gondi-english-telugu-hindi a4 dictionary (march 2005)

Gondi Dictionary

Gondi English Hindi Telugu

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and Semantic Category Listing

Gondi DictionaryGondi English Hindi Telugu with English Gondi (Telugu script) Telugu Gondi (Telugu script) Hindi Gondi (Devanagari script) and Semantic Category Listing

First Published: March 2005 Copies: 1000 Compiled by: Mark Penny Joanna Penny Pendur Durnath Rao Publishers: Integrated Tribal Development Agency Utnoor, Adilabad District, Andhra Pradesh Images: Courtesy of Asha Kiran Society, Lamtaput, Koraput, Orissa. Copyright: This compilation copyright 2005. Anyone is permitted to copy and distribute copies of this text or any portion of this text. It may be incorporated in a larger work, and/or quoted from, stored in a database retrieval system, photocopied, reprinted or otherwise duplicated by anyone without prior notification, permission, compensation to the holder, or any other restrictions. All rights to this text are released to everyone and no one can reduce these rights at any time.

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IntroductionThe Gondi spoken in Adilabad District of Andhra Pradesh, India, (commonly referred to as Koyang) is spoken by approximately 185,000 Gonds, or Koitor as they call themselves. Though written here in the Telugu script, one can clearly see that the Gondi language is very distinct from Telugu. An interesting feature of this variety of Gondi is the high level of borrowing from the neighbouring Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi and Marathi. We have yet to come across a comprehensive Gondi dictionary in the regional script (Telugu) which could be used in schools, to encourage local writers to be more actively involved in committing their cultural stories, beliefs, and local history to paper, and to encourage development of literature in Gondi. However, more than 30 years ago, two scholars worked on the grammar of this dialect of Gondi: Dr. Neville John Lincoln, Cornell University, wrote A Descriptive Analysis of the Adilabad Dialect of Gondi and Dr. P. S. Subrahmanyam, Annamalai University, wrote A Descriptive Grammar of Gondi. This dictionary is based on, but not limited to, the wordlists contained in these two publications. In addition, hundreds of example sentences with their meaning translated into English have been added to illustrate usage of the language. The final section shows the entries sorted by semantic domain (e.g. plants, animals, occupations, actions, parts of the body, home, relation) which is an invaluable resource. We are very much aware of the limitations of this first edition and welcome feedback and corrections. It is our intention to continue working on this resource: to increase the number of entries especially including words that are unique to the Gondi language and culture; to have more example sentences; to add Gond-specific pictures; to fill in the missing Hindi and Telugu entries; and to correct the occasional wrongly translated sense. A website containing the complete dictionary, along with a downloadable interactive version containing photos and audio clips, is also planned. Our hope and prayer is that this dictionary will be an important step toward long-term Gondi language and culture preservation which should go hand in hand with development and modernisation in the region. Mark and Joanna Penny with Pendur Durnath Rao Mancherial, Adilabad, A.P., India. 5th March 2005

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Foreword

FOREWORD Gonds of Adilabad have been inheritors of a splendidly rich cultural heritage. Language plays a vital role in preserving the cultural heritage for posterity. Gondi dialect of the Adilabad variety is spoken by nearly 2 lakh Gonds of Adilabad. Though there is no Gondi script as such, attempts are underway to evolve a Gondi script. In order to further develop and enrich the dialect, a dictionary of Gondi English Hindi Telugu has been a long felt need. The present work has been a commendable effort to address this long felt need. This work is indeed an effort worthy of rich commendation. It would indeed go a long way in mainstreaming the Gondi language. It is an enduring contribution to the Gondi culture and is a significant step forward in the direction of preservation of Gondi language and culture. I hope the work gets further expanded and more and more words get added to it. I heartily congratulate Mr. Mark Penny who has endeavoured to compile this dictionary. I hope it would be of immense use to Gondis and also to other connoisseurs of Gondi dialect.

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Acknowledgement .

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We would like to express our thanks to Benny and Mary Kurian for introducing us to the Gondi language and making us aware of the need for language development in the region. Many people have helped prepare this Gondi (Koya) dictionary. Having gone from village to village the words were checked. Even the villagers themselves have helped with this work. In addition, Dr. Thodasam Chandu, Shri Mesram Somji, Shri Arka Manik Rao, Shri Mesram Manohar, Shri Sidam Arju and Shri Chahkati Dasru have all contributed to the words in this dictionary. This dictionary has not come about by the work of one person. In order to prepare it, all these people have helped. To all of you a hearty thank you! Shri V. Sheshadri (I.A.S.), Project Officer, I.T.D.A. Utnoor, is very understanding towards the tribal people. He has been very pleased about the preparation of a Gondi dictionary for the Gondi community. The Gondi community will never forget this Project Officer. He has made it possible to publish the Gondi dictionary. A hearty thank you to our Project Officer, Sheshadri saab!

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About the compilersThis dictionary was developed, typed and checked by Mr. Mark Penny, Mrs. Joanna Penny and Mr. Pendur Durnath Rao. They happily do this work on behalf of the Gondi community. Mr. Mark Penny was born in Ranchi (Bihar, India) on 29 November 1970. He completed his schooling in Bihar, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. In England he gained a Computer Engineering degree, and later worked in computing at the headquarters of a major bank. Mrs. Joanna Penny was born in Christchurch, New Zealand on 26 February 1972. She completed her M.A. in Linguistics in England in 1995. They were married in New Zealand. After their marriage they both completed a Diploma in Applied Linguistics in Australia. In 1999 they returned to India with S.I.L. International to do linguistic related computing work. Mark instructs courses for specialized linguistic software training in Bangalore, Hyderabad and Nasik. Joanna specializes in Grammar. In 2003, they came to Adilabad district of Andhra Pradesh to learn the Gondi language and to help advance the work of producing Gondi books such as this dictionary. They presently live in Mancherial, Adilabad District, with their two daughters, Abigail and Priya. Mr. Pendur Durnath Rao, son of Motiram, of Bheemuguda (Dubbaguda), was born on 09 July 1982. His (late) father was a farmer. When he was small he used to walk 3 kilometers to go to school. Then his father enrolled him at the Government Ashram school. The children lived there together. From the 3rd class right up until class 10 he studied at the Marlawai Ashram School. He then studied at a private college in Adilabad. Later, at the I.T.I in Utnoor, he completed a Diploma in Stenography. He is presently enrolled at B.R. Ambedkar University, Kagaznagar. He works (very hard!) with Mr and Mrs Penny on the Gondi dictionary project. The Andhra Pradesh Goverment is currently implementing a programme through the State Education and Tribal Welfare (I.T.D.A.) Departments to teach children in schools in their own mother-tongue. Mark is involved in that programme preparing books for small children.

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Contact Information Please send any corrections, suggestions for improvement, and additional words to be included in future editions to: Mr. Mesram Manohar P.M.R.C., I.T.D.A., Utnoor Adilabad District Andhra Pradesh Pin code: 504 311 Mr. Arka Manik Rao S.C.E.R.P. School Complex Mahagaom, Sirpur (U) Adilabad District Pin code: 504 313 Mr. Pendur Durnath Rao Bheemuguda (Dubbaguda) Post, Mandal: Jainoor Adilabad District Andhra Pradesh Pin code: 504 313 or by e-mail: [email protected]

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Contents

.....................................................................................................i ................................................................................................ii Introduction ......................................................................................................iii Foreword...........................................................................................................iv ........................................................................................................v ......................................................................................................vi Acknowledgement ................................................................vii .................................................................................................. viii About the compilers .........................................................................................ix Contact Information ..........................................x Pronunciation .................................................................................xii Grammatical Abbreviations ...........................................................................xiv Gondi Grammar Sketch...................................................................................xv .......................................................................................................xx Dictionary

Gondi English Hindi Telugu ...............................................................1-88 Reverse Listing English Gondi........................................................................................89-139 .............................................................................................165-181 ..........................................................................................141-163

Semantic Category Listing .....................................................................183-258

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Pronunciation : . . ( )

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English: These are the sounds of the Gondi language, with a pronunciation guide for English speakers referring to the romanized script.

/ / / / / / /

/ / / / / / / / /

a i u e o k g ng c j

cut far hit feet put cool pet pair cot court sky good song singing chilli jug

t d n p b m y r l v s h

sty ladle adapt bath there net special bubble man yellow run leg wind sun hand

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English: These sounds are not native to Gondi, but are found in some borrowed words from Indo-Aryan languages such as Marathi and Hindi (and Sanskrit). Many of these sounds are not found in English either. Aspirated consonants (kh, gh, ch, jh, h, h, th, dh, ph, bh) are said with emphasis almost as if the h is pronounced.

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ai

buy

th thing dh ph pot bh shop pursue silk

au how kh kite gh

ch check jh newt

h top h round

k action

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Grammatical Abbreviationsadj adjl adv advl attr conj corr int n ppn ppnl ppt pron vc vi vt (sg.) (pl.) (m.) (f.) (nm.) adjective adjectival adverb adverbial attributive conjunctive correlative interjection noun postposition postpositional past adverbial participle pronoun causative verb intransitive verb transitive verb singular plural masculine (human) feminine (human) non-masculine

(prox.) proximate (nearby) (dist.) distal (further away) (incl.) inclusive (excl.) exclusive

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Gondi Grammar SketchBasic Tips for Understanding Gondi Morphology by Joanna Penny, MA Linguistics The word order in Gondi is subject, object, verb (SOV). Subjects and objects are nouns (or pronouns) which can take different suffixes which show pluralisation or case. Verbs also have suffixes marking the tense, aspect, or person to which the verb refers. A brief explanation of these suffixes follows, with examples to demonstrate how the language is used in context.

1. The Structure of the Noun1.1 Plurals There are three suffixes to indicate the plural in Gondi. g is added to nouns ending in a vowel, for example, kp pot, kpg pots; kapi cloth, kapig clothes. k is added to nouns ending in a consonant, for example, pal tooth, palk teeth; janvr animal, janvrk animals; mn fish(sg), mnk fish(pl). r is added to masculine nouns to show the plural, for example, maynal man, maynalr men, kni son, knr sons. However, there are a number of exceptions to the rule, as in menj egg, mesk eggs; rn house, rhk houses; kvi ear, kvk ears; puar flower, puak flowers. 1.2 Case Case refers to the morpheme that identifies the role of the noun. Case can be nominative (subject), accusative (object), dative (indirect object), and genetive (possessive). In Gondi the nominative case is unmarked. 1.2.1 Oblique form Before case markers and post-positions the noun takes an oblique form. For human nouns the suffix is n . For sonorant ending words (ie. l, , r, n, , v, y) the oblique suffix is d, elsewhere t is used. In r ending words the r drops and the oblique suffix becomes retroflex , or . For example, suffixn d t

regular nounbbl t mal mv ks rn sovr nr

oblique formbbn tn mald mvd kst rt sov n

meaning father fathers sister peacock deer tortoise house salt village

For plural nouns the obliques are as follows: ending nouns become n, k ending nouns become kn, and ir ending verbs remain the same for singular and plural.

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1.2.2

Possession Possession is indicated by adding the suffix a to the end of the oblique form of the noun, as in: fathers book. bbna pusak farmers bullock cart. khtidarana ksur bullock carts wheel. ksua gre

1.2.3

Case in pronouns Pronouns take a different form according to their case. The first person pronouns are presented below according to case. Nominative Accusative Dative Genetive Oblique singular nann nkun nk nva n plural (inclusive) mara mkun mk mva m (exclusive) momo mkun mk mva m

1.3

Noun Phrase Nouns occur with other words such as adjectives. The adjective is also inflected for number and gender to agree with the noun it modifies. There are two main sets of suffixes: (1) al for singular and r (masculine) or ik (non-masculine) for plural. (2) or (masculine) or a (non-masculine) for singular and er/-ur (masculine) or ag (non-masculine) for plural. An example of each is shown. singularal al or a degl maynal degl veylo persr ddl persa yni

pluralr ik er/-r a degalr maynalr deglik veylk persr ddlr persag ynig

meaning tall man/men tall woman/women big brother/brothers big elephant/elephants

Post-positions come after the noun and express relationships such as location of the noun (karum near, roppo inside), accompaniment (saga with), benefactive (si for), etc. This book is for Priya. id pustak priyan si manta He is playing with his friend. vr sptan saga karser mantr The baby girl is sleeping inside the house. moe rt roppo narumser manta

2. The Structure of the VerbVerbs are made up of several morphemes: verb stem tense/aspect marker person number gender agreement In the dictionary only the verb stems are listed, although most verbs do not occur in this form without any inflectional morphemes. The verbs are classified as transitive (vt, ie. has an object), intransitive (vi, ie. does not have an object) or causative (vc, ie. cause to do action). All the examples will be given for the verbs s- see and k- do with the first person singular ending meaning I, to enable easy comparison.

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2.1

Person-number-gender Agreement There are three sets of personal endings that are required for finite verbs. Set I occurs in the present and past tenses. Set II occurs with the imperfect tense. Set III occurs with the future tense. (See section 2.2). These suffixes indicate the person (first, second, third), number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine or non-masculine) of the subject. Even if the subject is not stated with a separate pronoun it can be deducted from this person-number-gender agreement suffix. I 1 2 3 singular plural (inclusive) plural (exclusive) singular plural singular plural singular plural-n -a -m -i -i -r -r -a -ag

II-n - -m -i -i -r -r - -

III-(n) -a -m -i -i -r/-er -r -r -

For example, the past tense (using set I, above) is expressed in the following way for the verb s- see. subjectnanna mara mommo nimme nimme (v)r (v)r ad av

objectmal-d-un mal-d-un mal-d-un mal-d-un mal-d-un mal-d-un mal-d-un mal-d-un mal-d-un

verb (stem+past+png)s-t-n s-t-a s-t-m s-t-i s-t-i s-t-r s-t-r s-t-a s-t-ag

I saw a peacock We (incl.) saw a peacock We (excl.) saw a peacock You (sg.) saw a peacock You (pl.) saw a peacock He saw a peacock They (m.) saw a peacock She/it saw a peacock They (nm.) saw a peacock

The agreement is between the pronoun (subject) and the final suffix on the verb. 2.2 Finite Verbs Finite verbs require a person-number-gender agreement suffix. 2.2.1 Present tense The present tense morpheme is nt for vowel ending verb stems and nt for consonant ending verb stems. This suffix is also used to indicate present habitual actions, as in English. I see. s-nt-n I do. k-nt-n

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The present negative tense has no morpheme (-), except when it occurs before/ as in second person agreement suffixes. s--n ky--n s-v- ky-v-

I dont see. I dont do. You dont see. You dont do.

2.2.2

Past tense The past tense morpheme is t .s-t-n k-t-n

I saw. I did.

2.2.3

Imperfect tense The suffix nd is used for vowel ending verb stems and -nd is used for consonant ending verb stems to indicate a past habitual (imperfect) action. I used to see. s-nd-n I used to do. k-nd- n

2.2.4

Future tense The future tense suffix is k.s-k-n k-k-n

I will see. I will do.

2.3

Non-finite Verbs Non-finite verbs do not require a person number gender agreement suffix.

2.3.1

Past Participle The past participle is formed by adding the suffix -s to the verb stem. When the verb stem ends in the consonants d, -j, -t, -h, -c the past participle suffix -c is used. having seen s-s having done k-s

2.3.2

Continuous aspect The continuous suffix is -sr (or -cr after d, -j, -t, -h, -c ending verb stems). on seeing s-sr on doing k-sr The continuous sense is also used with the auxiliary verb man- in past present and future tenses. I was seeing s-sr ma-tt-n I am seeing s-sr ma-nt- n I will be seeing s-sr man-k-n

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2.3.3

Gerund The suffix -m is used when a verb is nominalized. (the) seeing s-m (the) doing ky-m

2.3.4

Gerund-Actor The gerund-actor refers to the person who does the action. The suffix -vl is added to the verb stem. the one who sees, seer s-vl the one who does, doer k-vl

2.3.5

Supine The supine suffix is -l.s-l ky-l

in order to see in order to do

2.3.6

Infinitive The infinitive suffix is -.s- ky-

to see to do

2.3.7

Obligatory The obligatory suffix is -n.s-n ky-n

one should see. one should do.

2.3.8

Imperative and Prohibitive The imperative suffix - is used for commands. For most verbs this is the same as the infinitive form of the verb. The verb k- is irregular. Some verbs dont take any suffix, for example tin eat and un drink. Look!, See! s- Do (it)! k-m The prohibitive suffix -m is used when the command is negative. The plural imperative can be formed by adding the plural suffix - to the singular form. s-m (- ) Dont look! ky-m (- ) Dont do (it)!

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[ace] n. small basket. . [ait rj] n. that day. [a] adv. on that day. [andn] n. gift (of cattle such asvermilion thrown at a wedding, or on cattle (e.g. during 'laxmi pooja') in order to bless. , . Everyone throws rice on the bride and groom in the wedding shelter. , . [agaal] n. someone (nm.) or something from there. . [agga] adv-ppn. there. . . [agr] n. man from there. . This man is from there. . [a] n. elder brother's wife. . [achandral] adj. night-blind. . See: . [accr] pron. that much, that many (nm.). . [acc ropp] adv. meanwhile. [acvr] pron. that many (m.). - [aja-buja] See: - . [ajk] adv. even now. - [a-] vt. to cook. . [aval yr] vc. water for cooking. . [at yr] n. boiled (cooked) water. . To cook food we boil water. . [aval rn] n. cooking house. . - - [ak-k-] vt. to hang. .

[aksdg] n. rice mixed with

cows, goats or buffaloes) for marriage usually from the bride's parents to the couple. , . It is called * when a father and mother give goats and cows to their daughter (for marriage). , . See: . - [and-] vt. to reach. . [andryl] adj. night-blind. . He who cannot see at night is called *. . See: . [abai] n. rosella. (- ) [akurpk (-mahin)] n. month 6 of the Gond year (AugustSeptember). [akkl] n. wisdom. .

[akk] n. maternal grandfather. . [akr] num. eleven. . .

Gondi - English Hindi Telugu

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[acls] num. forty-eight. . [ast] num. sixty-eight. . [ahatar] num. seventy-eight. . [athvan] num. fifty-eight. . . [athvs] num. twenty-eight. . [aynov] num. ninety-eight. . [ayns] num. eighty-eight. . [ar] num. eighteen. . [a] n. shelter. . [aic] . [aus] See: . num. sixtyeight. . [aets] num. thirty-eight. . [aam] adv. across. . . While going on the road, a snake came across. . [amuyl] adj. foolish. . [adn mi] adjl. like that, similar to that. . . [ad] pron. she, it, that (nm.). [adn lsi] corr. therefore. . - [admad-rtne] n. midnight. . . - [adma-] vt. to press, squeeze. . [adl] n. a measure. . [an] conj. and. . [an] num. . [annis] num. . [anmn] n. hesitation. . - - [ap -m-] vi. to hit against. [app] . [abb] int. oh! (expression of surprise). ! .

[ayina] n. the day after the marriageday.

which is made on the first day after marriage and given to the 'avval' goddess. [ay] int. expression of surprise, hurt or displeasure, ouch! [ayt vr] n. Sunday. . . [ayy] int. oh no! (expression of disappointment). . . [arl] n. chest. . , - [ar-sond-] vt. to take away, take with. Usage: archaic. - - [ar-v-] vt. to bring. . Usage: archaic. - [ar-kua] n. spoke of a wheel. - [ar-] vi. to fall. . . The boy is falling. . - [ars-] vc. to cause to fall. - [arg-] vi. to melt, dissolve, wear out. . [arta] . [artr] . [art] n. meaning. . . [ardo] adjl. half. . . [alam] n. ginger. . [alav] n. habit, custom. . . - [alj-] vi. to lean against. [all] clitic. reportative. - [av-] vi. to be tired. . [av] pron. they, those (nm.). . 1 [avval] n. mother. , . - [avval-bb] n. parents, father and mother (pl.). 2 [avval] n. the mother god, smallpox goddess. . . At the beginning of a wedding,

[ayina jva] n. porridge

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for doing pooja, the beat drums and go to the * goddess place (temple). . It is believed that this goddess inflicts smallpox, chickenpox or other similar 'spotty' diseases on people. [as] num. eighty. . . [ask] adv. then. . . - [ask-] vt. to cut, carve, cut throat (as in sacrifice). .

- - . [asl] adj. good. . . [assl] adj. good. . . [ahan] advl. in that way, thus. [ahr] n. gift (of things excluding

[astr-kl] n. sole of foot.

[astr-key] n. palm of hand.

cattle, such as clothes and household items) for weddings or housewarming ceremonies. , , . Family members, during marriage give the brides and grooms gifts of clothes. , , , . See: . -1 [ahc-] vt. to push or shove. -2 [ahc-] n. to make a thumb impression.

- [-] vi. to become, happen, be (bynature). [nta] adjl. to be enough, sufficient, ample. . [ngun khal] n. lazy man. See: .

[ki] n. a festival held in July.month 4 of the Gond year (June-July). ( ). [ki] n. leaf. . . [ki-pn] n. one of the Gond gods, the that stays in the centre of a village. , . [kri] adj. in the end, finishing. . . [k] adj. short. -- [k--] vi. to be insufficient to wear. - -1 [k-m-] vi. to shrink (as in cloth). - -2 [k-m-] vi. to become numb from cold.

(-

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[g] n. shirt. , . - [j-] vt. to catch. . [ndr] n. Andhra. . [kada] n. alphabet. .


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sides. . - [-] vi. to cry, weep. . . . The baby is crying. . [ms] n. husband and wife. . - [v-son-] vi. to go and fetch the bride for the wedding ceremony (lit. don't cry and go). [tp] adjl. dark. . [tl] adj. of that kind (nm.). .

- [g-] vi. to stop, stand. . . [] See: . [asn] n. ritual bath. [du] n. bathroom. [rsyl] n. lazy man. See: . [cr-vicr] n. religious observances (pl.). - [c-] vt. to choose. [congaal] n. choose from these. . [j] n. father's mother. . - - [-p-] vt. to twist something. . . We twist the rope to make reigns. . - - [i-p-] vt. to strangle something (the way a constricting snake kills its prey). - - [-m-] vi. to evaporate, to dry up (river, etc). . [r] n. attic, store area above rafters of house, loft. . , - . In order to put pots and things up, * is made in the house. . [] num. eight. . . [] n. oath. - - [ -piy-] vi. to take oath. . . Take an oath if you say you didn't steal the money. . [] n. main horizontal wooden beam to support the roof of a dwelling. . A main beam is put up so that the rafters can be nailed to both

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[t] n. father's sister, mother's brother's wife. . [tr] adj. of that kind (m.). [dat] See: . - [nadn-nad] advl. with great pleasure. . - . Little children are so pleased when a playing doll is brought. . - [ps-] vt. to stop. . . [p] adv. with that. [p] clitic. like, in the manner. [mus] See: . [mt] . [yar] adj. it is enough, (no more!). . . [yi] clitic. even, also. . , , . Even eggs

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(and) even meat I eat. , , . [r] n. iron spike at the end of a driving stick. - [r-be] n. stick with an iron spike, goad. - [rs-] vt. to cool. - [r-] vi. to become cool, quench thirst. . [rti] n. a plate with a burning oil lamp that contains copper coins, betel nuts, dried coconut kernel, etc offered at the time of settling a marriage. [rs] n. mirror. . . ( ) [l (marr)] n. peepal tree. . ( ). [l] n. potato. . .

[lmri] n. almirah, metal cupboard. . [vj] n. sound. . . [vr] n. fence or compound. [vus] n. new moon. . The new moon comes once monthly. . [avusun ni] advl. on the day of the new moon. [vk] n. life. . - [v-] vt. to cross. - -1 [vr-k-] vt. to embrace. - -2 [vr -k-] vt. to tie down. - - [-k-] vi. to hope. [sara] . [sku] n. axle. .

to animals during monsoon. . [injr] attr. therefore. . [igg] adv. here. . [iggal] n. someone (nm.) or something from here. . [i] adv. now. . - - [ic-k-] vt. to desire. [iccuk] advl. a little. . [iccr] pron. this much, this many (nm.). . [icvr] pron. this many (m.). - [i-] vt. to touch. . . [ik] n. brick. . , , . In order to make houses, walls and many structures, clay/mud

[ik] adv. right now. . [ingum] n. kind of round tablet fed

-

bricks are used. . - [ittl k-] vt. to announce, make known. [ittek] ppt. (PPt of 'to say' used to mark topic or quotation) if-say'. . . He said bad things (swore?) and went away. . [idn mi] adjl. like this, similar to this. . . [id] pron. she, it, this (n). . [idn lsi] corr. therefore. . . [idd] vt. (here) take this. . [in-] vt. to say. . . [in-] vt. to say. . See: - ; -.


5

- -

[iyad] adv. this year. . - [ir-] vt. to put, keep. . ( ) [irp (marr)] n. gul-mahua tree. . ( ). bassia longifolia. [iv] pron. these (nm.). .

[isb] n. counting. . . [isbne] adv. carefully. . [isrugundi] adj. smallest.

. [ihin] advl. thus, in this way. [ihin bahan] adv. how so?

[ivvr] pron. these two men.

- [c-] vt. to blow nose. [tg] adj. of this kind (nm., pl.). [tl] adjl. like this, such a, of this [p] adv. with this. - [r-] vi. to accumulate. [s] n. part, piece. . . - - [sg-v-] vt. to split up, divide. . [sul] n. flying ant. .

kind (nm.). . . People don't eat green frogs like this. . [tr] adj. of this kind (m.).

[u] attr. and, also. . .again. [undi] num. one (nm.). . [undi jka] adv. once. . [uk] n. sweat. . . - - [uk-my-] vi. to sweat. . - - [uga-k-] vt. to found, begin, start, open.

- [u-marla] advl. once

- - [ugr-my-] vi. to melt.

- - . the hail melted. . - [u-] vt. to swing a cradle. . [ucc] n. date palm. . - - [uj-m-] vi. to dawn. [u] n. camel. . . - - [u-k-] vt. to clean.

6


seeds from fruit etc.), let fall from mouth. . - - [u-k-] vt. to strike a target (with a bullet, stone, marble). [u] n. a white, large, tick found mainly on cattle. -1 [u-] vt. to comb (hair). - . After bathing boys and girls comb their hair (lit. head). . See: . -2 [u-] vt. to plough. . . The plough ploughs . the field. - [uk-] vt. to urinate. - [up-] vt. to scrape up. [utr] n. mountain path, steep downward slope. [udr] n. to have something on credit. . - [ud-] vt. to sit, take place. . . . The boys are sitting on the ground. . - [udus-] vc. to seat. [udri] n. white ant. , . White ants live in the places (anthills) where snakes and lizards live. , . - [un-] vi, vt. to drink, smoke (cigarette). , . . . The calf is drinking milk from the cow. . [unana] vt. drink (in the infinitive form). . . - . Boys and girls [should] drink milk in the . morning.

-

- [u-] vt. to spit something out (like

[unn] n. the hot season, summer. . See: - . - [upus-] vc. to seat, put sitting. . [upyg] n. use. . - - [ubr-k-] vt. to discard liquid (by pushing over container). [umar] . - [um-] vt. to pull, drag. . . The children are pulling the rope. . -- [uysr -] vi. to become active. - [urug-] vt. to break off. [ur] n. scaly pangolin, iguana, ant-eater. , , , . The * lives in fields, anthills and hollow trees. , . - [urs-] vt. to break, or snap. . - [ur-] vi. to be caught (in a trap) usually by the neck. - [urs-] vt. to plant, place, put, set up. . [ursvl] n. transplanting. [ulli] n. onion. . ( ) [usrk (marr)] n. kind of tree (the roots of which are used for curing snake bite). - - [usr-k-] vi. to be late. - [usum-] vt. to wipe away, dust off. . - [us-] vt. pound, crush. . They are pounding grain with a pounding stick. . [usk] n. sand. . - [usk-] vi. to spit. . - [uh-] vc. to cause to drink, water (animals). - [uhk-] vt. to blow (horn).7


-

- [uhc-] vt. to lean heavily on a stickas an old man does.

- [g-] vt. to swing. . [nc] See: . - [nd-] vt. to snatch somethingaway. . rivers, where there is much growth/greenery, quails live. , . - [t-] vt. to suck. . - [m-] See: - . [yil] . [r] pron. they, those (m.). . [ra] pron. their (dist.). . [l] n. urine. , . [sa] n. flood. . . . The river gets flooded after much rain. - . -1 [s-] vi. to boil over while cooking. -2 [s-] vt. to smear floor with cow dung solution. ( ) [sr (pi)] n. kind of bird. . .

[ka] n. swing, cradle. . [ca] n. height. [c] n. spittle. . .

[ea] n. a pre-marriage ceremony

[c ] n. sugar cane. .

where turmeric is applied to the bride and groom. . [t] n. quail. . , , . In

[ekanda] Variant:.

. corr. if.

[ek c] num. forty-one. . [ek s] num. sixty-one. . [ekknis] num. nineteen. . [ekkn ans] num. seventynine. . [ekkn cls] num. thirtynine. .

.

[ekkn ts] num. twenty-nine.

[ekkn novvad] num. eighty-nine. . [ekkn panns] num. forty-nine. . [ekkn sattar] num. sixtynine. .

8


.

-

[ekkn s] num. fifty-nine.

[ekyattar] num. seventy-one.

[ekk ans] num. eighty-one. . [ekk vs] num. twenty-one. . [ekkvn] num. fifty-one. .

. [eky nov] num. ninety-one. . [etts] num. thirty-one. . [erce] .

[kagv] n. comb. . See: - . [kajui kl] See: . - [kanjk-] vi. to dream. . - [kak-] vi. to vomit. [kakrnj] n. kind of partridge. ( ) [kakrnj (pi)] n. kind of bird. ( ). - [kac-] vt. to hold between teeth. [kack] n. flat pan for bread making. . [kacci] n. iron, steel, sword. . . , . We bring iron from the iron shops to make plough tips and blades. . - [kacci-vsi] n. large green fly. - [kacci-uke] n. steel piece used with flint. [kacci-tvi] n. cast iron frying pan. . [kaccuri] n. office. , . - [kac-ki] n. rubbish, waste, litter, trash. . . [kain] adj. difficult. . . [kal] n. bed, cot. . . [kal] n. clan priest. [kae] n. priest's wife.

. In order to stop the water an embankment/dam is built in the river. . See: - - . ( ) [kaiyl (tars)] n. kind of snake with stripes over the body. ( ) [ka (mn)] n. kind of fish. . [ka] n. stick (for firewood etc.). . - - [ka-m-] vi. be exhausted, tired. [ka nsi] n. woodworm. [ka] See: . [kak] See: . - [kai-] vi. to become rotten, decompose, to go off. [ka] n. curry made with ground channa. - [kas-] vc. to cause to rot. [ka] n. handle (round, usually attached to large cooking vessels). [ka] n. eye. . . - [ka-ko] n. eyebrow. . - [ka-] 1) vi. to go through narrow space. 2)

[ka] n. spleen. - [ka-] 1) vt. to meet. . 2) to join. [ka] n. embankment, dam.


9

vt. to thread a needle. [kac] n. stick twisted in rope or string for bringing two things together (for example in tightening a drum). [kab] n. dried stalks of millet, etc used as fodder. . [kavc] adv. in the light, broad daylight. . - - [katam-k-] vt. to kill. . . See: - ; -. [katter] n. scissors. . . [kadd] adv. whenever. . . [kap] n. cloth (as in clothes to wear). . , . [kappar] n. forehead. . . ( ) [kapp (pi)] n. kind of bird. . . - [kabuk-kibuk] advl. here and there. - - [kable-m-] vt. to agree. . . - [kamar-pa] n. rainbow. . . [kamka] n. turmeric. . [kankryl] adj. yellow. . - - [kammay-k-] vt. to earn. . [kammi] n. deficiency, want of money. . ( ) [kayr (marr)] n. kind of tree. .

[kayser-ji] n. kind of grass used for brooms. , - . On the boundary of fields * grass grows (lit. appears, or comes up). ( ) . [karag] n. metal pin or bolt fitted to a cart to prevent the axle slipping. - , . To prevent slipping bolts are fitted to the sides of the cart's axle. . - - [karal-k-karal] n. to be true or not, to question the truth. . [karal] . [kariy] n. bud of flower. - [kar-] vt. to learn. , . . . Now I am learning Gondi. . - [kars-] vc. to teach. . . He is teaching them computing. . - [karu-] vi. to be burnt. . . [karum] adv-ppn. near. . . [karunkuvari] n. unmarried person (bachelor, spinster). . See: ; . [kar] n. hunger. . . [kar vast] hunger strikes. . Having worked in the fields one gets very hungry. . [karj] n. itch. .

-

[kayser] n. broom. . . A broom is used to clean the house, porch and courtyard. .

10


( )

[karmnr] n. neighbours. . [karent] n. electricity, power. . - - [kar-m-] vi. to be known, understood. . [kark] n. plane. . [karst] n. game, match. . Your game of 'kabadi' was good. . [kark] n. scraps of food left on a plate for several days (get stuck on and dry). . After eating food if the plate is unwashed the dried scraps get stuck. . [karja] n. debt, loan. . . See: . [kard] n. ornamental belt. . In order to tie bells, the 'gusadi' dancers tie an ornamental belt on their waist. . [karn] n. kind of stringed instrument. . Only the Gond people play the *. . [karp] n. flock of birds. . . [karbuja] n. watermelon. . [karbj] n. watermelon. . [karsa] n. expenditure. . - [kars-] vi, vt. to play. . . . They are playing [with the] ball. .

(game). [kal] n. liquor, wine. . [kal] n. winemaker. , . The winemaker taps liquor from the 'sindi' and 'tadita' trees. , . - [kal-] vt. to steal. . [kalle] n. thief. . . , . A thief is someone who steals money, gold and other things. , . [kalt] adj. stolen. - [kal-ba] n. hail stone. See: - . - - [kall-k-] vi. to shout. . See: - - . - [kall-] vt. to embrace, greet. - [kavs-] vc. to cause to laugh. . - [kav-] vt. to laugh. . . . The boys are laughing. . ( ) [kav (marr)] n. kind of tree. feronia elephantum. ( ) [kav li (marr)] n. a variety of margosa the leaves and the bark of which are used in medicine. ( ).

- - [sikr-kars-] vt. to hunt


11

and ropes on their shoulder. . [ki] n. boy. . , , . [knt] n. twig. . . The twigs of a tree go this way and that way. . [kka] n. crow. . . [kkl] n. father's younger brother, mother's younger sister's husband. , . [kk] n. father's younger brother's wife, mother's younger sister. . See: . [kk] n. mother's mother. . [kk] n. side. . [nlg kk] adv. on (all) four sides. [kk] n. cucumber. . . cucumis melo-utilissimus. -1 [kc-] vt. to dig, bore. . . . The men are digging holes. . -2 [kc-] vt. to string (as beads, flowers). [kji] n. eye colour. . - [kji dos-] vi. to put on eye colour. . Girls and ladies put on eye colour (mascara) on their eyes. . 1 [k] n. sting of the bee. 2 [k] n. 1) pointer (of weighing scales). 2) hand of watch. [k] n. a decorated ritual bamboo pole used during worship of the great god. [k] n. hem of cloth. , , . Clothes, 'dhoti', and 'lungis' have a

[kas] n. brass animal bell. .

( ) . During month 5 (July-August), having prepared, we tie bells on the necks of bullocks. . See: . [kas] adjl. straight (down). . - [kask-] vt. to bite, sting. [kasr] . [kass] n. deep pool. See: . - [kah-] vt. to calculate, count, measure. . . Having been given money, labourers count (it) while going. . [k] n. work. . . - [k-dand] n. work. . [kmna] adj. important, crucial, useful. . - [k ar-] vt. to be used (or be useful) for. - [k s-] vt. to be used (or be useful) for. - [k vy] vt. to be used (or be useful) for. - [kmn ropp yt] vt. to make use of. - [knj-] vt. to shoulder, carry on shoulder. . They carry (take and go) the plough

12


hem. , , , .

8 of the Gond year (OctoberNovember). . [krvyi] n. planning. . [kl] n. leg. . . [klkn] advl. on foot. - [kl-va] advl. north (in ceremonies), direction of feet. - - [kalk-ar-] vi. to prostrate oneself. - - [kalk-kr-] vi. to worship (by folding hands and touching forehead). . Daily, after bathing in the morning, we worship the [God of the] earth. . [kva] n. door made of wood. . . See: . [kv] n. end of a sword.

(-

) [krti (-mahin)] n. month

[kal] n. bee hive (nest). . - [kal-vs] n. bee that lives in . the bee hive (nest). , [kal-niy] n. honey. . - [ki-kac] See: - . 1 [k] n. dried stalk (waste). 2 [k] n. thin spoke of wheel (cycle). [kl] n. tear. . . - [- kk] conj. because (used after a past adj ). . . - - [ktr-k-] vt. to cut with teeth or scissors. . . [knr t] n. dark (black) soil - ideal for growing cotton. . [kpus] n. cotton. . . [kp] n. shell of a mahua flower. [kya] n. unripe fruit. . . There is unripe fruit in the mango tree. . - [kr ud-] vt. to hatch (eggs). - [kri-pette] n. black ant. . [kr] adjl. black. . . [kriyl] adj. blackish. . . . [krun] , [kr] n. small louse. [krl] n. the gourd Balsam pear. . momordica charantia. - [kr-] vt. to hatch.

[kv] n. carrying yoke with slings at each end for carrying things. - . Serwan Badal seated his blind parents in a carrying yoke and took them to the 'Kashi' river. . [ksr] n. bullock cart. . . A bullock cart is useful for bringing wood from the forest.


13

. See: .

-

[kirak] n. silverfish, Silver-grey

[ks] n. tortoise. . . Many tortoises live in the water of the big river. . See: . - [ks-] vi. to heat, become hot, to be . boiled. . He is heating the branding iron in the fire. . - [kss-] vc. to make hot. [ksta] adj. hot, warm. . (- ) [kikl (-ji)] n. kind of grass. . - [kic-] vt. pick vegetables leaves. , . In smaller villages we pick greens [vegetables] during the wet season. .

wingless insect found in houses feeding on book bindings and starched clothing. . !. It has lots of silverfish. Don't take books from her!. . [kir] n. metal peg used on the end of the bullock cart wheel to keep the axle on. [kirek] n. thread on a screw. [kilc] n. joint (of limb). - [kill-] vi. to scream, cry out. . [kis] n. fire. . .

[kikr] n. cockroach. [kinnn] adj. wet, cool. . [kinnt] adj. very cold. . [kipy] n. mucus crust in nose. [kipa] n. scab. .

[kis-abb] n. matchbox. . . To light the stove we strike the matchbox. . - [kis-kl] n. matchstick. - - [kis dabb lv-k-] vi. to clear jungle or a field using fire. - ? Who has burnt my grass (cleared my field) with fire? . - [kisk-] vt. to pinch. . . Little boys gather together in one place and pinch each other. . [k] pron. whether, that. - [k-] vt. to do. .

-

14


[kkri] n. 3-stringed violin-like instrument played with bow. [k] n. nail (for carpentry etc.). . - [kig-gig] adj. zigzag, jagged. . [kr] n. line. . - [kr u-] vi. to draw a line. [kv] n. disapprove. [ks] n. pocket. . . (- ) [kund (-ji)] n. kind of grass. . [kukk] n. vermilion powder (used to apply a mark on the forehead). . [kukk gulval] n. vermilion and pink powders used for worship. . In order to worship the gods, they bring red and pink powder from the market. . ( ) [kukk kumr (pi)] n. Indian cuckoo. . - [kucc k-] vt. to strike with the fist (not necessarily to punch'). [kuumyl] n. fellow clan member. . . During [worship of the] 'big god' all the fellow clan members meet together. , . [ku] n. stubble (dried stem of maize, millet, etc.), tree stump. . - [kus-] vc. to take off (draped clothing). [kue] n. river, large stream. . . . Having rained the river becomes

. flooded. See: ; . [kuk] n. ear-ring. [kuttl] n. bench, seat. . . -- [kudurkn--] vi. to be surprised. . - [kudr-okke] See: . [kunj] n. key. . - [kunj-abb] n. lock (lit. key container). . [kunb] n. farmer. . . [kuppa] n. heap. . - - [kuppa-k-] vt. to heap. - - [kups-m-] vi. to enter into something to hide one self. . [kubr] n. cucumber. . . See: . ( ) [kum (marr)] n. gourd-bearing tree. . [kumml] n. potter. . . . The potter is making a pot. . [kumm] potter's wife. 2 [kumm] n. hornet. [kur] See: . [kurk] n. animal's thigh. ( ) . For the 'pitren / karum' ceremony the goat's thigh is cut and kept aside. . [kurk] n. spot on skin. [kurpa] n. cutting hook, small sickle. . . A small sickle is called a *. . - - [kurp-k-] vt. to weed. [kurm] n. chaff. [kurr] n. bull calf. . [kurv] n. pot. . .15

[kkr] n. chisel for cutting wood.


[kursi] n. chair. . . [kurs] n. deer. . [kusy] adv. in a low tone, secretly. . [kus] adj. liking, happy. . . [kusl] adj. happy. . - [kus-kust] advl. happily. - [kus-gamatn] advl. happily. - [kus-] vi. to fall, or drop (leaves, or fruit etc.). - [kusms man-] vi. to be silent. [kuskav] n. bat (nocturnam mouselike mammal). . Nocturnal mouselike mammal with forelimbs modified to form membranous wings and anatomical adaptations for echolocation by which they navigate. - - - [kus-kus-vak-] vi. to whisper. . [kusr] n. seasoned vegetables. . [kuhi] n. well. . . ( ) [kuhc (mn)] n. kind of fish. ( ). - [kc-] vt. to scrape off, strip. . When the head rubbing oil is finished we scrape the container. . [kj] n. pitcher. . [k] n. cubit (the length of one's forearm). [kr] n. millet heads fed to animals. , , , - . During summer we scatter 'millet', and 'dhal' straw for the bullocks and cows. . - [k-] vi. to limp, be lame. . [kl] n. lame man, disabled, cripple. , . We call someone without legs or arms 'disabled'. . [ki] n. lame woman. . [k] n. leaf plate. ( ). . They are picking leaves for making leaf plates. . - [k-] vi. to roll over, topple over. - [ks-] vc. to push over. [ktl] n. armpit. . - - [ktl-k-] vt. to tickle. . - . In order to laugh we tickle little boys. ( ) . [kys] n. steel tip of plough. [kr] n. silver. . . [kr] n. hoof. [kr] n. dead body. . . - [krk-] vi. to doze. . . . While in the bus small boys doze off while sitting on a lap. . [kl] n. buttock. . [kl] n. pus. , . After getting wounds or tumours pus comes. , - [ks-] vi. to crow. [kenjk] n. intestine. [key] n. hand. . , . - [key-] vi. to be bitter in taste. . 'theriya' is very bitter. . . If there is too much salt in the

16


'dhal' it is bitter. , . [keyml] adj. bitter. , , . . [key] n. thick or long piece of firewood. . - [ker-] vt. to wear (not said of draped . things). . I am wearing a shirt. [kel] n. hair. . . [kevv] n. ear. . , . [kevk] n. ears (plural). . - [keh-] vt. to shut, close. . . - [knj-] vt. to hear. . - . The children are listening. , . [kr] n. hump. [k] See: . - [kp-] vt. to guard, keep watch, wait. - [ky-] vt. to call, summon. . . [kr] n. spine. [kre] n. banana. . . ( ) [kre (marr)] n. plantain tree. . ( ). [kl] n. drama, play acting. . ( ) [ksk (si)] n. ladder, steps. . . [kslapudi] . ( ) [ksl (marr)] n. kind of tree. . [koa buk] n. water snail. . Water snails live in the river. , . [kokkr] n. cock's comb. [kol ba] n. big rock. [kojji] n. footprint. . When we walk we leave footprints in the dust

and mud. , . [ko] n. 1) room, sometimes used to refer to a side room for women in childbirth or menstruation. . , . . A room is made on one side of the house where a lady gives birth. . 2) shed for goats. ( ) . An animal shed is made to keep the goats in. . - [ko-] vt. to poke, sew, pierce, hoe. . - [kos-] vc. to prick, stab. - [kotka-pi] n. sparrow. . [kok] n. cowshed. , . , , . To keep all the cows, goats, and buffaloes together a cowshed is made. , . See: ; ; - . [koela] n. threshing stick shaped like a cricket bat. . ( ) [koval (mn)] n. kind of fish. . [kop] n. receptacle made by joining both hands. [kokl] adj. tender, young, unripe. . [koi] n. point, crest. . , . . If a thorn goes into the foot they remove it with the point of a needle. . [kovnj] n. fat.


17

[kovnj niy] n. oil prepared out of fat. - [kos-] vt. to sprout, bud green. [kotta] n. coin. . . [kottag] n. money. . . [koddag] n. the seeds of the 'mahka' fruit which can be eaten. . When eating the 'mahka' fruit the seeds make a noise. . - - [kod-p-] vi. to stumble. [kono] n. niche in wall. - [koy-] vt. to cut (with sawing action), reap, pluck. . [koyy] n. part of seed drill (tipun). . With the [vertically down part of the] seed drill we make furrows in the fields. ( ) . [korl] n. wild boar. . -1 [kor-] vi. to scuff (scrape) along the ground. -2 [kor-] vt. to shave. . . The man is shaving. . -3 [kor-] vi. to bend while dancing.

- [kor-kal] n. earwax.

. - . There is earwax inside the ear. . [korop] vt. buttermilk. . . Buttermilk is made by churning curd. . [kor] n. hen, fowl. .

[kor-pri] n. young fowl, chicken. . - [kor-pnj] n. pullet, young hen. - [kork-] vt. to gnaw, bite. - [kor-g] n. chicken nest - for hens to lay and hatch their eggs. . [kort] n. thistle. . . [korr] n. bean. .

-

[kory] n. son's wife, daughterin-law.

[korr-sg] n. bean pods. . [korv] n. cheek. . . - [kols-] vc. to forge (implements). . The ironsmith forges axes. . ( ) [kohk (marr)] n. bhilwa tree. . ( ). -1 [kohk-] vt. 1) to pound (in a mortar). . . 2) to beat (stalks of

-

18


millet wheat, etc. with a stick so that the seeds fall off). 3) to grind into a paste. -2 [kohk-] vt. 1) to gore. 2) to pierce (when having a tattoo).

[k] See: . [k sp] n. a thorn bush. . . [ktll] n. watchman. . . [ktl] n. watchman's wife. [kn] n. room. . . [aval kn] n. kitchen. . . [kn] n. direction. . . : , , , . Our country has four directions: North, South, East, West. , , , , . [kp] n. earthen pot, clay vessel. . . At the wedding place four small pots are kept. . [km] n. corner. . . - [pn-km] n. corner set aside for worship. - . Inside the house, one corner is set aside for worship. . [kmi] n. a Telugu caste name. . [kyag] n. Gondi language. . [ky] adjl. Gond. . [kytr] n. Gond man. , . Those who live in small villages (lit. forest habitations) are called 'koitor' (Gonds). , .

[kohr] n. pumpkin. . beninkasa cerifera. - - [k-k-] vt. 1) to block off, or restrict. See: . 2) to keep a person forcibly. [knda] n. bull. . . - [knda-v] n. cattle section or division. . - . The place were the bullocks sit in the market is called the *. . . [kk] n. younger brother, also used as a term or endearment (e.g. father to son). . [sernu kk] n. wife's younger brother. . - - [kkl-k-] vi. to cough. . . [k] See: . [kamv] n. wild horse. . [kal] n. religious mask. . . On the day of the 'akadi' festival we worship the 'mask god'. . [kal-pn] n. one of the Gond gods. [k] n. room. . .


19

- - [kr-k-] vi. to be late.

[kr] n. lateness, delay. .[kr] n. horn. . . [krs] n. charcoal. . [kl] n. 1) stick. . . . They hit sticks together for the 'chachoy' dance for 'dandari'. . 2) peg of stringed instrument. 3) arrow. . . - [lekkan-kl] n. piece of chalk. [kyll] See: . . [kv] n. red-faced monkey. . [ksi] n. slough of snake, the skin that is cast off. - - [ksis-k-] vt. to attempt. . [ks] n. a distance of two miles.

[kyta] n. Gond woman. [kylal] n. fox. . . At night at the river it howls and eats crabs from their holes - that is called a fox. . 1 [kr] n. folded arms (in order to cradle a baby). . 2 [kr] See: . 1 [kr] n. valley. . . ( )2 [kr (kl)] n. weaver caste.

[kha] 1) num. twenty of something (used particularly for animals). . 2) n. a measure. [khajur] . [kha] n. threshing floor, special surface for ceremony. , , . To remove [thresh] the 'jowar', rice, and 'dhal' we make a threshing floor in the field. , , , . [khak] n. small stone. . . . Old ladies wear bracelets on their ankles and wrists. . [khaga ] n. large basket for transporting manure by bullock cart. [khayl] n. jungle cat (panther?). See: . [khabr] See: . [khaypat] n. news. . , . - - [khaypat-s-] vt. to spread news. .

[kha] n. ornament for arm or ankle.

20


[kharb] adjl. bad. . ..

- - [kharb-k-] vt. to spoil.

[kharl] adj. true. . . [khar] n. dried stalk (used as a

-- [kharb--] vi. to be spoiled.

broom, or for firewood). [kh] n. piece of flesh, chunk of meat. . [khnd] n. branch of a tree. . [khndn] n. dynasty, race. [khj] n. a function when the relatives of the bridegroom go to the bride's house for presenting her a sari before marriage. [khti] n. blacksmith. . . [kht] n. manure. . - [kht v-] vi. to spread manure. . In the fields they spread manure when planting cotton. . [khpr] n. ritual dance while putting a god back in place after a festival. [khln] n. north. [khs] adjl. important, main. . . [khi] n. anus. . . [khui] n. kind of small clay pot. . [khull] adjl. open. [khu] See: . [khj] n. bow of stringed instrument. . In order to play a 'kikri' (stringed instrument) there is a bow. . [khb] adjl. very. . . [khr] See: .

(lit. forest buffalo). . [kh] n. jungle, forest. . . (- ) [khti (-b)] n. farming. . . - [khti-kyval] n. farmer. . - . The farmer is working in the fields. . [khgr] n. saddle. [khj] n. bowl. . 1 [kh] n. 1) horse. . . 2) horizontal horse-shaped beam which sits atop a marriage pole. 3) minature earthenware horse used for worship. 2 [kh] n. trigger of gun. 3 [kh] n. grasshopper. 4 [kh] n. stilt. 1 [kh] n. log, horizontal part of seed drill to which the tubes are attached. 2 [kh] n. bundle of dried chickpea plants. [khbr] n. inner white part of coconut. . . See: .

[khk] n. crab. . [kha-hermi] n. wild buffalo


21

from the drains with a digger. . [khr] See: . [khl] n. room. . . [khl] adjl. deep. . . - - [khs-k-] vt. 1) to hang clothing, rope, or bag on something. 2) to tuck in clothing (like the end portion of a 'sari' or 'dhoti').

[khr] n. small digger, tool for gathering up soil. . . To spread manure a small digger is used. ( ) . . They remove mud

Taluk), river. ( ). [gagr] n. large earthen vessel. . [ganj] n. cooking vessel. . . [ganel] n. ear-ring. - [ga-] vt. to pierce, prick, stab, become embedded (thorn). . [gandl] n. kite (bird). . . In villages, the kite (bird) having caught a hen goes (flies) away. . [gagr] n. bronze pitcher. . , , . Ladies and men use a bronze pitcher to bring water from the well and bore well. , , . [gacn] advl. suddenly. . . - - - [gaj-bij-my-] vi. to get crowded. [gak] See: .22

[gag] n. Ganges (stream in Utnur

[gai] n. knot, bundle, clump, parcel

(usually bound together in a piece of cloth). , . . [garinca] . - [ga-] vi. to come together. [gal] n. kind of small metal (steel, bronze) pot or vessel. . [ga] n. kind of edible root. [ga] n. black-faced monkey. [gayl] n. servant, ritual food server. ( ) . Those who work in hotels (or in the fields) [for pay] are called *. , . - - [gas-k-] vt. to pack into a small space (too many people on a bus, or too many clothes into a trunk). [ghadd] n. hole. . . - [ghadd ars-] vt. to bore hole. [gunne] n. knot in wood, joint between sections of bamboo.


(

)

down(wards). - [gapn ar-] vi. to fall down. - [gap muug-] vi. to dive down, sink down. [gam] n. thick (usually black) blanket, used by shepherds to shelter from rain and cold. . [gammat] n. happiness, fun. . [gar] n. fish hook. - [gar-gar] advl. round and round. - [garg-ba] n. flint stone. - - [garj-my-] vi. to thunder. . [gardn] n. nape (back of the neck). [garba] See: . [gars] n. stair. [galbal] n. children's noise, racket. See: . - - [gas-k-] vt. to rub with hands. [gah] n. measurement for the foundation of a house. [gnj] n. a drug. . Old men in the villages smoke/inhale 'ganja' (a drug). . [ggr] n. sacred brass ankle bell. . . During Demsa they tie ankle-bells on their legs and dance. . [ggr] n. metal pitcher. [gjl] n. bangle. . . She is buying bangles. . [g] n. boiled rice. , . 1 [gv] n. an abusive word for a bad person. 2 [gv] n. a measure.

(

) [gap (gapn)] advl.

[gd] n. donkey. ; . .

bamboo or sticks. . The shells/peels of 'jowar' and 'dhal' are put in the *. , . [gb] n. the hard interior of a stick or tree trunk. [gbimanta] . [gyk] n. cowherd. . [gr] n. mahua fruit. [gr] n. wheel. . . [gr] n. eyeball. . - . An eyeball is the white-white round thing inside the eye. . - [gr-ba] n. hail. . See: - . [grk] n. a kind of cake prepared out of black gram. . ( ) [grk (-ji)] n. a kind of grass. agrostis linearis. [grn] n. strainer, sieve. See: . - - [gr-k-] vt. to strain, sieve, filter. [glu] n. season. . [gv] n. cattle shed. [gs] n. morsel, food given to cattle during festival (a small taste). . [gind] n. small piece of cloth. . . 23

[gd] n. cylindrical framework of


. Ladies use a small cloth to put hot vessels down [from the fireplace]. . [girk] n. winding mechanism on well. [girr] n. framework of branches used for dragging loads along the ground and for breaking in (training) young bullocks to pull a plough. . For young bullocks to learn, a * is made. . - - [g-p-] vi. to lie in coils (snake, rope). [gt] n. line. . , . - [gt u-] vi. to draw a line. ( ) [gunj (marr)] n. kind of tree. . - - [gu-k-] vt. to wrap, roll up. . - - [gu-m-] vi. to be wrapped, rolled up. [gur kya] n. internal organ. [gurl] adj. round. . [gunti] n. small bow and arrow. . - [gunti-kl] n. arrow. . [gugr] n. cooked (boiled) seeds or grain. . [gua] n. hill. . . [gui] n. temple. . . See: . [guu] n. adam's apple. , . [gui] adj. blind. . . [gus] n. hut. . - - [gut-m-] vi. to be caught (in a trap) usually by a limb. - . Wild sheep are caught in

traps (by noose). . - [gud-] vi. to quarrel. . [gupp] n. slingshot. .

[gub] n. owl. . [guba] n. grove, orchard, collection of cultivated trees. [gubb] n. lobe of the ear. . [gumul marr] ( ). [guml] n. small drum. . [gulgul] n. tickle. - - [gulgul-k-] vt. to tickle. [gullr] n. catapult. [gulval] n. pink powder used for worship. See: . [gus] n. clown (in rituals, in Dandari festival). . . On the 'bhogit' festival day the * dancers come. . [gusrl] n. wolf. . . , . The wolf lives in the forest and secretly eats goats. . [guh] n. mushroom. . [guhk] n. mushrooms (plural). [ga] n. small village, hamlet. . , . [g] n. nest. . . [gnl] n. dwarf. .

24


[gr] n. wall or partition usually of mud with wooden pillars for reinforcement. . . They put up walls for the new house. . [geg] n. woman's underskirt. . Girls wear underskirts. . [gur] See: . [gc] n. a small black tick found on cattle, particularly buffaloes. [gond] n. sacred thread worn around . waist.

[gog] n. rooster. . . [go] n. pipe (for liquid), quiver, cylinder. . . The pipe is used to let water into the fields from the pump. . [gopr] n. spider. . ( ) [gopr (pi)] n. common bird. [goppa] n. cowpat (fecal matter of a cow). [gommr] n. cow dung cake (used as a fuel for burning). . [goyita bokka] n. ankle. . See: . [gork] n. spear. . .

[gor] n. deer (gazelle?). . [gor pu] n. kind of centipede (reddish brown in colour and usually found in big groups, rarely alone). . [golk] n. corn of paddy. [gollal] n. shepher (m.). . [goll] n. shepherd (f.). [govr] n. compost. . . [gosi] See: . [gohk] n. wheat (pl.). [gohi] n. word, news, matter, language (in pl.). . . ( ) . Gather together at the headman's house; there is news to be told. . - - [goh-k-] vt. to soil clothes (by sitting in mud etc ). - - [goh-m-] vi. to become soiled. [gk] n. itch. . [gc] n. kind of small round bread. . . [ga] n. cement wall. . [g] adj. sweet. . . ( ) [g li (marr)] n. curry-leaf tree. murraya koenggii. [gb] n. generic word for cabbage. [pn gb] n. cabbage (leafy). . [pur gb] n. cauliflower. .25


. [gli] n. pill, tablet. . [gl] adjl. round. . [glyl] adj. round. . [gl] n. ball. . .

place in the centre of a village where people meet (especially for marriages). [ghl] adj. male of animals. .

[gvardn g] n.

[gha] n. hour. . [gha] adj. hard, strong. . On the 'pora festival' day (in August) they tie bells to the necks of the bulls. . - - [ghus-k-] vt. to plant. . [ghs] n. bandicoot, large rat. . [ghor] n. bumble bee. [gho] n. ankle. . . [ghnd] n. 1) large forest. 2) place where the god 'jangubai' lives. [gh] n. throat. . . - - [gh-k-] vt. to rub 'pan' in palm. (- ) [ghn (-ji)] n. kind of grass. . [ghr] n. worry, sorrow.

[ghak] n. time, hour. , . [ghai] n. a watch, timepiece. .

. [ghal] See: . ( ) [ghannr (marr)] n. kind of tree, oleander. nerium odorum. - - [ghasr-m-] vi. to slip. [gh] n. smell. . . See: . [ghv] n. scar. [ghugur] n. small spherical animal bell usually made of brass.

26


- -

bean. . They cook and eat the green beans. . [cahr] n. ceremonial fly-whisk with long hair or strips of cloth ties to one end (used for giving blessing). . [cahk] n. mortar for grinding spices. . [cgl] See: . [ck] n. small knife. . . [ccgyindal] . [c] n. whip. . . [c] n. funnel part of seed drill. [cn] n. sieve. See: . [cnal] n. chisel for use with rocks. [cp ba] n. large slab of stone (typically used as a place for bathing or laundry, also used as part of a trap for rats). See: . [cpr] n. mat. [cbukn] n. a prod or poke. [cr] n. animal feed (grass, hay, etc). ( ). [cls] num. forty. . . - [ch-] vi. to stretch. . - [chk-] n. thorn(s), fishbone(s) (same word is used for s. and pl.). [cikkl] n. mouse. [cikl] n. mud (often used in pl.). . . - [cicl-bo] n. little finger. [ciccl vanj] n. little finger. - - [cik-k-] vi. to snap fingers.27

[cavr] See: . [cavvra] n. kind of short green

[canci] n. bag. . . [cakl] n. man of the Harijan caste. [cak] n. woman of the Harijan caste. [cand] n. provisions, supplies. [cand] n. kind of trap for catching small animals (rabbits, pigs, deer, etc.). . [cambrl] n. cobbler. [cambr] n. wife of cobbler. - - [cakkr-v-] vi. to swoon. [caccola] adv. completely. . . - - [cai-k-] vt. to hoist (a flag), pull something up. [ca] n. drumstick. [capi] adj. tasteless, insipid, bland, flavourless. , . [capr] n. roof, covering. . - - [camki-k-] vt. to shine, polish. . . The king shines his horse very much. . - - [camk-m-] vi. to shine, polish. . [camc] n. spoon. . [carv] n. brass container for liquids.


measure. - [cip u-] vi. to stick, fix, join, bond, attach, glue. . [cip] n. dried rheum of eye, dry nose mucus, dry secretion. . - - [cipn-k-] vt. to hide from harm, protect (in the way a mother hen hides her chicks under her feathers). , . . [cim] n. pincers, tongs. [cimni] n. kerosene lamp. . . See: . 1 [cirl] n. ring-worm. 2 [cirl] n. cricket insect. . [cirkl] n. kind of insect. [cirn] n. kind of bell. . ( ) [cila (marr)] n. kind of tree. . [cillal] adj. unripe, green. . -- [cilk--] vi. to be finished (work). . [cilkl] n. kind of game. . [ciho] n. lion. , . . [cc] n. immature, young fruit, fruit just formed after blossom. [cck] n. seed of tamarind. - [ccr-ba] n. kind of rock (usually white, sometimes black). [cta] n. cheetah, leopard. [ctki] n. bead necklace (long). [cp] n. splint. - - [cr-k-] vt. to cut open, incise. [crn] n. file. [cl] n. peg for keeping wheel on the axle. - [cuk-] vi. 1) to commit a mistake. 2) to be avoidable. - - [cukcuk-m-] vi. to repent, feel sorry. [cukk] n. mistake. - - [cukk-m-] vi. to get lost.28

[ci] n. half pound (approx.)

- - - [cuk-cuke-m-] n. the

noise one makes when disappointed by something, or upexpectedly missing something. (- ) [cuk (-ji)] n. kind of grass. .

[cu] n. pipe. . -

[cu-k] n. leaf for smoking used to wrap tobacco in. - . They put tobacco in the 'cuta' leaf and smoke (drink) it. . [cur] adj. small. . . [cur bey] n. mother's sister. [cur bbl] n. father's younger brother. [cunna] . - [cubk-cubk] n. a person who habitually goes from one house to the next gossiping. . Someone who goes visiting from house to house is called a *. , . [cummr] n. head pad (for carrying pots). . - -- [cuy-muy--] vi. to shrivel up. - - [cur-k-] vt. to massage to relieve pain. - [cuhk-] vt. to suck, smack ones' lips. . [cc] n. penis.


, . [c] See: . [ct] adjl. awake. . [cv] n. wakefulness. . [csg] n. acts of fun. - [ch-] vi. to make jokes at a marriage. During the marriage ceremony, the women sing songs while showing mirrors to each other. (- ) [cait (-mahin)] n. month 1 of the Gond year (March-April). [cok] n. musical instrument. [coko] advl, adjl. good, well. . . [cokon] adj. beautiful, proper. . [coru s] num. sixty-four. . [cor nov] num. ninety-four. . [coryns] num. eight-four. . [corhattar] num. seventy-four. . [covts] num. thirty-four. . [covd] num. fourteen. . [covvs] num. twenty-four. . - - [cp-k-] vi. to pat on the back. [cri] n. blouse. [crcr pi] . [crn] n. short pants, shorts. - [ch-] vi. to itch.

[cn] n. chickpea curry. . - - [cenc-k-] vi. to farm. [cekkag] n. wood chips (pl.).carrying people. . , . During the time to take the gods for a dip in the water they take *s and bullock carts and go. . [ceppul] n. sandal. . [cerupn] num. fifty-four. . [cerecls] num. forty-four. . [cerc] n. plait of hair. . [cevl] See: . [cevl] n. deaf man. See: . [cev] n. deaf woman. [cevbli] n. earring worn on the top of the ear (in contrast to those that hang below). [ceha] n. tea. , . , . [cehts] num. thirty-six. . [cehl] n. coarse flour of millet. [cu] n. ball often made out of rags. . . - - [c-k-] vt. to tease. . - - . People tease little boys and girls.

[cek] n. small bullock cart for

.

[ch] n. the side of a drum which isbeaten by hand (rather than with a drumstick). [chnov] num. ninety-six. . [che] n. cane stick. . [cheppan] num. fifty-six. . [ch ans] num. eighty-six. .

[chek] See: .


29

[ch cls] num. forty-six. . [ch s] num. sixty-six. .

[ch hattar] num. seventy-six. .

[janvr] n. animal. . See: . [japp] n. kind of green slime in water or on stone, moss. - - [jama-k-] vt. to gather. . See: - -. - - [jam-m-] vi. to gather. . [jamn] n. period, time. - [tollt-jamnt] advl. at an earlier time, a long time ago. [jamiy] n. large knife. . [jar] corr. if. . - [jarra-jarra] adv. a little. , . - [jal-] vt. to chew. . [jal] n. underground water (like a spring, or stream). . [jalkara] n. lampstand. . [javb] n. answer. . . - - [javb-s-] vt. to answer. . - [javk-] vt. to kill. . . See: -. [jav-gohk] n. barley (pl.). . . [jmpar] n. blouse. . [jga] n. place. . . [jgli] n. watching or guarding of crops. , . . Going to the fields at night to guard

- . Having got muddy, the cycle will rust. . [jakmak] n. lighter (usually using flint and steel together). [jagaa] n. fight, argument, quarrel. . ( ) [jagrs (pi)] n. kind of bird. . [jaumn] adv. carefully. - - [ja-k-] See: - - . [jatta] n. stone for grinding flour. . . [jattr] n. kind of stringed musical instrument. [jatt] n. fresh-water shrimp. . [jatr] n. travelling fair, market, bazaar. . . [jank] n. people (pl.). . . [janm] n. birth. . , .

[jag] n. moon. . . - - [jag-p-] vi. to rust.

30


the crops - that is called *. . - - [jglg-p-] vi. to take spells of guard duty over crops. [j] n. kind of bean. . [j] n. grass. . . [jti] n. caste, kind, sort. . . [jns] n. lodging of . bridegroom's party. [jmi] . ( ) [jm (marr)] n. guava tree. ( ). [jr] n. flame, spark, hot coals. - [jr-] vt. to trample, tread on. [jva] n. kind of porridge. . [jvad-pd] n. morning, before 9 O'clock. [jst] adjl. more, too much, too many. . . - - [jingn-k-] vi. to live. ; . [jivrs] n. animals, living things. . . See: . - - [jka-s-] vi. to lean on. [jl] n. small cattle bell used on the necks of cattle, but also tied to the waist or ankles for ceremonial dancing. [jui] n. 1) frayed end of a rope. . 2) the tuft of hair remaining after a head has been shaved. [juluk] adv. a little while. [juvv] n. yoke (for oxen). [j] n. bunch of hair. . [j] n. shrub. [jn] See: . [jnr] See: . [je] n. flag. . [je-pn] n. flag god.

[je pur] n. kind of flower. . [jvi] n. meal. - - [jvi k-] vt. to eat, have a meal. , . [jvun] n. feast. [jaitr] n. minor Gond god. [jonn] n. millet. . . [jol] n. saliva. . - - ( - -) [johr-m(jhr-m-)] vi. to feel sorry, repent. . [j] corr. if. . [jka] n. time, occurrence. , . [md jkag] adv. three times.

measured steps. . . - - [j-k] vt. to join, fold. . . - - [j-m-] vi. to be suitable, similar, fitting, proper. [jt] n. a pad which is tied around the neck of a bullock for plowing. . [jta] n. beam. . . [jp] n. compound gate. . [jpu] n. sleep, rest, snooze. . [jrte] advl. with force, loudly, strongly, quickly. .

- - [jk-k-] vt. to weigh. [jkn] advl. slowly, carefully, in


31

- -

very tired, exhausted. [jhag] n. bloom, blossom. - [jhag-jhag] adv. onomatopoeic word for glittering, (cat's eyes reflecting, stars shining). - - [jha-k-] vt. to shake off (dust from clothes, or fruit from tree), thresh lightly. [jhan] post. whole. . - - [jha-m-] vi. to collapse, wither, fall. . [jhat] n. shudder. - [jhat s-] vi. to shudder (animals have to do this before they can be sacrificed). [jhap] n. bamboo mat. [jhap ksr] n. bullock cart with a bamboo mat covering. - [jhap-] vt. to fan air (for a fire, or to cool someone or thing). - - [jhal-k-] vt. to catch (something) while if falls down. .

- - [jhakk-m-] vi. to become

[jhalk] n. swaying movement (hips) while dancing. - [jhalk-] vi. to be spilt. [jhr] n. kind of bronze vessel. . [jhr] n. fishing net. [jhunjr] adj. dense, thick (of forest). . [jhumka] n. bell (often used on heads of cattle). [jhulukn] advl. in short steps, dragging one's feet (in dancing). - - [jhl-m-] vi. to swing. . [jhl] n. decorative bullock blanket on which patterns are embroidered. 1 [jhl] n. the free end of a woman's sari which is worn over the shoulder and wrapped around the back. 2 [jhl] n. the flower that stands at the top of the maize plant. - - [jhom-ma-] vi. to embrace. [jhp] n. sleep. . [jhr] n. shoulder bag.

32

- - [akk-m-] vi. to be wearied (asin old persons). [acpnt] adv. shining brightly (beam of light). [acpy] adv. shining dimly (beam of light). ( ) [avv (pi)] n. Indian roller bird. .

tree. . - - [g-k-] vt. to hang meat (a sheep or goat in order cut it up into pieces). . [tka] n. crore, one hundred lakhs, (ten million). . [ar] .

( ) [ahk (marr)] n. behera


sheeting. [] n. 1) bamboo matting used for walls. . 2) door made of bamboo matting. See: . [v] See: . [pr] n. 1) stick used for making noise to frighten away animals from crops. . See: . 2) cow bell made of wood. [rl] n. churning stick. [r] n. fontanelle, the soft or weak spot on a child's head. . Usually when a baby's hair is shaved, a tuft of hair is left to remain over the fontanelle (weak spot on head). [ikl] n. forehead mark. ( ). [ikl mudda] n. signet ring. [ipk] n. spot, blot. . - [ipl-d] n. kind of game. . ( ) [r (pi)] n. crane bird. - [u-] vi. to stick, be stuck (to clothing). . [uk] n. piece. . . - - [uk-k-] vt. to break into pieces. [upsi] adj. short in height. . See: . - [e-] See: - . [epp] n. cloud. . . ( ) [eps (mn)] n. kind of fish (flat). . [p] n. wooden peg used for snares.

. [bal] n. table. . . See: [] n. rain drop. [og] n. elbow, kneecap. .

[] n. vessel made of metal

[ogr] n. knee. . - .

,

wood-pecker. . [ol] adj. tallest. . See: . ( ) [ol (pi)] n. stork bird (lit. tall bird). [o] adjl. female of animal. . [oi] See: . [opl] n. basket. . , . . They are bringing 'hirp'-fruit from the forest in baskets. . [ovr] n. small earthen pot which is used to make a lamp 'diva' for 'pooja'. [osr] adj. thick, fat. . . [ohui] n. a musical instrument made of bamboo which is hit with a stick. . [r] n. tondla vegetable. . [kr] n. 1) eggshell. 2) shell of crab. 3) stone of fruit. [k] n. turai vegetable, sponge gourd. . [m] n. point where stem joins fruit. . [pi] n. hat. . . [y] n. stone of fruit (used primarily for mangoes). See: .

( ) [oks v (pi)] n.

[hv] n. leg of a bed. [hvuk] n. knowledge. .Gondi - English Hindi Telugu 33

[ari] n. Gond ritual song and dance. . [aug] adj. good-for-nothing. [al] n. good-for-nothing person. - - [akr-m-] vi. to roar. . [agr] adj. big. . . - [agr -] vi. to grow up. [aggr] n. male samba. . [ap] n. tambourine shaped drum. . [apk] n. falling stone trap (used to kill small animals such as rats and birds). . . [abb] n. container. . [ar] See: . [avr] n. grass-pulling tool attached to bullocks like a plough. . When grass comes between the cotton they make use of the *. . - - [avvrig-k-] vt. to make fun of. [a] n. handle, shaft (of tool such as an axe, or digger). [dnde] . [] n. compensation. . [v] n. barber. . See: . [k] n. heel. . [u] n. a horizontal pole used to hang clothes on while drying. . [] adjl. much, many. . [ri] n. pulses. . [l] n. basket. . .

[v] n. time or turn to cast or play. , . [ii] n. backyard. . [dibbal] . [iyr] n. young man. . . Having gathered (everything) together for 'dandari' the young men go to a different village in order to dance. . [iy] n. young woman. . . The young women make the wedding platform. , . - - [illal-k-] vt. to loosen something that is tight. [ivral] n. fisherman. . . See: . [ivv] n. kerosene lamp. . See: . [v] n. earthen oil lamp. . - [u-] vi. to burn. . - [us-] vc. to burn. . [us] n. dust. . . [u] n. young of a buffalo. . [uma] n. cattle bell. . - - [ub-k-] vt. to sink, drown. - - [ub-m-] vi. 1) to sink, drown, set (of sun). 2) to make a loss (either on an investment, or a loan to someone). [uml] n. uncovered head. .

34


. . I am jumping. . 2) to bubble while boiling. 3) to beat (as in a person's heart or pulse). [deha] n. mud. . [] n. stalk. [okke] n. lizard. . [kudr okke] n. house lizard (usually found within houses). . [tars okke] n. snake-like lizard (usually found outdoors, under stones, logs etc.). [oggi] adj. old (of cattle). . . [oi] n. open-roofed enclosure for animals. . [oo] n. pit. . . [oppo] n. cup or bowl made of leaves. [obbal] adj. fat, plump, chubby. . . [ohn] n. 1) water mixed with chaff, etc given to animals for drinking. 2) a wooden tub for holding water given to animals. 3) food scraps fed to cattle. [oho] n. deep pool in a stream. . [k] n. mind. . ( ) [ndera (marr)] n. kind of tree. ( ). [br] n. 1) a hollow space or cavity that birds, and insects can live in. 2) fireplace, brazier. . [driyal] n. beast. .

. Those that don't tie/cover their heads and worship at their god are called *. . During worship, it is expected (and usual practice) to cover one's head (hair) with a scarf or handkerchief. [ummr] n. 1) partially ripe fruit. . 2) mahua flowers that have just fallen down from the 'hiruk' tree. [ur] n. dust. . . [ull] n. grain store. . See: .

- [ehk-] vi. 1) to jump. .

[uvl] n. tiger. . . [uhk] n. bamboo fish trap. [eggal] n. parrot. . See: . [el] adj. tall, high. . [el bo] n. middle finger (lit. tall finger). [eb] n. sweet made from water and cooked rice. [emm] adjl. left. . [emm keyd] n. on the left hand. [emm kk] adj. on the left hand side. [er] n. pole (vertical). . [erka] n. belch. . - - [erka k-] vi. to belch.


35

- -

- - [hagl-k-] vt. to push. . - [hay-] vi. to jump, leap, hop. . [hahki] n. a small double-sided

drum. . [hs] n. big jungle fly. [h] n. fish basket. [hek] n. back, trunk. . . [hepl] n. clump of earth (as in soil). [hemsa] n. kind of dance. . . On the third marriage day night they do the

'demsa' dance. . [hkl] See: . [hkl] n. the hot season, - . summer. . See: [hk] n. vulture. . . [hrkl] n. man who tends cattle. . [hrke] n. woman who tends cattle. [hl] n. large drum. [hlk] n. small drum. [hlkyl] n. drummer, person who drums.

[takk] n. elder sister. . [takdr] n. luck. . See: . [taklb] n. difficulty. . . - [tag-] vi. to last, wear well. [tagtr] vi. to become weak. . reference to second and third persons). . - [ta-] vi. to get stuck (choke on food, or clothing gets caught on a protruding object). [tak] n. liver. . [tay] n. dam. . - [ta-] vi. to think, occur to mind to come to mind. . [taenjl] n. wolf. . . [ta-key] n. palm of hand. See: . - [ta-kl] n. sole of feet. [tami] n. fire. . , . [tanv] pron. his own, her own. - [tanv-tany] pron. by oneself. [tamma] n. copper. .

. After fever, the man became a little weak. . [tar] n. wife's elder sister. [tamar] n. grandson. . [tamiy] n. granddaughter. . - [ta-ma] adv. hurriedly (work not done well). . [ta] n. spouse's elder sister; elder brother's wife (used only with36


-

market. . - [tks-] vc. to drive, to lead. . They hold the little boys hand and lead him along. . [tksvl] n. beater (when hunting). [tg] n. plate used in weighing scales. , . See: . ( ) [ti (marr)] n. a very tall palm tree from which country liquor is extracted. ( ). - [ti-kal] n. palm liquor. [t] n. ear-ring with bells. - [t-] vt. to burrow. - [tk-] vt. to scratch. . . [tv] n. chin. . . . Having done wrong they ask for forgiveness and hold (stroke?) the chin. . The guilty party holds/strokes the chin of the non-guilty party as they plead for forgiveness. [tt] adjl. fresh food or water (not used for fruit). [tdal] See: . [td] n. father's father. ( ..). . Father's father is called *. . - [td-bbl] n. ancestors (pl.). . - [td-muryl] n. elder brother in law. - . The wife's elder brother is called *. , , . [tna] pron. her, its. . [tnari t] See: .37

. He is selling tobacco. . [tammur] n. younger brother. . - [tammun-kory] n. . younger brother's wife. - [tamm-tammok] pron. reflective pronoun - themselves. [tamva] pron. their own. - [tamva-tamy] pron. by themselves. - - [tayr-k-] vt. to make ready. . The relatives of the Dandari (dancers) get water ready in order to wash their feet (lower legs). . -- [tayr--] vi. to be ready. [tayl] n. bag. . . --- [tara-tara--] vi. . [tars] n. snake. . . - [tars-okke] See: . - [tar-] vt. to bring. . . - [targ-] vt. to climb. . - [- tars] post. amongst. . [talr kor] n. young hen, pullet. - [talk-] vt. to beg, ask for. . [talla] n. head. . . - [talla-nnt] n. headache. - [talla-va] n. south. . [talvr] n. sword. . - [task-] vt. to scrape. - [tah-] vt. to raise the position something. - [tk-] vi. to walk, be in progress. . . The man is walking to the

- [tammuk-ki] n. tobacco leaf.


[tn pirn] n. four days from now, (or possibly even later). . - - [tp-p-] vt. to slap. [tr] n. 1) wire. 2) web of a spider. . 3) instrument string. [pensig tr] n. fencing wire (usually barbed). - [tr-] vt. to spread something out (blanket, paper, etc.). [tli] n. pail, jug, tumbler. . [tv] n. earthen frying pan. . [tv] n. iron frying pan. . - [tv-] vt. to dish up, spoon out. . 'dhal' is dished out of the pot with a spoon/ladle. . [ts] n. furrow dug along by the plough. - [th-] vt. to raise, lift. . [tikal yr] n. clean water. . (- ) [tik (-ji)] n. kind of grass from which scented oil is extracted. [tinj] n. claw, nail. . - . Girls put nail polish on their fingernails. . [titt] See: . - [tin-] vt. to eat. , . . [tinn] adjl. right. . . [tinn keyd] adj. on the right hand. . [tinn kk] adj. on the right hand side. [tpn] n. seed drill. , . 'jowar' and soyabeans are sowed using a *. .38

( )

. Having made the bullocks go around on the 'jowar' heads at the threshing place, they remove the 'jowar'. . [tirupn] num. fifty-three. . [tirus] num. sixty-three. . [tircls] num. forty-three. . - [tiv-] vi. to break off while cutting. . - [tivs-] vc. to break off while cutting. . [tisr] adj. third. . - [tih-] vt. to feed. . [tkr] n. kind of fly (wasp, or hornet). [tky] n. mustard seed. . See: . [tj-bj] n. thunderbolt. . [trn] n. a blackish centipede. . [tr] n. kind, sort. . . [tr-trkn] all kinds of. . . For weddings they cook all kinds of food. . - [trp-] vt. to sift, removing small stones from rice. [ts] num. thirty. . . - [tug-] vt. to do. . [tu] n. drum. . [tukl] n. Muslims. . - [tut-] vt. to suck. . - [tuttri-be] See: . ( ) [tumm (marr)] n. babul tree. . ( ). acacia arabica.

. - [tir-] vi. to turn. . [tirs] vc. to cause to turn. .

[tiri hattar] num. seventy-three.


( )

( ). diospyros tree. . tomentosa. , . They make 'beedis' and leaf-pipes from the leaves of the * tree. . [turr] n. blowing horn. . ( ) [tulsi (marr)] n. sacred Tulsa tree. . ( ). ( ) . Daily, after Brahmins (Hindus) take bath, they worship the 'Tulsa' tree. ( ) . [tuvl] n. towel. . - [tuhk-] vi. to sneeze. . - [t-] vi. to blow away. - [ts] vt. winnow. [trin] n. kind of lentil, pulse. . cajamus indicus. - [tr-] vi. to spill, drop. - [tuh-] vc. to cause to spill, drop. - [ts-] vt. to share, divide. - [te-] vt. to take out, remove, draw (water). . . See: - . [tegtr] vi. to get ready. . . He is getting ready to hit him. . - [ter-] vt. to open. . . . I am opening the door. . - [ters-] vc. to fight, quarrel. . . One woman and man fought much. . - [ter-] vt. to pull out, uproot. . - - [kasn-ter-] vt. to uproot something.

( ) [tumri (marr)] n. ebony

many things quickly. - . They uproot the channa plants. . - [terg-] vt. to climb up, mount. . They all climbed up the tree. . ( ) [terv (j)] n. kind of grass, the root of which is a fragrant bulb. cyperus rotundus. [tel] n. south. . - [teh-] vt. 1) to rouse from sleep. . 2) to revive to life. 3) to build. [tehts] num. thirty-three. . - [tehc-] vt. to clean rice or lentils using an open-ended basket. [t] attr. emphatic particle. [t] corr. if. . ( ) [tka (marr)] n. teak tree. . ( ). tectona grandis. - [td-] vi. to rise, get up, fly up. . - [tds-] vc. to raise, cause to rise. . [tn] pron. her, its. . [tr] num. thirteen. . . - [- tr] attr. (so)ever. [tr] attr. also. . . [tr] corr. although. . - [- tr] clitic. 1) than. 2) even though (used after a past or negative conditional form). [try] n. bitter gourd (looks somewhat like a cucumber). . [tvs] num. twenty-three. . - [tokku-band] n. a children's game. . [toi] n. beak, mouth. . - - [toig-v-] vi. the tonsils (pl.) have come.

- - - [kas-kas-ter-] vt. to uproot


39

[tottr] adj. past, former, earlier, old man. . [totta] n. old woman. . . [tottr] n. ancestors. [toll] adjl. first, previous, earlier. . - [toll-jamnt] advl. in earlier or ancient times. . - [toh-] vt. to show, point out. . . [nelnj tohta] vi. the moon appeared. . When the moon appears during the 'duradi' festival the boys make a noise while tapping their lips. . [tohval bo] n. index finger (lit. the finger that shows). [tkr] n. tail. . . - [tc-] vt. to carry on head. [t] n. dry earth, ground, clay, or mud. . . [- to] ppnl. with. . - [tg-] vi. to be spilt. ( ). ficus fig tree. . glomerata. - [ty-] vi. to swell. . . [thyal] adj. talkative. . - [tr-] vt. to scoop liquid in order to transfer to a different container. - [tla-pu] n. rash, hives. - . After getting rash many itchy spots appear on the body. . An itchy skin eruption characterized by weals with pale interiors and welldefined red margins; usually the result of an allergic response to insect bites or food or drugs. [tl] n. tortoise. See: ; . [tl] n. skin, hide, bark. . , . [treyns] num. eighty-three. . [trnov] num. ninety-three. .

( ) [ty (marr)] n. glomerous

[tha] n. place at a river where there is always water (used for immersing idols). ( : , ). In order to immerse the gods they go to the *. (e.g. Jangubai, Bheemal). . See: . [th] adjl. some. .

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gondi-english-telugu-hindi a4 dictionary (march 2005)

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