hpy; &hpnf ghnu$; vd;Dkplj;jpy; Jt';FfpwJ/

mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk; fisr;brofs; 1) g[y;. 2) mkuhe;j*; 3) fhl;L xl;*; fis bfhy;ypfSf;F v/f/ lhyngd;. bkl;lhf;nshh;. 2. 4-ilFnshnuh gPdhf;*p

mrpl;of; mkpyk; (2-4-0) caph;fisf; bfhy;yp vd;gJ g{";ir. ghf;Ohpah nghd;w Ez;zpaphpfisg; gad;gLj;jp

fisj;jhtu';fis mfw;WtJ/ ,e;jpah KGtJk; gaph; mWtil bra;a[k; nghJ tpHh bfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ/

jkpH;ehl;oy; - bgh';fy;. m*;*hk; - gpF. nfushtpy; - efd;ah. Xzk;. n&hyp ,e;jpahtpy; ntshz;ik cw;gj;jpapy; etPd cj;jpfis nkw;bfhs;s gRikg[ul;rp

nkw;bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ/ Ez;Zah;fsplk; kUe;J ghJfhg;git 1) ntg;gpiy. 2) cg;g[. 3)k";rs;. 4)

tpsf;bfz;bza;/ rpW tptrhapfs; Efh;nthh;fspd; njitfis epiwntw;wp tUtJ cHth;re;ij jkpHfj;jpd; bew;fs";rpak; j";rht{h; tptrha tpisg;bghUs;fspd; juk;gphpf;ft[k; jug;gLj;jt[k; mf;khh;f; vd;w

juf;fl;Lg;ghL gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ/ tpijj;jy; vjd; |yk; bgUkstpy; eilbgWfpwJ J}t[jy; |yk;/ fhy;tha; ghrdk; eilbgWtJ - gaph; tiffSf;Ff;fpilapy;/ njf;F ePh; ghrdk; bey;tay;

1

BUDDHAN -- SATTUR

Meena Samy
Typewritten Text
கல்வி அமுது http://kalviamuthu.blogspot.com
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bjspg;g[ ePh; ghrdk; ePh; j';fhj epyj;jpy; eilbgWk; brhl;LePh; ghrdk; jpuhl;ir. thiH gad;gLk;/ tPLfspy; ,aw;ifahd Kiwfspy; ntg;g ,iy gad;gLj;jp g{r;rpfis jLf;fyhk;/ gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l czt[ bghUs; - jpuhl;ir. ghy;. gHurk; fisf;bfhy;ypfs; - 1) 2. 4. D, 2) lhyngd;. 3) bkl;lhFnshu; mnlhy*d;*; (tshpsk; gUtk;) vd;fpw brhy; ,yj;jpd; bkhHpahd mnghy*;nu

(tsh;r;rp) vd;Dk; brhy;ypy; te;jJ/ FHe;ijg; gUtj;jpw;Fk; Kjph;r;rp miljYf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s gUtk; tpliyg;gUtk;

(11-19) ,dbgUf;f cWg;g[ Kjph;r;rp miljy; gUtk; miljy; vd;fpnwhk; (14-15) Mz;.

bgz;fSf;F (11-12) gUt Kjph;r;rpapd; nghJ Fuy;tis (yhhp';*;) mfd;W xyp khWg;gLk;/ Mz;fSf;F

Fuy;tisia Mlk;*: Mg;gps; vd;W TWth;/ Rug;gp vd;gJ VjhtJ xd;iw Rug;gJ MFk; mJ ,uz;L tif/ 1) ehsKs;sr;

Rug;gp. 2) ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gp/ ehsKs;sr; Rug;gp behjpia Ruf;Fk; czt[ brhpj;jypy; Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpwJ/ ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfs; &hh;nkhd;fs; vd;Dk; ntjpg;bghUis Ruf;fpd;wd/ ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpfs;/

1) gpl;a{l;lhp Rug;gp. 2) ijuha;L. 3) fizak;. 4) ml;hPdy;. 5) tpe;jfk;(Mz;). 6) mz;lfk; (bgz;)

ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpfs; j';fs; Rug;gpfis ,uj;j xl;lj;jpy; nrh;g;gpf;fpd;wd/ |isapd; fPH; ghfj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ/ gpl;a{l;lhp Rug;gp ,J jiyikr; Rug;gp

mJ clypd; ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpfs; midj;ija[k; jd; fl;Lg;ghl;oy; itf;fpwJ/

tsh;r;rp &hh;nkhid Rug;gJ gpl;a{l;lhp Rug;gp gpl;a{l;lhp mjpfkhdhy; uhl;rj jd;ik vd;Wk; Fiwthdhy; Fs;sj;jd;ik

vd;Wk; miHg;ghh;/ bjhz;ilg;gFjpfspd; ,uz;L g[w';fspYk; mike;Js;sJ/ ijuha;L

Rug;gp. ,J ijuhf;rpd; vd;Dk; ntjpg;bghUis Ruf;fpd;wd/ ,J tsh;r;rp. Rthrk;. tsh;r;rpij khw;wj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd/

FHe;ijfSf;F ijuhf;*pd; Rug;gp Fiwthf Rug;ghy; Vw;gLk; neha; fphpo*k; bfhGg;g[f; Rug;gpfspy; ghf;Ohpah';fspdhy; bjhw;W Vw;gLtjhy; Kfg;gUf;fs;

njhd;Wfpd;wd/ fizak; ,ug;igapd; fPH; cs;sJ/ ,J ehsKy;y ehskpy;yh Rug;gpj; jd;ik

bfhz;lJ/ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gp gFjpfspy; yh';fh;fhd; jl;Lf;fs; cs;sd/ ,jpy; My;gh kw;Wk;

gPl;lh bry;fs; cs;sd/ My;gh. gPl;lh bry; ,d;Rypd;. FSf;f*; vd;w &hh;nkhd;fis fhf;fpd;wd/

,d;Rypd; FSf;fhd; ,uj;jj;jpy; rh;f;fiuapd; mstpid fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd/ ,d;Rypd; Fiwthy; tUk; neha; ePhpHpt[ neha; (lahgo*; bkypo*;)

2

BUDDHAN -- SATTUR

Meena Samy
Typewritten Text
Meena Samy
Typewritten Text
கல்வி அமுது http://kalviamuthu.blogspot.com
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rpWePufj;jpd; nky; mike;Js;s Rug;gp ml;Ohpdy; Rug;gp ,J Rg;uhhPdy; Rug;gpvd;ghh;/

Mz; tpe;jfk; bl*:nlh*;onuhd; (m) Md;nuh$d; bgz; mz;lfk; <*;onuh$d; (m) g[nuhb$*;ouhd; tpe;jfk; mz;lfk; ,uz;Lk; gpl;a{l;lhp Rug;gpapd; nghJ J}z;lg;gLfpwJ/ tpliy gUtj;jpy; ,UghyUf;Fk; tsh;r;rp mspf;Fk; &hh;nkhd; ml;hpdy;

g[wzpg; gFjpfspy; mike;Js;s *;ouha;L &hh;nkhd; bgz;fSf;F khjtplha; fhy mst[ 3-5 ehs; Fnuhnkhnrhk; cl;fUtpy; E}ypiHg; nghd;W mike;jpUf;Fk;/ xt;bthU bry;Yk; 23 n$ho Fnuhnkhnrhk;fis cs;slf;fpaJ/ ,jpy; 22

Ml;nlhnrhk;fisa[k; 23 n$ho Fnuhnkhnrhk; xU x Fnuhnkhnrhk;fshfnth Y Fnuhnkhnrhk;fshfnth ,Uf;fyhk;/

khjtplha; cjpunghf;iff Rj;jk; bra;tJ rhdl;lhp ehg;fpd; (m) ngl; tpliy gUtj;jpdUf;F njitahdJ. fhy;rpak;. gh*;gu*;. ,Uk;g[rj;J mjpfk;

njitg;gLfpwJ/ gpw;fhy';fspy; vYk;g[fs; vspjpy; cilahky; ,Uf;f fhy;rpak; mjpfk;

njitg;gLfpwJ/ fhy;rpak; ghy; (k) ghy;rhh;e;j bghUspy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/

,Uk;g[ rj;J Fiwtpdhy; tUk; neha; mdPkpah My;f&hy; mUe;Jtjhy; "hgfrf;jp Fiwt[. <uy; bfl;Lg;nghFk;

(b&gilo*;)/ onuhf; vd;gJ fha;e;j broapy; ,Ue;J te;jJ/ ,J gpbu";RbkhHp brhy;ypy;

te;jJ/ ouf; vd;gJ xU ntjpg;bghUs;/ 20k; E}w;whz;oy; cly; eyj;jpw;F nfL tpistpf;ff; Toa bghUshf rPfbul;

mike;Js;sJ/ rpfbul;oy; cs;s ntjpg;bghUs; epf;nfhl;od;. mnkhdpah. mrpl;nlhd;.

ghh;khy;oi&L. iel;u$d; raidL nkYk; 4000 ntjpg;bghUs; cs;sd/ 40tif g[w;Wneha; fhuzpfs; cs;sd/%

g[if gpog;gjhy; vj;jid rjtPj neha; tUk; 80% rjhuzkhf bry;fs; xh; xG';fhd Kiwapy; gpwe;J. tsh;e;J gpd;

,wf;fpd;wd/ ,r;RHw;rp Kiwf;F mnghg;lhrp*: g[w;Wneha; Fzg;gLj;j Mgnu=d;. fpnkhbjugp. nuonah bjugp(m)

&hh;nkhd;*; bjugp/ kdpj clypd; midj;J bray;fSk; vYk;g[ kw;Wk; jirfspd; ,af;fj;jpdhy;

eilbgWfpd;wd/ jir ehz;fs; joj;j ,iH my;yJ jfL nghd;w ,izg;g[ jpRtpd;

mikg;ghFk;/ vYk;ghdJ fodkhd njhyhy; |lg;gl;Ls;sJ/ ,e;j btspa[iwf;F

bghpah*;oak;/ ePskhd vYk;g[ bjhil vYk;g[/

3

BUDDHAN -- SATTUR

Meena Samy
Typewritten Text
கல்வி அமுது http://kalviamuthu.blogspot.com
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Fl;;ilahd vYk;g[ kzpf;fl;L. fZf;fhy; vYk;g[/ jl;ilahd vYk;g[ kz;ilnahl;L vYk;g[. njhs;gl;il vYk;g[. njhs;gl;ilapy;

cs;s khh;g[ vYk;g[/ xG';fw;w totk; bfhz;l vYk;g[fs; KJfpy; cs;s thy; vYk;g[ (k) kz;il

XL. Kf vYk;g[/ |l;Lfspd; tif-3 1) ehhpizg;g[ |l;L. 2) FUj;bjYk;g[ |l;L. 3) jput |l;L

(m) rpndhtpay; |l;L jput |l;Lf;fs; rPndhtpay; |l;Lf;fs; tiffshFk;/ ge;J fpz;z |l;L njhs;gl;il. ,Lg;g[ vYk;g[/ fPy; |l;L ,U vYk;g[fspy; xd;wpd; Kid Ftpe;Jk; kw;bwhU vYk;gpd; Kid

FHpe;Jk; fhzg;gLk;/ v/fh KH';if. KH';fhy;/ tHf;F |l;L ,jpy; ,iza[k; vYk;g[fspd; nkw;gFjp tHtHg;ghft[k;.

fl;ilahft[k; ,Uf;fpwJ/ ,J mr;ir ikakhf bfhz;L ,a';Ftjpy;iy/ v/fh/ fZf;fhy; vYk;g[. cs;s';if vYk;g[. njhs;gl;il vYk;g[. khh;bgYk;g[/

|is |l;L ,jpy; ,iza[k; ,U vYk;g[fspy; xd;wpd; Kid Th;ikahft[k; cUis totj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;/ ,J tl;lKidahf RHw;fpwJ/

v/fh Kjy; (k) ,uz;lhtJ fGj;JKs; vYk;g[/ kdpjd; vYk;g[ Tl;oy; 206 vYk;g[fs; cs;sd/ ,it mr;Rr; rl;lfk;.

,iza[Wg;g[r;rl;lfk; vd ,U gphpt[fshf cs;sd/ fGj;Jg;gFjp 7 Ks;bsYk;g[ cs;sd/khh;gpy; 12 Ks;bsYk;g[ cs;sdtapw;Wg;gFjp 5 Ks;bsYk;g[ cs;sdjpUbtYk;g[ ,Lg;bgYk;g[ 5 Ks;bsYk;g[ cs;sdthy;Ks;bsYk;g[ 4 Ks;bsYk;g[ cs;sd EiuaPuy;. ,jak; nghd;w ,d;wpaikahj cWg;g[fis ghJfhf;f 12 ,iz

kw;Wk; 24 tpyh vYk;g[ cs;sJ/ ,iza[Wg;g[r; rl;lfkhdJ njhs;gl;il vYk;g[ (k) ,Lg;g[ vYk;g[ tisa';fis

bfhz;Ls;sJ/ mr;Rr; rl;lf vYk;g[fspd; vz;zpf;if 80 ,iza[Wg;g[ vYk;g[fspd; vz;zpf;if 126 vYk;g[ k$;i$apy; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; ,uj;j bts;is mZf;fs;

cw;gj;jpahfpwJ/ kdpjdpy; fhzg;gLk; kpf ePskhd vYk;g[ bjhil vYk;ghrFk;/ ,J 45cm

ePskhFk;/ ek; clk;gpy; cs;s rpwpa vYk;g[ eL fhjpy; cs;s m';fhto vYk;ghFk;/ KGtJkhf jputj;jpdhy; epug;gg;gl;Ls;s cUisg;g[Gtpd; jirfs;

ePs;tl;l efh;jYf;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd/ rpy tif bky;Ylypfspy;. jirfs; RU';fp tphptjd; |yk; ,lk;

tpl;L ,lk; efh;fpd;wd/ bky;YlypfSf;F ghJfhg;g[ mspg;gJ nkz;oyhy; vd;Dk; TlhFk;/

4

BUDDHAN -- SATTUR

Meena Samy
Typewritten Text
கல்வி அமுது http://kalviamuthu.blogspot.com
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kz;g[Gtpd; ,af;fk; tl;l (k) ePs; jirfSk; jir ePl;rpfshd rPl;lhf;fspd; cjtpahy; eilbgWfpwJ/

tpiuthf Xlf;Toa ed;whf gwf;ff;Toa g{r;rp fug;ghd; g{r;rpahFk; ,jpy 6 fhy;fs; cs;sJ/

ePhpYk; epyj;jpYk; ePe;j ghk;ghdJ 5 tot efh;tpid gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd/ g{";irfspy; gr;irak; ,y;iy tpl;lhf;fspd; tifg;ghl;oy; g{";irfs;

|d;whtJ cyfkhFk;/1) nkhy;fhshd;. 2) nlhl;*;L*;. 3) milg;g[Fwp g{";ir (k) g\g;

ge;Jf;fs; g{";irfs; Xw;iw bry;fshdit v/fh/<*:l; gy bryf;shdit

iunrhg*;. mfhhpf*;. m*;gh;tpy;y*; g{";irfspd; clyk; ikrPypak; vdg;gLk; ,jd; bjhFg;g[ i&g;ghf;fs;/ g{";irfs; ghypd ,dbgUf;f Kiw ghypyh ,dbgUf;f Kiw rhh;e;jJ/ g{";irfspd; czt{l;lk; |d;W

1) rhWz;zp2) Xl;Lz;zp3) Tl;Laphpfs; (g{";ir + ghrp – iyf;fd;fs;)

g{";ir (g{";ir + ghrp – ikf;nfhiurh) ,Jtiu 1.00.000 nkw;gl;l g{";irfs; fz;Ls;sd/ Rw;WNHiy Vw;gLj;Jk; caph;fhl;ofs; iyf;fz;fshFk;/ buhl;o fhshd; v/fh ikf;nfhiurh nfhg;ig g{";irfSf;F v/fh/ M*;nfhiknfhl;lh fzpto g{";ir bgrponahiknfhl;lh bgdprpypak; v/fh/a[blnuhiknfhl;lh cz;zf;Toa fhshd; mfhhpf*;. fk;bg*;l;hp*; mfhhpf*;.

*;ig*;nghu*; er;Rj;jd;ik bfhz;l fhshd; v/fh/ nlhl;*; >y*; mkhdplh

gy;nyha;l*;. mkhdplh k*;fhhpah/ bgd;Rypd; vd;w vjph;g;g[ bghUs; bgdprpypak; vd;Dk; g{";irfspy;

,Ue;J bgwg;gLfpwJ/ neha; vjph;g;g[ bghUs;fshd *;blbug;nghikrpd;. epnahikrpd;.

fhdhikrpd;. b$d;nlhikrpd;. vhpj;nuhikrpd;/ itl;lkpd; B g{";irfs; jahhpg;gpy; m*;g;gpah fh*pg; (k) vhpnkhjPrpak;

m*;\g; g{";irg; gad;gLfpwJ kdpjdpy; g{";ir neha; iknfhr*; tpy';Ffspy; g{";ir neha; vh;fhl;. ghjg;gil jhtu';fspy; g{";ir neha; JUneha;. fUg;gGfy; neha;. fUk;g[s;sp (k)

nfd;fh; g{thj jhtuk; fphpg;nlhnfk;*; g{f;Fk; jhtuk; bgdnuhnfk;*;

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g{thj jhtuk; v/fh1/ ghrp. 2) gpiunahigl;lh. 3) ilhpnlhigl;lh

g{f;Fk; jhtuk; v/fh1) $pk;ndh*;bghk;. 2) M";rpnah*;bgh;k;

ghrpfs;,jpy; ngh; jz;L. ,iy ,y;iy xU bry;yhfnt gy bry;yhfnt (m) fpisj;j kuk; nghd;nw fhzg;gLk;/gr;irak; bgw;Ws;sJ ,tw;wpd; bry;Rth; bry;Ynahrhy; MdhJ/

Jz;lhjy; ,dbgUf;fk; eilbgWtJ *;ignuhifuhtpy; ghypyh ,dbgUf;fk; *;nghh; |yk; eilbgWk; ghy; ,dg;bgUf;fk; Vzp ,izt[ (k) gf;f ,izt[/ v/fh

*;ignuhifuhtpy; ghy; cWg;g[f;fspd; |yk; Me;jphpoak; Mh;nfhzpak; |yk; eilbgWtJ

fhuh/ M*py;yhnlhhpah

tz;zk; - ePyg;gr;irepwkp – ignfhradpd;tFg;g[ - irndhigl;lhnrkpg;g[ czt[- irndh igrpad; *;lhh;t;

fpshkpnlhnkhd*;tz;zk; - gr;irepwk; - gr;irak;tFg;g[ - Fnshnuhigl;lhnrkpg;g[ czt[ - *;lhh;r;

rh;fh*k;tz;zk; - gGg;g[epwk; - g;a{nfh*he;jpd;tFg;g[ - ngnahigl;lhnrkpg;g[ czt[ - yhkpdhhpad;

ghypir nghdpahtz;zk; - rptg;g[epwkp – igf;nfh vhpjhpd;tFg;g[ - nuhnlhigl;lhnrkpg;g[ czt[ - g;nshoad; *;lhr;

tPl;L tpy';F. kPd;fSf;F gad;gLk; ghrp1) cy;th. 2) nykpndhpah. 3) rhfh*k;

rptg;g[ ghrpapy; ,Ue;J bgwg;gLk; mfh; mfh;v/fh/b$ypoak;. fpuh*pnyhpah

mfh; mfh; gdp TH; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ/ nykpndhpah vd;Dk; gGg;g[ ghrpapy; ,Ue;J bgwg;gLtJ mnahod;/

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tpz;btsp gadj;jpy; gad;gLk; ghrp fhpkpy tha[ clypd; fHpt[ ePf;ft[k; rpWePiu rpijf;ft[k; gad;gLk; Fnshbuy;yh. ighpndha;nlh*h tpz;btsp gad';fspy; gad;gLk; ghrpfs; MFk;/

kh*; vdg;gLk; gpiunahigl;Lf;fs; nth;. jz;L ,iy Xj;j cWg;g[f;fis bgw;Ws;sd/

gpiunahig;lod; thH;f;if RHw;r;rpahy; khwp khwp eilbgWk; epiy *;nghnuhigl; epiy. nfkpl;nlhigl; epiy/

ePh;. epyj;jpYk; thGk; jd;ik cs;sJ gpiunahigl;lh gpiunahigl;lh

1) ntWghL milahj jhtu clyk; v/fh hpf;rpatFg;g[ ~ b&ghonf

2) ntWg;ghL mile;j clyk;v/fh/ Me;j;njhrpuh*;tFg;g[ ~ Me;j;njhbrul;nl

3) nth; jz;L ,iy vd ntWg;ghL mile;Js;sJ/ v/fh/ g;a{dphpahtFg;g[ ~ k*;i*

blhpnlhigl;Lf;fs; (m) bguzpfs;

rhw;Wf;FHha; (th*;Fyhh;)fw;iwg; bgw;W Kjd; Kjypy; epyj;jpy; thGk; jpwid bgw;w g{th jhtuk; bguzpfshFk;/

,iyfs; g;uhz;Lfs; *;nghnuhgpy;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd/ czthf gad;gLk; bguzp khh;*pypah bguzpfspd; ,iyfs; ,uz;L njhw;wk; bfhz;lit/ v/fh/

bryh$pidy;yh/ bguzpfs; *;nghh;fs; |yk; ,dbgUf;fk; bra;fpd;wd/ mit

n&hnkh*;nghh; (m) b&onuh*;nghh;fs;/ bguzpfspy; *;nghnuhigl; nfkpl;nlhigl; khwp khwp tUfpd;wd/ $pk;ndh*;bgh;k; jhtuk; Mzpnth; bjhFg;g[ Mz; bgz; fhk;g[fis

cz;lhf;Fk;/ irfnly;*; v/fh irf*; gid kuk; neuhdit fpisfs; mw;wit rpwF

tot Tl;oiy Tk;g[ tot cr;rpia cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd/ Mzpnth;. got nth; cs;sd/

$p';f;nfhnay;*; v/fh $p';f;nfh ignyhgh tprpwp tot ,iyfisf; bfhz;Ls;s bghpa kuk;/

$pk;ndh*; bghpk';fspd; gad; v/fh igd; kur;rkhd;fs; bgd;rpy;. jPf;Fr;rp jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ/

igdpypUe;J kuf;fl;il vz;bza;. burpd; nghd;wit fpilf;fpd;wd/

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burpd;fspy; ,Ue;J th;zk; Mapd;bkd;l; thh;dp*;fs; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd/

vgpl;uh – vgpl;hpd; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ M*;j;Jkh nehia Fzg;gLj;JtJ My;fyha;L/ ePl;lk; Fl;Lthjj;ij Fzg;gLj;Jfpd;wd/ mfj;jp*; fhfpj TH; fhfpjk; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpd;wd/ muf;nfhpnah (Fu';fpd; g[jph;) gRik khwh mHF jhtuk;/ czt[. cil. kUe;J kuf;fl;il Mfpatw;wpw;F Mjhukhf tps';FtJ

M";rpnah*;bgh;k;fs;/ M";rPnah*; bghk;';fs; xUtpj;jiy jhtuk; ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuk;/ XUtpj;jpiyj;jhtuk; g[y;. bey;. nrhsk;. nfhJik/ ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuk; mtiu. gl;lhzp. kh ,Utpj;jpiy Mzpnth; bjhFg;g[ xUtpj;jpiy ry;ypnth; bjhFg;g[/ ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuk; tiygpd;dy; euk;g[ mikt[. xUtpj;jpiyj;

jhtuk; ,iznghf;F euk;gikt[/ xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtu nthpy; gpj; cs;sJ/ ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu nthpy;

gpj; ,y;iy ,J czt[ nrkpg;gjpy; gad;gLfpwJ/ jz;od; mikg;g[

f;a{l;ofs; - bkGF glyk;vgpblh;kp*; - cUis totKila ghJfhg;g[ mspg;igfhh;blr;*; - |d;W gFf;fis cs;sJ/nfhyz;ifkh – jog;ghd bry;Rth;/

gy fw;iw mikt[ gy Kid iryk; v/fh/ xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; ehd;F fw;iw mikt[ (ehd;F Kid iryk;) ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuk; Fnshud;ifkh bky;ypa Rth; bfhz;lJ ,jpy; gr;irak; cs;sJ/ ghud;ifkh bky;ypa Rth; cila nrkpg;g[ kw;Wk; fhw;nwhl;lj;jpy;

g';nfw;fpd;wd/ vz;nlhblh;kp*; *;lhh;r; ciw gPg;gha; totKilaJ

ghJfhg;g[ flj;Jjypy; gad;gLfpwJ/ bghpirf;fps;fs; *;fpspud;ifkht[k; ghud;ifkht[k; khwp khwp

mike;Js;sd/ nfk;gpak; ,uz;lhk; epiy tsh;r;rpahFk;/ gpj; flj;Jjy; czt[ nrkpj;jypy; gad;gLfpwJ/ ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu nthpy; epa{l;ofps; g[wj;njhspd; bghp mLf;F/ ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jpy; nkw;g[wj;njhy; g;Uis tot bry;fs;

ghJfhg;gpw;F gad;gLfpd;wd/ ghypn*L ghud;ifkh neha; tot bry;fs; gR';fzpf';fis

bgw;Ws;sd/ ,J xspr;nrh;f;iff;F gad;gLfpd;wd/ *;ghd;rp ghud;ifkh Kl;il (m) tl;l totKilaJ gR';fzpfk; ,y;iy

nrkpg;g[ flj;Jjypy; gad;gLfpwJ/

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Inrhignyl;luy; (,Ug[wk; xj;j mikg;g[ila ,it xU tpj;jpiy jhtu,iyapy; ghypn*L ghud;ifkh *;gh";rp ghud;ifkh ,tw;wpy; xd;W fhzg;gLk;/

lhh;rpbtd;wy; ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu ,iyapy; ghypn*L ghud;ifkh *;gh";rp ghud;ifkh ,uz;Lk; fhzg;gLk;/

rhWz;zpapd; v/fh/ gf;rPdpah mfh; mfh; ,jpy; ,Ue;J jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ b$ypoak;/ xU gid nghd;w $pk;ndh*:bgh;k; irf*; itu*; vd;w thh;j;ij yj;jpd; bkhHpapy; vLf;fg;gl;lJ ,jd; bghUs;

e";R itu*;fs; gw;wpa gog;g[ ituhy$p ,J caph; cs;s caph; mw;w

gz;g[fis bfhz;Ls;sd/ caph; mw;w caph; cs;sitfspd; vy;iy nfhL itu*;fs;/ ghf;Ohpah xU bry;yhy; Md xU Ez;Zaphp MFk;/ ghf;Ohpahit 1675k; Mz;L lr;R mwptpay; mwp"uhd Mz;ld; thd;

Ytd; &%f; fz;lwpe;jhh;/,jd; ghf;Ohpahit tphpthf fz;lth;fs;/1) Y}apgh*;l;lh;. 2) ,uhgh;l;l nfhr;. 3) yhl; yp*;lh;

ghf;Ohpahtpd; cly; mikg;ig vyf;l;uhd; Ez;nzhf;F |yk; mwpe;J bfhs;syhk;

ghf;Ohpah g[nuhnfhpahof; tif ,jpy; bry;RtuhdJ ghf;Ohpaht[f;F epiyahd totj;ij bfhLf;fpwJ/ bry;RtUf;Fs; cs;s caph; cs;s bghUs; g[nuhl;nlh gpshrk;/

g[nuhl;nlhgpshrkhdJ bry;rt;t[. epa{f;spa*: (k) irl;nlhgpshrk; vd;W gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ/

g[wr;rt[ila bry;ypd; gFjp bghUs;fis nfhy;if cWg;g[fs;. ikl;nlhfhz;Ohpah. vz;nlhgpsh*;kpf; tiy gpd;dy;. iynrhnrhk; nghd;wit fhzg;gLtjpy;iy/

ghf;Ohpa Fnshnuhgpy; epwkpfs; vjpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd irl;nlhgpshrj;jpy;/

epa{f;spa*; tl;ltotpyhd o/vd;/V MFk;/ E}y; nghd;w Jiz cWg;g[fs; fir ,iHfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ ,it ,lg;bgah;r;rpf;F cjt[fpd;wd/

ghf;Ohpah ikf;uhd; vd;w myfhy; msf;fg;gLfpwJ/1 ikf;uhd; 1/1000 kpy;yp kPl;lh;

fhf;f*; - cUis totk;ngrpy;y*; - Fr;rp totk;*;ighpy;yk; - RUs;tpg;hpnah – fhy;g[s;sp totk;

M*;l;hpf*; fir ,iHfs; mw;wit (ghf;Ohpah)

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bghpl;iuf*; fir ,iH bry;iy Rw;wpYk; fir ,iH bfhz;lit vspa xU bry;yhy; Md gr;irepw ghrp fpshkpnlhnkhdh*; bry;Rth;

bgf;od; vd;w Kiwahy; MdJ/ ghrpfs; Fwpj;j mwptpay; bgah; igf;fhy$p rh;f;fiu fiury; My;f&hyhf khw;wk; mile;J fhh;gd;- il

Mf;i*il btspapLfpwJ/ ,e;epfH;r;rp behjpj;jy; vdg;gLk;/ <*;l; vd;Dk; g{";irapd; tpisthy; Xapd; (k) fUg;g[rhhpy; ,Ue;J

My;f&hy; behjpj;jy; Kiwapy; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ <*;l; xU bry;yhyhd rhWz;zp g{";irahFk;/ ,jd; epa{f;spa*;

thf;fpnahypd; |isapy; cs;sJ/ irl;nlhgpshrj;jpy;. vz;nlhgpshr tiygpd;dy; iunghnrhk;fs;.

ikl;nlhfhz;Ohpah fhzg;gLk;/ g{";irfs; Fwpj;j mwptpay; ikf;fhy$p ,J rhWz;zpfshfnth.

Xl;Lz;zpfshfnthf thGk;/ vz;lkPgh &p*;lhypof;fh – mkpgpah*p*; ,uj;j ngjp/ gpsh*;nkhoak; itthf;*;

gpsh*;nkhoak; ghy;rpnghuk; - knyhpah/ ohpg;dnrhnkh nfk;gpad;*; - Mg;hpf;fdpd; cwf;f neha; buhl;oapy; E}y; ,iH nghd;W fUg;ghf xU glyk; fhzg;gLtJ –

i&ghf;fs;/ buhl;o fhshdpd; clyk; ikrpypak; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/ buhl;o fhshd; tsh;tnj buhl;oapd; epw khw;wj;jpw;F fhuzkhFk;/ g[nuhl;nlh nrhthd;fs; xU bry; caphp MFk;/ ,J ,uz;L tifahd

thH;f;if Kiwfisg; bgw;Ws;sd/1) jdpj;J thH;git (ed;dPh;. cg;g[ ePhpy; thH;jy;)2) Xl;Lz;zpahf thH;git

bgd;rpid fz;lth; mbyf;rhz;lh; gpspkp'; 1928k; Mz;L bjhHpw;rhiyfspy; vjph; caphp bghUs;fs; jpuhl;ir urk;. fk;gsp.

buhl;o. jahhpf;f Ez;caphp gad;gLk; ,J kz;tsj;ij mjpfhpf;fpd;wd/ ghf;Ohpah

Ez; caphp vjph; kUe;J1) *;blg;nuhikrp*; fpnurpa*;. *;blg;nuh ikrpd;2) ngrpy*; brg;oyp*; ghrpl;uhd;

g{";irbgd;rpypaj;jpy; ,Ue;J bgwg;gLtJ1) bgd;rpypak; behl;nll;lk;2) bgd;rpypak; fpiunrh$Pdk;

kz;tsj;ij nkk;gLj;JtJghf;Ohpah. g{";ir. My;fhf;fs;

ntshz;ik vd;gJ czt[ gaph; rhFgo gw;wp mwptpayhFk;/ jhtuj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd Cl;l bghUs; iel;u$d;

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ntshz;ik vd;gJ jhtuk; + tpy';Ffis ey;y Kiwfspy; tsh;f;Fk; mwptpaYf;Fk; ntshz;ik vd;W bgah;/

ghf;Ohpah ,we;j jhtu (k) tpy';Ffspd; clypy; cs;s g[uj';fis mnkhdpah. iel;nul;Lf;fs;. iel;iuLfshf khw;Wfpd;wd/

ghf;Ohpah fhh;gd;. Mf;*p$d;. iel;u$d;. ry;gh;. nghd;w jdpk';fspd; Kaw;r;rpahy; g';F bgWfpd;wd/

ghf;Ohpah caphpay; Jg;g[uthyh;fshf bray;gLfpd;wd/ ghf;Ohpah fhpk nrh;k';fis Mf;*pfuzk; bra;a[k; nghJ fhh;gd;

|yf;TW fhpakpytha[thf khw;wk; milfpd;wd/ ,jdhy; Jh;ehw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ/

mnkhdpah epiyepWj;jk; ghf;Ohp ngrpy;y*; uhnkh**; iel;hpigap'; ghf;Ohpaht[f;F v/f i&l;nuhghf;lh;. iel;unrhnkhd*; iel;u$id epiyepWj;Jk; ghf;Ohpah mrpl;nlhghf;lh;. fpsh*;ohpak;.

iunrhgpak; (nth; |z;Lfspy;) fhzg;gLk;/ iel;u$id epiyepWj;jk; ePy gr;ir ghrpfshd Mrpyl;nlhhpah. mdgPdh

kw;Wk; eh*;lhf; nghd;wit tha[ kz;lyj;jpy; cs;s iel;u$id kz;zpy;epyg;gLj;jp kz;tsj;ij bgUf;Ffpd;wd/

ghrpy*; bkfhjPhpak; ghf;Ohpah eWkzj;ij bfhLg;gJ njapiy. fhg;gp bfhl;il. g[ifapiy. nfhf;nfh. ,jw;F gjg;gLj;jy; vd;W bgah;/

CUfha; bflhky; ghJfhf;f tpdPfh; gad;gLk;/ ,J czt[ gjg;gLj;jpahFk;/

jw;fhyj;jpy; bjhHpw;rhiyfspy; bgUk;g';fhw;WtJ Ez;Zaph; ghf;Ohpah ,J yhf;of; mkpy ghf;OhpahthFk;/

*;bug;nlhfhf;f*; yhf;of; yhf;of; mkpy ghf;Ohpah ghiy japuhf khw;WfpwJ/

mrpl;nlh ghf;lh; mrpl;nlh vd;w ghf;Ohpahtpd; behjpj;jy; brayhy; tpdpfh; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ghf;Ohpah neha; jP';Faphp neha; neha;1) rhe;njhnkhd*; rpl;hp rpl;u*; nfd;fh;2) Nnlhnkhd*; brhyhudh rPauhk; tpy;l; neha; cUis3) rhe;njhnkhd*; Xiunr ghf;Ohpay; gpisl; neha; bey;g{";irfs;jP';Faphp bgah; neha;1) brh;nfh*;ghuh bgh;rndl;lh of;fh neha; nth;fliy2) brh;nfhnghu muhrpfpof;nfhyh ighpFnshpah

xiunrh. ghf;Ohpah btk;g[ neha; bey;

itu*;jP';Faphp bgah; neha;

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1) cr;rpbfhj;J itu*; thdo cr;rpbfhj;J neha;2) g[if ,iy tz;z neha; itu*; neha;3) bts;shp gy tz;z neha; bts;shp gy tz;z neha;itu*; neha; gut[k; |yk;1) rhjuhz rsp. ,sk;gps;is thjk;. (nghypnah)

k";rs;fhkhiy fhw;W. ePh; kw;Wk; neuo bjhlh;g[ |yk;

2) ,d;g[Sapd;rh. vapl;*; ghypay; bjhlh;g[ghf;Ohpah neha; gut[k; |yk;1) fhyuh. ilg;gha;L mRj;jkhd ePh;2) bll;ld*; fha';fs;3) vypf;fha;r;ry; tpy';Ffspd; rpWePh; (mzpy;.

vyp)4) bjhG neha; neuo bjhlh;g[ (flj;jp)g{";irspd; neha; gut[k; |yk;ghj jog;g[ neha; *;nghh;fs; epyk; (k) jz;zPh;

|yk;xU bry; caphp gug;g[tJknyhpah bfhR

g[nuhl;nlh nrhthf;fs; rPjngjpia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd ,J J}a;ikaw;w czt[ (k) ePhpdhy; njhd;Wk;/

ghy; gjdpLjy; vd;gJ 72O btg;gepiyapy; 30 epkplk; btg;gg;gLj;jp 120OC Fsph;tpr;R ntz;Lk;/

caphpay; fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ vd;d vd;why; ngrpy;y*; jphp";"pd;rpy; nghd;w ngrpy;y*; tif ghf;Ohpah tz;zj;Jg;g{r;rp mjid rhh;e;j caphpdj;ij mHpg;gJ/

itu*; caphpay; Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;j fhuzk; vspa clyikg;g[ (k) cldo ,dbgUf;fkhFk;/

ghf;Ohpah jd; ,dj;ij ,ul;il gpst[ Kiwapy; bgUf;fp bfhz;nl bry;fpd;wd/

gpsh*;kpF ve;j Kiwapy; ,ul;og;ghfpwJ/ ,izt[ Kidfs; |yk;/ ghf;Ohpah g{";irfs; ,aw;if Jg;g[uthsh;fs; caphpd';fSf;Fk; Rw;W NHYf;Fk; ,ilna eilbgWk; Raw;rpna caph; g[tp

Raw;rp vdg;gLk;/ My;fhf;fs; mlh;j;jpahf tsUk; epiy ePh;kyh;r;rp vdg;gLk;/ ,jdhy;

Mf;*p$d; mst[ Fiwe;J NH;epiyapy; caphpd';fs; KGtJkhf mHpf;fg;gLfpd;wd/ ,e;epfH;r;rp a{l;nuhgpnfrd; vd;W bgah;/

g{kpapy; kdpjd; njitfs; midj;ija[k; g{h;j;jp bra;af;Toa midj;J ts';fSk; cs;sd/ Mdhy; kdpjd; nguhiria epiwt[ bra;a my;y vd;wth; kfhj;kh fhe;jp/

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nth;|z;L ghf;Ohpah iel;u$id kz;zpy; epiy ehl;o kz;tsj;ij bgUf;FfpwJ ,jd; bgah; iunrhgpak;/

bry; vd;gJ caphpd';fspd; mog;gil myfhFk;/ bry;iy 1665k; Mz;L uhgh;l;&%f; fz;lwpe;jhh;/

1838k; Mz;L n$f;fg; *;tPld; (k) jpnahlh; *;rpthd; vd;gth; bry; bfhs;ifia cUthf;fpdhh;/1) midj;J caphpd';fSk; bry;fhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lit2) midj;J bry;fSk; Ke;ija bry;fspy; ,Ue;J cUthf;fpd;wd/

bry;fs; totk;bry; totk;euk;g[ bry; el;rj;jpu totk;Rlh; bry; Foy;Rug;gp bry; fdrJuk;jl;L bkjPypak; gy;nfhzk;J}z; vgpjPypak; cUismz;l bry; Kl;il,uj;jr; bry; tl;lk;jir bry;fs;. ehh; bry; ePs;totk;bry;fs; gzpfs;1) jl;L vgpjPypak; totk; (k) ghJfhg;g[2) jir bry;fs; RU';fp tphpjy;3) bfhGg;g[ bry; bfhGg;ig nrkpf;f4) euk;g[ bry; euk;g[j; J}z;liyf; fle;j5) vYk;g[ bry; cWjp (k) cliy jh';ft[k;6) Tk;g[ (k) Fr;rp bry; ghh;it (k) epwj;ij czu7) brtpapy; cs;s bry; xyp miyfis czu8) ej;ij TL bry; czh;tjw;F9) Rug;gp bry; Ruj;jy;

bry;ypd; irl;nlhgpshrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; bry; Ez;cWg;g[fs;1) vz;nlhgpshr tiyg;gpd;dy; (mfgpshr tiyg;gpd;dy;)2) iunghnrhk;3) nfhy;if cWg;g[fs;4) iynrhnrhk;5) ikl;nlhfhz;Ohpah6) brd;hpnahy;fs;

bry;ypd; irl;nlhgpshrj;jpy; tiygpd;dy;(k) ,ilbtspa[ld; Toa FkpH; mikg;gpw;F vz;nlhgpsh*;kpf; tiygpd;dy; vd;W bgah;/ ,jid fz;lth; nghh;l;lh 1945k; Mz;oy; fz;lhh;/

vz;nlhgpsh*;of; tiygpd;dy; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;1) mfgpshr tiyapy; iunghnrhk;fs; xl;oapUe;jhy; brhubrhug;ghd mfgpshr tiy.2) iunghnrhk; xl;lhky; ,Ue;jhy; tHtHg;ghd mfg;gpshr tiy vdg;gLk;/

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vz;nlhgpshr tiy cl;fU rt;tpy; ,Ue;J njhd;Wfpd;wd/ 2009k; Mz;L |d;W mwptpay; mwp"h;fs; iunghnrhk;fis fz;ldh;

1) bt';fl;uhkfpU=;zd; (,e;jpah)2) jhk*; *;bla;*; (mbkhpf;fh)3) mlhaj; (,*;nuy;)

nfhy;if cWg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; jl;Ltokhd jl;ilahd ig rp*;lhnd/ nfhy;if cWg;gpy; 2 rt;tikg;g[ cs;sJ/ nfhy;if cWg;gpd; gzp ~

1) behjpfis bfhz;l irnkh$d; Jfs; nghd;w Ruf;Fk; FHy;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd/2) tsUk; Cirl;Lfspy; k";ry; fUit cUghf;Fk;/3) tpHpj;jpiufspy; epwkp bry;fis cUthf;Fk;/4) tpe;jittpy; mf;nuhnrhik cz;lhf;FfpwJ/

iynrhnrhk; ~bry;ypd; cs;s fHpt[ bghUis btspnaw;Wk; xU mikg;ghFk;/totk;~ cUz;ilnjhw;wk;~nfhy; if my;yJ mfg;gpushr tiyapy; cWg;g[ njhd;Wfpd;wd/gzpfs;~ bry;ypy; cs;ns tUk; bghUl;fisa[k;. bry;ypy; ,we;j bghUl;fisa[k; btspnaw;Wfpd;wd/

jhk; ,Uf;Fk; bry;iy jhnd $Puzpg;gjhy; ,J jw;bfhiy igfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd/ikl;nlhfhz;Ohpah,J irl;nlh gpshrj;jpy; fpiH. tl;l my;yJ Fr;rp totj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;/ikl;nlhfhz;Ohpah ,ul;il rt;thy; MdJ.1/cl;g[wg[wrt;t[ tpuy; nghd;w ePl;rpia cl;g[wj;jpy; cz;lhf;Fk; ,jw;F fphp*;nl vd;W bgah;/2/btspg[wr;rt;t[ ig nghd;W fhzg;gLk;gzp1/bry; Rthrj;jpw;F Kf;fpa g';fw;Wfpd;wd2/rf;jp epiyak; vdg;gLk;3/bry; Rthrj;jpy; V/o/gp vd;Dk; Tl;Lg; bghUis cz;lhf;;Ffpd;wd/

• brd;wpnahy;fs;fz;Lgpog;g[ 1897 k; Mz;L b&d;dpif(k) xf*;brf; vd;gth; fz;lwpe;jhh;/

• fhzg;gLk; ,lk;~ tpy';F bry;fspy; cl;fUtpw;F mUfpy; FHy;(k) Fr;rp totpy; fhzg;gLk;

• gzp~ bry; khpjypy; cjt[fpd;wd/ mg;nghJ fjph; ,iH ehh;fisa[k;. m*:l;uy; cWg;g[fisa[k; cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd/

• cl;fU~mikg;g[~ tl;lkhft[k;. eps; tl;lkhft[k; fhzg;gLk;,J ehd;F gphpt[ bfhz;lJ1/cl;fU glyk;

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2/cl;fU gpshrk;3/Fnuhnkl;od; tiygpd;dy;4/cl;fU kzp

• cl;fUtpid Rw;wp cl;fU glyk;; cs;sJ• cl;fUtpd; cs;ns cl;fU kdhrk; (m) cl;fU rhW cs;sJ/• cl;fUkshr jputj;jpd; nky; xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf fhzg;gLtJ

Fnuhkhl;od; tiygpd;dy;• cl;fU kzp bry;gphpjypd; nghJ bghpjhft[k; kw;w fhy';fspy; rpwajhft[k;

fhzg;gLk;• cl;fU kzpia bry; mikg;ghsh; vd;W miHf;fpd;nwhk;/

gzpcl;fU kshrj;jpw;F irl;nlh gpshrj;jpw;Fk; tpilna mazpfs; ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F cjt[tJ cl;fU glykhFk;

• gy bry; caphpfspy; bry; gd;kl';fhf bgUf;fk; milfpd;wd(v/fh/jir bry; RU';fp tphpjy;

• njhw;wk; totk;. bray;fspy; xj;jpUf;FK; bry;fspd; bjhFg;g[ jpR vdg;gLk;• cWg;g[fspd; g[wj;njhypYk; cly; FHpfspd; cl;g[wj;jpYk; fhzg;gLtJ

vgpjpypa jpRthFk;• jl;il vgpjpypa jpR fz;zj;jpd; cl;g[wj;jpYk; clYf;Fs; cs;s

cWg;g[fspd; glyj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk;• jl;il vgpjpypa jpR ghJfhj;jy; EiuaPuy; fhw;W Ez; tiufspd; tha[f;fs;

ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F cjt[fpwJ/• J}z; vgpjPypa jpR

totk;~cUisrpWFlypd; cl;g[w Rthpy; fhzg;gLk;gzp~tapw;wpy; behjpfis Ruf;ft[k; rpWFlypy; brhpj;j czt[ cwp";rt[k; cjt[fpd;wd/

• FW ,io bgpjPypa jpRmikg;g[~ J}z; vgpjPypa jpR nghy; cs;sJ/fhzg;gLk; ,lk;~ fhw;W Foy; (m) l;uf;fpahtpd; cl;g[wj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;gzp~ rpypahf;fs; mirtpd; |yk; khRj;Jfs; mfw;wg;gLfpd;wd/czh;t[ vgpjPypa jPR~,J ehrpj; Foypd; cl;g[wr;Rthpy; cs;s efUk; vgpjPypa bry;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/

• flj;Jk; jpR xU jput jpRthFk;/ ,jpy; 55% gpsh*;kh 45% ,uj;j bry;fs;;cs;sd/

• ,uj;j bry;fs; 3 tifg;gLk;1/,uj;j rptg;g[ mZ(vhpj;nuhirl;)2/,uj;j bts;is ,Z(tPa[f;nfhirl;)3/,uj;j fl;Lf;fs;(j;nuhk;ngh irl;)

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• ,uj;j rptg;g[ mZtotk;~ tl;ltotkhftk; ,Ug[wKk; FHpe;J fhzg;gLk;rpwg;g[~ cl;fU ,y;iy. &pnkhFnshlhd; epwkp bgw;Ws;sJ/cUthtJ~ vYk;g[ k$;i$apy;Ma[l;fhyk;~100 to 120 ehs;gzp~EiuaPuy;fspy; ,Ue;J clypy; vy;yh ghf';fSf;Fk; Mf;*;$id vLj;J bry;fpd;wd/,uj;j bts;s mZ~

• ,J epwkpfs; mw;wJk; xG';fw;w totk; bfhz;lJkhd cl;fUit bfhz;Ls;sd/

• ,J vYk;g[ k$;i$apy; cUthfpwJ epzePh; Rug;gpfspy; cUthfpwJ/• ,jd; Ma[l;fhyk; 2 to 3 thuk;• clYf;F neha; vjph;g;g[ jd;ikia jUfpwJ• ,J clypy; fhtyhypahfK;

,uj;j jl;Lfs;,it ,ue;j bry;fpspy; kpfr; rpwpait,uj;jk; ciwjYf;F cjt[fpwJ

• ,zig;g[ jpR• ,j;jpRtpy; cs;s bry;fs; xG';fw;w epiyapYk; tpilbtspa[lDk; nkl;hpf;*;

vd;w ,ilapl;L bghUl;fisa[k; bfhz;Ls;sJ/ ,e;j nkl;hpf;* befpH:t[ jd;ik bfhz;lJ

• bfhGg;g[[ jpR njhy; (k) cy;YWg;g[fSf;F moapy; fhzg;gLk;• jh';F jpR |d;W tifg;gLk;• 1/FWj;njYk;g[ jpR• 2/vYk;g[ jpR• 3/tiy ,iz jpR

FWj;bjYk;g[ jpR,jpy; rh;f;fiu. g[ujk; fhzg;gLfpwJKl;L. |r;RFHy;. fhJkly;. Fuy;tis nghd;wtw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/vYk;g[ jpRcliy jh';fp cUtj;ij bfhLf;ff; Toa jpR/ ,J fhy;rpak; gh*;gu*; Tl;L bghUshy; MdJ/ vYk;g[ jir ehz;fshy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/

tiy ,izkj; jpR ~jsh;r;rpahd ,izg;g[ jpRthFk;/,J njhy;fSf;Fk; jirfSf;Fk; ,ilapYk; fhzg;gLk;. ,uj;j

FHha;fspYk;. euk;g[ (k) vYk;g[ k$dbfapYk; fhzg;gLk;.cWg;g[fspd; cs; mikg;ig jh';ft[k; rpije;j jpRf;fis gGJ

ghh;f;ft[k; gad;gLfpwJ/ euk;g[ jpR ~

|is. jz;Ltlk;. euk;g[fs; midj;Jk; euk;g[ jRshFk;/

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Meena Samy
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euk;g[ jpR epa{uhd;fs; (k) euk;g[ehh;fshy; MdJ/ euk;g[ bry;fs; ~

,J euk;g[ kz;lyj;jpd; mog;gil myfhFk;/ euk;g[ bry; clyhdJ irl;lhd; vdg;gLk;/ irl;lhdpy; cs;s g[nuhl;nlh gpshrj;jpy; eP*;n*y; vdg;gLk; fUikahd

Jfs;fis bfhz;Ls;sd/ irl;lhd;fspy; njhd;WtJ Mf;*hd; (,J thy; mikg;g[) irl;lhd;fs; bld;luhd;fis bfhz;Ls;sd ,J nkYk; fpisj;j

bld;iul;Lfis cUthf;Fk;/ jir jpRf;fs;

• ePz;l bry;fshy; MdJ ,J jir ehh; vd;fpnwhk;/• cly; ,af;fj;jpw;F gad;gLfpwJ/ ,J RU';Fk; g[uj;jhy; MdJ/

jirfs; |d;W tifg;gLk;/1) thpj;jir2) thpaw;w jir3) ,ja jir

thpj;jir ~• rhh;nfhykh vd;Dk; glyj;jhy; MdJ!• ,a';fp jpir vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ!

thpaw;w jir ~• jk; ,r;irf;F Vw;g bray;glhjit• ,a';fp jir MFk;/• czt[f;FHy;. rpWePufg;ig. (k) gpw cs;Sg;gpd; Rth;fspy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ ,ja jir ~

• thpj;jir. thpaw;w jir ehh;fisa[k; xj;Js;sd• ,jaj;jpy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk;/• ek; thH;ehs; KGtJk; RU';fp tphpa[k; jir ,ja jir/ ,J ,ja

jirfshFk;/• ,ja jir fUik (k) btspwpa thpfis bfhz;Ls;sd/

fz; vd;gJ vgpjPypa jpR. ,izg;g[ jpR euk;g[ jpR (k) jir jpRthy; MdJ/ nkYk; rpy v/fh/ fhJ EiuaPuy;/

fz;nfhsk; |d;W mLf;fhy; MdJ/1) btsp mLf;F tpHpbtz; glyk; (*;fpspuh)2) eL mLf;F (tpHpaof;fUglyk;)3) cs; mLf;F (tpHpj;jpiu bul;odh)

,uj;j FHha;fshy; ,uj;jkhdJ brwpt[kpf;f mlh;e;j epwkpfis bfhz;lJ fz;zpd; eL mLf;F (tpHpaof; fUk;glyk;)

$hp*;f;F eLtpy; fz;ghit mike;Js;sJ fz;zpd; czh;cs;s gFjp cs; mLf;fpy; tpHpj;jpiuapy; cs;sJ/ ,jpy;

Fr;R (k) Tk;g[ bry; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/

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gof;Fk; nghJk; Crpapy; E}y; nfhf;Fk; nghJk; tpHptpy;iy (tpHpbyd;*;)tpHpapd; Kd; gFjpfspy; cs;sJ/

fHpt[ ePf;f kz;lyk;• clypy; ,Ue;J iel;u$d; fHpt[g;bghUis btspnaw;WtJ ,jd;

Kf;fpa gzpahFk;/• ghYl;ofspy; fHpt[ ePf;f kz;lyj;jpy; xU ,iz rpWePufk;.

rpWePuf FHha;fs; (k) rpWePuf ig mike;Js;sd/ rpWePufk; cl;g[wk; FHpe;Jk; btspg;g[wk; Ftpe;Jk; fhzg;gLk;/ cl;gFjpf;F

i&byf;*; vd;W bgah;/ rpWePufj;jpy; fU";rptg;g[ epwk; bfhz;l btspg;gFjp fhh;blf;*; MFk;/

btspwpa cl;gFjp bkLy;yh vdg;gLk;/ rpWePufj;jpy; ,UgpukpLfSf;F ,ilna cs;sJ bgy;tpf;*; vdg;gLk;/ rpWePufj;jpy; bgy;tpf;*;f;F ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; fpz;zk; nghd;w

,ilbtspf;F fhypr*; vdg;gLk;/ rpWePufj;jpd; fhh;blf;*; bkLy;yhg; gFjpfspy; gy;yhapuk; fzf;fhd

rpWePuf Ez;FHy;fshy; Md bjg;uhd; fhzg;gLfpd;wd ,J rpWePufj;jpd; mog;gil myfhFk;/

rpWePufj;jpd; gzp• rpWePufk; ,uj;jj;jpd; eLepiyj; jd;ikia guhkhpf;fpd;wJ/• rpWePufk; ,uj;jj;jpd; PH kjpg;g[ msit epiy epWj;jpfpwJ/• clypy; mjpfg;goahd ePiu btspnaw;wp xG';Fg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ/

clypd; rkepiy Fwpj;J Kjd; Kjypy; fUj;J Twpath; gpuhd;R ehl;il rhh;e;j cstpay; mwp"h; fpshl;bghdhl; 1957k; Mz;L/

ek; ,uj;jj;jpy; clypd; rh;f;fiuapd; mstpid fl;Lg;gLj;j 6 &hh;nkhd; cjt[fpd;wd/

Rthrpj;jypd; nghJ caph;d';fspy; filrpapy; cUthtJ ATP MFk;/ bry;ypy; eilbgWk; caph; ntjpay; epfH;t[ Rthrk; vdg;gLk;/ fhw;W Rthrk; vd;gJ Aerobic respiration vd;Wk; fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; an

areobic respiration MFk;/ fhw;W Rthrk; ~

,jpy; Mf;*p$d; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L fhpk |yg;bghUl;fs; rpijf;fg;gl;L fhh;gd;-il-Mf;i*Lk;. ePUk; fpilf;fpd;wd/

fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; (m) behjpj;jy; ,jpy; Mf;*p$d; gad;gLtjpy;iy ,J behjpj;jy; vd;W

miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd/v/fh/ ghf;Ohpah. <*;L.

tsh;rpiu khw;wk; ~ fpnuf;f bkhHpapy; bkl;lhgy; vd;why; tsh;rpij khw;wk; vd;W

bghUs;/

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BUDDHAN -- SATTUR

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FSf;nfh*; - fpisnfh$d;. rh;f;fiuahf tsh;r;rpij khw;wk; milfpd;wd/

mkpndh mkpyk; - behjp. &hh;nkhd;. gpuj';fshf tsh;rpiu khw;wk; milfpd;wd/

bfhGg;g[ mkpyk; - bfhy*;l;uhy; (k) *;Ouha;Lfs; tsh;rpij khw;wk; milfpd;wd/

rpij khw;wk; ~FSf;nfh*; - fhh;gd;-il-Mf;i*L. ePh; (k) btg;g Mw;wy;g[uj';fs; - mkpndh mkpyk;bfhGg;g[ - fpspruhy;. bfhGg;g[ mkpyk;

tpHpj;jpiu Tk;g[ bry;fshy; MdJ kPd;fs; fjph; totk; bfhz;lJ/ Jisfs; cs;sJ jirehh; vYk;g[ vYk;g[ fhh;ony$; ,izg;g[ jpRthFk;/ FW ,iH vgpjPypa jpR Rthrg;ghijapy; fhzg;gLk;/ ghiytdk; (twz;l fhLfs;). ,J ,uh$*;jhd;. g";rhg; kw;Wk;

mhpahdhtpd; bjd;gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ ,iya[jph; fhLfs; jPgfw;ggFjpfspy; (gRikkhwhf; fhLfs;)

fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ btg;g kz;ly gRik khwhf; fhLfs; nkw;F bjhlh;r;rp kiyfs; -

,e;jpahtpd; tlfpHf;F gFjpfs;. ,kakiy mothuj;jpy; cs;sJ/ kiyfhL - ,kakiy. bjd; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ/ miy ,ilf;fhLfs; - f';fh (k) kfhejp fHpKf';fshy;

fhzg;gLfpwJ/ ,e;jpahtpy; rKjhaf;fhLfs; jpl;lk; 1976 Mk; Mz;L bjhl';fpaJ/

,jd; nehf;fk; ,aw;if fhL nkk;gLj;JtJ. gad;glhj epyj;jpy; fhL cUthf;Fjy;/

tptrha epy';fSld; ku';fis eLtJ ,e;jpah vl;L jhtug; gFjpfshf guhkhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ cyf tpy';fpd';fshy; 6/67% ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sd/ ,tw;wpy; 204

,UthH;tpfs; cs;sd/ 1973 Vg;uy;. g[yp ghJfhg;g[ jpl;lk; ,e;jpa murhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ/ fhz;lhkpUfk; ghJfhg;g[ jpl;lk; eLtz; murpdhy;. Jj;th njrpa

g{';fhtpy; g[iuikg;g[ jpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ 1972y; F$uhj; muR ePh;td tpy';F ruzhyaj;jpy; cs;s rp';f thy;

Fu';fpid ghJfhf;f Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jpaJ/ mHpaf;Toa epiyfspy; cs;s tpy';fpdk; Kjiy MFk;/

ed;dPh; thH; Kjiy - (Fnuhnfhdly;*; ghY*;l;hp*;)cth; ePh; thH; Kjiy - (fphp*pily;*; nghnuh**;)

mhpa tif Kjiyahd fhhpay; (fpuhtpahyp*; nf';of;f*;) fhf;f Kjiy tsh;g;g[ guhkhpg;g[ jpl;lk; 1975 ,e;jpa murhy; bjhl';fg;gl;lJ/

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rptg;g[ g[s;sp tptug; g[j;jfk;. gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l g[j;jfkhFk;/ rptg;g[ g[s;sp tptu g[j;jfj;ij rh;tnjr Tl;likg;ghdJ (I/a[/rp/vd;)

guhkhpj;J tUfpwJ/ ,jpy; mr;RWj;jg;gl;l rpw;wpdk;. mHpa[k; tpspk;gpy; cs;s tps';Ffspd; gjpt[ bfhz;L ,Uf;Fk;/

1950k; Mz;L Kjy; rpWj;ij mHpe;j ,dkhf cs;sJ/ Mypth; hpl;yp Mikapd; ,dtpUj;jp ,lk; - xhp*;*h flw;fiu. gUe;J

myF Mik. TNd; fle;fiufspy; ,dtpUj;jp bra;fpd;wd/ tpy';fpd';fspd; gUtfhy ,lg;bgah;it 2000f;f Kd;g[ fz;lth;

mhp*;lhl;oy; tyirnghjy; vd;gJ xt;bthU Mz;oYk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhuz';fSf;F xU

jpiria nehf;fp ,lg;bgah;t[ miltJ/ ntle;jh';fspy; Crpthy; FUtp. fhh;fnd. ePsrpwJ thj;J. rhk;gy;

thj;J. rhz;Ligg;gh; gwit gy tyirnghfk; gwitfSf;F ciwtplkhFk;/

gwit kdpjh; (epg[zh;) rypk; myp ghiytd btl;Lfpspg{r;rp xU ehisf;F 3000 ld; jhtu';fis

cz;Zfpd;wd/ rhy;kd; kPd; ,dtpUj;jpfhf 1500 iky;fs; gazpf;fpd;wd/ gpnurpy; Mik ,dtpUj;jpf;fhf 1250 iky;fs; gazpf;fpd;wd/ tl mbkhpf;fhtpy; ghud; ikjhd khd;fs; 3700 iky; (5000KM)

gazpf;fpd;wd/ ekJ ehl;oy; Rkhh; 500 ruzhya';fs; cs;sd/ TNy; mike;Js;s ruzhyak; ~

ruzhyaj;jpd; bgah; ,Ug;gplk; tpy';Ffs;1) Kz;lj;jpiu. fsf;fhL jpUey;ntyp g[yp2) jpUtpy;ypg[j;J}h; ruzhyak;tpUJefh; fhl;L mzpy. Fuit khd;3) ntle;jh';fy; gwit ruzhyak; fh";rpg[uk; fly; gwit.rhk;gy; ehiu4) KJkiy ruzhyak; ePyfphp ahid. fhl;LvUik. t';Th;5) tpuhypkiy ruzhyak; jpUr;rp kapy; (fhl;Lkapy;)6) nfhoahf;fiu ruzhyak; ehfg;gl;odk; g[s;spkhd;. fuo/

,e;jpahtyp 89 njrpag;g{';fh cs;sJ/

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s njrpa g{';fh

1) ge;jpg{h; njrpa g{';fh ikNh;. fh;ehlfh

2) fhh;gl; njrpa g{';fh cj;jpu gpunjrk;. fhh;thy;

3) eph; njrpa g{';fh $Pdhfh;. F$uhj; khepyk;

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4) fhrpu';fh njrpa g{';fh n$hh;&hl; m*;*hk; khepyk;

5) bghpahh; ruzhyak; ,Lf;fp. nfush khepyk;

cyfpd; 12 gd;ikapl';fs; cs;sd ,jpy; ,e;jpah xd;whFk;/ jw;rkakhd caph; gd;ikakhdJ 10 to 100 kpy;ypad; tUk; mjpy; 1:4

kpy;ypad; kl;Lk; gl;oapyplg;gl;Ls;sJ/ rpg;nfh ,af;fk; Re;jhyhy; gFzhtpdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ/ ,J

ku';fis ghJfhf;Fk; ,af;fkhFk;/ kpf Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapy; cs;s Kw;wpYk; mHpe;JtpLk; epiyapy;

cs;s ,dk; mr;RWj;jg;gl;l ,dkhFk;/ landhrh; vd;W thh;j;ijapd; bghUs; ga';fukhd gy;yp fhw;W khRgLfypd; |y';fs; ,uz;L cs;sd

1) ,aw;if |yk;2) kdpjd; bray;ghL Vw;gLk; fhw;W khRgLjypd; |yk; (Me;j;ungh$Pdpf;)

,e;jpahtpy; thfd';fspy; ,Ue;J tUk; g[ir mst[ 50%. fhw;wpy; 20.9% caph;tsp cs;sJ vhpg;bghUs; vhpg;gjhy; fhh;gd; nkhdhf;i*L btsptUfpwJ/ ,J

kdpjd; &pnkhFnshgpndhL ,ize;J kuzj;ij cz;lhf;Fk;/ epyf;fhp. tpwF vhpg;gjhy; fhpakpy;tha[ btsp tUfpwJ/ Mdhy; cyfk;

btg;gkilfpwJ/ thfd';fs; btspapLk; g[if iel;u$d; Mf;i*L ,jdhy; mkpy kiH

njhd;Wk;/ fe;jfk; vhptjd; |yk; fe;jf il Mf;i*L njhd;Wk;/ ,jdhy; fz;

vhpjy;. EiuaPuy; g[w;Wneha;. M*;j;Jkhit Vw;gLj;Jk;/ mkpy kiH njhw;Wtpg;gJ iel;hpf; mkpyk; fe;jf mkpyk; (k) fhh;ghdpf;

mkpyk;/ Xnrhd; xU epwkw;w tha[ ,J (*;l;nul;nlh*;gpahpy;) fhzg;gLk;/ KGtJkhf ,aw;ifahf kf;fp nghFk; gpsh*;of; gnahnghy;

vdg;gLK;/ ,J n&hnkhghypkh; MFk;/ (PHB) - ghyp i&l;ul;uhf;*p gpa{l;nul;)

Ez;Zaphpfs; rpijf;f a{ikrPl;*;. irnrhikrPg;*; fhuzkhFk;/ CFC Xnrhd; mLf;if ghjpj;J njhy;g[w;W neha; cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd/ gts

ghiw. ghjpg;g[f;F cs;shf;Ffpd;wd/ ePh; (khRghL (k) fl;Lg;ghL jpl;lk;) 1974 fhw;W (khrhgL (k) fl;Lg;ghL jpl;lk;) 1981 Rw;Wg;g[wr; NHy; ghJfhg;g[ jpl;lk; 1986 ghy; vd;gJ ePh;kbfhGg;g[. g[ujk;. kw;Wk; ePh; nrh;e;j fyitahFk;/ epyf;fhpapy; fhh;gd; cs;sJ/

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ve;j xU bghUisa[k; ntjpay; ,aw;gpay; Kiwfshy; nkYk; gphpf;f Koahj jdpkkhFk; ,jid ghapy; Twpdhh;/

ve;j xU bghUisa[k; bjhlf;fepiyapy; cs;s gUg;bghUis rpwpag; bghUshf cilf;f Koahnjh mJ jdpkk; ,J yhthrpah; Tw;W!

xnu tif mZf;fshy; MdJ jdpkk; ,J jw;fhy mitf; bfhs;ifahFk;/

jdpkj;jpd; kpf rpwpa Jfs; mitahFk;/ xnu tif (m) btt;ntW mitf;fshy; Mdit |yf;TW MFk;/ bkh;Fhp rpijt[w;W jUtJ bkh;Fhp Mf;i*L - bkh;fhp + Mf;*p$id

jUk;/rpy;th; FnshiuL Nhpad; Kd;dpiyapy; vt;thW rpijtilfpd;wd/

rpy;th; FnshiuL rpy;th; + Fnshhpd; (btz;ik) (rhk;gy;) (gRik fye;j k";ry; epwk;)rpy;th; g[nuhikL rpy;th; + g[nuhkpd; btsph;k";ry; (rhk;gy; epwk;) (jdpkk;) (jdpkk;)

,Jtiu 118 jdpkk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd ,jpy; 92 ,aw;if jdpkk; 26 braw;if jdpkk;

,Jtiu 112 jdpk';fSf;F IUPAL mjpfhu g{h;tkhf FwpaPL btspapl;Ls;sJ/

g[tpapy; mjpf mstpy; cs;s jdpkk; Mf;rp$d; mjw;F mLj;J rpypf;fhd; mike;Js;sJ/

kdpj clypd; epiw Vwj;jhH 99% 6 jdpk';fshy; MdJ (Mf;*p$d;. fhh;gd;. &l;u$d;. iel;u$d;. fhy;rpak;. gh*;gu*;)

ek; clk;gpy; 65% Mf;*p$d; fhh;gd; 18% &l;u$d; 10% iel;u$d; 3%

fhy;rpak; 2% cs;sJ/ mz;lk;. kw;Wk; tpz;kPd;fspy; cs;s jdpkk; i&l;u$d;. &%ypak;/ miw btg;gepiyapy; ePh;kkhf cs;s jdpkk; bkh;Fhp. g[nuhkpd; 300L

btg;gepiyapy; ePh;kkhf cs;sJ rPrpak; (k) fhypak; tha[ epiyapy; cs;s jdpkk; Mf;*p$d;. Fnshhpd;. g[Ahpd;. &Pypak;.

epahd;. Mh;fhd;. fphpg;lhd;. nulhd;. bfshd;/ jpz;k epiyapy; cs;s jdpkk; fhg;gh;. fhh;gd;. nfhy;L/ jdpkk; mjd; gz;g[ mog;gilapy; 72 jdpkk; cnyhfkhft[k; 16 to 17 tiu

cs;s jdpkk; mnyhfkhfk;/ cnyhfk; nghypfs; nghuhd;. rpypf;fhd;. b$h;khdpak; g[tpapy; 20% fhw;W mnkhrhd; fhw;wpy; fpilf;fpwJ xU mt[d;*; (njf;fuz;o) j';fj;jpy; 80KM (50iky;fs;) tiu fk;gpahf

ePl;lyhk;/ ek; clk;gpy; 9000 bgd;rpy; ik epug;g[k; mst[ fhh;gd; cs;sJ/ ituj;jhy; btl;lKoahjg; bghUis b$dhd; |yk; btl;l Koa[k;/

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kdpjd; clk;gpy; 250 fpuhk; cg;g[ cs;sJ/ mjpf cUF epiy bfhz;l cnyhfk; l';*;ld; 34100L gY}d;fspy; epug;gg;gLk; tha[ &Pypak; xspUk; tpsf;fpy; cs;s tha[ Kr (fphpg;lhd;) tpsk;gu xsp tpsf;Ffspy; gad;gLk; tha[ epahd;/ l';*;ld; tpsf;fpy; cs;s tha[ iel;u$d; mz;lj;jpy; cs;s tha[ &l;u$d; mjpf xspuf;Toa tpsf;Ffspy; cs;s tha[ xl gw;fis typikahf gad;gLj;Jk; tha[ g[Ahpd; ePr;ry; Fsk; Rj;jkhf itf;f cjt[k; tha[ cl (Fnshhpd;) fjphpaf;f jd;ika[s;s tha[ Tre g[tpapd; tsp kz;lyj;jpy; 21% cs;s tha[ Mf;*p$d; My;bfkp*;od; fhyj;jpy; gy;ntW bghUl;fs; tiuglj;jpy; cs;sJ

mit

jdpk';fspd; bgah;fis tiuglk; |yk; 1808k; Mz;L $hd; lhy;ld; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;

jdpk';fis M';fpy vGj;Jf;fspd; |yk; Fwpg;gpl;lth; 1813y; $hd; n$fg; bgh;rpypa*;

jdpkk; FwpaPLnghuhd; Bfhh;gd; Cg[Ahpd; F

i&l;u$d; Hiel;u$d; NMf;*p$d; Ogh*;gu*; P

23

ePh;Md;okdpMh;rdpf;

f;;epf;fy;

i&l;u$d;.

Mf;*p$d;.iel;u$d;.

,Uk;g[fhg;gh;.

bkh;Fhp.fhg;gh;.

BUDDHAN -- SATTUR

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ry;gh; Sbtndoak; Va[nudpak; UmYkpdpak; Alnghpak; Babgh;ypak; Begp*;kj; Big[nuhkpd; Brnfhghy;l; Cofhypak; Ga&Pypak; Heypj;;jpak; Lepahd; Ne

rpypf;fhd; SiMh;fhd; Armh;rdpf; AsFnshhpd; ClFnuhkpak; Crfhy;rpak; Cafhl;kpak; Cd

bkf;dPrpak; Mgkh';fdPR Ma

bgah; FwpaPL bgah; cUthd tpjk;mbkh;rpak; AM mbkhpf;fh ehLa[nuhgpak; EU Inuhg;gh ehLnehgpypak; NO My;gpul; nehgy; fz;L mwpe;jhh;mnahod; I Cjh epwk;bkh;Fhp Hg ghjurk; flt[spd; bgah;

g[Al;nlhdpak; Pu g[Al;nlh (nfhs;)beg;oa{dpak; NP beg;oa{d; (nfhs;)a[nudpak; U nfhs;

jdpk';fs; |yf;TW ,uz;L tifahd Kyf;TW

Cl2

N2

|d;W tif |yf;TWO3

ePhpd; epiw tpfpjk; 8~ 1 ePhpd; gUkistpy; 1~1 (Mf;*p$d;. &l;u$d;)

jdpkk; + jdpkk; = nrh;kk;

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iel;u$d; + i&l;u$d; = mnkhdpahfhh;gd; + Mf;*p$d; = fhh;gd; - il - Mf;i*Li&l;u$d; + Mf;*p$d; = ePh;

ry;giu NL bra;a[k; nghJ ePy epwj;Jld; vhpa[k;/ ry;gh; (jdpkk;) + Mf;*p$d; (jdpkk;) = ry;gh; il Mf;i*L (nrh;kk;) mYkpdpak; + mnahod;= mYkpdpa mnahilL nrh;kk; jUk;/ ,Uk;g[ ry;igl;oy; ,Uk;g[ kw;Wk; ry;gh; 7 ~ 4 tpfpj;jpy; cs;sd/ xU nrh;kj;jpy; cs;s gFjp bghUis ,aw;gpay; (Kiwg;go gphpf;f

KoahJ)/ nrh;kk; vd;gJ xU goj;jhit ghiw. jhJ cg;g[f;fs; nghd;w capuw;w |y';fspy; bgwg;gLk; nrh;kk; fdpk

nrh;kk; MFk;/ v/fh/bkGF. vz;bza;. rh;f;fiu rh;f;fiu btg;gg;gLj;Jk; nghJ gGg;g[ epwkhf khWk;/ ,J rpijt[w;W fhh;d;

kw;Wk; ePh; cUthf;Ffpd;wd/ lhy;f; vd;gJ Kfg;g{r;RJ}s; ePh; ciwa[k; nghJ 10% mjpfkhFk;/ gpsh*;of; rpijt[w 50.000 Mz;L MFk;/ fz;zhoia fiuf;f 0 H.F (&l;nuh g[Sh;f; mkpyk;)/

bghJ bgah; ntjpbgah; gFjp bghUs; ePh; ePh; &l;u$d;. Mf;*p$d;rhjhuz cg;g[ nrhoak; FnshiuL nrhoak; Fnshhpd;rh;f;fiu Rf;nuh*; fhh;gd;. i&l;u$d;. Mf;*p$d;buhl;o nrhlh nrhoak; ig fhh;gndl; nrhoak;. i&l;u$d; fhh;gd;.

Mf;*p$d;ryit nrhlh nrhoak; fhh;gndl; nrhoak;. fhh;gd;. Mf;*p$d;ryit J}s; fhy;rpak; Mf;*p

FnshiuLfhy;rpak;. Mf;*p$d; Fnshhpd;/

Rl;l Rz;zhk;g[ fhy;rpak; Mf;i*L fhy;rpak;. Mf;*p$d;ePw;wpa Rz;zhk;g[fhy;rpak; i&l;uhf;i*L fhy;rpak;. i&l;u$d;. Mf;*p$d;Rz;zhk;g[ fy; fhy;rpak; fhh;gndl; fhy;rpak;. fhh;gd;. Mf;*p$d;

mZtpd; mst[ 10-10 m (or) 1Ao

fpnuf;f bkhHpfspy; mZ vd;gJ gphpf;f Koahjit/ gUg;bghUs; vd;gJ mZf;fshy; Mdhit vd;wth; blkhfphpoa*;/ bghUz;ik mHpah tpjp brhd;dth; yhthrpah; ntjpay; khw;wj;jpd; |yk; epiwia Mf;fnth. mHpf;fnth KoahJ vd;wth;

ythrpah;/ khwh tpfpj tpjp g;bus*;l; brhd;dhh;/ ,th; xU fha ntjp nrh;kk; ve;j

Kiwfspy; jahhpj;jhYk; khwhj epiw tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;/ Mf;*p$d; mZ epiw 2~ 16 (or) 1~ 8 vjph; kpd;tha; nfj;njhL neh; kpd;tha; MndhL fz;Zf;F g[ydhfhj fjph; $';ry;igL

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vyf;l;uhid. Inrhnlhg;gpid. fz;lth;/n$/nf/jhk;*d; Mthh;/ g[nuhl;lhd; (vjph;kpd;Rik) fz;lth; nfhy;*;Od; jhk;rd; Kd;bkhHpe;j mZ khjphp jh;g{rzpg; gHj;ij Xj;jpUe;jJ mjpy;

cs;s neh;kpd;Rik rptg;g[ nfhskhFk;/ jhk;rd; mZ khjphpia cyh;jpuhl;ir g[l;o'; khjphp my;yJ xG';fhd khjphp

MFk;/ LPG vd;gJ ePh;kkhf;fg;gl;l bgl;nuhypa tha[ 1774k; Mz;oy; ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; epyf;fhp njhz;o vLf;fg;gl;lJ/ epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah |d;whk; ,lk; epyf;fhp 2/3 ghfk; mbkhpf;fh. rPdhtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ ypf;idl; (gGg;g[ epyf;fhp) 25 Kjy; 35% fhh;gd; cs;sJ/ gpl;kd; epyf;fhp (bkd; epyf;fhp) 46 Kjy; 86%fhh;gd; cs;sJ/ fod epyf;fhp Me;juirl; mjpf btg;g Mw;wy; fpilf;Fk;/ epyf;fhp tha[ rikay; vhpthahf gad;gLfpwJ/ Jfs; fhh;gd;. kpd;fy';fspy; gad;gLk; kpd;tha; fy;fwp vhpbghUs;. v\F jahhpj;jypy; Fiwg;ghdhf gad;gLfpwJ/ fhpj;jhh;. befpHp. tz;zj;Jg;g{r;rp. ehg;jypd; cUz;il kw;Wk; btobghUs;

jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ/ 1859k; Mz;L mbkhpf;fhtpy; bgdprpy;ntzpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy;

bgl;nuhypak; vLf;fg;gl;lJ/ 1867k; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpy; m*;*hkpy; kf;Fk; vd;w gFjpfspy;

fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;lJ/ (bgl;nuhypak;) bgl;nuhypak; (frL vz;bza;) vd;gJ fUik epw vz;bza; MFk;/ gpl;bkd; rhiyg; bgapz;l; mof;f gad;gLfpwJ/ bgl;nuhypak; fUg;g[ j';fk; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ 2050 Mz;oy; bgl;nuhypak; KGtJkhf jPh;e;J tpLk;/ ,aw;if tha[tpy; 90%kPj;njd; cs;sJ jphpguh. ,uh$*;jhd;. kfhuh=;ouh. (k) Me;jpuh gpunjrk; (nfhjhthp.

fpU=;zh). TN fhnthp ,aw;if tha[ fzg;gLk; ,lkhFk;/ CNG vd;gJ mGj;jg;gl;l ,aw;if tha[ LNG ePh;kkhf;fg;gl;l ,aw;if tha[ CNL vd;gJ mjpf mjpf mGj;jj;jpy; nrfhpf;fg;gLk; ,aw;iftha[ ,J

Fiwe;j brytpy; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwj/ ,aw;if tha[thd epyf;fhp fpilf;Fk; fhyk; 148 Mz;Lk;. vz;bza; 40

Mz;L. ,aw;iftha[ 61 Mz;Lfs;/ gnahOry; jahhpf;fg;gLk; jhtu vz;bza; nrhahgPd;*;. Mkzf;F.

kf;fhnrhsk;. Nhpafhe;jp. gUj;jp. bey;ckp. ,ug;gh;bfhl;il/ TN y; fhw;whiyfs; cs;s ,lk; fyj;jhW. Muy;tha; bkhHp. gy;ylk;.

Fok';fyk;/ xU rpwe;j khw;W vhpbghU;s &l;u$d;

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gd;dhl;L myF Kiw SI 1971 mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ/ SI myFKiw 7 mog;gil myFfisa[k; 2/21 tHp mst[fis

cs;slf;fpaJ/ mog;gil mst[

t/vz; mst[ SI myF FiwaPL1/ ePsk; kPl;lh; M2/ epiw KG KG3/ fhyk; tpdho S4/ bttg;gepiy bfy;tpd; K5/ kpd;ndhl;lk; Mk;gpah; A6/ bghUspd; mst[ ngkhy; Mo1

7/ xspr;brwpt[ nfz;oyh cd

bfy;tpd; vd;gJ ePhpd; Kg;g[s;spapy; btg;g Maf;ftpaypd; btg;gepiyapy;

1/273.16 kdg;gFjpahFk;/ ePhpd; Kg;g[s;sp vd;gJ bjtpl;L ePuhtp. fha ePh;. cUFk; gzpfl;o |d;W

rkepiyapy; cs;s btg;gepiyahFk;/ ePhpd; ciwepiy bry;rparpy; 0 c MFk;/ ePhpd; |yf;TWfs; ,af;fj;jpnyna ,Uf;fpd;wd/ mJ -273 C jhd;

xa;t[ epiy milfpd;wd/ ,J jdhRHp btg;gepiy vdg;gLk;/ ,U Kotpy;yh ePsk; cila ,izflj;jpfspd; tHp xU kPl;lh; ePsj;jpy;

gha[k; rPuhd kpd;ndhl;lk; mt;tpU flj;jpfSf;fpilna 2x107 ePa{l;ld; tpiria Vw;gLj;jpdhy; mJ xU Mk;gpah; MFk;/

xU nkhy; vd;gJ 012 cs;s 0/012 fp/ep mst[s;s mZf;fs; (m) mazpfs; (m) |yf;TWfspd; msthFk;/

xU bkGF tj;jp vwpa[k; xsp brwpt[ xU nfz;oyht[f;F rkkhFk;/ jsnfhzj;jpd; myF nroad;. jpz;k nfhzj;jpd; myF *;nuoad;/ kpf ePz;l nfhs;fs; (k) tPz;kPd;fSf;F ,ilna cs;s bjhiyt[ msf;f

thdpiy myF MFk;/ xypapd; mstpid msg;gjw;F yhf;ujkpf; myF blrpgy; MFk;/ ePsj;jpd; myF

10 kp/kP – 1br/kP10 br/kP - 1blrp/kP10 bl/rp/kP - 1kP (100 br/kP)10 kP - 1 blfh/ kP10 blfh/kP - 1 b&/kP (100 kP)10 b&/kP - 1 fp/kP (1000 fP)gug;gpd; myF100 r/kp/kP - 1 r/br/kP100 r/kp/kP - 1 r/blrp/kP

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100 r/bl/rp/kP - 1 r/kP 100 kp/kP100 r/kP - 1r/blfh/kP 1 Vh;100 r/blfh/kP - 1 r/b&/kP 1 b&f;lh;100 r/b&/kP - 1 r/fp/kPjput gUkdpd; myF10 kpyp - 1 br/yp10 br/yp/ - 1 blrp/yp10 blrp/yp - 1 yp 1000 kp/yp1000 kp/yp - 1 blfh/ yp10 blfh yp - 1 b&/yp 100 yp10 b&/ yp - 1 fp/yp. 1000 yp

gUkdpd; myF100 f/kp/kP - 1 f/br/kP1000f/br/kP - 1 f/blrp/ kP1000 f/blrp/kP - 1 f/kP – 1000/000 f/br/kPepiwapd; myF10 kp/ep - 1 br/ep10 br/ep - 1 blrp/ep10 blrp/ep - 1 ep 1000 kp/ep10 ep - 1 blfh/ ep10 blfh/ ep - 1 b&/fp/ 100 fp10 b&/ep - 1fp[/ep/ 1000 ep1000 fp/ep - 1 bkfh/ ep 1 bkl;hpf; ld;

Irf; epa{l;ld; ,';fpyhe;J ehl;il rhh;e;jth; gh*;fy; xU FHe;ij jj;Jt"hdp. tpuhd;*; ehl;il rhh;e;jth;/ mGj;jj;jpd; rkd;ghL P =lndg ePhpd; mGg;gFjpfspy; mGj;jk; mjpfkhFk;/ ,jdhy; midfl;L mog;gFjpfs;

mGj;jk; mjpfk; fhuzkhf cWjpahft[k; fodkhft[k; fl;lg;gLfpwJ/ fly;kl;l mstpy; tspkz;ly mGj;jj;jpd; kjpg;g[ 1.00.000 ep/kP2 (or) 105 ep/kP2

tspkz;ly mGj;jj;ij mstpl gad;gLtJ ghukhdp ,jid fz;lth; lhhpbry;yp ,th; ,j;jhyp ehl;il rhh;e;jth;/

|lg;gLk; epiyapy; xU jputj;jpd; xU gFjpapy; bfhLf;fg;gLk; mGj;jkhdJ,jd; midj;J gFjpf;Fk; rkkhf flj;jg;gLfpwJ/ ,jid gh*;fy; fz;lhh;/

rpwpa ve;jpu';fs; cuha;it Fiwf;f vz;bza;. bghpa ve;jpu';fs; cuha;it Fiwf;f fphp*; gad;gLfpwJ/

cuha;it mjpfhpg;gJ – lah;fspy; fhzg;gLk; nfhL nfhlhd gs;sk;/ cuha;it Fiwg;gJ – rf;fu';fSk; cUz;il jh';fpfs; MFk;/ kpd;tha;fs; vd;gJ xU fiurypd; KH;fp itf;fg;gl:Ls;s kpd;ndhl;lj;ij

brYj;jg;gad;gLk; ,uz;L jfLfSk; kpd;tha;fs; vdg;gLk;/ kpd;ndhl;lj;ij flj;Jk; xU fiury; (m) cUfpa epiyapy; cs;s xU

bghUis kps;gFsp vdg;gLk;/

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xU kpd;gFsp fiurypd; tHpna kpd;ndhl;lk; brYj;Jk; nghJ kpd;ggFsp fiury; madpfshf khWfpd;wd/ ,J kd;dhw;gFg;g[ vdg;gLk;/

thdpy; kpd;dy; bts;sp nfhlhf njhd;WtJ xU kpd;bghwpna MFk;/ neh;kpd;ndhl;lk; fz;zhoj;jz;L gl;Lj;Jzpapy; nja;f;fg;gLk; nghJ

bgWtJ/ vjph; kpd;ndh;lk; - gpsh*;of; jz;L fk;gsp Jzpapy; nja;f;Fk; nghJ

bgWtJ/ btg;gk; xU ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J kw;bwhU ,lj;jpw;F btg;g fjph;tPry; Kiw |yk;

milfpd;wd/ j';fk; kpd;Kyhk; g{Rk; j';fk; neh;kpd;tha; bts;sp vjph; kpd;tha; kpd;gFsp

j';fFnshiuL/ bts;sp kpd; |yhk; g{Rk; nghJ bts;sp neh;kpd; tha;. ,Uk;g[ vjph;kpd;tha;.

bts;spiel;nul kpd;gFzpahFk;/ Jj;jehfk; ($p';) kpd; |yhk; g{Rk; nghJ Jj;jehfk; neh;kpd;tha;.

,Uk;g[ vjph;kpd; tha; Jj;jehfry;ngl; kpd; gFspahFk;/ xsp neh;nfhl;oy; bry;Yk; xsp bry;Yk; ghij fjph; MFk;/ vjpbuhypg;go fjpUf;Fk; gLg[s;spapy; tiuag;gl;l Fj;J nfhl;ow;Fk; ,ilna

cs;s nfhzk; vjpbuhypg;g[ nfhzkhFk;/ bghp*;nfhg;. fylh*; nfhg;. gd;Fkf vjpbuhypg;g[ jhd; eilbgWfpwJ/ epwkhiyia fz;lth; Irf; epa{l;ld; bts;bshsp xd;W Kg;gl;lfk; tHpna bry;Yk; nghJ mjd; 7 epw';fshf

gphpa[k; epfH;t[ epwg;gphpif MFk;/ fz;zhy; fhzf;To kPr;rpw;wst[ bjhiy 25cm MFk;/ ituk; kpd;Dtjw;F fhuzk; KG mf vjpbuhypg;ghFk;/ xyp jputj;ij tpl jplg;bghUspy; ntfkhf gut[k;/ Mz;Fuy; ehz; ePsk; 20 kp/kP bgz/ 15 kp/kP MFk;/ kdpjd; brtp |d;W ghfk; cilaJ/ tjph;btz; myF b&l;*;. miyt[fhyk; myF beho tPr;rpd; myF kPl;lh;/ xypapd; Kf;fpa gz;g[ mjph;btz;. tPr;R MFk;/ kdpjd; brtpahy; 20 to 20,000 b&l;u*; tiu nfl;f Koa[k;

9k; tFg;g[ mwptpay;czt[g;bghUs; Cl;lr;rj;J

1) jhdpa';fs; fhh;nghi*l;nul;2) gUg;g[ tiffs; g[ujk;3) ,iwr;rp. Kl;il. kPd; bfhGg;g[. g[ujk;4) gHk; (k) fha;fwp. gryf;fPiu

Kl;ilnfhR nghd;w gr;ir jhJ cg;g[ kw;Wk; itl;lkpd;fs;fha;fwpfshy;

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mjpf kfNiy bgw g[jpauf jhtuk; mwpKfk;. rpwe;j tptrha Kiwia gpd;gw;Wjy; MFk;/

jhtu';fspd; tsh;r;rp (k) ,dbgUf;fj;jpw;F 16 jdpkk; ,d;wpaikahjjhf cs;sd/

bgUk; Cl;lj; jdpkk; nkf;nuh Cl;lj;jdpkk; vd;Wk;. rpWk Cl;lj;jdpkk; (Ez; Cl;lj; jdpkk;) ikf;nuh Cl;lj; jdpkk; vdg;gLk;/

jhtu';fspd; tsh;r;rpapy; mjpfk; gad;gLk; jdpkk; nkf;nuh jdpkk; jhtu tpy';F fHpt[ bghUs; rpijj;J cUthdJ fdpkg;bghUshFk; ,J

,aw;if cukhFk;/ bgUk; Cl;lj;jdpkj;jpy;

fhh;gd; iel;u$d; i&l;u$d; gh*;gu*; Mf;*p$d; fe;jfk; bghl;lhrpak; fhy;rpak; bkf;zrpak; ,Uk;g[

jhtu tsh;r;rpf;F Fiwe;j mst[ njitg;gLk; jzpkk; Ez; Cl;lj;jdpkkhFk; mit/

kh';fdPR khypgodk; Jj;jehfk; nghuhd; jhkpuk;

kl;fpa cuk; vd;gJ bjhGtuk; (m) fhk;ngh*;l; kz;g[G cuk; bth;kpfhk;ngh*;l; MFk; jhtu (k) tpy';Ff; fHpt[fis kz;g[Gtpid bfhz;L tpiuthf

rpijj;J cz;lhf;Fk; cuk;1) ,aw;if cuk; (m) bjhGcuk;2) kz;g[G cuk; (m) kz;g[G ,aw;if cuk;

gRe;jhs; cuk; vd;gJ rzg;ig (m) bfhj;jtiu jhtu';fs; tsh;j;J kz;zpy; cHt[ bra;ag;gLfpd;wd/gad; ~ kz;zpy; iel;u$d; gh*;gu*; tsj;ij mjpfhpf;fpwJ/

braw;if cu';fspy; cs;sJ gh*;gu*;. bghl;;lhrpak;. iel;u$d;/ braw;if cuk; v/fh

1) iel;u$d; cuk; a{hpah. mnkhdpak; ry;ngl;. mnkhdpak; iel;nul;

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2) gh*;gu*; cuk; (fdpr;rj;J) jdp Ng;gh; gh*;ngl;. ohpg;gps; Ng;gh; gh*;ngl;

3) bghl;lhrpak; cuk; (rhk;gy; rj;J) bghl;lhrPak; iel;nul;. bghl;lhrpak; gh*;ngl;

4) fyg;g[ cuk; iel;nuh gh*;ngl;. mnikhdpah gh*;ngl;. il mnkhdpak; gh*;ngl;/

,aw;if cuk; braw;if cuk;

1) fhpkg;bghUs; MFk; fdpkg;bghU;s2) tay;fspy; jahhpf;fg;gLk; bjhHpw;rhiy3) kz;zpw;F mjpf mst[ kl;fpid kz;zpw;F kl;L nrh;g;gjpy;iy

nrh;j;J kz;zpd; jd;ikia nkk;gLj;JfpwJ/

4) ePhpy; Fiwe;j msnt fiuthy; ePhpy; mjpfk; fiua[k; vspjpy; cwp";RtJ ,y;iy jdpik bfhz;lJ.

vspjpy; cwp":Rk;/ jP';Faphp jhf;fp kfNy; ghjpg;g[ miltjd; njrpa bghUshjuk; ghjpg;ig

milfpd;wd/ jP';Faphpf; bfhy;yp tif

1) g{r;rp 2) g{";ir3) fidf;4) vypf;

cghp cu';fs; vd;gd ghf;Ohpa epyg;gRk; ghrp (randhghf;Ohpah) (k) g{";ir

bghJthd caphp cu';fshd iunrhgpak; randhghf;Ohpa';fshd mdgPdh (k) eh*;lhf;

g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp vd;gJ D.D.T (ilFnshnuh ilgPidy; l;iuFnshnuh kPj;njd;). khyj;jpahd; nghd;wit g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypahFk;/

g{";ir bfhy;ypf;F v/fh/nghh;lhf;*; fyit fisf;bfhy;yp v/fh/ 2.4 –D(2,4- ilFnshnuh gpdhf;*pf; mrpl;of;

mkpyk;)/ vyp. mzpfis bfhy;y vypf;bfhy;yp gad;gLfpwJ/ v/fh/Jj;jehfk;

gh*;ngl;. mh;rdpf; jhtu';fspd; vy;yh ghf';fisa[k; jhf;ff;Toa jP';Faphpfs; g{r;rp

,dkhFk;/ ,J |d;W tifg;gLk;/1) bky;yp g{r;rp ~

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jz;L. ,iy nth; gFjpfis foj;J bky;Yk; jd;ik bfhz;litv/fh/fk;gspg{r;rp. btl;Lf;fpsp kz;zpy; g{r;rp bfhy;yp fy;ggjhy; nth;jhf;Fk; g{r;rpfis mHpf;fyhk; - Fnshnuhdghpgh*;

2) cwp";Rk; g{r;rp ~jhtuj;jpd; bry;rhw;wpid cwp";Rfpd;wdv/fh/,iyj;jj;Jg; g{r;rp bfhy;yp J}t[jy;. bjspj;jy; |yk; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk; v/fh/khyj;jpahd;. ypz;nld;. ijnahlhd;

3) Jisf;Fk; g{r;rp ~jhtu';fis Jisj;J jhtu jpRit czthf cl;bfhs;fpd;wdv/fh/fUk;g[ Jisg;ghd;g{r;rp bfhy;;ypfis jhf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; bjspg;gjd; |yk; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk; - ilkPj;njhnal;. bkl;lhr*;lhf;*;

tpijfs; |yk; bey;ypfspapy; ,isg[s;sp njhd;WfpwJ. nfhJikapy; fUk;g[s;sp neha;/

kz; |yk; epyf;fliyapy; ,isg[s;sp neha;. (of;fh neha; njhd;Wfpd;wd/

fhw;wpd; |yk; bey;ypy; btg;g[ neha;. nfhJikapy; JU neha; Vw;gLfpwJ/ ePh; Kyk; bey;ypy; ghf;Ohpah thly; neha; Vw;gLfpwJ/ btsp fyg;g[ ,dbgUf;fj;jpw;F v/f/brg{ tpy';fpdg; bghUs; bfhGg;g[ g[ujk; rh;f;fiu jdpkk; ePh;

ghy; 3/60 4/00 4/50 0/70 87/20Kl;il 12 13 0/70 74khkprk; 3/60 21/10 1/10 74/20kPd; 2/50 19 1/30 77/20

fhy;rpak; vYk;g[ fl;Lkhdk; guhkhpg;gpy; gad;gLfpwJ/ itl;lkpd; D fhy;rpak; tsh;rpij khw;wk; J}z;Ljy;/ g[ujk; jirfs; fl;Lkhdk; rPh; bra;jy;/ ,uj;j mGj;jj;ij guhkhpg;gJ bghl;lrpak; bry;fspd; tsh;r;rpij khw;wj;jpy; B2 gad;gLfpwJ behjpfspd; bray;ghLfspy; B4. ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fspd; |jph;r;rpf;F B12 gad;gLfpwJ/ njrpa ghy;ts tsh;r;rp fHfj;ij Jt';fpath;. btz;ikg;g[ul;rpapd;

(Operation Flood) je;ij bth;fp*; Fhpad; (V/Fhpad;) ,e;jpa ,df; nfhHpfs;. mjpy; rpl;lh';. fuf;ehj; g*;uh Mrpa ,d nfhHpfs; g;uk;kh(k) yh';t[d; may;ehl;L ,d nfhHpfs;. g;isbkdj;. uhf;byf;&hd;. nuhl; ma;yhz;L.

g;shf; kpdhh;f;fh cyfpy; mjpfk; Kl;ilfis bfhLf;Fk; nfhHp bts;is by&hd;/ nfhHp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah 5tJ ,lk; cs;sJ/ fyg;gpd nfhHp tif 44-260. IBL 80, B.77 IIs-82 nghd;wit/ Kl;ilfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhtjh bts;is g[ul;rpahFk;/

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Kl;ilapy; cs;s rj;J gh*;gu*;. nrhoak;. Rz;zhk;g[ VitB1, B12, D Kjypad

gwitfSf;F jahhpf;Fk; czt[ fyg;g[zthFk;/ Jj;jehfk;. ,Uk;g[. brk;g[. mnahod;. bkf;dprpak;. brypdpak; jhJ cs;sd/

gwit jhf;Fk; neha; nfhHpfhyuh. nfhHp mk;ik Fsph;fha;r;ry;.

T.B.g{r;rpfspd; jhf;Fjy; TNy; nfhHp gz;izfs; cs;s ,lk; ehkf;fy;. gy;ylk;. brd;id/ bkhj;j kPd; cw;gj;jpapy; cyf mstpy ,e;jpah 10tJ ,lk;/ ePh; caphp tsh;g;gpy; bjd;fpHf;F Mrpahtpy; 2tJ ,lk; ,e;jpah kPd; bjhHpw;rhiyapd; g';F Mz;ow;F 400 nfho Qgha; ,e;jpahtpy; kPd; Cl;lg;bghUspd; rj;Jf;fs;

1) gpahl;od;2) epahrpd;3) itl;lkpd; B12

4) itl;lkpd; B6

5) itl;lkpd; D

gh*;gu*;. bghl;lhrpak;. ,Uk;g[ nghd;w jhJ cg;g[f;fSk; cs;sJ/

Mz; njdP ,dbgUf;fj;jpy; kl;Lk; gad;gLk;. ntiyf;fhu njdP (kyl;Lj;njdp) ,uhzp njdPia ftdpj;jy;. njd; nrfhpj;jy;. TLf;fl;Ljy;. ghJfhj;jy; gzpahFk;/

cs;ehl;L njdP ,dk;1) Vgp*; ,z;ofh - ,e;jpa njdP2) Vgp*; lhh;nrl;lh – ghiwj; njdP3) Vgp*: g[nshhpah – Fl;oj; njdP

may;ehl;Lj; njdP1) Vgp*: bkypg;uh - ,j;jhypa njdP2) Vgp*; Mk;nrhdp – bjd; Mg;gphpf;fh

1 Kg njd; 3200 fnyhhp rf;jpia jUk;/ njdPf;fspd; bra;jp ghpkhw;wj;ij eld mirt[fspd; |yk; tpsf;fpajhy;

nehgy; ghpR bgw;wth; fhh;y; thd; gpu=; njdPf;fs; bra;jp ghpkhwp bfhs;s eldk; MLfpd;wd/

1) g{e;njd; 100 kP tistpw;Fs; ,Ug;gij tl;l eldk; |yk; Vw;gLj;Jk; ,J NhpaDf;F ve;j jpirfspy; cs;sJ vd;gij Fwpf;Fk;/

2) mirt[ eldk; ePz;l bjhiytpy; cs;sij Fwpf;Fk;/ jhdpa';fis nrkpj;J itj;jy; FCI braw;if tpe;jhl;lj;jpy; ciua itf;fg;gl;l tpe;J gad;gLfpwJ/ vj;jpy; My;&h(or) vj;jdhy; C2H5OH

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bjd; mbkhpf;fhtpy; My;f&hf;fy; thfd';fSf;F vhpg;bghUshf gad;gLfpwJ/ ,J th;z g{r;rpw;Fk;. (k) thh;dp*;fSf;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ/

g[ifapiy rpfbul;oy; fhh;gd; (k) epf;nfhl;od; vd;w er;Rg;bghUs; cs;sJ/

fhh;gd;. epf;nfhl;od; nghd;wit ,uj;j FHhapd; cl;g[wj;ij FWf;fk; mila bra;J gpshF vd;w bghUs; cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd/ ,J ,jaj;jpw;FMf;*p$ida[k;. ,uj;jj;ija[k; jir bra;J khuilg;g[ Vw;gLj;Jk;/

g[ifg;gjhy; Rthrg;gFjpfspy; nky;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; rpypahit nrjg;gLj;Jfpd;wd/

g[w;Wneha;f;F fhuzkhd ntjpg;bghUs; g[ifapiyapy; 60f;F nky; cs;sd/

bgd; gpifgpog;gjhy; <*;l;nuh$d; vd;w &hh;nkhid ghjpf;Fk;/ nghij bghUs; jLg;g[ jpdk; $%d; 26/ njhy; |d;W tifg;gLk;/ 1) mfj;njhy;. 2) g[wj;njhy;. 3) eLnjhy; g[wj;njhypy; bkyndhirl;Lfs; njhypd; epwj;jpw;F fhuzkhfpd;wd/ cnuhkj;ij mirtjw;F muf;l;lhh; igiy vd;w jir gad;gLfpwJ/ njhiy kpUJthft[k;. gsg;ghft[k; itf;f cjt[tJ vz;bza; Rug;gp

rPgk; MFk;/ njhypd; mog;gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLtJ mfj;njhy; ,J mog;ngh*;

jpRf;fhsy; epug;gl;L fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ njhy; ,uj;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpah;itia gpsf;fpwJ kdpjd; clypy; 700 to 800 tij jir fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ Nhpa xypapy; ,Ue;J kdpjid fhg;ghw;W epwkp bkydhd; vd;w

epwkpahFk;/ bgz;fspd; epwj;njhw;wk; moj;jsr; rt;tpy; fhzg;gLk; bkyndhirl;

vd;w mLf;Ffshy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ/ tpy';Ffspy; eilbgWk; ,lg;bgah;r;rp

1) mkPgh - nghypfhy;2) ghukPrpak; - FW ,iH (rpypah)3) a{f;spdh - ePspiH (gpshb$y;yh)4) kz;g[G - cly;rPl;lh5) el;rj;jpu kPd; - FHha; fhy;6) kPd;fs; - jLg;g[fs;7) btsthy; - bgl;lh*Pak;

xU rJu C.M gug;gst[ cs;s jir 3/5fp/fp vil jh';fty;yJ/ ghh;j;jy;. mjph;r;rp miljy;. g[d;difj;jy; nghd;w braYf;F 30

jir ,a';Ffpd;wd/ |r;R tpLjYf;F ehd;F jir cs;sd/ cl;Rthrk; *:nrypd; btsp tpyh vYk;g[ ,ilj; jirfshy; epfGk;/ cs; tpyh vYk;g[ ,iljirfSk;. khh;g[ jirfs; btspr; Rthr

jirfshFk;/

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|r;RtpLtjw;F cjutpjhdk; gad;gLk; ,J jirehh; bry;yhy; MdJ/ ,J khh;g[. tapw;iw ,uz;lhf gphpf;fpwJ/

kpd;rhuk; jir mirtpid J}z;Lk; vd;W Twpath; ,j;jhyp ehl;il nrh;e;j Y}$; fhy;thdp/

gpd;fhy; jir (fh\g; jir) fZf;fhYf;Fk; KH';fhYk; ,ilapy; fhypd;gpd;g[wj;jpy; cs;sJ/

Kj;jiyj;jir *l;iu brg;*;) nky;ifapd; Kd;gFjp KJFjir (yhl;o*;k*; lhh;ir) KJfpd; gpd;g[wk; mfd;w jir khh;g[ jir (bgf;nuhy;fs;) khh;gpy; cs;sJ njhs;jir (bly;lhapLfs;) njhs;gl;ilfspy; cs;sJ/ KJF. fGj;Jjir (oug;gPrpa*;) KJF nky;g[wk; fGj;jpd; ,U g[wKk;

cs;sJ/ kz;ilnahL 22 vYk;g[fshy; MdJ. ,jpy; jiy vYk;g[ 8. Kf

vYk;g[ 14 MFk;/ vy;yh tpy';Fk; fPH; jhilia mirf;fToaJ Kjiy kl;Lk;

nky;jhilia mirf;fToajhFk;/ jiy vYk;g[fs; 8k; jl;ilahd vYk;g[ jl;ilahd vYk;g[ mirah

|l;odhy; MdJ/ khh;g[ TL 12 ,ia tpyh vYk;ghy; MdJ ,J khh;g[ Ks;

vYk;g[ld; ,ize;Js;sd/ khh;gpy; cs;s 11. 12tJ ,iz tpyh vYk;g[ kpjf;fk; tpyh

vYk;g[ MFk;/ Ks;bsYk;g[ tise;J ,ize;J 5 tot KJbfYk;ig cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd/ ek; clk;gpy; 33 Ks;bsYk;g[fis bfhz;Ls;sJ KJbfYk;g[ 26 vYk;g[fshy; MdJ/ nkw;if vYk;g[ v';F bghUe;jp cs;sJ fpspdha;L FHp

(ifvYk;g[ bghUe;Jk; FHp) cs;sJ/ kzpfl;L vl;L rpwpa vYk;g[fis cilaJ/ fl;il tpuy;fshy; ,uz;L

tpuy; vYk;g[k;. kw;w tpuy;fshy; 3 tpuy; vYk;g[k; fhzg;gLk;/ ,Lg;g[ tisaj;jpy; cs;s fd;z FHp mrpl;lhg[yk; ,J fhy;

,iza[k; ,lkhFk;/ ,Lg;g[ vYk;g[ rhf;uk; vDk; jpUbtWk;ghYk; Xhpiz fhf;nr vd;w

,Lg;g[ vYk;ghy; MdJ/ ePz;l fdj;j vYk;g[ bjhil vYk;g[ gPkh; fZf;fhy; 7 vYk;ghy; MdJ Kd;fhy; vYk;g[. btspvYk;g[fSld;

fZf;fhy; lhy*; vd;Dk; gFjpahy; ,ize;Js;sd/ bry; cs;ns brhpj;jy; mkPghtpy; eilbgWk; bry; btspna brhpj;jy; kdpjdpy; eilbgWk; vYk;g[fs; mw;w clyk; igyk; (m) bky;Ylyp vdg;gLk;/ kdpjdpy; 206 vYk;g[ cs;s

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mr;R rl;lj;jpy; 80 vYk;g[k;,izWg;g[r; rl;lj;jpy; 126 vYk;g[k;jiy vYk;g[ - 26k;KJfpy; - 26khh;gpy; - 251 &aha;L vYk;g[k; cs;sd/

kdpjd; czt[g; ghij 6 Kjy; 9 kPl;lh; ePsk; bfhz;lJ/ kdpjDy; 32 gw;fy; cs;sd/ xU jhilapy; 16 gw;fs; cs;sd/

btl;L gw;fy; - 4nfhiu gw;fy; - 2Kd;fltha; gw;fy; - 4gpd;fltha; gw;fy; - 6

filrp fltha; gw;fy; 20 tajpw;F nky; Kisf;fk; ,J "hdg;gw;fy; Mfk;/

ekJ clypy; kpft[k; fodkhd gFjp gw;fs; vdhky; MFk;/ thapy; 3 ckpH; ePh; Rug;gp fhzg;gLfpd;wd/

1) nky; mz;zr;Rug;gp2) fPH;jhilr; Rug;gp3) ehtor; Rug;gp

fhJf;F mUfpy; cs;s Rug;gpahd nky; mz;z Rug;gp kpf bghpa Rug;gpahFk;/

xG';fw;w totk; bfhz;l fPH:jhil Rug;gp jhil ,iza[k; ,lj;jpd; fPH;g[wj;jpy; cs;sJ/

kpfr;rpwpa Rug;gpahdJ ehto Rug;gpahFk;/ ,J ehf;fpd; moapy; cs;sJ/

bgz;Zf;F tP';fp vd;w itu*;dhy; ghjpf;fg;gLtJ nky;mz;zRug;gp/ xU ehisf;f kdpjdpy; Ruf;fk; ckpH; ePhpd; mst[ 1/5 ypl;lh; MFk;/ ckpH; ePhpy; cs;sJ/

1) laypd; (mkpny*;)2) ig fhh;gndl; cg;g[3) nfhiHa[k;4) iynrhnrhk; vd;w behjpa[k; cs;sJ/

bjhz;il gFjpfspy; 7 Jthuk; cs;sJ/ czt[FHy; 22cm ePsk; bfhz;lJ/ ,ug;ig 3 gFjpfis bfhz;lJ

1) fhh;oahf; ,ug;ig2) g;z;l;*; ,ug;ig3) ignyhu*; ,ug;ig

,ug;igapy; cs;s behjp1) bgg;rpd;2) budpd;3) Hcl

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,ug;igapy; Hcl mkpyk; cw;gj;jp bra;tJ Mf;*pd;of; bry;yhy; MdJ/ rpWFly; |d;W gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ/

1/ onahodk;2/ $^$Pdk;3/ ,ypak;

onahodk; ,J 22CM ePsk; bfhz;lJ/ ,g;gFjpapy; fy;yPuy; (k) fizak; czt[g; ghij ,izfpd;wd/

kdpjd; clypy; kpf bghpa Rug;gp fy;yPuyhFk;/ ,jd; vil 1500 fpuhk;/ fy;yPuy; gpj;j ePiu Ruf;fpd;wd/ ,J gr;ir fye;j k";rs; epw jputk;/ mjpf bfhGg;g[ fye;j czt[ cz;gjhy; gpj;jigapy; ke;ej fw;fy;

njhd;Wfpd;wd/ fizak; ~ 15 Kjy; 20cm ePsk; bfhz;lJ/ fiza ePh; Ruf;Fk;/

fizak; ,U gz;g[ Rug;gpahFk;/ 1/ ehsKs;s Rug;gpahFk;/ 2/ ehskpy;yh Rug;gpahFk;/

fizaj;jpd; nky; th';fh;fhd; jpl;L cs;sJ/ ,jpy; My;gh bry; FSf;nfhfhz;lk; gPl;lh bry; ,d;Rypd; Ruf;fpd;wd/

ehskpy;yh Rug;gpahf fizak; Rug;gJ 1/ ohpg;*pd;. 2/ ifnkhohpk;*pd;.3/ mikny*;. 4/ iyng*;. 5/ fhh;ghf;*p bgl;onl*:

rpWFlypy; Ruf;Fk; behjpfs; 1/ Rf;nuh*; 2/ khy;nlh*; 3/ yhf;nlh*;. 4/ iyg;ng*;/

rpWFlypy; 5y; 2 kl';F cs;sJ?/ $P$Pdk; ,J onahodj;jpy; bjhl';fp,ypaj;jpy; Koa[k;/

,ypak; ,J RUz;l tot FHyhFk;/ ,J rpWFlypy; 5y; 3 kl';F cs;sJ/ ,jpy; tpuy; nghd;W ePl;rpfs; cilaJ/ Fly; cwp";rpfs; MFk;/

bgU';Fly; 1/ ,ypaj;jpy; bjhl';fp jiyg[iH tiu cs;sJ/2/ 1/5 kP ePsk; cilaJ/

cld; braypy; vd;w caphpay; Jiwia cUthf;fpath; gpuhd;*; ehl;il rhh;e;j f;st[l; bgh;dhl;/

,th; kdpjd; clYf;F rf;jp jUtJ FSnfh*; vd;Wk; mJ fy;ypuypy; fpisnfhYdhf khw;wg;gLfpwJ vd;gij fz;lhh;/

gl;L g{r;rp Rthrpg;gjw;F EiuaPuy; ,y;iy ,it gf;fthl;L Jis |yk; tspkz;ly fhw;iw Rthrpfpd;wd vd;wth; khh;bry;nyh khy;gp$p ,j;jhyp ehl;il rhh;e;jth;/

ePh;thH; kPd;fs; (k) iel;u$d; ml';fpa fHpt[g; bghUis mnkhdpahthf btspna js;Sfpd;wd/

tsh;rpiu khw;w fHpt[fis a{hpahthf btsp js;StJ a{hpnahyp*k; v/fh ePh;. epy thH;tpfs; fly;ePh;. ed;dPh; Mik

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tsh;rpij khw;w fHptpid a{hpf;f mkpykhf btspnaw;WtJ a{hpf;nfhblyp*k; MFk;/

v/fh Ch;td (k) gwitfs;tpy';F fHpt[ ePf;f cWg;g[fs;

1) mkPgh RU';Fk; Ez;FkpH;2) kz;g[G beg;\g;hpoa';fy;3) ehlhg;g[G Rlh; bry;4) g{r;rp khy;gp$pad; FHy;5) ghYl;ofspy; rpWePufk;

- fHpt[ ePiu btspnaw;Wfpd;wd/ rpWePufk; nfg;rpa{y; vd;w ,iHfspdhy; rt;tpdhy; |lg;gl;Ls;sd/ rpWePufj;jpd; mog;gil myF beg;uhd; MFk;/ rpWePufj;jpy; 1 kpy;ypad;

Ez;zpa beg;uhd; mike;Js;sJ/ EiuaPuy; ,uj;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J Co2 fhpakpytha[ ePiu btspnaw;WfpwJ/ njhy; |yk; btspnaWk; tpah;itapy; a{hpah. a{hpf; mkpyk;. yhf;of;

mkpyk; cs;sJ/ ,uj;j mGj;jj;ij mog;gilahff; bfhz;L rpWePufk; ntiy

bra;fpwJ/ ,jaj;jhy; btspnaw;wg;gLk; ,uj;jj;jpy; 1/5 gFjp xt;bthU epkplKk;

rpWePufj;ij milfpwJ/ 1/250 ypl;lh; ,uj;jj;ijr; rpWePufk; bgWfpwJ/ tpy';Ffspy; cs;s ,jak;

1) kz;g[G - 8 ,iz gf;fthl;L ,jak;2) fug;ghd; g{r;rp - 13 ,jak;3) kPd;fs; - 2 ,jak;4) ePh; epy thH;td - 3 ,jak;5) Ch;td - 3 ,jak;6) gwg;gd - 4 ,jak;7) ghYl;ofs; - 4 ,jak;

kdpjd; ,jak; ,ul;il rt;tpdhy; MdJ/ mJ bghpfhh;oak; vd;Dk; ciwfshy; MdJ/

tyJ Mhpf;fps; tyJ btzphpf;fSf;F ,ilna cs;sJ |tpfH; thy;t[ ,lJ Mhpf;fps; ,lJ btzhpf;fSf;F ,ilna cs;s thy;t[ <hpjH;

thy;thFk;/ miure;jpu thy;t[ EiuaPuy; jkdp. kfhjkdp g[wg;gLk; ,lj;jpYk;

fhz;g;gLk;/ ,uj;jj;jpy; gpsh*;kh vd;w jputg;gFjpa[k; ,uj;j bry;fs; jplg;gFjpa[k;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ gpsh*;kh ,uj;jj;jpy; 55% fhzg;gLfpwJ gpsh*;kh fhujd;ik bfhz;l

btsph; k";ry; epw jputkhfk;/

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,uj;jj;jpy; 45% ,uj;j bry;fs; fhzg;gLk; k$;i$apy; cw;gj;jpahfp. kz;zPuy;. fy;yPuy; mHpf;fg;gLfpd;wd/

,uj;j bts;is miy 5 tifg;gLk;/1) nkhndhirl;2) ypk;nghirl;3) epa{l;nuh gpy;4) <*;ndh gpy;5) ngn*h gpy;

,uj;j bts;is mit vYk;g[fspd; k";ry; k$;i$apYk; epzePh; Kor;rpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/

,uj;j bts;is 4 thuk; thH;ehshFk;/ fug;ghd; g{r;rp ouhf;fpnahy; |yk; Rthrpf;fpd;wd/ fly; bts;sp kyf;Fly; |yk; Rthrpf;fpd;wd/ jtis njhy;. tha;tHp. EiuaPuy; |yk; Rthrpf;fpd;wd/ bjhz;ilapd; fPH;gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; FWj;bjYk;g[ tisaj;jpw;F

fhpdh vd;W bgah;/ EiuaPuy; g[Suh vd;w ciwahy; MdJ/ kdpj EiuaPuypy; 300f;F nky; fhw;W rpw;wiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/ EiuaPuy; epkplj;jpy; 12 Kjy; 15 tiu RU';fp tphpfpd;wd/ xU bry; caphpdk; fpshkpnlhnkhd*; MFk;/ xspr;nrh;f;if vd;w brhy;Yf;F xypapd; cjtpahy; cUthjy;

vdg;gLk;/ ,iyfspy; cs;s gRik epwkp Fnshnuhgpy; MFk;/ xspr;nrh;f;ifapy; gR';fzpfk; cztpid jahhpf;f njitahd

epwkpfis bfhz;Ls;sd/ xsptpid epwkpfs; Nhpa xsp Mw;wy;. ePh; Mfpatw;iw gad;gLj;jp ATP.

(mondh oiu gh*;ngl;) NADPH2 (epf;nfhoidL moidd; ilepa{f;spnah ilL gh*;ngl;) xLf;fk; mile;J cUthFk; tpid MFk;/

,Us; tpidapy; ATP (k) NADPH2 Mfpatw;wpd; cjtpahy; fhpakpytha[

(co2) fhh;ngh&l;nul;lhf xLf;fk; miltJ/ ePuhtp nghf;f |d;W tifg;gLk;

1) ,iyJis2) fpa{l;ofs;3) gl;il Jis

fhw;W Rthrk; ehd;F goepiyafspy; eilg;bgWfpwJ/1) fpisf;fhyp*p*;2) igUtpf; mkpyj;jpy;3) fpug; Raw;rp4) vyf;l;uhd; flj;jp r';fpyp

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fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; ghf;Ohpah. <*;l; eilbgWfpd;wd/ ,J czt[ KGikahf cUthf;Ftjpy;iy/

fpisf;fh*p*; vd;gJ fhw;W Rthrk; fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; ,uz;Lk; eilbgWk; gFjpahFk;/

Rthrpj;jisg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzp1) ePh;2) xsp3) Co2

4) btg;gepiy5) caph;tsp6) FSf;nfh*;

cyfpy; kpf caukhd kuk; brf;nfhah kukhFk;/ blhpnlhigl;Lfspy;. $pk;ndh*; bgh;k;';fspy; gpuf;fPLfs; kl;Lk; ePiu

flj;Jk;/ M";rpnah*; bghk;';fspy; gpuf;fPLfs; (k) iryf;FHha;fSk; ePiu

flj;Jk;/ xspjw;rhh;g[ caphpfSf;F v/f

1) gRk; fe;jf ghf;Ohpah2) Cjh fe;jf ghf;Ohpah3) midj;J gRe;jhtuKk;

ntjpjw;rhh;g[ caphpfSf;F vfhiel;nuh nkhd*;

gpwrhh;g[ Cl;Kiw ~1) kl;Fz;zp Cl;lKiw (k) rh'z;zp2) xl;Lz;zp tif Cl;lKiw

,we;j (m) capuw;w fhpk Tl;Lg; bghUspy; ,U cztpid bgWtJ kl;Fz;zp jhtukhFk;/

v/fh 1) kpa{f;fh;2) eha;Fil (g{";ir)3) ngrpy*; rg;oyp*; (ghf;Ohpah)4) khndhl;nuhgh (M";rpnah*;bgh;k;)

xl;Lz;zp jdf;F njitahd czit xk;gpapfsplk; bgWfpd;wd/ xl;Lz;zp xk;gpapfsplk; ,Ue;J cztpid bgw (cwp";Rtjw;F) rpy

rpwg;ghd mikg;gpid bgw;Ws;sd/ mjw;F &h*;nlhhpahf;fs; (cwp";rp)cWg;g[ vdg;gLfpd;wd/

Tl;Laphp czCl;lk; eilbgWtJ1) iyf;fd;fs;2) ikf;nfhiurh (k) iunrhgpak;

g[wj;J}z;lYf;F Vw;g xU jhtuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; tsh;r;rp (m) mirt[ jpir rhh;g[ vdg;gLk;/

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jhtuj;jpd; tsh;r;rp jir J}z;lipid nehf;fp ,Ue;jhy; mJ neh;jpirrhh;g[ MFk;/

jhtu ghfj;jpd; tsh;r;rp (m) mirt[ J}z;lypd; jpirapy; ,Ue;J tpyfp ,Ue;jhy; mJ vjph;rhh;g[ MFk;/

J}z;ly; rhh;g[ tifxsp Xsprhh; girt[

bfh';fy; mirt[fs; (Jirrhuh J}z;ly; mirt[)J}z;lypd; jpirf;Fk; Jy';fypd; jpirf;Fk; bjhlh;g[ ,y;yhj J}z;lYf;F Vw;whh; nghy; tisjy; bjh';fy; mir vdg;gLk;/

v/f/ iknkhrh g[ofh (bjhl;lhy; RU';fp) eLf;fKW tisjy; vd;gJ xU bghUis bjhLtjhy; Vw;gLk;

Jy';fSf;F Vw;g jhtu cWg;g[ jpir rhuhky; tistJ/ xypaW tisjy; xspapd; Jy';fspy; Vw;gLk; jhtuj;jpd; jpir rhuh

tisjy; epfH;r;rpv/f/ nld;lypahd;

,J fhiyapy; Nhpa xspapy; jpwe;Jk;. khiyapy; Nhpa xsp kiwa[k;nghJ |obfhy;Yk;/

tpy';Ffis mtw;wpd; xj;j jd;ik ntWghL Mfpatw;wpd; mog;gilapy;Kjd; Kjypy; tifg;gLj;jpath; ,jdhy; ,th; tifg;ghl;oaypd; je;ij mhp*;lhl;oy; Mthh;/

jw;fhy jhtu tifg;ghl;oay; je;ij fhuy; ypd;nda*; Mthh;/ clw;FHp mw;w tpy';FfSf;F v/fh ehlhg[G nghyp clw;FHp cilait v/fh cUisg[G cz;ikahd clw;FHp cilait v/fh kz;g[G Fsph; ,uj;j tps';Ffs;

1) jtis2) kPd;

KJbfYk;g[ mw;wit 9 bjhFjpfshf cs;sd/1) g[nuhl;nlhnrhth v/fh mkPgh2) Jisa[lyp v/fh flw;g";R3) FHplyp v/fh i&l;uh4) jl;il g[G v/fh ehlhg[G5) cUis g[G v/fh m*;fhhpf*;6) tis jir g[G v/fh kz;g[G7) fZf;fhypfs; v/fh fug;ghd; g{r;rp8) bky;Ylypfs; v/fh ej;ij9) el;rj;jpukPd; - Kl;njhypfs;

g[nuhl;nlhnrhthczt{l;lk; - tpy';FKiw. rh'z;zp. Yl;Lfs;gphptJ - ,Urkgpst[. gy gpst[ Kiw,dg;bgUf;fk; - ghy; ,dg;bgUf;fk;. ghypd ,dbgUf;fk;

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,lg;bgah;r;rp - bgha;fhy;. rpypah. ePspiH(gpshb$y;yh),J xU bry; tpy';fhFk;

Jisa[ypfs; efUk; jpwd; mw;wJ ghiw. ej;ij cl;oy; cl;o epiyj;J thGk;. ,J

gy bry;fshy; MdJ/ gy Jis cs;sJ/,ibgUf;fk;~ ghypy;yh ,d bgUf;fk;(bkhl;LtpLjy; ghy; ,ig;bgUf;fk;)

Murkh;rPh; cila fly; thH; tpy';F FHplypfs; MFk;/ v/fh/&ouh. fly; mdpnkhd;

ifnuhef;*; gpshf;fhp (b$y;yp kPd;) ,J tif FHplyp. ,J mjpf el;rpj;jpuk; bfhz;l tpy';F. ,jw;F flw;Fsp vd;W bgah; M*;jphpnyahtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/

jl;il g[G,Ugf;f rkr;rPh; cilaJclw;FHpaw;w tpy';fhFk;jl;il g[Gtpw;F v/fh/gpshndhpah ehlh g[Gxnu clypy; ,Ughy; gz;g[ cs;sJ

cUis g[G,Ugf;f rkr;rPh; cila |tUf;F nghyp clw;FHpahFk;

Rthr kz;lyk;. ,uj;j xl;l kz;lyk; ,y;iy cUis g[Gtpw;F v/fh/ m*;fhhp*;. ignyhpah ignyhpah g[G ahidfhy; neha; cz;lhf;FfpwJ kz;g[Gtpy; ,lg;bgah;r;rp cWg;g[ ghuhnghoak;.rP nghd;witahFk; ghYl;ofspy; ,uj;j ciwjiy jil bra;tJ &pUod; MFk; kz;g[Gtpd; jiyg;gFjp brghypnfrd; vd;Wk;. mjd; cly; bkllhbkhprk;

MFk;/ fug;ghd; g[{r;rp jpwe;j bts ,uj;j xl;lk; bfhz;ld. Tl;L fz;fis

bfhz;Ls;sd/ bky;Ylypfspd; clyk; nkd;oy;. ,J od;o vd;w brt[s; |yk;

Rthrpf;fpd;wd/ cyfyhtpa gy;tif jd;ikapy; ,e;jpah 10 tJ ,lk;/ cyfpnyna mjpf er;R jd;ik cs;s kPd; fy;kPd; MFk; cyfpd; ntfkhd ghk;g[ Mg;gphpf;fh fUg;g[ khk;gh cyfpy; epskhd ghk;g[-nfhLfis cila kiyghk;g[ bghpa er;R ghk;g[-,uh$rhfk; rpwpa Ch;td v/fh/v$f;nfh bghpa Ch;td v/fh/nfhnlhouhfd; gwit ruzhaj;ij fhFk; fhyk; etk;gh; to gpg;uthp tiu KisahdJ mjpf mst[ euk;g[ bry;fis bfhz;Ls;s gwit fhfk; ghYl;ofspy; btsthYf;F kl;Lk; gwf;Fk; jpwd; cilaJ vf;Fl;dh. gpshl;og*; vd;w ghY}l;o Kl;il ,Lgit

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jpkp';fyk;. lhy;gpd; ghY}l;o tif kpf bkJthf efUk; ghY}l;o tif kf;kp*;UthFk; ghukprpak;

xU bry; caphp,U rk gpst[ Kiwapy; ,dbgUf;fk; bra;fpd;wd/

i&l;uhtpy; mUk;g[jy; bkhl;LtpLjy; |yk; ,dbgUf;fk; bra;fpd;wd/ ,Hg;g[ kPl;ly; fhzg;gLk; caphpdk;

flw;g";Ri&l;uhgpshndhpahel;rj;jpu kPd;

vjphpfsplk; jd;id fhg;ghw;wp bfhs;s jd; cliy Jz;L bra;a[k; caphpel;rj;jpu kPd; g[ay;gy;yp thy;

,Ughy; vWg;g[fs; xnu caphpfspy; fhzg;gLk; b&h;nkhg;buhirl;Lfs;v/fh/ehlhg[G. i&o

,izt[ Kiw ,dbgUf;fk; eilbgWtJ ghunkrpak; Kjd; Kjypy; tpe;Jit fz;lwpe;J tpsf;fpath; Mz;ld; thd; xtd;

&hf; bgz; ,dbgUf;fk; &hh;nkhd; fz;lwpe;J tpsf;fpath; Mz;ld; thd;

xtd; &hf; bgz; ,dbgUf;fk; &hh;nkhd; g[nuhb$hg;ohud; <*;l;nuh$d; bgz;fSf;F khjtplha; RHw;rp 28 ehs;fSf;F xU Kiw njhd;Wfpd;wd;/ btspfUt[Ujy; eilbgWtJ v/fh/jtis cl;fUt[Wjy; eilbgWtJ v/fh/Chtd. ghYl;o jha;ghy; fnyhdh kjpg;g[ 70/100ml jha;ghypy; cs;s nyf;nlhbghpd; vd;w g[ujk; Fly; (k) Rthr

bjhw;wpy; ,Ue;J FHe;ijia ghJfhf;fpd;wd/ nrhjid FHha; FHe;ijfis gphpl;ld; ehl;il rhh;e;j *;blg;nlh (k)

vl;th;l; fz;lwpe;jhh; g{r;rpfspy; njhy; cwpj;jiy fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; &hh;nkhd; vf;fpil*;nrhd;

(k)$Pitdy; &hh;nkhd; MFk;/ g[nuhnfhpahl;of; bry;

ghf;Ohpa';fs; (k) randh ghf;Ohpa';fs; (ePygRk;ghrp) bjspthd cl;fU ,y;iy. ,J nkk;ghL milahjit/1-10 ikf;nuh kPl;lh; mst[ilaJ/

a{nfhpahl;of; bry; ~tps';F bry;. cl;fU bgw;Ws;sd. ,J nkk;ghL mile;jit/5-100 ikf;nuh kPl;lh; msthFk;

midj;J bry;Yk; cl;fU bgw;Ws;sd vd;wth; uhgh;l;g;busd;

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ghf;Ohpah. g[nuhl;nlh nrhthit Ez;nzhf;fp |yk; Muha;e;jth; Mz;ld; thd; Ythd; &hf;

bry;ypd; cs;ns fhzg;gLk; caph; cs;s bghUs; gh;fpd;$p fz;lwpe;J g[nuhl;nlhgpshrk;

caphpaypd; ,aw;gpay; jsk; vd;gJ g[nuhl;nlhgpshrk; MFk;/ njh;t[ flj;Jk; rt;t[. miuflj;J rt;t[ vd;W miHf;fg;gLtJ

gpsh*;kh rt;thFk;/vz;nlhgpshrk; ~

brhubrhug;ghd vz;nlhgpshr tiy iunkhnrhk;fis vz;nlhgpshr tiy rt;t[ld; ,ize;Js;sJ

tHtHg;ghd vz;nlhgpshr tiy ,J vz;nlhgpshr tiy gpd;dYld; rt;t[ ,ize;J fhzg;gLtJ ,y;iy

brhubrhug;ghd vz;nlhgpshr tiygpd;dy; g[uj cw;gj;jpapy; g';F bgWfpd;wd/

tHtHg;ghd vz;nlhgpshr tiygpd;dy; *;Ouha;Lfs;(fy;yZf;fs;). &hh;nkhd;. bfhGg;g[ (ypg;gLfs;) cw;gj;jpapy; g';FbgWfpd;wd/

nfhs;if cWg;g[fs; ~ jhtu bry;fspy; nfhy;if cWg;g[f;fs; of;onahnrhk;

vdg;gLfpwJ/ nfhy;if cWg;g[ fz;lth; fhkpy;nyh nfhy;if

iynrhnrhk; ~ jw;bfhiy igfs;. brwpf;Fk; ig vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ mHpf;Fk; giltPuh;. Jg;g[uthsh;. bry; eph;thfp

bry; tpG';Fjy; vd;gJ vz;nlh irl;lhrp*; MFk;/ iunghnrhk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;

80s tif iunghnrhk; a{nfhpahl;of; bry;fspy; fhzg;gLk;/ 70s tif iunghnrhk; g[nuhnfhpahl;of; bry;fspy; fhzg;gLk;/

thf;fpnahy; ~ xw;iw rt;tpdhy; NHg;gl;l jput ig thf;fpnahiy Rw;wp fhzg;gLk; bjspthd ciw nlhndhgpsh*;l;

ikl;nlhfhz;Ohpah ~ cUz;il (m) cUis totk; ,uz;L rt;tpdhy; MdJ ikl;nlhfhz;Ohpah cl;gFjpfspy; fphp';nlh cs;sJ/ ,J Fz;L

rPj;jiy cly; bgw;Ws;sJ/ Rthrpj;jypy; Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpwJ/ bry;ypd; Mw;wy; epiyak; (ikl;nlhfhz;Ohpa) MFk;/

fzpfk; (gpsh*;oLfs;) jhtu bry;fspy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk; jl;L (m) Kl;il totk;

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|d;W tif fzpfk; cs;sJ1) btsp fzpfk; (ypa{f;nfhgpsh*;l;)2) tz;z fzpfk; (Fnuhnkh gpsh*;)3) gR';fzpfk; (Fnshnuh gpsh*;l;)

btsp fzpfk; epwkw;wJ/ tz;z fzpfk; k";rs;. rptg;g[ epwk; bfhz;lJ/ kyh;. fdpfSf;F

epwj;ij bfhLf;Fk; gR';fzpfk; ~

xspr;nrh;f;if epwkpahd gr;irak; cs;sJ fpuhdh (k) ijyf;fha;Lfs; bgw;Ws;sJ gRfzfj;jpy; xspr;nrh;fifapy; g';FbgWk; vz;zw;w behjpfs;

*;nuhkhit bgw;Ws;sd/ cl;fU (epa{f;spa*;)

,ul;il rt;thy; MdJ epa{f;spa*; ciw bgw;Ws;sJ epa[f;spnahgpshrk; (m) epa{f;spnahrhW (nfhpnahypk;g;) vdg;gLk; epa{f;spa*; vd;gJ g[ujk;. RNA epiwe;J fhzg;gLk; gFjp/ ,J

iunghnrhk; cUthFk; ,lkhFk;/ $Pd;fs; bgw;nwhh;fsplk; ,Ue;J mLj;j jiyKiwf;F

kug[ gz;g[fis DNA totpy; flj;Jfpd;wd bry; gFg;ig fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ

Fnuhnkhnrhk; ~ Fnuhnkhnrhk;. Fnuhnkl;od; vdg;gLk; ,uz;L xj;j mikg;ig

bgw;Ws;sJ ,uz;L Xj;j Fnuhnkl;od; xU g[s;spy; ,iza[k; ,lj;jpw;F

brd;nuhkpah; vd;W bgah; Fnuhnkhnrhk; Kidg;gFjp onyhkpah; bkl;lhbrd;wpf; Fnuhnkhnrhk; V totpy; fhzg;gLk;/ ,jpy;

brd;nuhkpay; Fnuhnkhnrhk; ikaj;jpy; cs;sJ/ rkkhd ePsk; cs;sJ

rg;bkl;lhbrd;hpf; Fnuhnkhnrhk; J totpy; cs;sJ/ brd;nuhkpah; ikaj;jpy; bjhl';fp. xd;W ePl;Lk;. kw;bwhd;W gl;lkhft[k; fhzg;gl;ld/

mf;nuh brd;hpf; Fnuhnkhnrhk; (nfhy; tot Fnuhnkhnrhk;) brd;nwhkpah; Kidg;gFjpapy; bjhl';fp. xd;W ePz;Lk; kw;bwhd;W Fl;ilahft[k; cs;sJ

onyh brd;l;hpf; Fnuhnkhnrhk;,jpy; brd;nwhkpah; xU gf;fj;jpy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk;

o/vd;/V

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5 fhh;gd; rh;f;fiu. xU gh*;ngl; bjhFjp. xU iel;u$d; fhuj;jhy; MdJ/

iel;u$d; fhuk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;1) gpa{hpd;fs;2) gphpkpod;fs;

mozd;. Fthidd; gpa{hpd;fshFk;. ijakpd;. irl;nlhrpd; gphpkpod;fshFk;/

o/vd;/V mikg;ig thl;rd; fphpf; vd;gtuhy; btspaplg;gl;lJ/ D.N.A |yf;TWtpd; tpl;lk; 20AO

jhtuk; (k) tps';F xw;iw bry;fshd irnfhl;oy; ,Ue;J njhd;Wfpd;wd/

bry; gphpjy; |d;W tifg;gLk;1) neh;Kf bry; gFg;g[2) kiwKf bry; gFg;g[3) Fd;wy; gFg;g[

neh;Kf bry; gFg;g[ (V ikl;lhrp*;)ghf;Ohpah. mkpghtpy; eilbgWk;

kiwKf bry; gFg;g[ (ikl;lhrp*;)cly; bry;fspy; eilbgWJ/,J cly; bry;fspy; 4 epiyfspy; eilbgWk;1) Kjy; epiy (g[nuhepiy)2) 2k; epiy (bkl;lh epiy)3) 3k; epiy (mdhepiy)4) 4k; epiy (onyh epiy)

kpahrp*; ( Fd;wy; gFg;g[) caphpd';fspy; ,dg;bgUf;f bry;fspy; eilbgWk;/ ,J nfkPl;Lf;fs;

cUthf;fj;jpd; nghJ eilbgWk;/ ePhpd; bjspthdJ mjpfkhd ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J brhpt[ Fiwthd ,lj;ij

nehf;fp tUtU rt;t{L guty; MFk; jhtu bry;fspy; mst[f;F mjpfkhd vf;*pkh*p*; eilbgWtjhy;

irl;nlhgpshrk; mjd; gpsh*;kh rt;t[ld; nrh;e;J RU';fp bry;Rtiu tpl;L tpyfp bry;fpdwd/ ,e;j epfH;r;rp gpsh*;nkhiyrp*; (caphpdk; RUf;fk; MFk;)

jhtu bry;fspy; bghpa |yf;Twpid vf;n*hirl;lh*p*; btsp js;Sfpd;wd.vd;nlhirl;lhrp*; |yk; bghpa |yf;Twpid cs;ns vLj;J bfhs;fpd;wd/

nghnfhirl;lhyp*; (bry; tpG';Fjy;) bghUl;fis jpl totpy; vLj;J bfhs;tJv/fh/,uj;j bts;is mZ

gpndhirl;lh*p*; (bry; mUe;Jjy;) bghUl;fis jput totpy; vLj;Jf; bfhs;tJv/fh mkPgha;L. g[nuhl;nlhnrhth. rpWePuf bry;fs;

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gpnshirl;lh*p*; jhtu';fspy; eilbgWk;/ gf;f Mf;F jpRtpw;F v/fh

fhh;f; nfk;gpak;. th';Fyhh; nfk;gpak;ghuz;ifkh ~

caph; cs;s bry; czt[ nrkpg;gJ ,jd; gzpahFk;

nfhyd;ifkh ~ FWf;F btl;Lnjhw;wj;jpy; gy nfhz totpy; cs;sJ/ caph; cs;s bry; jhtuj;jpw;F cWjpa[k;. tisa[k; jd;ika[k; mspg;gJ

vg;fpsPud; ifkh ~ caph; mw;w bry; ,J ,uz;L tifg;gLk;

1) *;fpsPiuL2) ehh;

*;fpsPiuLfs; fy;bry; vd miHf;fg;gLk; g[nshak; ehh;fspd; kw;bwhU bgah; gh*;l; ehh; MFk; ek; clk;gpy; |d;why; ,uz;L gFjp ePh; cs;sJ/ g{kpapy; 97% bgU';fly; ePh;. 2% gdp KfL. 1%epyj;jo ePh;/ 1fhyd; vd;gJ 4/5yp rkk;/ iel;u$d; epiyg;gLj;J ghf;Ohpah

1)iunrhgpak;2)mn*hl;nlhghf;lh;3)eh*;lhf;

mnkhdpahthjy; vd;gJ1)ghf;Ohpah2)g{":ir - |yk; eilbgWk;/

iel;nul;lhjy;1) iel;nuhnkhdh*;2) iel;nuh ghf;lhpy; - eilbgWk;

iel;u$d; btspnaw;wk; Nnlhnkhd*; eilbgWk;/

Rw;WRHypy; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ fdpk fhh;gd; MFk;/ g[ijgot vhpg;bghUl;fis rhpahf vhpf;fhjhjy; cz;lhtJ fhh;gd;

nkhdhf;i*L. ,J ,uj;jj;jpy; Mf;*p$d; vLj;J bry;tiu Fiwf;fpwJ/ epyf;fhp. bgl;nuhy; vhpg;gjhy; i&l;nuh fhh;gd; njhd;ik ,J fhw;iw

khRg;gLj;Jk;/ vz;bza; Rj;jpfhpg;g[ epiya';fspUe;J fe;jfk; fye;j jhJ tWf;Fk; nghJ

fe;jf il Mf;i*L cz;lhfpd;wd/,J kdpjdpy; M*;j;Jkh nuha; cz;Lgd;Dfpd;wd/

kpdhkpl;lh neha; $g;ghdpy; 1952 njhd;wpaJ/

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1984 ork;gh; 2 nghghypy; MIC kPj;;ij $nrh randl; tha[ btspnawpaJ/ ePhpy; cs;s Mf;*p$d; mst[ Fiwa[k; nghJ ePh;thH; caphpdk; ,wf;Fk; epfH;t[

a{l;nuhgpf;nfrd; vd;W bgah;/ fly; ePhpy; ,Ue;J cg;g[ ePh; gphpj;jy; jiHfPH; rt;t{L guty; MFk;/ u=;ahtpy; brh;ndhgpy; cs;s mD ciy btog;g[ kw;wtw;wpy; ,J kpf bghpa

tpgj;jhFk;/ 120db xyp kdpjDf;F jP';F tpistpf;Fk;/ rhjhuzkhf nghRk; nghJ 60 blrpgy; (db) gad;gLk;/ fhJ nfsh jd;ik 130 blrpgy; (db) nky; njhd;Wk;/ ePh; ghJfhg;g[ rl;lk; 1974 tdghJfhg;g[ rl;lk; 1980 Rw;WNHy; ghJfhg;g[ rl;lk; 1986 nkhl;lhh; thfd rl;lk; 1988 cyf mstpy; 1988 $Piy khjk; mjpf btg;gkhd ehshFk;/ gRik ,y;y tha[ vd;gJ Nhpad; ,lk; ,Ue;J bgUk; btg;gj;ij rpy

th';fp itj;J bfhz;L g{kp btg;gg;gLj;Jfpd;wd/ ,J gRik ,y;y tha[ vdg;gLk;v/fh/ 1/ co2

2. ielu*; Mf;i*L\3/ CFC

Fsph;rhjdg;bgl;o. Fsph; fyd; Mfpatw;wpy; Fsph;tpg;gdhf gad;gLtJ

CFC tha[thFk;/ g[tp btg;gj;jpd; fhuzkhf g[tpfpHf;F (k) kj;jpa grpgpf; fly;

gFjpfshy; Vw;gLk; xG';fw;w fhyepiy vy;epndhtpid MFk;/ Rw;WRHy; fy;tp ikak; mike;Js;s ,lk; brd;id/ 2010 Mk; Mz;L vz;bza; frpt[ Kk;igapy; bkf;rpnfh tisFlhtpy;

Vw;gl;lJ/ M.S.Rthkpehjd; Muhl;rp epWtdk; 1998k; Mz;L bjhl';fg;gl;lJ/ jkpH; bgah; mwptpay; bgah;

1) Kl;il nfhR gpuhrpf;f Xynurpah2) epyf;fliy muhf;fp*; i&g;ngh$pah3) rzg;ig Fnul;lnyhpahh $d;rpah4) nfhJik ohpl;ofk; ty;nfh;5) nlz;lhypad; ouhf;*k; mgp*pndy;6) bfhj;jky;yp bfhhpad;uk; rl;iltk;7) rljhhp (mk;ikahh; Te;jy;) f*;Fl;lh hpbyf;*h8) eha;Fil mfhhpf*; nfk;ghp*;l;hp*;9) F';Fkg;g{ Fnuhf;fh; rl;ilt*;

10)vWk;g[j;jpz;zp (NhpagdpJsp jhtuk;) ouhrPuh gh;khdpia11)bjhl;lr;RU';fp iknkhrh g[ofh12)Me;ij ill;nlh My;gh

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13)el;rj;jpu kPd; M*;ohpa*; Qbgd;*;14)mkpgh mkPgh g[nuhl;oa*;15)ghukPrpak; ghukPrpak; fhl;nll;lk;16)&ouh i&ouh ty;nfhp*;17)kapy; ghnth fp*;lhl;l*;18)fug;ghd; g{r;rp bghpgpshbdl;l mbkhpf;fhdh; ePhpd; mlh;j;jp 1/0 fp/c.m3

nrh;kk; vd;gJ ,uz;L mjw;F nky; cs;s jdpkk; khwhj epiw tpfpjj;jpy; ,Ug;gJv/fh/ J}a ePhpy; 11/19 &l;u$Dk;. 88/81%Mf;*p$d; cs;sd/

J}a nrh;kk; vt;thW jahhpj;jYk; mjpy; cs;s jdpkk; khwhj epiw tpfpjj;jpy; jhd; ,Uf;Fk;/

fyit v/fh1) jpz;kj;jpd; jpz;kk; ehzak; cnyhf fyit2) ePh;kj;jpy; jpz;kk; fly;ePh;3) tha[tpy; jpz;kk; g[if (fhw;wpy; cs;s fhh;gd;)4) ePh;kj;jpy; ePh;kk; ePUld; My;f&hy; fye;j fyit5) jpz;kj;jpy; tha[ tha[thy; gug;g[ ftug;gl;l fhp6) ePh;kj;jpy; tha[ nrhlh ghdk;7) tha[tpy; tha[ fhw;W

ePhpy; H,O epiwtpfpjk; 1~8 g';F cs;sJ 78%iel;u$d; cs;Rthrk; bra;J 78% iel;u$id btspapLfpnwhk;/ 20% Mf;*p$d; Rthrj;jpy; cs;spGf;fg;gl;L 16% Mf;*p$d;

btspaplg;gLfpwJ/ 0/03 fhh;gd; -il –Mf;i*L cs;ns ,Gj;J 4% fhh;gd; - il –

Mf;i*L btspaplg;gLfpwJ M*;gphpd; vd;gJ jiytyp kUe;J ,jpy;

60% fhh;gd;. 45% i&l;u$d;. 35/5% Mf;*p$d; jpz;k epiyapy; cs;s xUg;goj;jhd fyit cnyhf fyitahFk; ePh;k epiyapy; cs;s xU goj;jhd fyit ePh;fye;j My;f&hy; tha[ epiyahd xUg;goj;jhd fyit fhw;W jhJtpy; ,Ue;J cnyhfk;. mnyhfk; gphpf;f Ru';f bjhHpy;

gad;gLfpwJ thiy toj;jy; vspjpy; MtpahFk; ePh;kj;jpy; fiuj;Js;s vspjpy;

Mtpahfhj jpz;kj;ij gphpj;jy; gj';fkhjy; eilbgWk; jpz;k';fs;

1) fw;g{uk;. 2)ehg;jypd;. 3) bgd;rhypf; mkpyk;. 4) mnkhdpak; FnshiuL

K Mh;gpl; 2 vyf;l;uhd;L Mh;gpl; 8 vyf;l;uhd;M Mh;gpl; 1 vyf;l;uhd;

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jdpkk; mZ vz;ypj;jpak; 3nghuhd; 5g[Shpd; 9bkf;dPrpak; 12gh*;gu*; 15mYkpdpak; 13rpypf;fhd; 14Fnshhpd; 17Mh;fhd; Ar 18ry;gh; s 16

bgUk;ghd;ikahd XuD vjph; madp IL vd;w gpd;bdhl;Lld; Koa[k;/bgah; madp

1/ igry;ngl; madp HSO4

2/ igry;igL madp HSO3

3/ Fnshnul; madp ClO3

4/ Fnshiul; madp Clo2

5/ raidL madp CN-

6/ i&l;uhi*L madp OH-

7/ i&g;ngh Fnshiul; madp Clo-

8/ iel;nul; madp No-3

9/ iel;iul; madp No-2

10/ bgh;Fnshiul; madp Clo-4

11/ bgh;kh';fndl; madp MnO-4

gy mir bjhFjp cila madp mnkhdpahthFk;/ ,J NH+4 MFk;/

nghnul; madp - Bo33-

gh*;ngl; madp - Po43-

bgah; tha;ghLry;igfLmadp SO3

2-

ry;ngl; madp SO 42-

jnahry;ngl; madp S2 O32-

kh';fndl; madp Mno 42-

bguhf;i*L madp O22-

ry;ngl; madp SO 4

Fnuhnkl; madp Cro42-

il Fnuhnkl; madp Cr2 o42-

,ul;ilahf fhzg;gLk; madp bkh;Fu*; madp MFk; mJ Hg22+

gy mZ bjhFjpfspd; bgah;f; yl;.Vl; vd Koa[k; Mf;lh - 8

ehdh -9blf;fh-10

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b&g;lh-7b&f;*h-6mYkpdpa Mf;i*L-Al2O3

nghpak; FnshiuL – Bacl2

fhy;rpak; fhh;k ndl; -Caco3

bkf;dprpak; ry;ngl;-Mgso4

nrhoak; iel;nul;-Na No3

&l;u$d;. Mf;*pfd;. ePh; nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if 2~1~2 i&l;u$d;. Mf;*pfd;. ePh; epiwfspd; xg;gpl;L kjpg;g[ 4~2~36 (m) 1~8~9 i&l;u$d;. Mf;*pfd;. ePh; fd mst[ 2~1~2 tpfpjkhFk; Kk;ik mjp Twpath nlhghPdh ,th; jdpk';fis |d;W |d;whf

tifg;gLj;jpdhh;/ vz;kjp Twpath; epa[{ntz;l; mjpy; Kjy jpdkKk; 8 tJ jdpkKk;

cd;whf ,Ug;gij fz;lhh;/ bghl;lhrpaj;jpd; gz;g[ nrhoaj;Jld; xj;Js;sJ bkf;dPrpaj;jpd; gz;g[ bgh;tpaj;Jld; xj;Js;sJ Kjd; Kjypy; jdpk thpir ml;ltid fz;lth; u=;ah ehl;il rhh;e;j

bkz;lypk; fhypak; vd;w cnyhfk; cUF epiy 29/8O

nfhy;L. gpshl;odk; nghd;w cnyhfk; ePh;. Mf;*p$Dld; tpidg[hptJ ,y;;;iy cnyhf';fspy; mjpfk; kpd;flj;Jk; jpwd; cilaJ rpyth; mnyhf';fspd; kpd; flj;JtJ fpuhigl; miw btg;gepiyak; ePh;kkhft[. Fiwe;j cUFepiyf; bfhz;lJ bkh;Fs

ghjurk; FwpaPL

$p';-ZNod;-SNrpy;th;-Agbyl;-Pb

jdpk thpir ml;ltizpay; ,lkpUe;J mykhf bry;Yk;nghJ cnyhf';fspd;bray;jpwd; FiwfpwJ/

jdpk thpir ml;ltizpapy; xU bjhFjpapy; nkypUe;J fPHhf cnyhf';fspd; bray;jpwd; mjpfhpf;fpwJ/

,ur;rfyitapy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s cnyhfk; bkh;FhpahFk; ,Uk;g[. mYkpdpak;. epf;fy;. nfhghy;l; ml';fpa cnyhf fyit my;dpnfh*; xU nendh kPl;lh; vd;gJ 10-9M Mf;*p$d; ,ul;il gpizg;ghFk;

O=O fhh;gd; il Mf;*p$d; ,ul;il gpizg;g[

O=C=O iel;u$d; Kg;gpizg;ghFk;

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N=N mnkhdpah-NH3

fhh;gd; nkhdfli*L vd;gJ <jy; rfgpizg;g[ nrh;kkhFk; bth;dpah; mstpapd; kPrpw;wst[ 0/1kP (m) 0/01 Cm mlh;j;jpapd; myF Kgm-3

ghjuj;jpd; mlh;j;jpapd; mst[ 13600 KKm-3

kpd;ndhl;lj;jpd; btg;g tpid fz;lth; gphpl;ld; ehl;il rhh;e;j n$k;*; gphp*;nfhl; $Py;

Mw;wy; mHpypd;ik tpjpia nrhjid |yk; rhpghh;j;jth; n$k;*; gphp*:nfhl; $Py;

ePuhtp v";rpd;fis fz;lth; *;fhl;yhe;J ehl;il nrh;e;j n$k;*; thl;. ,th; myfpida[k; fz;lhh;

mizapy; ,Ue;J btspnaWk; ePh;epiyahw;wy;. ,af;f Mw;wyhf khWfpwJ bjhiyf;fhl;rp epow;glf;fU xsp Mw;wy; kpd;dhw;wyhf khWjy; btg;g Vw;g[ jpwdpd; myF

JK-1

jd; btg;g Vw;g[ jpwdpd; myFJ Kg-1 K-1

ePhpd; jd; btg;g Vw;g;g[ jpwd; 4180 J Kg-1 K-1

ghjuj;jpd; jd; btg;g Vw;g;g[ jpwd; 140 J Kg-1 K-1

bkGfpd; cUF epiy 570C Kjy; etPd ntjpahh; ghap*: Mt[hh; ,th; gUg;bghUs; Jfs;fSf;F jdpkk;

vd;W bgah; ,l;lhh;/ nrhdhh; tphpthf;fk;

Sound Navigation and Ranging nulhh; tphpthf;fk;

Radio Detection and Ranging• ,ul;il tpz; kPd;fspy; ,Ue;J tUk; tz;z xiria fz;lth; lhgsh;

(M*;jpnuypah)• nulhh; lhg;ghsh; jj;Jtk; |yk; thDh;jpfspd; jpirnfk; ,af;fk; ePh;KH;fp

fg;gy;fspy; gad;gLfpwJ• btsthy; jd; ,iuapd; bjhiyit lhg;sh; ,lg;bgah;r;rp |yk;

fz;lwpfpd;wd/• ,ja Jog;g[khdp bra;y;gLtJ• xypahdJ fhw;wpy; ,Ug;gij tpl ePhpy; 5 kl';F mjpfkhft[k; ,Uk;gpy; 20

kl';F mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;• gd;Kf vjpbuhypg;gpd; fhuzkhf ,o xir njhd;Wfpd;wd/• vjph; KGf;fkhdJ ngr;rpw;F 0/5 tpehoa[k;, ,irf;F 1 Kjy; 1/5 tpeho

,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/

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10 th mwptpay; fphpfh; n$hfd; bkz;ly; jd; Ma;tpw;F gad;gLj;jpa jhtuk;/ ghl;lhzp bro

(igrk; rl;iltk;) ,th; M*;jphpnyah ehl;L mwp"h;/ bkz;ly; jhd; gad;gLj;jpa gl;lhzp broapy; fz;lwpe;j ntWghL

tpij totk; - RU';fpaJ / cUz;iltpij epwk; - k";rs; /gr;irkyh; epwk; - Cjh / bts;isfdp totk; - KGikahdJ / RU';fpaJfdp epwk; - gr;ir / k";rs;kyh; miktplk; - nfhzk; / Edpjz;od; cauk; - bel;il. Fl;il

xU gz;g[ fyg;g[ 3 ~1 (bel;il ~ Fl;il) bkz;ly; btspgLj;jpa bel;il (Cjh) Fl;il (k";rs;) vd;w g[wnjhw;w

gz;g[ gPndhilg; vdg;gLk;/ gPndh ilg;g[f;F fhuzkhd Fnuhnkhnrhk; (m) $Pd;

mikg;g[ ($Pndhilg;) vdg;gLk; gPd;*; bel;il Fl;il

bts;is kyh; Cjh kyh; fUk;g[ bel;il Fl;il

btz;ik epwj;jz;L Cjh epwj;jz;L r';Fg{ bel;il Fl;il

ePykyh; bts;is kyh; xU gz;gpd; ,U ntWgl;l gz;g[fis bfhz;Ls;s $Pd; mikg;g[ my;yPy;fs;

vd;Wk; my;yPy;fs; btspg;gLj;Jk; gz;gpw;F my;yPnyh khh;g[ vdg;gLk; caphpy; Ma;tpw;fhf flw;gazk; nkw;bfhz;lth; rhh;y*; lhh;tpd; (bjd;

mbkhpf;fh Ma;t[) ghpkhz bfhs;ifia btspapl;lhh; rhh;y*; lhh;tpd; ,th; kz;g[G kz;tsj;ij

jd; Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;jpdhh;/ fhpk ntpjay; ghpkhz fUj;J btspapl;lth; rhh;y*; lhh;tpd; cly; KGtJk; nuhkk; cila kdpj mikg;ig cila Fu';F. bfhhpy;yh.

rpk;gd;rp Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; fhzg;gl;lJ kdpjh;fspd; Kd;ndho n&hkpl;Lfs; ,th;fs; fpHf;F Mg;gphpf;fhtpy;

tha;e;jdh; khkpr cz;zpfshd kdpjh; n&hnkh bufl;l*; vd;W miHf;fg;gl;ldh; ,we;jth;fis g[ijf;Fk; gHf;fj;ij cilath; epahz;lh;jhy; kdpjh; ciw gdpfhyj;jpy; thH;e;j kdpjh; Mh;f;fp n&hnkh brg;gpad;*; vdg;gl;ldh; kdpj tsh;r;rp &hh;nkhd; fpd;lh;bguhd; ,J itu*;fSf;f vjpuhd g[ujk; fhpk mkpyk;

1) mrpl;of; mkpyk;2) rpl;hpf; mkpyk;3) gpa{l;lhpf; mkpyk;

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o/vd;/V btl;Ltjw;F bu*;l;hpf;=d; vz;nlh epa{f;spa*; behjp gad;gLk; o/vd;/V Jz;L ,izg;gjw;F ypnf*; behjp gad;gLfpwJ tpdpfhpy; cw;gj;jp bra;a mrpl;of; mkpyk; gad;gLfpwJ jLg;g{rp fz;lth; vl;th;L b$d;dh; ,jid HBV (b&gill; B itu*;f;F)

Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpdhh; g[w;W neha;f;F vjpuhf gad;gLk; vjpg;g[ bghUs; khndhFnshdpay;

vjph;g;g[ bghUshFk;/ ,J (Xhpd bry; vjph;g;g[ bghUs;) Fnshdp';Kiw |yk; lhyp vd;w brk;kwp ML *;fhl;yhd;l; nuh*;ypz;l; Ma;t[

epWtdj;jpy; 199k; fz;lwpe;jhh;/ mad;tpy;kl; *;blk;bry; vd;gJ |ybry; MFk; caph; bjhHpy; El;gtpay; |yk; jahhpf;fg;gl;l itl;lkpd; B12 MFk; Mjp kdpjd; njhd;wpaJ Mg;gphpf;fh bkz;ly; jd; gad;gLj;jpa njhl;l gl;lhzp (igrk; rl;ilto) jhtuj;jpy; 7

khw;W cUt ntWghLfis fz;lwpe;jhh; my;yPfspd; vjph; gz;g[ mikg;g[ my;yPnyh khh;gp my;yPfs; xnu $Pd;fspd; khw;W btspg;glhFk; xU mnuhf;fpa khd cly; eyk; cs;s kdpjdpd; ,uj;j rf;fiuapd; ms[t

80-120 kp/fp njhy;. nuhkk;. fz;fspy; bkyhdpd; vd;w epwkp ,y;yhjjhy; njhd;WtJ

my;gpdprk; vd;w guk;giu nehahFk;/ ,J jpOh; khw;w xL';F $Pd;fshy; njhd;Wk;/

,uj;jk; ciwahik neha; &PNkhgpspah g[ujk; FiwghL fhuzkhf khuRk*; kw;Wk; Fth=pnahh;fh; neha; njhd;WfpwJ itu*; g[ujj;jhy; NHg;gl;l ciw ,jpy; RNA (m) DNA it kug[ bghUshf

bfhz;Ls;sd ghf;Ohpah |yk; njhd;Wk; neha;

1) fhr neha;2) bjhG neha;3) fhyuh. ilg;gha;L. ff;Fthd;. ,Uky;. bll;lhd*; (,uz$d;dp). gpnsf;.

nfhndhpah. epnkhdpah. rpgpy'; g{";ir neha;

gil. nrw;W g{z;. bghLF 1970 Mk; Mz;L cyif Ml;og;gilj;j neha; ,d;g[Sapd;rh H1N1 cUz;il

totkhdJ FHe;ij gpwe;j cld; nghLtJ fhrneha; jLg;g{rpahFk; (BCG) ,e;jpahtpy; gpsh*;nkhoaj;jpd; tif

1) gpsh*;nkhoak; itthf*;2) gpsh*;nkhoak; knyhpah3) gpsh*;nkhoak; ghy;*pghuk;4) gpsh*;nkhoak; Xntny

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gpsh*;nkhoak; vd;Dk; Ez;Zaphp |yk; knyhpah gut[fpwJ/ knyhpah gug;g[tJ bgz; mdhgyp*; bfhRthFk;

knyhpah Xl;Lz;zp bgz; mdhgpyp*; bfhRtpy; ,Ug;gij fz;lwpe;jth; rh;nuhdhy;L nuh*;

bgU';Flypy; fhzg;gLk; g[nuhl;nlh nrhth Ez;caphp vz;lkpgh &p*;liyfh/,J mkpgpf; vDk; rPjngjpia cz;lhf;FfpwJ

mogpf; rPjngjp. ePh; (k) cztpd; |yk; njhd;Wk; nehahFk; kPry;*; (kzy;thhp mk;ik) nehahFk; BCG - fhrneha; jLg;g{rp DPT - Kj;jLg;g{rp

1) bjhz;il milg;ghd;2) ff;Fthd; ,Uky;3) bll;lhd*;

MMR vd;gJ1) g[l;lhypk;ik2) kP*y;*;3) Ubgy;yh

DT vd;gJ1) og;j;jPhpah(bjhz;il milg;ghd;)2) bll;lld*; (,U jLg;g{rp)

TT vd;gJbll;ld*; lhf;*ha;L

AIDS tphpthf;fk;Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

AIDS neha;f;fhd itu*; fz;lth;1) uhgh;l; nfhnyh2) Yf; khd;lfpdpah;

vjph; njhd;wp (Md;o$d;) ,y;yhjJ/ jha;ghy; kpffLikahd knyhpah fha;r;riy cz;lhf;FtJ gpsh*;nkhoak; ghy;rpghuk; euk;g[ kz;lyj;jpd; bray; mHF epa{uhd; vdg;gLk; euk;g[ bry; |d;W tifg;gLk;

1) bry; clyk;2) bld;oiul;Lfs;3) Mf;*hd;

bry; clyk; irl;lhd; vdg;gLk;bry; cliy nehf;fp kpd; J}z;ly;fis flj;JtJ bld;oiul;Lfs;

Mf;*pd; kPJ ikaypd; ciwahy; cz;lhf;fg;gLk; ,ilbtsp ud;tPhpd; fzf;fs; vdg;gLk;

ud;tPhpd; fZf;fs; Mf;*hd; kPJ ikaypd; ciwahy; cz;lhf;fg;gLk; ,ilbtspfs; MFk;

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xUKid ePa{uhd; Mf;*pd; (k) bld;ouhdhf bray;gLfpwJ/ fUtpd; euk;g[ jpR xUKid ePa{uhid bfhz;Ls;sd

,UKid ePa{uhd; tpHpj;jpiuapy; fhzg;gLk; Fr;rp bry; (k) Tk;g[ bry; ,UKid ePa{uhd;fshy; Mdit

gyKid ePa{uhd; bgU|isapd; g[wzp gFjpfspy; cs;sd CNS ika euk;g[ kz;lyk; PNS g[w mikg;g[ euk;g[ kz;lyk; ANS jhdpa';F euk;g[ kz;lyk; g[w mikg;g[ euk;g[ kz;lyk; ika euk;g[ kz;lyj;ij cs;slf;fpaJ ika euk;g[ kz;lyj;ij mikg;gJ |iy (k) jz;LtlkhFk; kz;ilnahL vYk;g[. KJbfYk;g[ bjhlhpYk; ika euk;g[ kz;lyk;

mike;Js;sJ |isia ghJfhf;Fk; ciw oa{uhnkl;lh; vd;Wk; ,jd; eL ciu

muf;fpdha;L ciw vd;W bgah; Kd;Kis jyhk*; i&g;ngh jyhk*; mikg;ig bfhz;Ls;sJ |isapy; bgUk;gFjp 3y; ,uz;L ghfk; bgU|is MFk; bgU|isapy; fhh;g*; fnyhrk; fhzg;gLfpwJ czh;t[ ,af;f czh;tpid J}z;LtJ jyhk*; MFk; i&nghjyhk*; gzp

1) cly; btg;gepiy2) cz;Zjy;3) gUFjy;4) nfhgk;. gak;5) ghYwt[ elj;ij xG';F gLj;jy;

jyhk*pw;Fk; gpd; |isf;Fk; ,ilapy; eL|is cs;sJ eL |isapd; KJfpy; cs;s ehd;F miw nfhsk; fhh;nghuh Fthh;l;hpb$kpdh

vdg;gLk; gpd; |isapy; ghd;*;. rpW|is. KFsk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd jz;Ltlj;Jld; ,iza[k; |isapd; filrp gFjp KFsk; MFk; fghy euk;g[

|isapy; ,Ue;J 12,iz fghy euk;g[ cUthfpd;wd czh;r;rp euk;g[fshFk; fyg;g[ euk;ghft[k; cs;sJ/ ,J czh;r;rp ,af;f euk;ghf

bray;gLfpwJ fghy euk;gpw;F v/fh Kf euk;g[

jz;Ltlj;jpy; ,Ue;J 31 ,iz euk;g[ cUthfpd;wd kdpjdpy; ehskpy;yh Rug;gp fhzg;gLk; ,lk;

jiy ~ 1) gpl;a{l;lhp Rug;gp. 2) gpdpay; Rug;gpfGj;J ~ 1) ijuha;L Rug;gp/ 2) ghuhijuha;L Rug;gpkhh;g[ ~ ijk*; Rug;gptapw;wpy; ~

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fizak; - yh';fh;&hd; jpl;Lf;fs;ml;hPdy; Rug;gp -ml;hPdy; fhh;blf;*;. ml;hPdy; bkLy;yh,dbgUf;f Rug;gp - tpe;jfk;. mz;lfk;

&hh;nkhd; g[wjkhfnth mkpndh mkpykhfnth fhzg;gLfpd;wd ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfspd; jiytd; gpl;a{l;lhp Rug;gpahFk; ijuha;L Rug;gJ ijuhf;*pd; ,jpy; ilnuhrpd; mkpndh mkpyKk;. mnahod;

fye;j g[ujKk; cs;sJ ijuhf;*pd; gzpfs;

tsh;rpij khw;wj;ij cah;j;JfpwJ clypd; btg;gj;ij mjpfhpf;fpwJ mnahod; (k) rh;f;fiu msit ,uj;jj;jpy; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ rpWePuf bray;ghl;ila[k;. rpWePuf nghf;if fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ

vspa fha;lh; (Kd;fGj;J fHiy) cztpy; mnahod; Fiwthy; Vw;gLfpwJ ijuha;L Rug;gp Fiwg;ghl;odhy; bghpath;fSf;F kpf;*pokh njhd;Wk;/

rpwpath;fSf;F fphpl;odprk; cz;lhFk; i&gh; ijuha;o*k; mjpfkhdhy; vf;nrhjhy;kf; fha;lh; (m) fpnutpd;

neha;f;F fhuzkhfpwJ fizak; ,Utpjkhd gzpfis bra;af;Toa "hdkpy;yh Rug;gp MFk; yh';fh;&hd; jpl;L vd;gJ vz;nlhfpiud;

,jpy; My;gh bry;. gPl;lh bry; cs;sJ ,jpy; My;gh bry; FSf;nfhd; Ruf;Fk; gPl;lh bry; ,d;Rypid Ruf;Fk;

,ay;ghd ,uj;j rh;f;fiu mst[ 80-120 kp/fp/100 kp/fpkdpjdpy; ,d;Rypd;Fiwtpdhy; lahgO*; bky;yply; neha; njhd;WfpwJ ml;hPdy; fhh;blf;*; Ruf;Fk; &hh;nkhd; My;nlh*;Onuhd; (m) fhh;onahd; ml;hpdyPd; bkLy;yh ml;hPdypd;. (vgpbeg;hPd;). ehh; ml;hPdypd; (ehh;

vgpbe\gphpd;) vd;w &hh;nkhid Ruf;fpwJ Mz; &hh;nkhd;

1) Md;nuh$d;2) bg*;l; nuh$d;

bgz; &hh;nkhd;1) <*;l;nuh$d;2) g[nuhb$*;ouhd;3) hpyhf;*pd;

khjtplha; fhy';fspy; g[nuhb$*;ouhd; gad;gLfpwJ kfg;ngwpd; nghJ ,Lg;g[g; gFjp jirfis jsh;tila bra;tJ hpyhf;*pd; ijk*; Rug;gp

,jaj;jpd; nky; cs;sJ ijnkhrpd; vd;w bghUis Ruf;fpwJ Typk;nghirl; ntWghL miljiy J}z;LfpwJ

gpdpay; Rug;gp

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|isapy; fhh;g*; fnyhrk; moapy; mike;J cs;sJ gpdpay; Rug;gp bknyhl;ld; vd;w bghUis Ruf;fpwJ

fUthf;f jpRtpy; xw;iw Kid ePa{uhd; cs;sJ czh;t[ cWg;gpy; ,UKid ePa{uhd; cs;sJ ekJ kdbtGr;rpfis fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ i&nghjyhk*; jz;L tleuk;g[fspd; mikg;g[ fyg;g[ euk;ghFk; fGj;jpy; cs;s ehshkpy;yh Rug;gp ijuha;L Rug;gp vf;*;nuhfpiud; (k) vz;nlhfpnuapd; Mf bray;gLk; ehskpy;yh Rug;gp

eizakhFk; xt;bthU 100 kp/yp ,uj;jj;jy; rh;f;fiuapd; mst[ 80-120 kp/yp neha; bjhw;Wjiy njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Typk;nghirl; ve;j cWg;gpy; khWghL

mile;Js;sd - ijk*;Rug;gp kpah*p*; -1y; Xj;jpirthd Fnuhnkhnrhk; n$hoa[Wjy; epiy irnfhl;od;

MFk; tpy';Ffspy; ,dbgUf;fk; jhtuj;jpy; ,dbgUf;fk;

1) g[nuhl;nlhnrhth - gpsj;jy; gpsj;jy; - ghf;Ohpah 2) mUk;g[jy; - FHplyp mUk;g[jy; - <*;l;3) Jz;lhjy; - jl;il g[G Jz;lhjy; - My;fhf;fy;4) g{";ir - *;nghh;

Kjd; Kjypy; g{kpapy; njhd;wpa caphpdk; ghf;Ohpah MFk; ,uz;L gpsthf gpsj;jy; epfH:t[. mkPgh. ghf;Ohpah eilbgWfpd;wd ghiy japuhf khw;WtJ nyf;nlhng*py*; vd;w ghf;OhpahthFk; ikf;nfhghf;Ohpak; oa{gh;Fnshrp*;. ghf;Ohpah vYk;g[Uf;fp neha;

Vw;gLj;JfpwJ jd; kfue;j nrh;f;if Ml;nlhfhpk. may; kfue;j nrh;f;if my;nyhfhkp gwitfspd; tHp kfue;j nrh;f;if Mh;dpj;njh gpy;yp g{r;rpfspd; |yk; vd;lnkhgpyp (kfue;j nrh;f;if) tpy';Ffspd; |yk; kfue;j nrh;f;if N\gpyp fhw;wpd; |yk; kfue;j nrh;f;if mdpnkhgpyp v/fh/ g[w;fs; ePhpd; |yk; kfue;j nrh;f;if i&onuhgpyp KGikahf fUt[w;w |l;il irnfhl; MFk; fUt[whf; fdpfs; ghh;j;jndh fhgp MFk;

v/fh/ tpijapy;yh jpuhl;ir. bfha;ah KGrijf;fdp (g[f;bfl;) l;Qg; (cah; xl;L jir fdp) jpus;fsp v/fh/ bel;oyp';fk; md;ndhdh *;bfhahnkhrh (rPjhgHk;) bghpfdp - jf;fhsp b&*;bghpoa fdp - Mu";R nghk; tif fdp - Mg;gps; bgg;ngh tif fdp - bts;shp. Ff;fh; gpl;lh (g{rzp)

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l;Qg; cs; xl;Lrij fdp - kh

,Ug[w btofdp - mtiu xUg[w btofdp - vUf;F miwbto fdp - gUj;jp miw jLg;g[ Rth; btofdp - btz;il btoah cyh; rpW fdp (mfPd;) - me;jpke;jhiu btoah cyh; jhdpak; (fhhpahg;rp*;) - bey; bfhl;il fdp - Ke;jhp rpg;bryh fdp - oiulhf;*;

mwptpay; bgah; jkpH; bgah;byhkz;lk; fUntyk;f;bunkh fhh;g; bfhj;jky;ypbuf;kh Mkzf;Fnrhhpahrp*; gyhirnfhd*; mj;jp,U tpj;jpiy jhtuk; ~ v/fh gl;lhzp. mtiu. Mkzf;FxU tpj;jpiy jhtuk; ~ bey;. nfhJik. kf;fhr;nrhsk;. bt';fhak;lhh;tpd;jd; Ma;tpw;F gad;gLj;jpaJ bt';fahk;. Kl;ilnfh*; MFk;/ ,jid fly; ePhpy; Kisf;f itj;jhh; (,jpy; 87 % rpw;wpdk; Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;jpdhh;)mit 28 ehs; thH;e;jd vd;gij fz;lhh;

jhdpa';F Kiw |yk; tpij (k) fdp gut[k; Kiw Ml;nlhnfhhp fhw;wpd; |yk; fdp. tpij gut[tJ mdpnkhnfhhp v/fh/vUf;F. KU';if fhw;wpd; |yk; fdp. tpij gut[tJ i&lnuhnfhhp tpy';F |yk; tpij fdp gut[tJ Mnfhhp xU bry; caphpahd Mkpgh. ghf;Ohpahtpy; eilbgWk; ,dbgUf;f tiffspy;

Xd;W ,uz;lhf gpsj;jy; MFk; g{f;Fk; jhtuj;jpy; ghypd bgUf;fk; epfGk; Kjy; epfH;r;rp kfue;j

nrh;f;ifahFk; ePhpy; Cw itj;j tpijfis mGj;Jk; nghJ ,jd; tHpahf ePh;

btspnaWfpwJ - ikf;nuhngy; kh';fdp fy; nghd;w fdp TWtjw;F fhuzk; fdp cl;njhy; fodkhFk; |tpiztpdhy; cz;lhFk; jpRtpd; fU tsh;r;rpf;F Cl;lk; mspg;gJ -fUt{z;

MFk; ,Ubrhw; bgah; bghJ bgah; hprpd*; nky*; MkZf;F / Kj;Jbfhl;il igu*; nky*; Mg;gps; ghypahy; jpah yh';fp nghypah bel;oyp';fk; ePyk;ngh epa{*pnghuh jhkiu iknkhrh g[ofh bjhl;lhy; - tho. rpZ';fp. RU';fp kpuhgpyp*; $y;gh me;jpke;jhiu kh";rpbguh ,z;ofh kh

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Ff;fh;gpl;lh nkf;rpkh g{rzp. gu';fp - fha; bfhhpahz;lk; rl;iltk; bfhj;jky;yp guiunahgpy;yk; fl;og;nghl;lhy; Fl;o nghLk; fnyhl;nuh gp*; i$b$z;oah vUf;F rpl;u*; irbdd;rp*; rhj;JFo fhrpg;gak; Mh;nghhpak; gUj;jp Vgy; kh*;f*; v*;Fbyz;l*; btz;il mbfrpah fhf;rpdpah rpiff;fha; iynfh bgh;rpfhd; v*;Fbyz;lk; jf;fhsp J}e;jpuhg;gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; tpy';F

1) vUik2) vyp3) kiyahL

ghiytd tpy';F1) ,e;jpa tdf;fGij2) gpshf;gf; khd;

ed;dPh; tpy';F1) gPth;2) gpshl;og*;3) ePh;eha;

fly;ePh; tpy';Fjpkp';fyk;. lhy;gpd;. thy;uhg;. flw;g";R. flw; rp';fk; (rPy;)

jpkp';fyj;jpd; jhilahdJ ry;yil nghd;w mikg;ig bgw;Ws;sJ/ ,J gyPd;jl;L vdg;gLk;

jpkp';fy';fspd; czthf fphpy; gad;gLfpwJ ghiytd xl;lfkhdJ ePiu nrkpj;J itf;f M*;khl;of; bry;fis

bfhz;Ls;sJ khh;Ngpa*; vd;gJ - f';fhU gwf;Fk; ghYl;o btsthy; MFk;. ,J Ks;s';if ,wf;ifahf khw;wk;

mile;Js;sJ kdpj clypd; btg;gepiy 98/4OF - 98.6OF ghYl;ofspd; ,uj;j rptg;g[ mZtpy; &pnkhFnshgpd; mike;Js;sJ/

,J ,uj;j rptg;g[ mZtpy; Mf;*p$d; vLj;J bry;fpd;wd/ ,jpy; cl;fU ,y;iy

,uj;j RHw;r;rpia fz;lth; - tpy;ypak; &hh;nt kdpjdpd; ,jak; Tk;g[ (m) gpukpL totk; MFk; ,jak; bghpfhh;oak; vd;Dk; ciwahy; MdhJ tyJ Mhpf;fpd; tyJ btd;hpf;fpd; ,ilna cs;sJ - |tpjH; thy;t[ ,lJ Mhpf;fps; ,lJ btd;hpf;fps; ,ilna cs;s thy;t[ - <hpjH;

thy;t[ mike;Js;sJ

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fhh;oahf; jirapdhy; ,jak; RU';FfpwJ/ ,jak; RU';FtJ rp*;l;nlhy; tphptJ la*;nlhy;

btz;hpf;fps;fspd; RUf;fj;jpd; nghJ Mhpf;Fnyh btz;hpFyhh; thy;t[fs; |Ltjhy; yg; vd;w Xypnfl;fpwJ

btz;hpf;fps;fspd; thptpd; nghJ lg; vd;w xyp nfl;fpwJ xU kdpjdpd; ruhrhp ,ja Jog;g[ 72 Kiw jput epiyapy; cs;s ,izg;g[ jpR ,uj;jk;. ,J gpsh*;kh vDk; jputk;

cs;sJ ,uj;jk; ciujypy; iggphpndh$d; Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpwJ ,uj;jj;jpy; ePh;rkepiyia rPuhf;FtJ my;g[kPd; MFk; Rthrj;jpy; Kf;fpa g';F tfpg;gJ. ,uj;jj;jpw;F rptg;g[ epwj;ij mspg;gJ

&pnkhFnshgpd ,uj;j bts;is mZ bjspthd cl;fU bfhz;l mkPgha;L bry;fs; MFk; rpWePufk; ekJ clypd; kh*;l;lh; bfkp*;l; MFk; rpWePufj;jpd; FHpe;j clw;gFjp hPdy;i&y*; vdg;gLk; rpWePufj;jpd; mlh;rptg;g[ epwg;gFjp hPdy;fhh;blf;*; vd;Wk; btsph;epwg;gFjp

hPdy; bkLy;yh vdg;gLk; rpWePufj;jpd; mikg;g[ (k) bray; myF ePa{uhd;. ,J xU kpy;ypaDf;F

mjpfkhd beg;uhd; fhzg;gLfpwJ NH;epiyfspd; J}z;LjYf;F Vw;g jftikj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; tpy';Ffis xU

caphpapd; elj;ij vdg;gLk; xU rpw;wpdj;jpd; Fl;ofis kw;bwhU rpw;wpd bgw;nwhh; guhkhpg;gJ FWf;F

guhkhpj;jy; (m) fpuh*; gh*;l;hp'; ,e;jpa mwptpay; fHfk; bg';fShpy; cs;sJ czh;t[ kPir fhzg;gLk; tpy';F g{id ahid je;j';fs; btl;L gw;fs; gy;ypd; khWghL ehd;F miw tapW cila tpy';F - khd; kdpjd; ruhrhp cly; btg;gepiy 98/4OF - 98.6OF kpul;ly; thy;t[ ,lJ Mhpf;fpd; ,lJbtz;lhpf;fy; MFk; Xl;Lz;zpj; jhtuk;

1) fhg;Fl;lh2) tp*;fk;

bry; tpG';Fjy; vd;gJ nghnfhirl;nlhrp*; vdg;gLk; mkPghtpd; czt[ bghUs; lhal;lk;/ ,J bgha;fhy; |yk; tpG';Ffpd;wd ghukPrpak; jd;Dila czit FHpnghd;w irl;nlhghhp';*; tHpahf

cz;Zfpd;wd bry;Yf;F btspna brhpj;jy; Y}kd; gFjpfspy; eilbgWfpd;wd czt[ kz;lyj;jpd; mikg;g[ ,ug;ig. Fly; czt[ FHy; nghd;w neha;fspd; rpfpr;ir Kiwfis mwptJ nf*;l;hpna

vd;hpahy$p

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,iug;ig. Fly; FHy;fs; (czt[f;FHy;) bghpa jirfshy; MdJ/ ,J 9KPePsk; cilaJ

tha; Kjy; kytha; tiu ePz;Ls;sJ czt[ FHy; MFk; Rthr js bghUs; fhh;nghi&l;nul;. bfhGg;g[. g[ujk; vd |d;W tifg;gLk; fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; ehd;F epiyfspy; eilbgWk;

1) fpisfhyp*;2) igUtpf; mkpy Mf;*pndw;w fhh;gd; ePf;fk;3) fpug; Raw;rp4) vyf;l;uhd; flj;jp r';fpyp

fpisfhyp*; RHw;rp irl;nlhgpshrj;jpy; eilbgWfpwJ ighpy;f mkpy Mf;*pndw;wk; ikl;nlh fhz;gPhpahtpy; ,uz;Lk; |d;whk;

gofspy; eilbgWk; vyf;l;uhd; flj;jp r';fpypapd; Kotpy; ePh; cz;lhfpwJ xU FSnfh*; |yf;TW KGikahf Mf;*pndw;wk; mila[k; nghJ 38 ATP

|yf;TW cz;lhfpwJ fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; behjpj;jy; Kiw |yk; eilbgWfpwJ

v/fh ghy; japuhf khWJy; (<*;l; Kd;dpiyapy;) ADP + Pi Mw;wy; ATP clypd; nkw;gug;g[ |yk; mkPgh. &l;uh. flw;gFjp Rthrk; eilbgWfpwJ kdpjdpy; Rthrpf;Fk; fhw;W nuhkk; (k) ehrp FHpfspy; cs;s nfhiH glyk;

|yk; tl;ofl;o J}a;ikahd fhw;W EiuaPuy;fis milfpd;wd jz;L. nth;. ,iy gFjpfSf;F iryk; (k) ouf;fPl |yk; ePiu flj;Jfpd;wd rPypz;lnul;lh vDk; fHpt[ bghUl;fspy; fHpt[g;bghUs; bry; rt;t[ tHpahf

CLt[fpd;wd jl;ilg[G. cUz;il. tisjir g[Gtpy; beg;hPoahf;fy; |yk; fHpt[ bghUs;

btspnaw;wg;gLfpwJ kPd;fs; mnkhdpahthf fHpt[ bghUis btspnaw;Wfpd;wd gwitfs; fHpt[ ePf;fg; bghUshd a{hpah btspnaw;Wtjhy; a{hpnfh blypf;

tpy';F vdg;gLk; ghYl;ofSK; a{hpah vd;w fHpt[ bghUs; btspnaw;Wtjhy; ,Jt[k;

a{hpnahblypf; tpy';fhFk; kndhl;nuhghtpy; czt[g; bghUs;fis cwp";Rtjw;fhd nth;fs;

ikf;nfhiurh nth; <*;l;oy; fhw;wpy;yh Rthrj;jpd; nghJ cz;lhtJ ikf;nfhiurh nth; ePh; njitf;fhf jha; jhtuj;jpd; nth;fis tpl;L bjd;id tpsfp cs;s me;j

nth;fspd; ,af;fk; ePh; rhh;g[ ,af;fk; jthu';fspy; iryj;jpd; gzp ePiu flj;Jjy; fhfpjj;ij kWRaw;rp (kPz;Lk;) 54% gad;gLj;jyhk; fz;zho 20% kW Raw;r;rpf;F gad;gLj;jyhk; jw;fhy fzbfLg;gpd;go Rkhh; 400 Ch;td ,dk;

200 ,UthH;tpfs;

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3000 kPd; ,dk; 3000 gwit ,dk; 4100 ghYl;o ,dk; 20000 g{r;rp ,dk;

,e;jpuhfhe;jp td caphp ruzhyak; - nkw;F bjhlh;r;rp kiy fsf;fhL td caphp ruzhyak; - jpUbey;ntyp _tpy;ypg[j;J}h; mzpy; ruzhyak; - tpUJefh; KJkiy tdtpy';F ruzhyak; - ePyfphp tpuhypkiy - jpUr;rp (kapy;) kd;dhh; tisFlh - ,uhkehjg[uk; Kz;le;Jiu td caphp ruzhyak; - jpUbey;ntyp ty;yehL fWg;g[ khd; ruzhyak; - J}j;JFo mwp"h; mz;zh tpy';fpay; g{';fh - tz;lY}h; Kf;FUj;jp njrpa g{';fh - ePyfphp (g[yp) nfhoahd;fiu tdcaphp ruzhyak; - ehfg;gl;odk; Mizkiy td caphp ruzhyak; - nkw;F bjhlh;r;rp kiy 89 njrpa g{';fh cs;sJ 13 ghJfhf;fg;gl;l caph; thH;tplk; ge;jpa{h; - fh;ehlfh (g[yp) ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; njrpa g{';fh fhh;gl; njrpa g{';fh (cj;juh";ry; -g[yp) fd;&h njrpa g{';fh kj;jpa gpunjrk; (g[yp) guj;g{h; gwit ruzhyak; - ,uh$*;jhd; Re;jh;td njrpa g{';fh nkw;F t';fshk; epiyahd rydkw;w ed;dPh; Fyk; ePh; NH;epiy kz;lykhFk; epyf;fhpapy; mjpfkhd g';Fs;s jzpkk; fhh;gdhFk; cyf mstpy; mjpfkhf kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;f gad;gLtJ epyf;fhpahFk; epyf;fhp vhpf;Fk; nghJ CO2 btspnaWfpwJ jhh; ge;Jfs; vd;gJ vz;bza; fHptpdhy; fly; ePh; kl;lj;jpy; kpjf;ff;Toa

vz;bza; rpjwy;fs; gy ehLfs; Fiwe;j gRikahf tha[it btspapLk;; nehf;fpy; bgl;nuhy;

cgnahfpj;ij Fiwf;f fpa{l;nlh xg;ge;jk; nghlg;gl;Ls;sJ braw;if gygo nrh;kk; PVC MFk; g[tp fpuhkk; bg';fShpy; ikNh; gFjpfspy; mike;Js;sJ bghUj;jkw;wJ

1) jhtuk; 2) btl;Lf;fpsp. 3) ghk;g[. 4) jtis. gok vhpbghUSf;F v/fh fhp nkf';fis J}z;o braw;if kiH bga;a cjt[k; ntjpbghUs; bghl;lhrpak;

mnahilL NH;epiy bjhFg;gpy; rpijg;git - ghf;OhpahthFk; gRik ntjpaypdhy; cz;lhFk; bghUs; caphp gpsh*;of; g[tp nkw;gug;gpy; j';F jilapd;wp XLk; ePh; Mh;l;Orpad; ePUw;W (m) Xil

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kpf mjpf mstpy; khR mile;j fHpt[ ePiu J}a;ik bra;a iel;nuhnrhnkhd*; a{nuhgpah ghf;Ohpah gad;gLfpwJ

ePhpd; |yk; fhyuh. ilgha;L. rPjngjp. tapw;W nghf;F cUis g[Gf;fshy; Vw;gLk; ghh;it FiwghL neha; M';nfhbrh;rpahyp&;

vDk; neha; 300 gpy;ypad; kf;fs; knyhpahthy; ghjpg;g[ milfpwhh;fs;/ 4gpy;ypad; kf;fs;

tapw;W nghf;fpdhy; ghjpg;g[milfpd;wdh; xuyF vil bfhz;l i&l;u$d; bgl;nuhy; bghUs; vspjpy; btg;gj;ij tpl

4/5kl';Fk; bkj;jdhiy tpl 6 kl';F mjpfk; i&l;u$d; btg;g ,af;f Mw;wy; khw;Wk; jpwd; (30-35) MdJ bgl;nuhy;

nfn*htpd; tpl (20-250 mjpfkhf cs;sJ kug[ rhh;e;j tdk;

1) Nhpa Mw;wy;2) i&l;u$d;3) fhw;W

kug[ rhuh Mw;wy;1) fhp2) bgl;nuhypak;3) ,aw;if tha[4) a[nudpak; (mZf;fU)

,aw;if tha[ 90% mjpfkhd kPj;njd; rpwpjst[ <j;njd; g[ug;ngd; fhw;Wfspy; ehL bld;khh;f; fhw;whiy cw;gj;jpapy; b$h;kzp Kjy; ,lj;jpYk;. ,e;jpah 5tJ ,lk; ,e;jpahtpy; KGikahd fhw;W jpwid gad;gLj;jpdhy; 45000 bkfhth;l

kpd;rhuk; bgwKoa[k; mnkhdpah. cuk; jahhpg;gpy; ,aw;if tha[ gad;gLfpwJ gpnurpy;. mbkhpf;fh nghd;w ehLfspy; vhprhuhak; thfd';fspd;

vhpbghUshFk; gnah my;&hy; caphp vhprhuak; MFk; ePhpd; |yk; cz;lhFk; neha; ilg;gha;L ,aw;if tha[tpd; Kjd;ikahd bghUs; kPj;njd; cz;ik fiury; v/fh rh;f;fiu fiury; fiug;ghdpy; fiuahky; cs;s gyg;goj;jhd fyit bjh';fy; fiury; MFk;/

v/fh/ Rz;zhk;g[ fyit TH;k Jfspd; kPJ Jfs; gl;L rpjWk; epiy oz;lhy tpist[ MFk; bjhlh;e;J xG';F epiyapy; ,y;yhky; ,a';Fk; TH;k Jfspd; ,af;fk;

gpbusypd; ,af;fk; gpbusypd; ,af;fk; ePhpy; kfue;j Jfs;fspd; ,af;fj;ij fz;lwpe;jhh;/

,uhgh;l; gpbusypd;

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ve;j xU fiurypy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l mst[ cs;s fiug;ghdpy; fiubghUs; fiua Koahnjh mU bjtpl;oa fiury; MFk;

g{kpapy; cs;s bjtpl;oa fiury; iel;u$d; ePh;kj;jpy; jpz;kk; ghyilfl;o ePh;kk; ePh;kk; ghy; ePh;kk; tha[ nkfk; tha[ jpz;kk; jf;if tha[. tha[ &Pypak; tha[ ePh;kk; nrhlh ePhpy; 20OC fhg;gh; ry;ngl;od; fiujpwd; 20/7 fpuhk; 100 fpuhk; jz;zPhpy; 36 fpuhk; Nacl ve;j btg;gepiyapy; bjtpl;oa fiury;

cz;lhf;Fk; 25oC 100fp ePhpy;

NaBr - 75 fpuhk; fiua[k;NaNo3 - 92 fpuhk; fiua[k;NaI - 184 fpuhk; fiua[k;

rhf;gP*; jz;zPhpy; fiue;J fhzg;gLtJ bjh';fy; fiury; ePh; fiug;ghdhf bfhz;l fiury; ePh;jj; fiury; CO2 fiug;ghdhf bfhz;l

fiury; fhyp fiury; MH;fly; Kj;JFspg;gth; gad;gLj;Jk; tha[ &Pypak; Mf;*p$d; xU Jfspd; fiuriy Ez;nzhf;fp tHp ghh;j;jhy; mJ bjh';fy; fiury; xU bghUspd; epiwia Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; rkd;ghl;il fz;lth; - $d;*;od;

$d;*;od; rkd;ghL - E=mc2

E btspahd Mw;wy;. m-epiw. c xspngfk; mZ vd;gJ Mlk; (M';fpy brhy;) ,J Mlkh*; vd;whdJ/ ,jd; bghUs;

gphpf;fKoahJ vd;W $hd; lhy;ld; Twpdhh;/ xU mZ |yf;TW -&pypak;. epahd; <uZ |yf;TW i&l;u$d; h2, Fnshhpd; cl2

KtZ |yf;TW - 03 (Xnrhd;) gy mZ |yf;TW - gh*;gu*; p4, ry;gh; s8

mZ fl;L vz; = |yf;TW epiw / mZ epiw STP apy; fpuhk; nkhyhh; gUkd; - 22/4yp xj;j mZ |yf;TW - i&l;u$d;. Mf;*p$d; ntw;W mZ |yf;TW - mnkhdpah. kPj;njd; i&l;u$d; mZ epiwt[ - 1 Na mZ epiwt[ - 23 Mf;*p$d; mZ epiwt[ - 16 iel;u$d; mZ epiwt[ - 14 fhh;gd; mZ epiwt[ - 12 mtfl;nuh vz; - 1 nkhy;. 1 nkhy; = 6.023x1023

22/4 ypl;lh; cs;s ve;j tha[t[k; 6.023x1023 |yf;TWfis bgw;W ,Uf;Fk;

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BUDDHAN -- SATTUR

Meena Samy
Typewritten Text
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