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Andhra Pradeshఆంధ� ప���ే

State of India

Clockwise from top left: Tirupathi, Prakasam Barrage,

Lepakshi Nandi (bull)

Nickname(s): Rice Bowl of India, Egg bowl of Asia

Location of Andhra Pradesh in India

Andhra PradeshFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Andhra Pradesh (http://www.mid-day.com/articles/andhra-pradesh-first-year-intermediate-results-to-be-declared-today/15258089) (/ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/; Telugu: ఆంధ�ప���ే) , is one of the 28 states of India, situated on thecountry's southeastern coast. It is India's fourth-largeststate by area and fifth-largest by population. AndhraPradesh is bordered by Maharashtra in the northwest,Chhattisgarh and Odisha in the north, the Bay ofBengal in the east, Tamil Nadu to the south andKarnataka to the west.

Andhra Pradesh has the second longest coastline (of972 km (604 mi)) among all the states of India, after

Gujrat.[3] The small enclave (30 square kilometres(12 sq mi)) of Yanam, a district of Pondicherry, lies inthe Godavari delta to the northeast of the state. Thestate comprises three regions: Coastal Andhra,Telangana and Rayalaseema. Its capital and largestcity is Hyderabad.

The official language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu[4]

and the co-official language is Urdu. The Minister ofTourism and Culture has issued declaration of Telugu

language as Classical Language.[5] Other languagesoften spoken in the state include Hindi, Marathi,

Tamil, Kannada and Oriya.[6]

Contents

1 History1.1 Early history

1.2 Modern history

1.3 State reorganisation

2 Bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh

3 Geography and climate

4 Demographics

4.1 Population statistics

4.2 Religions

5 Administration

5.1 Politics6 Natural Resources

6.1 Mineral Wealth

6.2 Power Generation

7 Economy

Coordinates: 17.366°N 78.476°E

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Map of Andhra Pradesh

Coordinates (Hyderabad): 17.366°N 78.476°E

Country India

Region South India

Established 1 November 1956

Capital Hyderabad

Largest city Hyderabad

Districts 23 total

Government

• Body Government of India,Government of Andhra Pradesh

• Governor E. S. L. Narasimhan

• Chief Minister (President's Rule)

• Legislature Bicameral (294 + 90 seats)

• High Court Andhra Pradesh High Court

Area†

• Total 275,045 km2 (106,195 sq mi)

Area rank 4th

Population (2011)[1]

• Total 84,655,533

• Rank 5th

• Density 310/km2 (800/sq mi)

Time zone IST (UTC+05:30)

UN/LOCODE AP

ISO 3166 code IN-AP

Vehicleregistration

AP

HDI 0.473 (low)

HDI rank 15th(2011)

Literacy 67.77% (2011)

Official language Telugu

Website ap.gov.in (http://www.ap.gov.in)

Symbols

Emblem Kalasham

7 Economy

7.1 Agriculture

7.2 Industrial Sector8 Transportion

8.1 Roadways

8.2 Railways

8.3 Airports

8.4 Seaports

9 Tourism

9.1 Nature Tourism

9.2 Tourist Destinations

9.3 Religious Tourism

10 Culture10.1 Arts and Crafts

10.2 Literature

10.3 Dance, Music and Festivals10.4 Artifacts

10.5 Cuisine11 Cinema12 Sports

13 Education and research13.1 Space Research

14 Newspapers and journals15 See also

16 References17 External links

History

Main article: History of Andhra Pradesh

Early history

The first historical records appear in the Buddhist textAnguttara Nikaya Andhra was mentioned in theSanskrit epics such as Aitareya Brahmana (800 BCE)and Mahabharata (400 BCE).It is mentioned thatAndhras were Aryans who migrated to south of

Vindhya mountains . [7] The Natya Shastra written byBharatha (1st century BCE) also mentions about the

Andhra people.[8] The roots of the Telugu languagehave been seen on inscriptions found near the Guntur

district[9] and from others dating to the rule of Renati

Cholas in the 5th century CE.[10]

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Language Telugu[2]

Song Maa Telugu Thallikiby Sri SankarambadiSundaraachari

Dance Kuchipudi

Animal Blackbuck

Bird Indian Roller

Flower Water lily

Tree Neem

Sport Kabaddi

Rock-cut Buddha statue at

Bojjanakonda near Anakapalle,

Visakhapatnam

Megasthenes, a Greek traveller and geographer whovisited the Court of Chandragupta Maurya (322–297BCE), mentioned that the region had three fortifiedtowns and an army of 100,000 infantry, 200 cavalry,and 1,000 elephants. Buddhist books reveal thatAndhras established their huts or tents near the

Godavari River at that time.[11]

Inscriptions shows that there was an early kingdom incoastal Andhra (Guntur District) ruled first byKuberaka and then by his son Varun, withPratipalapura (Bhattiprolu) as the capital. Around the same time, Dhanyakatakam/Dharanikota (present dayAmaravati) appears to have been an important place, which was visited by Gautama Buddha. According to theancient Tibetan scholar Taranatha: "On the full moon of the month Chaitra in the year following hisenlightenment, at the great stupa of Dhanyakataka, the Buddha emanated the mandala of 'The Glorious Lunar

Mansions' (Kalachakra)".[12][13]

The Mauryans extended their rule over Andhra in the 4th centuryBCE. With the fall of the Maurya Empire in the 3rd century BCE, theSatavahanas became independent. After the decline of theSatavahanas in 220 CE, the Ikshvaku dynasty, Pallavas, AnandaGotrikas, Rashtrakutas, Vishnukundinas, Eastern Chalukyas, and

Cholas ruled the land.[14]

Scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā Sutras, the earliest

Mahayana Sutras,[15][16] developed among the Mahāsāṃghika along

the Krishna River in Andhra country.[17] A.K. Warder holds that "theMahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the

Andhra country."[18] Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that"historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some timethat such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Nāgārjuna, Dignaga, Candrakīrti, Aryadeva, and

Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Andhra."[19]

They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Krishna Valley, including Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda and

Jaggayyapeta "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier."[20] Sri Singha, Savari, Maitripa andVirupa lived and taught in the Andhra region for some portion of their lives or were in some cases permanent

residents.[21] Ronald Davidson calls the Krishna River valley "a site of extraordinary Buddhist activity for almost

a thousand years."[22]

During this period, Telugu emerged as a popular language, supplanting Prakrit and Sanskrit.[23] Telugu wasmade the official language by the Vishnukundina kings (5th and 6th centuries), who ruled from their capital cityof Vengi. Eastern Chalukyas ruled for a long period after the decline of Vishnukundinas; their capital was alsoVengi. As early as the 1st century CE, Chalukyas were mentioned as being vassals and chieftains under theSatavahanas and later under the Ikshvakus. The Chalukya ruler Rajaraja Narendra ruled Rajahmundry around

1022 CE.[24]

The battle of Palnadu (1182) resulted in the weakening of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty and led to theemergence of the Kakatiya dynasty in the 12th and 13th centuries CE. The Kakatiyas were at first vassals of theRashtrakutas, and ruled over a small territory near Warangal. Eventually all the Telugu lands were united by theKakatiyas. In 1323 CE, Delhi Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq sent a large army under Ulugh Khan to conquer

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A pillar at Ahobilam temple in

Kurnool District of Andhra

Pradesh

Kondaveedu

Kakatiya sculpture at

Warangal

the Telugu country and captured Warangal. King Prataparudra was taken prisoner.Reddy dynasty started fromhere they ruled more than 100 years after them. Musunuri Nayaks recaptured Warangal from the DelhiSultanate in 1326 CE and ruled for fifty years

Modern history

Inspired by their success, the Vijayanagara Empire, one of the greatest empires in the history of Andhra Pradeshand India, was founded by Harihara and Bukka, who served as treasury officers of the Kakatiyas of

Warangal.[25] In 1347 CE, an independent Muslim state, the Bahmani Sultanate, was established in south Indiaby Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah in a revolt against the Delhi Sultanate. The Qutb Shahi dynasty held sway over theAndhra country for about two hundred years from the early part of the 16th

century to the end of the 17th century.[26] Although Hyderabad was foundedless than 500 years ago, archaeologists have unearthed Iron Age sites near thecity that could date back to 500 BCE. Approximately over 1000 years agothis region was ruled by Kakatiyas until 1310 CE, and fell under Delhisultanate from (1310–1345), when the central sultanate became weak theBahmani Sultan revolted against the Sultan of Delhi Muhammad bin Tughluqand established an independent state in Deccan within the Delhi Sultanatessouthern provinces and ruled until 1518 CE. Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, governor ofGolconda, declared independence from the Bahmani Dynasty and proclaimedhimself Sultan of Golconda in that year, and he founded the Qutb Shahi

dynasty.[27]

Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, a fifth Sultan of the Qutb Shahi dynasty (theruling family of the Golconda Sultanate, previously a feudatory of Bahmanisultanate that declared independence in 1512) founded the city of Hyderabadon the banks of the Musi River in 1591 to relieve a water shortage the dynastyhad experienced at its old headquarters in Golconda city (11 kilometres westof Hyderabad city on the other side of Musi). He also ordered theconstruction of the Charminar. The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb captured thekingdom of Golconda including the city of Hyderabad in 1687 and, during thisshort Mughal rule, Mughal-appointed governors of the city soon gained

autonomy.[28]

In 1724, Asaf Jah I, who was granted the title Nizam-ul-Mulk ("Governor ofthe country") by the Mughal emperor, defeated a rival official to establishcontrol over kingdom of Golconda renamed it as Hyderabad state. Thusbegan the Asaf Jahi dynasty that ruled Hyderabad State until a year afterIndia's independence from Britain. Asaf Jah's successors ruled as the Nizamsof Hyderabad. The rule of the seven Nizams saw the growth of Hyderabadcity both culturally and economically. Hyderabad city became the formalcapital of the kingdom (Hyderabad state) and Golkonda city was almostabandoned. Huge reservoirs, like the Nizam Sagar, Tungabhadra, OsmanSagar, and Himayat Sagar, were built. Survey work on Nagarjuna Sagar hadalso begun during this time; the actual work was completed by theGovernment of India in 1969. The wealth and grandeur of the Nizams isdemonstrated by the fabled Jewels of The Nizams, which is a touristattraction. The state was the richest and the largest among the princely statesof India. The land area of the state was 90,543 mi²; its population in 1901

was 50,073,759. It enjoyed an estimated revenue of £90,029,000.[29][30]

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Hyderabad state in 1956 (in yellowish

green)

In Colonial India, Northern Circars became part of the British Madras Presidency. Eventually this regionemerged as the Coastal Andhra region. Later the Nizam rulers of Hyderabad ceded five territories to the Britishwhich eventually emerged as Rayalaseema region. The Nizams retained control of the interior provinces as theprincely state of Hyderabad, acknowledging British rule in return for local autonomy. However, KomaramBheem, a tribal leader, started his fight against the erstwhile Asaf Jahi Dynasty for the liberation of Hyderabad

State.[31] Meanwhile, the French occupied Yanam, in the Godavari delta, and (save for periods of Britishcontrol) would hold it until 1954.

India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947. The Nizam wanted to retain the independence ofthe Princely Hyderabad State from India, but the people of the region launched a movement to join the Indian

Union. The state of Hyderabad was forcibly joined to the Republic of India with Operation Polo in 1948.[32]

State reorganisation

See also: Andhra State and Vishalandhra Movement

In an effort to gain an independent state based on the linguistic basisand protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of MadrasState, Potti Sreeramulu fasted until death in 1952. As Madras citybecame bone of contention, in 1949 JVP committee report stated"Andhra Province could be formed provided the Andhras give uptheir claim on the city of Madras (now Chennai)". After PottiSreeramulu's death, the Telugu speaking areas i.e., Andhra state wascarved out of Madras State on 1 November 1953, with Kurnool as

its capital city.[33]

The State Reorganisation Commission had recommended that theresidual Hyderabad State continue as a separate entity. On the basisof Agreement called Gentlemen Agreement on 1 November 1956,the States Reorganisation Act formed Andhra Pradesh by merging theAndhra State with the Telugu-speaking areas of the already existing

Hyderabad State.[34] Hyderabad was made the capital of the newstate. The Marathi-speaking areas of Hyderabad State merged with Bombay State and the Kannada-speakingareas were merged with Mysore State.

Bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh

Seemandhra is the term used to refer the combined regions of Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra in AndhraPradesh. During the bifurcation process of Andhra Pradesh state, this word was used to refer the residualAndhra Pradesh i.e., without Telangana districts.

On February 2014, Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 bill was passed by the parliament of India for

the formation of Telangana state comprising ten districts from north-western Andhra Pradesh.[35] Hyderabad to

remain a joint capital for 10 years.[36] The new state will come into existence on 2 June 2014 after the approval

from the President of India.[37] In order to avoid an amendment to the constitution, the two states will be named

as Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. [38] [39]

Geography and climate

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Telangana (in white) and residual

Andhra Pradesh (Seemandhra) in

yellow within the state of Andhra

Pradesh

Ethipothala Falls

The Mouth of the

Godavari River (East)

emptying into the Bay of

Bengal

Greater Flamingoes

(Phoenicopterus roseus)

taking off Pocharam lake

Main articles: Geography of Andhra Pradesh and List of

districts of Andhra Pradesh

Geographically, Andhra Pradesh is composed of most of the easternhalf of the Deccan plateau and the plains to the east of the EasternGhats. Andhra Pradesh comprices three regions. The Andhra region

is Coastal Andhra.[40] The plains to the east of Eastern Ghats formthe Eastern coastal plains. The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and

individual sections have local names. The Kadapa Basin[41] formedby two arching branches of the Eastern Ghats is a mineral-rich area.The coastal plains are for the most part delta regions formed by theGodavari, Krishna, and Penna rivers. The Eastern Ghats are a majordividing line in the state's geography. The Ghats become morepronounced towards the south and extreme north of the coast. TheEastern Ghat region is home to dense tropical forests, while thevegetation becomes sparse as the Ghats give way to the DeccanPlateau, where shrub vegetation is more common. Most of the coastalplains are put to intense agricultural use. The west and southwestparts of Andhra Pradesh have semi-arid conditions. The northern partis the Telangana region and the southern part is known asRayalaseema. These two regions are separated by the River Krishna.

The climate of Andhra Pradesh varies considerably, depending on thegeographical region. Monsoons play a major role in determining theclimate of the state. Summers last from March to June. In the coastalplain, the summer temperatures are generally higher than the rest of

the state, with temperature ranging between 20 °C and 41 °C.[42]

July to September is the season for tropical rains in Andhra Pradesh.The state receives heavy rainfall from the Southwest Monsoon during thesemonths. About one third of the total rainfall in Andhra Pradesh is brought by theNortheast Monsoon. October and November see low-pressure systems andtropical cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal which, along with the NortheastMonsoon, bring rains to the southern and coastal regions of the state. November,December, January, and February are the winter months in Andhra Pradesh.Since the state has a long coastal belt the winters are not very cold. The range of

winter temperature is generally 12 °C to 30 °C.[42]

Demographics

Population statistics

Telugu is the first official language of the state, spoken by 84.02% followed byUrdu, which is the second official language of the state and is spoken by 11.76%of the population. Major linguistic minority groups are Hindi (1.05%), and Tamil(1.01%). Other languages spoken in Andhra Pradesh by less than 1% areKannada (0.74%), Marathi (0.80%), and Oriya (0.64%). Languages spoken by

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Population Trend

Census Pop. % ±

1961 35,983,000 —

1971 43,503,000 20.9%

1981 53,550,000 23.1%

1991 66,508,000 24.2%

2001 75,727,000 13.9%

2011 84,655,533 11.8%

Source:Census of India[43]

First Languages of Andhra

Pradesh in 2010[44]

Telugu (83.88%)

Urdu (8.63%)

Hindi (3.23%)

Tamil (1.01%)

Religion in Andhra PradeshPercent

Hinduism   89.01%

Islam   9.16%

Christianity 1.54%

Jainism 0.05%

Sikhism 0.04%

Others 0.68%

less than 0.2% of the population includeMalayalam (0.09%), Gujarati (0.02%),Bengali (0.05%), Gorkhali/Nepali(0.03%), Punjabi (0.02%) and Sindhi

(0.01%).[45]

Andhra Pradesh ranks tenth of all IndianStates in the Human Development Index

scores[46] with a score of 0.416. TheNational Council of Applied EconomicResearch district analysis in 2001 revealsthat Khammam, Krishna, West Godavari,Chittoor, and Medak are the five districtsin rural AP with the highest Human Development Index scores inascending order.

The data show that the poor make up 16.3% of the total population inrural AP, and expenditure on consumption is around 13.5% of the totalconsumption expenditure. The female literacy rate is 0.66 compared tomale literacy rate in rural AP. The district-wise variations for poverty ratio

are high and low for the ratio of female/male literacy rate.[47] The gendergap in illiteracy is one of the issues being addressed by Asmita Resource Centre for Women, an Indian NGObased in Andhra Pradesh that works to better the socio-economic status of women and communities in India.

Religions

The state is home to Hindu saints of all castes. An important figure isSaint Yogi Sri Potuluri Virabrahmendra Swami. He was born in theVishwabrahmin (goldsmith) caste and had Brahmin and Dalit

disciples.[48] Fisherman Raghu was a Shudra saint[49] where as SaintKakkayya was a chura (sweeper) Harijan saint.

Islam in Hyderabad, with historical patronizing by the rulers, has a strongSufi influence, with various movements active in the last two decades.Hyderabad has also produced many renowned religious scholarsrepresenting different Islamic sects and trends, including Abul Ala

Maududi, Turab-ul-Haq Qadri, and Allamah Rasheed Turabi.[50]

Most Telugu Christians are Protestant belonging to major Indian Protestant denominations such as the Church ofSouth India, the Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church, the Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches and severalothers.

Administration

Main articles: Government of Andhra Pradesh, Politics of Andhra Pradesh, and List of Chief

Ministers of Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh has a Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly, lower house) of 294 seats, and a Vidhan Parishad(legislative council, upper house) of 90 members. 31 members are elected from local bodies, 31 members areelected from the assembly, eight members are elected from teachers, eight members are elected from graduates,

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High court of Andhra pradesh

The Andhra Pradesh State Legislative

Assembly in the centre of Hyderabad

City.

and 12 members are nominated by the Governor. In the Parliament of India Andhra Pradesh has 18 in the Rajya

Sabha, the Upper House, and 42 in the Lok Sabha, the Lower House.[51][52] Currently, Andhra Pradesh isadministratively divided into 23 districts.

Andhra Pradesh had a series of governments headed byIndian National Congress (INC) Party until 1982.Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao is the founder of TeluguDesam party and served as the first chief minister from the

party.[53] N. Chandrababu Naidu held the record for the

longest serving chief minister (1995 to 2004).[54] P. V.Narasimha Rao served as the chief minister of the statefrom 1971 to 1973, and went on to become the Prime

Minister of India in 1991.[55][56] The first Chief Minister ofAndhra Pradesh was Neelam Sanjiva Reddy who later

served as President of India.[57][58]

Politics

Until 1962, the CPI, along with socialist parties, played an importantrole as opposition parties. Parties namely Praja Socialist Party andKrishi Lok Party played an important role in 1950s. In the 1967 stateassembly elections, all socialist parties were eliminated and CPI lostopposition party status. N.G. Ranga's Swatantra Party became theOpposition Party. They also failed to hold control later and becamedefunct. In 1978 Jalagam Vengal Rao and Kasu Brahmananda Reddyformed the Reddy Congress and contested against INC but lost.

In 1983 the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) won the state elections and N.T. Rama Rao (NTR) became the chiefminister of the state for the first time. This broke the long time single party monopoly enjoyed by the INC from1956 until 1982. A few months after the election, Nadendla Bhaskara Rao usurped power when NTR wasaway in the United States for medical treatment. After coming back, NTR campaigned for a comeback bydemonstrating the support of the majority of the elected MLAs. The governor Thakur Ram Lal was ousted byIndira Gandhi and in his place she appointed Shankar Dayal Sharma. NTR was reinstated as chief minister.Within a month NTR recommended the dissolution of the assembly and called for fresh elections. Indira Gandhiwas assassinated on 31 October 1984 by her Sikh bodyguard and Rajiv Gandhi was made Prime Minister byPresident Giani Zail Singh. In the ensuing elections for Lok Sabha and the AP Assembly, the Telugu DesamParty won in Andhra Pradesh and NTR came back to power.

The 1989 elections ended the rule of NTR, with the INC party returning to power with Marri Chenna Reddy atthe helm. He was replaced by Janardhan Reddy in 1990, who was replaced by Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddyin 1992. In 1994, Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again, and NTR became thechief minister again. Nara Chandrababu Naidu, the son-in-law of NTR, came to power with the backing of amajority of the MLAs. The Telugu Desam Party won both the assembly and Lok Sabha election in 1999 underthe leadership of Chandrababu Naidu. There was an assassination attempt on Naidu in 2003 in Tirupathi; hesurvived the attack. In the ensuing elections the party lost power to a resurgent INC and its allies. Y. S.Rajasekhar Reddy became the Chief Minister.

Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy became the CM again by fending off the Praja Rajyam Party and a major alliance ofTDP, TRS, CPI and CPM. He died on 2 September 2009 in a helicopter crash. Konijeti Rosaiah, a seniorstatesman and former state finance minister, became the Chief Minister on 3 September 2009. On 24

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Srisailam Dam - Hydro Electric

Power Source

Visakhapatnam city skyline view

November 2010, Rosaiah submitted his resignation on the grounds of increased work pressure. Nallari KiranKumar Reddy was sworn in as the new Chief Minister on the following day.

Natural Resources

Mineral Wealth

Andhra Pradesh is the second largest store house of Mineral Resources in India. Andhra Pradesh with variedgeological formations, contain rich & variety of industrial minerals and building stones.

Andhra Pradesh occupies the 2nd rank in the deposit and production of mica in India. A total of 48 mineralswere located with vast explored resources of coal, limestone, slabs, etc. and good resources of oil and NaturalGas, Manganese, Asbestos, Iron Ore, Ball Clay, Fire Clay, Gold Diamonds, Graphite, Dolomite, Quartz,Tungsten, Steatitic, Feldspar, Silica Sand etc. It has about one third of India's limestone reserves and is knownfor large exclusive deposits of Barytes and Galaxy granite in the international market.

Mining is identified as one of the growth engines for the overall development of industry and infrastructure. TheTummalapalle Uranium mine in Andhra has confirmed 49,000 tonnes of ore and there are indications that itcould hold reserves totalling three times its current size. 700 million tonnes of metal grade Bauxite deposits inclose proximity to Visakhapatnam Port.

Reliance Industries Limited struck 9 Trillion cubic Feed of gas reserves in the Krishna Godavari Basin Basin,150 km off the Andhra Pradesh Coast near Kakinada. Discovery of large quantity of natural gas in KG Basin is

expected to provide rapid economic growth.[59]

Power Generation

The state ranks first nationwide in hydro electricity generation, with anational market share of over 11%. Andhra Pradesh has the fourthlargest power generating utility in the country, with an installedcapacity of around 10,650 MW. The two cheapest sources ofthermal power generation – coal and natural gas – are in

abundance.[60][61]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Andhra Pradesh

According to the Planning Commission of India, in the financial year2011–12 the state was ranked second in nominal GDP, and fourth in

GDP per capita.[62] Andhra Pradesh's GDP for 2011 was

approximately 5,676.36 billion,[63] placing it third among the states.The service sector of the state accounts for 43% of the gross state

domestic product (GSDP) and employs 20% of the work force.[64]

GSDP of the state in 2012 is 6762.34 billion, placing it second in

India.[63] Andhra Pradesh economy has registered over 5.5% annual

economic growth rate during the last two decades.[65] In the 2010 list

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IIabs in Hyderabad

Tech Mahindra Development Centre

by Forbes Magazine, there are several from Andhra Pradesh among the top 100 richest Indians.[66]

Agriculture

Economy of the state is mainly based on Agriculture and Livestock. Andhra Pradesh is an exporter of many

agricultural products. It has produced 17,796,000 tonnes (19,616,732 short tons) of rice in 2006.[67] andhence it is known as Rice Bowl of India. Four important rivers of India, the Godavari, Krishna, Penna, andThungabhadra flow through the state, providing irrigation. Besides Rice, farmers of this state also grow wheat,jowar, bajra, maize, minor millets, coarse grain, many varieties of pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane, cotton, Chilipepper, mango nuts and tobacco. Recently, crops used for vegetable oil production such as sunflower andpeanuts have gained favour. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including Godavari

River Basin Irrigation Projects and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.[64][68] AP's farms depend on child labour rather than

mechanization to remain competitive.[69]

Livestock is also another profitable business which involves, rearing of cattle in an enclosed area for commercialpurposes.

Fisheries contribute 10% of total fish and shrimp production of India. The geographical location of this SouthIndian state allows marine fishing as well as inland fish production in Andhra Pradesh. The Value of marineproducts exports from India in 1998 was Rs. 4710 Crores among which the state alone contributed products ofRs. 2000 Crores.

Industrial Sector

The state banks on two major sectors - Information technology andbiotechnology. Two major cities Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam hasemerged as the main hub of industrialisation. The IT exports inAndhra Pradesh reached 350.22 billion (US$5.8 billion) in 2010-11, contributed to 13.9% per cent of national IT exports and ranked

fourth in India.[70] Other key sectors include, Biopharmaceuticals,Power, Automobile, Tourism, Textiles, Retail, Leather and ReligiousTourism.

Banking & Finance sector of Andhra Pradesh also constitute the keycommercial activities that enhance the growth and stability of thestate’s economy.

Transportion

Roadways

A total of 146,954 km (91,313 mi) of roads are maintained by theState, of which State Highways comprise 42,511 km (26,415 mi), National Highways 2,949 km (1,832 mi),and District Roads 101,484 km (63,059 mi). NH 5, with a highway network of around 1000 km in the state, isa part of Golden Quadrilateral Project undertaken by National Highways Development Project.

The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) is the major public transport corporationowned by the government of Andhra Pradesh that connects all the cities and villages. APSRTC is in theGuinness Book of World Records for having the largest fleet of vehicles (approximately 21,000), and the

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Major road links of Andhra Pradesh

The railroad bridge between

Rajahmundry and Kovvur

The New look of Vijayawada Railway

Station

longest distance covered daily. Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station [M.G.B.S] in Hyderabad and Nehru Bus stand in

Vijayawada are among the largest bus stand in Asia.[71] Thousands of private operators also run busesconnecting major cities and towns. Private vehicles like cars, motorised scooters, and bicycles occupy a majorshare of the local transport in the cities and adjoining villages. The growth rate for vehicle ownership in Andhra

Pradesh is the highest in the country at 16%.[72]

Railways

Railways are a major means of transportion in Andhra Pradeshconnecting the whole state and has a good connectivity with otherstates too. The history of railways in Andhra Pradesh dates back tothe time of Nizam of Hyderabad. Andhra Pradesh has a railwaynetwork of 5,046 km. One of the highest broad gauge tracks in theworld is in eastern ghats route that run from Visakhapatnam to

Anantagiri.[73] The state boasts of 182 railway stations in the stateand also many railway junctions as well.

Most of Andhra Pradesh falls under the auspices of the South CentralRailway founded in 1966. Rail Nilayam in Secunderabad, the LandMark Building is the Zonal Headquarter office of South CentralRailway. The East Coast Railway serves Srikakulam, VizianagaramDistrict, and part of Visakhapatnam district including VisakhapatnamCity. Secunderabad, Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Guntur, Guntakal arethe main divisions of SCR in Andhra Pradesh. Vijayawada railwaystation is one of the busiest railway junction in India and connects thenorth and the south Indian rail routes. It handle more than 320 trainsincluding both passenger and freight trains per day next to Howrahand Mumbai.

Railways have played a significant role boosting the economy of thestate in developing the industrial and the tourism in the state.

Airports

Hyderabad International Airport, also known as Rajiv GandhiInternational Airport, is the international airport for the city ofHyderabad. It has won WORLD NO 1 Airport award twice (2009,2010) in the 5 - 15 million passenger category. It is the largest airportin the state and one of the busiest airports nationwide.VisakhapatnamAirport, the other international airport in the state is the second largestserving close to 1 million passengers annually. Other airports in thestate are Vijayawada Airport, Rajahmundry Airport, and TirupatiAirport. The government also has plans to start airports in eight othercities: Guntur, Ongole, Nellore, Warangal, Kadapa, Tadepalligudem,Kurnool, Karimnagar, Ramagundam and Kothagudem.

Seaports

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Rajiv Gandhi International Airport

Aerial view of Visakhapatnam port

Gangavaram Port view

RK Beach

Ports are gateways to international trade and commerce. Andhra Pradesh has two major ports atVisakhapatnam and Kakinada. Visakhapatnam Port is the second largest port of India in terms of (cargohandling). A private port is being developed at Gangavaram, near Visakhapatnam. This deep seaport canaccommodate ocean liners up to 200,000–250,000 DWT.

Andhra Pradesh is well on its way to becoming a major logistics hub in the realm of sea. A recently study bytrade body Assocham has pointed out that Andhra Pradeshcommanded a lion’s share of over 46 per cent in new port projectsbeing implemented across Indian maritime States. Andhra Pradeshwas amongst the first maritime states to recognize the imperative needfor increased port infrastructure. Six ports are under various stages ofdevelopment in the PPP mode.

The 14 notified non-major ports are Bhavanapadu, Meghavaram,Kalingapatnam, Bheemunipatnam, Gangavaram, Nakkapalli,Kakinada SEZ, Kakinada, S.Yanam, Narsapur, Machilipatnam,

Nizampatnam, Vadarevu and Krishnapatnam.[74] The StateGovernment has prepared a master plan that envisages increasing thecapacity of its non-major ports to handle 175 million tonnes in

2020.[75]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh is promoted by its tourism department as the Koh-i-Noor of India.

Nature Tourism

Beaches Visakhapatnam has many beautiful beaches alongthe Bay of Bengal namely R.K.Beach, Rishikonda Beach,Lawsons Bay Beach etc. There are other beaches too along

the long coastline of the state. They are Suryalanka Beach,located 9 km from Bapatla in Guntur District.

The Borra Caves in the Anatagiri Hills of the Eastern Ghats,near Vishakapatnam at an altitude of about 800 to 1300

metres are famous for million-year-old stalactite and stalagmiteformations.

Araku Valley, a famous hill station in Visakhapatnam district.

It has beautiful thick forests, coffee plantations, waterfalls. Thisscenic beauty attracts large number of tourists.

Horsley Hills, a summer hill resort in the Chittoor district ofAndhra Pradesh. It is situated at an elevation of 1,265 metresand attracts lots of tourists owing to its natural flora and fauna

magnificence. It offers adventure activities like Zorbing,Rappelling and Trekking.

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Araku Valley

Belum Caves

Lush green farms in Konaseema (East

Godavari)

Visakhapatnam city

The Belum Caves in Kurnool District have a length of 3,229 metres (10,594 ft), making them thesecond largest natural caves on the Indian subcontinent. Thecaves have long passages, spacious chambers, freshwater

galleries, and siphons.

Kolleru Lake is one of the largest freshwater lakes in India

located in between Krishna and Godavari delta of AndhraPradesh. The lake is a wildlife sanctuary. The wildlife sanctuary

covers an area of 308 km².[76] During the winter season, thelake is visited by many migratory birds.

Pulicat Lake is located at the border of Andhra Pradesh andTamil Nadu, Pulicat Sanctuary covers an area of 500 square

kilometres. It is a brackish water lagoon, the second largest in India.The barrier island of Sriharikota separates the lake from the Bay ofBengal. The lake encompasses the Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary which

attracts many migratory birds.

Konaseema is another place in East Godavari for nature lovers with

scenic greenery of lush paddy fields and coconut groves. All along thebanks of river Godavari and its canals.

Papi Hills are located in Khammam district, near Bhadrachalam. Boatcruises are available on which tourists enjoy the scenic beauty of thelocation in the river Godavari.

Nirmal is famous for its handicrafts and paintings. Kuntala Waterfalllocated in Kuntala, Adilabad district, at 45 metres (148 ft), is thebiggest in the state.

Tourist Destinations

Apart from these, there are many more places to be visited in thestate. They include,

Visakhapatnam city that has many tourist attractions namelyKailashagiri park near the sea, Indira Gandhi Zoological Park, theINS Kursura S20 Submarine museum, the Dolphins Nose, a 358 m(1,175 ft) long rocky mountain outcrop that rises 175 m (574 ft)above the sea.

Vijayawada is also a tourist spot that includes Prakasam Barriage,Kondapalli Fort, River Krishna, Bhavani Island and many more parksin the city.

Hyderabad: Charminar, Golconda Fort, Chandragiri Fort,Chowmahalla Palace, and Falaknuma Palace.

Religious Tourism

Andhra Pradesh is the home of many religious pilgrim centres.

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A View of Tirumala Venkateswara

Temple

Durga Temple in Vijayawada

Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in the town of Tirumala inChittoor district is an important pilgrimage site for Hindus. It is

one of the richest pilgrimage temple of any religious faith in the

world.[77]

Mallikarjuna Swamy Temple situated at Srisailam in the

Nallamala Hills of Kurnool district,[78] is the abode of lordMallikarjuna Shiva and is one of the twelve Jyotirlinga shrinesin India.

Kanaka Durga Temple of goddess Durga is situated on theIndrakeeladri Hill in the city of Vijayawada on the banks of

Krishna River. Pilgrims turn out in huge numbers for the festivalof Dusshera for the colourful celebrations of Tepotsavam, and

take a holy dip in the Krishna river.[79]

Simhachalam is a popular pilgrimage site located on a hill 20

kilometres (12 mi) north of the Visakhapatnam city centre.Simhachalam is said to be the abode of the savior-god

Narasimha.

Bhadrachalam Temple is a temple to Lord Rama in the townof Bhadrachalam in Khammam district. It is situated on the

banks of the river Godavari. Sri Rama Navami, a celebrationof the Marriage of Lord Rama and sita, is celebrated here

every year. Government of Andhra Pradesh sends pearls for the event.[80]

Thousand Pillar Temple is one of the oldest temples of South India that was built by the kakatiya

located in the town of Hanamakonda in the Warangal district. There are one thousand pillars in thebuilding and the temple, but no pillar obstructs a person in any point of the temple to see the god in the

other temple.

Apart from these many other religious places include, Raghavendra Swami Mutt in Mantralayam of Kurnooldistrict, Pancharama Kshetras, Venkateswara Temple in Dwaraka Tirumala (West Godavari District),Satayannarayana Swami temple in Annavaram (East Godavari) and Surya temple in Arasavelli in SrikakulamDistrict are also religious places to see in Andhra Pradesh.

The state has numerous Buddhist centres at Amaravati, Nagarjuna Konda, Bhattiprolu, Ghantasala,Nelakondapalli, Dhulikatta, Bavikonda, Thotlakonda, Shalihundam, Pavuralakonda, Bojjannakonda

(Sankaram), Phanigiri and Kolanpaka.[81]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Andhra Pradesh

Bapu's paintings, Nanduri Venkata Subba Rao's Yenki Paatalu (Songs about a washerwoman called Yenki),mischievous Budugu (a character by Mullapudi), Annamayya's songs, Mango pickle (Aavakaaya),Roselle plant(Gongura) chutney, Atla Taddi (a seasonal festival predominantly for teenage girls), the banks of riverGodavari, and the Dudu basavanna (the ceremonial ox decorated for door-to-door exhibition during theharvest festival Sankranthi) have long defined Telugu culture.

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Arts and Crafts

The village of Durgi is known for stone craft, producing carvings of idols in soft stone that must be exhibited in

the shade because they are prone to weathering.[82] Kalamkari is an ancient textile art form dating back to theIndus Valley Civilisation. Andhra Pradesh is famous for doll making. Dolls are made from wood, mud, drygrass, and lightweight metal alloys. Tirupathi is famous for redwood carvings. Kondapalli is famous for mud toyswith rich colors. The village of Etikoppaka, located in Visakhapatnam district, produces lacquered toys. Nirmalpaintings are expressive and are usually painted over a black background.

Literature

Main article: Telugu literature

Nannayya, Tikkana, and Yerrapragada form the trinity who translated the great Sanskrit epic Mahabharatainto Telugu. Pothana is the poet who composed the classic SriMad Maha Bhagavatamu, a Telugu translationof Sri Bhagavatham, authored by Veda Vyasa in Sanskrit. Nannayya (c. 11th century CE), the earliest knownTelugu author, was patronized by the king Rajaraja Narendra who ruled from Rajamahendravaram (nowRajahmundry). The Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya wrote Amuktamalyada. The Telugu poet Vemana,a native of Kadapa, is notable for his philosophical poems. Telugu literature after Kandukuri Veeresalingam(1848–1919) is termed modern literature. Known as Gadya Tikkana, Satyavathi Charitam was the authorTelugu-language social novel, Satyavathi Charitam. Jnanpith Award winners include Sri Viswanatha SatyaNarayana and Dr. C. Narayana Reddy. The Andhra Pradesh native and revolutionary poet Sri Sri brought new

forms of expressionism into Telugu literature.[83]

Other modern writers include Gunturu Seshendra Sarma, the only person nominated from India for a Nobelprize in literature since Rabindranath Tagore. The West Bengal Government conferred on him the titleRashtrendu ("Moon of the Nation"). Telugu University awarded him an honorary Doctorate in Literature in1994. He received the Kalidas Samman award from the Madhya Pradhesh government, and he won the CentralSahitya Akademi fellowship in 1999. Puttaparthi Narayanacharyulu is one of the scholarly poets of Teluguliterature. He wrote the books Sivatandavam and Panduranga Mahatyam. Other notable writers fromAndhra Pradesh include Srirangam Sreenivasarao, Gurram Jashuva, Chinnayasuri and ViswanathaSatyanarayana.

Dance, Music and Festivals

See also: Shadow Puppets of Andhra Pradesh

Main article: Music of Andhra Pradesh

Dance:

Classical dance in Andhra can be performed by both men and women; women tend to learn it more often.Kuchipudi is the state's best-known classical dance form. The various dance forms that existed through thestate's history are Bonalu, Dappu, Chenchu Bhagotham, Kuchipudi, Bhamakalapam, Burrakatha, Veeranatyam,Butta bommalu, Tappeta Gullu, Lambadi, Dhimsa, Kolattam, and Chindu. Jaanapadam theenmar is a popularfolk dance.

Jayapa Senani was the first person to write about the dances prevalent in Andhra Pradesh.[84] Both Desi andMargi forms of dances are included in his Sanskrit treatise Nrutya Ratnavali.

Music:

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Kuchipudi, dance by Yamini

Reddy

Balamuralikrishna during a concert in

Kuwait on 29 March 2006

Many composers of Carnatic music like Annamacharya, Tyagaraja, Kshetrayya, and Bhadrachala Ramadaswere of Telugu descent. Modern Carnatic music composers like Ghantasala and M. Balamuralikrishna are alsoof Telugu descent. The Telugu film industry hosts many music composers and playback singers such as S. P.Balasubrahmanyam, P.Susheela, S. Janaki, P B Srinivas. Folk songs are popular in the many rural areas of the

state. Forms such as the Burra katha and Poli are still performed today.[85]

Festivals:

Ugadi is celebrated as the Telugu New Year. Makara Sankranti is also a famous harvest festival which iscelebrated across the state. are also major festivals. Just like in other parts of the country, many other festivalsinclude - Dussera, Vinayaka Chavithi, Deepavali,Maha Sivarathri. Christmas, Ramzan, Eid ul-Zuha, Muharrametc. Muslim festivals include Bakrid and Ramzan. Christian celebrate Christmas and Easter.

Artifacts

Andhra Pradesh has many museums, the Salar Jung Museum in Hyderabad,which features a varied collection of sculptures, paintings, and religious

artifacts, including the Archaeological Museum[86] at Amaravati near GunturCity that features relics of nearby ancient sites, and the Visakha Museum, inVisakhapatnam, which displays the history of the pre-Independence and thotlakonda which depicts the age old budhist stupa's and cultural style, Madras

Presidency in a rehabilitated Dutch bungalow.[87] Victoria Jubilee Museum inVijayawada has a good collection of ancient sculptures, paintings, idols,weapons, cutlery and inscriptions. Other ancient sites include dozens ofancient Buddhist stupas in Nagarjunakonda which is now an island inNagarjuna Sagar, an artificial lake that formed after the construction ofNagarjuna Sagar Dam. The Island has a large museum that houses many

Buddhist relics.[88]

Cuisine

Main article: Telugu cuisine

Cuisine:

Cuisine of Andhra Pradesh is famous for the rich seasoning and lots ofvariety. Idli, Dosa, Vada and Uttapam are famous South Indiabreakfast items, famous in the state, that are made of rice. Rice is thestaple food and is used in a wide variety of dishes. Typical mealincludes rice boiled and eaten with vegetable curry. Lentils, Relishes,chutneys and Curd based items are also included in the meal. A lot ofspices are produced in the region and hence the cuisine of AndhraPradesh is spiciest of all. Tamarind and Red Chillies are the distinct flavor of local cuisine. Pickles and chutneys(sauces) are made from chilly, ginger, coconut and other vegetables like tomatoes, brinjals (eggplant), androselle (gongura) and are served with meals. Mango pickle (aavakaaya) is probably the best known of the

Andhra Pradesh pickles.[89]

The coastal region of the state has abundant seafood supply. The variety of fish curry recipes are famous. It isrich and aromatic, with a liberal use of exotic spices and ghee (clarified butter). Lamb, chicken are also the most

widely used meats in the non-vegetarian dishes.[90]

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The Prasads IMAX world's largest

3D-IMAX screen Prasads IMAX

ACA-VDCA Cricket stadium at

Madhurawada

Sweets made up of milk are widely eaten. Payasam is one of them made with milk, rice or vermicelli puddingserved both warm and cold. Pootharekulu, Bobbattlu; Paalakova; Mamidi Tandra, Khaja, Bandar Laddu,Sunnandalu, Ariselu are famous sweets.

Cinema

Main article: Telugu Cinema

In the early 1980s, the Telugu film industry had largely shifted its baseto Hyderabad from Madras. The Telugu film culture (or,"Tollywood") is the second-largest film industry in India next to

Bollywood Film Industry.[91] Hyderabad houses the Prasads IMAXtheatre, which was the biggest 3D IMAX screen in the world when it

was built in 2007.[92] It is also home to Ramoji Film City which is theworld’s largest integrated film studio complex at over 2,000 acres

(809 ha) of land.[93] Prolific film producer from the state, D.Ramanaidu holds a Guinness Record for the most number of films

produced by a person.[94] Nandhamuri Taraka Rama Rao andChiranjeevi are the prominent figures in the Telugu film industry. In the years 2005, 2006 and 2008 the Telugufilm industry, has produced the largest number of films in India exceeding the number of films produced in

Bollywood.[95][96] The industry holds the Guinness World Record for the largest film production facility in the

world.[97] The Prasads IMAX located in Hyderabad is the world's largest 3D IMAX screen, and the most

attended cinema screen in the world.[98][99][100] The state of Andhra Pradesh, consists of the most number ofcinema theatres in India.

Sports

The Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh, is the governing body which looks after the infrastructure developmentin Cricket, Field hockey, Association Football, Olympic weightlifting, Chess, Water Sports, Tennis, Badminton,

Table Tennis, Cycling etc.[101] Sports like kho kho, kabaddi, chinni daandu and goli (marbles) are playedmostly in Andhra Pradesh.

One of the most popular sports in Andhra Pradesh is cricket. TheHyderabad cricket team has won the Ranji Trophy twice. The RajivGandhi International Cricket Stadium is the home ground ofHyderabad cricket team and ACA-VDCA Stadium inVisakhapatnam to the Andhra Cricket Team. These venues regularlyhosts international as well as domestic matches. The SunrisersHyderabad, an Indian Premier League franchise, is based inHyderabad and Visakhapatnam.

Notable cricketers from Andhra Pradesh, include Maharajkumar ofVizianagram, M. V. Narasimha Rao, Mohammad Azharuddin, M. S.K. Prasad, V.V.S. Laxman, Tirumalasetti Suman, Arshad Ayub,Ambati Rayudu, Venkatapathy Raju, Sravanthi Naidu, YalakaVenugopal Rao etc.

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Indian School of Business

School children in an elementary

school in Andhra Pradesh

Other accomplished sports-persons include, A. Ramana Rao, Karnam Malleswari, Pullela Gopichand, SaniaMirza, Saina Nehwal, Sharath Kamal, Chetan Anand (Badminton), Guttikonda Pradeep, (Volley Ball), MukeshKumar (Hockey), Saranjeet Singh (Hockey), Abdul Najeeb Qureshi, Jwala Gutta, Raman Subbarao, KamineniEswara Rao, etc. Grandmasters in Chess like, Humpy Koneru, Pendyala Harikrishna, Dronavalli Harika andGogineni Rohit hail from the state.

Education and research

Andhra Pradesh is served by more than 20 institutes of highereducation. All major arts, humanities, science, engineering, law,medicine, business, and veterinary science are offered, with firstdegrees and postgraduate awards available.

Andhra Pradesh has 1,330 arts, science and commerce colleges;1,000 MBA and MCA colleges; 847 engineering colleges; 53medical colleges, one NIT(in warangal) and one Indian Instituteof Technology (in Hyderabad). The student to teacher ratio in higher education is 19:1. According to the 2011census, Andhra Pradesh has an overall literacy rate of 67.02% (as per India 2011 Census). The male literacy

rate is 74.9% and the female literacy rate is 59.15%.[102]

Osmania University is one of the oldest modern universities in India, and one of the largest university systems in

the subcontinent with over 300,000 students on its various campuses and affiliated colleges.[103] TheGovernment of Andhra Pradesh has established Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies (RGUKT)in 2008 to cater to the educational needs of the gifted rural youth of Andhra Pradesh. The Institute specializes inteaching and research in Information Technology and other emerging disciplines under the control of a commonuniversity Governing Council and following a common syllabus.

The state has recently made strides in setting up several institutes.

University of Hyderabad

Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad,[104]

International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad

(IIIT-H),[105]

Birla Institute of Technology and ScienceIndian Institute of Biotechnology

National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad,[106]

National Institute of Technology NIT Warangal,[107]

National Institute of Nutrition[108]

Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad

Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), HyderabadDamodaram Sanjivayya National Law University

Nalsar University of Law

National Institute of Rural Development,[109]

School of Planning and Architecture

Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies,[110]

Indian School of Business (ISB) and IFHE university's IBS, Hyderabad[111]

National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT)

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Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition are also located inHyderabad.Tata institute of social sciences Hyderabad.

Additionally the Dr. N.T.R. University of Health Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,[112]

Osmania University,[113] Andhra University,[114] Nagarjuna University,[115] Kakatiya University,[116] Sri

Venkateswara University,[117] Sri Krishnadevaraya University,[118] Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University,[119]

Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Telangana University Nizamabad, Mahathma Gandhi University

Nalgonda, Palamur University Mahaboobnagar, Rayalaseema university, Kurnool,[120] Sri Venkateswara

Veterinary University(SVVU)[121] and private engineering colleges like Muffakham Jah College of Engineeringand Technology, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and

Technology, MVSR Engineering College, GRIET, Hyderabad Institute of Technology And Management[122] toserve their people across Andhra Pradesh.

Space Research

In 1969, Indian Space Research Organisation selected barrier island of Sriharikota in Nellore district of AndhraPradesh for a satellite launching station. Originally called Sriharikota Range (SHAR), an acronym ISRO haveretained to the present day. The centre was renamed on 5 September 2002 after the death of ISRO's formerchairman, prof Satish Dhawan as Satish Dhawan Space Centre. It is India's primary orbital launch site.

The SHAR has two launch pads. A new third launchpad will built specifically to meet the target of launching a

manned space mission by 2017.[123] India's lunar orbiter Chandrayaan-1 was launched from the centre at 6:22AM IST on 22 October 2008.

Newspapers and journals

Telugu

Andhra BhoomiAndhra JyothiAndhra Prabha

Eenadu'Namasthe Telangana

PrajasaktiSakshi

SuryaVaartha

VisalaandhraSakshi

Urdu

AwamEtemaad dailyThe Munsif Daily

The Siasat DailyBlitz

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Roznama Sahara

English

Deccan Chronicle

The HinduHindustan Times

The Business LineThe Economic TimesThe New Indian Express

The Times of IndiaThe Hans India

See also

Index of Andhra Pradesh-related articlesTelangana

India at Wikipedia booksList of people from Andhra Pradesh

Middle kingdoms of IndiaPart One of the Constitution of India

States and union territories of India

References

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3. ^ "Citizen Help" (http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/apfactmain.html). APOnline. 1November 1956. Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20090404002033/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/apfactfile/apfactmain.html) from the original on 4 April 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2009.

4. ^ "AP Online, Index.html"(http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/departments/school%20education%20(ssa%20wing)/directorate%20of%20a%20p%20open%20school%20society/introduction/index.html) (PDF). Andhra Pradesh officialwebsite. Retrieved 16 January 2011.

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6. ^ "English Demography" (http://www.lisindia.net/English/Eng_Demo.html#top). Lisindia.net. Retrieved 8October 2011.

7. ^ "History of Andhra Pradesh" (http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html). Governmentof Andhra Pradesh. 2002. Retrieved 22 July 2012.

8. ^ "A note on Telugu as a classical language" (http://teluguuniversity.ac.in/Language/prachina_telugu_note.html).Telugu University. Retrieved 22 July 2012.

9. ^ "Andhra Pradesh News : Telugu is 2,400 years old, says ASI"(http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/20/stories/2007122054820600.htm). The Hindu (Chennai, India). 20December 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2013.

10. ^ R, Saloman (1998). Indian epigraphy. Oxford University Press. p. 106. ISBN 0-19-509984-2.

11. ^ The Elder, Pliny; Bostock, John; Riley, Henry T (1855). The natural history of Pliny, volume 3(http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+6.21). London, H. G. Bohn.OCLC 469062385 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/469062385). Retrieved 22 July 2012.

12. ^ Helmutt Hoffmann, "Buddha's Preaching of the Kalachakra Tantra at the Stupa of Dhanyakataka," German

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External links

Andhra Pradesh (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Andhra_Pradesh) at DMOZSTD Codes of Andhra Pradesh (http://std-codes.in/stdcodes-of-Andhra-Pradesh.html)Andhra Pradesh Facts & Figures

(http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/HomePageLinks/FactsFigures.htm)

Government

Andhra Pradesh Government Website (http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/index.asp)Department of Tourism, Government of Andhra Pradesh (http://www.aptourism.in/)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andhra_Pradesh&oldid=606437365"

Categories: Andhra Pradesh States and territories established in 1956 States and territories of India

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