contoh kajian tindakan.docx

7/23/2019 CONTOH KAJIAN TINDAKAN.docx

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/contoh-kajian-tindakandocx 1/23

CONTOH KAJIAN TINDAKAN :

PENGGUNAAN BONEKA BAGI MENINGKATKAN KOMUNIKASI KANAK-KANAK DI

PRASEKOLAH

Mohd Fhayrus B! A"du##ah

IPG Ka$%us Bahasa M&#ayu

S&'o#ah K&"a!(saa! LKTP) T&$"a!(au *)

K&$aya!) Paha!( Daru# Ma'$ur

ABSTRAK

Ka+a! ! ada#ah 'a+a! ,!da'a! ya!( d+a#a!'a! "a( $&!!('a,'a! 'o$u!'as

'a!a'-'a!a' d %ras&'o#ah d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a Tu+ua! 'a+a! !d+a#a!'a! ada#ah u!,u' $&!!('a,'a! '&u%ayaa! "&r'o$u!'as 'a!a'-'a!a'

d&!(a! #a!.ar da! +&#as O"+&',/ 'a+a! ! u!,u' $&!!('a,'a! '&u%ayaa!

'&$ahra! "&r'o$u!'as 'a!a'-'a!a' da! $&!!('a,'a! "#a!(a!

%&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a 'a!a'-'a!a' Soa# s&#d') ,&$u "ua# da! %&$&rha,a!

d(u!a'a! s&"a(a !s,ru$&! 'a+a! I!s,ru$&! ! d(u!a'a! "a( $&!(&!a# %as,

%&!!('a,a! '&u%ayaa! 'o$u!'as 'a!a'-'a!a' R&s%o!d&! 'a+a! ,&rdr dar%ada

&!a$ ora!( 'a!a'-'a!a' %ras&'o#ah Da,a da!a#ss d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! a!a#ss

d&s'r%,/ 0'&'&ra%a!) %&ra,usa! da! %&,'a! %&r"ua#a!1 Has# r&2&'s)

$&!u!+u''a! "aha3a $asa#ah 'o$u!'as ya!( dhada% o#&h 'a!a'-'a!a' !

"&r%u!.a dar%ada '&'ura!(a! %&!(uasaa! "#a!(a! %&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a

Ta$"aha! #a() 'a!a'-'a!a' ! ,da' $&$%u!ya '&$ahra! "&r'o$u!'as

Bo!&'a d(u!a'a! u!,u' $&$"a!,u 'a!a'-'a!a' $&!(a,as $asa#ah ya!( dhada%

a,u $&!!('a,'a! '&u%ayaa! 'o$u!'as da! $&!a$"ah'a! "#a!(a!

%&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a 'a!a'-'a!a' Da#a$ !,&r4&!s !) 'a!a'-'a!a' d"&r

'&"&"asa! u!,u' $&$#h "o!&'a Ka!a'-'a!a' da! (uru $&!+a#a!'a! a',4,

"&r.&r,a d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a Ka!a'-'a!a' +u(a $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a

u!,u' $&!+a3a" soa#a! ya!( d '&$u'a'a! '&%ada!ya S&#a! ,u) 'a!a'-'a!a'



+u(a "&r%&#ua!( u!,u' "&r$a! "o!&'a "&rsa$a-sa$a ra'a! I$%#'as!ya) 'a!a'-

'a!a' da%a, "&r.&r,a '&%ada ra'a!-ra'a! da! (uru d&!(a! ya'! da! "&ra!

B#a!(a! %&r'a,aa! ya!( d(u!a'a! o#&h 'a!a'-'a!a' +u(a "&r,a$"ah "&r"a!d!(

s&"&#u$ $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a P&!((u!aa! "o!&'a s&$asa s&s %&!(a+ara! da!

%&$"&#a+ara! da%a, $&!!('a,'a! '&u%ayaa! 'o$u!'as 'a!a'-'a!a' d sa$%!(

$&!!('a,'a! "#a!(a! %&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a ya!( d'uasa $&r&'a

ABSTRACT

Ths s a s,udy o! ho3 ,o &!ha!.& ,h& .o$$u!.a,o! s'##s o/ %r&s.hoo# .h#dr&!

us!( %u%%&,s Th& %ur%os& o/ ,hs s,udy s ,o $%ro4& ,h& .h#dr&!5s a"#,y ,o

.o$$u!.a,& 2u&!,#y a!d .#&ar#y Th& o"+&.,4& o/ ,hs s,udy s ,o !.r&as& ,h&

d&4&#o%$&!, o/ ,h& .h#dr&!5s .o$$u!.a,o! s'##s a!d ,o !.r&as& ,h&r

4o.a"u#ary Th& r&s&ar.h !s,ru$&!,s ar& su%%or,&d "y 6u&s,o!!ar&s) !,&r4&3s

a!d o"s&r4a,o!s Th& r&s%o!d&!,s .o$%rs& o/ s7-s&#&.,&d %r&s.hoo# .h#dr&! a!d

,h& da,a s a!a#ys&d us!( d&s.r%,4& a!a#yss 0r&.ord&d da#o(u&s) %&r.&!,a(& a!d

/r&6u&!.y1 Throu(h ,h& r&su#,s o/ r&2&.,o!) ,h& r&s&ar.h ou,.o$& !d.a,&s ,ha,

o!& o/ ,h& $a+or .o$$u!.a,o! %ro"#&$s a$o!( .h#dr&! s #a.' o/ 4o.a"u#ary I!

add,o!) ,h&s& .h#dr&! do !o, ha4& ,h& .o$$u!.a,o! s'##s Us!( %u%%&,s 3ou#d

h&#% ,o so#4& ,h& %ro"#&$s /a.&d "y ,h&s& .h#dr&! ! $%ro4!( ,h&r

.o$$u!.a,o! s'##s a!d 4o.a"u#ary Throu(h !,&r4&!,o!) ,h& .h#dr&! ar& (4&!

,h& /r&&do$ ,o .hoos& a %u%%&, Th& .h#dr&! a!d ,&a.h&rs ,h&! &!(a(& !

.o!4&rsa,o!s us!( %u%%&,s Th& .h#dr&! a#so us& ,h& %u%%&,s ,o a!s3&r

6u&s,o!s I! add,o!) ,h&s& .h#dr&! ha4& ,h& o%%or,u!,y ,o %#ay %u%%&,s 3,h/r&!ds Th& r&su#,s sho3 ,ha,) ,h& .h#d .a! ,a#' ,o /r&!ds a!d ,&a.h&rs 3,h

.o!8d&!.& a!d .oura(& Th& !u$"&rs o/ 3ords us&d "y ,h&s& .h#dr&! ha4&

!.r&as&d /ro$ ,h& us& o/ %u%%&,s O4&ra##) "as&d o! ,h& r&s&ar.h .arr&d ou,)

!,rodu.!( a !&3 $&,hod o/ ,&a.h!() &s%&.a##y "y us!( %u%%&,s) h&#%&d ,o

!.r&as& ,h&r a"#,y ! d&4&#o%!( .o$$u!.a,o! Th& us& o/ %u%%&,s has

!.r&as&d ,h& a"#,y o/ .o$$u!.a,o! s'##s a!d 4o.a"u#ary a$o!( ,h&s& .h#dr&!

PENGENALAN

Ka+a! ya!( d#a'sa!a'a! ! ada#ah "&r'a,a! d&!(a! %&!((u!aa! "o!&'a ,&rhada%

$urd %ras&'o#ah d sa#ah s&"uah s&'o#ah d S&#a!(or Daru# Ehsa! Ka+a! !

d#a'sa!a'a! "a( $&#ha, ,aha% %&!.a%aa! 'a!a'-'a!a' u!,u' "&r'o$u!u'as

Ta+u' 'a+a! ! ada#ah P&!((u!aa! Bo!&'a Ba( M&!!('a,'a! Ko$u!'as Ka!a'-

Ka!a' D Pras&'o#ah Ka+a! ! ,&#ah d#a'sa!a'a! ,&rhada% &!a$ ora!( 'a!a'-



'a!a' %ras&'o#ah ,&rs&"u, Ka+a! ! d+a#a!'a! ada#ah "&r,u+ua! u!,u'

$&!!('a,'a! '&u%ayaa! "&r'o$u!'as d&!(a! #a!.ar da! +&#as Ka+a! ! ,&#ah

$&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a +&!s saru!( ,a!(a! Bo!&'a-"o!&'a ya!( ,&#ah d(u!a'a!

da#a$ 'a+a! ! $&!(a$"ar'a! 3a,a'-3a,a' ha3a! S&"a!ya' 99 "uah "o!&'a

saru!( ,a!(a! ya!( ,&#ah d(u!a'a! da#a$ 'a+a! ! a,u "o!&'a aya$) ,')

$o!y&,) %a!da) %!(u!) 'a,a') #&$"u) ,'us) ,u%a) "uaya) da! u#ar

M&!uru, 'a$us d&3a! &ds '&&$%a, 0;;<1) "o!&'a ada#ah %a,u!( $sa#!ya ora!(

a,au "!a,a!( ya!( "o#&h d(&ra''a! d&!(a! $&!ar' ,a# ya!( d#&'a,'a! %ada!ya

a,au d&!(a! $&$asu''a! ,a!(a! '& da#a$ "ada!!ya da! $&!((&ra''a!!ya

=ur!ah da! Moha$ad I$a! 0;;>1) %&#"a(a "&!,u' "o!&'a "o#&h dhas#'a! sa$a

ada dar%ada '&r,as a,au 'a! S&,a% 'a# "&r.&r,a) "o!&'a d+ad'a! $odu#

%&!.&r,aa! D&!(a! ! s&(a#a "&!,u' %&!.&r,aa! #&"h $udah d/aha$

K&$uda! 'a!a'-'a!a' $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a ,&rs&"u, u!,u' $&#ahr'a! 3a,a'-

3a,a' ya!( "&r"&?a Cara ! +u(a #&"h "&r'&sa! ,&ru,a$a u!,u' $&$as,'a!$a(!as 'a!a'-'a!a' da%a, d#ahr'a! $&#a#u %&!.&r,aa!

Ko$u!'as %u#a ada#ah %&rhu"u!(a! s&.ara #a!(su!( a,au d&!(a! %&ra!,ara

sura,) rado) ,&#&/o!) da! #a!-#a! 0Ka$us d&3a! &ds '&&$%a,) ;;<1 E$&ry) Au#,

da! A(&&# 09@<*1 $&!ya,a'a! 'o$u!'as ada#ah sa#ah sa,u s&! $&!ya#ur'a!

$a'#u$a,) d&a-d&a da! s'a%-s'a% dar s&s&ora!( '&%ada s&s&ora!( ya!( #a!

D&8!s ! $&(u,a$a'a! %&!ya#ura! s&sua,u dar%ada s&s&ora!( !d4du '&%ada

!d4du #a!

M&!uru, Kur'u#u$ S,a!dard Pras&'o#ah K&"a!(saa! 0;;@1) 'a!a'-'a!a'

%ras&'o#ah s&%a,u,!ya $&!(uasa '&$ahra! 'o$u!'as Ha# ! ada#ah '&ra!a d

da#a$ Kur'u#u$ S,a!dard Pras&'o#ah K&"a!(saa! $&!&'a!'a! as%&' 'o$u!'as

$&#a#u Tu!+a!( Ko$u!'as Bahasa Ma#aysa K&$ahra! 'o$u!'as %ras&'o#ah

$&$%u!ya #$a s,a!dard 'a!du!(a! a,u BM9 "&r!,&ra's d&!(a! $&sra)

BM "&rsoa# +a3a" $&#a#u ra!(sa!(a! ya!( d"&r) BM* $&#a/a?'a! %us

d&!(a! !,o!as ya!( "&,u#) BM> $&!.&r,a'a! %&r'ara ya!( dd&!(ar da! BM

$&#a'o!'a! 3a,a'-3a,a' $&!('u, s,uas

Ko$u!'as $&$%u!ya '&%&!,!(a! '&%ada '&hdu%a! ',a s&hara! M&!uru,

Bara! da! Da4s 0;;;1 'o$u!'as da%a, $&!y&"ar'a! !/or$as da! a$ara!)

$&!+a#!'a! hu"u!(a! d&!(a! '&#o$%o'-'&#o$%o' d da#a$ $asyara'a,) ,ra!s$s

"udaya $asyara'a, da! h"ura! Ko$u!'as da%a, $&!y&"ar'a! !/or$as s&$asa

da! ,&r'! $&!(&!a '&adaa! %&rs&',ara! $a!usa Ia!ya +u(a "&r,!da'



$&!ya$%a'a! a$ara! ya!( "&ru%a %&r!(a,a! '&%ada s&s&"uah $asyara'a, a,au

'&#o$%o' ya!( ,&r"a",

M&#a#u %&!(a#a$a! %&!(a+ara! d %ras&'o#ah !) dda%a, "aha3a ,&rda%a,

"&"&ra%a ora!( 'a!a'-'a!a' ya!( 'ura!( "&r'o$u!'as da! ,da' a',/ s&$asa

a',4, %&!(a+ara! da! %&$"&#a+ara! d+a#a!'a! d da#a$ '&#as Has# r&2&'s

%&!(a+ara!) 'a!a'-'a!a' "&r$asa#ah 'o$u!'as ! 'ura!( $&$"&r'a! r&s%o!

ya!( "a' s&$asa s&s %&!(a+ara! da! %&$"&#a+ara! d+a#a!'a! Ka!a'-'a!a' !

,da' $&$"&r'a! d&a a,au %&!da%a, a%a"#a d$!,a o#&h (uru K&!ya,aa! !

dso'o!( d&!(a! has# %&$&rha,a! ya!( d+a#a!'a!) dda%a, "aha3a +u$#ah

'&'&ra%a! 'a!a'-'a!a' $&!+a3a" soa#a! ya!( ,&#ah d'&$u'a'a! ada#ah r&!dah

a,u ha!ya soa#a! dar%ada * soa#a! ya!( ,&#ah d'&$u'a'a! s&%a!+a!( s&s

%&!(a+ara! da! %&$"&#a+ara! P&$&rha,a! ,&#ah d+a#a!'a! s&"a!ya' ,(a 'a#

S&hu"u!(a! !) %ura,a soa#a! ya!( $&!da%a, r&s%o! dar%ada 'a!a'-'a!a' a#ah <

soa#a!

D sa$%!( ,u) has# %&r"ua#a! "&rsa$a '&&!a$-&!a$ 'a!a'-'a!a' ! dda%a,

"aha3a 'a!a'-'a!a' ! 'ura!( $&$"&r'a! r&s%o! a%a"#a d'&$u'a'a! soa#a!

'&%ada $&r&'a P&r"ua#a! ! d+a#a!'a! s&.ara !d4du Has# ,&$u"ua# ,&#ah

$&!u!+u''a! +u$#ah '&'&ra%a! $&!+a3a" soa#a! ada#ah r&!dah Dda%a,) ,da'

s&$ua soa#a! ya!( d"&r'a! da%a, d+a3a" o#&h 'a!a'-'a!a' S&"a!ya' 9 soa#a!

,&#ah d'&$u'a'a! '&%ada s&,a% !d4du 'a!a'-'a!a' Ju$#ah +a3a%a! ya!(

%a#!( ,!(( ya!( da%a, d+a3a" o#&h 'a!a'-'a!a' ada#ah s&"a!ya' 9> soa#a!

saha+a Na$u! "&(,u) $&!uru, P&!+a(a '&%ada Ka!a'-'a!a' A/ $&!(a,a'a!a!a'!ya ,da' "&rda$ dr d ru$ah s&%&r, ya!( ,&#ah "&r#a'u d '&#as %ras&'o#ah

A!a'!ya +u(a s&#a#u $&!(u#a!( %&r'a,aa!-%&r'a,aa! a,au %&r'ara-%&r'ara ya!(

,&#ah d%&#a+ar!ya d s&'o#ah A!,ara!ya ada#ah s&%&r, u.a%a! ,&r$a 'ash

T&r$a 'ash C'(u = da! $&!ya!y #a(u 'a!a'-'a!a' B&(,u +u(a d&!(a!

%&!+a(a 'a!a'-'a!a' Hu $&!(a,a'a! a!a'!ya s&r!( $&#a'o!'a! s&$u#a a',4,

ya!( ,&#ah d+a#a!'a! d s&'o#ah "&rsa$a (uru K&!ya,aa! ! da%a, $&!u!+u''a'a!

"aha3a 'a!a'-'a!a' ! $&ru%a'a! 'a!a'-'a!a' ya!( !or$a# s&%&r, 'a!a'-'a!a'

ya!( #a! '&ra!a da%a, "&r'o$u!'as d&!(a! "a' d ru$ah "&r"a!d!( d s&'o#ah

Ka!a'-'a!a' ! ,da' $&!(a#a$ $asa#ah "&r'o$u!'as s&%&r, 'a!a'-'a!a'

"&r'&%&r#ua! 'has Ka!a'-'a!a' ! ha!ya "&r$asa#ah u!,u' "&r'o$u!'as '&,'a

s&s %&!(a+ara! da! %&$"&#a+ara! d+a#a!'a!

Jus,&ru) dda%a, "aha3a '&&!a$-&!a$ ora!( 'a!a'-'a!a' ya!( ,&#ah d%&rha,'a!

s&$asa s&s %&!(a+ara! da! %&$"&#a+ara! d+a#a!'a! ada#ah $&!u!+u''a! "aha3a

'&&!a$-&!a$ 'a!a'-'a!a' ! $&!(a#a$ $asa#ah "&r'o$u!'as Ka!a'-'a!a'

,&rs&"u, ada#ah Ka!a'-'a!a' A/) Ka!a'-'a!a' Fa) Ka!a'-'a!a' Ha) Ka!a'-'a!a' Hu)



Ka!a'-'a!a' A) da! Ka!a'-'a!a' A! Masa#ah "&r'o$u!'as ya!( dhada% o#&h

'a!a'-'a!a' ! ada#ah '&'ura!(a! %&!(uasaa! "#a!(a! %&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a

Ta$"aha! #a() 'a!a'-'a!a' ! ,da' $&$%u!ya '&$ahra! "&r'o$u!'as

Mod&# Ko$u!'as #"ur S.hra$$ 09@>1 $&ru%a'a! %&!y&#d' 'o$u!'as $assa

ya!( u#u!( M&!uru, S.har$$ 'o$u!'as d a!,ara su$"&r da! %&!&r$aa! ha!ya

,&r,u$%u '&%ada %&r'ara-%&r'ara ya!( '&dua-dua!ya $&$%u!ya %&!(a#a$a!

ya!( sa$a Ha!ya u,usa! ya!( d/aha$ o#&h '&dua-dua %ha' saha+a ya!( a'a!

da%a, $&$"a!,u '&"&r'&sa!a! 'o$u!'as Pros&s 'o$u!'as ya!( "&r'&sa!

ha!ya "o#&h "&r#a'u +'a ,&rda%a, %&r,!dha! %&!(a#a$a! da! "ahasa a!,ara dua

%ha' a,u d a!,ara su$"&r d&!(a! d&s,!as I! ada#ah '&ra!a ra!(sa!(a!

d&!'od da! $&s&+ dd&'od +'a %&!ya$%a $&s&+ da! %&!&r$a $&s&+ $&$%u!ya

%&!(a#a$a! da! aras "ahasa ya!( sa$a

Ka&dah "&#a+ar $&#a#u "&r$a! ,&#ah da%#'as'a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a Da#a$

'a+a! !) 'a!a'-'a!a' "&r$a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a F&#d$a! 09@@91)

$&!ya,a'a! 'a!a'-'a!a' "&#a+ar s&.ara s&$u#a +ad M&r&'a !(! ,ahu) "&r$!a,)

"&rs&$a!(a, da! $&$"&r %&rha,a! "a( $&$%&#a+ar %&r'ara-%&r'ara "aharu

Cara ya!( ,&r"a' $&!(a+ar 'a!a'-'a!a' ada#ah $&#a#u "&r$a! da! (aya

%&$"&#a+ara! $&r&'a ya!( s&$u#a +ad Fr&d&r.h #h&#$ Fro"&# 09<-91

ya'! %&r$a!a! ya!( s&sua da%a, $&$"a!,u 'a!a'-'a!a' "&r8'r "&r'&!aa!

!,&ra's a!,ara '&hdu%a! da! a',4, s&!dr) %&$'ra! da! ,!da'a!) %&r3a'#a!

da! 'o(!s s&r,a '&"o#&ha! da! %&$aha$a!5 0Br&3&r)9@@1

Ro"&r, M Ga(!& 09@<;1) $&!ya,a'a! %&$"&#a+ara! "&r(&ra' dar ya!( %a#!(

$udah $&!u+u '&%ada ya!( ru$, P&$"&#a+ara! %ada aras ya!( ,!(( "&r(a!,u!(

'&%ada %&$"&#a+ara! %ada aras ya!( r&!dah Pada $u#a!ya 'a!a'-'a!a' "&r$a!

"o!&'a s&.ara "&rs&!dra! K&,'a ! 'a!a'-'a!a' ha!ya a'a! "&r'o$u!'as

d&!(a! dr!ya saha+a Baha! %&r"ua#a! +u(a "&r'a,a! d&!(a! dr!ya saha+a

K&$uda! 'a!a'-'a!a' a'a! "&r$a! "&rsa$a ra'a!-ra'a! ya!( "&rada

d%&rs&',ara!!ya Ko$u!'as ya!( #&"h "a' "&r#a'u a%a"#a 'a!a'-'a!a'

"&r$a! "o!&'a "&rsa$a Ka!a'-'a!a' a'a! "&r'o!(s %&!(a#a$a! $as!(-

$as!( P&r'a,aa! ya!( #&"h 'o$%#&'s d(u!a'a! da#a$ %&r"ua#a! $&r&'aS&,&rus!ya) 'a!a'-'a!a' da%a, $&!a$"ah'a! "#a!(a! %&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a

$&r&'a

O"+&',/ U$u$



O"+&',/ u$u$ 'a+a! ada#ah $&!!('a,'a! '&u%ayaa! "&r'o$u!'as 'a!a'-'a!a'

d&!(a! #a!.ar da! +&#as

O"+&',/ Khusus

O"+&',/ 'husus 'a+a! ! ada#ah s&%&r, "&r'u,

M&!!('a,'a! '&u%ayaa! '&$ahra! "&r'o$u!'as 'a!a'-'a!a'

M&!!('a,'a! "#a!(a! %&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a 'a!a'-'a!a'

Soa#a! Ka+a!

P&rsoa#a! 'a+a! ! ada#ah s&%&r, "&r'u,

Ada'ah %&!((u!aa! "o!&'a da%a, $&!!('a,'a! '&u%ayaa! '&$ahra!

"&r'o$u!'as 'a!a'-'a!a'

Ada'ah %&!((u!aa! "o!&'a da%a, $&!!('a,'a! "#a!(a! %&r"&!daharaa!'a,a 'a!a'-'a!a'

TINJAUAN LITERATUR

M&!uru, 'a$us d&3a! &ds '&&$%a, 0;;<1) "o!&'a ada#ah %a,u!( $sa#!ya ora!(

a,au "!a,a!( ya!( "o#&h d(&ra''a! d&!(a! $&!ar' ,a# ya!( d#&'a,'a! %ada!yaa,au d&!(a! $&$asu''a! ,a!(a! '& da#a$ "ada!!ya da! $&!((&ra''a!!ya

Ma!a'a#a 'o$u!'as %u#a ada#ah %&rhu"u!(a! s&.ara #a!(su!( a,au d&!(a!

%&ra!,ara sura,) rado) ,&#&/o!) da! #a!-#a! 0Ka$us d&3a! &ds '&&$%a,) ;;<1

M&!uru, E$&ry) Au#, da! A(&&# 09@<*1) $&!ya,a'a! 'o$u!'as ada#ah sa#ah sa#ah

sa,u s&! $&!y&#ur'a! $a'#u$a,) d&a-d&a da! s'a%-s'a% dar s&s&ora!( '&%ada

s&s&ora!( ya!( #a! D&8!s ! $&(u,a$a'a! %&!ya#ura! s&sua,u dar%ada

s&s&ora!( !d4du '&%ada !d4du #a!



Ka+a! ! "&r#a!das'a! T&or P&r'&$"a!(a! J&a! Pa(&, 09@*1 ya!( $&!ya,a'a!

'&,'a %&r!('a, %rao%&ras a,u '&,'a 'a!a'-'a!a' $&!+a('au usa dua ,ahu!

h!((a ,u+uh ,ahu!) 'a!a'-'a!a' $&!((u!a'a! s$"o# u!,u' $&3a'# o"+&'-o"+&'

ya!( d#ha, d s&'&##!(!ya Ka!a'-'a!a' $u#a "&r,u,ur ,&,a% %&r,u,ura!!ya"&rs/a, &(os&!,r' To%' %&r"ua#a!!ya ada#ah "&r'sar ,&!,a!( dr!ya s&!dr

Ka!a'-'a!a' +u(a ,da' "&r$!a, u!,u' "&r!,&ra's da! "&r'o$u!'as d&!(a!

ora!( #a! Pada %&r!('a, ! +u(a) 'a!a'-'a!a' &!((a! $&!&r$a %&!da%a, ora!(

#a! Bo!&'a d(u!a'a! u!,u' $&$"a!,u $&!(a,as $asa#ah ya!( dhada% o#&h

'a!a'-'a!a' da#a$ $&!!('a,'a! '&u%ayaa! 'o$u!'as da! "#a!(a!

%&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a 'a!a'-'a!a'

S&#a,hura Nad&so! 09@1) $&!&ra!('a! "aha3a %&%a,u!( 0%u%%&, sho31 "o#&h

d(u!a'a! u!,u' $&!&ra!('a! a,au $&!(hura'a! s&sua,u) $&$"&r araha!)$&!(u.a%'a! s&sua,u ya!( #u.u) "&r.&r,a) $&!yoa# da! +u(a u!,u' $&!.%,a

s,uas-s,uas dra$a ya!( $&#"a,'a! 'a!a'-'a!a' P&%a,u!( a'a! $&$"&r

%&#ua!( '&%ada 'a!a'-'a!a' u!,u' $&$%&r'aya'a! da! $&!a$"ah'a! '&$ahra!

"ahasa da! +u(a $&$"&r %&#ua!( u!,u' %&r'&$"a!(a! '&$ahra! $a(!a,/

=ahara,u##a# 0;;1 ,&#ah $&!+a#a!'a! 'a+a! $&!(&!a %&!((u!aa! "o!&'a ,&#ah

d(u!a'a! da#a$ %&!(a+ara! da! %&$"&#a+ara! %&!dd'a! %ras&'o#ah Bo!&'a

$&ru%a'a! sa#ah sa,u "aha! "a!,u ya!( da%a, $&!ar' $!a, da! %&rha,a! 'a!a'-

'a!a' ,&rhada% %&$"&#a+ara! '&ra!a s/a, s&$u#a +ad 'a!a'-'a!a' ,u ya!(

su'a'a! "o!&'a B&r$a! d&!(a! "o!&'a da%a, $&$"&r %&#ua!( da! '&"&"asa!

'&%ada 'a!a'-'a!a' u!,u' $&!(&$"a!('a! %o,&!s $as!(-$as!( "&rdasar'a!

,aha% '&"o#&ha! da! '&$ahra! $&r&'a Ka+a! "&#au $&!da%a, ,&'!'%&!((u!aa! "o!&'a ya!( "&r'&sa! da%a, $&$"a!,u 'a!a'-'a!a' da#a$

%&r'&$"a!(a! "ahasa) &$os) sosa#) 'o$u!'as) 8?'a# da! %&!(&,ahua! 'a!a'-

'a!a'

A??ah 09@@1) $&!ya,a'a! "aha3a 'a!a'-'a!a' $&$%u!ya .ara "&#a+ar ya!(

,&rs&!dr M&r&'a su'a $&!&ro'a %&r'ara-%&r'ara "aru ya!( $&!ar' %&rha,a!

$&r&'a P&r'ara-%&r'ara ! "o#&h $&ra!(sa!( %&$'ra! $&r&'a M&r&'a "&#a+ar

d&!(a! $&$"ua, #&ar!!( "y do!(5) a',4, ya!( $&r&'a s&!dr #a'u'a! sa!(a,

%&!,!( M&r&'a su'a $&!.ar da! $&!da%a,'a! $a'#u$a, dar dr $&r&'a da!a#a$ s&'&##!( M&r&'a "&#a+ar dar ,!da'a! $&r&'a s&!dr Ka!a'-'a!a' +u(a su'a

$&!('u, .o!,oh ora!( d&3asa Sa,u dar%ada s,ra,&( ya!( s&sua da#a$

%&$"&#a+ara! 'a!a'-'a!a' a#ah "&r$a! sa$"# "&#a+ar L&4y 09@>1) ya!( ,&#ah

$&$"ua, 'a+a! s&$u#a ,&rhada% 'a+a!-'a+a! #&%as ya!( $&#"a,'a! hu"u!(a!

$a! d&!(a! %&r'&$"a!(a! "ahasa ,&#ah $&$"ua, '&s$%u#a! s&%&r, "&r'u,

Ma! $&$"&ra!(sa!('a! !o4as da#a$ "ahasa



Ma! $&$%&r'&!a#'a! da! $&!&ra!('a! %&r'a,aa! da#a$

'o!s&% ya!( "aru

Ma! $&!(hu"u!('a,'a! %&!((u!aa! da! %ra',s "ahasa

4 Ma! $&$%&r'&$"a!('a! '&s&dara! $&,a#!(us,'

4 Ma! $&!((a#a''a! %&$'ra! s&.ara #sa!

Ka+a! "&#au $&!da%a, $a! da%a, $&$%&r'&$"a!('a! "ahasa 'a!a'-'a!a'

P&!((u!aa! "o!&'a $&ru%a'a! sa#ah sa,u .ara 'a!a'-'a!a' "&r$a! Ka!a'-'a!a'

da%a, $&!('a,'a! $&!!('a,'a! '&u%ayaa! 'o$u!'as da! "#a!(a!

%&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a d&!(a! "&r$a! "o!&'a

S&"a(a ru$usa!!ya) %&!((u!aa! "o!&'a da#a$ 'a+a! ! a#ah u!,u'

$&!!('a,'a! '&u%ayaa! 'a!a'-'a!a' "&r'o$u!'as d&!(a! #a!.ar da! +&#asP&!((u!aa! "o!&'a ! ada#ah $&ra!('u$ 'a!a'-'a!a' da! (uru "&r.&r,a d&!(a!

$&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a Ka!a'-'a!a' +u(a $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a u!,u' $&!+a3a"

soa#a! ya!( d '&$u'a'a! '&%ada!ya da! 'a!a'-'a!a' "&r%&#ua!( u!,u' "&r$a!

"o!&'a "&rsa$a ra'a!-ra'a!

METODOLOGI

Ka+a! ,!da'a! ! $&#"a,'a! s&ra$a &!a$ ora!( 'a!a'-'a!a' %ras&'o#ah dsa#ah s&"uah s&'o#ah d S&#a!(or Ka!a'-'a!a' ! ,&rdr dar%ada ,(a ora!( #&#a'

da! ,(a ora!( %&r&$%ua! Ka!a'-'a!a' ! "&r"a!(sa M&#ayu da! "&ra(a$a Is#a$

Ka!a'-'a!a' ! "&ru$ur da#a$ #!('u!(a! #$a h!((a &!a$ ,ahu! Ka!a'-'a!a'

! "&#a+ar da#a$ s&"uah '&#as ya!( sa$a

E##o, da! Ad&#$a! 09@<1 $&!d&8!s'a! 'a+a! ,!da'a! da#a$ "da!(

%&!dd'a! s&"a(a sa,u %&!d&'a,a! %&!y&#d'a! ya!( "&rusaha

$&$%&r,!('a,'a! $u,u %ro/&so!a#s$& %&!dd' d&!(a! .ara $&!y&#d' s,uas

sosa# da! !s,,us %&!dd'a!) da! ,u+ua! 'a+a! ,!da'a! a#ah $&$"a' 'ua#,a$a#a! hara! T&$u "ua# da! %&$&rha,a! d(u!a'a! s&"a(a !s,ru$&! 'a+a!

I!s,ru$&! ! d(u!a'a! "a( $&!(&!a# %as, %&!!('a,a! '&u%ayaa! 'o$u!'as

'a!a'-'a!a'



Da#a$ !,&r4&!s ya!( ,&#ah d+a#a!'a!) 'a!a'-'a!a' d"&r '&"&"asa! u!,u'

$&$#h "o!&'a Ka!a'-'a!a' da! (uru "&r.&r,a d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a

Ka!a'-'a!a' +u(a $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a u!,u' $&!+a3a" soa#a! ya!( d

'&$u'a'a! '&%ada!ya S&#a! ,u) 'a!a'-'a!a' "&r%&#ua!( u!,u' "&r$a! "o!&'a

"&rsa$a ra'a!-ra'a!

A#a, 'a+a! soa# s&#d' d(u!a'a! "a( $&!(&!a# %as, '&u%ayaa! 'o$u!'as

'a!a'-'a!a' Ka!a'-'a!a' d"aha( '&%ada dua 'u$%u#a! C&r,a dsa$%a'a!

'&%ada 'a!a'-'a!a' S&"a!ya' #a%a! "uah soa#a! ,&#ah ds&da'a! "&rdasar'a!

s'r% .&r,a S&,a% ora!( 'a!a'-'a!a' d'&h&!da' $&!+a3a" soa#a! ya!( d"&r'a!

'&%ada!ya d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a Da#a$ $asa ya!( sa$a %&!y&#d' ,uru,

$&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a '&,'a $&!(&$u'a'a! soa#a! '&%ada 'a!a'-'a!a' Has#

da%a,a! soa# s&#d' d.a,a,'a! %ada "ora!( soa# s&#d'

S&#a! ,u) a#a, 'a+a! %&$&rha,a! +u(a d(u!a'a! s&$asa 'a!a'-'a!a'

"&r$a! "o!&'a "&rsa$a ra'a!-ra'a! Ka!a'-'a!a' d"aha( '&%ada dua

'u$%u#a! Ka!a'-'a!a' d"&r %#ha! u!,u' $&$#h "o!&'a u!,u' d(u!a'a!

P&$&rha,a! d+a#a!'a! ,&rhada% 'a!a'-'a!a' '&,'a 'a!a'-'a!a' "&r$a! "o!&'a

P&$&rha,a! d.a,a,'a! $&!((u!a'a! !o,a #a%a!(a! P&$&rha,a! +u(a d(u!a'a!

u!,u' $&!(&!a# %as, '&u%ayaa! 'o$u!'as 'a!a'-'a!a'

D sa$%!( ,u) a#a, 'a+a! ,&$u "ua# "&rs&$u'a d+a#a!'a! ,&rhada% 'a!a'-

'a!a' C&r,a dsa$%a'a! '&%ada 'a!a'-'a!a' S&"a!ya' ,(a "uah soa#a! ,&#ahds&da'a! "&rdasar'a! s'r% .&r,a S&,a% ora!( 'a!a'-'a!a' d'&h&!da'

$&!+a3a" soa#a! ya!( d"&r'a! '&%ada!ya d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a Da#a$

$asa ya!( sa$a %&!y&#d' ,uru, $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a '&,'a $&!(&$u'a'a!

soa#a! '&%ada 'a!a'-'a!a' P&!((u!aa! %&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a 'a!a'-'a!a'

d.a,a,'a! %ada "ora!( ya!( ,&#ah ds&da'a! T&$u "ua# "&rs,ru',ur d(u!a'a!

u!,u' $&!da%a,'a! $a'#u$a, $&!(&!a %&!((u!aa! "#a!(a! %&r"&!daharaa!

'a,a 'a!a'-'a!a'

KEPUTUSAN

P&rsoa#a! Ka+a! P&r,a$a: Ada'ah %&!((u!aa! "o!&'a da%a, $&!!('a,'a!

'&u%ayaa! '&$ahra! "&r'o$u!'as 'a!a'-'a!a' Has# a!a#ss soa# s&#d' da!



%&$&rha,a! ya!( d+a#a!'a! ,&#ah da%a, $&!(&!a# %as, '&u%ayaa! "&r'o$u!'as

'a!a'-'a!a' d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a

Jadua# 99: Has# a!a#ss soa# s&#d' ,&rhada% 'a!a'-'a!a' Ku$%u#a! 9 d&!(a!

$&!((u!a'a! .&r,a K&ra $&!+ad Ra+a

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B&rasas'a! '&dua-dua +adua# ya!( d%&ro#&h) dda%a, dua ora!( 'a!a'-

'a!a' $&!da%a, %&ra,usa! 9;; a,u Ka!a'-'a!a' Ha da! Ka!a'-'a!a' A K&dua-

dua ora!( 'a!a'-'a!a' ! ,&#ah "&r+aya $&!+a3a" '&s&$ua soa#a! ya!( d"&r'a!

'&%ada!ya d&!(a! "&,u# "&rdasar'a! .&r,a ya!( ,&#ah d%&rd&!(ar'a! Ma!a'a#a

Ka!a'-'a!a' A/) Ka!a'-'a!a' Fa) Ka!a'-'a!a' Hu) da! Ka!a'-'a!a' A! da%a,

$&!+a3a" d&!(a! "&,u# ,u+uh soa#a! d&!(a! "&,u# dar%ada #a%a! soa#a! ya!(

d"&r'a! E$%a, ora!( 'a!a'-'a!a' ! $&!da%a, %&ra,usa! < S&%&r, %ada

La$%ra! P da! La$%ra!

Ru$usa!!ya) has# a!a#ss %&!yoa#a! ya!( ,&#ah d+a#a!'a! ,&rhada% 'a!a'-'a!a'

$&!da%a, "aha3a 'a!a'-'a!a' da%a, $&!+a3a" soa#a! ya!( d"&r'a! '&%ada

$&r&'a d&!(a! "a' d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a K&"o#&ha! 'a!a'-'a!a' !

$&!+a3a" soa#a! ya!( d"&r'a! $&!u!+u''a! "aha3a 'a!a'-'a!a' ! da%a,

"&r'o$u!'as d&!(a! "a' d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a Jus,&ru) %&!((u!aa!

"o!&'a da%a, $&!!('a,a! '&u%ayaa! '&$ahra! "&r'o$u!'as 'a!a'-'a!a'

Jadua# 9: Has# a!a#ss %&$&rha,a! ,&rhada% 'a!a'-'a!a' "&r$a! "o!&'a "a(Ku$%u#a! 9

Ka!a'-'a!a'

Ju$#ah "#a!(a! aya, ya!( ds&"u, o#&h 'a!a'-'a!a'

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Jadua# : Has# a!a#ss %&$&rha,a! ,&rhada% 'a!a'-'a!a' "&r$a! "o!&'a "a(

Ku$%u#a!

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B&rasas'a! '&dua-dua +adua# ya!( d%&ro#&h) has# 'a+a! $&!da%a, "aha3a +u$#ah

"#a!(a! aya, ya!( ,&r,!(( ya!( ,&#ah da%a, ds&"u, o#&h 'a!a'-'a!a' ada#ah

s&"a!ya' ; aya, a,u d.a%a o#&h Ka!a'-'a!a' Ha da! Ka!a'-'a!a' Fa "a(

Ku$%u#a! 9 Ma!a'a#a +u$#ah "#a!(a! aya, ya!( ,&r,!(( ya!( ,&#ah da%a, ds&"u,

o#&h 'a!a'-'a!a' "a( 'u$%u#a! ada#ah Ka!a'-'a!a' Hu a,u 9@ s'or Ju$#ah

"#a!(a! aya, ya!( ,&r&!dah ya!( ,&#ah ds&"u, o#&h 'a!a'-'a!a' a#ah Ka!a'-

'a!a' A/ "a( Ku$%u#a! 9 d&!(a! ha!ya da%a, $&!y&"u, s&"a!ya' 9 saha+a

Ma!a'a#a "a( Ku$%u#a! dda%a, Ka!a'-'a!a' A! da! Ka!a'-'a!a' A ha!ya

da%a, $&!y&"u, 9 aya, saha+a s&$asa a',4, "&r$a! "o!&'a d+a#a!'a! S#a

ru+u' La$%ra! M da! La$%ra! N

Ru$usa!!ya) has# a!a#ss %&$&rha,a!) $&!da%a, "aha3a 'a!a'-'a!a' "o#&h

"&r$a! "o!&'a da! "&r'o$u!'as "&rsa$a ra'a!-ra'a!!ya S&%a!+a!( a',4,

"&r$a! "o!&'a d+a#a!'a! 'a!a'-'a!a' da%a, $&!y&"u, aya, d&!(a! "a' da!

#a!.ar K&"o#&ha! 'a!a'-'a!a' ! "&r"ua# a!,ara sa,u sa$a #a! $&!u!+u''a!

"aha3a 'a!a'-'a!a' ! da%a, "&r'o$u!'as d&!(a! "a' d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a!

"o!&'a Jus,&ru) 'a!a'-'a!a' "&ru%aya $&!!('a,'a! '&$ahra! "&r'o$u!'as

d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a



Jadua# *: P&r"&?aa! s&"&#u$ da! s&#&%as !,&r4&!s d+a#a!'a! "a( $&!!('a,'a!

'&u%ayaa! '&$ahra! "&r'o$u!'as 'a!a'-'a!a'

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"&r'o$u!'as 'a!a'-'a!a' a,u s&"&#u$ $&!+a#a!'a! !,&r4&!s da! s&#&%as

$&!+a#a!'a! !,&r4&!s Ka!a'-'a!a' A $&!da%a, %&ra,usa! %&!!('a,a! ,&r,!((

a,u @9*; P&ra,usa! %&!!('a,a! ya!( '&dua ,&r,!(( %u#a ada#ah Ka!a'-'a!a'

A/ a,u s&"a!ya' *9 da! d'u %u#a o#&h Ka!a'-'a!a' Ha s&"a!ya' 9

Ka!a'-'a!a' A! $&!da%a, <;99 %&!!('a,a! s&,&#ah $&!+a#a!'a! !,&r4&!s Ju$#ah %&ra,usa! %&!!('a,a! ya!( ,&r&!dah ada#ah Ka!a'-'a!a' Fa da! Ka!a'-

'a!a' Hu a,u s&"a!ya' < saha+a

Ra+ah 9: Has# %&!((u!aa! "o!&'a $&!!('a,'a! '&u%ayaa! '&$ahra!"&r'o$u!'as 'a!a'-'a!a'

Ra+ah 9 $&!u!+u''a! has# %&!((u!aa! "o!&'a da%a, $&!!('a,'a! '&u%ayaa!

'&$ahra! "&r'o$u!'as 'a!a'-'a!a' Has# a!a#ss s&#&%as $&!+a#a!'a!

!,&r4&!s $&!((u!a'a! a#a, 'a+a! soa# s&#d' da! %&$&rha,a! ya!( d+a#a!'a!

,&rhada% 'a!a'-'a!a' $&!da%a, "aha3a 'a!a'-'a!a' da%a, $&!+a3a" soa#a!

ya!( d"&r'a! '&%ada $&r&'a d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a Ka!a'-'a!a' +u(a

dda%a, "o#&h "&r$a! "o!&'a da! "&r'o$u!'as "&rsa$a ra'a!-ra'a!!ya

K&"o#&ha! 'a!a'-'a!a' ! $&!+a3a" soa#a! da! "&r"ua# "&rsa$a ra'a!$&!u!+u''a! "aha3a 'a!a'-'a!a' ! "&ru%aya $&!!('a,'a! '&$ahra!

"&r'o$u!'as 'a!a'-'a!a' B&r"a!d!( d&!(a! has# da%a,a! %&$&rha,a!

s&"&#u$ !,&r4&!s d+a#a!'a! dda%a, "aha3a 'ura!( $&$"&r'a! r&s%o! ya!(

"a' s&$asa s&s %&!(a+ara! da! %&$"&#a+ara! Ka!a'-'a!a' ! ,da' $&$"&r'a!

d&a a,au %&!da%a, a%a"#a d$!,a o#&h (uru Ka!a'-'a!a' ! ,da' $ahu

$&#"a,'a! dr s&.ara a',/ da#a$ a',4, ya!( ,&#ah d+a#a!'a! o#&h (uru s&$asa

s&s %&!(a+ara! da! %&$"&#a+ara!



P&rsoa#a! Ka+a! K&dua: Ada'ah %&!((u!aa! "o!&'a da%a, $&!!('a,'a! "#a!(a!

%&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a 'a!a'-'a!a' Has# a!a#ss ,&$u "ua# ya!( d+a#a!'a! ,&#ah

da%a, $&!(&!a# %as, %&!!('a,a! "#a!(a! %&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a 'a!a'-'a!a'

d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a

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"aha3a ,&rda%a, dua ora!( 'a!a'-'a!a' $&$%&ro#&h 9;; d&!(a! s'or 9;9;

a,u Ka!a'-'a!a' Ha da! Ka!a'-'a!a' A S&ora!( 'a!a'-'a!a' $&!da%a, s'or

@9; a,au @; a,u Ka!a'-'a!a' Hu da! s'or 9; a,au ; a,u Ka!a'-'a!a'Fa

Na$u! "&(,u) ,&rda%a, dua ora!( 'a!a'-'a!a' $&!da%a, <; d&!(a! s'or <9;

a,u Ka!a'-'a!a' A/ da! Ka!a'-'a!a' A!

Ru$usa!!ya) has# a!a#ss ,&$u "ua# $&!da%a, "aha3a 'a!a'-'a!a' ! da%a,

$&!+a3a" soa#a! ya!( ,&#ah d'&$u'a'a! d&!(a! "a' da! "&,u# Ka!a'-'a!a' !

+u(a da%a, $&!.&r,a'a! s&$u#a .&r,a d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a Ma'sud

.&r,a ya!( dsa$%a'a! o#&h 'a!a'-'a!a' +u(a $&$"a3a $a'sud ya!( sa$a

s&%&r, ya!( ,&#ah d%&rd&!(ar'a! o#&h %&!y&#d' K&"o#&ha! 'a!a'-'a!a' !

"&r.&r,a s&$u#a .&r,a $&!u!+u''a! "aha3a 'o$u!'as 'a!a'-'a!a' da%a,

d,!('a,'a! d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a Jus,&ru) %&!!('a,a! "&r'o$u!'as

'a!a'-'a!a' ! ,&#ah $&!u!+u''a! "aha3a "#a!(a! %&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a 'a!a'-

'a!a' +u(a $&!!('a, d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a

Jadua# : P&r"&?aa! s&"&#u$ da! s&#&%as !,&r4&!s d+a#a!'a! "a( $&!!('a,'a!

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'a!a' s&"&#u$ da! s&#&%as $&!+a#a!'a! !,&r4&!s Ka!a'-'a!a' A/ $&!da%a,

%&ra,usa! %&!!('a,a! ,&r,!(( a,u s&"a!ya' @ Ka!a'-'a!a' A $&!da%a,

%&ra,usa! %&!!('a,a! '&dua ,&r,!(( a,u s&"a!ya' P&ra,usa!

%&!!('a,a! ya!( '&,(a ,&r,!(( ada#ah Ka!a'-'a!a' Ha a,u s&"a!ya' *** da!

d'u, o#&h Ka!a'-'a!a' Fa $&!da%a, 9@ Ka!a'-'a!a' Hu $&!da%a, 9<

%&!!('a,a! s&#&%as d+a#a!'a! !,&r4&!s Ma!a'a#a Ka!a'-'a!a' A! ha!ya

$&!da%a, %&ra,usa! %&!!('a,a! s&"a!ya' ** saha+a ya!( $&ru%a'a! +u$#ah

%&ra,us %&!!('a,a! ya!( ,&r&!dah

Ra+ah : Has# %&!((u!aa! "o!&'a $&!!('a,'a! "#a!(a! %&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a

'a!a'-'a!a'

Ra+ah $&!u!+u''a! has# %&!((u!aa! "o!&'a da%a, $&!!('a,'a! "#a!(a!

%&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a 'a!a'-'a!a' Has# a!a#ss s&#&%as $&!+a#a!'a! !,&r4&!s

$&!((u!a'a! a#a, 'a+a! ,&$u "ua# %u#a $&!da%a, "aha3a 'a!a'-'a!a' ! da%a,

$&!+a3a" soa#a! ya!( ,&#ah d"&r'a! '&%ada $&r&'a d&!(a! "&,u# da! #a!.ar

d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a Ka!a'-'a!a' ! +u(a da%a, "&r.&r,a s&$u#a .&r,a

ya!( ,&#ah d%&rd&!(ar'a! o#&h %&!y&#d' d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'aK&"o#&ha! 'a!a'-'a!a' ! $&!.&r,a'a! s&$u#a .&r,a $&!u!+u''a! "aha3a

%&!!('a,a! "#a!(a! %&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a 'a!a'-'a!a' B&r"a!d!( d&!(a! has#

da%a,a! ,&$u "ua# s&"&#u$ !,&r4&!s d+a#a!'a! $&!da%a, "aha3a 'a!a'-'a!a'

! 'ura!( $&$"&r'a! r&s%o!s a%a"#a d'&$u'a'a! soa#a! '&%ada $&r&'a Has#

,&$u"ua# ,&#ah $&!u!+u''a! +u$#ah '&'&ra%a! $&!+a3a" soa#a! ada#ah r&!dah

$&!u!+u''a! '&'ura!(a! "#a!(a! %&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a 'a!a'-'a!a'

$&!yu'ar'a! 'a!a'-'a!a' u!,u' "&r'o$u!'as

Da!s'y da! S#4&r$a! 09@<1 +u(a ,&#ah $&$"u','a! "aha3a ,&rda%a, sa,uhu"u!(a! a!,ara $a! d&!(a! '&/asha! %&r'a,a!) a,u 'a!a'-'a!a' ya!(

d"&!ar'a! $a! d&!(a! o"+&' a'a! $&!((u!a'a! o"+&' ,&rs&"u, d&!(a! .ara

#&"h 'r&a,/ Ma#ah $a! $&!&r",'a! '&u%ayaa! $&!(hu"u!('a,'a! %&#"a(a

o"+&' ,da' 'ra sa$a ada o"+&' ,&rs&"u, ,&#ah d(u!a'a! da#a$ a',4, $a! a,au

,da' B&(,u +u(a a',4, $a! $&$"&'a#'a! %&#ua!( ada%,as $a(!a,/ '&%ada

'a!a'-'a!a' u!,u' $&!(&!da#'a! %&!(a#a$a! $&r&'a da! $&#a,h '&u%ayaa!

'o(!,/ $&r&'a ya!( "&r(u!a %ada $asa hada%a!



K&s$%u#a!!ya) has# a!a#ss $&!da%a, "aha3a %&!((u!aa! "o!&'a da%a,

$&!!('a,'a! '&u%ayaa! '&$ahra! "&r'o$u!'as 'a!a'-'a!a' P&!((u!aa!

"o!&'a +u(a da%a, $&!!('a,'a! "#a!(a! %&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a 'a!a'-'a!a'

PERBINCANGAN DAN IMPLIKASI KAJIAN

B&rdasar'a! da%a,a! 'a+a!) 'a!a'-'a!a' "&ru%aya "&r'o$u!'asa d&!(a! #a!.ar

da! +&#as d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a Ka+a! ya!( ,&#ah d+a#a!'a! ,&rhada%

'a!a'-'a!a' dda%a, $&!!('a,'a! '&u%ayaa! '&$ahra! "&r'o$u!'as 'a!a'-

'a!a' da! $&!!('a,'a! "#a!(a! %&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a 'a!a'-'a!a' $&#a#u

a',4, "&r$a! "o!&'a

Dda%a, "aha3a 'a!a'-'a!a' da%a, $&!+a3a" soa#a! ya!( d"&r'a! '&%ada

$&ra'a d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a K&"o#&ha! 'a!a'-'a!a' ! $&!+a3a" soa#a!

ya!( d"&r'a! $&!u!+u''a! %&!!('a,a! '&u%ayaa! '&$ahra! "&r'o$u!'as

'a!a'-'a!a' Has# 'a+a! ! $&!yo'o!( %a!da!(a! S&#a,hura Nad&so! 09@1)

$&!&ra!('a! "aha3a %&%a,u!( 0%u%%&, sho31 "o#&h d(u!a'a! u!,u'

$&!&ra!('a! a,au $&!(hura'a! s&sua,u) $&$"&r araha!) $&!(u.a%'a! s&sua,u

ya!( #u.u) "&r.&r,a) $&!yoa# da! +u(a u!,u' $&!.%,a s,uas-s,uas dra$a ya!(

$&#"a,'a! 'a!a'-'a!a'

S&#a! ,u) dda%a, "aha3a 'a!a'-'a!a' ! "o#&h "&r$a! "o!&'a "&rsa$a ra'a!-

ra'a!!ya K&"o#&ha! 'a!a'-'a!a' ! "&r"ua# a!,ara sa,u sa$a #a! $&!u!+u''a!

"aha3a 'a!a'-'a!a' ! "&ru%aya $&!!('a,'a! '&$ahra! "&r'o$u!'as 'a!a'-

'a!a' Has# 'a+a! ! $&!yo'o!( %a!da!(a! =ahara,u##a# 0;;1) $&!ya,a'a!

"&r$a! d&!(a! "o!&'a da%a, $&$"&r %&#ua!( da! '&"&"asa! '&%ada 'a!a'-

'a!a' u!,u' $&!(&$"a!('a! %o,&!s $as!(-$as!( "&rdasar'a! ,aha% '&"o#&ha!

da! '&$ahra! $&r&'a T&'!' ya!( "&r'&sa! da%a, $&$"a!,u 'a!a'-'a!a' da#a$

%&r'&$"a!(a! "ahasa) &$os) sosa#) 'o$u!'as) 8?'a# da! %&!(&,ahua! 'a!a'-

'a!a'

Ta$"aha! #a() dda%a, "aha3a 'a!a'-'a!a' ! "o#&h $&!+a3a" soa#a! ya!( ,&#ah

d'&$u'a'a! '&%ada $&r&'a $&#a#u %&!.&r,aa! s&$u#a .&r,a $&!((u!a'a!

"o!&'a K&"o#&ha! 'a!a'-'a!a' ! $&!.&r,a'a! s&$u#a .&r,a $&!u!+u''a!

"aha3a %&!!('a,a! "#a!(a! %&r"&!daharaa! 'a,a 'a!a'-'a!a' Has# 'a+a! !



$&!yo'o!( %a!da!(a! A??ah 09@@1) $&!ya,a'a! "aha3a 'a!a'-'a!a'

$&$%u!ya .ara "&#a+ar ya!( ,&rs&!dr M&r&'a su'a $&!&ro'a %&r'ara-%&r'ara

"aru ya!( $&!ar' %&rha,a! $&r&'a P&r'ara-%&r'ara ! "o#&h $&ra!(sa!(

%&$'ra! $&r&'a

I$%#'as has# %&!y&#d'a! $&!da%a, "aha3a 'a!a'-'a!a' da%a, "&r.&r,a

'&%ada ra'a!-ra'a! da! (uru d&!(a! ya'! da! "&ra! Ka!a'-'a!a' "&ru%aya

"&r'o$u!'as d&!(a! #a!.ar da! +&#as B#a!(a! %&r'a,aa! ya!( d(u!a'a! o#&h

'a!a'-'a!a' +u(a "&r,a$"ah dar%ada s&"&#u$ $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a B&rdasar'a!

%&!&$ua! has# 'a+a!) %&!y&#d' !(! $&!(&$u'a'a! &$%a, 'a+a! ya!( "o#&h

d+a#a!'a! %ada $asa a'a! da,a!( s&%&r, "&r'u,

9 Ka+a! ya!( d#a'sa!a'a! ! ha!ya d#a'sa!a'a! ,&rhada% 'a!a'-'a!a' ya!(

"&r"a!(sa M&#ayu saha+a P&!y&#d' $&!.ada!('a! a(ar 'a+a! s&,&rus!ya

d#a'sa!a'a! ,&rhada% 'a!a'-'a!a' ya!( "&r"a!(sa #a! s&%&r, Ba!(sa C!a da!

Ba!(sa I!da "a( $&!!('a,'a! '&u%ayaa! "&r'o$u!'as 'a!a'-'a!a' "&r"a!(sa

C!a da! "&r"a!(sa I!da

Ka+a! ya!( d+a#a!'a! ! ha!ya d+a#a!'a! d da#a$ '&#as ,a!%a $&!((u!a'a!

%&!,as P&!y&#d' $&!.ada!('a! a(ar 'a+a! s&,&rus!ya $&!+a#a!'a! 'a+a!

"o!&'a d&!(a! $&!((u!a'a! %&!,as "o!&'a ya!( #&"h $&!ar' da! 'r&a,/

* Ka+a! d#a'sa!a'a! ! ada#ah ha!ya $&!u$%u'a! '&%ada as%&' %&!((u!aa!

"o!&'a "a( $&!!('a,'a! '&u%ayaa! "&r'o$u!'as 'a!a'-'a!a' P&!y&#d'

$&!.ada!('a! a(ar 'a+a! s&,&rus!ya d+a#a!'a! "a( $&!!('a,'a! daya !(a,a!

'a!a'-'a!a' da! $&!!('a,'a! hu"u!(a! soso&$os 'a!a'-'a!a'

> Ka+a! ya!( d+a#a!'a! ! ha!ya $&!((u!a'a! "o!&'a ha3a! saha+a

P&!y&#d' $&!.ada!('a! a(ar 'a+a! s&,&rus!ya $&!((u!a'a! +&!s "o!&'a ya!(

s&%&r, "o!&'a 3a,a' $a!usa s&%&r, "o!&'a 'a!a'-'a!a') "o!&'a "u "a%a da!

"o!&'a 3a,a' %&'&r+aa! A',4, a$"# %&ra!a! 0$a! %&ra!a!1 ya!( "&r#a'u da#a$

$a! dra$a,' da%a, $&!yu$"a!( '&%ada sa#ah sa,u as%&' %&r'&$"a!(a! sosa#

a,u '&u%ayaa! u!,u' $&#ha, du!a dar %&rs%&',/ ora!( #a!

K&s$%u#a!!ya) 'a+a! ya!( s&,&rus!ya %&r#u d#a'sa!a'a! a(ar da%a, $&!ar'

$!a, 'a!a'-'a!a' u!,u' "&#a+ar d %ras&'o#ah Loy 0;;>1 $&!y/a,'a! ,&a,&r



"o!&'a s&"a(a "&#a+ar $&#a#u "&r$a! Da%a,a! 'a+a! "&#au $&!u!+u''a!

"aha3a "o!&'a saru!( ,a!(a! sa!(a, $&!ar' da! $udah d'&!da#'a! o#&h 'a!a'-

'a!a' s&r,a da%a, $&!ar' $!a, da! $&$'a, ha, 'a!a'-'a!a' P&!((u!aa!

,&'!' %&!(a+ara! da! %&$"&#a+ara! ya!( s&sua da! "&r'&sa! da%a, $&$"a!,u

'a!a'-'a!a' da#a$ $&!!('a,'a! %&r'&$"a!(a! "ahasa) &$os) sosa#)

'o$u!'as) 8?'a# da! %&!(&,ahua! 'a!a'-'a!a'

RUJUKAN

0;;<1 Ka$us d&3a! &ds '&&$%a, Kua#a Lu$%ur: D&3a! Bahasa

da! Pusa'a

A??ah L&"a Nord! 09@@1 P&!(a+ara! %&$"&#a+ara! %ras&'o#ah) $asa#ah

%&!dd'a!) J#d 9@) Fa'u#, P&!dd'a!) U!4&rs, Ma#aya

Bara!) SJ Da4s) KD 0;;;1 Mass .o$$u!.a,o! ,h&ory: /ou!da,o!s) /&r$&!,

a!d /u,ur& B&#$o!,: ads3or,h

Br&3&r) JA 09@@1 I!,rodu.,o! ,o &ar#y .h#dhood &du.a,o!: %r&s.hoo# ,hrou(h

%r$ary (rad&s Bos,o!: A##y! a!d Ba.o!

Da!s'y) JB S#4&r$a!) I 09@<1 P#ay: a (&!&ra# /a.#,a,or o/ asso.a,4&

2u&!.y D&4&#o%$&!,a# Psy.ho#o(y) 99) 9;>

E##o,,) J Ad&#$a!) C 09@<1 I!!o4a,o! a, ,h& .#assroo$#&4&#: A .as& s,udy o/ ,h&

Ford ,&a.h!( %ro+&., Curr.u#u$ D&s(! a!d D&4&#o%$&!, O%&! U!4&rs,y Pr&ss

E$&ry) E P Au#, A(&&# 09@<*1 I!,rodu.,o!,o $ass .o$$u!.a,o! N&3 or':

Dodd) M&ad a!d Co



F&#d$a!) JR 09@@91 A sur44a# (ud& /or %r&s.hoo# ,&a.h&r Th& C&!,&r /or A%%#&d

R&s&ar.h ! Edu.a,o! N&3 or'

Ga(!&) RM 09@<;1 Th& .o!d,o! o/ #&ar!!( N&3 or': Ho#,) R!&h&ar, !s,o!

K&$&!,&ra! P&#a+ara! Ma#aysa 0;;@1 Kur'u#u$ s,a!dard %ras&'o#ah

'&"a!(saa! Pu,ra+aya: Baha(a! P&$"a!(u!a! Kur'u#u$

L&4y) A' 09@>1 Th& #a!(ua(& o/ %#ay: ,h& ro#& o/ %#ay ! #a!(ua(& d&4&#o%$&!,

Ear#y Ch#d D&4&#o%$&!, a!d Car&) 9<) >@-@

Loy) CL 0;;>1 T&a,&r "o!&'a saru!( ,a!(a! d P&r%us,a'aa! N&(ara Ma#aysa:

U!sur-u!sur %&!dd'a! da! ,&'!' %&rs&$"aha! Kua#a Lu$%ur: Pusa, K&"udayaa!

U!4&rs, Ma#aya

Pa(&,) J 09@*1 Th& or(!s o/ !,&##(&!.& ! .h#dr&! 0M Coo') Tra!s1 N&3 or':

Nor,o!

S.hra$$) 09@>1 Th& Na,ur& o/ Co$$u!.a,o! "&,3&&! hu$a!s da#a$

S.har$$) D Ro"&r,) Eds Th& %ro.&ss a!d &&., o/ $ass .o$$u!.a,o! O%

C,

S&#a,hura Nad&so! 09@1 P&ra!a! dra$a#a'o!a! da! ro#& %#ay!(5 da#a$ "da!(

%&!(a+ara! da! %&$"&#a+ara!) K&#uara! >) J#d QQII Ds&$"&r 9@) Jur!a#

K&$&!,&ra! P&#a+ara! Ma#aysa) J&$aah Na?r S&'o#ah P&rs&'u,ua!

=ahara,u##a# Mohd Daud 0;;1 P&!((u!aa! "o!&'a da#a$ %&!(a+ara! da!

%&$"&#a+ara! %ras&'o#ah d Da&rah Rau" sa,u ,!+aua! KSPK Kua#a Lu$%ur: I!s,,u,Bahasa M&#ayu Ma#aysa

=ur!ah Ah$ad Moha$ad I$a! Ar/ 0;;>1 P&!dd'a! Pra S&'o#ah Kua#a

Lu$%ur: Jad& Gr&&! Pu"#.a,o!s Sd! Bhd

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