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  • 1

  • 2

  • 3

  • 4

    . (.) [ , (.)

    / .(.) ,

    . [ [, [ ,

    .(.) , ,

    .(.) [ ,

    .(.) [ , ,

    . [ .

    . [ [ , , ()

    . .. , , - . - . . ,

    1 .(.)

    7,9

    . [ , ,

    2,3 . [ [ .. ,

    8

    . ,

    4 . .. [ , ,

    10, 11

    . [ [ ,

    5,6 .(.) [ , ,

    12,13,16

    . , ,

    14,15

  • 5

    . , ,

    17,19

    . [ , , ,

    18

    .(.)

    [ ,

    . (.) ..

    ,

    [ ,

    2012 ISBN No- 13/978-81-8496-084-6 . . . ., () . . . ., . . . ., (.)

  • 6

    -01 [ ,

    1 . - 1 1024 - 2 2549 2 - 3 5065 - 4 6683 - 5 ... 84101 - 6 102123 3 II - 7 124150 - 8 151168 - 9 169186 10 187203 11 204221 -4 - 12 222237 - 13 238255 - 14 256279 - 15 280297 - 5 - 16 ,

    -, , -, , - 1 , 2.

    298317

  • 7

    , 3. , 4. , 5. , 6. , 7. , 8. , 9. , 10. -, , , , - 1. , 2. , 3. , 4

    5. , 6. , 7. , 8. , 9. , 10.

    - 17 , - 1. , 2. , 3. - 1 [, 2. , 3. - 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. , 6. , 7. , 8. , 9. 10.

    318331

  • 8

    - ' ' , .. 1050 . 1375 . '' - 1 1 2 : '[' .. 1325 . 1700 [ - [ , [ - 2 4, 5 6 , 3 - (- 2) 7, 8, 9, 10 11 : , , [ ''' '' - , , [ '[' - [ - 12 .. 1700 . 1900 [ [ [

  • 9

    '' , [ [ ' ' '' [ . 13, 14 15 - 5 . 16 , . 17 , [ - - - [ [ - [ [

  • 10

    -1

    1.0 1.1 1.2 :

    1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 [ 1.2.4

    1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5

    1.4 1.5 1.6 [ 1.7 / 1.0

    [ ,

    : , [

  • 11

    1.1

    [ - [ , , [ : [

    -

    1.2 :

    [

    1.2.1

    15 -, 647 . [[ , , , , , , [[ [ ()

    - , - [ - [ ,

    - [ ,

    [ ,

  • 12

    -

    , 988 . 1991 . (997 . - 1060 .) ,

    1192 . 1206 . - 1200-1400 . [ , [

    , [

    :

    1.2.2 [- - , , , - [ [ , [ - [ I - - , , [ - - [ : [ [

  • 13

    - [ - - [

    - - -- [

    - , [, [

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    , ,

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    1.2.3 [ [ [ [ [

    [ [

    [ , [ ,

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    [ [

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  • 14

    [

    - [ , [, ,

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    [ [- [ [ [ (, )

    [ [ [ 1084 . () [ [

    - - , , -,

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    [ [:

    [

    [ -

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    [ [ : - ()

  • 15

    1.2.4

    , , [ [ [

    - [ , , , [ - [ , , , [ , , , [ -

    - , - - - , , , , , , , [ [ ''''

    -, '- - '' ' ' ' ', ' ', [ '', ' [' ( ) [ [ - '' : : - , [ , [ , [ , - '' , ,

  • 16

    1.3 [

    [

    ''[ '' [

    [ ,

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    1.3.1 [ [ [

    [ , [ [ , [ [

    [

    [ 13 [

    , , , , , , [

    1.3.2 :, '' , , '' [ [ .. [ - [ - [ , ,

  • 17

    [, , , , , - , , , , -, - [ [ [ [ 8-9 [ [ [ [ , , , : - -, , [ 400 . , , , , [

    --, -, - - , - :

    1.3.3 [

    , : [ [ () , () , [ [ [, , ,

  • 18

    - , , , I

    1.3.4 ( ) [ , [

    ' ' - '' - () [

    - [ '' [ [ - , , [, [, , , , , , , ,

    ,

    1.3.5 - , , , , , 18 - . - '' - , - [

    : '' , ,

  • 19

    '' , , , , . - '' , ,

    -[ , , , () - (-) '' [ , , [ , , - 100-125 50,000 '' , - ' , '', , ' ', , ' ', ' ', , , [ , ''- ' ', ' ', [ ' '- () [ , ' ', , ' ' , ,

    1.4 , - [ , [ :

    1. - : :- , , , [ [ [ [ [

  • 20

    16

    , [ [ 2. - - - [

    , -[ [

    , , , [ , :

    [ ! [ - 3. [ - [ [ [ [ , - - , : [- [ - '' [

    : , , , , [

    [

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  • 21

    [ - [ [ [

    , [ 4. -

    '' '' '' '' - - [ - , - : [ 5. -

    [ [

    [

    , ,

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    :

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  • 22

    , - - - 7. - [

    [ - - - 8. -

    [- '' '' '' '' 9. - () - [- - [ - [ 10. [ - - : , : - I 11. - , [ , , , , [, , ,

    [ -[ [ [ ''

  • 23

    12. -

    , , , [ , , , , , ,

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    ? ,

  • 24

    [ , ''

    1.5

    [ [

    [

    [

    , ,

    1.6 [

    . . [ . . [ . .

    1.7 [ [

  • 25

    -2

    2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 [ 2.4 2.5 -: 2.6 : 2.7 2.8 2.9

    2.9.1 2.9.2 2.9.3 2.9.4 [ 2.9.5

    2.10 2.10.1 2.10.2 2.10.3 2.10.4

    2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 [ 2.15 / 2.0

    ' ' , , - 1. [ ,

  • 26

    2. 3. [ [

    -

    4. [ [ [

    [ 2.1

    ,

    [ : , ,

    [, , [ [, [, [-

    2.2 - - [ - - , [

    - [- - [ [

    [

  • 27

    [- , - , : [ -

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    [

    ( ) ( )

    [ [

    [ ' ' , , -

    - - 1. ?

    () () () ()

    2. ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    3. ? () () () - ()

    4. ,

  • 28

    ......................................................................................................................

    ......................................................................................................................

    ......................................................................................................................

    ......................................................................................................................

    ...................................................................................................................... 2.3 [

    - ([--) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) I - - [ [ [ [ - - - - - -

    -

    [ [

    [ 2.4

    , .

    ( ) () ([ ) ( ) () ([) :

    [ [

  • 29

    : 1. -

    [

    2. - [ [

    3. - 1272

    , [

    4. - [ [ [

    - ''

    5. -

    [ () ( ) ()

    , [

    2.5 - :

    - ' ' , ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

  • 30

    [ [

    1676 [

    [ [

    ' ' -

    ' ' [

    ' ' [

    - ' ' , , , ,

    2.6 : ' ' -

  • 31

    : , , , [ , -

    [ , , , , [

    [

    [

    : , [

    23 [ , [ , , - , , , , , , , , [ , [ , , , [ , ) [ ,

    2.7 , - 1. -

    69 16306 '' ' [ [

  • 32

    2. - , , 46, 43, 42 41 45

    3. - 3500

    4. -

    [

    (1667 1300 [ [ 1697

    2.8 ' ' [ [

    1875 ' I

    - , . , -, . , [ [

    - 1. '' '' ,

    [ 2. ' '

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  • 33

    4. ' '

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8. [ [

    9.

    10. 90 100 [ 11. - -

    . , , [ , ' ' , [ ' '

    . [ - 1. . [ ,

    , -, - - [

    2. . ' ' [ 0 () 9 () 90 ' '

    3. [

  • 34

    4. [ - , - (1) (2) (3) [ (4) (5) (6)

    5. , -

    [ , , :

    2.9 ' ' ' '

    [

    2.9.1 -

    , [, - [ [ : - , ' ' , -, , [, - [

    - -

  • 35

    - , , , [ - , , [ [ [

    [

    - [

    2.9.2 - - [ - [

    , , [ [

    - - ,

    ,

    , , , -, , , , , -

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  • 36

    - [ , ,

    - ,

    - [ , [ [ - - , , - , - , , , , , , , ,

    2.9.3 -

    [ , - -

    - [ I

  • 37

    [- -

    [ , [ , , [

    [ - [

    - - , , -

    -

    [

    , -

    . ,

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    [ [ '' - - [ , , ,

    , , [ , , ,, ,

  • 38

    , :

    2.9.4 [ - [ , , , , -, [, , , , , [ [ , [ [ [, [, [, [ [ [ [ [, , - , [ , - , , , , - [, , , -[ , [ ' ' - , -- - : -

    -[ [ -[ [ -

    , [ :

    , ,

  • 39

    '' -

    - [ -

    -

    :

    - 5.

    () ? () () () () () [ ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    6. - ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

  • 40

    7. [ ( ) ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    8. () () () () () ()

    9. [ ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    10. ( ) ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    2.10 - 2.10.1 -

    [ , , , ,

    - [ - [ , , , [ [ , [, , , , , [, , , [

  • 41

    [

    , ' ' ' ' [

    2.10.2 - - ()

    ' ' . , , , , , , . [, [, '' : () [

    [ -, , , , (-) [ (-) (-) '' '' (-) '' (-) (-) [ [

    2.10.3 -

    '- ' [ '- , -' [ '' [ , , , , , , ,

  • 42

    , ' ( [ ) ' , [ '' , '' '' [

    : , , , , [ , , , , ,

    2.10.4 -

    ' ' 72 , () , , , [, , , ' ' - [ [ [ [

    - 11. () (x)

    : () () () ()

    12. - ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

  • 43

    ......................................................................................................................

    ......................................................................................................................

    ......................................................................................................................

    ......................................................................................................................

    ......................................................................................................................

    ......................................................................................................................

    ......................................................................................................................

    ...................................................................................................................... 13. ( )

    ......................................................................................................................

    ......................................................................................................................

    ......................................................................................................................

    ......................................................................................................................

    ......................................................................................................................

    ...................................................................................................................... 14. -

    ......................................................................................................................

    ......................................................................................................................

    ......................................................................................................................

    ......................................................................................................................

    ...................................................................................................................... 2.11 -

    (1) , , , , ,

    [- -[ , - / -, - , -, - -, -, - , -, -, - -, - - -, -

    [-

  • 44

    ' ' ' ' - , [ [ : - [ [

    [ -

    [- , - (1) , (2) , , , , (3) [

    (4) [ -2

    , , , - , , , ,

    [- - , -, -, - , - , -, , -, -, - - -- , - , -, -, -, -, -, -, --

  • 45

    [- [ ' ' ' ' - [ [ [ - [ [ [ [ [ [

    [

    [

    [ , [ [ [ , , , [[ , [ [ [ - (1) [

    (2) , ,

    (3) [ 3-

    -, , , ,

  • 46

    , [- -, -, -, -, - / , - , -, - - , - , - , -, - , -[, -, - - -, [- ' ' '' '' - - - [

    - [ [ [

    [

    [- [ , (-[) [ - 1. , , , 2. -

    3. ' -[

    -[ ,

    - - '' ,

  • 47

    , , - , , ''

    2.12 - ' ' - - -, [-, -, [ [ [, , -, : [ '' , [ , [ , ''

    , [, [, [ [ [ [ -, , , , , -, [ [ [, :, ,

    I , , , , , , , , 72 - [ [ - , [ , [, , , , [ - -, -, , , ,

  • 48

    2.13 :

    ' ' [ , [

    [ [ -, , -

    2.14 [ (1) - (2) - (3) - (4) - (5) - - - (6) - (7) - , () (8) [ - . - (9) -

    2.15 / - - 1. 2. 2-5 3. - 4. 2-2 - 5. ()

    () 2-4 6. 2-8 7. 2-9 8.

  • 49

    9. 2.9.4 10. 2.9.3 2.9.5 - 11. 12. 2.10.2 13. 2.10.3 14. 2.10.4 - 15. 2.11

  • 50

    -3

    3.0 3.1 3.2

    3.2.1 3.2.2 [ 3.2.3 3.2.4

    3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4

    3.4 3.5 [ 3.6 3.0

    [ , , [, ,

    - - , [

  • 51

    3.1

    [

    : [- , , , , , , ([ ) [

    [ , , [

    . 1375 1700 . [

    - . 1375 1700 , - : [ - - - - - [ ,

    3.2 3.2.1

    [

    - - - [

    12 , 1206 . 1526 . : , , ,

  • 52

    1526 . [

    - 14 15 1526 .

    , , ,

    , - -

    3.2.2 [ [ - 1. [

    2. -,

    - 3. [,

    [ [

    [ [

    , , [- - [ - [ [ [

    [

    - , [, [ [ : , , - [ [

    -

    , :

  • 53

    , [

    3.2.3 -

    [

    '-- [ - [, [ - '' , - '' , -- , , , [ ''

    3.2.4

    , , , - (1) -

    , - - -

    (2) - -: '' ' '' - [ [ [- '' '' -

  • 54

    (3) : - - - - - ,

    ,

    3.3 - ,

    I - 1. [ 2. [ - (1) , (2) - (1) (2)

    3.3.1 [ , - , -

    [ [

    -, , , , [ [

    - , [ [ -[ -, -, [-[ :

  • 55

    (1) [ , - , , -- - - - - [ , - - [, -, [, -[ : - [ - [ , ,

    () - [ - [ [, - , - , - , , , , , , [, [, - - . , , - [ - [ , - , , , - - [- - , -

    () - - '''' , , , , , - , , , [ [ - ,

    () - -

  • 56

    '''' [- , [-[ - , , [-[- - , - , , - [ , , , , , , , , , , [ [-

    () - , , , , , , , , , , - [ - [-

    (2) - -[ - [- [ -[ [- , : [- , : - ''- , '' [- , , : '''' ? [- - '' , ''

    (3) -- - - -- -, - - , [, - [ , [ [

    - ,

  • 57

    , - (4) - -

    - [ - - ,

    -- , - - , - - - - , , II

    (5) - , - - [

    , , [ , : [ - , - [

    - - '' , ''

    (6) - . , ''

    , '' ( - . 168) - , - , - - - [, -[ - (1)

    , ,

  • 58

    (7) - - - , - , [ "" , ,

    [ [ -

    (8) - - [ , , - , , - , , , , , - ' "'' -,

    (9) - , , , ,

    "'' (10) -

    , , , , , , , , , , , [

    , , -

  • 59

    3.3.2 ( ) [

    [ - [ [ , , '''' , , , , , - [

    (1) - -

    : - , , --

    , '''' '' '' - , - -, - - , - '''' '' '' '' " [ - , ''-" -

    (2) [ - . "'' -

    -- [ [ , , , '''' - ,

  • 60

    [ [

    (3) - -

    - - , [ , - - , , , [, , , , [ [ [-[ - - - -[ , , ,

    (4) [ - [ - [ [ - [ [ [ [ , -, - - - , , [, [, -[ , , , [, , [ - , , , [ [ - [ , [

    (5) - [ , ,

    , , , - - -, -

    (6) - -

    , ,

  • 61

    - [ , - [

    -[ , 3.3.3

    , [ [ ,

    - , '''' '' , [ : (1) , [ -

    , , [

    , [

    , [ [ , ,

    (2) - [, - : - -[ [ [ [ , [ , , , [ "-'' [ , , [ [

    - [ , - [ , - [

  • 62

    (3) : [[ - - - - , - - - , , [ [ - : - : - , - - -

    (4) - - - - [ , - - [

    - , [ , [-[

    , - - , [, [, - '' '' -[ [ [ -

    (5) - - [ , - : : -

    - , , - --, [

    - [ -, -, -, -, , -, - - [

  • 63

    (6) -

    , , , ,

    [ (7) -

    - : - , , , , , ,

    3.3.4

    [ [, [[, [,

    [ [

    [

    : (1) [ -

    [

    - , , , [ [

    [

    |

    (2) -

    [ [ , ,

  • 64

    (3) - :

    - |

    [

    (4) - [

    [

    , [ , , , ,

    [

    [ - [

    (5) - ,

    ,

    , ,

    ,

    3.4 1375 1700

  • 65

    : [

    [

    , [

    3.5 [

    - . - . [ - . - . - [ - .

    3.6 / 1. 2. [ [ 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

  • 66

    4

    4.0 4.1 4.2 - 4.3 4.4

    4.4.1 4.4.2 [ 4.4.3

    4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4

    4.6 4.7 - 4.8 [ 4.9 7 4.0

    [ , [ ,

    , [

    - , , , , [ , , ,

  • 67

    [ , ,

    4.1

    [

    [

    [

    [ -, [ , -, , [

    , - [

    4.2 -

    , - [ , [ , -[ , , [ ' ' ' ' . 1455 [ 0 - 1575 - , ' , ' , , , , , [ , -, , - [- [

  • 68

    , , , [ ' ' [ 57 61

    [ '' [ 0 ' '' '' [ '' '' [ - , - , , [

    , [

    - , , , , , ,

    [ 4.3

    [, [

    - , , , , , 1 - -

  • 69

    '' [ , , , , [

    - , [, [

    , [

    , [ [

    [ - - () [ , - - [ - , [

    -, - , '- , ' [ , [ -, - [ [

    , [

    [ [ '' [ '' '' '' -

  • 70

    - -, , -, , , ,

    . 1. () -

    () [ () () [ () [

    2. - -

    3. ? -

    4. ? () () () ()

    5. ( 150 )

  • 71

    4.4 , , , - - - , - , ,

    -

    , ,

    -[ 4.4.1

    [

    [ [ [

    [ . [

    - , , [

  • 72

    - ,

    [

    -, -, -,

    ' , ' ', ' ',' [ , - - [ - , , , , -

    - , ,

    , , , , , , [

    - ,

    4.4.2 [

    - ? ? ? ? ? ? - [ - [

    , , ,

  • 73

    - [ , , , , [

    [ , , [, '' ,

    - [ , -

    , - ' ' [ [ ' [ [ -, , , - - ,

    - - - , , , , , , ,

    , -

  • 74

    , , , , -, -,

    - [ - , ,

    - , - , [

    [

    - -

    [ , ,

    - , , - , , [ [

    , [-, , , , , , ,

    4.4.3

    ,

  • 75

    , , [ [ , [, [ , [ [ , , [, '- , ' [ [ [

    [ [ [

    ' [ [

    - 0 6 ()

    [ ? () () () ()

    0 7 -

    8 ? -

    0 9 -

  • 76

    4.5 - ' ' -

    - - -

    4.5.1

    -, , [

    , , , , , , -, , [

    - 0 , , - , ''

    4.5.2 -

    , , - [

    , , , [ , ' , , , ,

  • 77

    [

    - , , , '' , , , ,

    4.5.3 [

    -[ , , , , , , , , , [

    | , ,

    4.5.4 - , ,

    , , , , - [

    [ :- , , ,

  • 78

    10. () -

    1. : - () () () ()

    11. - - ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    4.6 1 ,

    , [ - - - - - [ - [ - [

    -. [

    [ [ - [ (1) [ '

    [ - [

    (2) (3) 13- 13

    11 - 11

  • 79

    -2 - , ,

    [- -, - [- [ -

    - ! , [ [

    [ (1) [ (2)

    - , ,

    (3) (4) -3 , , [- - [- [ - - [

    [

    - (1)

    ''

    (2)

  • 80

    (3) [ 4 ,

    , [- - - - [ [- [ - - ! , , [ [

    [ - (1) (, , , )

    [ [

    (2) , (3) - 1. ,

    , , , , , , ,

    [ - -, - -, , , , - [- [ [ - - [ ,

  • 81

    [ [

    [

    [

    , ,

    : 1.

    [ 2.

    3. 4. -, , , 5. 6. , - -2

    [- - - - - -[ - [ - [- [ - , -

    - [

    [ [

  • 82

    [

    , - [

    (, , ) - 1. [ [ ',,

    [ 2.

    3. [

    [ 4.

    12. -

    '' , , '' '' , , ''

    4.7 - [

    , - [[

    , [ - [

    , [ [

  • 83

    , , - - -

    , [[ 4.8 [

    1. , , () 2. , , 00 () 3. , , , , [

    4.9 - - 1. 2. 42 3. 4.3 4. 5. 4.3 - 6. 7. 4.4.2 8. 4.5.2 9. 4.4.3 , 10 . 11. 4.5.2 12. 4.6

  • 84

    - 5

    5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 [ 5.5 5.6

    5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.3 5.6.4 -

    5.7 5.8 5.9 [ 5.10 5.0

    ( [ )

    - , , , [ , - , , ,

  • 85

    5.1

    ( [ ) [ - -

    5.2

    [ [ -

    - , , [

    , - - , - [ [

    - , - - [

    [ , , - : - [

  • 86

    5.3 1544 1603 . ( 1601 . 1660) [ 1544 1650 . [ ' ' () 12 [ - [ :

    [ , [

    - - , , , ,

    ' - ,

    ( )

  • 87

    - [ [ - , , , ,

    ( ) '' - , ,

    () 1660 . - - 7 [ () [ 11 [ : [ ( ) , ' '

    [ ' ' '[ '

    ' ' - , , [ () , -

  • 88

    ( ) . .. . . - - () [ 18 -20 [ - (, ) 6 [ , , , , , ' ' - [ [ - , , 12 [ [, , '' . 1626 [ [ '' - ' ' '' - - [ -[ -

    , , , ,

    ( )

  • 89

    . 1632 14 [ ,

    - , , , , , [

    ()

    . 1651 [ . 1659 ()

    () 10 , , [ 1. ? 2. ? 3. ? 4. ? 5. ' ' [

    5.4 [

    , [

  • 90

    () 2565 () 444

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  • 91

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  • 92

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  • 102

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  • 107

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  • 108

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  • 111

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  • 113

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  • 117

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  • 118

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  • 119

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  • 122

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  • 123

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  • 124

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  • 126

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  • 127

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  • 130

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  • 131

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  • 132

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  • 133

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  • 135

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  • 136

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  • 139

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  • 140

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  • 141

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  • 142

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  • 143

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  • 144

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