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m

GVPGLP OJ GJJGBPMZGLGRR OJ PFG FGHCPF BH^G RG^ZMBGRHR YG^BGMZG@ N] ML!YHPMGLPR HL@ OWPYHPMGLPR ML PFG

LG[ NMCMNM@ Y^MROL5 NHRMR JO^ HL MAY^OZG@FGHCPF BH^G Y^OK^HA JO^ MLAHPGR

H Ahstgrs PfgsmsYrgsgltg` to

Pfg Jhbucty oj Krh`uhtg Rbfooc oj G`ubhtmolWlmvgrsmty oj Ygrpgtuhc Fgcp Rystga @HCPH

Chs Ymhs Bmty

Ml Yhrtmhc Jucjmccagltoj tfg ^gqumrgaglts jor tfg @gkrgg

Ahstgr oj Hrts ml LursmlkAheor ml Lursmlk H`amlmstrhtmol

FHRAML Y, RGRBH^# ^L,

Lovgangr >988

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mm

HYY^OZHC RFGGP

Pfms tfgsms gltmtcg` GVPGLP OJ GJJGBPMZGLGRR OJ PFGFGHCPF BH^G RG^ZMBGR HR YG^BGMZG@ N] ML!YHPMGLPR HL@OWPYHPMGLPR ML PFG LG[ NMCMNM@ Y^MROL5 NHRMR JO^ HLMAY^OZG@ FGHCPF BH^G Y^OK^HA JO^ MLAHPGR prgphrg` hl`sunamttg` ny FHRAML Y, RGRBH^ ml phrtmhc jucjmccaglt jor tfg `gkrgg ojAhstgr oj Hrts ml Lursmlk Aheor ml Lursmlk H`amlmstrhtmol fhs ngglgxhamlg` hl` rgboaagl`g` jor hbbgpthlbg hl` hpprovhc oj jmlhc orhcgxhamlhtmol,

HCNG^PO Y, AGL@OUH# G`@,H`vmsgr

O^HC GVHAMLHPMOL BOAAMPPGG

Hpprovg` ny tfg Boaamttgg ol Orhc Gxhamlhtmol wmtf hkrh`g oj __________________ ,

JCO^GLBMH B, AH^JMC# G`@, MAGC@H O, EHZMG^# ^L, AHL,Agangr Agangr

FHUGC L, ZMCCHK^HBMH# G`@,Bfhmrahl

Hbbgptg` hl` hpprovg` ml phrtmhc jucjmccaglt oj tfg rgqumrgaglts

jor tfg `gkrgg oj Ahstgr oj Hrts ml Lursmlk Aheor ml LursmlkH`amlmstrhtmol,

M^GLGO J, AH^PMLGU E^,# CCN# ANH# Yf@,@ghl# Krh`uhtg Rbfooc

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mmm

HBDLO[CG@KAGLP

Pfg hutfor wouc` cmdg to gxprgss fgr `ggpgst krhtmtu`g to h

luangr oj pgopcg wfo ah`g mt possmncg jor fgr to jmlmsf tfms rgsghrbf

word,

Jmrst hl` jorgaost# fgr projoul` krhtmtu`g to fgr h`vmsgr# @r,

Hcngrto Y, Agl`ozh# wfo provm`g` fms vhcuhncg mlputs hl` mlsmkfts

wfmbf boltrmnutg` krghtcy to tfg jucjmccaglt oj tfg stu`y, Fms ulsgcjmsf hl`

ultmrmlk kum`hlbg# phtmglbg hl` support tfroukfout tfms stu`y fhvg

provm`g` glbourhkgaglt to tfg hbboapcmsfaglt oj tfms stu`y,

Cmdgwmsg# tfms word wmcc lot ng h rghcmty wmtfout tfg mlboltgsthncg

dlowcg`kg oj fgr sthtmstmbmhl# @r, Egsus N, Kocchyhl# jor fms gxpgrtmsg ml

tfg jorauchtmol oj tfg sthtmstmbhc trghtaglt oj tfms stu`y,

Jurtfgraorg# tfg hutfor gxprgssgs fgr hpprgbmhtmol to tfg

`mstmlkumsg` phlgc# @r, Grmb @, Ocmvhrgz# @r, Lhoam @g Hro# @r,

Jcorglbmh B, Ahrjmc# As, Magc`h O, Ehvmgr# ^L,# AHL,# hl` tfg

bfhmrahl @r, Fhzgc L, Zmcchkrhbmh# wfo sfhrg` tfgmr gxpgrtmsg ml tfg

maprovgaglt oj tfms rgsghrbf stu`y hs wgcc hs tfgmr nrmccmhlt m`ghs hl`

mlsmkfts,

Pfg hutfor hcso gxprgssgs fgr hpprgbmhtmol to tfg gxpgrts wfo

vhcm`htg` tfg mlstruaglt5 @r, @oamlh`or A, Lhrhk# @r, Agrmbmh

C, Nocmvhr# hl` @r, Kcormh A, Hcngrto,

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mv

Gxprgssmol oj `ggpgst krhtmtu`g ms `ug to fgr gxbgccglt

projgssor# @r, Fhzgc L, Zmcchkrhbmh# jor fgr wms`oa hl` fuamcmty hl`

`gaolstrhtg` fgr smlbgrgst support, Pfg hutfor jgct fgr utaost bolbgrl

tfht glbourhkg` hl` mlspmrg` fgr to ng h koo` g`ubhtor hl` fopgjuccy h

juturg lursmlk cgh`gr,

Aost maporthltcy# tfg hutfor gxprgssgs fgr `ggpgst krhtmtu`g hl`

covg to fgr jhamcy# wfo sgrvgs hs fgr mlspmrhtmol ml cmjg,

Ar, Fglry H, Yhrgeh hl` Ars, Hurorh G, Yhrgeh# fgr supportmvg

hl` covmlk phrglts# wfosg covg hl` upnrmlkmlk ah`g fgr tfg pgrsol sfg

ms low,

Fgr smncmlks# lgpfgws hl` lmgbg# jor tfgmr covg hl` bolbgrl

mlspmrg` tfg hutfor to ko ol `gspmtg oj tfg fml`rhlbgs tfht fhvg obburrg`

hcolk tfg why,

Ar, Ahlugc C, Rgsbhr Er,# tfg covmlk hl` phtmglt# ul`grsthl`mlk

hl` rgspolsmncg fusnhl` oj tfg hutfor# jor ngmlk fgr mlspmrhtmol hl`

strglktf `urmlk tfg ul`grthdmlk oj tfms stu`y, Fms sgcjcgss support hl`

ulbol`mtmolhc covg sootfg tfg hutfors hlkumsf glboultgrg` `urmlk tfg

gl`ghvor oj tfms stu`y,

Fgr covmlk bfmc`rgl# Ehyahl# Ehlugccg hl` Ehsfugc# hrg tfg

rghsols oj fgr hspmrhtmols, Pfgmr gjjort ml stu`ymlk wgcc hl` hbfmgvmlk ml

sbfooc brghtgs h sglsg oj jucjmccaglt,

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v

Jor tfosg wfo fhvg fgcpg` ml olg why or tfg otfgr ml tfg

jucjmccaglt oj tfms word# h amccmol tfhlds to you4

Pfg rghcmzhtmol hl` subbgss oj tfms word ms owg` to our Ko`

Hcamkfty# jor tfg boultcgss ncgssmlks# covg hl` kum`hlbg# fghctf hl`

strglktf Fg fhs ngstowg` fgr,

F, Y, R,

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vm

HNRP^HBP

Lhag oj tfg Mlstmtutmol5 Wlmvgrsmty oj Ygrpgtuhc Fgcp Rystga @HCPH

H``rgss5 Yhapcolh# Chs Ymhs Bmty

Pmtcg5 Gxtglt oj Gjjgbtmvglgss oj tfg Fghctf Bhrg

Rgrvmbgs hs Ygrbgmvg` ny Ml!Yhtmglts hl`

Outphtmglts ml tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol5 Nhsms

jor hl Maprovg` Fghctf Bhrg Yrokrha jor

Mlahtgs

Hutfor5 Fhsaml Y, Rgsbhr# ^L,

@gkrgg5 Ahstgr oj Hrts ml Lursmlk

Aheor5 Aheor ml Lursmlk H`amlmstrhtmol

@htg oj Boapcgtmol5 Lovgangr >988

RPHPGAGLP OJ PFG Y^ONCGA5

Pfms stu`y whs `gsmklg` to `gtgramlg tfg gxtglt oj gjjgbtmvglgss

oj tfg fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs hs pgrbgmvg` ny ml!phtmglts hl` outphtmglts ml

tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol5 nhsms jor hl maprovg` fghctf bhrg prokrha jor

mlahtgs,

Rpgbmjmbhccy# mt soukft hlswgrs to tfg joccowmlk qugstmols5

8- [fht ms tfg `gaokrhpfmb projmcg oj tfg mlahtg!rgspol`glts hbbor`mlk

to5

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vmm

8,8, Hkg4

8,>, Gxmstmlk phtmglt bchssmjmbhtmol &ml!phtmglt hl` outphtmglt-4

hl`

8,2, Cglktf oj sthy ml tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol# Nurghu oj

Borrgbtmols?

>- [fht ms tfg gaokrhpfmb projmcg oj tfg mlahtg!rgspol`glts ml tfg

yghr >99= hl` >989 ml tgras oj5

>,8, Aornm`mty4 hl`

>,>, Aorthcmty?

2- [fht ms tfg gxtglt oj gjjgbtmvglgss oj tfg fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs ml tfg

Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol hbbor`mlk to @OF Rthl`hr`s oj Bhrg?

2,8, Amssmol hl` vmsmol4

2,>, Rthjjmlk4

2,2, Ag`mbhc suppcmgs4

2,0, Yrokrhas4 hl`

2,7, Jhbmcmtmgs hl` gqumpaglt?

0- Hrg tfgrg smklmjmbhlt `mjjgrglbgs ml tfg gxtglt oj gjjgbtmvglgss oj

fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs hs pgrbgmvg` ny ml!phtmglts hl` outphtmglts ml

tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol?

7- [fht maprovg` fghctf bhrg prokrha jor mlahtgs ahy ng proposg`?

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vmmm

AGPFO@OCOK]5

Pfg `gsbrmptmvg `gsmkl oj rgsghrbf whs gapcoyg` ml tfms stu`y, H

survgy mlstruaglt whs prgphrg` to `gtgramlg tfg `gaokrhpfmb projmcg oj

tfg ml!phtmglt hl` outphtmglt rgspol`glts# tfgmr pgrbgptmol ol tfg gxtglt

oj gjjgbtmvglgss oj tfg fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs ml tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol hs h

nhsms jor tfg maprovg` fghctf bhrg prokrha jor mlahtgs, Aorgovgr# tfg

stu`y hcso ah`g usg oj `obuaglthry hlhcysms oj tfg aornm`mty hl`

aorthcmty oj mlahtg!rgspol`glts `urmlk tfg jmsbhc yghr >99=!>989,

Pfg rgspol`glts ml tfms stu`y mlbcu`g` tfg ml!phtmglts oj tfg Lgw

Nmcmnm` Yrmsol Fospmthc# mrrgkhr`cgss oj tfgmr mcclgss hl` cglktf oj fospmthc

boljmlgaglt hl` outphtmglts wfo soukft rgkuchr bolsucthtmols ht tfg Out

Yhtmglt @gphrtaglt &OY@- `urmlk tfg jmsbhc yghr >99= ! >989,

Yurposmvg shapcmlk whs usg` smlbg tfg rgspol`glts wgrg

bfosgl ol tfg nhsms oj tfgmr burrglt phtmglt bchssmjmbhtmol# bhphnmcmty to

wrmtg hl` tfg rgkuchrmty oj bfgbd up ht tfg OY@ jor outphtmglts, Phkhcok

qugstmollhmrg whs utmcmzg` jor 899 ml!phtmglt hl` 299 outphtmglt

rgspol`glts hl` rgspolsgs wouc` `gpgl` ol tfg bfombgs oj h jmvg pomlt

sbhcg,

Cmdgwmsg# tfg rgsghrbfgr utmcmzg` jrgquglby boult# pgrbglthkg#

wgmkftg` aghl# hl` rhldmlk to jhbmcmthtg tfg `gsbrmptmol oj maporthlt

jghturgs oj tfg `hth, Mljgrgltmhc Rthtmstmbs whs hppcmg` phrtmbuchrcy# t!tgst

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mx

jor ml`gpgl`glt shapcgs# to boaphrg tfg pgrbgptmols oj tfg ml!phtmglts

hl` tfg outphtmglts ol tfg gxtglt oj tfg gjjgbtmvglgss oj tfg fghctf bhrg

sgrvmbgs ml tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol, Rmklmjmbhlbg oj `mjjgrglbg whs tgstg`

ht jmvg pgr bglt cgvgc,

JML@MLKR5

Nhsg` ol tfg hlhcysms hl` mltgrprgthtmol oj tfg `hth khtfgrg` jor

tfms stu`y# tfg joccowmlk rgsucts wgrg `msbcosg`5

8, ^gchtmvg to spgbmjmb proncga luangr 8# tfg `gaokrhpfmb projmcg oj

mlahtg rgspol`glts sfowg` tfht5 h- hbbor`mlk to hkg# aheormty oj

tfg ml!phtmglts hl` outphtmglts wgrg joul` to ng ml hkg nrhbdgts

08!79 hl` 78!:9# n- hbbor`mlk to phtmglts bchssmjmbhtmol# aheormty

oj tfg rgspol`glts wgrg outphtmglts# boaprmsg` oj :9 pgr bglt

oj tfg tothc luangr oj phtmglt# b- hl` hbbor`mlk to cglktf oj

sthy ml prmsol# notf kroup rgspol`glts wfo fhvg tfg cowgst

cglktf oj sthy ml prmsol fhvg h fmkf jrgquglby hl` pgrbglthkg,

>, [mtf rgjgrglbg to spgbmjmb proncga luangr ># tfg `gaokrhpfmb

projmcg oj mlahtg rgspol`glts sfowg` tfht5 h- ml tgras oj

aornm`mty# tfgrg whs h sunsthltmhc `gbrghsg` ml tothc luangr jor

ml!phtmglts# wfmcg tfgrg whs hl mlbrghsg` ml tothc luangr jor

outphtmglts jroa jmsbhc yghr >99= to >989# n- ml tgras oj aorthcmty#

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x

tfgrg whs h scmkft `gbrghsg` ml tothc luangr jroa jmsbhc yghr >99=

to >989,

2, Ygrthmlmlk to spgbmjmb proncga luangr 2 ol tfg pgrbgptmol oj two

kroups oj mlahtg rgspol`glts ol tfg gxtglt oj gjjgbtmvglgss oj tfg

fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs ml rgchtmol to tfg amssmol hl` vmsmol# sthjjmlk#

ag`mbhc suppcmgs# prokrhas# jhbmcmtmgs hl` gqumpaglt# tfg

joccowmlk rgsucts surjhbg`5 h- notf kroups pgrbgmvg` tfht tfg

amssmol hl` vmsmol oj tfg fghctf bhrg systga wgrg wgcc gapcoyg`

hl` hssgssg` hs L!Lhsusulo`# n- notf kroups pgrbgmvg` tfht

tfg sthjjmlk oj tfg LNY whs orkhlmzg` hl` h`gquhtg hl`

hssgssg` hs L!Lhsusulo`# b- tfg ml!phtmglts pgrbgmvg` tfht tfgrg

wgrg gloukf ag`mbhc suppcmgs hvhmchncg to susthml tfgmr fghctf

lgg`s# tfgmr hssgssaglt wgrg L!Lhsusulo`# wfmcg tfg

outphtmglts pgrbgmvg` tfht tfgrg wgrg scmkft `gjmbmglby ml ag`mbhc

suppcmgs to susthml tfgmr fghctf lgg`s hl` wgrg hssgssg` hs N!L!

Nhfhkyhlk Lhsusulo`# `- notf kroups pgrbgmvg` tfht tfg fghctf

prokrha oj tfg LNY whs propgr hl` hbbgpthncg hl` whs

hssgssg` hs L!Lhsusulo`# g- tfg ml!phtmglts pgrbgmvg` tfht

tfg jhbmcmtmgs hl` gqumpaglt wgrg gloukf to hbboao`htg vhrmous

fghctf smtuhtmols hl` wgrg hssgssg` hs L!Lhsusulo`# wfgrghs

tfg outphtmglts pgrbgmvg` tfht tfg prgsglt jhbmcmtmgs hl`

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xm

gqumpaglt wgrg phrtcy mlsujjmbmglt to aggt gloraous fghctf

bol`mtmols hl` wgrg hssgssg` hs N!L!Nhfhkyhlk lhsusulo`,

0, [mtf rgjgrglbg to spgbmjmb proncga luangr 0 ol tfg smklmjmbhlt

`mjjgrglbgs ml tfg gxtglt oj gjjgbtmvglgss oj tfg fghctf bhrg

sgrvmbgs ml tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol hs pgrbgmvg` ny tfg ml!phtmglts

hl` outphtmglts# tfg rgsucts rgvghcg` tfht tfgrg wgrg lo

smklmjmbhlt `mjjgrglbgs ngtwggl tfg pgrbgptmols oj tfg

rgspol`glts,

7, ^gchtmvg to tfg spgbmjmb proncga luangr 7 ol tfg proposhc oj hl

maprovg` fghctf bhrg prokrha jor mlahtgs# jorauchtmol oj hl

htthmlhncg proposg` fghctf prokrha nhsg` ol tfg pgrbgptmol oj

tfg rgspol`glts,

BOLBCWRMOLR5

Ml tfg cmkft oj tfg hnovg jml`mlks# tfg joccowmlk bolbcusmols wgrg `rhwl5

8, Pfg am``cg!hkg phtmglts ml notf kroup rgspol`glts gxfmnmtg`

sunsthltmhccy fmkfgr bhsgs oj mcclgss tfhl tfosg oj tfg otfgr hkg

nrhbdgts, Hs tfg luangr oj prmsolgrs boltmlugs to krow hl` to

hkg# tmagcy prgvhcglbg gstmahtgs oj bfrolmb fghctf bol`mtmols hs

wgcc hs hbutg `msghsgs ngboag mlbrghsmlkcy ahlmjgstg`# jurtfgr

hkkrhvhtg` ny vhrmous prmsol glvmrolaglthc jhbtors,

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xmm

>, Ngtwggl tfg two kroup rgspol`glts tfg outphtmglts boaprmsg` tfg

aheormty oj phtmglts tfhl tfg ml!phtmglts ml tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol,

2, Mlahtgs wmtf tfg sfortgst yghrs sthy ml prmsol gxfmnmtg` h krghtgr

mlbm`glbg hl` prgvhcglbg oj mcclgssgs tfhl tfosg wmtf colk yghrs oj

sthy ml prmsol, Pfg joccowmlk jhbtors ahy fhvg boltrmnutg` to

prmsolgrs `msghsg prmor to mlbhrbgrhtmol subf hs5 cow

sobmogboloamb sthtus# poor hbbgss to fghctf bhrg ml tfgmr foag

boaaulmtmgs# hl` fmkf rmsd ngfhvmors, Joccowmlk mlbhrbgrhtmol# h

luangr oj glvmrolaglthc jhbtors mlbcu`mlk brow`g` cmvmlk

bol`mtmols# chbd oj vgltmchtmol# poor shlmthtmol# hl` mlbrghsg`

psybfocokmbhc strgss ahy jurtfgr boltrmnutg to mt,

0, Aornm`mty hl` aorthcmty `gbrghsg` jroa jmsbhc yghr >99= to >989,

7, Pfgrg whs hl gjjgbtmvg fghctf bhrg sgrvmbg ml tfg Lgw Nmcmnm`

Yrmsol ml rgchtmol to5 amssmol hl` vmsmol4 sthjjmlk4 ag`mbhc suppcmgs4

prokrhas4 hl` jhbmcmtmgs hl` gqumpaglt# hs pgrbgmvg` ny tfg ml!

phtmglts,

:, Pfg outphtmglts pgrbgmvg` tfht tfgrg whs hl gjjgbtmvg fghctf bhrg

sgrvmbg ml rgchtmol to tfg amssmol hl` vmsmol# sthjjmlk# hl`

prokrhas, Fowgvgr# ml rgchtmol to tfg ag`mbhc suppcmgs# jhbmcmtmgs

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xmmm

hl` gqumpaglt# tfg shm` hrghs wgrg phrtcy lot gjjgbtmvg ml tgras oj

fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs,

;, Pfg ovgrhcc pgrbgptmol oj notf kroup rgspol`glts ol tfg gxtglt oj

tfg gjjgbtmvglgss oj tfg fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs ms hssgssg` hs L!

Lhsusulo`, Notf kroup rgspol`glts pgrbgmvg` tfht tfg burrglt

fghctf bhrg prokrha ms hncg to aggt tfg ovgrhcc fghctf lgg`s oj

mlahtg phtmglts,

6, Pfg mlh`gquhbmgs pgrbgmvg` ny tfg outphtmglts hs to tfg ag`mbhc

suppcmgs subf hs# ag`mbmlgs# syrmlkgs# bottol# khuzg# mltrhvglous

jcum`s# mltrhvglous tungs# lhsokhstrmb tungs# mlsucml# gtb,# jhbmcmtmgs

hl` gqumpaglt subf hs ncoo` prgssurg hpphrhtus# lgnucmzgr#

subtmol hpphrhtus# gcgbtrobhr`mokrha ahbfmlg# V!rhy ahbfmlg#

oxykgl thld# stgtfosbopg# `gjmnrmcchtor# bhr`mhb aolmtor# opgrhtmlk

rooa# gagrkglby rooa hl` gqumpaglt# whr`s# gtb, hrg soag oj

tfg mlfgrglt proncgas oj tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol &LNY-,

=, Pfgrg wgrg lo smklmjmbhlt `mjjgrglbgs ml tfg gxtglt oj gjjgbtmvglgss

oj tfg fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs ml tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol hs pgrbgmvg`

ny ml!phtmglts hl` outphtmglts,

89, Pfg proposhc ol tfg maprovg` fghctf bhrg prokrha `gpgl`s ol

tfg pgrbgptmol oj tfg rgspol`glts ml tfg gjjgbtmvglgss oj tfg fghctf

bhrg sgrvmbgs oj tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol,

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xmv

^GBOAAGL@HPMOLR5

Nhsg` ol tfg jml`mlks hl` bolbcusmols ah`g ml tfms stu`y# tfg

joccowmlk rgboaagl`htmols wgrg rgboaagl`g`5

8, Po orkhlmzg gjjmbmglt `gcmvgry oj fghctf bhrg ml prmsol systgas#

borrgbtmolhc h`amlmstrhtors sfouc` stu`y tfg `gthmcg` mljorahtmol

ol tfg `msghsg phttgrls oj tfgmr popuchtmols, Pfg ojjmbmhcs oj tfg

Nurghu oj Borrgbtmols sfouc` fhvg rgkuchr boor`mlhtmol hl`

bocchnorhtmol to ng hncg to boag up wmtf h prgbmsg` rgsocutmols

pgrthmlmlk to tfg mlahtgs fghctf bol`mtmols, Nurghu ojjmbmhcs

sfouc` boag up wmtf lgw pocmbmgs nhsg` ol hsbgrthml lgg`s,

>, Pfgrg sfouc` ng boltmlumty ol tfg burrglt fghctf bhrg prokrha to

`gtgramlg tfg gjjgbtmvglgss oj subf,

2, ^gkuchr hl` gjjmbmglt aolmtormlk ol tfg hvhmchnmcmty oj ag`mbhc

suppcmgs subf hs# ag`mbmlgs# syrmlkgs# bottol# khuzg#

mltrhvglous jcum`s# mltrhvglous tungs# lhsokhstrmb tungs# mlsucml#

gtb, sfouc` fgcp `gtgramlg tfg lgg` jor hl h``mtmolhc purbfhsg

or`gr hs lgg`g`, Hvhmchnmcmty oj ag`mbhc suppcmgs ms lgbgsshry

gspgbmhccy ml prmsol bhaps# jor tfg rghsol tfht gagrkglby bhsgs

hrg mlgvmthncg ml subf h pchbg, Pfgsg wouc` cgssgl aorthcmty

bhsgs ml tmags oj hkkrgssmol haolk khlks, Gquhc `mstrmnutmol oj

ag`mbhc suppcmgs jor ml!phtmglts hl` outphtmglts sfouc` ng

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15/165

xv

strmbtcy mapcgagltg`, Pfms wouc` rg`ubg fospmthc boljmlgaglt

jor outphtmglts hl` cgssgl aorthcmty haolk ml!phtmglts,

0, H fghctf proaotmlk prmsol sfouc` ng brghtg` wmtf tfg

phrtmbmphtmol oj ghbf agangr oj tfg sthjj,

7, Kmvmlk rgboklmtmol to tfg sthjj jor purposgs oj aotmvhtmlk tfga to

gjjgbtmvgcy bhrry ol wmtf tfg burrglt gxbgccglt provmsmol oj fghctf

bhrg, ^gboklmzmlk tfg gjjort oj tfg fghctf bhrg pgrsollgc wouc`

ahdg tfga jggc vhcug` hl` wouc` mlspmrg tfga,

:, Kmvgl tfg burrglt fghctf proncgas ml prmsols# sthjj agangrs

sfouc` dlow hl` ul`grsthl` fow tfgrg bouc` ng amlmamzg` hl`

fow fghctf hl` wgcc!ngmlk bouc` ng proaotg`,

;, Yfysmbmhls hl` lursgs hl` otfgr projgssmolhcs wordmlk ml

prmsols fhvg h ulmqug cgh`grsfmp rocg ml `gvgcopmlk tfg fghctf

proaotmlk prmsol, Pfgy sfouc` sthrt jroa h soul` nhsms oj

projgssmolhc trhmlmlk ml wfmbf mssugs subf hs boljm`gltmhcmty#

phtmglt rmkfts hl` fuahl rmkfts fhvg nggl juccy bovgrg` hl`

`msbussg`, Pfgy sfouc` hcso fhvg soag dlowcg`kg oj fow

`msghsgs sprgh` hl` oj fow cmjgstycgs hl` sobmogboloamb

nhbdkroul` jhbtors bhl mljcuglbg mcc fghctf, Pfgy sfouc` hcso ng

hwhrg oj fuahl lutrmtmol hl` oj tfg maporthlbg oj gxgrbmsg hl`

jrgsf hmr ml proaotmlk fghctf, Pfgy sfouc` ng hcgrt to potgltmhc

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xvm

tfrghts to fghctf hl` hncg to `gtgbt ghrcy smkls oj aglthc fghctf

proncgas,

6, Pop cgvgc ahlhkgaglt oj tfg fospmthc sfouc` fhvg h jmra

sthl` ol tfg lgg` jor mlbrghsg` nu`kgthry hccobhtmol jor tfg

lgg`g` gqumpaglt hl` jor tfg maprovgaglt oj jhbmcmtmgs,

=, ^gkuchr bolthbt wmtf cobhc boaaulmty sgrvmbgs sfouc` ng

gsthncmsfg` hl` tfg mlvocvgaglt oj voculthry hkglbmgs sfouc`

ng socmbmtg` to proaotg fghctf hl` wgcc!ngmlk ml prmsols, [fgrg

possmncg# prmsolgrs sfouc` ng bollgbtg` to dgy

boaaulmty sgrvmbgs ngjorg cghvmlk tfg prmsol bgcc# subf hs

pronhtmol or phrocg hl` sobmhc sgrvmbgs,

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xvmm

PHNCG OJ BOLPGLPR

YHKG

PMPCG YHKG m

HYY^OZHC RFGGP mm

HBDLO[CG@KAGLP mmm

HNRP^HBP vm

PHNCG OJ BOLPGLPR xvmm

CMRP OJ PHNCGR xx

CMRP OJ JMKW^GR xxmmm

BFHYPG^

M PFG Y^ONCGA HL@ MPR NHBDK^OWL@

Mltro`ubtmol 8

Rgttmlk oj tfg Rtu`y :

Pfgorgtmbhc/Bolbgptuhc Jrhagword 6

Bolbgptuhc Yhrh`mka 80

Rthtgaglt oj tfg Yroncga 87

Fypotfgsms oj tfg Rtu`y 8;

Rbopg hl` Cmamthtmols oj tfg Rtu`y 8;

Rmklmjmbhlbg oj tfg Rtu`y 86

@gjmlmtmol oj Pgras 8=

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xvmmm

> ^GZMG[ OJ ^GCHPG@ CMPG^HPW^G

^gchtg` Cmtgrhturg >8

^gchtg` Rtu`mgs 09

Ryltfgsms 7:

2 AGPFO@OCOK]

Pfg ^gsghrbf @gsmkl :9

Yopuchtmol hl` Rhapcmlk :8

^gspol`glts oj tfg Rtu`y :8

Pfg ^gsghrbf Mlstruaglt :2

Zhcm`htmol oj Mlstruaglt :7

@hth!Khtfgrmlk Yrobg`urg :7

Rthtmstmbhc Prghtaglt oj @hth ::

0 Y^GRGLPHPMOL# HLHC]RMR HL@MLPG^Y^GPHPMOL OJ @HPH :6

7 RWAAH^] OJ JML@MLKR# BOLBCWRMOLRHL@ GBOAAGL@HPMOLR

Ruaahry 882

Jml`mlks 887

Bolbcusmols 886

^gboaagl`htmols 8>9

^GJG^GLBGR 8>0

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xmx

HYYGL@MBGR

H Cgttgr ^gqugst jor tfg @mrgbtor#Nurghu oj Borrgbtmols 8>6

N Cgttgr ^gqugst jor tfg Ojjmbgr!Ml!Bfhrkg ojtfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol Fospmthc 8>=

B Bgrtmjmbhtmol oj Rthtmstmbhc Prghtaglt 829

@ Cgttgr jor tfg ^gspol`glts 828

G Xugstmollhmrg jor tfg Mlahtg ^gspol`glts 82>

BW^^MBWCWA ZMPHG 82;

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xx

CMRP OJ PHNCGR

PHNCG YHKG

8 Jrgquglby hl` Ygrbglthkg @mstrmnutmoloj Yhtmglt Bchssmjmbhtmol Hbbor`mlk toCgh`mlk Mcclgssgs &>99= >989- :>

> Jrgquglby hl` Ygrbglthkg @mstrmnutmoloj Mlahtg!^gspol`glts Hbbor`mlk to Hkg :=

2 @mstrmnutmol oj ^gspol`glts Hbbor`mlk

to Yhtmglt Bchssmjmbhtmol ;9

0 Jrgquglby hl` Ygrbglthkg @mstrmnutmoloj Mlahtg!^gspol`glts Hbbor`mlk to Cglktfoj Rthy ml Yrmsol ;8

7 Jrgquglby hl` Ygrbglthkg @mstrmnutmol ojMl!Yhtmglts Hbbor`mlk to AoltfcyAornm`mty &J,], >99=!>989- ;2

: Jrgquglby hl` Ygrbglthkg @mstrmnutmol

oj Outphtmglts Hbbor`mlk to AoltfcyAornm`mty &J,], >99=!>989- ;7

; Jrgquglby hl` Ygrbglthkg @mstrmnutmoloj Mlahtg!^gspol`glts Hbbor`mlkto Aoltfcy Aorthcmty &J,], >99=!>989- ;;

6 Aghl Rborgs Hbbor`mlk to Ml!phtmglt!^gspol`glts ml ^gchtmol toAmssmol hl` Zmsmol &l1899- ;6

= Aghl Rborgs Hbbor`mlk to Ml!phtmglt!^gspol`glts ml ^gchtmol to Rthjjmlk &l1899- 68

89 Aghl Rborgs Hbbor`mlk to Ml!phtmglt!^gspol`glts ml ^gchtmol to Ag`mbhcRuppcmgs &l1899- 62

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xxm

88 Aghl Rborgs Hbbor`mlk to Ml!phtmglt!^gspol`glts ml ^gchtmol to Yrokrhas &l1899- 67

8> Aghl Rborgs Hbbor`mlk to Ml!phtmglt!^gspol`glts ml ^gchtmol to Jhbmcmtmgshl` Gqumpaglt &l1899- 66

82 Aghl Rborgs Hbbor`mlk to Outphtmglt!

^gspol`glts ml ^gchtmol to Amssmolhl` Zmsmol &l1299- =9

80 Aghl Rborgs hbbor`mlk to Outphtmglt!

^gspol`glts ml ^gchtmol to Rthjjmlk&l1299- =2

87 Aghl Rborgs Hbbor`mlk to Outphtmglt^gspol`glts ml ^gchtmol toAg`mbhc Ruppcmgs &l1299- =7

8: Aghl Rborgs Hbbor`mlk to Outphtmglt^gspol`glts ml ^gchtmol to Yrokrhas&l1299- =;

8; Aghl Rborgs Hbbor`mlk to Outphtmglt^gspol`glts ml ^gchtmol to Jhbmcmtmgshl` Gqumpaglt &l1299- 899

86 P! Boaputg` Zhcug ol tfg Rmklmjmbhlt @mjjgrglbgsngtwggl tfg Ygrbgptmols oj Ml!phtmglts hl`Outphtmglts ml tfg Amssmol hl` Zmsmol oj tfgFghctf Bhrg Rgrvmbgs 89>

8= P! Boaputg` Zhcug ol tfg Rmklmjmbhlt @mjjgrglbgsngtwggl tfg Ygrbgptmols oj Ml!phtmglts hl`

Outphtmglts ml tfg Rthjjmlk oj tfg FghctfBhrg Rgrvmbgs 892

>9 P! Boaputg` Zhcug ol tfg Rmklmjmbhlt @mjjgrglbgsngtwggl tfg Ygrbgptmols oj Ml!phtmglts hl`Outphtmglts ml tfg Ag`mbhc Ruppcmgs oj tfgFghctf Bhrg Rgrvmbgs 890

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xxmm

>8 P! Boaputg` Zhcug ol tfg Rmklmjmbhlt @mjjgrglbgsngtwggl tfg Ygrbgptmols oj Ml!phtmglts hl`Outphtmglts ml tfg Yrokrhas oj tfgFghctf Bhrg Rgrvmbgs 897

>> P! Boaputg` Zhcug ol tfg Rmklmjmbhlt @mjjgrglbgsngtwggl tfg Ygrbgptmols oj Ml!phtmglts hl`Outphtmglts ml tfg Jhbmcmtmgs hl` Gqumpaglt oj tfgFghctf Bhrg Rgrvmbgs 89:

>2 P Boaputg` Zhcug ol Ruaahry oj Rmklmjmbhlt

@mjjgrglbgs ml tfg Gxtglt oj Gjjgbtmvglgss oj tfgM`gltmjmg` Hrghs oj Fghctf Bhrg Rgrvmbgs 89;

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xxmmm

CMRP OJ JMKW^GR

JMKW^GR YHKG

8 Bolbgptuhc Yhrh`mka oj tfg Rtu`y 80

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8Bfhptgr 8

PFG Y^ONCGA HL@ MPR NHBDK^OWL@

Mltro`ubtmol

Fghctf ms h ulmvgrshc rmkft, Pfg sthtg rgboklmzgs fghctf hs h nhsmb

fuahl rmkft, Mt protgbts hl` proaotgs tfg rmkft to fghctf oj tfg pgopcg

hl` mlstmccs fghctf bolsbmouslgss haolk tfga, Hctfoukf tfms provmsmol ms

kuhrhltgg` ny tfg 8=6; Bolstmtutmol &Hrtmbcg MM# Rgbtmol 87- hl` tfg

fghctf bhrg systga ml tfg Yfmcmppmlgs ms kglgrhccy gxtglsmvg# hbbgss to

fghctf sgrvmbgs# gspgbmhccy ny tfg poor# ms stmcc fhapgrg` ny fmkf bost#

pfysmbhc hl` sobmo!bucturhc nhrrmgrs# &@OF-,

Ygopcg wfo hrg ml prmsol fhvg tfg shag rmkft to fghctf bhrg hs

gvgryolg gcsg# Hl`rgw Boycg &>990-, H boltmlumlk bfhccglkg ml puncmb

fghctf ms to kgt sgrvmbgs to tfg pgopcg wfo lgg` tfga tfg aost#

gspgbmhccy tfosg wfo hrg fhr`gst to rghbf, ]gt mt ms h sh` rghcmty oj cmjg

tfht# ht hly olg tmag# h fmkf proportmol oj tfosg wmtf auctmpcg fghctf

proncgas hrg mlbhrbgrhtg` ml tfg prmsols oj ghbf boultry, Pfgy hrg

bgrthmlcy rghbfhncg# jor h bgrthml pgrmo` ht cghst, Mt ms mlbrghsmlkcy ngmlk

rgboklmzg` tfht koo` prmsol fghctf ms koo` puncmb fghctf# ny @r,

Lhth Aglhn`g# @gputy ^gkmolhc @mrgbtor# [FO ^gkmolhc Ojjmbg jor

Guropg# &>996-,

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>Olg oj tfg strolkgst cgssols jroa tfg gl` oj tfg chst bgltury ms tfht

puncmb fghctf bhl lo colkgr hjjor` to mklorg prmsol fghctf, Hs hccsobmgtmgs try to bopg wmtf tfgsg sgrmous fghctf proncgas# mt ngboags

bcghr tfht hly lhtmolhc strhtgky jor boltroccmlk tfga rgqumrgs `gvgcopmlk

hl` mlbcu`mlk prmsol pocmbmgs# hs prmsols bolthml# ht hly olg tmag# h

`msproportmolhtg luangr oj tfosg rgqumrmlk fghctf hssmsthlbg#&[FO-,

Fghctf bhrg systgas hrg `gsmklg` to aggt tfg fghctf bhrg lgg`s oj

thrkgt popuchtmols, Pfgrg hrg h wm`g vhrmgty oj fghctf bhrg systgas

hroul` tfg worc`, Ml soag boultrmgs# fghctf bhrg systga pchllmlk ms

`mstrmnutg` haolk ahrdgt phrtmbmphlts# wfgrghs ml otfgrs pchllmlk ms

ah`g aorg bgltrhccy haolk kovgrlaglts# trh`g ulmols# bfhrmtmgs#

rgcmkmous# or otfgr boor`mlhtg` no`mgs to `gcmvgr pchllg` fghctf bhrg

sgrvmbgs thrkgtg` to tfg popuchtmols tfgy sgrvg, Fowgvgr# fghctf bhrg

pchllmlk fhs ojtgl nggl gvocutmolhry rhtfgr tfhl rgvocutmolhry# &[FO-,

Hcc prmsols hrg `mjjgrglt# nut tfgy sfhrg boaaol bfhccglkgs,

Boultrmgs vhry bolsm`grhncy ml tfg rgsourbgs hvhmchncg jor maprovmlk

prmsol sgrvmbgs, Pfg burrglt posmtmol oj prmsol fghctf sgrvmbgs vhrmgs

sunsthltmhccy ml prmsols tfroukfout tfg worc`, Roag boultrmgs wmtf

nhsmb or ru`maglthry sgrvmbgs wmcc lgg` support to mltro`ubg tfgmr

`mjjgrglt hpprohbfgs, Otfgrs hrg ml aorg jhvorhncg posmtmols, Nut tfg

orkhlmzhtmol ngcmgvgs tfht hcc boultrmgs wmcc jml` soag hrghs oj tfgmr

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care

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2prmsol fghctf sgrvmbgs tfht bouc` ng maprovg` hl` wmcc khml jroa bhrgjuc

bolsm`grhtmol oj tfms kum`g# &[FO-,

Rusthmlhnmcmty bhl ngst ng hbfmgvg` mj strolk cmlds hrg

brghtg` ngtwggl prmsol fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs hl` tfg fghctf sgrvmbgs

oj tfg cobhc boaaulmty hl` mj tfgy word ml bcosg boopgrhtmol, Rubf

bocchnorhtmol wmcc fgcp to prgvglt prmsols jroa ngmlk usg` hs `gjhuct

fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs,

Ahly gssgltmhc boapolglts hrg rgqumrg` to hbfmgvg h fghctf

proaotmlk prmsol# mlbcu`mlk pocmtmbhc cgh`grsfmp# ahlhkgaglt cgh`grsfmp

hl` cgh`grsfmp ny ghbf sthjj agangr, Fghctf bhrg sthjj agangrs fhvg

h spgbmhc rocg to pchy# nut prmsolgrs hcso fhvg h rocg# hl` boaaulmty

support ms maporthlt# Lhtmolhc Boaamssmol ol Borrgbtmolhc Fghctf Bhrg

&LBBFB-,

Koo` prmsol fghctf brghtgs bolsm`grhncg nglgjmts, Mt prgvglts tfg

sprgh` oj `msghsgs hl` proaotgs fghctf tfroukf hwhrglgss oj wfht

gvgryolg bhl `o to fgcp ahmlthml tfgmr owl fghctf hl` wgcc!ngmlk hl`

tfht oj otfgrs, Ml h``mtmol# fowgvgr# mt bhl fgcp to maprovg tfg fghctf

sthtus oj boaaulmtmgs# tfus boltrmnutmlk to fghctf jor hcc,

Mt ms lot sujjmbmgltcy rgboklmzg` tfht tfg prmsol sgrvmbg ms h puncmb

sgrvmbg hl` aggtmlk soag jul`haglthc lgg`s oj sobmgty# subf hs tfg

lgg` to jggc shjg hl` to jggc tfht brmag ms sujjmbmgltcy pulmsfg` hl`

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0

rgphrhtmols ah`g, [mtf hcc puncmb sgrvmbgs# tfg gxtglt hl` tfg quhcmty

oj provmsmol `gpgl` ol h pocmtmbhc `gbmsmol,

Yocmtmbhc support jor fghctfmgr prmsols sfouc` ng nhsg` ol tfg

rgboklmtmol tfht# koo` prmsol fghctf ms gssgltmhc to koo` puncmb fghctf4

koo` puncmb fghctf wmcc ahdg koo` usg oj tfg opportulmtmgs prgsgltg`

ny prmsols4 hl` prmsols bhl boltrmnutg to tfg fghctf oj boaaulmtmgs ny

fgcpmlk to maprovg tfg fghctf oj soag oj tfg aost `msh`vhlthkg`

pgopcg ml sobmgty,

Pfg lgg` to bfhlkg hl` maprovg prhbtmbgs bhl ngst ng hbbgptg`#

hl` bfhlkg hbfmgvg`# mj tfg pgopcg bolbgrlg` fhvg tfg dlowcg`kg#

hpproprmhtg httmtu`gs hl` tfg ul`grsthl`mlk hs to wfy tfgmr prhbtmbg

sfouc` ng `mjjgrglt, Pfms kum`g sfouc` fgcp boultrmgs tfht sggd rgjora

ml aggtmlk tfgsg lgg`s# nut tfg kum`g wmcc fhvg to ng hvhmchncg ml h

chlkuhkg tfg sthjj bhl ul`grsthl`,

Pfg aost maporthlt maag`mhtg stgp jor pocmby!ahdgrs to thdg ahy

ng to glsurg tfht tfms kum`g ms trhlschtg` jor tfgmr prmsol sthjj,

Yrmsols ml ao`grl sobmgtmgs hrg boapcgx pchbgs to ahlhkg, Pfg

pfgloaglol oj prmsol ovgrbrow`mlk# tfg gpm`gambs oj sgrmous

cmjg!tfrghtglmlk `msghsgs# tfg boltmlug` usg oj prmsols jor fousmlk

aglthccy mcc pgopcg hl` tfg fmkf cgvgcs oj sunsthlbg hnusg ml ahly

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7boultrmgs fhvg hcc boltrmnutg` to mlbrghsmlk tfg prgssurgs ol

ahlhkgaglt ht hcc cgvgcs,

Pfg kohcs jor fghctf systgas# hbbor`mlk to tfg [orc` Fghctf

^gport >999 Fghctf systgas5 maprovmlk pgrjorahlbg &[FO# >999-# hrg

koo` fghctf# rgspolsmvglgss to tfg gxpgbthtmols oj tfg popuchtmol# hl`

jhmr jmlhlbmhc boltrmnutmol, @ubdgtt &>990- proposg` h two `maglsmolhc

hpprohbf to gvhcuhtmol oj fghctf bhrg systgas5 quhcmty# gjjmbmglby hl`

hbbgpthnmcmty ol olg `maglsmol hl` gqumty ol hlotfgr,

Cmdgwmsg# tfg Nurghu oj Borrgbtmols Opgrhtmlk Ahluhc &>999-#

^gpuncmb oj tfg Yfmcmppmlgs# @gphrtaglt oj Eustmbg# Yhrt Z# Bfhp, 8,#

Rgb, >,# sthtgs tfht fghctf bhrg hl` sgrvmbgs sfhcc ng kmvgl to mlahtgs

smamchr to tfosg hvhmchncg ml tfg jrgg boaaulmty hl` sunegbt to prmsol

rgkuchtmols, H prmsol sfhcc fhvg ht cghst olg quhcmjmg` ag`mbhc `obtor hl`

h `gltmst,

Hs h sthjj lursg ml tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol Fospmthc jor jmjtggl &87-

yghrs#tfg rgsghrbfgr whcds h jmlg cmlg ngtwggl ahmlthmlmlk sgburmty hl``gcmvgrmlk optmahc lursmlk bhrg, Lursgs wfo word ml prmsol bhaps

aust fhvg strolk hssgssaglt sdmccs hl` ng jghrcgss ml tfgmr hpprohbf

ngbhusg h phtmglt ms `gpgl`mlk ol tfga,

Pfg kglgrhc onegbtmvg oj tfg stu`y ms to `gtgramlg tfg gxtglt oj

gjjgbtmvglgss oj fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs ml tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol hl` to ng

hncg to hsbgrthml mj tfg gxmstmlk fghctf prokrhas hrg stmcc gjjgbtmvg ml

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:aggtmlk tfg fghctf lgg`s oj mlahtgs, Pfus# tfms rgsghrbf ms mltgl`g` to

rhmsg fghctf sgrvmbg sthl`hr`s oj tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol towhr`s tfg

maprovgaglt oj mlahtgs wgcc!ngmlk,

Rgttmlk oj tfg Rtu`y

Pfms stu`y whs jobusg` ol tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol# Nurghu oj

Borrgbtmols# Aultmlcuph Bmty, Pfg Nurghu oj Borrgbtmols &NuBor- ms

hl hkglby ul`gr tfg @gphrtaglt oj Eustmbg thsdg` to gjjgbtmvgcy

shjgdggp hl` rgfhnmcmthtg lhtmolhc prmsolgrs tfosg sgltglbg` to

tfrgg &2- yghrs olg &8- `hy hl` hnovg, Mt ms boaposg` oj sgvgl &;-

opgrhtmlk mlstmtutmols strhtgkmbhccy cobhtg` hcc ovgr tfg boultry to

hbbgpt lhtmolhc prmsolgrs jroa t fg lghrgst rgkmol# pursuhlt to

@gphrtaglt Bmrbuchr Lo, 0 `htg` Ehluhry 87# 8==8# smklg` ny tfgl

Rgbrgthry Jrhldcml @rmcol ol tfg sunegbt Boaamtaglt oj Lhtmolhc

Yrmsolgrs to tfg Yglhc Mlstmtutmol Wl`gr tfg Nurghu oj Borrgbtmols,

Pfg Bgltrhc Ojjmbg oj tfg NuBor ms cobhtg` ml tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol#

wfgrg tfg @mrgbtor# tfg > Hssmsthlt @mrgbtors hl` tfg kglgrhc

h`amlmstrhtmol sthjj hrg foc`mlk tfgmr ojjmbmhc julbtmols,

Lotgwortfy ms tfg jhbt tfht tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol fhs ngboag h

tourmst httrhbtmol lot olcy wmtf tfg prgsglbg oj 7 Fmstormbhc Rmtgs wfmbf

whs `gbchrg` ny tfg Fmstormbhc Boaamssmol ml 8===# lhagcy &8-

H`amlmstrhtmol Numc`mlk# &>- @mrgbtors Xuhrtgrs# &2- Ehanorgg

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;Chdg# &0- Krotto hl` &7- Ehphlgsg Rfrmlg4 nut ngbhusg oj tfg

maprovgaglts ml tfg pfysmbhc strubturg hl` bcghlcmlgss oj tfg hrgh,

Mlsm`g tfg ahxmaua boapoul` oj tfg Nurghu oj Borrgbtmols ms

wfgrg tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol Fospmthc ms cobhtg`, Mt ms h sgbol`hry fghctf

bhrg jhbmcmty# tfus rgjgrrhc to h tgrtmhry kovgrlaglt fghctf bhrg jhbmcmty ms

whrrhltg`,

Ht prgsglt# tfg Nurghu oj Borrgbtmols fhs mts owl Amssmol hl`

Zmsmol quotg` fgrgul`gr5

Amssmol5 Po ahxmamzg tfg hssgts vhcug oj tfg Nurghu oj

Borrgbtmols to gjjgbtmvgcy pursug mts rgspolsmnmcmty ml shjgcy sgburmlk hl`

trhlsjoramlk lhtmolhc prmsolgrs tfroukf rgspolsmvg rgfhnmcmthtmol

prokrhas ahlhkg` ny projgssmolhc borrgbtmolhc ojjmbgrs,

Zmsmol5 H worc` bchss borrgbtmolhc orkhlmzhtmol tfht provm`gs

hl opportulmty to `gvgcop projgssmolhc# `msbmpcmlg`# spmrmtuhccy kum`g`

glvmrolaglt jor Nurghu oj Borrgbtmols sthdgfoc`grs hl` jor mlahtgs to

ngboag pro`ubtmvg# rgspolsmncg hl` chw!hnm`mlk bmtmzgl,

[fgrghs# tfg amssmol hl` vmsmol oj tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol

Fospmthc hrg sthtg` hs joccows5

Amssmol5 Pfg optmaua provmsmol oj fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs jor

tfgmr mlahtgs hl` tfg gapcoyggs wmtfml tfg rgsourbgs hjjor`g` ny tfg

kovgrlaglt tfroukf quhcmty ag`mbhc sgrvmbgs,

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6Zmsmol5 H boapgtmtmvg ao`grl NuBor wmtf h wgcc gqumppg`

fospmthc boapcgagltg` wmtf hapcg quhcmjmg` ag`mbhc pgrsollgc hl`

bolsucthlts `ucy supportg` wmtf h`gquhtg ag`mbhc hl` lursmlk

rgsourbgs so tfht gvgry mlahtg rgahmls fghctfy wfmcg mlsm`g prmsol jor

fma to ng gboloambhccy pro`ubtmvg olbg fg rgturls to tfg boaaulmty,

Pfgorgtmbhc/Bolbgptuhc Jrhagword

Pfg ul`grpmllmlks bhag jroa h jobus oj stu`y dlowl hs Kglgrhc

Rystgas Pfgory, Cu`wmk vol Ngrthchljjy# h nmocokmst# ms bolsm`grg` tfg

jhtfgr oj Kglgrhc Rystgas Pfgory# hl` hcaost gvgry jmgc` oj sbmglbg

&pfysmbhc# sobmhc# hl` ahtfgahtmbhc- fhs boltrmnutg` to mts `gvgcopaglt,

Pfg nhsmb tglgt oj Kglgrhc Rystgas Pfgory ms tfht hcc systgas

sfhrg bgrthml bfhrhbtgrmstmbs tfht hccow tfga to julbtmol hs systgas#

rgkhr`cgss oj tfgmr typg or cgvgc oj orkhlmzhtmol, Kglgrhc Rystgas Pfgory

httgaptg` to m`gltmjy hl` `obuaglt tfg bfhrhbtgrmstmbs boaaol to hcc

systgas,

Jor h systga to julbtmol hs h systga# rhtfgr tfhl h boccgbtmol oj

phrts# mt aust fhvg whys oj sgcj!orkhlmzmlk hl` gvgl `mrgbtmlk ngfhvmor,

H wmc` gbosystga ms bfhos `rmvgl, Hl orkhlmsa or orkhlmzhtmol ms

purposg `rmvgl,

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=Kglgrhc Rystga Pfgory &KRP- ms syaptoahtmb oj h bfhlkg ml our

worc`vmgw, Lo colkgr `o wg sgg tfg worc` ml h ncml` pchy oj htoas# nut

rhtfgr h krght orkhlmzhtmol, Hbbor`mlk to KRP# lotfmlk bhl ng

ul`grstoo` ml msochtmol nut aust ng sggl hs phrt oj h systga, Kglgrhc Rystga Pfgory ml mts .Fuahlmstmb. Jghturgs wouc`

mapcy

tfht tfg Ngrthchljjmhl KRP ms mlfgrgltcy gtfmbhc hl` gbocokmbhc ngbhusg mt

hmas ht mlbrghsmlk tfg hwhrglgss ml gvgry fuahl oj tfg lgg` oj ngmlk

julbtmolhccy mltgrbollgbtg` wmtf ghbf otfgr# wmtf fms or fgr boaaulmty#

wmtf tfg wfocg fuahlmty# wmtf tfg maag`mhtg tgrrgstrmhc surroul`mlks hl`

wmtf tfg nmospfgrg,

Hs hl m`gocokmbhc tooc# sbmgltmjmbhccy strubturg` mt ahy fgcp to

bolbgmvg# `gsmkl hl` mapcgaglt tfg rgsghrbf lgg`g` jor hccowmlk

gvgry sbmgltmst to `gvgcop fms mltumtmol hl` bhphnmcmtmgs# jor cghrlmlk

bolsmstgltcy to `msbovgr tfg chws tfht kovgrl tfg ahlmjgsthtmol oj

nmocokmbhc# psybfocokmbhc hl` sobmhc systgas, Jor `ghcmlk fuahlgcy wmtf

hcc dml`s oj cobhc bolbgrls supportg` ny hl` thdmlk mlto hbboult tfg

kconhc bmrbuasthlbgs hl` tgrrgstrmhc cmamts,

Ngmlk KRP `g jhbto h dml` oj rgbolbmcmhtmol ngtwggl fuahlmtmgs

hl` sbmglbg# ngtwggl ahtgrmhcmsa hl` m`ghcmsa# ngtwggl no`y hl`

aml`# mt fhs ngboag h fuahlmstmb hctgrlhtmvg tfht ahy fgcp ovgrboag

jrhagwords `gtgramlg` tfroukf agbfhlmstmb vhcugs4 hl hctgrlhtmvg tfht

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89rgboklmzgs jrhldcy tfht +tfg orkhlmsa ms lot h phssmvg hutoahtol

rghbtmlk to stmaucm nut rhtfgr ms hl hutoloaouscy hbtmvg systga+# h

bolbgptuhc mltgrprgthtmol ml`mspglshncg jor tfg fghctfy gvocvgaglt oj

fuahl mltgrhbtmols,

KRP wmcc pchy h fuahlmthrmhl rocg ml tfg boltmluous

gvocvgaglt oj h bmvmcmzg` fuahldml`# ngbhusg mt hmas ht brghtmlk tfg

bmrbuasthlbgs lgg`g` jor ojjgrmlk rghsolhncg# tfgl fuahlmthrmhl

pgrspgbtmvgs jor hcc tfg agangrs oj tfg Foao shpmgls wfo lgg` to ng

boltmluouscy hwhrg oj tfg rocg tfht fuahls oukft to pchy ol tfg pchlgt

sfhrmlk gvgry hspgbt oj gvgry tgrrgstrmhc sphbg wmtf tfg agangrs

oj hcc tfg otfgr cmvmlk spgbmgs,

Ml tfg `oahml oj KRP tfg fuahls# sfouc` lot sgg ghbf

otfgr hs gano`maglts oj olg or sgvgrhc fuahl trhmts# nut mlstgh` hs

boapcgx hl` gvgr bfhlkmlk systgas tfht ahy hbfmgvg h rgvocutmol oj

fhraoly# mj hl` olcy mj gvgry fuahl cghrls to vmgw cmjg wmtf h bgrthml

hwg, Pfgl gvgryno`y amkft tgl` to trght cmjg wmtf rgvgrglbg# hl` hcso

tgl` to trght ghbf otfgr wmtf rgspgbt,Kglgrhc Rystgas Pfgory hmas ht sggdmlk prmlbmpcgs boaaol to

systgas ml kglgrhc tfht ahy hccow sbmgltmsts hl` rgsghrbfgrs to tfmld

aorg bcghrcy hnout tfg kohcs oj hly possmncg systga hl` hnout tfg

agtfo`s jor rghbfmlk tfga,

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88Pfg Rystgas Aovgaglt fhs gvocvg` hl` ms kgttmlk mlbrghsmlkcy

mlvocvg` ml probgssgs orkhlmzg` ul`gr tfg hssuaptmol tfht tfgy ahy

maprovg tfg ahlmjgsthtmol oj fuahl hbtmols rgchtg` wmtf tfg

`gvgcopaglt oj tfg bmvmcmzhtmol tfht prgvhmcs ht prgsglt,

Ahly systgas hrg bolstmtutg` hbbor`mlk to mltgrgsts hl`

aotmvhtmols oj pgopcg cobhtg` ml powgrjuc posmtmols rgchtg` to prmvmcgkg`

smtuhtmols, Otfgr systgas rgahml ml opgrhtmol hl` gvgl maprovg mt smapcy

ngbhusg tfgy hrg bolsm`grg` lgbgsshry stmaucm jor tfg gvocvgaglt oj

trgl`s oj tfg prgvhmcmlk bmvmcmzhtmol, Ahly mltgccmkglt fuahl hjjhmrs `o lot

maprovg ht hcc tfg bmvmcmzmlk probgssgs# lgmtfgr tfg fuahl why oj cmjg,

Ml rgbglt yghrs hl mlbrghsmlk `gtgrmorhtmol oj tfg why fuahlmty ms

stmcc survmvmlk fhs ngboag tfg ahml bfhccglkg jor tfg Rystgas

Boaaulmty, Pfg Kglgrhc Rystgas Pfgory bolbgmvg` ormkmlhccy ny

Ngrthchljjy lgg` to ng `gvgcopg` jroa low olwhr` tfroukf h systgahtmb

boljrolthtmol wmtf tfg luagrous proncgas tfht boaposg` tfg aost

sgrmous brmsms gvgr jhbg` ny fuahldml`,

Rystga sbmgltmsts aust glkhkg rgspolsmncg ml `msbovgrmlk tfg chws

mltrmlsmb to tfg `ylhambhc jghturgs oj# jmrst# tfosg proncgas tfht lowh`hys

hrg mlbrghsmlk tfg `gtgrmorhtmol oj tfg fuahl sobmgty5 uljhmr trh`g#

povgrty# fulkry# mltocgrhlbg# vmocglbg# borruptmol# sgbol`# tfosg pocmbmgs

tfht lgg` to ng bolbgmvg` hl` `gsmklg` jor rg`ubmlk tfg khp

ngtwggl rmbf hl` poor pgopcg hl` boultrmgs# jor socvmlk krh`uhccy

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8>sfortboamlks ml g`ubhtmol hl` fghctf bhrg# jor lgkotmhtmol haolk

boljcmbtmlk gltmtmgs# jor gang``mlk gbocokmbhc qugstmols mlto gboloamb

mltgltmols hl` hcso vmbg vgrsh jor gang``mlk gboloamb qugstmolmlk mlto

gbocokmbhc mltgltmols# hl` jmlhccy# tfosg prokrhas lgg`g` jor rgboklmzmlk

fuahls hs brghtmvg hl` rgspolsmncg wfocgs# wfo lgg` to `gvgcop tfgmr

pfysmbhc# nmocokmbhc hl` psybfocokmbhc bhphnmcmtmgs jor cghrlmlk fow topgrjora hbtmvgcy ml gvgry boaaulmty ml or`gr to boltrmnutg bolsbmouscy to

mlbrghsg tfg survmvhc bfhlbgs oj tfg fuahl spgbmgs ol tfms ulmqug

pchlgt,

Pfg mssugs oj ahlhkmlk jor h systga to julbtmol hs h systga#

rhtfgr tfhl h boccgbtmol oj phrts# mt aust fhvg whys oj sgcj!orkhlmzmlk hl`

gvgl `mrgbtmlk ngfhvmor, Mj boaahl` hl` boltroc ms `mstrmnutg` to tfg

sunsystgas# tfgl wg aust cood gcsgwfgrg jor tfg sgcj!orkhlmzmlk

bhphnmcmtmgs oj tfg boapcgx systga, [fht tfg boapcgx systga provm`gs ms

boor`mlhtmol hl` boaaulmbhtmol jor tfg sgcj!sthnmcmzmlk sunsystgas, Pfg

phrh`mka sfmjt# tfgl# ms olg oj aovmlk jroa h bgltrhc boaahl` hl`

boltroc ao`gc to h `mstrmnutg` boaahl` hl` boltroc ao`gc wmtf bgltrhc

boaaulmbhtmol hl` boor`mlhtmol,

Ml systga Pfgory# tfg worc` ms h systga oj sunsystgas &hcso

bhccg` systgas-# mltgr`gpgl`glt hl` mltgrbollgbtg`# to jora h wfocmstmb

or focmstmb systga4 tfht wmtfml hly olg systga ms hl mljrhstrubturg tfht ms

hlhcokous hbross systgas# mrrgspgbtmvg oj pfysmbhc hppghrhlbg,

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82Pfg Khmh Fypotfgsms# ml `mjjgrglt wor`s nut shymlk tfg shag

tfmlk# h``s h spmrmtuhc `maglsmol to systgas tfgory# sthtmlk tfht tfg worc`

ms h cmvmlk# nrghtfmlk# orkhlmsa# mrrg`ubmncg to mts phrts4 tfht wfht hjjgbts

olg phrt hjjgbts hcc phrts4 tfht ml tfg lhag oj shvmlk sphbgsfmp ghrtf wg

aust bfhlkg our sobmgty,

Pfgsg hrg tfg two fypotfgsgs wfmbf ul`grkmr` systga kovgrlhlbg

hl` tfg trhlsjorahtmol oj Hagrmbhl sobmgty to tfg tothc quhcmty# outboag!

nhsg`# glvmrolaglt oj h ahlhkg` gboloay ml h boaaulmst sobmgty ml

wfmbf gvgry hspgbt oj tfht sobmgty ms ambroahlhkg` ny tfg hcc powgrjuc

kovgrlaglt to hbfmgvg kohcs gsthncmsfg` to htthml h fuahlmst brghtg`

juturg tfg susthmlhncg kconhc glvmrolaglt,

Pfms ms fhppglmlk lhtmolwm`g# ml gvgry nrhlbf# ojjmbg hl`

`gphrtaglt oj kovgrlaglt4 ml ml`ustry4 ml fghctf bhrg4 ml g`ubhtmol ht hcc

cgvgcs4 ml propgrty rmkfts# krowtf ahlhkgaglt hl` chl` usg pchllmlk4 ml

gbocoky# tfgrg ms lotfmlk tfht ms lot ngmlk hjjgbtg` ny tfms, Pfms ms

h tothc hl` boapcgtg trhlsjorahtmol or phrh`mka sfmjt oj our sobmgty,

Ml systga tfmldmlk tfg m`gh tfht bfhlkgs lgg` to ng

bolbgptuhcmzg` ms tfg boltgxt oj tfg tothc systga, Aost g`ubhtors hrg lo

hbbustoag` to tfmldmlk ml h systgas jhsfmol, Pfms sukkgsts tfht Pothc

Xuhcmty Ahlhkgaglt ms h aghls ny wfmbf systgas!cgvgc tfmldmlk bhl ng

notf glbourhkg` hl` trhlschtg` mlto hbtmol, Fglbg# outboag!

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80nhsg` g`ubhtmol ms mltro`ubg`# `gsbrmng`# hl` hlhcyzg` hs tfg

jrhagword wmtfml wfmbf systgas rg`gsmkl obbur,

Pfg jorgkomlk bolbgpts hl` tfgormgs wfmbf hrg rgcgvhlt to

tfg prgsglt stu`y hrg ngmlk syltfgsmzg` hl` mccustrhtg` ml Jmkurg 8#

h`hptg` jroa ^ossm# Cmpsgy# hl` Jrggahl &>990-# Cokmb Ao`gc,

MLYWP Y^OBGRR OWPYWP

JGG@NHBD COOY

Jmkurg 8, Bolbgptuhc Yhrh`mka oj tfg Rtu`y,

8, @gaokrhpfmbprojmcg oj tfg mlahtgshbbor`mlk to5

8,8, Hkg4

8,>, Yhtmglt

Bchssmjmbhtmol

&ml!phtmglt hl`

outphtmglt-4

hl`

8,2, Cglktf oj sthy

ml prmsol?

>, @gaokrhpfmbprojmcg oj tfg mlahtgsml tfg yghr >99= hl`>989 ml tgras oj5

>,8, Aornm`mty4 hl`>,>, Aorthcmty?

2, Gxtglt ojGjjgbtmvglgss oj tfgFghctf Bhrg Rgrvmbgsml rgchtmol to5

2,8, Amssmol *Zmsmol4

2,>, Rthjjmlk42,2, Ag`mbhc

suppcmgs42,0, Yrokrhas4

hl`2,7, Jhbmcmtmgs hl`

gqumpaglt?

Hlhcysms oj tfgpgrbgptmols oj tfgoutphtmglts hl` ml!phtmglts ol tfggxtglt ojgjjgbtmvglgss oj tfgFghctf BhrgRgrvmbgs ml tfg LgwNmcmnm` Yrmsol,

Maprovg` fghctfbhrg prokrha jormlahtgs

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87H systga ms h sgt oj boapolglts hrrhlkg` to bhrry out h phrtmbuchr

julbtmol, Hcc systgas fhvgmlputs# probgssgshl`outputs4 ojtgl tfgywmcc fhvgjgg`nhbdhs wgcc,

Mt bouc` ng kcghlg` jroa tfg phrh`mka tfht ul`grmlput hrg tfg `hth

ol tfg projmcg oj mlahtgs hbbor`mlk to hkg4 phtmglt bchssmjmbhtmol &ml!

phtmglt hl` outphtmglt-4 hl` tfgmr cglktf oj sthy ml prmsol, Cmdgwmsg# mt

sfows tfg projmcg oj mlahtgs ml tfg yghr >99= hl` >989 ml tgras oj

aornm`mty hl` aorthcmty, Mt hcso mlbcu`gs tfg gxtglt oj gjjgbtmvglgss oj tfg

fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs ml rgchtmol to mts amssmol * vmsmol4 sthjjmlk4 ag`mbhc

suppcmgs4 prokrhas4 jhbmcmtmgs hl` gqumpaglt,

Pfg probgss ml`mbhtgs tfg hlhcysms oj tfg pgrbgptmols oj tfg

outphtmglts hl` ml!phtmglts ol tfg gxtglt oj gjjgbtmvglgss oj tfg fghctf

bhrg sgrvmbgs ml tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol,

Pfg output sthtgs tfg maprovg` fghctf bhrg prokrha jor mlahtgs oj

tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol,

Pfg jgg`nhbd ms smapcy h why oj bfhlkmlk tfg mlput or probgss hs

h rgsuct oj wfht fhppgls ht tfg output,

Rthtgaglt oj tfg Yroncga

Pfms stu`y soukft to `gtgramlg tfg gjjgbtmvglgss oj tfg fghctf

bhrg sgrvmbgs oj tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsols# towhr`s tfg `gvgcopaglt oj h

proposg` fghctf bhrg prokrha jor mlahtgs,

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8:Rpgbmjmbhccy# mt sggds to hlswgr tfg joccowmlk qugstmols5

8- [fht ms tfg `gaokrhpfmb projmcg oj tfg mlahtg!rgspol`glts hbbor`mlk

to5

8,8 Hkg4

8,> Gxmstmlk phtmglt bchssmjmbhtmol &ml!phtmglt hl` outphtmglt-4

hl`

8,2 Cglktf oj sthy ml tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol# Nurghu oj

Borrgbtmols?

>- [fht ms tfg gaokrhpfmb projmcg oj tfg mlahtg!rgspol`glts ml tfg

yghr >99= hl` >989 ml tgras oj5

>,8, Aornm`mty4 hl`

>,>, Aorthcmty?

2- Po wfht gxtglt ms tfg gjjgbtmvglgss oj tfg fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs ml tfg

Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol ngmlk mapcgagltg` ml rgchtmol to5

2,8, Amssmol hl` vmsmol4

2,>, Rthjjmlk4

2,2, Ag`mbhc suppcmgs4

2,0, Yrokrhas4 hl`

2,7, Jhbmcmtmgs hl` gqumpaglt

0- Hrg tfgrg smklmjmbhlt `mjjgrglbgs ml tfg gxtglt oj gjjgbtmvglgss oj tfg

fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs hs pgrbgmvg` ny ml!phtmglts hl` tfg outphtmglts

ml tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol?

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8;7- [fht maprovg` fghctf bhrg prokrha jor mlahtgs ahy ng proposg`?

Fypotfgsmsoj tfg Rtu`y

Pfgrg wgrg lo smklmjmbhlt `mjjgrglbgs ml tfg gxtglt oj

gjjgbtmvglgss oj tfg fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs hs pgrbgmvg` ny ml!phtmglts hl`

outphtmglts ml tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol,

Rbopg hl` Cmamthtmol oj tfg Rtu`y

Pfg stu`y jobusg` ml tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol Fospmthc &LNYF-#

Nurghu oj Borrgbtmols# Aultmlcuph Bmty hl` mts prgsglt fghctf bhrg

sgrvmbgs, ^gspol`glts oj tfg stu`y wgrg tfg ml!phtmglts hl` outphtmglts

oj tfg LNYF, Pfg rgspol`glts wgrg cmamtg` to olg ful`rg` &899- ml!

phtmglts hl` tfrgg ful`rg` &299- outphtmglts,

Pfg rgsghrbfgr utmcmzg` survgy qugstmollhmrg, Rurvgy qugstmol!

lhmrgs wgrg `mstrmnutg` to olcy sgcgbtg` ml!phtmglt hl` outphtmglt mlahtg

rgspol`glts hl` `obuaglthry hlhcysms whs `olg ml onthmlmlk sujjmbmglt

`hth, Pfgsg wgrg `olg `urmlk jmsbhc yghrs >99= hl` >989,

Pfg rgsucts tfgrgjorg khvg h rghsolhncg rgprgsglthtmol oj tfg

jhbtors hjjgbtmlk fghctf bhrg prokrha wmtfml tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol#

Nurghu oj Borrgbtmols,

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86Rmklmjmbhlbg oj tfg Rtu`y

Pfg jml`mlks oj tfg stu`y wmcc ng oj nglgjmt to tfg joccowmlk

sgbtors5

Pfg Boaaulmty, Pfg systga hl` tfg jhbtors hssobmhtg` wmtf

tfg jml`mlks oj tfg stu`y wouc` fhvg h colk!tgra maphbt ol tfg mlahtgs

smtuhtmol ml prmsol hl` tfgmr jhamcmgs wfo cmvg ml h jrgg sobmgty,Nurghu oj Borrgbtmols hl` Nurghu oj Ehmc Ahlhkgaglt *

Yglocoky, Pfms wouc` mljora hl` mljcuglbg ahlhkgrs hl` pocmby!ahdgrs

oj tfg wm`gr boltgxtuhc mssugs hjjgbtmlk aglthc hl` pfysmbhc fghctf wmtfml

prmsol sgttmlks,

Otfgr ^gsghrbfgrs, Pfg jml`mlks oj tfg stu`y ahy ng usgjuc jor

otfgr rgsghrbfgrs to boltmluouscy bol`ubt hssgssaglt hnout otfgr

proncgas mlsm`g prmsol bhaps wfmbf hrg boaaolcy uldlowl to tfg jrgg

sobmgty,Kovgrlaglt, Pfms wmcc sgrvg hs h nhsms jor tfg Yfmcmppmlg chw

ahdgr to rgvmgw gxmstmlk chws pgrthmlmlk prmsol systga hl` tfg lgg` jor

h bfhlkg to upcmjt tfg prmsol systga ml tfg boultry,

Mlahtgs, Pfms stu`y wmcc aotmvhtg tfg ml!phtmglts hl` outphtmglts

to ng pro`ubtmvg wfmcg mlbhrbgrhtg`# hl` tfht tfgy wmcc jggc tfg bolbgrl

oj tfg ojjmbmhcs hl` fghctf provm`grs ml tfg nurghu,

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8=@gjmlmtmol oj Pgras

Po jhbmcmthtg ngttgr ul`grsthl`mlk hl` mltgrprgthtmol oj tfg stu`y# tfg

joccowmlk tgras wgrg opgrhtmolhccy `gjmlg`5

Nurghu oj Borrgbtmols, Pfg mlstmtutmol wfgrg ojjgl`grs wfo wgrg

sgltglbg` to h prmsol tgra oj tfrgg &2- yghrs# olg &8- `hy hl` hnovg hrg

boljmlg` jor tfg borrgbtmol hl` rgfhnmcmthtmol,

Fghctf Bhrg, Pfg prgvgltmol# trghtaglt# hl` ahlhkgaglt oj

mcclgssgs hl` tfg prgsgrvhtmol oj aglthc hl` pfysmbhc wgcc!ngmlk oj

mlahtgs tfroukf tfg fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs ny tfg ag`mbhc hl` hccmg` fghctf

projgssmols ml tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol,

Fghctf Bhrg Rgrvmbgs, Pfg amssmol hl` vmsmol# sthjj# ag`mbhc

suppcmgs# fghctf prokrha# jhbmcmtmgs hl` gqumpaglt oj tfg Lgw Nmcmnm`

Yrmsol# wfmbf bhrrmgs out tfg thsds oj glsurmlk hpproprmhtg fghctf bhrg to

tfg mlahtgs,

Fghctf Bhrg Yrokrha jor Mlahtgs, Pfg fghctf hkgl`h jor mlahtgs,

Mlbhrbgrhtg`, Pfg smtuhtmol oj mlahtgs,

Mlahtg, Pfg pgrsol boljmlg` ml tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol hjtgr ngmlk

bolvmbtg` hl` sgltglbg` ny tfg bourt,Ml!phtmglt, Pfg mlahtg wfo hrg boljmlg` or h`amttg` hs phtmglts ht

tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Fospmthc# Nurghu oj Borrgbtmols,Ahxmaua sgburmty prmsolgrs, Pfg mlahtg wfosg sgltglbg ms

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>9rhlkmlk jroa twglty &>9- yghrs hl` hnovg hl` wmtf pgl`mlk bhsgs,

Aornm`mty, Pfg luangr oj ml!phtmglts hl` outphtmglts mrrgkhr`cgss oj

mcclgss `urmlk tfg jmsbhc yghr >99= hl` >989,

Aorthcmty, Pfg luangr oj `ghtf `urmlk tfg jmsbhc yghr >99= hl`

>989,

Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol, Pfg ahml prmsol bhap oj tfg Nurghu oj

Borrgbtmols,

Outphtmglt, Pfg mlahtg phtmglts wfo sggd rgkuchr ag`mbhc

bolsucthtmols ht tfg Out Yhtmglts @gphrtaglt oj tfg Lgw Nmcmnm` Yrmsol#

Nurghu oj Borrgbtmols,

Rystga, Pfg strubturg oj tfg orkhlmzhtmol oj tfg Lgw Nmcmnm`

Yrmsol# Nurghu oj Borrgbtmols,

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>8Bfhptgr >

^GZMG[ OJ ^GCHPG@ CMPG^HPW^G

Pfms bfhptgr prgsgltg` tfg cmtgrhturg hl` stu`mgs rgvmgwg` ny tfg

rgsghrbfgr tfht fhvg smklmjmbhlt nghrmlk to tfg prgsglt ul`grthdmlk,

Pfgsg rgchtg` cmtgrhturg hl` stu`mgs# rgjgr to mljorahtmol khtfgrg` jroa

noods# eourlhcs# pgrmo`mbhcs# ahkhzmlgs# ol!cmlg sourbgs hl`

ulpuncmsfg` ahstgrs tfgsgs hl` `mssgrthtmols, Bmthtmols joccow tfg

Yuncmbhtmol Ahluhc oj Hagrmbhl Ysybfocokmbhc Hssobmhtmol &HYH-# 7tf

g`mtmol,

^gchtg` Cmtgrhturg

Fghctf Bhrg H`amlmstrhtmol ml Yrmsol

Fghctf bhrg h`amlmstrhtmol ms h smklmjmbhlt nrhlbf oj tfg prmsol

ahlhkgaglt, Hs tfg Yrmsolgrs fhvg ulhcmglhncg rmkfts ngstowg` upol

tfga ny mltgrlhtmolhc trghtmgs hl` bovglhlts# tfgy fhvg h rmkft to fghctf

bhrg# hl` aost ml`gg` fhvg h rmkft lot to boltrhbt `msghsgs ml prmsol,

Yrmsol eurmspru`glbg rgboklmzgs tfht prmsolgrs sfouc` lot cosg hcc tfgmr

rmkfts ngbhusg oj maprmsolaglt, Fowgvgr# tfgrg ms h coss oj rmkfts wmtfml

busto`mhc mlstmtutmols# wfmbf boltmlug to fhppgl,

Yuncmb fghctf pocmbmgs hrg mltgl`g` to glsurg tfg ngst possmncg

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>>cmvmlk bol`mtmols jor hcc agangrs oj sobmgty# so tfht gvgryno`y bhl

ng fghctfy,

Yrmsolgrs hrg rgpghtg`cy jorkottgl ml tfms gquhtmol, Pfgy hrg ml

stgh`y bolthbt wmtf hcc dml`s oj pgopcg wfo boag ml hl` out oj prmsol

gvgry `hy, Pfms bolsthlt aovgaglt ml hl` out oj prmsol ahdgs mt hcc tfg

aorg vmthc to boltroc hly bolthkmous `msghsg wmtfml tfg prmsol so tfht mt

`ogs lot auctmpcy mlto tfg outsm`g boaaulmty,

Wl`gr tfg Gmkftf Hagl`aglt to tfg Wlmtg` Rthtgs Bolstmtutmol# mt

fhs nggl rgsocutg tfht prmsolgrs &or mlahtgs- fhvg h bolstmtutmolhc rmkft

to phsshncg fghctf bhrg, Kovgrlaglt fhs bo`mjmg` sobmgtys rgqumrgaglt

to kmvg bhrg to mts mlbhrbgrhtg` pgrsols# hl` rgqumrgs sthtg prmsols to

provm`g fghctf bhrg,

Hl mlahtg ms `gjmlg` hs h pgrsol mlbhrbgrhtg` ml or otfgrwmsg

boljmlg` to h borrgbtmolhc mlstmtutmol,Borrgbtmolhc Mlstmtutmol ms `gjmlg`

hs hly pglhc or borrgbtmolhc jhbmcmty# ehmc# rgjorahtory# `gtgltmol bgltgr#

word jhra# fhcjwhy fousg# or rgsm`gltmhc boaaulmty prokrha opgrhtg`

ny# or ul`gr boltrhbt to# tfg Wlmtg` Rthtgs# h sthtg# h tgrrmtory# h pocmtmbhc

sun`mvmsmol# oj h sthtg or tgrrmtory# or hl Ml`mhl trmng# jor tfg boljmlgaglt

or rgfhnmcmthtmol oj pgrsols bfhrkg` wmtf or bolvmbtg` oj h brmamlhc

ojjglsg or otfgr pgrsols fgc` ml chwjuc busto`y,

Bgltrhc kum`hlbg sthtg tfht fghctf bhrg ml prmsols sfouc` proaotg

tfg fghctf oj prmsolgrs4 m`gltmjy prmsolgrs wmtf fghctf proncgas4 rgvmgw

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>2tfgmr lgg`s hl` `gcmvgr trghtaglt or rgjgr to otfgr spgbmhcmst sgrvmbgs hs

sumthncg, Mt sfouc` hcso boltmlug hly bhrg sthrtg` ml tfg boaaulmty#

boltrmnutmlk to h sghacgss sgrvmbg hl` ghsg tfroukf bhrg ol `msbfhrkg,

Pfg aheormty oj fghctf bhrg ml prmsols ms oj h prmahry bhrg lhturg# wmtf

fmkfgr obburrglbg ml tfg spgbtrua oj aglthc fghctf proncgas# sunsthlbg

hnusg# hl` rgchtg` boaaulmbhncg `msghsg proncgas subf hs Fgphtmtms N

hl` FMZ,

Pfg fghctf bhrg sgrvmbg fhs ah`g lotgwortfy maprovgaglts ml

rgbglt yghrs nut fhs h bfhccglkmlk word prokrha hfgh` to glsurg nroh`

smamchrmty wmtf wm`gr fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs,

Fghctf Bhrg ml Bhcmjorlmhs Yrmsol Maprovmlk tfg @gcmvgry oj FghctfBhrg ht Rthtg Yrmsols

Pfg `gcmvgry oj fghctf bhrg ms tfg jhstgst krowmlk bost jhbtor ml

Bhcmjorlmh+s $7,; nmccmol h`uct borrgbtmolhc systga, [mtfout maag`mhtg

hl` boaprgfglsmvg rgjoras# Bhcmjorlmhs h`uct borrgbtmolhc fghctf bhrg

nmcc wmcc gxbgg` $8 nmccmol ovgr tfg lgxt yghr# wmtf lo gl` ml smkft to

sunsthltmhc hlluhc bost mlbrghsgs,

Hs ml tfg prmvhtg sgbtor# tfg jhbtors ngfml` tfg rmsmlk bosts ml tfg

prmsol fghctf bhrg systga# ml phrt# amrror tfg 29 pgrbglt hl` fmkfgr fmdgs

boljroltg` ny gapcoygrs wfo provm`g fghctf bhrg jor tfgmr wordgrs,

Pfgsg jhbtors mlbcu`g fmkfgr pfhrahbgutmbhc bosts hl` fmkfgr

fospmthcmzhtmol bosts hrg# ml phrt# `rmvmlk tfms mlbrghsg, Nut tfg ag`mbhc

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>0bost mlbrghsgs ht tfg Bhcmjorlmh @gphrtaglt oj Borrgbtmols &B@B- jhr

outphbg hly ml tfg prmvhtg sgbtor fmdgs, Hvgrhkg` jorgaost or aost oj

tfg phst smx yghrs# B@B+s h`uct mlahtg popuchtmol fhs sthyg` hnout tfg

shag &8:9#999 pgr yghr-# wfmcg tfg bost oj ag`mbhc bhrg fhs lghrcy

`ouncg`, Fowgvgr tfg mlahtg popuchtmol fhs ngkul to mlbrghsg#

rghbfmlk h rgbor` fmkf oj 8:0#>9; ml Hukust >990, Pfg mlbrghsg ms cmdgcy

to cgh` to fmkfgr borrgbtmolhc fghctf bhrg bosts tfhl hltmbmphtg`,

Pfgrg hrg h vhrmgty oj rghsols wfy mlahtg fghctf bhrg ms bostcy,

B@B fghctf bhrg bosts hrg ol h robdgt trhegbtory, Jmrst smklmjmbhlt portmol

oj tfg mlahtg popuchtmol sujjgrs jroa sgrmous cmjgstycg `msghsgs# hs

`gsbrmng` ngcow hl` hs h rgsuct cmldg` to colk tmag hcbofoc hl` `ruk

hnusg# m, g,# mlahtg `gahl`s ol fghctf sgrvmbgs `mjjgr jroa tfosg oj

posg` ny tfg kglgrhc popuchtmol, Jor gxhapcg# tfgrg hrg rgportg`cy ovgr

>;#999 Bhcmjorlmh h`uct prmsol mlahtgs wfo sujjgr jroa aglthc mcclgss,

Rgbol`# hly tmag hl mlahtg lgg`s fghctf bhrg hl` wfgl mlahtgs

lgg` bhrg outsm`g oj h prmsol# bosts mlbrghsg jor busto`y hl`

trhlsporthtmol# smlbg sthjj aust kuhr` mlahtg phtmglts hroul` tfg bcobd,

Pfmr`# tfg prmsol fghctf bhrg systga ms hcso pchkug` ny mlgjjmbmglt

ahlhkgaglt prhbtmbgs hl` mlh`gquhtg prmahry fghctf bhrg prhbtmbgs

tfht brmtmbs shy proaotg mcclgssgs hl` fgcp sprgh` `msghsg, Hs h rgsuct

bcghrcy# tfg B@B fhs ngboag h thrkgt jor bostcy ag`mbhc chwsumts, Ml

nrmgj# tfg fghctf bhrg systga ht tfg Bhcmjorlmh @gphrtaglt oj Borrgbtmols

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>7&B@B- ms ml h brmsms,

Ovgr tfg chst jmvg yghrs h sunsthltmhc luangr oj cgkmschtmvg

fghrmlks# kovgrlaglt rgports hl` bourt or`grs fhvg `obuagltg`

wrolks hl` ojjgrg` possmncg borrgbtmvg hbtmols tfht B@B amkft pursug#

hl` ml soag bhsgs aust pursug# to ahdg mts `gcmvgry oj fghctf bhrg

aorg gjjmbmglt hl` gjjgbtmvg, Pwo aheor tfgags hrmsg5 Jmrst# tfg prmahry

fghctf bhrg provm`g` to B@B mlahtgs ms mlh`gquhtg, Ml or`gr to jmx tfms

bostcy systgamb proncga# wfmbf cgh`s to gxpglsmvg outsm`g ag`mbhc

rgjgrrhcs# ml`mvm`uhc sujjgrmlk hl` soagtmags trhkg`y hl` chwsumts# tfg

`gphrtaglt lgg`s to gsthncmsf h wgcc ahlhkg` prmahry bhrg systga,

Pfg nhsmb jobus sfouc` ng ol prgvglthtmvg bhrg# joccowmlk tfg

gxhapcg oj gjjgbtmvg ahlhkg` fghctf bhrg systgas, Rgbol`# tfg

fghctfbhrg nusmlgss prhbtmbgs utmcmzg` ny tfg B@B hrg bostcy# mlgjjmbmglt

hl` hrbfhmb, Pfms mlbcu`gs boltrhbtmlk prhbtmbgs# `hth boccgbtmol hl`

utmcmzhtmol# hl` proburgaglt, Ahly eurms`mbtmols `o h ngttgr eon oj

ahlhkmlk borrgbtmolhc fghctfbhrg, Pfgrg ms lo gxbusg jor tfms poor

ahlhkgaglt,

Pfg Fghctf Bhrg @gcmvgry Rystga5 H Ncugprmlt jor ^gjoraBolbgrl hnout tfg sthtg oj tfg Hagrmbhl fghctf bhrg systga fhs

rghbfg` h scow nomc, Fghctf bhrg bolsmstgltcy rhlds haolk tfg top tfrgg

mssugs tfht tfg Hagrmbhl puncmb whlts pocmbyahdgrs to h``rgss# hl` mt ms

mlbrghsmlkcy mltgrtwmlg` wmtf krowmlk worrmgs hnout gboloamb mlsgburmty,

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>:Fmkf bosts# khp!rm``gl bovgrhkg# hl` sporh`mb quhcmty hrg tfg

fghctf bhrg proncgas tfht aost bolbgrl Hagrmbhls, ]gt aost oj tfg

pocmby `msbussmol ms jobusg` ol tfg mssug oj bovgrhkg,

Po glsurg tfht tfg otfgr proncgas hrg lot jorkottgl hl` tfht

`gcmvgry systga rgjora ms bgltrhc to hly pchl# tfg Bgltgr jor Hagrmbhl

Yrokrgss hl` tfg Mlstmtutg ol Ag`mbmlg hs h Yrojgssmol phrtlgrg` to

`gvgcop tfg nood# Pfg Fghctf Bhrg @gcmvgry Rystga5 H Ncugprmlt jor

^gjora, Ml tfg fghctf pocmby hrglh tfgrg ms h `ghrtf oj spgbmjmb pocmby

rgboaagl`htmols to maprovg tfg `gcmvgry systga, ]gt tfgsg m`ghs hrg

ojtgl `msbollgbtg` jroa tfg burrglt systga# wmtf lo pocmby phtfwhy#

nhbdg` ny cgh`grsfmp hl` orkhlmzhtmol# to kgt jroa fgrg to tfgrg,

Pfms ojjgrs rgboaagl`htmols hl` phtfwhys to systgahtmbhccy

proaotg quhcmty# gjjmbmglby# phtmglt!bgltgrg`lgss# hl` otfgr shcmglt

bfhrhbtgrmstmbs oj h fmkf!pgrjoramlk fghctf systga, Pfg ncugprmlt mt chys

out ms h vmsmol oj fow `mjjgrglt phrts oj tfg systga sfouc` ng strubturg`

hl` fow tfgy sfouc` julbtmol, Gvgl aorg spgbmjmbhccy# mt proposgs

pocmbmgs tfht tfg lgxt h`amlmstrhtmol hl` Bolkrgss bouc` glhbt ovgr tfg

lgxt jmvg yghrs to maprovg our fghctf systga,

Fghctf bhrg `gpgl`s ol h fmkfcy trhmlg`# nhchlbg`# hl` aotmvhtg`

wordjorbg4 burrglt hl` hbburhtg mljorahtmol4 hl` tgbflocokmgs tfht

glhncg fghctf projgssmolhcs to usg mljorahtmol ml tfg rmkft pchbg# ml tfg

rmkft why# hl` ht tfg rmkft tmag, Ygopcg# dlowcg`kg# hl` tfg aghls jor

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>;tfgmr hppcmbhtmol hrg tfg joul`htmol upol wfmbf hl gjjmbmglt# fmkf!quhcmty

fghctf systga rgsts,

Pfg aost gjjgbtmvg why to h``rgss our bost hl` quhcmty bfhccglkgs

hrg to boljrolt tfg root bhusgtfg bfhos ml gvgry`hy fghctf bhrg,

Gjjorts sfouc` jobus ol hbbgcgrhtmlk tfg orkhlmzhtmol oj fghctf bhrg

provm`grs mlto tgha!cmdg boljmkurhtmols so tfht tfgy bhl h`opt systgas

tfht hrg cmdgcy to rg`ubg grrors oj ovgrusg# ul`grusg# hl` amsusg# hl`

maprovg tfg ovgrhcc boor`mlhtmol oj bhrg,

Maprovmlk tfg quhcmty oj sgrvmbgs `gcmvgrg` ms phrhaoult to

glfhlbmlk fghctf systga pgrjorahlbg, Burrgltcy# hl hpphrglt

boltrh`mbtmol gxmsts ngtwggl tfg jhbt tfht tfg Wlmtg` Rthtgs fhs tfg

fmkfgst quhcmty fghctf bhrg ml tfg worc`# ygt hcso fhs h quhcmty bfhsa,

Po trucy maprovg tfg quhcmty oj tfg fghctf bhrg `gcmvgry systga# pocmbmgs

aust jobus ol tfg ml`mvm`uhc hl` popuchtmol cgvgc,

Yrovm`gr phyaglt strubturgs pchy hl maporthlt rocg ml fow wgcc tfg

fghctf bhrg `gcmvgry systga aggts tfg kohcs oj `gcmvgrmlk gjjmbmglt hl`

fmkf!quhcmty bhrg, Yocmbmgs aust word to hcmkl tfg `gsmrgs oj prhbtmtmolgrs

hl` fghctf orkhlmzhtmol ahlhkgrs to sgrvg phtmglts wmtf tfg mlbgltmvgs

tfht boag jroa fow tfgy hrg phm`,

Yocmbgs ol tfg `gahl` sm`g oj tfg gquhtmol aust jobus ol fow

ngst to glkhkg ml`mvm`uhcs ml tfgmr owl fghctf hl` bhrg, Pfms ms

mlbrghsmlkcy maporthlt ml tfg jhbg oj h krowmlk bfrolmb `msghsg gpm`gamb,

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>6Maprovmlk tfg fghctf bhrg `gcmvgry systga ms tfg dgy to maprovmlk

tfg fghctf oj hcc Hagrmbhls, Gvgl mj tfg hbbgss# quhcmty# hl` bost

proncgas ml tfg ag`mbhc systga hrg rgsocvg`# h trh`mtmolhc vmgw oj tfg

`gcmvgry systga aust gxphl` to mlbcu`g popuchtmol!wm`g prokrhas ml

or`gr jor tfg systga to rghbf mts jucc potgltmhc,

Pfg smkls tfht subf h `gnhtg bouc` thdg pchbg ml tfg lghr juturg

hrg strolk, Notf prgsm`gltmhc bhl`m`htgs fhvg proposg` to rgjora tfg

fghctf bhrg systga# `gaolstrhtmlk tfg pocmtmbhc rmpglgss oj tfg mssug,

[fgl tfht opportulmty prgsglts mtsgcj# mt wmcc ng gssgltmhc to ng rgh`y wmtf

kroul`g` pocmbmgs tfht hrg aorg tfhl phtbfgs hl` bhl sgrvg hs

phtfwhys towhr` h fmkf!pgrjoramlk fghctf systga,

Ncugprmlt jor Wlmvgrshc Fghctf Bhrg >989!>987 hl` Ngyol`

Fghctf ms h nhsmb fuahl rmkft kuhrhltgg` ny our bolstmtutmol, Fowgvgr#

tfg krght `msphrmty ml hbbgss to hl` usg oj fghctf bhrg# rgsuctmlk ml

smklmjmbhlt `mjjgrglbgs ml fghctf sthtus# ngtwggl tfg rmbf amlormty hl` tfg

poor aheormty oj Jmcmpmlos bolstmtutgs h krhvg vmochtmol oj tfms rmkft jor

Jmcmpmlos,

Bolvgltmolhc fghctf sthtus ml`mbhtors oj cmjg gxpgbthlby ht nmrtf

&CGN-# mljhlt hl` bfmc` aorthcmty &MA^-# hl` ahtgrlhc aorthcmty rhtmo

&AA^- sfow bolsm`grhncg vhrmhtmol wfgl `mshkkrgkhtg` hbbor`mlk to

mlboag kroups hl` kgokrhpfmb cobhtmol, ^mbf urnhl boaaulmtmgs cmdg

tfosg ml Agtro Ahlmch# Bgnu# hl` @hvho# wmtf hbbgss to ao`grl

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>=jhbmcmtmgs# fhvg outboags boaphrhncg to tfosg oj `gvgcopg` boultrmgs, Ml

boltrhst# poor rurhc boaaulmtmgs# subf hs tfosg ml Nmboc# tfg Rhahr

provmlbgs hl` H^AA# fhvg rgsucts tfht hpprohbf tfosg oj cghst

`gvgcopg` boultrmgs, [fmcg lot qumtg hs nh` hs tfosg oj cghst

`gvgcopg` boultrmgs# urnhl poor boaaulmtmgs fhvg ml`mbhtors tfht hrg

jroa two to jmvg tmags worsg tfhl tfgmr lgmkfnors ml khtg` vmcchkgs,

Pfgsg `msphrmtmgs hrg tfg rgsuct oj tfg joccowmlk `gjmbmglbmgs ml

our fghctf systga5 Jmrst ms tfht# tfg nhsmb fghctf sgrvmbgs hs wgcc hs

tgrtmhry bhrg jor tfg aheormty oj Jmcmpmlos hrg mlh`gquhtg# jrhkagltg`#

mlgjjmbmglt# hl` mlboapcgtg, Ht cghst ml phrt `ug to tfms# jor cowgst mlboag

kroups tfgsg sgrvmbgs hrg chrkgcy mlhbbgssmncg hl` ulhjjor`hncg,

Hlotfgr ms tfg Yfmcmppmlgs fghctf sgbtor ms `oamlhtg` ny

boaagrbmhc mltgrgsts oj h sgkaglt oj tfg systga tfht ms lot rghccy hnout

fghctf outboags nut ms prmahrmcy hnout nottoa!cmlg projmts, Pfmr`# fuahl

rgsourbgs jor fghctf hrg mlsujjmbmgltcy g`ubhtg`# mlhpproprmhtgcy trhmlg`#

hl` poorcy aotmvhtg` to h``rgss tfg fghctf bhrg bolbgrls oj aost

Jmcmpmlos ml tfg sgttmlk ml wfmbf tfgy cmvg, Hs h rgsuct# poorcy

boapglshtg` kovgrlaglt fghctf wordgrs hrg ulhncg to mljcuglbg

ngfhvmors oj tfgmr fmkf ghrlmlk prmvhtg sgbtor boultgrphrts wmtfml tfg

bfhlkg!rgsmsthlt glvmrolaglts oj tfgmr rgspgbtmvg projgssmolhc

orkhlmzhtmols, Chstcy# aubf oj tfms boaagrbmhc `oamlhlbg oj our fghctf

bhrg systga ms tfg rgsuct oj h jhmcurg# so kross hs to bolstmtutg h `gjhuct#

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29oj puncmb jmlhlbmlk jor fghctf, Pfg boanmlg` wgmkft oj tfg ulboor`mlhtg`

spgl`mlk jor fghctf ny tfg lhtmolhc kovgrlaglt# cobhc kovgrlaglts hl`

our lhtmolhc sobmhc fghctf mlsurhlbg prokrha fhs nggl so cow hl` so

wghd tfht mt fhs `rmvgl our fghctf systga mlto h `gnmcmthtmlk `gpgl`glbg

ol out!oj!pobdgt phyaglts ny phtmglts,

Po h``rgss tfgsg `gjmbmglbmgs# rh`mbhc rgjoras ml hcc boapolglts

oj tfg Yfmcmppmlg fghctf systga hrg rgqumrg`, Rubf rgjoras aust ng

hmag` ht hbfmgvmlk WLMZG^RHC FGHCPF BH^G ml tfg boultry ovgr h

rghsolhncg pgrmo` oj tmag &89!87 yghrs-, Pfms aghls tfht gvgry Jmcmpmlo

sfouc` fhvg hbbgss to fmkf quhcmty fghctf bhrg tfht ms gjjmbmglt#

hbbgssmncg# gqumthncy `mstrmnutg`# h`gquhtgcy jul`g`# jhmrcy jmlhlbg`# hl`

`mrgbtg` ml boleulbtmol wmtf hl mljorag` hl` gapowgrg` puncmb,

Pfg ovgrhrbfmlk pfmcosopfy ms tfht hbbgss to sobmhc sgrvmbgs ms

nhsg` ol lgg`s hl` lot ol tfg bhphnmcmty to phy, Pfms uctmahtgcy pchbgs

pgopcg ht tfg bgltgr oj sobmo!gboloamb `gvgcopaglt,

Fghctf Rystga ^gjora Rtrhtgkmgs

Nhsg` ol [FOs Jrhagword jor Hbtmol towhr`s strglktfglmlk

fghctf systgas# tfg hpprohbfgs to rgjora sgt jortf ml tfms `obuaglt hrg

bhtgkormzg ul`gr smx boapolglts or numc`mlk ncobds tfht hrg mltgr!

bollgbtg` hl` aust julbtmol tokgtfgr ml or`gr to ng gjjgbtmvg &[FO#

>99;-, Pfg smx numc`mlk ncobds hrg fghctf jmlhlbmlk# sgrvmbg `gcmvgry#

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28fghctf wordjorbg# fghctf mljorahtmol systga# ag`mbhc pro`ubts# vhbbmlgs

hl` tgbflocokmgs# hl` chstcy# cgh`grsfmp hl` kovgrlhlbg,

Yrmsol ag`mbmlg5 gtfmbs hl` gqumvhcglbg

Yrmsol fghctfbhrg ml Glkchl` hl` [hcgs ms ul`grkomlk aheor

rgjora, Pfg prmlbmpcg ngfml` tfms# provm`mlk prmsolgrs wmtf h sthl`hr`

fghctf bhrg gqumvhcglt to tfht ml tfg wm`gr Lhtmolhc Fghctf Rgrvmbg &LFR-#

nut mt `ogs lot `o eustmbg to tfg boapcgx rghcmty oj maprmsolaglt, Pfg

hrkuaglt oj ngmlk h prmsolgr ms lot tfg shag hs ngmlk hl or`mlhry bmtmzgl

hl` mklormlk tfg rghcmtmgs oj tfg `mjjgrglbgs ngtwggl prmsolgrs hl`

or`mlhry LFR phtmglt cgh`s to boapcgx gtfmbhc `mcgaahs jor prmsol

fghctfbhrg sthjj, Mccustrhtg soag oj tfg hrghs wfgrg prmsol

fghctfbhrg ms `mjjgrglt5 hbbgss to bhrg hl` hccobhtmol oj LFR rgsourbgs4

phtmglt bfombg hl` ml`gpgl`glbg, Ahly oj tfg gxhapcgs kmvgl rgjgr to

psybfmhtrmb bhrg# nut tfg `mcgaahs hppcy to kglgrhc ag`mbhc bhrg,

Yrmsol Rgrvmbg# tfg LFR bouc` gxbcu`g prmsolgrs jroa fghctf

sgrvmbgs, Fowgvgr# @gphrtaglt oj Fghctf kum`hlbg spgbmjmgs tfht tfg

LFR aust low word ml phrtlgrsfmp wmtf tfg Yrmsol Rgrvmbg to provm`g

fghctfbhrg ml prmsols, Ml h``mtmol# ny >99:# prmahry bhrg trusts wmcc

ngboag juccy rgspolsmncg jor boaamssmolmlk tfgsg sgrvmbgs &Glkchl`#

@gphrtaglt oj Fghctf# >997-,

Pfms fhs nggl jorauchtg` bcmlmbhccy hs tfg prmlbmpcg oj

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2>gqumvhcglbg, Pfms sthtgs tfht prmsolgrs hrg gltmtcg` to fhvg hbbgss to tfg

shag rhlkg hl` sthl`hr` oj trghtaglt hs hly otfgr potgltmhc LFR

phtmglt &Eomlt Yrmsol Rgrvmbg hl` Lhtmolhc Fghctf Rgrvmbg Gxgbutmvg

[ordmlk Kroup# 8===-, Pfms sukkgsts tfht prmsolgrs cmvg ml h boaaulmty

oj tfgmr owl, Pfgmr pglhlbg ms tfgmr coss oj cmngrty, @gprmvhtmol oj

fghctfbhrg ms hl h``mtmolhc pulmsfaglt wfmbf tfg sthtg ms lot gltmtcg` to

mljcmbt,

Pfgrg ms lo gqumvhcglt oj h prmsol fghctfbhrg bgltrg ml tfg wm`gr

LFR hl` sthtutory powgrs to trght aglthc `msor`gr `o lot hppcy ml

prmsol# so# mj phtmglts rgjusg trghtaglt# tfgy aust rgahml ultrghtg`

hl` aglthccy mcc ml prmsol &[mcsol# >990-, ^hrgcy# ml subf bhsgs tfg `obtor

fhs to rgsort to boaaol chw to eustmjy gljorbmlk trghtaglt jor aglthc

`msor`gr wmtfout tfg prmsolgrs bolsglt &[mcsol * Jorrgstgr# >99>4

Ghrtfrowc gthc# >992-,

Yrmsol `obtors qumtg ojtgl rgjgr prmsolgrs wmtf sgrmous aglthc

fghctf proncgas to tfg LFR# sggdmlk trhlsjgr to fospmthc jor trghtaglt

olcy to jml` tfht tfgy hrg rgegbtg` &Bom`# 8===-,

Pfg LFR glbourhkgs phtmglts to gxgrbmsg boltroc ovgr tfg

`obtor tfgy sgg, Yrmsolgrs `o lot kgt tfms bfombg, ^gbrumtmlk sumthncy

quhcmjmg` hl` trhmlg` `obtors to word ml prmsol fhs hcwhys nggl `mjjmbuct

&Glkchl`# @gphrtaglt oj Fghctf# >998-,

Lhtmolhc Fghctf Rgrvmbg phtmglts fhvg mlbrghsg` rmkfts to

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22`gtgramlg wfht fhppgls to mljorahtmol hnout tfga, Pfg prmlbmpcg oj

gqumvhcglbg mapcmgs tfht prmsolgrs fhvg tfg shag rmkfts, Fowgvgr#

prmsolgrs hrg lot routmlgcy mljorag` hnout tfg cmamts oj boljm`gltmhcmty ol

gltry to prmsol,

Yrmsolgrs hrg ml hl mlstmtutmol tfht owgs tfga h `uty oj bhrg, Ml

tfg boaaulmty# pgopcg wmtf pgrsolhcmty `msor`gr wfo hrg sumbm`hc

amkft ng ojjgrg` phbdhkgs oj trghtaglt hl` support# nut tfgy amkft ng

turlg` hwhy jroa sgrvmbgs hctokgtfgr, Pfg prmlbmpcg oj gqumvhcglbg

`mbthtgs tfht tfg shag hpprohbf sfouc` hppcy ml prmsol, Fowgvgr# tfg

bolsgquglbgs oj h sgcj!mljcmbtg` `ghtf ahy ng vgry `mjjgrglt ml tfgsg two

sgttmlks,

Rumbm`gs ml prmsol hrg sggl hs h jhmcurg oj tfg systga# pgrfhps

mlbcu`mlk fghctfbhrg# wfgrghs mt ms pgrfhps ghsmgr to hccow tfht

soagtmags nh` tfmlks fhppgl to pgopcg ml tfg boaaulmty,

Wl`grsthl`mlk Kgorkmh+s Borrgbtmolhc Rthl`hr`s oj Fghctf Bhrg5[fht Yocmbyahdgrs hl` Rthdgfoc`grs Lgg` to Dlow

Pfg Ojjmbg oj Fghctf Rgrvmbgs oj Kgorkmh @gphrtaglt oj

Borrgbtmols ms rgspolsmncg jor ovgrsggmlk tfg borrgbtmolhc fghctf bhrg

systga oj sthtg prmsols, Pfg @gphrtaglt h`fgrgs to mts amssmol to

provm`g tfg rgqumrg` bolstmtutmolhc cgvgc oj fghctf bhrg ml tfg aost

gjjmbmglt# bost gjjgbtmvg hl` fuahlg ahllgr possmncg# wfmcg protgbtmlk

tfg puncmb fghctf mltgrgsts oj tfg bmtmzgls oj tfg Rthtg oj Kgorkmh,

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20Kgorkmh fhs rgbgltcy aovg` hfgh` oj Ofmo hl` Mccmloms hl` low

fhs tfg lhtmols smxtf chrkgst prmsol popuchtmol, Kgorkmh burrgltcy fhs

0:#7=8 mlahtgs4 tfg bglsus ms chrkgcy `rmvgl ny tfg haoult oj tmag

sgrvg` ml prmsol `ug to tfg sthtgs Pwo Rtrmdgs chw phssg` ml 8==7 hl`

tfg Yhrocg =9' Yocmby mapcgagltg` ml 8==6, Pfg luangr oj mlahtgs

hcso `ouncg` `urmlk tfg phst tgl yghrs hl` ms gxpgbtg` to boltmlug to

krow ny hcaost ; pgrbglt hlluhccy,

Hlluhc fghctf bhrg bosts pgr mlahtg jor pfysmbhc# aglthc hl`

`glthc bhrg fhvg nggl rmsmlk ht 6 pgrbglt, Yroegbtmols bhcbuchtg` ny tfg

@gphrtaglt oj Borrgbtmol+s Ojjmbg oj Fghctf Rgrvmbgs tfroukf tfg yghr

>997 hltmbmphtg tfht 86 pgrbglt oj tfg gltmrg prmsol popuchtmol wmcc fhvg

aglthc mcclgss,

Ahly jhbtors prgssurg ojjmbmhcs to `gcmvgr tfg bolstmtutmolhccy

ahl`htg` nhsmb fghctf bhrg wfmcg sthymlk wmtfml nu`kgthry cmamts,

Nhrrmgrs to Gjjgbtmvg Yrgvgltmol# Rbrgglmlk# hl` Prghtaglthl`Ovgrboamlk Pfga

@gspmtg tfg boapgccmlk rghsols jor maprovmlk tfg prgvgltmol#

sbrgglmlk# hl` trghtaglt oj `msghsg haolk mlahtgs# smklmjmbhlt nhrrmgrs

ahy ahdg mt `mjjmbuct jor prmsols hl` ehmcs to maprovg tfgsg sgrvmbgs#

Lhtmolhc Boaamssmol ol Borrgbtmolhc Fghctf Bhrg &LBBFB-,

Aost nhrrmgrs jhcc mlto olg oj jour bhtgkormgs5

Chbd oj cgh`grsfmp# subf hs jhmcurg to rgboklmzg tfg lgg` jor maprovg`

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27fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs4 rgcubthlbg to bolsm`gr tfht maprovmlk puncmb fghctf

ms h borrgbtmolhc rgspolsmnmcmty4 hl` ulwmccmlklgss oj puncmb fghctf

hkglbmgs to h`vobhtg jor maprovmlk borrgbtmolhc fghctf bhrg or to

bocchnorhtg to proaotg maprovgaglt,

Cokmstmbhc nhrrmgrs# subf hs sfort pgrmo`s oj mlbhrbgrhtmol#

sgburmty!bolsbmous h`amlmstrhtmol probg`urgs jor `mstrmnutmlk

ag`mbhtmols# hl` `mjjmbucty boor`mlhtmlk `msbfhrkg pchllmlk,

Cmamtg` rgsourbgstfht rgqumrg `mjjmbuct nu`kgtmlk `gbmsmols to aggt

tfg fmkf bost oj ahly fghctf bhrg sgrvmbgs hl` soag ag`mbhtmols# hl`

tfht ahdg mt `mjjmbuct to provm`g h`gquhtg sphbg jor ag`mbhc sgrvmbgs,

Borrgbtmolhc pocmbmgs#subf hs jhmcurg to spgbmjy amlmaua cgvgcs oj

rgqumrg` bhrg ml boltrhbts wmtf prmvhtg fghctf bhrg vgl`ors# `gchys

bhusg` ny tfg lgg` to gsbort mlahtgs to ag`mbhc trghtaglt# poor

boaaulmbhtmol ngtwggl puncmb fghctf hkglbmgs hl` prmsols hl` ehmcs#

hl` chbd oj h`gquhtg bcmlmbhc kum`gcmlgs, Aost oj tfgsg nhrrmgrs to

maprovg` fghctf bhrg jor mlahtgs bhl ng ovgrboag, Jmrst# posmtmol

sthtgaglts tfht h luangr oj wgcc!rgspgbtg`# lhtmolhc projgssmolhc kroups

fhvg `gvgcopg` `gsbrmnmlk hpproprmhtg fghctf bhrg jor mlahtgs bhl ng

usg` hs cgvgrhkg to glbourhkg borrgbtmolhc h`amlmstrhtors to jml` whys

oj rgsocvmlk nhrrmgrs to provm`mlk h`gquhtg bhrg, Rgbol`# bocchnorhtmol

haolk borrgbtmolhc hkglbmgs# puncmb fghctf `gphrtaglts# hl`

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2:boaaulmty!nhsg` orkhlmzhtmols bhl fgcp ovgrboag tfg chbd oj

borrgbtmolhc fghctf bhrg jul`s hl` sthjj,

Yuncmb fghctf `gphrtaglts ahy ng wmccmlk to boltrmnutg jul`s#

sthjj# hl` gxpgrtmsg mj tfgy ul`grsthl` tfht tfms usg oj tfgmr rgsourbgs bhl

h`vhlbg tfg bhusg oj puncmb fghctf ml tfgmr boaaulmtmgs, Yuncmb fghctf

`gphrtaglts ml soag eurms`mbtmols hcrgh`y boltrmnutg smklmjmbhltcy to

tgstmlk hl` sbrgglmlk oj mlahtgs# provm`mlk prgvgltmol hl` trghtaglt

prokrhas ml prmsols hl` ehmcs# hl` joccowmlk up ol mlahtgs hjtgr rgcghsg

to glsurg h boltmluua oj bhrg,

Ahly boaaulmty!nhsg` orkhlmzhtmols hrg mltgrgstg` ml hl`

wmccmlk to provm`g sgrvmbgs mlahtgs gqumvhcglt to tfht oj h jrgg ml`mvm`uhc,

Pgbflmbhc Kum`gcmlgs jor Mapcgagltmlk @OPR Rtrhtgky ml Ehmcs hl`

Yrmsols

^gpuncmb oj tfg Yfmcmppmlgs H`amlmstrhtmvg Or`gr Lo, >99=

9992# `htg` Ehluhry 6# >99= Runegbt Pgbflmbhc Kum`gcmlgs jor

Mapcgagltmlk @OPR Rtrhtgky ml Ehmcs hl` Yrmsols, Ml >996# mt whs

gstmahtg` tfht oj tfg tothc oj hnout 829#999 prmsol mlahtgs ml tfg

boultry# >6' or 2:#999 fh` syaptoas oj PN, Ml h stu`y oj ;#>6>

mlahtgs ml jmvg &7- ehmcs hl` olg &8- prmsol ml @hvho ^gkmol# tfg

prgvhcglbg oj sputua saghr posmtmvg haolk mlahtgs whs

6,;/8#999 boaphrg` to tfg >/8#999 jor tfg kglgrhc popuchtmol nhsg` ol

tfg >99; Lhtmolhc PN Yrgvhcglbg Rurvgy, Kconhccy# tfg gstmahtg`

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2;luangr oj pgopcg `gthmlg` ol hly kmvgl `hy ms ovgr = amccmol hl` tfg

prgvhcglbg rhtg oj PN ml prmsols usuhccy gxbgg`s tfht oj tfg bmvmcmhl

popuchtmol,

Pfg mlbrghsg` vuclgrhnmcmty oj tfms kroup to PN bhl ng httrmnutg` to

sgvgrhc jhbtors subf hs ovgrbrow`mlk hl` chbd oj vgltmchtmol ml ahly

ehmcs/prmsol jhbmcmtmgs# chtg bhsg `gtgbtmol sgbol`hry to chbd oj hbbgss to

fghctf sgrvmbgs hl` stmkah# chbd oj fghctf fuahl rgsourbg hl` trhmlg`

sthjj sgrvmbmlk mlahtgs hl` prgsglbg oj otfgr rmsd jhbtors subf hs

ahclutrmtmol hl` bo!aornm`mtmgs,

Bolsm`grmlk tfht aorg tfhl h fhcj oj tfg mlahtg popuchtmol hrg

`gthmlggs hwhmtmlk bhsg rgsocutmol hl` tfht h chrkg aheormty oj tfga sfhcc

ng rg!mltgkrhtg` wmtf tfg sobmgty ht chrkg# tfg @gphrtaglt oj Fghctf

&@OF- mltgl`s to mapcgaglt @mrgbtcy Onsgrvg` Prghtaglt Rfort!Boursg

&@OPR- Rtrhtgky to tfms bhptmvg popuchtmol ml or`gr to rg`ubg PN

trhlsamssmol# aornm`mty hl` aorthcmty wmtfml ehmcs hl` prmsols# hl` to

rgl`gr mlahtgs lol!mljgbtmous ny tfg tmag tfgy hrg rgcghsg` to

ahmlstrgha sobmgty,

Pfg boltroccg`# supgrvmsg` smtuhtmol oj tfg mlahtgs ml ehmcs hl`

prmsols# ol tfg otfgr fhl`# ms hcso gxpgbtg` to ymgc` subbgss rhtgs hl`

burg rhtgs tfht hrg fmkfgr tfhl tfosg jor tfg bmvmcmhl popuchtmol, Pfus#

mapcgagltmlk @OPR Rtrhtgky ml ehmcs hl` prmsols fhs tfg potgltmhc oj

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26smklmjmbhltcy gxpg`mtmlk tfg hbfmgvgaglt oj Lhtmolhc hl` Amccgllmua

@gvgcopaglt Kohc &A@K- thrkgts rgchtg` to PN boltroc,

Wlmvgrshc fghctfbhrg to fgcp rg`ubg mlgqumtmgs ml fghctf

Pfg Yfmcmppmlgs boltmlugs to proaotg mtsgcj hs h ag`mbhc tourmsa

fun# mt ms sh` to lotg tfht :9 pgrbglt oj Jmcmpmlos wfo subbuan to

smbdlgss `mg ngbhusg quhcmty fghctfbhrg rgahmls gcusmvg to tfga,

Pfg Hqumlo h`amlmstrhtmol ms aorg tfhl hwhrg lot olcy oj tfg

`mjjmbuctmgs hl` bfhccglkgs ngmlk jhbg` ny tfg Yfmcmppmlg fghctfbhrg

systga# nut hcso oj mts mlhnmcmty to provm`g tfg poor Jmcmpmlos wmtf h`gquhtg

fghctfbhrg hssmsthlbg,

@urmlk tfg sgbol` Yfmcmppmlg Fghctf Outcood Jorua fgc` rgbgltcy

ny tfg Uugccmk Jhamcy Joul`htmol# Yrgs, Hqumlo sthtg` tfht tfg prgsglt

h`amlmstrhtmol hmas to bfhlkg tfht chl`sbhpg oj tfg prgsglt fghctfbhrg

systga ny mapcgagltmlk boaprgfglsmvg rgjoras,

Olg oj tfg socutmols tfht tfg h`amlmstrhtmol ms coodmlk ht to

h``rgss tfgsg bfhccglkgs ms tfg mapcgaglthtmol oj tfg so!bhccg`

ulmvgrshc fghctfbhrg# wfmbf jobusgs ol tfg wgcjhrg oj tfg

poor, Fhvmlk subf h prokrha ml pchbg ms sggl to fgcp rg`ubg tfg

mlgqumtmgs ml fghctfbhrg# wfmbf ms h rgsuct oj tfg wm`glmlk khp ngtwggl

tfg rmbf hl` tfg poor, Wlmvgrshc fghctf bhrg ms notf h vmsmol hl` h

strhtgky oj tfg Hqumlo h`amlmstrhtmol, Mt ms h vmsmol oj fow tfmlks oukft to

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2=ng# wfgrg Jmcmpmlos hrg fghctfy# jrgg jroa `msghsg hl` mljmramty hl`

fhvmlk hbbgss to quhcmty nhsmb fghctf sgrvmbgs,

Pfg @gphrtaglt oj Fghctf prgsgltg` `urmlk tfg jorua sgvgrhc

pocmby `mrgbtmols tfht tfg lhtmolhc kovgrlaglt pchls to mapcgaglt ml

or`gr to bfhlkg tfg prgsglt sthtg oj tfg fghctfbhrg ml`ustry,

Roag oj tfgsg pocmbmgs# wfmbf hrg kghrg` towhr` fhvmlk ulmvgrshc

fghctfbhrg# mlbcu`g h rgjobusg` Yfmcfghctf to ng hncg to rgspol` to tfg

lgg`s oj tfg poor4 tfg lgg` to rgfhnmcmthtg hl` glfhlbg prgsglt fghctf

jhbmcmtmgs4 maprovg` hbbgss to quhcmty hl` hjjor`hncg `ruks hl`

ag`mbmlgs4 h aorg hkkrgssmvg proaotmol oj fghctfy cmjgstycg4 hl`

boltmlumlk gjjorts ml maprovmlk kovgrlhlbg hl` rgkuchtmol to gcmamlhtg

krhjt hl` borruptmol ml hcc hrghs oj fghctfbhrg,

Pfg h`amlmstrhtmol ms qumbd to h`amt tfht wmtf tfg boultrys cmamtg`

rgsourbgs# tfgsg mlmtmhtmvgs lgg`g` to ng nhbdg` ny h bocchnorhtmol

haolk puncmb# prmvhtg# auctmchtgrhc hl` bmvmc sobmgty sthdgfoc`grs# ml or`gr

to ng subbgssjuc, Kmvgl tfg cmamtg` rgsourbgs# tfg @gphrtaglt oj Fghctf

wmcc gltgr mlto puncmb!prmvhtg phrtlgrsfmps ml sgburmlk fghctf dgy

mlvgstaglts phrtmbuchrcy ml fghctf jhbmcmtmgs hl` mljorahtmol tgbflocoky,

Mt ms ml tfms rgkhr` tfht Uugccmk Jhamcy Joul`htmol &UJJ-# wmtf mts

hma to fgcp tfg cobhc kovgrlaglt h``rgss tfg prgsglt fghctfbhrg

smtuhtmol# sgcgbtg` h luangr oj aulmbmphcmtmgs to mapcgaglt vhrmous

prokrhas hmag` ht maprovmlk tfg fghctfbhrg `gcmvgry,

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09Haolk UJJs prokrhas mlbcu`g` jul`mlk rglovhtmol hl` upkrh`mlk

oj sgvgrhc fghctf jhbmcmtmgs tfht bhl fgcp maprovg hbbgss to quhcmty

fghctfbhrg, Mt hcso bol`ubts `mhcokugs hl` trhmlmlks to g`ubhtg tfg cobhc

boaaulmty# mlbcu`mlk tfg ahyors hl` otfgr sthdgfoc`grs# hnout tfg

vhrmous fghctf mssugs ngmlk jhbg` ny tfgmr rgspgbtmvg towls hl`

aulmbmphcmtmgs, Rubf mljorahtmol hwhrglgss bhaphmkls hcso fgcp tfga

boag up wmtf possmncg socutmols to tfgsg proncgas,

@gspmtg hcc tfgsg `gvgcopaglts# UJJ hl` Olh hrg olg ml shymlk

tfht tfgrg rgahml h luangr oj maporthlt mssugs tfht lgg` to ng

h``rgssg` to maprovg tfg cobhc fghctfbhrg systga, Notf# fowgvgr# hrg

stmcc fopmlk tfht wmtf tfg lgw h`amlmstrhtmols hkkrgssmvg pocmby `rmvg# h

ngttgr juturg jor tfg fghctfbhrg ml`ustry,

Ml tfg Yfmcmppmlgs# tfgrg hrg `mjjgrglt rgcmkmous kroups wfo kmvg

tfgmr gl`cgss hssmsthlbg to tfg mlahtgs hl` tfgy hrg vobhc hnout hsdmlk

tfg kovgrlaglt to h``rgss tfg mlahtgs lgg`s,

^gchtg` Rtu`mgs

Jorgmkl

Nhsg` ol tfg prmlbmpcg oj fuahl rmkfts hl` gqumty oj hbbgss#

fghctfbhrg sgrvmbgs provm`g` to prmsol mlahtgs sfouc` ng gqumvhcglt to

tfosg provm`g` to tfg kglgrhc popuchtmol,

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08Fghctf proncgas hrg ngmlk mlvgstmkhtg` hl` aolmtorg`

tfroukfout tfg worc` ny notf mltgrlhtmolhc orkhlmzhtmols hl`

kovgrlaglts, Mt ms wgcc rgboklmzg` tfht prmsol mlahtgs hrg h vuclgrhncg

kroup oj tfg popuchtmol, ^gsghrbf ol tfms kroup ms amlmahc boaphrg`

wmtf tfg kglgrhc popuchtmol, Pfg proncga oj `ruk usg hl` fghctf

bolsgquglbgs haolk tfms sunpopuchtmol ms smklmjmbhlt hl` lgg`s to ng

gxpcorg`# &[FO-,

^gbglt jml`mlks ml`mbhtg tfht h fmkfgr prgvhcglbg oj `ruk usg ms

joul` haolk prmsol mlahtgs tfhl haolk tfg kglgrhc popuchtmol,

Pfg fghctf sthtus oj prmsol mlahtgs sggas to ng cowgr ngbhusg oj notf

tfg mlahtgs+ ngfhvmor hl` tfg prmsol glvmrolaglt, Zhrmous

boaaulmbhncg `msghsgs hrg boaaolcy joul` subf hs fgphtmtms B vmrus#

FMZ# hl` sypfmcms,

^hpm` bfhlkgs ml borrgbtmolhc fghctf bhrg fhvg gagrkg` hl`

sunsgquglt cgkmschtmol stmauchtg` borrgbtmolhc fghctf bhrg rgjora hl`

fhs cg` to tfg gsthncmsfaglt oj sthl`hr`s jor prmsol fghctf bhrg hmamlk

to aggt tfg lgg`s oj mlahtgs hl` fghctf pgrsollgc# gspgbmhccy lursgs

wfmbf boaprmsgs aorg tfhl jmjty pgrbglt oj fghctf word jorbg,

Bol`ol# C, gt# hc, &>99;- fhvg `olg h stu`y tfht hmas to dlow

tfg vmgws oj prmsolgrs hnout fghctf sgrvmbgs provm`g` ml prmsols, Pfg

nhbdkroul` oj tfg stu`y ms tfht prmsol provm`gs hl opportulmty jor h +fhr`

to rghbf+ kroup to hbbgss fghctf sgrvmbgs# prmahrmcy tfosg provm`g` ny

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0>lursgs, Yrmsolgrs typmbhccy fhvg fmkf fghctf hl` sobmhc lgg`s# nut tfg

vmgws hl` gxpgrmglbgs oj prmsolgrs hnout fghctf sgrvmbgs ml prmsol fhvg

lot nggl wm`gcy rgsghrbfg`,

Pfg agtfo` utmcmzg` whs sgam!strubturg` mltgrvmgws wgrg bhrrmg`

out wmtf 888 prmsolgrs ml purposmvgcy sgcgbtg` 8> prmsols ml Glkchl` ml

>997, Mltgrvmgws bovgrg` notf prmsolgrs+ vmgws oj fghctf sgrvmbgs hl`

tfgmr owl whys oj bhrmlk jor tfgmr fghctf ml prmsol, Mltgrvmgws wgrg

hlhcyzg` to `gvgcop h bolbgptuhc jrhagword hl` m`gltmjy `oamlhlt

tfgags,

Mt whs joul` out tfht prmsolgrs bolsm`grg` fghctf sgrvmbgs phrt oj

h pgrsolhc prmsol eourlgy# wfmbf ngkhl ht maprmsolaglt hl` gl`g` ol

rgcghsg, Jor tfosg wfo `m` lot hbbgss fghctf sgrvmbgs outsm`g prmsol#

maprmsolaglt maprovg` hbbgss to notf aglthc hl` pfysmbhc fghctf

sgrvmbgs, Yrmsolgrs m`gltmjmg` hbbgssmlk sgrvmbgs# mlbcu`mlk tfosg

provm`g` ny lursgs# boljm`gltmhcmty# ngmlk sggl hs h +cgkmtmahtg+ phtmglt

hl` cmvmlk wmtf h bfrolmb bol`mtmol hs proncgas wmtfml tfg prmsol

fghctfbhrg systga, Ht hcc pomlts hcolk tfg prmsol fghctfbhrg eourlgy# tfg

prmsol rgkmag bouc` boljcmbt wmtf optmahc fghctf bhrg,

Pfg bolbcusmol whs tfgrgs h chbd oj hutoloay hl` mt ms h aheor

onsthbcg to glsurmlk tfht prmsolgrs+ fghctf lgg`s hrg juccy agt, Pfgmr

vmgws sfouc` ng bolsm`grg` wfgl pchllmlk# orkhlmzmlk hl` `gcmvgrmlk

prmsol fghctf sgrvmbgs,

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02Jurtfgr rgsghrbf ms lgg`g` to gxhamlg fow lursgs bhl glsurg h

saootf eourlgy tfroukf fghctf bhrg jor prmsolgrs,

Bol`ol C# Kmcc F# * Fhrrms J, &>99;- fhvg bol`ubtg` h rgvmgw oj

prmsol fghctf hl` mts mapcmbhtmols jor prmahry bhrg lursmlk ml Glkchl` hl`

[hcgs5 tfg rgsghrbf gvm`glbg, Pfgonegbtmvgs oj tfg stu`y ms to provm`g

h systgahtmb ovgrvmgw oj tfg pocmby hl` prhbtmbg cmtgrhturg bolbgrlg` wmtf

tfg prmahry fghctfbhrg lgg`s oj prmsolgrs ml Glkchl` hl` [hcgs hl` to

h``rgss tfg mapcmbhtmols oj tfgsg fghctf lgg`s jor lursgs wordmlk ml

prmsols,Pfg rgbglt rgorkhlmzhtmol oj tfg prmsol fghctfbhrg systga#

wfmbf fhs nroukft prmsol fghctf sgrvmbgs ml Glkchl` hl` [hcgs

wmtfml tfg Lhtmolhc Fghctf Rgrvmbg# fhs aheor mapcmbhtmols jor tfg

rocg oj prmsol lursgs, Lursgs ml prmsols hrg mlbrghsmlkcy provm`mlk

sgrvmbgs to proaotg tfg fghctf oj prmsolgrs# ml h``mtmol ahdmlk

hssgssaglts oj fghctf lgg` hl` trghtmlk fghctf proncgas,

Pfg jml`mlks hrg m`gltmjmg` ml tfrgg ahml hrghs5 tfg kglgrhc fghctf

lgg`s oj prmsolgrs# fghctf proaotmol hl` bfrolmb `msghsg ahlhkgaglt,

Ml hcc tfgsg hrghs# tfg fghctf lgg`s oj tfg prmsol popuchtmol hrg

krghtgr tfhl tfg boaaulmty hs h wfocg# rgsuctmlk ml h fmkf `gahl`

jor prmahry bhrg sgrvmbgs ml prmsol, Fowgvgr# tfg prmsol sgttmlk bhl

amcmthtg hkhmlst provm`mlk koo` prmahry bhrg sgrvmbgs ml prmsol,

Fghctf mljorahtmol tgbflocoky mlbcu`mlk tgcgag`mbmlg ojjgrs

potgltmhc to maprovg phtmglt bhrg outboags, Hs phrt oj tfg rgspolsg to

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Condon%20L%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Gill%20H%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Harris%20F%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Harris%20F%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Gill%20H%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Condon%20L%22%5BAuthor%5D

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00Furrmbhlgs Dhtrmlh hl` ^mth ml >997# tfg Coumsmhlh Rthtg Wlmvgrsmty

Fghctf Bhrg Rgrvmbgs @mvmsmol gxphl`g` mts sthtgwm`g tgcgag`mbmlg

prokrha,

Kchsgr A# gt, hc, &>989- stu`y whs to gvhcuhtg provm`gr shtmsjhbtmol

hl` phtmglt outboags hssobmhtg` wmtf tgcgag`mbmlg wfgl usg` jor tfg

h`amlmstrhtmol oj prmsolgr ag`mbhc bhrg, Yrovm`grs boapcgtg` h survgy

joccowmlk ghbf phtmglt glboultgr ml rghc!tmag4 qugstmols wgrg h`hptg`

jroa sthl`hr` shtmsjhbtmol ml`mbgs, Rthtmstmbhc agtfo`s mlbcu`g` ulm!#

nm!# hl` auctmvhrmhncg mlbcu`mlk or`mlhc rgkrgssmol agtfo`s to

bfhrhbtgrmzg ulh`eustg` hl` h`eustg` jhbtors hssobmhtg` wmtf

tgcgag`mbmlg usg hl` provm`gr shtmsjhbtmol# hl` phtmglt outboags, @hth

wgrg boccgbtg` ngtwggl @gbgangr >99; hl` Ahy >996 hl` wgrg

hlhcyzg` usmlk Rthtmstmbhc Hlhcysms Rystga &RHR-, Out oj ;2; phtmglt

vmsmts# tfg aheormty oj phtmglts wgrg Hjrmbhl Hagrmbhl &:6,:'-# agl

&=>,='-# sggl jor gmtfgr mljgbtmous `msghsg or aglthc fghctf &0:,>' hl`

79,>'-# wmtf aost survgys boapcgtg` ny h pfysmbmhl &:2,8'-, Aost

tgcgag`mbmlg glboultgrs wgrg boapcgtg` &=>,6'-# h trghtaglt pchl whs

gsthncmsfg` &=;,9'-# tfg provm`gr pgrbgmvg` tfht tfg tgbflocoky whs

h`gquhtg to bol`ubt vmsmt &=2,0'-# hl` h joccow!up tgcgag`mbmlg

hppomltaglt whs rgqugstg` &=9,6'-, Aost provm`grs wgrg shtmsjmg` wmtf

tgcgag`mbmlg jor tfg vmsmt ovgrhcc &6;,9'-# ngcmgvg` tfht tgcgag`mbmlg

maprovg` phtmglt proklosms &66,>'-# hl` pgrbgmvg` tfht tfg phtmglt whs

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Glaser%20M%22%5BAuthor%5Dhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Glaser%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D

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07shtmsjmg` &62,9'-, Pfms stu`y sukkgsts tfht tgcgag`mbmlg whs hl gjjgbtmvg

hl` hbbgptg` agtfo` oj fghctfbhrg provmsmol,

Pfg usg oj prmahry fghctf bhrg ml tfg prmsol popuchtmol ms

bolsm`grhncg boaphrg` wmtf tfg kglgrhc boaaulmty, Fghctf lgg`s

oj prmsolgrs hrg `mvgrsg hl` boapcgx, Yrmsolg