ganga & brahmaputra

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Dept. of Fisheries Resources and Management College of Fisheries, KVAFSU Mangalore-575002 Biodiversity of Ganga River

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Page 1: Ganga & brahmaputra

Dept. of Fisheries Resources and Management

College of Fisheries, KVAFSU Mangalore-575002

Biodiversity of Ganga River

Page 2: Ganga & brahmaputra

The Ganga river system(total length 8,047 Km)

The Ganga is a major river of the Indian

subcontinent rising in the Himalaya Mountains and flowing about 2,525 km.

Page 3: Ganga & brahmaputra

Basic Information about the Ganges River of India

Total Length of River Ganges 2,525 Kms (1,560 miles)

Average depth of Ganga River 52 Feet (maximum depth, 100 feet)

Place of Origin of Ganga River Foot of Gangotri Glacier

Area drained by Ganges River 1,000,000 Square Kilo meters (10 Lak)

Major Tributaries of Ganges Yamuna, Son, Kosi, Gandak, Gomati, Ghaghara, Bhagirathi etc...

Cities on the bank of Ganges Kanpur, Soron, Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna, Ghazipur, Bhagalpur, Mirzapur, Buxar, Saidpur etc...

Reverine Res. 450000km 15,

45

Page 4: Ganga & brahmaputra

• 15- Major rivers- Catchments >20,000 km2 • 45 - Medium rivers - Catchments >2000 to 20,000 km2• Innumerable small rivers and desert streams

1.Himalayan river system –(Ganga, Indus & Brahmaputra)

2.Peninsular river system (East & west coast river system)

The river system of the country comprises:

The major river systems of India on basis of drainage- broadly divided into;

Page 5: Ganga & brahmaputra

The main channel carries its maximum volume of water during July –September at flow rates between 40,000 and 50,000 m3/second.

But in winter and summer months-dwindled to about 3,000 m3/second

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Profile of Ganga River System

River system

Name of main river

Approximate length (km)

state

G

A

N

G

A

Ganga 2,525 Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, west Bengal

Ramganga 569 Uttar Pradesh

Gomti 940 Uttar Pradesh

Ghaghra 1,080 Uttar Pradesh, Bihar

Gandak 300 Bihar

Kosi 492 Bihar

Yamuna 1,376 Punjab, Hariyana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh

Chambal 1,080 Madya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan

Tons 264 Uttar Pradesh

Son 784 Uttar Pradesh

ken 360 Madya Pradesh

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Sub-Stretches of The Ganga River

Upper Ganga; Gangotri to Haridwar

UG-1. Gangotri -Gangnani (35.4 km) UG-2. Gangnani-Devprayag (145.8 km) UG-3. Dev Prayag-Haridwar (84.88 km)

Middle Ganga; Haridwar to Varanasi

MG-1. Haridwar-Bijnor (77.39 km)MG-2. Bijnor-Narora (156.45 km) MG-3. Narora-Fatehgarh (185 km) MG-4. Fatehgarh-Allahabad (331 km) MG-5. Allahabad-Varanasi (144 km)

Lower Ganga; Varanasi to Ganga Sagar

LG-1. Varanasi-Patna (253 km) LG-2. Patna-Bhagalpur (234 km) LG-3. Bhagalpur-Farakka (154 km) LG-4. Farakka-Ganga Sagar (98 km)

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Habitat For The Fishes

Upper Ganga:

The river in the upper reach flows on steep bed and narrow terrain. The substrate is mostly rocks, boulders and stones The water is very cold (ice melt) having turbulent flow under high velocities sometimes up to 2.0-3.0 m/sec Rapids are the major habitat followed by deep pools and riffles The water is pristine or near pristine with little or no pollution

Middle Ganga:

River bed is wide with extensive flood plains, meandering streams on sand and pebbles The temperatures of water are moderate and velocities low 20-30 cm/sec

Lower Ganga:

The river in lower reach has problems of sediment load, flooding and silt deposition through a meandering water course The flows are comparatively more after the confluence of major tributaries The substrate is usually of silt over sand and accumulation of degrading organic matter

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Biological Communities – Diversity

Major categories

Ecological groups

Taxonomic categories

Name of organisms

Plant materials

PhytoplanktonPhytobenthos

Chlorophyceae Euglena, Volvox, Chlamydomonas, Closterium Spirogyra, Microspora, Ulothrix, Hydrodictyon, Cladophora, Stigeoclonium, Schizogonium

Bacillariophyceae Fragilaria, Cymbella, Navicula, Nitzschia, Gomphonema, Surirella, Synedra, Diatoma, Amphora, Hantzschia, Tabellaria, Stauroneis, Coconeis, Ceratoneis, Neidium, Rhoicosphenia, Pinnularia

Cyanophyceae Nostoc, Anabena, Oscillatoria, Rivularia

Plants parts Aquatic weeds Uticularia, Hydrilla, Vallisnaria, Aquatic ferns, mosses

Leaves, twig, wood

Pieces and particles, fibres of higher plants

Animal materials

Zooplankton Protozoans Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium, Colpidium, Arcella, Zoogloea

Rotifera Ascomorpha, Asplanchna, Trichocera, Philodina, Lacane, keratella, Brachionus, Notholca, Polyarthra

Copepoda Cyclops, Diaptomus and their larval forms.

Cladocera Daphnia, Bosmania, Mesocyclops, Nauplius, Ceriodaphnia and larval forms

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Zoobenthos Plecoptera (nymph of stone flies)

Pereinella, Arcynopteryx, Isoperla, Aeronuria, Nemoura, Atoperla

Odonata (nymphs of dragon flies)

Argia, Corixa, Octogomphus, Epicordula, Perogomphus, Enallagma

Ephemeroptera (mayfly, nymphs)

Baetidae, Caenidae, Ephemerillidae, Heptageniidae, Leptophlebiidae, Neoephemeridae

Trichoptera (caddis larvae)

Hydropsychidae, Brachycentridae, Polycentropodidae, Glossosomatidae, Limnephilidae, Helicopsychidae, Hydroptilidae, Leptoceridae, Limnephilidae, Rhyacophilidae

Diptera Muscidae, Syrphidae,Tipulide, Limoniidae, Athericidae, Chironomidae, Culicidae, Dixidae, Heleidae, Simuliidae, Tabanidae

Others Nymphal stages of water beetles and waters bugs

Coleoptera (water beetles)

Sternolophus, Dianous, Helochares, Promoresia, Lacobin, Paracymus, Gyramus, Prephynus, Coelostoma, Dysticus, Potamonectes, Hydracna

Hemiptera (water bugs)

Micronocta, Helocoris, Lactotrephos, Corexia, Gerris etc.

Others Some molluscs (Neliosoma, Musculium, Physa, Macrobranchium), nouroptoranflios, water scorpions and water mites.

Nekton Small sized fishes, larvae, fry and fingerlings of fishes (during food stress may be used as food by the large sized specimens or as usual diet for piscivorous fishes), amphibian tadpole as well as small sized higher vertebrates which find their way accidentally in the streams.

Parts of animal body

Fins, scales, bone pieces and teeth of aquatic vertebrates, parts of exoskeleton of arthropoda, pieces of molluscan shells.

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 Categories Species Genus Families

(a) No. of fish from fresh water (UG-1 to LG-3) 189 80 28

(b) No. of fish from brackish waters (LG-4) 156 119 67

(c) Common fin fishes 13 9 7

Total 358 208 102

Ganga river supports a large number of endemic and exotic species of fishes.The 265 species in inland fresh waters and waters of Hooghly estuary were reported.

The compilation of records from other reports, research papers and dissertations and theses of academic institutes add up to 358

FISH DIVERSITY OF THE GANGA RIVER

Vass et al. (2008)

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COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT FISHES

Important Fishes Of Hooghly EstuaryTenualosa (Hilsa) ilishaPolynemus paradiseus

P. parsiaP. pama

P. CalcariferP. Indicus

Harpodon neherusSetipinna phasaTrichiursus spp

Scianna biauritusIlisha elongata

Tachysurus jellaStromateus cinereus

(A).Indian Major carpsCirrhina mrigalaCatla catlaLabeo rohitaL. calbasu

(B).Other CarpsLabeo pangusia L. bataL. deroCirrhina reba

(C). Large cat fishesSperata aorS. seenghalaSilonia silondiaWallaga attuPangasius pangasiusBagarius bagariusRita rita

(D) Other cat fishesClupisoma garuaEutropiichthys vachaAilia coilaOmpok bimaculatusOmpak pabda

(E).ClupeoidesHilsa ilishaSetipinna phasaGudusia chapra

(F).Feather backsNotopterus notopterusC. chitala

(G).Exotic and other fishesCyprinus carpio*Oreochromis niloticus*Aristichthys nobilis* (Stray catch)Ctenopharyngodon idella* (Stray catch)

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix* (Stray catch)Clarias gariepinus* (Stray catch)Puntius sophoreP.conchoniusChanna punctataC. Marulia

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The commercial value fishes includes:1.Prized Gangetic carps2.Large catfishes3.Featherbacks4.Murrels

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Major Carps Cat Fishes

Hooghly Estuary Fishes

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Mystus dibrugarensis

Parambassis lala

Arius maculatus

Rasbora rasbora

Badis badis

Page 17: Ganga & brahmaputra

Schizothorax progastus Salmophasia bacaila

Labeo pangusia Danio rerio Labeo boga

Barilius tileo

Barilius vagra

Bangana ariza

Barilius barna

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Diversity In The Upper GangaThe sub stretch Gangotri to Gangnani is no Fish zoneThe river continuum is disturbed between Gangnani and

Devprayag due to multiple hydroelectric projects. The reach between Gangnani to Devprayag is inhabited

by carps. The most typical being Trouts, Schizothorax (7sp) and Garra (3sp), Barillius, Nemachilus, Glyptothorax

From Devprayag to Haridwar a few species of Mahaseer (Tor tor, T. putitora), a few catfishes and Clupeoides make their appearance. Mahaseer (Tor sp) is the most characteristic species of

the reach

Ganga River at Maneri Bhali I

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Diversity In Middle GangaAs per records 138 species belonging to 69 genus and 26 families have been reportedCyprinidae is the largest group with 39 species which include commercial major carps and other minor carpsThe reach shows decline of carps and increase in catfishes and forage fishes

Family MG -1 MG-2 MG-3 MG-4 MG-5Scheilbedae 1 1 2 5 2Amblyceptidae 1 - - - -Cyprinidae 39 16 28 11 22Anabontidae 6 - - 1 5Sissoridae 4 1 - 2 3Cobitidae 4 5 3 2 3Chandidae 4 3 6 7 6Notopteridae 2 2 2 2 2Clupeidae - 1 - 2 3Bagridae 3 7 7 9 7Mugillidae 1 1 1 - 2Siluridae - 1 5 3 -Total 65 38 54 44 55

The Distribution of Fishes in the Middle Ganga

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Diversity In Lower Ganga

The zone sustains-101 species belonging to 25 families77 genra.

The most important groups like in middle Ganga are Cyprinidae which includes 34 species

The characteristic group of fishes in the zone is the major carps and large catfishes and other Catfishes, Clupeiods and Featherbacks

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Diversity (Hooghly-Matlah Estuary)

Hooghly Maltah estuary is the largest estuary spanning to about 0.8 million ha

The fresh water system is represented by Hooghly river and its tributary Rupnaryan and many estuarine distributaries and creeks. The Hooghly-Matlah estuary is known for its faunastic richness

The fauna represented by 156 species in 119 genra and 67 families, which is evidenced by annual catch of about 40,000 tons.

The estuary is big which is influenced by 290 km by tidal influence

It is believed that the ecology of the Hooghly estuary has significantly changed after commissioning of Farakka barrage in 1975

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Marine species migrating upstream and spawning in fresh water areas of the estuaries like

Tenualosa (Hilsa) Ilisha, Polynemus paracliseus, Sillago panijus Pama pama

Fresh water species which spawn in saline areas viz. Pangasius pangasius Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Marine forms coming into saline zones of the estuary for breeding like

Tachysurus jella, Osteogeniosos militaris, Polynemus indicus and Eleutherosema tetradactylum.

THE SPECIES COMPOSITION CAN BE GRADED INTO THREE GROUPS

Page 23: Ganga & brahmaputra

Fishing Gears

Hook and line is the main gear in the upper most stretch where no organized fisheries exist.

Since game fishes exist in the reach, the only possibility is angling

The variously designed gears are used to suit local conditions such as depth of water, water velocity and type of fish to be caught.

Dragnets (major and minor), Gill nets, purse net, scoop net, cast nets, set barriers, traps, are normally used in fresh water stretches

In estuaries system, sine nets, purse nets, drift nets, lift nets, cast nets, bag nets, set gillnets, set barrier nets and traps are used

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On an average fish yield has fluctuated in the stretch between a high of 230 tonnes to a low of 12.74 tonnes during 1958-1995.

But major carps – 83.5 kg/ha/yr to 2.55 kg/ha/yr during 1958-1995

Decades Catch/km1950s 1,3441960s 1,1681970s 5291980s 6651990s 3332000s 362

The average catches from Ganga river system at Allahabad in different decades made by CIFRI

- Annual report CIFRI,2008

Page 26: Ganga & brahmaputra

Pollution and Toxicity:

More than -29 cities-70 towns-Thousands of

villages

Situated along the banks of the Ganga

Estimated

260 million lit of Industrial wastes dumped into the Ganga

Nearly all of their sewage - over 1.3 billion L/d goes directly into the river

- Organic waste- Sewage- Solid waste- Human and Animal remains

The majority of the pollution of Ganga is

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Pharmaceutical companies Electronics plants Textile and paper Industry Tanneries Fertilizers manufacturers oil refineries

The major polluting industries are:

- Hydrochloric acid- Heavy metals (mainly chromium from leather

Industry )- Bleaches- Dyes- Pesticides

The hazardous waste includes from these industries are-

There are also coal washeries and thermal power plants discharging there untreated solid and liquid wastes into river

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The domestic sewage discharge was estimated as 1,528.1 million m3

Generating BOD load of 2,504 million kg/day

Agricultural drains waste to the tune of 134.84 million m3.

The discharge from various industries into Ganga in early 1980’s has been estimated as BOD load of 1.166 million kg/day

Nitrogen(N2) – 8,87,333 tonnes phosphate (PO4) – 1,37,445 tonnes Potassium (K) – 91,247 tonnes

Fertilizers used in agricultural activities were release annually:

But now

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The river supports copious biological growth in the form of phyto, zooplankton, phtyo, zoobenthos and other higher forms including fish.

The fresh water fish population from Gangnani to Farakka is represented by 189 species under 80 genera and 278 families Osteichthys.

The Hooghly-Maltah estuary is represented by 156 species and 67 families and 13 species and 6 families of common fin fishes (chondrichthys).

35 species from fresh water and 13 species from Hooghly estuary have commercial importance.

Major and minor drag nets are most commonly used as commercial fishing gears. Others nets being used are castnets, scoopnets, traps, trawls and parse nets.

SUMMARY

Page 33: Ganga & brahmaputra

Trout and Mahseer are the most important Devprayag and Mahseer between Devprayag and Haridwar.

Exotic-species have started competing with carps especially in lower Ganga downstream of Allahabad.

There is a remarkable reduction in the production capacity of fresh water fishes, attributed mainly due to anthropogenic activities viz.

Flow interception due to large hydro-electric projects in upper GangaAbstraction of large quantities of water for irrigation in the form of canals (Upper

Madhya and Lower Ganga canals).Increase of pollution load from urban areas along the river (domestic, industrial,

treated and untreated).Increase in the sediment load due to deforestation.

Fishing in Ganga is not regulated. There is excessive netting in certain areas. Exploitation of fries and finger lings of major carps by indiscriminate netting is also rampant.

SUMMARY

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References * Ayyapan.S, 2011,Handbook of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Riverine fisheries, pp 169-207.

* Ray.P,1998 Ecological imbalance of the Ganga river system, Its impact on Aquaculture, Ecological imbalance of Ganga, pp. 51-50.

* Jhingran, V.G. (1991), Fish and Fisheries of India, Riverine fisheries of India, pp 68-165.

* http://www.cifri.ernet.in/p1.pdf(Das, M. K., Samanta, S. & Saha, P. K. 2007. Riverine. Health and Impact on Fisheries in India. Policy Paper. No. 01, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute)

* http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?277355

* www.gits4u.com/water/ganga.htm

* http://iucncsg.org/ph1/modules/Publications/newsletter/csgnews231.pdf

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_of_the_Ganges

* www.terragalleria.com/photos/?keyword=ganga-river

* en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges

* www.prokerala.com › Maps › India Maps Index

* www.dayabooks.com/pages/8170351952.htm (Ecological Imbalance of the Ganga River System)

* http://www.ecofriends.org/main/eganga/images/Critical%20analysis%20of%20GAP.pdf

* http://www.slideshare.net/guest471c677/impact-of-climate-change-on-ganga-river-basin

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_of_the_Ganges

* http://gangapedia.iitk.ac.in/?q=content/book-title-human-impact-ganga-river-ecosystem

* http://www.who.int/entity/water_sanitation_health/resourcesquality/wpccasestudy1.pdf

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THANK YOU