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Introduction

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Chitin (C8 H13 O5 N

)n

is most important natural polysaccharidethat found in the exoskeleton of insects,crustaceans shells or incell walls fungi.

The term chitin comes from Greek; it means that envelope

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon

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Chitin is a polysaccharide ; it is synthesizedfrom units of N-acetyl-D-glucos-2-amine.

Chitin may therefore be described ascellulose with one hydroxyl group oneach monomer substituted with anacetyl amine group.

These units form covalent -1,4 linkages(similar to the linkages between glucose unitsforming cellulose ).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide

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each monomer substituted with an acetylamine group. This allows for increasedhydrogen bonding between adjacent polymers ,giving the chitin-polymer matrix increased

strength

Off-white, innocuous, flavourlesssemitransparent and amorphoussolid. Insoluble in water, dilute acid.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bondinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bondinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomer

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In many respects,chitin plays an analogous role to collagen inthe higher animals and cellulose in terrestrial plants .

Collagen

Cellulose

Chitin

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In its unmodified form, chitin istranslucent, pliable, resilient and quitetough.

In arthropods , however, it is oftenmodified, becoming embedded in ahardened proteinaceous matrix, whichforms much of the exoskeleton .

In its pure form it is leathery, but whenencrusted in calcium carbonate itbecomes much harder.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoskeletonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoskeletonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod

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Depending upon its crystalline structure ,chitin exists inseveral forms with each their specific properties.Three of these forms are , and -chitin .

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-Chitin is extracted from shrimp or crab shells and has an anti parallel structure with strong intermolecular hydrogen bridge.

-Chitin is extracted from squid or loligo pens and exhibit weaker intermolecular hydrogen bonding due to parallel arrangement othe polymer chains.

-Chitin has limited source and intermediate hydrogen bonding.

Utilazation of the chitin is very difficult , because of itsinsolubility in water and many commercial solvents.

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Uses

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Industrial :water purification ,acts as a binder in dyes, fabrics, and adhesivesProcesses to size and strengthen paper employchitin.

Medicine:

flexible and strong material make it favorableas surgical thread .a role in a possible pathway in human allergicdisease.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_suturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_suturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification

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Chitin have anti-bacterial and anti-viral propertiesthat have led to them being used as wounddressings, surgical sutures and in cataract surgeryand Periodontal disease and burns treatment.

Agriculturea good inductor for defense mechanisms in plants.

tested as a fertilizer that can help plants develop.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory

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healthy immune responses, and have a muchbetter yield and life expectancy.

Cosmetics:Chitin and chitosan are non-toxic and non-allergenic which means that the body won'treject them as foreign invaders; hence theycan be used in the production of emulsifiers,anti-static agents and emollients to extend the

cosmetic product shelf life.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune

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Food Industry Chitin can be used to recover proteins fromfood processing wastes to be used in animalfood production. Mycrocrystalline Chitin (MCC)

has been used as a thickening/gelling agent inthe binding, stabilising and texturing of food.

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T A N H Y O U