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SOLAR PV DC ENGINEERING CONCEPTS

Prabhuraj HarakangiBE(E&E), M.Tech – Energy Systems

prabhu@glentec-eso.com

+91 8147814995

II Om Bhaskaraye Vidmahe Divakraraye Dheemahi Tanno Suryah Prachodayat II 

Types OF Solar PV SYSTEMS :

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Stand alone system

Solar VFD System

OFF Grid / Hybrid System

On Grid / Grid Tied System:

1) Net Metering (IMPORT - EXPORT)

2) Captive Consumption

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Net Metering (IMPORT - EXPORT) :

AC

L

OA

DS

Grid Supply

Solar PV Plant Grid Tied Inverter

UPSEM

BUS BAR

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The solar modules generate DC electricity. The DC power goes through a Solar

ON Grid Inverter

Solar Grid Tied Inverter: performs the conversion of the variable DC output into

a clean sinusoidal AC power

Inverter output connected to Bus Bar (Distribution Panel)

The Solar Current will be given lead angle in synchronization process and it will

be forcefully injected into the bus bar

Protections :

DC Side modules will be given with SPD, DC Dis-connector Switch which will

protect the Solar System

For all kinds of faults the Solar Inverter will react first and ISOLATE itself from

the system in Microseconds of time – ANTI ISLANDING

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Advantages :

Simple and Safe systems which gives Direct Savings and Revenue

Load Independent system

Most Efficient System, Very Least Losses & Maintenance Free System

25 years of Guaranteed Generation with faster Payback Period

1kW of Solar Power Plant Generates 5.5Units of Electricity per Day

Accelerated Depreciation on the Investment

Limitations:

No Back up will be given from the system, since solar power directly utilized

Stable Grid is a must

Infrastructure problem

Policy from Govt is required

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Captive Consumption System : A

C

LO

AD

SDG

Grid

Grid Tied Inevrter

AMFD

UPS

Solar PV Plant

BUS BAR

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Working Principle: SYNCHRONISATION

Feed: Least Resistive Path

Profit: Direct Savings on Electricity Bills, Save more when synchronized with

Diesel Generator

Prerequisites:

Detailed Site Analysis

Detailed Load Analysis

DG Rating and Health of DG

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Detailed Site Analysis :

Location: State, Country with Latitude and Longitude

Shadow free area available: …………….. Sq meters

North to South: ………meters East to West : ……………….. meters

Type of Roof : Flat Roof or Tilt Roof

If Flat Roof : RCC or any other

If Tilted : Metal Sheet, Asbestos Sheet, RCC roof or any other

Tilt Face south to north or east to west and Tilt Angle:

Obstacles: Cement Columns, AC Fan Units , Chiller Units

and other if any - Height of Obstacle

Attachments: Google Map, Layout of Site or Photo of Site

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Name Shape TypeNumberof Points

Area(Sq Meters)

Perimeter/ Length(Meters)

Centroid/ Mid-Point(Degrees)

AREA 1 Polygon 4 3,152.0951 257.0110 18.0906738°, 073.9988409°

AREA 4 Polygon 4 1,810.8342 221.3670 18.0906385°, 073.9985618° TOTAL AREA 4,962.9293

Google earth for AREA :

Marking the polygon points on google earth and importing it in earthpoint.us

website to find out the area

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Marking site using GPS Machine:

Garmin GPS Unit – Etrex 20: Imported to Base Camp, Map Source and

Google Earth for detailed location analysis – Area, Distance, Elevation

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Meteonorm database:

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PV Syst Challenges:

PV Syst Challenges:

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Double orientation

Voltage mis-match,

higher losses

Single orientation

Less losses, Multiple

MPPT option

Vertical stringing

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Tlit Angle :

Tilt angle is equal to Latitude

Losses due to Tilt Angle

Lower Latitude advantages

Super structure concept

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Structure Types:

Structure Types:

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Sources of Energy :

Electricity Board :Contract Demand -kVA, Peak Load - kVA

Diesel Generator : Rating - kVA (Make and Life inYears)

Other Sources: Please specify with details

Load and Consumption Details :

Load type : 1 Phase or 3 Phase

Type of Loads : Mention Type of Machines and Equipments used

Operating Hours : Hours and …… am to…..pm (if Load works in 2 or

3 Shifts, weekly holidays)

Consumption : ………….Units (Average of last six months)

Detailed Electrical Survey:

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Case Study in absence of DG:

DG of 125kVA – 100kW Minimum 30% Load on DG : 30kW for safe and healthy operation

LOAD SOLAR RESULT COMMENTS

100kW 50kW SUCCESS Remaining will be supplied by DG

100kW 70kW SUCCESS DG operates at exactly 30% Load

100kW 80kW FAILURE DG is unsafe, DG synchronize but may supply at High Frequency and Inverter out of Sync

100kW 120kW FAILURE Reverse feeding from Solar to DG, DG will trip. No synchronization – Total Block out

Possible Solutions: Proper Solar PV capacity selection Alternate energy storage: Automatic Response Devices or PLC’s Compressed air technology using VFD’s instead of Battery and Fuel Cells

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Inverter Selection:

Inverter types: Central Inverters and String Inverters

Possibility of breakdown and Cost difference

Inverter Voltage Range

Inverter Efficiency curve with Power

Inverter Efficiency curve with Voltage

Protection devices availability: DC Fuses, DC dis connector, SPD

Number of MPPT’s and inputs

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Protection Devices:

IP 65 Box

BLOCKING DIODE:

DC Fuses

SPD or MOV (T-MOV):

Lightning Arrestor

Earthing

DC dis connector

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Communication Details:

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