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    There is a large variety of rechargeable batteries available;remember to choose the type specifically designed for yourcamera, by referring to the camera's specifications.

    And once the battery is spent at a crucial moment, you are unable to continue

    photographing. It is advisable to pack a fully charged spare battery before departure

    In addition, extended use of playback operation is very draining on batteries. Hence

    to conserve power, minimize image playback as much as possible.

    Use a battery cover

    Be sure to use the battery cover when putting it into a trouserpocket. In this way, the battery contact is protected fromgetting scratched or stained with sweat and dirt.

    A battery cover can extend the

    lifespan of your battery

    There is a contact area on a battery which transfers power to the camera. If the

    contact gets dirty or stained, fail to function normally or even cause the camera to

    malfunction. You should be very careful not to touch the contacts when swapping

    the battery and to protect the contacts during transit or storage. The protective case

    that is supplied with your battery is specifically designed to safeguard the battery.

    Using the protective battery cover is the best method of extending the lifespan of th

    battery.

    Using a spare battery by turnsUsing the same battery continuously

    will reduce the battery life

    A rechargeable battery cannot be recharged and reused indefinitely. The number

    of recharge cycles varies, depending on the type of battery. When a fully recharged

    battery becomes exhausted shortly after use, it has reached its recharge limit and

    should be replaced. To extend the life of your batteries, alternate your spare

    batteries. This will reduce the number of charging and recharging cycles for each

    battery and assure that they wear evenly. Marking or labeling your batteries will

    help to identify the batteries and insure they are being used in rotation.

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    C rtnhiu pin sc c sn, hy nhchnloithitkcbitcho my nhcabn,bng cch tham kho thng skthutca my nh.

    c chi tiu timtthiimrt quan trng,bn khng thtiptcchp

    nh. l khuyn khch ng gi pin scyph tng trc khi khi

    hnh. Ngoi ra, sdngmrnghotng pht lirt thot nc trn pin. Do

    botnnnglng,gimthiu pht li hnh nh cng nhiu cng tt.

    Sdngnp pin

    Hy chcchnsdngnp pin khi t n vo mt tiqun.Bng cch ny, cc lin hvi pin cbovkhibtryxchocnhum mu vim hi vbibn.

    Mtnp pin c th ko di

    tuithca pin cabn

    C mt khu vc lin h trn mt pin m chuyn giao quynlc cho my nh.Nu

    lin hvi ccbbnhocnhum mu, khng hotng bnh thnghocthm

    ch gy ra cc my nhhng.Bncnphirtcnthn khng chm vo cc a

    ch lin lc khi trao i pin v bov cc ach lin lc trong thi gian qu cn

    hoclutr. Cc trnghpbov m c cung cpvi pin cabncthit

    kbov pin. Sdngnpbov pin lphng php ttnht ko di tuith

    ca pin.

    Sdngmt pin dphng bng cch quaySdng cng mt pin lin tc

    sgimtuith pin

    Mt pin sc khng thnpli v ti sdng v thihn.S chu knptin khc

    nhau, ty thuc vo loi pin. Khi mt pin scytrnn kitsc ngay sau khi

    sdng, n tngiihnnptinca n v nn c thay th. ko di

    tuithca pin cabn, pin thay thph tng cabn.iu ny sgimslng

    v sc pin sc cho pin mi chu k v m bornghmcngu.nhdu

    hoc ghi nhn pin cabns gip xc nh cc loi pin vbomhangc

    sdng trong vng quay.

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    For good pictures, hold the camera properlyAfter the battery and memory card are installed, we can start practising with the camera. Although it is very light and compact in yourhand, holding it casually will not produce good pictures. For best results and best image quality, you must start by holding your camerain the right way.

    graphs Hold

    d, andoes notcamera

    venlya relaxedyourselfessaryms.tly orlead tofind a

    n maintain

    . When taking a photo, be sure to hold the camera using both hands. Moreover, as you have to frame your image using the LCD screen at the back of the

    graphing in dim light, where the effect of camera shake is exacerbated by lower shutter speeds. With the right posture, the incidence of failed photos will

    Trying different shooting angles

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    High shooting angle

    Grip the camera with hand strap looped around your wrist

    In situations such as shooting from the midst of a crowd, you may try high angle shooting by

    lifting up your hands. In this position, the camera's weight will bear on your wrists more

    heavily than usual, thus increasing the tendency of camera shake. To minimize this, do not

    adopt too high a position that the camera cannot be held steadily. Shorten the shooting time as

    much as possible, and remember to hold the camera with both hands. Also, to avoid accidents

    such as dropping the camera, make it a habit to hold the camera with the hand strap looped

    around your wrist.

    Lift your hands up to the same level. Keep your posture andsteady the camera. Spread your legs slightly for greaterstability of your body. In this way, hand shake is effectivelyprevented.

    Low shooting angleMaintain the same upper body posture whenshooting from a lower position

    Besides shooting a low-lying subject from above, yo

    can try low angle shooting at the subject's height. In

    this circumstance, maintain the same upper body

    posture as when shooting upright, but squat on one

    leg for greater stability. For additional balance when

    holding the camera in a lower position, rest your

    elbow on the raised leg. In general, squatting affords

    greater stability than standing and is a highly

    recommended posture for photographing in dimly-lit

    places or when using a telephoto zoom lens.

    The posture of your upper body remains almost thesame as when photographing in the standing positionFor greater stability, squat on one leg, as shown in

    the picture on the right.

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    Make good use of surrounding objects

    Use any object as appropriate for photographing night scenes

    In situations where it is hard to maintain a stable shooting posture due to inadequate light or

    strong wind, you can make use of surrounding objects to steady the camera. For instance, just

    steadying the camera against a tree trunk can yield surprisingly good results. Other readilyavailable objects that one can use to support the camera include handrail, table, etc., which are

    also especially handy for photographing night scenes. To avoid camera shake, steady yourself

    before completely pressing down the shutter button.

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    Cho hnh nhtt,gimy nhng cchSau khi pin v thnhc ci t, chng ta c thbtuthc hnh vi my nh.Mc d l rtnh v nhgn trong tay, gi n tnhcs khng snxut hnh nhtt.iviktquttnht v chtlng hnh nhttnht,bnphibtubng cch gi my nhcabnmt cch ngn.

    ng thng cnh tay cabn.Gi nch cabnnh nhng vo trong, vchnrng cc my nh khng di chuyn theo chiu ngang. Gi myh nhng, gi cnh tay cabnuchnglicthcabn,to raththoi mi nhngnnh.V trca mnh thoi mi trnhg cnthitbt trong tay hoc cnh tay cabn. Gi my nh qu chttensing cnh tay cabn c thd dng dnnchuynngcara. C thc tm mtv trthoi mi mbn c th duy tr m khngthnghoclc.

    nh km lychyu l ktqucastp trung khng chnh xc hoclc my nh,b gy rabng cch gi cc camera mt cch khng thch hp. Khi ch

    y chcchngi my nhbng cch sdngc hai tay. Hnna, lbn c vo khung hnh nhcabnbng cch sdng mn hnh LCD mt sau

    nh,phnmrng v v trca cnh tay cabn lbtbuc.Hynhv tr nch cabn vo bn trong nh nhng, khng cng cnh tay cabn ra qu nhi

    y nhnnh.Mttththoi mi v nnh gip gim rung tay v mhnh nh,cbit l khi chp trong nh sng m, m tc dngcalc my nh

    mtrnghnbitc mn trpthphn.Vi tthng,tlmc ccbcnh khng thnh cng scgimrtnhiu.

    angcgngchp gc khc nhau

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    chp gc cao

    Grip my nhvi dy eo tay looped quanh c tay cabn

    Trong tnh hungnhchptgiamng,bn c thth gc chpbi nng ln bn tay

    cabn.v tr ny, trnglngca my nhs mang vo c tay cabn thm nngnhn

    bnh thng, do lm tng xu hng my nhb rung. gimthiu ny, khng chpnhn

    mtv tr qu cao m my nh c th khng ctchcun. Rt ngnthi gian chp

    cng nhiu cng tt, v nhgi my nhvic hai tay. Ngoi ra, trnh tai nnnhri my

    nh, lm cho n mt thi quen gi my nhvi dy eo tay looped quanh c tay cabn.

    Nng tay ln cng cp.Gitthcabn v nnhcamy nh. Ly lan cabn chn hinnhcacth.Bng cch ny,bt tay l c hiuqungnnga.

    chp gc thpDuy tr tthcth pha trn cng khi chptmtv trthphn

    Bn cnhvicchpmtchthpt pha trn,bn

    c thth gc chp cao thpcai

    tng. Trong trnghp ny, cth duy tr thtrn

    tngtnh khi chp trn thngng,nhngngi

    xm trn mt chn cho snnhlnhn.ivi

    sdb sung khi gi my nhmtv trthphn,

    phn cn likhuu tay cabn trn cc chn

    ln. Nhn chung, ngixm dnh snnhlnhn

    thngtrc v l mttthrtkhuyn khch cho

    chpnhnhngni nh sng lmhoc khi s

    dngmtng knh zoom tele.

    Cc tthcacth pha trn cabnvngnnhgingnh khi chpnh trong tthng.ivis

    nnhhn,ngixm trn mt chn, nhthhintrong hnh bnphi.

    Hy sdngtt cc itng xung quanh

    Sdngbtkitng thch hp cho chpnhnhngcnh ban m

    Trong trnghprt kh duy tr mttthchpnnh do nh sng khng yhoc gi mnh,bn c thsdng cc itng xung quanh

    my nhnnh ny. Vd,chcn steadying my nhvimt thn cy c th mang liktqungngc nhin tt. Cc itng khc c sn m t

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    c thsdnghtrmy nh c lan can,bng, vv, m cngcbittindng cho chpnhnhngcnh ban m. trnh rung my, nnh ch

    mnh trc khi hon ton cch nhn nt chp.

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    03

    Resolution and compression rateThe resolution and compression rate of a digital camera are determinants of image quality. A digital camera offers the freedochoosing the quality and size of an image, which enables you to customize your specific photographic requirements. Here is illustration of these factors.

    Image size vs. Camera Pixel

    - This photo was taken by an 8 megapixelIXUS 950 IS camera; results may vary dueto different type and pixel of the camera.For more details, please refer to the usermanual.

    To fully exploit the functions of a digital camera, record images at high resolutions

    "Resolution" of a digital camera refers to the pixel number that determines the image size. The greater the number, the more pixels the camera can

    capture, and thus the larger the image will be. For a film-based camera, the image quality is determined by the size of the film. A digital camera,

    however, can produce images in a wide range of resolutions by controlling the sensor that generates the pixels. If enlarged prints are desired, shoot at

    higher resolutions. For example, when image resolution is set at 8 megapixels, the image will have fine quality and no "jaggies" will occur even if it is

    enlarged and printed out onto A3 photo paper. If a low resolution had been used instead, you'll notice jagged lines where there should be smooth

    curves when the image is enlarged. Nevertheless, low resolution images are useful for publishing on the Internet or as attached photos sent out in

    emails. Different image resolutions serve different purposes, but as a general rule, always shoot at the highest resolution possible. Remember, your

    computer's photoshop programme can always reduce the resolution size of an image, but it can not increase it!

    Image quality differs with compression rate Super Fine

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    A Enlargement

    The details remain perfect after enlargement, but unless you are certain from theonset that you would be printing your photos in enlarged A3 size prints, the largeimage file sizes from the low compression rate in this mode can present a problem.Super Fine setting is not suitable for taking snapshots, but more for photographingscenery which requires best image quality. Of course, you need a large capacitymemory card due to the increased image size.

    Fine

    B Enlargement

    This mode has the best balance of high image quality and reduced image data size.Even when enlarging a part of the picture, the image quality shows no discernabledifference from that in Super Fine mode. Image quality is adequate for large size

    prints, and the smaller data file sizes means more photos will fit into the memorycard. For a generalized rule, if you're not sure about whether you'll be printing yourimages, Fine mode is a safe choice.

    Normal

    C Enlargement

    Much reduced image sizes, but image quality appears a bit coarse because the datahas been highly compressed. It is still good enough for viewing on screen anduploading onto the Internet, but not for printing out in large sizes. This mode is notrecommended except when absolutely necessary, such as in unanticipated situationwhere you have to shoot more images and there is little space left in the storagecard.

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    Use "Fine" mode for daily photography

    Data compression techniques were developed to reduce the file size of image data and record as many photos as possible on a storage card. Without

    data compression, the image data of a single photo would be enormous, and no matter how large the capacity of the storage card, it would soon be

    filled up. With data compression, image data can be reduced to 1/3 or even 1/4 that of the original photo. Of course, compression techniques are not

    perfect. Compression can lead to lower image quality, especially with high compression rates, so that the compressed digital file looks less sharp. As a

    rule, select the compression rate of the image according to the needs of your photo's final specifications. Generally, if the pho to is intended for

    printing, select "Fine" for a low compression rate and better image quality. Although "Super Fine" has a lower compression rate, "Fine" mode

    produces high image quality while keeping image data file sizes small. In comparison, the high compression rate in "Normal" mode minimizes file

    sizes further, but also minimizes image quality to such a degree that it's not good enough for printing

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    Nghquyt v tl nnTl phn gii v nn camt my nhkthuts l yutquytnhchtlng hnh nh.Mt my nhkthuts cung cpcc quynt do lachnchtlng v kch thccamt hnh nh, cho phpbn ty chnh cc yu cucth hnh nhcabn.y lmt minh honginca cc yut ny.

    Hnh nh kch thc so vi my nh Pixel

    - Hnh nh ny cchpbimtmegapixel 8 IXUS 950 IS my nh,ktquc th thay i ty theo loi hnh khcnhau v pixel ca my nh.bit thmchi tit, xin vui lng tham kho cc hngdnsdng.

    Khai thc y cc chcnngcamt my nhkthuts, hnh nh ghi li phn gii cao

    "Nghquyt"camt my nhkthuts l simnh xc nh kch thc hnh nh.Viclnhnslng,imnh cng nhiu my nh c

    thchp, v do lnhn cc hnh nhsc.ivimt my nh phim da trn chtlng hnh nhc xc nhbi kch thccab

    phim. Mt my nhkthuts, tuy nhin, c thsnxut hnh nh trong mtlot cc nghquytbng cch kim sot cc cmbinto ra cc im

    nh.Numrng in c mong mun,chp phn gii cao hn. Vd, khi phn gii hnh nhcthitlpmc 8 megapixel, hnh nhs

    c chtlngtt v khng c "rngca"sxy ra ngay c khi n cmrng v in ra trn giynh A3.Nu phn giithpcsdng

    thay vo ,bnsnhnthynglmchm,ni khng nn c nhngng cong mt m khi hnh nhcmrng. Tuy nhin, hnh nh

    phn giithp l hu ch cho vicxutbn trn Internet hocnh hnh nhnh km trong email gii. phn gii hnh nh khc nhauphcv cho

    mcch khc nhau, nhngnhmt quy lut chung, lun lun chp phn gii cao nht c th. Hy nhrng,chng trnh photoshop my tnh

    cabn lun c thgim kch thc phn giica hnh nh,nhng n khng thtng n!

    Chtlng hnh nh khc vitl nn

    Super Fine

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    Mt Enlargement

    Cc chi titvn hon ho sau khi mrng,nhngtr khibnchcchntskhiu mbn c th in nhcabn c kch thc A3 mrngbn in, cc kch thctp tin hnh nhlnttl nn thp trong ch ny c th trnh by mtvn. Super Fine thitlp l khng thch hp cho chpnhchp nhanh, nhngnhiuhn cho chpnh phong cnh m ihichtlng hnh nhttnht.Tt nhin,bncn c mtth dung lngbnhln do stng kch thc hnh nh.

    Cui

    B Enlargement

    Hnh thc ny c s cnbngttnhtcachtlng hnh nh cao v kch thchnh nhdliugim. Ngay c khi mrngmtphnca hnh nh,chtlnghnh nh cho thy khng c s khcbit xc ngt trong ch Super

    Fine. Chtlng hnh nh l cho ccbn in kch thcln, v cc dliunhhn kch thctp tin c ngha l hnh nhnhiuhns ph hpvi cc thnh.ivimt nguyn tctng qut, nubn khng chcchnvvicliubnsc in n hnh nhcabn,Mch l mtslachn an ton.

    Bnh thng

    C Enlargement

    Phnlngim kch thc hnh nh,nhngchtlng hnh nhxuthinmt chtth, v dliuc nn cao. N vn cn tt, xem trn mn hnh v ti lnmng Internet, nhng khng cho in ra kch thcln.Ch ny khng ckhuyn khch tr khi thtcnthit,chnghnnh trong cc tnh hungbtng,nbn c chp cc hnh nhnhiuhn v c rt t khng gian trng trong thlutr.

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    Sdng"m"chchpnh hng ngy

    kthut nn dliuc pht tringimbt kch thctp tin dliunh v ghi linhnhiunhnht c th trn mtthlutr.Nu khng c

    nn dliu, cc dliu hnh nhcamt hnh nh duy nht s l rtln, v khng c vnlnnhth no nnglccathlutr, n ssmc

    lpy.Vi nn dliu,dliu hnh nh c thcgimti 1 / 3 hocthm ch 1 / 4 l canhgc.Tt nhin, kthut nn khng c hon

    ho. Nn c thdnnchtlng hnh nhthphn,cbit l vitl nn cao, cc tp tin nn kthuts trng t sc nt. Theo quy nh,chn

    tl nn ca hnh nh theo nhu cuca cc chi titkthutcui cng hnh nhcabn. Thng thng,nu hnh nh ny cthitk in, chn"Tt" cho mttl nn thp v chtlng hnh nhtthn.Mc d "Super Fine" c tl nn thphn,"Tt"chsnxutchtlng hnh nh

    cao, trong khi vngidliu hnh nh kch thctp tin nh. Trong khi ,tl nn cao trong ch "bnh thng"gimthiu kch thctp tin ch

    tit, m cn gimthiuchtlng hnh nhmcnhvy m n khng tt cho in n.

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    How to operate the shutter button

    Point the camera at the subject

    Shutter button: not pressed

    Point your camera at the subject

    Frame your picture

    Firstly, point your camera at the subject. The LCD screen will display the subject asshown in the picture. The square frame in the centre of the screen is the focusingreference, called the AF frame. Aim the camera such that the AF frame on the LCDscreen overlaps the part of the subject that needs to be in sharp focus.

    Press the shutter button halfwayShutter button: press halfway

    AF frame turns green; image is in focusShutter

    After composing the shot, put your index finger on the shutter button and pressgently. The square AF frame will turn from white to green accompanied by a lightbeep, indicating that image focus has been achieved. Maintain the shutter button athalfway position. If the camera fails to focus, i.e. the AF frame does not turn green,check your camera settings to see if it's in the Macro mode.

    Lock the focus, then press down the shutter button fully

    focusShutter button: depress fully

    Keep the AF frame green

    Then fully depress the shutter button

    On achieving image focus, from maintaining the halfway position of the shutterbutton, now fully depress the shutter button to take the picture. When the shutterbutton is pressed halfway and the AF frame is green, the AF point is temporarily

    locked. Hence, fully depressing the shutter button to take the picture, take care notto move the camera back and forth, or else the subject might fall out of focus in thefinal image.

    Key points of pressing the shutter button

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    Proper ways of pressing the shutter button

    When holding the camera horizontally When holding the camera vertically

    The correct way to press the shutter button is the same for both horizontal and vertical photographs, though it's a little harder whileholding the camera vertically. However, you can still shoot sharp pictures without camera shake as long as you always press t he shutterbutton with the flat of your finger.

    Incorrect ways of pressing the shutter button

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    Try switching to auto focus modeMost digital cameras today determine the correct focus in auto focus (AF) modes, where the camera automatically measures the distanceto the subject and locks the focus. Models like the IXUS series offer multiple auto focus modes. Let's find out the difference betweenthese modes.

    Three typical auto focus modes

    AF Frame: [Face Detect]Auto focus that responds only to the subject's face

    With Cannon's face-detection technology, the auto focus mode automaticallysearches for and focuses on the subject's face. It is able to do this no matterwhere the subject's face is located in the frame, and it only recognizes a humanface and will not respond to a puppet, the face of pets, etc. As shown in thisshot, the camera focused on the girl in the back, even though there was apuppet in the front of the frame. In ordinary modes the user may find itdifficult to properly set the focus due to the lack of experience in digitalphotography; but with a function like face-detection, even a beginner caneasily capture sharp portraits.

    AF Frame: [AiAF]Automatically locks focus on foreground subjects

    This mode automatically locks the focus taking into consideration severalfocus points in a single frame. As with face detection, in this mode AF pointsspontaneously move and the focus is determined with one or more AF points.

    The closest object to the lens in a frame is regarded as the priority, thuspreventing the camera from focusing on the background. This mode isdifferent from face-detect mode because it is not limited to human faces andcan actually determine correct focus for even a pet photo. While Smart AF[face-detect] might not detect when the subject is wearing sunglasses, you candetermine the focus in this scenario with Smart AF [On]. Apart from petphotos, this mode is also suitable for snapshots and shooting small objects.

    AF Frame: [Center]The simplest and most user-friendly auto focus mode

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    This is the most commonly used AF mode which focuses only on the autofocus points fixed at the frame centre. This mode is very efficient when youneed to ensure correct focus because its auto focus points don't movespontaneously. Because the auto focus points are fixed at frame centre it wouldbe normal to assume your composition range might be limited. However, AFmode, allows you to determine the focus at any part of a frame by using thefocus-lock feature and moving your subject off-centre. By doing this, you can

    also avoid the camera mistakenly focusing on other people when shooting at acrowded scenic spot, as it is left to you to determine the focus point. All otherauto focus modes, such as [Face -Detect], are derived from the basic algorithmof this mode.

    Switching between Smart AF options [Face-detect] and [On]

    Smart AF [Face-detect]

    The AF systemdetected the entireface profile; it isimpossible todetermine the exactfocusing spotwithout actualshooting. Althoughthe focus was onacceptable spots, itcould not bedetermined withfurther details.

    Smart AF [On]

    [On] option issuitable for all kindsof subjects and pre-determines the focusspot on the subject'sface before actualcapturing. This autofocus mode can beused for capturingportraits as well aspet photos.

    The auto focus mode for portraitscan be chosen based on the size of the face in the imageIt is very convenient to capture portraits using face-detect auto focus, but it's difficult to ascertain the exact focusing spot on the subject's face when

    the face in the image is large. Face-detect mode determines focus by analysing the overall profile of the subject's face, thus this mode is not suitable

    when one needs to lock the focus on specific facial features. For this, Smart AF [On] is the better choice as it clearly indicates the focusing spot. [On]

    option applies highly-controlled auto focus algorithms and electronic sensing achieved with calculations based on a large amount of accumulated

    imaging data. In a portrait, it can clearly indicate where the focusing spot is - on the subject's eyes, for example. Hence, [Face-detect] is recommended

    for non-close-up portraits or when the subject is moving; while as shown above, it is better to select [On] option when the subject's face occupies mos

    of the frame. Switch the options as per actual situations. The selection between auto focus modes makes portrait photography more interesting.

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    Hy thchuyn sang chtngtp trungHuht cc my nhkthuts ngy nay xc nhtp trung chnh xc trong tiu ctng (AF) cc ch,ni m camera stngokhong cch n cc ch v kha tp trung. M hnh gingnh ccphngthc cung cp hng lotnhiu IXUS tngtptrung. Hy tm ra s khcbitgia cc ch ny.

    Ba in hnh chtngtp trung

    AF Frame: [Face Detect]Tngtp trung phnngch vo mtcaitng

    Vi cng nghnhndng khun mtca Cannon, chtngly nt tng tm kim v tp trung vo mtcaitng. N c th lm iu nykhng c vn v khun mtcaitngnm trong khung cnh, v n chcng nhnmt khun mt con ngi v s khng pngvimt con ri,khun mtcavt nui, vvNhbn ny, my nhtp trung vo c gi phasau, mc d c mt con ripha trcca khung. Trong ch thngthngngi dng c th tm thy n kh khn ci tphntp trung do sthiu kinh nghim trong nhipnhkthuts,nhngvimtchcnngnhpht hin khun mt,thm ch l mtngimibtu c thd dng chpchn dung sc nt.

    AF Frame: [AiAF]Tng kha tp trung vo itngnntrc

    Ch ny stng kha tp trung c tnh tp trung xem xt mtsimtrong mt khung duy nht.Cngnh pht hin khun mt, trong ch nyim AF t di chuyn v tp trung c xc nhvimthocnhiuimAF. Cc itnggnginhtvi cc ng knh trong mt khung c coi l

    u tin, do ngnchn cc my nhttp trung vo nn. Hnh thc nykhc vich pht hin khun mt v n khng giihnimtvi conngi v thcs c th xc nhtp trung ng cho mtbcnh ngay c thnui. Trong khi thng minh AF [mt-pht hin] khng th pht hin khi itngceo knh mt,bn c th xc nhtp trung trong trnghp nyvi Smart AF [Ngy]. Ngoi hnh nhvt nui, ch ny cng ph hpvibcnhchp v chp cc vtthnh.

    AF Frame: [Trung tm]

    Tngngin v thn thinvingi dng nhtchtp trung

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    y l AF thngcsdngch m chtp trung vo cc im tiu ctngcnhtrung tm khung hnh. Hnh thc ny rthiuqu khibncnphimbotp trung chnh xcbi v tng cc imtp trung camnh khng di chuynmt cch t nhin. V imtngtp trung ccnhtrung tm khung hnh sc bnh thngmnhnnhiu thnhphncabn c th bgiihn. Tuy nhin, ch AF, cho phpbn xc nhtptrung vobtkmtphncamt khungbng cch sdng cc tnh nngtp

    trung, kha v di chuyn ra khi trung tm chcabn.Bng cch ny,bncng c th trnh nhmln my nhtp trung vo nhngngi khc khi chpmtni danh lam thngcnhngc, v n l tri vibn xc nh ccimtp trung. Ttc cc chtngtp trung khc, chnghnnh[Face-Detect], c ngungct cc thut ton cbncach ny.

    Chuynigia cc lachn thng minh AF [Face-pht hin] v [Ngy]

    Smart AF [Face-pht hin]

    Hthng AF phthin thng tin cmt, n l khng xcnhcimtptrung chnh xc mkhng chpthct.Mc d ctp trung vo ccimchpnhnc, n khng thc xc nhvithng tin chi tit.

    Smart AF [Ngy]

    [Ngy] ty chn phhp cho ttc ccloiitng v xnhtrcv trtptrung vo mtcaitngtrc khithcsbt.iu nchtngtptrung c thcsdngchp chndung cngnh hnhnh con vtcng.

    Cc chtngtp trung cho bc chn dungc thclachnda trn kch thcca khun mt trong bcnhN rtthuntinchp chn dungbng cch sdng pht hin khun mttngtp trung, nhngrt kh xc nh chnh xc v trtp trung

    trn khun mtcaitng khiphiimt trongbcnhln.Ch pht hin khun mt xc nhtp trungbng cch phn tch cc thng tin

    tngthca khun mtcach, do ch ny khng thch hp khi mt trong nhng nhu cu kha tp trung vo cc tnh nngcth trn

    khun mt.iviiu ny, thng minh AF [Ngy] l slachntthn v n ghi r v trtp trung. [Ngy] ty chn p dngthut ton tng

    tp trung cao kim sot v cmbininttcvi cc tnh ton da trn mtslnglndliu hnh nh tch ly. Trongbc chn dung, n r

    rng c th xc nhcnhngimtp trung l - vo mtcaitng, vd. Do , [Face-pht hin]ckhuyn khch chobc chn dung

    khng cncnhhoc khi itngangchuynng, trong khi nhchinthtrn, n l tthnchn [Ngy] ty chn khi khun mtca

    itngchima cakhung.Chuyni cc ty chnnh l mt tnh hungthct.Viclachngia cc chtngtp trung lm chobc

    chn dung chpnh th vhn.

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    TthtrAF chm tnh hnh yu cu

    Nhmtimlchs,tthtrAF

    tia khi chpmt pht hoc concert

    HtrAF chm l nh sng pht rabi my nhhtrtngly nt trong iukin

    triti. N ctng kch hot khi nh sng mi trng xung quanh l khng chochnh xc tp trung, v hotngbng cch chiu sng khu vctp trung.Nhng khi chp

    mt pht hocbui ha nhc, khng ch l htrAF chm khng ph hp,nhngphm vi

    hiuquca n rthnchcamt vi mt nht, n cng gip rt t v chtthimtca

    pin. Trong nhng tnh hung ny, nhmtbui ha nhc cho khn gi v khn ging

    nghip, hy tthtrAF-beam.nh sng mu l htrAF Beam v khng c khnng bao gm cc dy di. N chhotng khi ch l gn.

    Free your composition with AF lockAuto focus lock (AF lock) is one of the basic techniques of auto focus photography. When focus is locked, the camera will capture theshot with focal length determined by the point in the centre of the frame. You can then compose at will by changing the camera'sshooting angle.

    Step-by-step auto focus lock shooting

    Aim the AF pointOverlap the square(AF frame) in framecentre with thedesired focusingarea. At this pointthe square has notchanged colour andthe focus is not yetlocked; roots andother unnecessaryobjects can be seenin the upper frame ofthe image - leavethem there for now.

    Auto focusingWith the AF framecompletelyoverlapping with thesubject's face, pressthe shutter buttonhalfway to activateauto focus. A "half-press" is to pressdown the shutterbutton and hold itthere when a bit ofresistance is felt, atwhich point autofocus is activated.Focus is achievedwhen the colour ofthe AF frame turnsgreen.

    Adjust composition Press down shutter button

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    While holding theshutter button half-pressed, tilt thecamera slightlydownwards toinclude the entiresubject in the frame.

    You can composeyour shot by tiltingthe cameraupwards/downwardsor sideways - likepivoting it around itslenses - but never tryto move it forward orbackwards.

    Confirm yourcomposition andthen gently depressthe shutter buttoncompletely. Byadjusting theshooting angle while

    keeping the shutterbutton half-pressed,you cancompose your shotsfreely whilemaintaining thesharp focus.

    Composition tricks in auto focus-lock shooting

    Lock auto focus Tilt camera around its lens

    As briefly mentioned in the previous page, to adjust the composition after focus is locked, regard the lens as the centre of the camera and pivot thecamera around the lens. Note the examples in the photos above. With the focus area locked (depress shutter button half-way) you can easily composethe shooting angle without compromising crisp focus.

    Examples of AF lock failure

    Shutter button not half-pressed Too much movement

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    Releasing the finger during AF lock changes the pre-focusedarea completely. Make sure you don't release the half-pressingfinger.

    As shown above, there is too much movement in the photographer's body and thecamera; as a result, the pre-focused area moves as well, and the whole auto focus-lock shooting process is failed.

    Understand AF lock and free your compositionWith thorough comprehension of the AF lock technique, you can freely compose a shot no matter where your subject is in the frame. This technique i

    the basis of auto focus photography and is commonly applied to various approaches, including so-called "prefocusing", which is a popular shooting

    method in race photography and other action shots. It is also frequently applied in portrait shooting to capture the exact moment of a desired facial

    expression. The AF lock technique is fairly convenient and can be applied to various situations, provided the photographer understands its mechanics.

    The only way to perfect the AF Lock method is through practise. Follow the steps outlined to aim your camera, half-depress the shutter button and

    pivot the camera around the lens to compose your shot. The key to successful AF lock is to pivot the camera around its lens.

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    Thnh phnthon trong tngtp trung kha chp

    Kha tngtp trung Nghing xung quanh ng knh my nh

    Nhmtthi gian ngncp trong trang trc,iuchnh cc thnhphn sau khi tp trungb kha, v cc ng knh nh l trung tm camy nh v my quay quanh trcng knh. Lu cc vd trong ccbcnh trn. Vidin tch tp trung kha (p nt chpnachiu),bn c thddng son gc chp m khng nhhngtp trung r nt.

    Vdvsthtbi kha AF

    Shutter nt bm khng na

    Pht hnh cc ngn tay trong khi thay i kha AF khu vctrc khi tp trung hon ton. Hy chcchnrngbn khngpht hnh cc ngn tay nhnmtna.

    Qu nhiuchuynng

    Nh trnh by trn, c qu nhiuchuynng trong cthcanhipnh gia v

    my nh,ktqu l, khu vc di chuyntrc khi tp trung l tt, v tngtptrung tonb qu trnh chp-lock l thtbi.

    Hiu AF kha v tdo sng tc cabnVihiuklngv cc kthut kha AF,bn c tht do sng tc mt c st khng c vn m chcabnangtrong khung. Kthut n

    l cscanhipnhtngtp trung v thngc p dng chophng php tipcn khc nhau, kc ci gi l "prefocusing", m l mt

    phng phpphbin trong nhipnhchpchngtc v nhng hnh ng khc. N cngthng xuyn p dng trong chpnh chn dung nm

    btcthiim chnh xc camtbiuhin trn khun mtbnmun.Kthut kha AF l kh thuntin v c thc p dng cho cc tnh

    hung khc nhau, cung cp cc nhipnh gia hiuchcca n. Cch duy nht hon thinphng php AF Lock l thng qua thc hnh. Thc

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    hin theo ccbcnhmmcch my nhcabn,mt na-x vo nt chp v trc my nh quanh ng knh sng tc nhcabn. Cha kha

    kha AF thnh cng l trc my nh trn ng knh.

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    07

    Basics of Zooming 1A 50mm focal range is most commonly used with regular 35mm film cameras as standard, but can also be applied to most codigital cameras. Wide-angle indicates focal lengths shorter than 50mm while focal lengths greater than 50mm indicate telephWith most digital cameras the focal range can easily be adjusted with the zoom feature.

    Try zooming while standing in the same position

    Illustration of shooting statusWithout changing the distance of camera to subject, the zoomfeature allows you to alter the composition by making thesubject appear larger or smaller. Telephoto shootingmagnifies, whereas wide-angle shooting reduces the subject.As shown in the illustration, zooming alters the size of thesubject in the frame by changing the angle of view. Once youunderstand this, you can use zooming to achieve variousstyles of expression in your shots.

    Shot taken with wide-angle end (approx. 35mm)The distance to subject was about 3 meters in this photo. However,with wide-angle shooting, the angle of view is slightly wider. In

    wide-angle range the focal length of the lens is set below 50mm(35mm film camera equivalent). The most obvious feature of thewide-angle range is very large subjects, such as landscapes orcityscapes, can be captured in the image whereas a 50mm focallength would result in serious cropping. The wide-angle range isalso frequently used for indoor shooting as it allows a much widerscene to be covered when the photographer's back has already met awall.

    Shot taken with standard focal length (approx. 50mm)

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    Standard focal length means that the 35mm format equivalent focallength is at approximately 50mm. This focal length providesauthentic representation of subjects without exaggeratedperspective, resulting in a fairly natural image. It can be regarded asthe fundamental focal length in photography and is frequently usedfrom portraits to snapshots. Some people regard the standard rangeas a pass-through since it lies between the two zooming ranges, but

    it is in fact a very important focal range.

    Shot taken with telephoto end (approx. 140mm)Shooting with telephoto end, the subject appears nearer and ismagnified considerably. Using the telephoto range allows thephotographer to approach close to the subject when it is impossibleto physically change positions, e.g. photographing animals in thezoo or specific points in a distant landscape. In addition, withtelephoto range, the photographer is able to achieve natural-lookingportraits by enlarging the subject's face or other features whilekeeping a certain distance.

    Understanding the change in angle of view offered by zoomingA zoom lens, i.e. a lens with variable focal length, allows the photographer to change his shooting range without moving. Selecting wide-angle range

    widens the angle of view, while telephoto range magnifies the subject. In photography terms, the variance in focal range is designated as "zoom ratio"

    The larger the zoom ratio, the greater the range of focal lengths the camera is capable of, thus offering the user greater flexibility in technique and

    composition. However, cameras with larger zoom ratio are larger and bulkier since the mechanical structure required is more complicated. Compact

    cameras usually provide zoom ratio of 3x to 4x, which is adequate for common use as shown in these example shots.

    - Please note that the capacity of focal length control via zooming varies in different camera models. The capacity of 35mm-equivalent focal length

    supported by your camera can be found in its user manual

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    Khi nimcbnca Zooming 1Mtlot 50mm tiu lphbinnhtcsdngvi my nh phim 35mm thng xuyn nh l tiu chun,nhngcng c thc pdng cho my nhkthutsnhgnnht. Gc rng cho thy di tiu cngnhn 50mm, trong khi di tiu clnhn 50mmcho thytm xa. Vihuht cc my nhkthuts cc di tiu c c thd dng ciuchnhvi tnh nng zoom.

    Ththu nh trong khi ngv trtngt

    Tc gica tnh trngchpNu khng c thay ikhong cch ca my nhnch,tnh nng zoom cho phpbn thay i cc thnhphnbngcch lm cho itngxuthinlnhnhocnhhn. Telechp phng i, trong khi chp gc rng lm gim cc mnhc.Nh trong hnh minh ha, phng to thu nh lm thay ikch thcca cc itng trong khungbng cch thay igc nhn. Mt khibnhiuiu ny,bn c thsdngphng to tc phong cch khc nhaubiuhin trongccbcnhcabn.

    Shot chpvi gc rngkt thc (khong 35mm)Khong cch tichckhong 3 mt trong nh ny. Tuy nhin,vi gc rngchp hnh, gc nhn rnghnmt cht.Trong gc rngphm vi tiu ccang knh ctdi 50mm (35mm tngng my nh phim). Tnh nng r rng nhtca dy gc rng l

    itngrtln,chnghnnhcnh quan hoc cityscapes, c thcchp trong nh trong khi mt di tiu c 50mm s cho ktqu nghim trngtrngtrt.Phm vi gc rngcngthng xuyncsdngchp trong nh v n cho php mt khung cnhrnglnhnnhiucbohim khi trli canhipnh giatcmtbctng.

    Shot chpvi tiu ctiu chun(khong 50mm)

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    Tiu chunchiu di tiu c 35mm c ngha l nhdng di tiuctngng l vo khong 50mm. iu ny cung cp ditiu cidinchthcca cc itng m khng c quan imqu mc,dnnmt hnh nh kh t nhin. N c thc coi ltiu ccbn trong nhipnh v thngcsdngt chndung nchp.Mtsngi coi nh l mtlot cc tiu chunpass-qua kt khi n nmgia hai dy phng to, nhng n thcs

    l mtdi tiu crt quan trng.

    Shot chpvicui tele (khong 140mm)Bn sng vicui tele, itngxuthingnhn v c phnglnngk.Sdng dy tele cho php cc nhipnh gia tipcngnvich ny khi n l khng th thay iv trcth, vdnhchpnhngvt trong vn th hocimcth trongmtcnh quan xa. Ngoi ra, vitm xa, cc nhipnh gia c thtc chn dung trng t nhinbng cch mrng khun mtcaitnghoc cc tnh nng khc trong khi vngimtkhongcch nhtnh.

    Hiubitvsthay i gc nhn c cung cpbi phng toMt zoom ng knh, tc l mtng knh vi tiu c thay i, cho php cc nhipnh gia thay iphm vi ca mnhbn m khng cn di

    chuyn.Lachn gc rngphm vi mrng gc nhn, trong khi xaphm vi phng i cc mn hc. Trong iukinchpnh,phng sai trong di

    tiu ccchnh l "tl zoom". Cc tl zoom lnhn,lnhnphm vi di tiu cca my nh c khnng, do ngisdng cung c

    s linh hotlnhn trong kthut v thnhphn. Tuy nhin, my nhvi zoom lnhntlln v cngknhhnkt khi ccuckh yu cu

    phctphn. Compact my nhthng cung cptl zoom 3x n 4x, l sdngphbinnh trong nhngbcnh vd.

    - Xin lu rngkhnngkim sot di tiu c thng qua phng to khc nhau trong cc m hnh my nh khc nhau.Nnglcca di tiu c

    tngng 35mm chtrbi my nhcabn c thc tm thy trong hngdnsdngca n

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    The background in this shot looks a bit closer to the subject than inthe previous wide-angle shot. This is due to the difference in angleof view between the focal lengths. In this case, there is less coverageof the background because the angle of view is narrower than at thewide-angle end. Since the standard focal length offers the morenatural-looking perspective, this focal length is very suitable fortaking memorable portraits. The difference between shots taken at

    the wide-angle end and the telephoto end is obvious when they arecompared with shots taken with standard focal length like this; suchshots can be used as a reference for background composition duringfield shooting as well.

    Shot taken with telephoto end (approx. 140mm)In this shot, the sky has been virtually excluded from the image.This is the imaging characteristic of telephoto range, due to muchreduced angle of view. By utilising this, one can take dramaticportraits where the subject is heavily emphasized. As can be seen,changes in focal length result in not only different sizes of subjectsin shots, but also considerable variation in the composition ofbackgrounds. These are the two characteristics that should be takeninto consideration during field shooting. Experiment with differentfocal lengths to better understand the characteristics of zoom lenses.

    Personality in a picture comes only from a full grasp of the effect of different focal lengths As shown in the shots above, when the shooting subject remains the same size, the diversity from different focal lengths is reflected in the compositio

    of the background. Backgrounds are more than mere "wallpaper"; they are key factors in delivering a true ambience from the actual scene. If your

    objective is vivid, realistic atmosphere from the scene as well as your main subject, you should use wide-angle side which can provide more

    background coverage in the image. If you seek to eliminate the background as much as possible and lead the viewers to focus o n your subject,

    telephoto range will help you to deliver this message. In sum, by changing the focal length a photographer is able to change the nature and expression

    of a picture considerably. You can achieve impressive personality in a picture when you fully comprehend the effects from different focal lengths and

    practise utilising these methods in your photography.

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    Khi nimcbnca Zooming 2Tht th v khi nhn thy tonb thnhphn thay ivimc khc nhau ca phng ln. Bn cnhnhngs khcbit kch thcchth chnh, cc quan im trong hnh nhcng thay ingk. Hy xem s khcbitv hnh nh do phng to trong khi vngi cc itng c kch thcnhtnh trong khung.

    Phng to trong khi vngicc itng c cng kch thc trong khung

    Tc gica tnh trngchpVi ci t di tiu c khc nhau, nhipnh giathchin ccbcv pha trc / pha sau gicho cc itng c kch thcnhtnh trongkhung, trong khi ch ny cho thy cht thay i,nhng thay innngk.Nh trong hnh minhho,iu ny l do cc cim hnh nhca dtiu c khc nhau: vi gc rngphm vi bao gmmt khung cnhrnglnhn,ngungc, nhn rnghn (thm); nn trong ccbcnh tele nhn hp(ghn) - hiungnhvy quan im,cto rabi

    ng knh my nh.Hiuiu ny cho phpbniuchnhphm vibohimnnnhhngrtln.

    Shot chpvi gc rngkt thc (khong 35mm)Trong mt shot gc rng, cc itnggngihnvi my nhny trng lnhnnhiu trong khi nhngngi xa trng nhhnnhiu,nh l ktquca gc nhn cangknh.Thtvy,stngphnvitlgiamttrc v mt sau l lnnht v quan im l

    hnh nhntngnhtcui gc rng.iu ny rthu ch trongmi tnh hung, vdnhmtni phong cnhp vbnmunabn b cabn v cc ta nh lnpha sau thnh mttmnhno, do bao gmcnh quan nhiuhn trong mt khung hnh duynht trong khi khai thc stngphnvitl m gc rng dnhpha . Chp gc rng l nim vui, cung cp cc hiung hnh nhkhc nhaubng cch thay ikhong cch cabn ti ny.

    Shot chpvi tiu ctiu chun(khong 50mm)

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    Cc nnbn ny c vhignhnviitnghn so vichpgc rngtrc.iu ny l do s khcbitv gc nhn gia cc di tiu c. Trong trnghp ny, c tbohimcann v gcnhn hphn so vicui gc rng.Kt khi tiu c tiu chuncung cp cc quan im trng t nhin hn, tiu c ny l rt thchhp cho chp chn dung ngnh.S khcbitgia ccbcnhchpcui gc rng v tele cui cng l hin nhin khi hc so

    snh vibcnhchpvi tiu c tiu chunnhth ny,bcnhnhvy c thcsdngnhmt tham chiu cho cc thnhphnnntng trong lnhvcchp hnh l tt.

    Shot chpvicui tele (khong 140mm)Trong nh ny,butrichunhbloitrkhi hnhnh.y l hnh nhctrngca vng xa, do gimnhiu gcnhn. Bng cch sdng ny, ngi ta c thchp chn dung ntng m itng l chyunhnmnh.Nh c ththy,nhngthay i trong ktquchiu di tiu c khng ch khc nhau kch cca cc itng trong ccbcnh, m cnbiningk trongthnhphncangungc.y l hai c tnh nn ca voxem xt trong qu trnh quay trng.Thnghimvi di tiu ckhc nhau hiu r hn cc c tnh cang knh zoom.

    C tnh trong mtbcnhchntmtnmbtyv tc ngca di tiu ckhc nhauNhcthhin trongbcnh trn, khi itngchpvn c cng kch thc, tnh adngt di khc nhau cthhintrng tm trong

    thnhphncann.Ngungc, c nhiuhn "phng nn"ch,h l nhngyut quan trng trong vic cung cpmt mi trngthtstnhng

    cnhthct.Numc tiu cabn l sngng,thct khng khthintrngcngnh cc ch chnh cabn,bn nn sdng gc rngmt

    m c th cung cpbohimnnhn trong hnh nh.Nubn tm cch loib cc nn cng nhiu cng tt v dndtngi xem tp trung vo nhiu

    ch tele cabn,s gipbn cung cp thng bo ny. Tm li,bng cch thay i tiu cmtnhipnh gia c th thay ibncht vbiu

    hincamtbc tranh ngk.Bn c thtc tnh cch ntng trong hnh nhmt khibnhiu r nhnghiungt di tiu c khc

    nhau v thc hnh sdng ccphng php ny trong nhipnhcabn

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    Basics of Zooming 3We have discovered the basic effects of changing focal length (zooming) and now, we'll use them in shooting practice. Firstly, we shouldutilize both wide-angle and telephoto side, then compare s ots against the subjects! It is only through practice that we can obtain afirmer grasp of the theories and grow in skill.

    Wide-angle and telephoto shots

    Taking wide-angle shots

    On the left, the increasing angle of view provides a sudden change in perspective, and the size of the closest statue has been exaggerated over its actuasize, thus creating a very dramatic effect. On the right, the distortion of the traffic light accentuates the glorious expanse of sky. Wide-angle shots areuseful for enhancing dimensions, expanding the perception of small spaces, and providing pictures with impressive personality and peculiar richness.

    Taking telephoto shots

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    Here the difference in face sizes between the first and secondstatue (left picture) is not so obvious. Telephoto side reproducesobjects in realistic size without distortion, resulting in very fine-looking images. In addition, distant objects look closer. This is

    essential in animal photography, e.g. a cat which tends to runaway before you can even approach. Telephoto side also makesgood portraits, as the subject can be enlarged while keeping aproper distance between photographer and subject. This helpsthe subject to relax, allowing the photographer to capture verynatural, intimate portraits. Basics of Zooming 3 BASICS 09 Wehave discovered the basic effects of changing focal length(zooming) and now, we'll use them in shooting practice. Firstly,we should utilize both wide-angle and telephoto side, thencompare shots against the subjects! It is only through practicethat we can obtain a firmer grasp of the theories and grow inskill.

    Understand digital zoom

    4x optical zoom shot Cropped similar to digital zoom

    This shot was taken with 4x optical zoom. In this case, the photographer failed to make a close-up picture of the subject as he desired. But the photo is8 megapixels and is able to provide the same resolution in the cropped area as the image taken with digital zoom. However, the brightness and focuscannot be duplicated in the cropped version.

    16x digital zoom shot

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    This shot was taken with 4x digital zoommultiplied with 4x optical zoom.Although it was taken with an 8-megapixel camera, the actual pixelsapplied to this shot are merely 0.5megapixels, resulting in a reduction ofimage resolution. In spite of that, its

    brightness and focus look great.

    Understanding the drop inresolution; apply digital zoom wiselyThe ultimate zoom ratio of the camera is its optical zoom ratio multiplied by its digital zoom ratio. How does this equate to a camera with 8-

    megapixels, 4x optical zoom and 4x digital zoom? The camera's lens with 35mm wide-angle (35mm equivalent) has an optical zoom equal to 140mm35mm x 4x optical zoom = 140mm. Now calculate in the 4x digital zoom, 35mm x 4 x 4 and the camera offers 560mm ultra -zoom. This would seem

    to be the perfect setup for capturing the minutest detail.

    However, one should take note of a shortcoming about digital zoom. Digital zoom is an algorithm which produces images by part ially cropping the

    camera's original full-pixel imaging information. What exactly does that mean to your photograph? It inevitably reduces resolution (pixel density). Fo

    example, when 2x digital zoom is used, even with an 8-megapixel sensor, the effective pixels from the sensor are 1/4 of the entire 8 megapixels, or the

    equivalent of 2 megapixels. When 4x digital zoom is used the actual effective pixels are 1/16, or approximately 0.5 megapixels. In fact, this algorithm

    is quite the same as shooting with optical zoom and then cropping the image with software on a PC. But it is possible for the camera to set the image

    brightness and focus according to the final zoom in portion. When shooting with digital zoom, the camera is refining the image to create the optimal

    image. This can be a convenient feature - as long as you understand that digital zoom reduces image resolution

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    y,s khcbit trong kch thcmtgia ccbctngu tin v th hai (bn tri nh) l khng r rng.Tele bn tito cc itng c kch thcthct m khngb mo, dnnnhng hnh nhrtttp.Ngoi ra, vtthxa xem xt k

    hn.iu ny l rtcnthit trong nhipnhngvt, vdnhmt con mo m c xu hngchyitrc khibnthmch c thtipcn. Pha xa cng lm cho chn dung tt, lnhngch c thcmrng trong khi vngimtkhong cch thch hpgianhipnh v ch.iu ny gipcc itngth gin, cho php cc nhipnh gia chprtt nhin, chn dung thn mt. Khi nimcbnca Zooming 3CS 09 Chng ti pht hin ra nhng tc ngcbncavic thay ichiu di tiu c (zoom) v by gi, chng ti ssdng chng trong thc hnhbn sng. Thnht, chng tann sdngc hai gc rng v tele bn, sau so snh ccbcnhvi cc itng! N ch l thng qua thc hnh m chngta c th c cmtnmvngchchnca cc l thuyt vpht trin trong knng.

    Hiu zoom kthuts

    zoom quang hc 4x bn cttngtnhzoom kthuts

    shot ny cchpvi zoom quang 4x. Trong trnghp ny, cc nhipnh gia khng thnh cng to ra mt hnh nhcncnhcaitngnh ng mong mun.Nhng hnh nh ny l 8 megapixel v c th cung cp phn giitngt trong khu vcctnh l nhchpvi zoom kthuts. Tuy nhin, sng v tp trung khng thc nhn i trong phinbnct.

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    16x zoom kthutschp

    shot ny cchpvi zoom s 4x nhnvi zoom quang 4x. Mc d n cthchinvimt my nh 8-megapixel,cc imnhthct p dng cho shotny ch l 0,5 megapixel, ktqu l gim

    phn gii hnh nh.Mcduvy,sng v tp trung nhn tuytvi.

    Hiubitvsstgim phn gii,ngdng zoom kthutsmt cch khn ngoanCc cui cng tl zoom ca my nh l tl zoom quang hcca n nhn vitlca n zoom kthuts. Lm th no thchiniu ny tngngvi my nh 8-megapixel vi, zoom quang 4x v zoom s 4x? Ca my nhving knh 35mm gc rng (35mm tngng) c zoom quan

    hcbng 140mm: 35mm x zoom quang 4x = 140mm. By gitnh ton trong zoom s 4x, 35mm x 4 x 4 v my nh ny c 560mm siu zoom. iu

    ny dngnhcthitlp hon hochpnhng chi tit minutest.

    Tuy nhin, mt trong nhng cnphilu mtthiu st vkthuts zoom. Zoom kthuts l mtthut ton to ra hnh nhbng cch ct xn

    mtphn thng tin ban uca my nh full-pixel. Vy chnh xc th iu c ngha lbcnhcabn? N chcchn lm gim phn gii (pixe

    mt). Vd, khi zoom 2x kthutscsdng, ngay cvimtcmbin 8-megapixel, cc imnhhiuqutbcmbin ny l 1 / 4 ca

    megapixel tonb,hoctngngca 2 megapixel. Khi 4x zoom kthutscsdng cc imnhhiuquthct l 1 / 16, hay khong 0,

    megapixel. Trong thct,thut ton ny l kh gingnhchpvi zoom quang hc v sau ct xn hnh nhviphnmm trn my PC.Nhng c

    th cho my nhthitlp sng hnh nh v tp trung theo trongphncui cng zoom. Khi chpvi zoom kthuts, my nhc tinh chnh

    hnh nhto ra hnh nhtiu.iu ny c th l mt tnh nngthuntin - min lbnhiurng zoom kthuts lm gim phn gii hnh

    nh.

    If you press the shutter button with your nail or as shown in the picture, unnecessary pressure is put on the camera, which may lead tohand shake. Furthermore, when pressing down the shutter button improperly like that, you can hardly feel the shutter with yourfingertip, so it is difficult to know how far you should press down the shutter button to achieve focus and to take the picture. The flat ofthe finger is more sensitive due to centralized nerves, and with practice, you will acquire a good sense from your finger how far to pressthe shutter.

    Shutter operation is the foundation of everything in photography

    You don't need to force down shutter button to capture a shot, a gentle press is enough. In fact, pressing the shutter button too hard or

    too fast may lead to hand shake. A photographer can prevent shaking by taking more care, and the tendency to shake decreases as his

    experience increases. It is obvious that you should operate the shutter button with your finger, but it is important to remember whichpart of your finger to press it with. The ideal method is to gently press the shutter button with your finger pad and have the shutter

    respond naturally. Positioning your finger that controls the shutter button along the edge of camera allows you to press the shutter

    button naturally with the finger pad. Practise and you will get the hang of it.

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    The flash light was reflected by the glass in the background.Such reflections can be eliminated by turning off built-in flash.This works not only in portrait shots but also in many othersituations.

    Reflection on the glass has been prevented; moreover, theambience of the scene has been preserved. Besides glass, theflash should also be turned off in scenes where there is a mirror.

    Flash mode disabled

    Try setting the flash mode to Off as shown in the shot above.Imagine how other people in the shop will be bothered when aburst of flash spoils the silence and peace - it is better to keepthe flash mode disabled.

    Flashes emit short bursts of light; incidence of reflection is difficult toforesee

    It is very difficult to use flash photography when there is a reflective surface

    in the background, because it is impossible to foresee whether a reflection of

    the flash will appear in the image without actually shooting by trial and error.

    The angle between window/door glass and the camera always changes, the

    reflection angle also changes; water tanks are most tricky because they have

    glass on each side, and some even have curved surfaces. In these cases, it is

    better to forgo flash from the very beginning and rely solely on ambient

    lighting.

    To flash or not to flash, it's your call

    The tone of flash light is consistent with that of sunlight

    Flash-enabled photography is very difficult even with digital photography. As shown above, anovice may be stumped by flash reflections or darkened backgrounds turning up in shots. In these

    cases, it may be wise to turn off the flash. Flashes are tricky to use indoors, but they can be very

    useful for shooting outdoor scenes. The light tone of the flash resembles that of sunlight, so the

    mix of both rarely brings inconsistency into the image. Try this when taking shots outdoors on a

    cloudy day.

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    While default set to Auto mode, some situationsrequire the built-in flash to be set to On or Off

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    Hy thquay Flash Off l thunli c mtn flash tng kch hot trong iukinthiu sng.Nhng hnh nhs trng sng ng cch nun flashc thcbt /tt ty thuc vobicnh.gic khng khcamtcnhcth, hy thtt flash vbncabn c thbt ranhchm vo nh l mtcnh phim.

    Hy thtt flash bov mi trng trong shot cabn

    Shot chpvin flash tngVic xy dng trong flash trn my nh ny thngcthitlptng theo mcnhmborng ccbcnhchp trongiukin nh sng mc sng. N l mt tnh nngrtthuntincho vicchpt pht, tuy nhin, s bng nmnhca nh sng tn flash my nh c thbinmtbc chn dung ng yu thnhmt hnh nh ID quytlit!Ti sao? My nh ny chngin lkhng th pht hin sng ca ton cnh theo nh sng nflash.Ktqu c thc nhn thy trong hnh nh ny - trong khiitngcchiu sng, cc nn m cc nh sng flash khng thtrang tricti. ci tmcnh trn my nhcthitkgi cho ngisdngtnhng sai lm khng th thu hi trong mt

    shot, nhngmtnhipnh gia lunphisn sng chuyn sangiukhinbng tay to ra ktqu th vhn.

    Shot chpvin flash ttshot ny cchpvin flash tt,da hon ton vo nh sngmi trng xung quanh tihintrng. Trongbntrccchpbng flash, ch c gnb my nhcchiu sng, trongkhi cc nnvn khng nh sng.Vin flash tt, vbncthchin theo iukin nh sng thcttihintrng, tonbhnh nhcchiu sng rcr. Tuy nhin, do nh sng mcamy nhbithngbng cch gimtc mn trp - m lun lun

    lm tng tc dngca phong trobtkt cc chhoc ccnhipnh gia. So vi cc shot flash, nhchp xung quanh c mtlp mau. Tuy nhin, c vt nhin hn, v hnh nhtngthhn llng mt.Chch sang mu scdin vin khng tnti,nhngvimt giai iumtngth m vn c thcb qua.

    Khi flash dazzles nh sng, hy thtt n i c nhng shotci tmcnh trn my nhcthitkngnchnngi dng t sai st, v theo mcnh, cc n flash thngcthitlptngbt

    khi mi trng xung quanh c nh sng km.Nhng khi nh sng flash khng ph hpvi nh sng mi trng xung quanh trong nh, c th c mt

    dn din vin xanh-trng trn hnh nh. Trong trnghp ny, hy thtt flash khi chpnhng shot -bns tm thynhng shot hon hoidincacnhthct,vi nh sng yti cc khu vc xa hn trong nn. Tuy nhin, tc mn trpcngsgim, v vy hy chcchngi my

    nhnnh khi chpnhng hnh nh ny.

    Flash nn ctt khi khng c knh trong nn

    Shot chpvin flash tng Shot chpvin flash tt

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    Trong khi mcnhthitlpchtng,mtrnghp yu cu xy dng trong flash cthlpBthocTt

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    Taking shots in Macro modeMacro mode comes in handy when you intend to enlarge a tiny object in your shot. The subject can be captured more closely in Macromode, e.g. making large images of small flowers or jewelry, etc. And the process is very simple.

    Macro mode can be used to capture a larger close-up image

    Shot in Macro mode Shot in Normal mode

    In Normal mode the photographer cannot approach closely enough to the subject, for e.g. in the photo on the right, the whole bouquet had to bepictured in its entirety. In Macro mode though, it is possible to approach close enough to the subject for close-up shots, as shown on the left. Macromode comes in handy when capturing flowers or plants as well as food or other small objects, and it can be applied to various situations. Whenapproaching a subject in Normal mode and you find that the camera won't focus any fur ther, try switching to Macro mode.

    It is essential to get closer to your subject when capturing large images for small objects

    A photographer may frequently find himself taking close-up shots of small objects, typical examples being flowers/plants. A close-up shot of a single

    flower can only be properly done in Macro mode. In Normal mode, the camera will not be able to achieve focus if it's too close to the subject. In

    Macro mode however, the internal mechanism automatically adjusts the lenses to accommodate sharp focus at very close range to the subject,

    allowing the photographer to capture large images of small objects. Zoom control also works in this mode, hence macro and zoom can be utilized

    depending on the distance to and the size of the subject.

    Closest focusing distance differs in wide-angle end and telephoto end in Macro mode

    Wide-angle end macro zoom

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    The subject can begreatly enlarged asshown in this shotwhen captured atthe wide-angle end.In this case, thecamera used in this

    shot has full-frameimage coverage of30x22mm at thewide-angle end inMacro mode,which is more thanenough to fill theentire image with asmall flower orcoins, etc.

    The camera used here can focus from as close as 2cm from the lens tothe subject at wide-angle end in Macro mode, for a real close-up shot ofthe subject.

    Telephoto end macro zoomThe camera used inthis shot has full-frame imagecoverage of110x82mm at thetelephoto end inMacro mode.Although it cannotenlarge the object

    to the same extentas at the wide-angle end, nodistortion occurredto the subject dueto the imagingcharacteristics oftelephoto side.

    With telephoto macro zoom, the camera can achieve focus at 40cmrange; convenient when the subject is not easily accessible.

    In principle, flash should be turned off during macro shooting

    Flash On Flash Off

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    This shot was takenwith built-in flashenabled. The lenshas cast a shadowonto the subject,leaving the leftportion of the image

    shadowed; the petalappears flat withoutthe defining traits ofa rose. In this case,the macro shot isunusable.

    Without flash, thepetals seem to popout of the imagewhich looksimpressive; the roseis well lit overall. Aslong as the light

    source is directlyabove the camera, nshadow of thephotographer or thecamera will be castonto the image.

    Be wary of shadows cast by you or the camera During macro shooting in which the subject is shot from a very close distance, the flash should be turned off and the shot taken only with natural

    ambient lighting at the scene. This is to prevent the subject in the image from becoming too flat when illuminated by dazzling bursts of light. But if th

    sun is behind the camera, a large shadow is likely to be cast onto the subject; in this case, the photographer should change his shooting position and

    make sure the sun is right above the subject so as to ensure a fine-looking shot

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    ichp ch MacroCh Macro c ch trong khibn c nhmrngitngnh trong shot cabn. Cc ch c thcbtchtchhnchchp, vdnh lm cho hnh nhln cc hoa nhhoc trang sc, vv V qu trnh ny rtngin.

    ch Macro c thcsdngchpmtng ln hnh nhlnhnchpchchp Shot trong ch bnh thng

    Trong ch bnh thng cc nhipnh gia khng thtipcnchtch,chth, cho vd trong ccbcnh bnphi,nhng b hoa tonbc hnh trong tonb. Trong chchpmc d, c thtipcngn cc ch cho chpcncnh,nhchinth bn tri. Ch Macrc ch khi chp hoa, thcvtcngnhthcnhocnhngvtnh khc, v n c thc p dng cho cc tnh hung khc nhau. Khi tipcnmtch trong ch bnh thng vbnthyrng my nhs khng tp trung tiptc, hy thchuyn sang ch Macro.

    N l iucnthit c cgngihnvichcabn khi chp hnh nhln cho cc itngnh

    Mtnhipnh gia thng xuyn c th tm thy mnh angcncnhca cc itngnh, vdin hnh l hoa / cy. A-ngnbncamt bng

    hoa duy nhtch c thcngthchinchchp. Trong ch bnh thng, my nhs khng thtctrng tm nu n qu gnvi

    ch. Trong ch Macro Tuy nhin, cchnibtng iuchnhng knh ph hp,tp trung mnhc ly rtgnvi ti ny, cho php

    cc nhipnh gia chpnhlnca cc itngnh.Kim sot zoom cnghotng trong ch ny, v thvm v zoom c thcsdn

    ty thuc vo khong cch v kch thccaitng.

    Khong cch ly nt gnnht khc gc rng v kt thc vo cui tele ch Macro

    cui gc rng zoom vm

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    Cc ch c thcmrngngknh trong shotny khibbt vocui gcrng.Trongtrnghp ny, cc my

    nhsdng trongshot ny phsng hnh nh full-frame ca30x22mm cuigc rngchchp, l qu lpy tonbhnh nhvimtbng hoa nhhoctin xu, vv Cc my nhsdngy c thtp trung t lc gn 2cm tng knh

    nch ny gc rngkt thc chchp, cho mt shot thcgngicachth.

    Telephoto cui zoom vmCc my nhsdng trong shotny ph snghnh nh full-frameca 110x82mm vocui tele chchp.Mc d nkhng thmrngitngnmc

    gingnhcuigc rng, khngbindngxy raviitng docc cim hnhnhca pha xa.

    Vi zoom tele macro, cc my nh c thtctp trung phm vi40cm; thuntin khi itng khngphi l d dng truy cp.

    V nguyn tc,n flash nn ctt trong qu trnh quay vm

    Flash Trn Flash Off

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    shot ny cchpvin flashbt. Cc ng knh cmt bng voch ny, liphn cn lica hnhnhm, cnh hoa s

    xuthinbngphngm khng c nhngcimnhnghaca hoa hng. Trongtrnghp ny, ccshot vm l khngsdngc.

    Nu khng c nflash, cc cnh hoadngnhbt rakhinhng hnh nhtrng ntng hoahngcng l nhsng tngth.Min

    l cc ngun sngtrctip trn mynh, khng c bngca cc nhipnhgia hay my nhscb vo hnhnh.

    Hy cnh gic vi bng bucabnhoc my nhTrong qu trnh chp macro, trong itngbbntkhong cch rtgn,n flash nn ctt vbnbchvi nh sng xung quanh t nhin

    tihintrng.iu ny l ngnchn cc itng trong hnh nhtrnn quphng khi cchiu sngbi tia sng chi ca nh sng.Nhng

    numttri l pha sau my nh,mt ci bng ln c thcc vo ch ny, trong trnghp ny, cc nhipnh gia nn thay iv trca

    mnh chp v chcchnrngmttri lphitrn l itngmbom tm kimbn.

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    ISO speed and image qualityOne of the biggest advantages of the digital camera is that the ISO speed (ISO sensitivity) can easily adjust on demand. There isunrivalled photographic freedom with digital cameras over film cameras. Let's explore the relationship between ISO speed and imagequality.

    Presentation of shots taken at different ISO speed

    ISO 80

    The entire image in this shot shows no deterioration in quality, with the same level of detail as shots taken outdoors on a sunny day. At low ISOsettings, perfect detail is retained in dim scenes; but the shutter speed is lowered to factor the dim lighting, therefore it's best to set up a tripod to holdthe camera steady to take the shot. This shot was taken at the camera's lowest ISO setting of 80, and will be used as the qua lity benchmark incomparing image quality at other ISO settings.

    ISO 100

    There are but few differences when compared with the ISO 80 shot. There is slight loss of detail in the shadowed area, but th is is barely noticeable.ISO 100 has approximately 1/3 higher ISO than ISO 80, so the shutter speed was 1/3 faster. If you find at ISO 80 the shaking of a subject to be hard toshoot, try ISO 100 as the default setting. Although there is merely a slight difference between the two settings, you will be surprised by the impressiveimage quality when shooting slightly dim scenes.

    ISO 200

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    In comparison with the shot taken at ISO 80, the shadowed areas and the centre portion in this shot shows some quality loss, known as "noise".Fortunately the noise level remains low and presents little influence upon the overall image quality. The image is usable under most circumstances and

    the noise level can easily be overlooked in prints. In comparison with the ISO 80 shot, the shutter speed for this shot was more than twice as fast. It'seasy to understand why this is the preferred ISO setting when a faster shutter speed is required.

    ISO 400

    Shadowed areas and walls of the room are rendered with slight but apparent noise consisting of visible green and blue grains. As ISO level increases,the amount of noise rises; however, little noise can be seen at highlighted areas of the sofa. There is a little noise visible in shadowed areas asillustrated above, and along with the increasing ISO speed, noise gradually affects the highlighted areas. However, noise will be less obvious if theentire scene is brighter.

    ISO 800

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    At ISO 800, noise washes over the entire image except for the brightest areas; fine details are softened and the smoothness of straight lines is lost.Such image quality is not suitable for prints meant for collection, and is only good enough for use in documentation or reference materials.

    ISO 1600

    Even in a small print as shown here, severe noise is visible, covering the entire image and leaving all details completely washed out. Colours areterrible and tones are far from correct. ISO 1600 should never be used unless there is no choice. As noise greatly affects image quality, ISO speedshould be kept as low as possible. While it is up to the user to decide what qualifies as acceptable image quality, it is best to take a few trial shots firstwhen ISO speed level is set high.

    High ISO speed setting degrades image qualityNoise in shadowed areas is more apparent than that in highlighted areas

    As shown above, ISO speed and image quality are closely related. Noise appears when ISO speed increases partly due to electrical noise generatedwhen imaging signals are amplified. As such, ISO should be kept as low as possible to maximize image quality. Note that shutter speed will be

    considerably lower when shooting dimly-lit scenes at low ISO settings, bringing high risk of image blur from hand shake or the subject's movements.

    On the other hand, since noise tends to appear earlier in shadowed areas than in highlighted areas, noise can be kept low in bright outdoor conditions

    with ISO set to 400. At this high setting, the faster shutter speed used reduces the likelihood of image blur arising from hand shake or the subject's

    movements.

    - Pictures above were shot with the IXUS 950 IS. In general, noise is likely to appear when ISO speed increases, yet the level of noise appearing in

    images differs among different camera models.

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    ISO tc v chtlng hnh nhMt trong nhnglithlnnhtca my nhkthuts l tc ISO (nhy ISO) c thd dng iuchnh theo nhu cu. Khng citht do chpnhvi my nhkthuts trn my nh phim. Hy cng khm ph cc mi quan hgia ISO tc v chtlnghnh nh.

    Trnh by cc bcnhchptc ISO khc nhau

    ISO 1980

    Tonb hnh nh trong shot ny cho thy khng c suy gimchtlng,vi cng mtmccthnhnhchp ngoi tri vo mt ngy nng.Ticc ci t ISO thp, chi tit hon hocgili trong nhngcnhti,nhngtc mn trpchxungnyut nh sng yu, do cchttnhtthitlpmt chn gi my nhnnh c nhng hnh nh ny. shot ny cchpti ISO ci tca my nhthpnht l 80, v scsdngnh l tiu chunchtlng trong so snh chtlng hnh nhcc ci t ISO khc.

    ISO 100

    C, nhngs khcbit khi so snh vi cc shot 80 ISO. Khng c cht mt chi tit trong cc khu vcti,nhngiu ny l hunh khng ng ch. ISO 100 ISO khong 1 / 3 cao hn so vi ISO 80, do ,tc mn trp l 1 / 3 nhanh hn.Nubn tm thyISO 80 s run rycamt mnhcccngbn, hy th ISO 100 l thitlpmcnh.Mc d ch l mts khcbitnhgia hai thitlp,bnsngc nhinbichtlnghnh nhntng khi chpnhngcnhhim.

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    ISO 800, ratingn trn tonb hnh nhngoitr cc vng sng, chi tittt l lm mm v trncangthng lbmt.chtlng hnh nhnhvy l khng ph hp cho ccbn in c ngha l chobsutp, v chsdng trong cc ti liu ti liuhoc tham kho.

    ISO 1600

    Ngay c trong mtbn in nhnhchinthy,nngtingn c th nhn thy, bao gm tonb hnh nh v li cc chi tit hon tonbratri. Mu sc l khngkhip v nhcangxa chnh xc. ISO 1600 khng bao gicsdngnu khng c slachn. Khi tingnnhhnglnnchtlng hnh nh, tc ISOphicgi cng thp cng tt. Trong khi l nngisdngquytnhnhng g tiu chun lchtlng hnh nhchpnhnc, cch ttnht l chpthmt vi lnu tin khi mc ISO cthitlptc cao.

    Ci ttc ISO cao lm gimchtlng hnh nhTingncc vng ti l r rng hn so vicc khu vccnhdu

    Nh trnh by trn, ISO tc v chtlng hnh nh lin quan chtch.Tingnxuthin khi tc ISO tngmtphn do tingnto ra khi cctn hiuinckhuchi hnh nh.Nhvy, ISOphicgi cng thp cng tttia ha chtlng hnh nh.Lu rngtc mn trp

    sthphnngk khi chpnhngcnh nh sng lmcc ci t ISO thp, mang li nguy ccao ca hnh nhmtbt tay hoccaitng

    chuynng.Mt khc, v tingn c xu hngxuthintrccc khu vctihncc vng nhnmnh,tingn c thcgimcthp

    trong iukin sng ngoi trivithitlp ISO 400. thitlp ny cao, tc mn trp nhanh hncsdng lm gimkhnng hnh nhm

    pht sinh tbt tay hoccaitngchuynng.

    - Hnh nh trn cchpvi IXUS 950 IS. Ni chung, tingn c thxuthin khi tc ISO tng ln, nhngmctingnxuthin trong hnh

    nh khc nhau gia cc m hnh my nh khc nhau

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    Exposure CompensationSetting exposure compensation means adjusting the brightness calculated by the camera. The camera's built-in light-meter may notalways suggest the optimal exposure level to meet our individual needs and preferences. In such instances, the camera needs exposurecompensation.

    Use negative exposure compensation for black subjects

    Exposure compensation0

    Exposure compensation +2

    Exposure compensation -2

    If a dark subject appears whitish, use exposure compensation to darken it

    The camera adopts grey tone as the exposure metering standard. Default

    reflectivity metering of the camera is 18 percent for all subjects in nature. This

    reflectivity setting is used as a standard value for exposure metering. Though the

    standard value is basically adequate in most situations, it's not optimal when

    shooting subjects that are predominantly white or black. Therefore, the camera

    needs exposure compensation to adjust the difference shown on account of thegrey tone.

    In situations where the shooting subject is predominantly black, the camera tends

    to put the brightness of grey tone onto it. The result is that the brightness is

    enhanced, or too bright with the automatic exposure. The sample picture on the lef

    is a shot of a camera placed on black leather. The result shows a whitish effect,

    unlike the real camera. In order to darken the photo, apply negative exposure

    compensation. Then you can get the desired colour effect that is a faithful

    representation of the camera. Since desired compensation value varies with the

    reflectivity of the subject, you should try using multi- compensation values. The

    best compensation value depends on the feeling and experience of the

    photographer. In fact, there exists no ideal standard value. However, when youneed to compensate exposure to a large extent, you may use 1/3 stop as a unit for

    gradual adjustment of exposure compensation.

    Apply positive exposure compensation for white subjects

    Exposure compensation 0 Exposure compensation +1

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    Exposure compensation -1 To make whites whiter; achieve authentic white colour with positiveexposurecompensation

    Unlike black subjects, white subjects require positive exposure compensation. Thi

    is because the metering unit on the camera tends to grey out white objects when it

    detects white colour. Take a shot directly without exposure compensation and you

    will see the colour of a white object darkened into grey. Positive exposure

    compensation brightens up exposure and adjusts the image in the same manner as

    negative compensation. The compensation output is affected by the reflectivity an

    brightness of white colour; and the ideal compensation is determined by first

    deciding on the important part of a white subject. In the example shot, although th

    brightness of the paper in the background was a bit over, compensation had to be

    increased further to adequately expose the leading subject: the white rose. With

    camera metering as a guide, it is up to the photographer to decide the ideal

    brightness.

    Exposure compensation for portraits varies considerably with actual conditions

    Factoring for character and gender of the subject

    In photographing portraits, exposure compensation may be necessary where reflectivity is high on the subject's skin. In such cases the compensation is

    determined according to the skin tone. Generally, women are fair even without make-up, thus in Auto mode the camera might darken the skin,

    producing shots which are not pleasing. Positive compensation should be selected to brighten up the skin for a pleasing photo; the added benefit is tha

    freckles and wrinkles are also covered up by positive exposure compensation. In contrast, a greater sense of masculinity can be effected with slight

    negative compensation when photographing a man. Exposure compensation is not merely a selection of correct values; it is also about adjusting

    brightness for achieving better, impressive images, with the photographer's expectations on the final image as the priority in photo shooting.

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    n b phi sngThit b sng c ngha l iuchnh sng c tnhbng my nh. My nh tch hp trong my o nh sng c th khngphi lunlun ngh cc cptip xc tiupng nhu cu c nhn v sthch ca chng ti. Trong trnghpnhvy, my nh cc nhucubithngtip xc.

    Sdng tiu cctip xc bithng cho cc itng mu en

    B sng 0

    Tip xc bithng 2

    B sng -2

    Numtchtixuthinbithng, mu hitrngtip xc sdng

    ti n

    camera c chnh tng mu xm nhophi sng tiu chun. Defaultphnx

    o sng ca my nh l 18phntrm cho miitng trong t nhin. Thitlp

    nyphnxcsdngnhmt gi tr tiu chun cho ophi sng. Mc d

    gi tr tiu chunvcbn l ph hp trong huhttrnghp, n khngphi ltiu khi chp cc itngchyu l mu trnghocen. Do , my nh cc

    nhu cu b sng iuchnhs khcbitthhin trn ti khonca cc tng

    mu xm.

    Trong trnghpitng chpchyu l mu en, my nh ny c xu hng

    t sng ca mu xm vo n. Ktqu l sng ctngcng,hoc qu

    sng viphi sng tng.Nhng hnh nhmu bn tri l mt shot camt

    my nhct trn da mu en.Ktqu cho thymt hiung mu hitrng,

    khng gingnh my quay tht. lm ti hnh nh, p dngbithngtip xc

    tiu cc. Sau ,bn c thnhnc cc hiung mu sc mong mun l

    mtidin trung thnh ca my nh.Kt khi gi trbithng mong mun

    thay i theophnxcachth,bn nn thsdngnhiu gi trbithng. Gi trbithngttnhtphthuc vo cm gic v kinh nghimca c

    nhipnh gia. Trong thct, c tnti khng c gi tr l tng tiu chun. Tuy

    nhin, khibncnphibithngtip xc vimtmcln,bn c ths

    dng 1 / 3 ngngnhmtnviuchnhdndnphinh.

    p dng tch cctip xc bithng cho cc itng mu trng

    B sng 0 Tip xc bithng 1

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    Tip xc bithng -1 lm cho da trngtrnghn,tctht mu trngvibithngpositiveexposure

    Khng gingnh cc itng mu en,trngitng yu cubithngtipxc tch cc.iu ny l do nvo trn my nh c xu hngitng mu

    trng xm trong khi n pht hin ra mu trng. Hybntrctip m khngbi

    thngtip xc vbnsthy mu sccamtitng mu trng thnh mu

    xm ti.bithngtip xc Tch cc sng lp tip xc v iuchnh hnh nh

    theo cch tngtnhbithng tiu cc.Snlngbithngbnhhng

    bi ccphnx v sng ca mu trng, v vicbithng l tngc xc

    nhbiu tin quytnhmtphn quan trngcamtch mu trng.Trong

    bnd,mc d sng cagiynncmt cht trn,bithngphic

    tng thm cho yphi by ch hng u: hoa hngtrng.Vi my onh

    hngdn, l vo cc nhipnh gia quytnh sng l tng.

    Tip xc bithng cho bc chn dung thay ingkviiukinthct

    Bao thanh ton cho nhn vt v gii tnh cachth

    Trongbc chn dung chpnh, bphi sng c th l cnthit mphnx cao trn da caitng. Trong trnghpbithngc xc nh

    theo mu da. Ni chung,phn l cngbng ngay c khi khng make-up, do trong chtng cc my nh c thtien da, snxut cc m

    chch nga khngphi l dchu. Tch ccbithngphiclachn lm sng ln da cho mtbcnhp lng; cc li chb sung l tn

    nhang v npnhncngctng b sng tch cc.Ngcli,mtcm gic lnhnca nam tnh c thcthchinvi tiu ccnhbithng

    khi chpnhmtngin ng. Tip xcbithng khng chnthun l mtslachnca cc gi tr chnh xc, n cng l vviciuchnh

    sng tctthn, hnh nhntng,vikvngcanhipnh gia v hnh nhcui cng l u tin trong chpnh.

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    Observing the histogramA histogram is a statistical representation of brightness distribution; on a digital camera, this graph is used to analyse the exposure statusof an entire image. From observing the histogram, a photographer can get an idea of the exposure liability and br ightness deviation of hisshots.

    Histogram and image brightness

    Proper exposureThe peak in this histogram representingbrightness is mainly at the centre of thehorizontal axis, in a regular curve, indicatingthat the shot is properly exposed and there isno obvious brightness difference in the image.This indicates good exposure and ease in postediting/retouching. However, curves of wellexposed shots don't all look identical; this isust an example of an almost-ideal brightness

    distribution.

    UnderexposureThe peak here lies considerably to the left endindicating a darker, underexposed image. Lessbrightness reading towards the right endrepresents lack of brightness in the image.When this curve occurs, positive exposurecompensation should be made to shift the peaktowards the centre of the histogram. The heigh

    of the peak indicates the amount of pixel data;the left end indicates black.

    Overexposure

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    Curves in this histogram tend considerably tothe right end. In this shot a whitish tone hasbeen cast upon the bricks, trees and otherobjects that are supposed to be darker, and theimage is slightly blurred. The thin peak at theright end represents the road at the bottom ofthis image; in an overexposed shot like this,

    there is no reading at the left (black) end,indicating the exposure is way over the properamount.

    Histograms for shadow loss and blooming

    Black-crush

    Shadow on the right has turned out to be completely blackin this shot because hard light coming from the leftdetermined the exposure. Correspondingly, the peak in thehistogram deviates to the left, with part of the curve hittingthe left end before it reaches the horizontal axis, indicatingthat the shadow is black-crushed and lost the gradation.Such shots are passable when the shadow loss isintentional; however, if such shadow loss occurs in shotswhich are supposed to be rich and natural in brightnessgradient, the image quality of such shots can be deemed atotal failure. In the latter case, it is necessary to apply othertechniques to brighten the shadowed area and thus preventthe curve hitting the left end of the histogram.

    Blowout

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    Light reflection can be seen on some parts of the clothesand face in this shot which was taken under strong frontlit.Blowout occurs as a result of loss in gradation, whichgather to the right in the histogram; data representing faceand clothes is close to the right end in the histogram andcomprise a sharp peak, which is the very representation ofblowout. In this case, slight overexposure is also a reason

    behind the blowout. The blowout on clothes and face canbe prevented and the peak approaches to the centre in thehistogram if exposure is reduced. It is a good idea to havethe histogram displayed while capturing a shot so as toconfirm the exposure distribution and blowout status.

    Necessary information can be obtained from histogram readings An evenly distributed histogram curve does not always indicate a properly exposed shot. For example, a shot of a white surfboard on a whitish beach

    will have curves in the histogram deviating to the right. On the other hand, when a night shot is being conf irmed only with its histogram, the later may

    falsely indicate severe shadow loss due to extreme deviation of the curve peak to the left end in the histogram. The histogram should be read wisely;

    there is no need to be too sensitive about the overall distribution as long as it is possible to confirm whether shadow loss or blowout will occur in the

    shot. It is of great help, as well, when it comes to checking for unforeseeable blowout or black-crush.

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    ng cong trongbiu ny c xu hngngk nn ncui cng bnphi. Trongnh ny mt giai iu mu trngcdinvin vo nhng vin gch, cy v cc itng khc c cho l tihn, v hnh nhhim.nhmngcui bnphiidincho ngpha dicabcnh ny, trong

    mt shot chiu sng qu mcnhth ny,khng c ccui (mu en) tri, cho thystip xc l cch tnh trn stin thch hp.

    Biumt bng v nhoa

    Black-lng

    Shadow bnphi c ha ra l hon ton mu en trong shony v kh nh sng nt bn tri xc nh cc tipxc. Tngng, cc cao im trongbiulch sang bntri, vimtphncang cong nhu bn tri trckhi n tntrc ngang, ch ra rng bng ti l mu en-nt v mtis phn cp.nhnhvyc qua li khimt bng l c , tuy nhin, numt bng nhvyxy ratrong ccbcnhc cho l giu c v t nhin tronggradient sng, chtlng hnh nhcabcnhnhvyc thc coi l mtthtbi. Trong trnghp sau, n lcnthit p dng cc kthut khc lm sng ccvng ti v do ngnchn cc ng cong nhu bntri cabiu.

    n

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    sphnchiu nh sng c thc nhn thy trn mtsbphncaqun o v khun mt trong nh ny cthchin theo frontlit mnh.Nxy ra nh l ktqucasmt mt trong phn cp, trong tp trung vo bnphvobiu,dliuidin khun mt v qun o l gncui bnphi vobiu v bao gmmtnhnhn, l dinthcscan. Trong trnghp ny, nhtip xc

    qu mccng l mt l do ng sau n ny. Cc n trnqun o v khun mt c thcngnchn v cao imvictipcn cc trung tm trongbiu,nutip xc lgim. l mt tngtt c ccbiuhinth tronkhi chpmt shot xc nhnvic phnphitip xc vtrng thi n.

    thng tin cnthit c th thu ctbi cbiuMtng congbiu phnbu khng lun lun ch ra mt c st ng cch tip xc. Vd,mt shot camt vn lt sng trng trn mt bi

    bintrngs c cc ng cong trongbiu sai lchv bnphi.Mt khc, khi mt shot mangc xc nhnchvibiuca n, sau sa

    c thchmt bng nng do s sai lch cao canhng cong nht cn li trongbiu. Ccbiuphiccmt cch khn ngoan,

    khng c cnphi l qu nhycmvs phnbtngthmin l n c th xc nhn cho d bngbmthocnsxy ra trongbcnh. N l gip

    rtnhiu,cngnh, khi ni nkim tra n khng lngtrchocnghin-en.

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    Hy thquay Flash Off l thunli c mtn flash tng kch hot trong iukinthiu sng.Nhng hnh nhs trng sng ng cch nun flashc thcbt /tt ty thuc vobicnh.gic khng khcamtcnhcth, hy thtt flash vbncabn c thbt ranhchm vo nh l mtcnh phim.

    Hy thtt flash bov mi trng trong shot cabn

    Shot chpvin flash tngVic xy dng trong flash trn my nh ny thngcthitlptng theo mcnhmborng ccbcnhchp trongiukin nh sng mc sng. N l mt tnh nngrtthuntincho vicchpt pht, tuy nhin, s bng nmnhca nh sng tn flash my nh c thbinmtbc chn dung ng yu thnhmt hnh nh ID quytlit!Ti sao? My nh ny chngin lkhng th pht hin sng ca ton cnh theo nh sng nflash.Ktqu c thc nhn thy trong hnh nh ny - trong khiitngcchiu sng, cc nn m cc nh sng flash khng thtrang tricti. ci tmcnh trn my nhcthitkgi cho ngisdngtnhng sai lm khng th thu hi trong mt

    shot, nhngmtnhipnh gia lunphisn sng chuyn sangiukhinbng tay to ra ktqu th vhn.

    Shot chpvin flash ttshot ny cchpvin flash tt,da hon ton vo nh sngmi trng xung quanh tihintrng. Trongbntrccchpbng flash, ch c gnb my nhcchiu sng, trongkhi cc nnvn khng nh sng.Vin flash tt, vbncthchin theo iukin nh sng thcttihintrng, tonbhnh nhcchiu sng rcr. Tuy nhin, do nh sng mcamy nhbithngbng cch gimtc mn trp - m lun lun

    lm tng tc dngca phong trobtkt cc chhoc ccnhipnh gia. So vi cc shot flash, nhchp xung quanh c mtlp mau. Tuy nhin, c vt nhin hn, v hnh nhtngthhn llng mt.Chch sang mu scdin vin khng tnti,nhngvimt giai iumtngth m vn c thcb qua.

    Khi flash dazzles nh sng, hy thtt n i c nhng shotci tmcnh trn my nhcthitkngnchnngi dng t sai st, v theo mcnh, cc n flash thngcthitlptngbt

    khi mi trng xung quanh c nh sng km.Nhng khi nh sng flash khng ph hpvi nh sng mi trng xung quanh trong nh, c th c mt

    dn din vin xanh-trng trn hnh nh. Trong trnghp ny, hy thtt flash khi chpnhng shot -bns tm thynhng shot hon hoidincacnhthct,vi nh sng yti cc khu vc xa hn trong nn. Tuy nhin, tc mn trpcngsgim, v vy hy chcchngi my

    nhnnh khi chpnhng hnh nh ny.

    Flash nn ctt khi khng c knh trong nn

    Shot chpvin flash tng Shot chpvin flash tt

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    nh sng n flash cphn nh cathy tinh trongnn.phnx ny c thcloibbng cch ttnflash. iu ny lm vic khng ch trong ccbcnh chn dungm cn trong nhiu tnh hung khc.

    Sphnchiu trn knh cngnchn;hnna,bu khngkhcacnhcbotn. Bn cnh knh, n flash cngnn ctt trong nhngcnh,ni c mtgng.

    Flash ch v hiu ha

    Hy ththitlp cc chn flash ttnh trong cc shottrn. Hy tngtngnhth no nhngngi khc trongca hng sb lmphin khi mtvncachinliphm flashs im lng v ha bnh - l tthngi cho chnflash tt.

    n flash n pht ra nh sng ngn,tlphn nh l kh don

    N l rt kh khnsdngn flash chpnh khi c mt