[iap] 12 respiratory system

8/3/2019 [Iap] 12 Respiratory System

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PREPARED BY: MARIA CORAZON P.RIEGO, PTRP


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FUNCTIONS

Gas exchange.

Regulation of blood pH.

Voice production.

Olfaction

Protection


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STRUCTURAL DIVISION OF THE

RESPIRATORY TRACT

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

y nose, nasal cavity, pharynx

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

y larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs


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FUNCTIONAL DIVISION OF THE

RESPIRATORY TRACT

CONDUCTING PORTION

y nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

RESPIRATORY PORTION

y respiratory bronchioles, alveoli


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NOSE

Consists ofexternal nose &nasal cavity

EXTERNAL NOSE

yVisible structure

y Prominentfeature of theface

NASAL CAVITY

y Extends fromthe nares to thechoanae

y Separated by

nasal septumy Humidifies and

warms the air

FUNTION: PASSAGEWAY OF AIR


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PHARYNX

Passageway of both digestive and respiratory

system

3 regions

Nasopharynx Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx


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Nasopharynx

y directedposterior to thenasal cavity

y Connected tothe twoeustachiantube from themiddle ear

y Passageway ofair


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OROPHARYNX

Extends from

the soft palate to

the epiglottis

Passageway of

air, food and

drink


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LARYNGOPHARYNX

Extends from

the tip of the

epiglottis to the

esophagus and

passes posterior

to the larynx

Passageway offood and drink

to the esophagus


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LARYNX

Anterior to the throat

From the base of the tongue to the trachea

Voice box

C4-C6

Composed of 3 unpaired cartilages and 3

paired cartilages

Prevents entry of food into lowerrespiratory tract and regulates passage of

air into and out of the lower respiratory

tract, voice production


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UNPAIRED CARTILAGES

THYROID (Adams Apple)

y Largest

y Shield-shape made up of hyaline cartilage

y

C4-C5 CRICOID

y Most inferior cartilage

y Ring-shaped

y C6

EPIGLOTTIS

y Projects superiorly as a free flap toward tongue

y Composed of elastic cartilage

y Covered by glottis during swallowing


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PAIRED CARTILAGES

CUNEIFORM

y Wedge-shaped

y Lies superiorly on each side

CORNICULATEy Middle cartilage

y Horn-shaped

ARYTENOID

y

Inferior cartilagey Attached to the posterior end of the vocal cord (true

vocal cords)

y Ladle-shaped


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VESTIBULAR FOLDS VS VOCAL FOLDS

FALSE VOCAL

CORD

Mucous membrane

that covers thesuperior ligaments

Lies above the true

vocal cord

TRUE VOCAL CORD

Mucous membrane

that covers the

inferior ligaments Opening between

vocal folds are called

glottis

Primary source of

sound production


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TRACHEA

windpipe

Membranous tube

12 mm in diameter and 10-12 cm long

Larynx-T5

Consists of 15-20 C-shaaped pieces of hyaline

cartilage

Most inferior part CARINA

(+) TRACHEALIS ms on the posterior wall

Lined with pseudostratifed ciliated columnar

epithelium


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BRONCHI

Divided into two: RIGHT AND LEFT PRIMARY

BRONCHUS

RIGHT vs. LEFT

MORE

HORIZONTAL

MORE

VERTICAL

WIDER ANDSHORTER

NARROWER ANDLONGER


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TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE

Main bronchi is further subdivided

into 3 Lobar & 2 (L) ( secondary)

bronchi10 Segmental & 8 (L) (Tertiary) bronchi bronchioles

TerminalbronchiolesRespiratory

bronchiolesAlveolar

ductsAlveolar sacs alveoli


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CELLS OF THE ALVEOLAR WALL

Type 1 pneumocytes

y Froms 90% of alveolar surface

y Site of most gas exchange between alveolar air and

blood

Type II pneumocytes

y Produce surfactant

y Cube-shaped secretory cells


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LUNGS

RIGHT LEFT

THICKER , BROADER,

SHORTER

SMALLER

3 LOBES (UPPER,MIDDLE,

LOWER)

2 LOBES (UPPER &

LOWER)

2 FISSURES (HORIZONTAL

& OBLIQUE)

1 FISSURE (OBLIQUE)

10 BRONCHOPULMONARY

SEGMENTS

UPPER: APICAL, ANT.

POST

MIDDLE: LAT.MEDIAL

LOWER: APICAL, POST.

MED, LAT.

8 BRONCHOPULMONARY

SEGMENTS:

UPPER: APICO-POST, ANT

LINGUAL: SUP & INF

LOWER: APICAL,

ANTEROMEDIAL, LAT.


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LOBES OF THE LUNGS


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CONDUCTING ZONE VS. RESPIRATORY

ZONE

Passageway

for the

exchange ofair between

the outside of

the body

Site of gas

exchange

between theair and blood

takes place


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PLEURA& PLEURAL FLUID

Contained within the thoracic cavity

Each lung has separate pleura

PARIETAL PLEURA- Covers the inner, thoracicwall, diaphragm and mediastinum

VISCERAL PLEURA- Covers the surface of the

lung

Pleural fluid- lubricant between the 2 pleural

membranes and holds them together


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BLOOD SUPPLY

Pulmonary Circulation

y takes deoxygenated blood to the

lungs .

Bronchial Circulation

y

takes oxygenated blood to thetissues of the bronchi down to the

respiratory bronchioles.


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PHYSIOLOGY OF

THE RESPIRATORYSYSTEM


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VENTILATION, INSPIRATION &

EXPIRATION

VENTILATION-

y Breathing, process of moving air

into and out of the lungs

y 2 PHASES

INSPIRATION- inhalation ,movement of air into the lungs

EXPIRATION- exhalation,

movement air out of the lungs


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MUSCLES OF INSPIRATION

PRIMARYMUSCLES OF INSPIRATION

y DIAPHRAGM& EXTERNAL

INTERCOSTAL

ACCESSPRYMUSCLES OF

INSPIRATION

y PECTORALISMINOR, SCALENES,

SCM, SERRATUS ANTERIOR


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MUSCLES OF EXPIRATION

ABDOMINALMUSCLES

INTERNAL

INTERCOSTALS


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NORMAL QUIET BREATHING VS LABORED

BREATHING

Forceful contraction of the

internal intercostals and

abdominals produce a morerapid and greater decrease in

thoracic volume due to passive

recoil of the thorax and lung


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QUIET EXPIRATION

Passive recoil of the thoracic wall and

lungsis due to the ff:

y Elastic fibers in the connective tissue of

the lungs

y Surface tension of the film of the fluid

that lines the alveoli


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WHAT IS A SURFACTANT?

Mixture of lipoprotein

molecules that reduces the

surface tension of the lungskeeping the lungs from

collapsing


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PULMONARY VOLUMES & CAPACITIES

TIDAL VOLUME

y (500 mL)

INSPIRATORY

RESERVE ( 300 mL) EXPIRATORY

RESERVE (1100 mL)

RESIDUAL VOLUME

(1200 mL)

INSPIRATORY

CAPACITY (3500 mL)

FUNCTIONAL

RESIDUALCAPACITY (2300 mL)

VITAL CAPACITY

(4600 mL)

TOTAL LUNG

CAPACITY (5800 mL)


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THE END.

[iap] 12 respiratory system

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