Transcript
Page 1: Development of Madhyamaka Philosophy Arya Nagarjuna and Madhyamaka philosophy

Development of Development of Madhyamaka Madhyamaka

PhilosophyPhilosophy

Arya Nagarjuna and Arya Nagarjuna and Madhyamaka philosophyMadhyamaka philosophy

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

► The Madhyamaka Philosophy was created by Arya The Madhyamaka Philosophy was created by Arya Nagarjuna Pada and he lived between 2Nagarjuna Pada and he lived between 2ndnd and 3 and 3rdrd Century A.D.Century A.D.

► It was mentioned earlier that Arya Nagarjuna has It was mentioned earlier that Arya Nagarjuna has written a Commentary towritten a Commentary to

Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita in the name of Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita in the name of Mahaprajnaparamita Sastra.Mahaprajnaparamita Sastra.

► Probably Nagarjuna Pada originated the SunyataProbably Nagarjuna Pada originated the Sunyata Theory in his mind when he was writing Maha-Theory in his mind when he was writing Maha- Prajnaparamita Sastra.Prajnaparamita Sastra.

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►The Prajnaparamita literature carries the The Prajnaparamita literature carries the analysis of Sunyata and its main theme is analysis of Sunyata and its main theme is the theory of Sunyata.the theory of Sunyata.

► In order to put forward the theory of In order to put forward the theory of Sunyata Nagarjuna pada wrote the MulaSunyata Nagarjuna pada wrote the Mula

Madhyamaka Karika.Madhyamaka Karika.► In the Mulamadhyamaka Karika Nagarjuna In the Mulamadhyamaka Karika Nagarjuna

pada has written one Stanza in 24pada has written one Stanza in 24thth chap. chap.

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Madhyamaka PhilosopyMadhyamaka Philosopy

►Clarifying the meaning of Sunyata.Clarifying the meaning of Sunyata.►““Yah pratityasamutpadahYah pratityasamutpadah

Sunyatam tam pracakmaheSunyatam tam pracakmahe

Sa prajnapti mupadayaSa prajnapti mupadaya

Pratiptsaiva madhyama – 24:18Pratiptsaiva madhyama – 24:18

(If anything is dependently originated we (If anything is dependently originated we say that is Sunya, that is dependent upon say that is Sunya, that is dependent upon convention. That itself is middle path)convention. That itself is middle path)

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►According to the above mentioned stanzaAccording to the above mentioned stanza

Sunyata means theory of Sunyata means theory of Pratityasamutpada.Pratityasamutpada.

(Dependently origination). Then at the very (Dependently origination). Then at the very

beginning in the pranama gatha (Paying beginning in the pranama gatha (Paying Homage ) of Mulamadhyamaka karika Homage ) of Mulamadhyamaka karika

mentions in the 2mentions in the 2ndnd stanza. stanza.

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Madhyamaka PhilosopyMadhyamaka Philosopy

►Yah pratitya samutpadamYah pratitya samutpadam Prapancopasamam sivamPrapancopasamam sivam Desayamasa sambuddhahDesayamasa sambuddhah Tam vande vadatam varamTam vande vadatam varam(I salute him, the fully enlightened, the (I salute him, the fully enlightened, the

bestbestof Speakers, who preached the dependent of Speakers, who preached the dependent arising, the appeasement of obsessions arising, the appeasement of obsessions

and the auspicious).and the auspicious).

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

► In this manner Arya Nagarjuna In this manner Arya Nagarjuna explained the Sunyata theory in the explained the Sunyata theory in the way of Pratityasamutpada.way of Pratityasamutpada.

►Arya Nagarjunapada tried to explain Arya Nagarjunapada tried to explain Sunya and tried to analyze everything Sunya and tried to analyze everything in the manner of Pratityasamutpada, in the manner of Pratityasamutpada, because he realizes everything is because he realizes everything is Sunya and nothing exist which is not Sunya and nothing exist which is not dependently originated.dependently originated.

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►Apratitya-samutpannoApratitya-samutpanno

Dharmah kascid na vidyateDharmah kascid na vidyate

Yasmat tasmat asunyo hiYasmat tasmat asunyo hi

Dharmah kascin na vidyate -24:19Dharmah kascin na vidyate -24:19

(There is no a thing that is not (There is no a thing that is not dependentlydependently

Arisen. For that reason, a thing that is Arisen. For that reason, a thing that is non-empty is also not evident.)non-empty is also not evident.)

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►Therefore Arya Nagarjuna tried to explainTherefore Arya Nagarjuna tried to explain

not the pratityasamutpada but nature of not the pratityasamutpada but nature of dependently origination of everything.dependently origination of everything.

►The first chapter of Mulamadhyamaka The first chapter of Mulamadhyamaka karika is called Pratyayapariksa karika is called Pratyayapariksa (Investigation of Pratyaya) and tried to (Investigation of Pratyaya) and tried to analyze Cause (hetu)analyze Cause (hetu)

and Effect (Phala).and Effect (Phala).

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

► In this chapter he negated the notion thatIn this chapter he negated the notion that

things are not produced by hetu-things are not produced by hetu-Pratyaya.Pratyaya.

►The first Stanza is:The first Stanza is:

Na svato na pi paratoNa svato na pi parato

Na dvabhyam na pi ahetutahNa dvabhyam na pi ahetutah

Uppanna jatu vidyanteUppanna jatu vidyante

Bhavah kvacana kecanaBhavah kvacana kecana

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►(There is nothing exist which is produced (There is nothing exist which is produced byby

himself, by otherselves, by both, or himself, by otherselves, by both, or without a cause).without a cause).

The Main teachings of Madhyamaka The Main teachings of Madhyamaka PhilosophyPhilosophy

T.R.V.Murti shows the four instances of theT.R.V.Murti shows the four instances of the

Development of Madhyamaka Philosophy.Development of Madhyamaka Philosophy.

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

Those are: 1.Writing the primary works of the Those are: 1.Writing the primary works of the Madhyamaka philosophy by Arya Nagarjuna Madhyamaka philosophy by Arya Nagarjuna and his close students. 2. Writing the and his close students. 2. Writing the commentaries to the Madhyamaka Karika bycommentaries to the Madhyamaka Karika by

Buddhapalita and Bavaviveka. 3.writing Buddhapalita and Bavaviveka. 3.writing

Prasannapada tika by Candrakirthi Pada toPrasannapada tika by Candrakirthi Pada to

approve the Buddhapalita’s view. 4. starting approve the Buddhapalita’s view. 4. starting the system of interpretation with the mixer the system of interpretation with the mixer

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►Of Madhyamaka and Yogacara by Of Madhyamaka and Yogacara by Shantarakkhita and Kamalasila.Shantarakkhita and Kamalasila.

►1. Writing the primary works of 1. Writing the primary works of Madhyamaka Philosophy by Arya Madhyamaka Philosophy by Arya Nagarjuna and his close students.Nagarjuna and his close students.

►Arya Nagarjuna was living between 2 – 3Arya Nagarjuna was living between 2 – 3 century, written a large number of Books.century, written a large number of Books. Among those books Karika (Madhyamaka Among those books Karika (Madhyamaka

Karika) becomes primary work and theKarika) becomes primary work and the

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►Madhyamaka system was developed withMadhyamaka system was developed with commentaries written for the Karika. In thecommentaries written for the Karika. In the history of Madhyamaka philosophy Arydeva history of Madhyamaka philosophy Arydeva

pada was considered as one of the pada was considered as one of the members of orijinators of this system similar members of orijinators of this system similar to Arya Nagarjuna. Aryadeva has writtento Arya Nagarjuna. Aryadeva has written

Catussataka explaining Madhyamaka systemCatussataka explaining Madhyamaka system Candrakirthi has written a commentary to it. Candrakirthi has written a commentary to it.

According to the commentary to the According to the commentary to the

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►Catussataka Aryadevapada was a prince of Catussataka Aryadevapada was a prince of a Sinhala Country and became a monk a Sinhala Country and became a monk under the teachership of Arya Nagarjuna.under the teachership of Arya Nagarjuna.

A.K.Wader says Aryadevapada takes the A.K.Wader says Aryadevapada takes the Bodhisattva doctrine as primary teachings.Bodhisattva doctrine as primary teachings.

► Catussataka contains 400 slokas, it devidsCatussataka contains 400 slokas, it devids

into the 16 chapters and each chapter into the 16 chapters and each chapter contains 25 slokas. In the first part of thiscontains 25 slokas. In the first part of this

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Madhyamaka PhilosphyMadhyamaka Philosphy

►He discarded opposite views. Unlike Arya He discarded opposite views. Unlike Arya Nagarjuna pada, he was interested to Nagarjuna pada, he was interested to refuterefute

the Sankhya and Vaisesika views. In the the Sankhya and Vaisesika views. In the book called Satasatra he discarded the book called Satasatra he discarded the views of Sankhya, Vaisesika, Jaina, views of Sankhya, Vaisesika, Jaina, Lokayata and Theistic views mentioning Lokayata and Theistic views mentioning their names. According to Tibetan systemtheir names. According to Tibetan system

Catussataka, Aksarasataka, Hastavala Catussataka, Aksarasataka, Hastavala

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►Prakarana and Jnanasara Samuccaya were Prakarana and Jnanasara Samuccaya were his works. Some other works such as his works. Some other works such as Satasatra Vaipulya, Cittavisuddhi PrakaranaSatasatra Vaipulya, Cittavisuddhi Prakarana

also ascribed to him.also ascribed to him.► Naga(Nagabodhi – Tathagatabhadra) wasNaga(Nagabodhi – Tathagatabhadra) was

the other student of Nagarjuna Pada. He the other student of Nagarjuna Pada. He has written a Commentary to Pancavimsatihas written a Commentary to Pancavimsati

Sahasrika Maha Prajna Paramita. Sahasrika Maha Prajna Paramita.

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►Wader says the relationship of MadhyamakaWader says the relationship of Madhyamaka

philosophy and the Prajnaparamita Sutras philosophy and the Prajnaparamita Sutras

are clearly shown. Dvadasa Sastra, an are clearly shown. Dvadasa Sastra, an

explanation of Madhyamaka Philosophyexplanation of Madhyamaka Philosophy

(Only exists in Chainese language) also (Only exists in Chainese language) also considered as one of his works. According to considered as one of his works. According to these information the works of Nagarjuna these information the works of Nagarjuna pada and is close two students’ works canpada and is close two students’ works can

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►Be considered as the Be considered as the first stagefirst stage of this of this Madhyamaka Philosophy.Madhyamaka Philosophy.

►2 Second Stage of Madhyamaka 2 Second Stage of Madhyamaka Philosophy. Writing commentaries to Philosophy. Writing commentaries to the Madhyamaka philosophy by the Madhyamaka philosophy by Buddha Palita and BhavavivekaBuddha Palita and Bhavaviveka

►The commentary to Madhyamaka KarikaThe commentary to Madhyamaka Karika

which was written by Buddhapalita is not which was written by Buddhapalita is not

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Madhyamaka KarikaMadhyamaka Karika

►Existing now in original form but existing inExisting now in original form but existing in

Tibetan language.Tibetan language.

Buddhapalita (470-550) has written Buddhapalita (470-550) has written commentaries to the works of Nagarjuna commentaries to the works of Nagarjuna and Aryadeva. Buddhapalita was a great and Aryadeva. Buddhapalita was a great master and he was the exponent of master and he was the exponent of Prasangika system of Mahayana Buddhism.Prasangika system of Mahayana Buddhism.

It was said that he was born in Hamsakrida,It was said that he was born in Hamsakrida,

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►South India from an early age took a deep South India from an early age took a deep interest in the teachings of the Buddha. He interest in the teachings of the Buddha. He

received novice and full ordination and received novice and full ordination and entered Nalanda monastery, where he entered Nalanda monastery, where he studied under a Acarya Sangharaksita, studied under a Acarya Sangharaksita, himself a disciple of himself a disciple of Nagamitra.BuddhapalitaNagamitra.Buddhapalita

quickly Mastered the teachings of Arya quickly Mastered the teachings of Arya Nagarjuna, later while residing at Nagarjuna, later while residing at DantapuraDantapura

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►Monastery in South India he composedMonastery in South India he composed

many commentaries to the works of many commentaries to the works of Nagarjuna and Aryadeva.Nagarjuna and Aryadeva.

In the 6In the 6thth Century CE Buddhapalita Century CE Buddhapalita composed his famous commentary to composed his famous commentary to Nagarjuna’s Fundamental Wisdom Nagarjuna’s Fundamental Wisdom (Mulasastra)called Buddhapalita Vrtti, (Mulasastra)called Buddhapalita Vrtti, a work of great clarity and insight.a work of great clarity and insight.

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►As a true Prasangika treatise it As a true Prasangika treatise it extensivelyextensively

employed consequences to elaborate employed consequences to elaborate Madhyamaka view. His younger Madhyamaka view. His younger contemporary Bhavaviveka also contemporary Bhavaviveka also composed a comentary to Nagarjuna’s composed a comentary to Nagarjuna’s work called Lampwork called Lamp

of wisdom (Prajnapradipa) in which he of wisdom (Prajnapradipa) in which he criticized Buddhapalita’s position.criticized Buddhapalita’s position.

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►What is Prasangika SystemWhat is Prasangika System►Madhyamakas disapprove opponents viewsMadhyamakas disapprove opponents views

by drawing out the implications (falaciousby drawing out the implications (falacious

nature) of their views, but does not show nature) of their views, but does not show Madhyamaka’s own thesis. This is the Madhyamaka’s own thesis. This is the meaning of Prasangavada (Acaryo bhuyasyameaning of Prasangavada (Acaryo bhuyasya

prasangapatti mukhenaiva parapaksam prasangapatti mukhenaiva parapaksam

nirakarotisma. Madhyamaka vrtti nirakarotisma. Madhyamaka vrtti

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

► (Prasannapada by candrakirthi) MKV (Prasannapada by candrakirthi) MKV p.24).p.24).

This particular theory of Prasangavada of This particular theory of Prasangavada of Buddhapalita Thera in Madhyamaka Buddhapalita Thera in Madhyamaka KarikaKarika

is pointed out by Candrakirti Pada in his is pointed out by Candrakirti Pada in his Madhyamaka Karika Vrtti. Therefore we Madhyamaka Karika Vrtti. Therefore we have to accept that Buddhapalita Thera have to accept that Buddhapalita Thera was the originator of Prasangika system.was the originator of Prasangika system.

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►What is this Svatantrika systemWhat is this Svatantrika system►Bhavaviveka Thera was the originator ofBhavaviveka Thera was the originator of

Svatantrika tradition. Svatantrika systemSvatantrika tradition. Svatantrika system

is to criticize other’s views to prove is to criticize other’s views to prove Madhyamaka stand, but must put forward Madhyamaka stand, but must put forward his own arguments (Swatantra anumana).his own arguments (Swatantra anumana).

That means while refuting opponents That means while refuting opponents views he must bring forward his own views he must bring forward his own thesis.thesis.

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

► By this way Bhavaviveka Thera criticized theBy this way Bhavaviveka Thera criticized the

Buddhapalita Thera’s view of Prasangavada.Buddhapalita Thera’s view of Prasangavada.

Bhavaviveka Thera was a contemporary to Bhavaviveka Thera was a contemporary to Buddhapalita Thera and his commentary to Buddhapalita Thera and his commentary to

Madhyamaka karika was Prajnapradipa.Madhyamaka karika was Prajnapradipa.

Bhavaviveka (Bhavya) (500-578) was one of Bhavaviveka (Bhavya) (500-578) was one of the 1the 1stst Buddhist Logician to employ the Buddhist Logician to employ the

‘ ‘formal syllogism’ of Indian logic in formal syllogism’ of Indian logic in expoundingexpounding

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Madhyamika PhilosophyMadhyamika Philosophy

►The Madhyamaka which he employed to The Madhyamaka which he employed to considerable effect in his commentary toconsiderable effect in his commentary to

Nagarjuna’s Mulamadhyamaka Karika Nagarjuna’s Mulamadhyamaka Karika

entitled the Prajnapradipa. entitled the Prajnapradipa.

According to one source, Bhavaviveka According to one source, Bhavaviveka was born to the East of Magadha in India was born to the East of Magadha in India of of

Ksatriya family. He was ordained by Ksatriya family. He was ordained by Nagarjuna. Another source claims that Nagarjuna. Another source claims that

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►He was born of a Royal family of ‘Malayara’He was born of a Royal family of ‘Malayara’

in South India. After becoming a monk he in South India. After becoming a monk he travelled to Madhya-desa(Middle-India) andtravelled to Madhya-desa(Middle-India) and

received the teachings on the Mahayanareceived the teachings on the Mahayana

sutras and Nagarjuna texts from Acaryasutras and Nagarjuna texts from Acarya

Sanharakhita. After that he returned to Sanharakhita. After that he returned to Southern India and became a head of 50Southern India and became a head of 50

temples and taught extensively.temples and taught extensively.

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►Bhavaviveka trys to prove his theory byBhavaviveka trys to prove his theory by

Syllogistic argument. During that time the Syllogistic argument. During that time the teachers of Vijnanavada Dingnaga and teachers of Vijnanavada Dingnaga and Dharmakirti developed Buddhist logic by Dharmakirti developed Buddhist logic by criticizing five members of syllogismcriticizing five members of syllogism

(Tarkika sanvakya) (panca avayava vakya)(Tarkika sanvakya) (panca avayava vakya)

Brahmanic logic – Five members. BuddhistsBrahmanic logic – Five members. Buddhists

maintained only three members only.maintained only three members only.

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►Five memers syllogism (Anumana Five memers syllogism (Anumana vakya) as follows.vakya) as follows.

Brahmanik SyllogismBrahmanik Syllogism1. Pratijna = Thesis = That mountain has fire1. Pratijna = Thesis = That mountain has fire2. Hetu = Reason = There is a smoke2. Hetu = Reason = There is a smoke3. Drsthanta = Example = Similar to Kitchen3. Drsthanta = Example = Similar to Kitchen4. Upanaya = Application = It has smoke4. Upanaya = Application = It has smoke5. Nigamana = conclusion = It has fire5. Nigamana = conclusion = It has fire

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►Buddhists have changed this five Buddhists have changed this five members into three members.members into three members.

1.Pratijna – Thesis – That mountain has fire.1.Pratijna – Thesis – That mountain has fire.

2.Hetu = Reason = Mountain has smoke.2.Hetu = Reason = Mountain has smoke.

3. Dristhanta = Example = Similar to 3. Dristhanta = Example = Similar to kitchenkitchen

Bhavaviveka Thera was an expert on this Bhavaviveka Thera was an expert on this Buddhist logic. Therefore he was of the Buddhist logic. Therefore he was of the

view that it is not only by rejecting othersview that it is not only by rejecting others

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Madhyamaka PhilosopyMadhyamaka Philosopy

►Views can prove Madhyamaka stand but Views can prove Madhyamaka stand but he must put forward his own logics to he must put forward his own logics to prove.prove.

These arguments are valied to the whole of These arguments are valied to the whole of

Madhyamaka Karika but this particular Madhyamaka Karika but this particular Prasangika and Svatantrika stands were Prasangika and Svatantrika stands were pointed out at the very beginning of the pointed out at the very beginning of the

interpretations of the 1interpretations of the 1stst stanza of stanza of Madhyamaka Karika Madhyamaka Karika

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►Na svato na pi paratoNa svato na pi parato

Na dvabhyam napyahetutahNa dvabhyam napyahetutah

Uppanna jatu vidyanteUppanna jatu vidyante

BhavaH Kvacana KecaBhavaH Kvacana Keca

(Things are not bone itself, not by (Things are not bone itself, not by others,others,

not by both itself, not without a cause).not by both itself, not without a cause).

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►This interpretation is Prasangika. But This interpretation is Prasangika. But for the Bhavaviveka this is not enough, for the Bhavaviveka this is not enough, but put forward his own example.but put forward his own example.

►3.The third instances of the 3.The third instances of the development of Madhyamaka development of Madhyamaka philosophy is the writng philosophy is the writng comentary to the Madhyamaka comentary to the Madhyamaka Karika by candakirti Thera.Karika by candakirti Thera.

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►Prasannapada is the Candrakirti Theras Prasannapada is the Candrakirti Theras commentary. This is the only commentary commentary. This is the only commentary remaining among other 4 commentaries remaining among other 4 commentaries in Sanskrit language. By this commentary in Sanskrit language. By this commentary candrakirti thera presents the prasangika candrakirti thera presents the prasangika theory of Buddhapalita. Candrakirti Theratheory of Buddhapalita. Candrakirti Thera

presents long comment on the 1presents long comment on the 1stst sloka of sloka of

the Madhyamaka karika. By that hethe Madhyamaka karika. By that he

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► He criticizes the Swatantrika theory ofHe criticizes the Swatantrika theory of

Bhavaviveka. Candrakirti says the Prasangika Bhavaviveka. Candrakirti says the Prasangika system is the proper system to realize the system is the proper system to realize the Madhyamaka methodology. This has become Madhyamaka methodology. This has become a major system of interpritationa major system of interpritation

in Tibet and Mongolia. Shantideva pada who in Tibet and Mongolia. Shantideva pada who

wrote Bodhicaryavatara and Siksasamuccayawrote Bodhicaryavatara and Siksasamuccaya

was also a follower of Prasangika system was also a follower of Prasangika system approved approved

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Madhyamaka philosophyMadhyamaka philosophy

►Candrakirti Thera. T.R.V.Murti says a true Candrakirti Thera. T.R.V.Murti says a true

Madhyamaka does not have to interpret Madhyamaka does not have to interpret anything by a proposition or to put forward anything by a proposition or to put forward examples to prove anything. His only workexamples to prove anything. His only work

is to refute the opponent’s view by his ownis to refute the opponent’s view by his own

facts. Candrakirti thera tells us that facts. Candrakirti thera tells us that Buddhapalita thera put forward this Buddhapalita thera put forward this Prasangika interpretation.Prasangika interpretation.

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Madhyamaka philosophyMadhyamaka philosophy

►4 The Last phase of the development 4 The Last phase of the development of the Madhyamaka Philosophy lies on of the Madhyamaka Philosophy lies on Santaraksita and Kamalasila.Santaraksita and Kamalasila. The The philosophy of these teachers have been philosophy of these teachers have been accepted as a mixture of Madhyamaka and accepted as a mixture of Madhyamaka and yogacara systems. These two teachers yogacara systems. These two teachers were the pioneers of introduction were the pioneers of introduction Buddhism to Tibet.Therefore Tibetan Buddhism to Tibet.Therefore Tibetan teachers carefully studied the works of teachers carefully studied the works of these two teachers.these two teachers.

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►Therefore these two were named by Therefore these two were named by those Tibetan teachers as Yogacara- those Tibetan teachers as Yogacara- MadhyamakaMadhyamaka

teachers. Tatvasangraha was the first teachers. Tatvasangraha was the first book of Santaraksita. This is an extensive book of Santaraksita. This is an extensive analysis of Madhyamaka philosophy and analysis of Madhyamaka philosophy and Buddhist thought. This book is similar to Buddhist thought. This book is similar to Mula Madhyamaka karika of Nagarjuna. Mula Madhyamaka karika of Nagarjuna. As same as the Madhyamaka Karika in As same as the Madhyamaka Karika in Tatvasamgraha also chapters have beenTatvasamgraha also chapters have been

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Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►Named as Pariksa. But in this book Named as Pariksa. But in this book Santaraksita held an Idealistic stand on Santaraksita held an Idealistic stand on empirical reality and accepted momentaryempirical reality and accepted momentary

theory (Ksanavada) and self-characteristic theory (Ksanavada) and self-characteristic ofof

Sautrantika. Therefore Tibetan teachersSautrantika. Therefore Tibetan teachers

identification these two teachers as identification these two teachers as Sautrantika-Vijanavadi-Madhyamaka isSautrantika-Vijanavadi-Madhyamaka is

justifiable. Kamalasila thera has written justifiable. Kamalasila thera has written

Page 42: Development of Madhyamaka Philosophy Arya Nagarjuna and Madhyamaka philosophy

Madhyamaka PhilosophyMadhyamaka Philosophy

►Madhyamakaloka and Bhavanakrama. Madhyamakaloka and Bhavanakrama. As to the methodology followed to As to the methodology followed to write those books, these books are write those books, these books are similar to the books of Santaraksita. similar to the books of Santaraksita. The other teachers who followed this The other teachers who followed this methodology were Jnanagarbha, Sri methodology were Jnanagarbha, Sri Gupta, Vimuktisena, and Harbhadra.Gupta, Vimuktisena, and Harbhadra.


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