g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ sf] k|f/lDes d:of}bfdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf

cfof]usf] ;'emfjnfdf] ;dosf] k|of;kl5 ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg g]kfnL

hgtfsf nflu hgk|ltlglwx?åf/f ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ;DkGg x'g uO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df cfof]u v'zL k|s6 ub{5 . pQm k|:tfljt d:of}bf ;+ljwfgdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf ;DaGwdf /flvPsf] k|fjwfg k|lt cfof]usf tk{maf6 lgDgfg';f/sf] ;'emfj k|:t't ul/Psf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 .

-s_ cfof]usf] ;DaGwdf ljutsf] ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] Joj:yf / k|:tfljt d:of}bfdf ePsf] k|fjwfgsf] ljZn]if0f / oyfy{M

g]kfndf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f u/L ;'zf;g sfod /fVg @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgeGbf cufl8 klg clVtof/ b'?kof]u lgjf/0f cfof]usf] Joj:yf /x]sf] / pQm cfof]unfO{ e|i6frf/ / cg'lrt sfo{sf la?4 cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / Gofo lg?k0f ug]{ ;d]t clwsf/ /x]sf]df @)$& ;fnsf] a'xbnLo k|hftflGqs Joj:yf kl5 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& df clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] / ;f] cfof]unfO{ æ;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f u/]sf kbflwsf/Ln]

1

clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] b]lvPdf e|i6frf/hGo s;'/df cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug]{ / cg'lrt sfo{df ljefuLo sf/afxLsf nflu clVtof/jfnf ;dIf n]vL k7fpg]Æ Joj:yf ul/Psf]df ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df klg cfof]unfO{ Pp6f :jtGq, lgikIf ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ?kdf c+lusf/ u/]sf] Joxf]/f ljlbt} 5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@) sf] pkwf/f -!_ df æs'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] sfg'g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg]5Æ eGg] pNn]v u/L cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/leq cg'lrt sfo{ / e|i6frf/ b'j} /x]sf]df xfn k|:tfljt g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ sf] wf/f @#* sf] pkwf/f -!_ df æs'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] sfg'g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg]5Æ egL pNn]v ePsf] 5 .

@)^# sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg tTsflng ;a} /fhgLlts bnx?sf] ;xdltdf agL ckgTj ;d]t /x]sf] / x/]s /fhgLlts bnx?n] cf–cfkm\gf] 3f]if0ffkqdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f dfk{mt ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt u/fpFb} hgtfsf] xs / clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] ;Gbe{df

2

cfof]usf] sfo{If]q / bfo/f ce}m Jofks / a[l4 ug'{kg]{df xfn k|:tfljt ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bfdf cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/nfO{ ;+s'rg ug{] k|:tfj ug{' sbflk pko'Qm x'Fb}g . t;y{, @)^# ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf JoQm ePsf] cfof]u ;DjGwL Joj:yfnfO{ sDtLdf klg oyfjt /fvL cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/ leq æcg'lrt sfo{Æ ;d]t /xg]] u/L cfufdL ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ug{ pko'Qm x'g b]lvG5 .

To;}u/L cfof]u e|i6frf/ la?4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw (UNCAC) df cfa4 /x]sf] / pQm dxf;lGwsf] g]kfn kIf /fi6« e} g]kfnsf] Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 ;f] sf] cg'df]bg ;d]t e};s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf g]kfnn] e|i6frf/ la?4 hgfPsf] cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf cg'?k ;/sf/L ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf cnfjf lghL If]q, a}+lsª, cfly{s / ljQLo If]qsf ;fy} c? afFsL ;fj{hlgs If]q ;d]t cfof]usf] cg';Gwfgsf] bfo/fdf ;d]l6g' kg]{ 68\sf/f] ckl/xfo{tf /x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/df s6f}lt ug]{ k|:tfljt Joj:yf pQm kl/k|]Iodf ;fGble{s b]lvb}g .

clxn]sf] u0ftflGqs ax'blno Joj:yfdf cfd;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?af6 ;Dkflbt x'g] sfdsf/afxLx?df kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpFb} ;dGoflos b[li6sf]0faf6 ;fdflhs Gofosf] k|Tofe"t u/L e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f dfk{mt ;'zf;g sfod ug'{ ckl/xfo{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf e|i6frf/ tyf cg'lrt sfo{ pk/

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cg';Gwfg u/L ;'zf;g sfod /fVg cfof]u h:tf] ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] e"ldsf cem} ;jn, ;Ifd / ;d;fdlos agfpg' kg]{ s'/fdf b'O{dt x'g ;Sb}g .

t;y{, cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ cem Jofks agfOg'kg]{ cfwf/ / sf/0f o; k|sf/ /x]sf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5M

nf]stflGqs Pj+ ;+3Lo u0ftGqfTds zf;g Joj:yfdf ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] e"ldsf cem a9L :jtGq, lgikIf / t6:y x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . ;f]sf nflu clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u h:tf] ;+a}wflgs lgsfosf] lhDd]jf/L, sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / :jtGqtf cem a9L /xg' kg]{ x'Fbf o; cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/sf af/]df g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df /fvLPsf] k|fjwfgeGbf k5f8L kms{g jf s6f}lt ug{ pko'Qm x'Fb}g .

g]kfn e|i6frf/ la?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw (UNCAC) sf] kIf /fi6« ePsf] cj:yfdf jt{dfgdf g;d]l6Psf ;fj{hlgs If]q ;d]t cfof]usf] cg';GWffgsf] bfo/fdf ;d]l6g] u/L cfof]usf] sfo{If]qdf a9f]Q/L x'g] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3, ljleGg bft[ lgsfo / e|i6frf/ la?4sf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx?n] g]kfndf e|i6frf/hGo s;'/ / cg'lrt sfo{ h:tf clgoldttf pk/ cg';Gwfg ug]{ Pp6} :jtGq / lhDd]jf/ lgsfo x'g'kg]{ egL k6s–k6s

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cf}+NofPsf] ljifonfO{ ;d]t ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 .

e|i6frf/ / cg'lrt sfo{ Pp6} sfo{sf b'O{ kf6f cyjf Pp6} ljifosf b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ c+u dfq x'g\ . e|i6frf/ xf] jf cg'lrt sfo{ eGg] oyfy{tfnfO{ cg';Gwfg k|lqmofn] dfq lgwf{/0f ub{5 . o; tYonfO{ gh/cGbfh u/]/ cg'lrt sfo{ csf]{ s'g} lgsfoaf6 ul/G5 eGg] b[li6sf]0f /fVg] xf] eg] o:tf] k|of;n] ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / csf]{ lgsfoaLr åGåsf] cj:yfnfO{ cfdGq0f dfq ub{5 . of] oyfy{n] klg cfof]usf] sfo{If]qaf6 cg'lrt sfo{ ;DaGwL cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{nfO{ x6fpg' pko'Qm x'Fb}g eGg] ljifonfO{ k'li6 ub{5 . t;y{, o; cfof]unfO{ clxn]sf] eGbf yk clwsf/ / sfo{If]q ;lxtsf] ;+j}wflgs cfof]usf] ?kdf ljsf; ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw cg'df]bgaf6 e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ lgsfosf] sfo{If]q lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ ckl/xfo{tf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfgdf cGo sfg'gn] 5'§} ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] kbflwsf/Lsf xsdf cfof]usf] cg';Gwfg nfu" gx'g] eGg] k|fjwfg ;d]t cfufdL ;+ljwfgdf /fVg pko'Qm x'Fb}g .

-v_ k|:tfljt ;+ljwfgdf /fVg'kg]{ k|fjwfgM

!= k|:tfljt ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @#* sf] pkwf/f -!_ df æs'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] e|i6frf/ u/L

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clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] sfg'g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg]5Æ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ;6\6f æs'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] sfg'g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg]5Æ egL Joj:yf ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

@= k|:tfljt ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @#* sf] pkwf/f -!_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds afSof+zdf æcGo sfg'gn] 5'§} ljz]if Joj:yf ePsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] xsdf wf/f @#* sf] pkwf/f -!_ nfu" x'g]5}gÆ egL pNn]v u/]sf]df ;+ljwfgn] pNn]v u/]sf kbflwsf/Lsf xsdf cfof]usf] sfo{If]q cfslif{t gx'g] Joj:yf;+u} hf]8]/ cGo sfg'gn] 5'§} ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] kbflwsf/Lsf xsdf klg cfof]usf] sfo{If]q cfslif{t gx'g] k|;+un] cfufdL lbgdf klg sfg'gåf/f cfof]usf] sfo{If]qdf ;+s'rg cfpFb} hfg] ;DefjgfnfO{ dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwL dxf;lGw cg'df]bgaf6 JoQm ePsf] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ lgsfosf] sfo{If]q lj:tf/ / ;'b[9Ls/0f k|ltsf] /fHosf] k|lta4tfsf] d;L ;'Sg gkfpFb} cfufdL lbgdf klg sfo{ If]q ;+s'rgsf] ;Defjgfsf] sNkgf ug'{ eGbf of] k|fjwfgdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L of] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bfaf6 x6fpg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

6

#= k|:tfljt ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @*$ cg';f/ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] sfdsf/afxLsf] cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ;DalGwt ;+;bLo ;ldltaf6 x'g] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgdf /fVg pko'Qm x'g] b]lvb}g . cfof]udf sfd ug]{ kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;+;b :jo+n] dxfleof]uaf6 sf/afxL ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf ltg} kbflwsf/Ln] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ug]{ Joj:yfdf g} kb{5 . cfof]udf sfd ug]{ kbflwsf/Lx? ;+ljwfgsf] ljlw / k|lqmof cg';f/ lgo'lQm x'g] tyf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf adf]lhd cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt ;dIf k]z x'g] / ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL dfk{mt ;Ddflgt ;+;b ;dIf k|ltj]bg k'Ug'sf ;fy} cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg pk/ ;+;bLo ;ldlt / ;+;bdf 5nkmn x'g]g} x'Fbf cfof]u ;+;bk|lt ;w} pQ/bflo / hjfkmb]xL /xg] s'/fdf b'O{dt 5}g . o;/L ;+;b ;dIf k'Ug] k|ltj]bg / To;df x'g] 5nkmn g} cg'udg / d"Nof+sgsf] k|d'v dfWod / cfwf/ ePsf] x'Fbf ;+;bLo ;ldltaf6 cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ug]{ 5'§} Joj:yf ug'{ pko'Qm x'Fb}g . ;fy} cfof]u Pp6f :jtGq ;+j}wflgs lgsfo ePsf] / cfof]un] ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx? pk/ cg'lrt tyf e|i6frf/hGo sfo{ pk/ 5fglag tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{ x'Fbf ;+;bLo ;ldltaf6 cfof]un] ug]{ 5fglag tyf cg';Gwfg pk/ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ubf{ :jfy{sf] åGå (conflict of interest) sf] ;[hgf x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xg] tk{m ;d]t Wofg lbg'kg]

7

{ b]lvG5 . t;y{, cfof]usf] sfdsf/afxLnfO{ ;+;bLo ;ldltaf6 æcg'udg / d"Nof+sgÆ ug]{ 5'§} Joj:yfdf /fVg' pko'Qm x'Fb}g .

$= clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u / cGo ;+j}wflgs lgsfodf sfo{/t kbflwsf/Lx? g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# / :yflkt k|lqmof adf]lhd zky u|x0f u/L lgo'lQm kfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] sfo{;Dkfbg u/L/x]sf] cj:yfdf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lg/Gt/tf x'g' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . t;y{, k|:tfljt ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @(! sf] pkwf/f -#_ df ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lg/Gt/tfsf ;DaGwdf xfnsf kbflwsf/Lsf] pd]/ ^% jif{ k"/f geP;Dd jf ^ jif{sf] kbfjlw ;dfKt gx'Gh]n;Dd oyfjt\ sfod /xg]5g\Æ eGg] Joxf]/f /fVg pko'Qm x'G5 .

%= cg';Gwfgsf nflu Jofks cg'ej ePsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm x'g' pko'Qm x'g]x'Fbf k|:tfljt ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @#& sf] pkwf/f -%_ sf] a'Fbf -u_ df pNn]v ePsf] Joxf]/fsf ;§f n]vf, /fh:j, OlGhlgol/Ë, sfg'g, ljsf;, cWofkg jf cg';Gwfg ænufot ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gÆsf] If]qdf slDtdf æ@) jif{Æ sfd u/L cg'ej / VoftL k|fKt u/]sf] egL Joj:yf ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

^= cfof]udf lgo'Qm x'g] kbflwsf/L cg'ejL / kl/kSj x'g' pko'Qm x'g] x'Fbf k|:tfljt wf/f @#& sf] pkwf/f -%_

8

sf] -3_ df ePsf] $) jif{sf] ;§f æ$% jif{Æ ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

9

lgisif{, Psftk{m cfd;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs Gofosf] k|Tofe"t ub}{ ;'zf;g sfod ug'{ cfof]usf] k|d'v k|fyldstf /x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tk{m /fHosf tk{maf6 k'¥ofpg' kg]{ ;]jf;'ljwfdf s'g} sdLsdhf]/L / clgoldttf x'g glbg] tk{m plQs} Wofg lbg'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . oxL kl/j]zdf k|:tfljt ;+ljwfgdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf ;DaGwdf k|:tfj ul/Psf] Joj:yfdf kl/dfh{g u/L cg'lrt sfo{ pk/ cfof]un] cg';Gwfg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf, gofF P]g agfP/ 5'§} ljz]if kbflwsf/LnfO{ 5"6 lbg cfof]un] x]g{ gkfpg] k|fjwfg /fVg gx'g] Joj:yf, cfof]usf] sfdsf/afxLnfO{ ;+;bLo ;ldltn] cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ug]{ u/L gofF k|fjwfg /fVg gx'g] Joj:yf, cfof]udf xfn sfo{/t kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{sfn;Dd oyfjt\ sfod /fVg'kg]{ Joj:yf, e|i6frf/ la?4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGwsf] dd{ cg';f/ ;a} ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/L Pj+ lgsfo tyf If]qdf x'g] clgoldttfsf] ljifo ;d]t cfof]usf] cg';Gwfgsf] bfo/fleq kg]{ u/L gofF aGg] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ug{ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;+ljwfg;efsf ;DdfggLo cWoIfHo" Pj+ ;Dk"0f{ dfggLo ;ef;bHo"x?df ljgd|tfk"j{s xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5 .

10