551Index

Index

AAbalur 289abhayamudrā 215Abhidharmakosha 151, 152Abhijnāna Śakuntalam 477Ablūr 289Abrahamic 108Ācārāṅgasūtra 443, 452, 459, 467Ācārya Ātmarām 435Ācārya Bhadrabāhu 315ācārya 463Ācārya Sahasra Kīrtti 327Ācārya Samrāṭ Śrī Ātmarām 434acedia 261Achaemenid 159Achaemenids 159actors 70, 240adaptation 38, 39, 51, 198, 202,

229, 334, 354, 467Adargunchi 331, 332Aḍhāīdvīpa 449adhamma 229Ādinātha 316, 317, 319, 326, 459Ādinātha Basti 317, 319, 326Ādinātha Trikūṭa Basti 319Aditi 379, 381, 538Afghan 15, 135, 512Afghanistan 42, 47, 48, 116, 133,

134, 136, 146, 157, 158, 533, 534

Afghans 15African 18, 23, 307, 406, 496, 497,

544, 545, 548afterlife 19, 75

aftermath 38, 73, 172, 173, 185, 192, 368

Āgama 8, 22, 67, 68, 431, 432, 434, 435–445, 454, 456–459, 461, 463, 466, 467, 470, 471, 539, 543

Āgamamālā 68, 434, 467, 468Āgam Mandirs 68ages 13, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 42, 46,

48–50, 53, 54, 57, 60, 70–75, 139, 141, 159, 171, 229, 258–260, 277, 280, 312, 338, 341, 342, 422, 501, 510, 517, 525 (see also yugas)

Agra 360, 442, 461, 467, 468Aihole 59, 313, 323, 324, 331,

531, 537Ajanta 47, 117, 121–124, 133–135,

231, 238, 240, 254, 533Akkaṇṇa Basti 320Akshobhya 142Akshobhya Vyuha sutra 142Al Biruni 15album 117, 374, 375, 376–378,

383, 385, 387, 392, 538Albuquerque 349, 350, 351, 357Alexander the Great 130allegorical 57, 58, 69, 476, 485allusions 57, 289, 292, 294, 404alterity 244, 397, 398, 419, 420,

424Amaravati 83, 109, 111, 385, 386,

387, 539, 545Amar Chitra Katha 69, 458, 461,

466, 469, 470, 483, 484, 523Amar Muni 68, 434, 435, 437–442,

459, 461, 463, 467, 468, 470, 539

Amdo Jampa 502, 503, 541

552 Index

America 24, 107, 418American 18, 23, 143, 244, 282,

344, 423, 469, 476, 477, 483, 494, 495, 512, 515, 516, 547

Amitābha 142, 143, 145, 146, 158, 167, 199, 200, 533

Amolak R̥ṣi Ācārya 438amorini 123Amphitrite 148Amsterdam 111, 200, 221, 428,

548Ānandasāgarasūri 432, 467Anantanātha 319, 324, 328, 331Anantanātha Basti 319, 324Anantaśāyana 293anattā 38, 230ancient 13, 16, 17, 31, 32, 43, 48,

50, 66, 68, 79, 80, 90, 97, 103, 105, 107, 139, 159, 160, 162, 228, 238, 244, 290, 293, 298, 313, 315, 326–328, 333, 336, 341, 441, 477, 479, 483, 523, 526, 527

ancients 13, 14Andhra Pradesh 154, 297, 537anekāntavāda 304Aṅgas 437, 438, 441, 458, 470Angelina Jolie 512Angkor 7, 18, 51, 52, 197, 198,

200, 203, 204, 208–211, 214–224, 536

Angkorian 215, 221Angkor Wat 18, 215, 216anicca 38, 230aniconic 43, 44, 79–81, 84, 85, 87,

88, 93, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106–109, 523, 532, 545

aniconicists 85aniconic theory 43, 44, 79–81, 87,

88, 93, 99–101, 103, 107, 523, 532

aniconism 80, 85, 99, 100, 106, 107animal 57, 103, 237, 272, 453, 456Annapurna 144, 479, 481, 540annexed 39, 353Annigeri 288, 330 Antakrd̥daśā 438, 440, 443, 453,

458, 463, 471Antarāla Pārśvanātha Basti 315anthropomorphic 44, 81, 84–86,

88, 89, 106, 420anti-Buddhist 51, 200, 208, 216Antiquity 14, 44, 394, 413anti-Śivaite 217Anuyogadvārasūtra 437, 442, 449,

471Apollo 106, 167Appar 304, 306, 307appropriation 37, 50–52, 73, 280,

329, 417, 422, 477, 484, 485, 517

Arab 15, 224, 412 Aranyaka Parva 492archaeological 15, 52, 80, 90, 91,

107, 116, 124, 134, 157, 160, 198, 214, 223, 288, 536

archaeologists 21, 27, 42, 79, 80archaeology 14–16, 23, 24, 37, 79,

110, 112, 157, 162, 254, 263, 399, 477, 489, 546, 547

archaic 33, 49, 58, 60, 174, 177, 312

Ārdhamāgadhī 68, 432Ariṣṭanemi 433Arsacid 159arte povera 483, 523art historians 16, 22, 27, 31–33,

36, 42, 44, 47, 49, 50, 69, 74,

553Index

104, 179, 188, 257, 409, 475art market 22, 143, 157, 268, 398,

516Aryans 14, 298ashes 91, 96Ashokan 15Asian art 11, 27, 32, 34, 38, 58,

73–75, 115, 174, 176, 179, 181, 312, 371, 543, 545, 548

Aśoka 90, 91, 112assimilating 21, 353asuras 18, 293, 294, 298, 299, 302,

305, 523Athena 148Atlas 151, 152attacks 60, 68, 121, 140, 243, 304,

324, 326, 512Attimabbe 319Aupapātikasūtra 436, 471, 539Aurangzeb 360Aurel Stein 116auspicious dreams 449–451, 540Avadh 65, 374, 375, 378, 379, 392Avalokiteśvara 157–159, 167, 180,

199, 217, 515, 523, 525, 534avant-garde 72, 428, 495, 501,

502, 516avatāra 289, 375, 523 Ayodhya 18Ayutthaya 36, 52, 53, 70, 221,

228, 229, 239–241, 243–246, 248, 250, 252

Aztecs 13, 107

BBabri-Masjid 18Bachhofer 34, 49, 75, 176, 177,

179, 192, 193, 195

Bactria 42, 47, 48, 125, 126, 130, 135, 139, 140, 143, 158, 159, 166

Bactro-Gandhara 162, 166, 169Badami 313Bagalkot 336–538Bakhtin 20, 23Balalik Tepe 129Ballāla 319, 322, 326Balligavi 316, 345Bamiyan 130, 143band 157, 493, 505Bangalore 337, 344, 538Bangdel 53, 111, 262–264, 280,

281, 282Bangkok 36, 222–225, 228, 231,

232, 234, 239, 241, 243, 244, 246, 252–255, 283

Banteay Chmar 219Banteay Kdei 51, 197, 200, 214,

217, 218, 224Banteay Srei 209baptised / baptism 353baptismal font 357, 358, 538Barbaren 417, 418, 425barbarian / barbaric 59, 67, 123,

418–420Baroque 16, 17, 20, 33, 174, 177,

338, 339, 367Barrackpore 387, 389, 393bars 54, 266, 271Basel 176, 179, 195basti 61, 314, 315, 317, 319, 320,

322, 323, 324, 326–328, 331, 333–336, 340, 523, 531, 537, 538

Bayon 51, 52, 197–200, 202, 206, 207, 208, 211–218, 223, 224, 536

554 Index

beard 123beheaded 202, 288, 324Beijing 183, 193, 195, 225, 505,

507–509, 512, 514, 518, 519, 535, 541

Belgaum 320, 340, 538Belur 311, 319Bengal 271, 307, 387, 391, 394,

479, 498Bengali 388, 539Berlin 28, 112, 134, 166, 176, 193,

194, 224, 225, 253, 306, 342, 367, 397, 401, 405, 407, 413, 424–428, 469, 519, 544, 548

Bhadrabāhu 315Bhagavatīsūtra 445, 451, 454, 458,

459, 461, 466, 467Bhairavdevī 335Bhaja 151Bhaktāmarastotra 459Bhaktapur 261, 264–266, 268bhakti 288, 304, 523Bhaṇḍāra Basti 322Bhaṇḍārī Śrī Padmacandajī Mahārāj

434Bharatiya Janata Party 18, 523Bharat Mata 479, 480, 540Bharhut 80, 83, 110, 112, 140, 231Bhatkal 61, 324, 336, 531Bheema 487Bhīmā Devī 333Bhubaneśwar 291, 293, 536bhūmisparśamudrā 215Bhupalendramalla 55, 531Bhupatindra Malla 266Bible 12Bihar 387, 391Bihzad 406Bijapur 288, 326, 336, 344, 349

Bimbisāra 123bindi 454, 524bindu 144, 524biological model 34, 49, 172, 173,

177, 189–191Birendra 257birthplace 18Black Death 221boat 52, 53, 227, 230–232, 235,

240, 241, 243, 244, 247, 248Bodh Gaya 83, 87, 102, 255, 532Bodhisattva 34, 51, 103, 143, 146,

147, 157, 158, 159, 161–163, 165, 167, 168, 174, 175, 177, 178, 181, 183, 186, 189, 199, 214, 274, 277, 279, 231, 235–240, 244, 246, 248, 250, 251, 253, 515, 523–525, 534–536, 547

bodhi tree 83, 85, 87, 88, 93, 98, 532

Bodleian 246, 247, 378, 433, 547book illuminations 68, 69borrowings 20, 484Botanical Gardens 389, 393botany 391Boundary stone 203, 536Brahmā 121, 216, 292, 293, 304,

338, 459Brahma Jinālaya 317–319, 324,

329, 537Brahmā Kumārīs 338Brāhman / Brahmin 15, 120–122,

202, 209, 230, 237, 244, 287, 360, 375, 377, 383, 456, 477, 538

Brahminic(al) 209, 230, 237, 250 287, 288, 298, 305

bridge 211–213, 422, 424, 489

555Index

Britain 20, 76British 15, 37, 64, 65, 72, 79, 106,

109, 111, 112, 136, 243, 247, 254, 257, 258, 287, 371, 373, 374–386, 388–391, 393, 413, 429, 431, 433, 449, 456, 480, 502, 524, 538, 539, 543, 545

British Raj 258, 287bronze 13, 39, 146, 179, 183, 187,

188, 194, 195, 211–213, 338, 379, 411, 420, 535, 536

Bucchimayya 319Buchanan 65, 372, 373, 380,

387–394, 539Buddha(s) 17, 21, 31, 35, 39, 40,

43, 44, 51, 53, 79, 80–85, 87–112, 119, 121, 123, 126, 127, 129, 130, 133–135, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 150, 154–159, 162, 165, 168, 189, 193, 199, 200, 202, 206, 208–216, 218, 220, 227, 230, 237, 239, 241, 244, 250, 252, 254, 255, 269, 276, 284, 307, 504, 515, 516, 523, 524, 526, 527, 531–536, 541, 547

Buddhism 19, 36, 44, 48, 49, 52, 72, 80, 90, 91, 93, 94, 96–98, 101, 103, 111, 112, 140–144, 152, 154, 159, 160, 166, 171, 173, 182, 183, 185, 188, 193–195, 197, 201, 202, 208, 210, 211, 216, 219, 229, 231, 232, 237, 241, 245, 246, 253, 254, 264, 274, 282, 306, 308, 515, 523, 524, 525, 528, 533, 543, 547

Buddhist 7, 8, 15, 16, 18–20, 24, 31, 34–36, 38–40, 42–53,

57, 60, 75, 79–91, 95–101, 103–105, 108–112, 115–117, 120, 123, 125–130, 132–136, 139–143, 145, 148, 149, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157, 159, 160–162, 164, 166, 167, 171–177, 179–183, 185, 188–195, 197–200, 202, 206–208, 210, 214–221, 227, 229–232, 234, 235, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252–255, 258, 266, 269, 271, 273, 275, 276, 282, 283, 288, 302, 307, 308, 458, 515, 523, 527, 528, 531–533, 543, 544, 545, 547, 548

Buddhists 15, 18, 32, 35, 58, 94, 95, 97, 103, 108, 153, 159, 217, 231, 260, 274, 288, 293, 298, 300, 304, 305, 508, 515

Buddhological 80, 109, 171Buddhology 188Bukka Rāya 333Buṃgadyaḥ 274Buṃgamati 274, 276Buner 124, 533 buried 51, 177, 200, 203, 214,

217, 326Burmese 52, 228, 239, 543Butkarā 47, 115, 116Byzantine 397, 428

CCābahīl 271cage 54, 55, 453, 531 caitya / chaitya 48, 149, 151, 154,

534 , 224, 264, 266, 274, 524 cakra 62, 292, 356, 443, 524

556 Index

cakravartin 445Cakreśvarī 319Calcutta 109, 110, 112, 283, 307,

378, 383–387, 479, 539, 546calendar 69, 437, 441, 459, 484calendar art 69, 441, 459Cāḷukya 58–60, 290, 311–313, 316,

339Cambodia 18, 32, 50, 51, 197, 198,

209, 211, 215, 219, 221, 222, 225, 240, 254, 548

camel 141, 420Cāmuṇḍā 298, 299, 302, 537Cāmuṇḍarāja Basti 315canals 141, 231, 232Candragiri 315Candragupta 289, 291, 315Candranāteśvara Basti 61, 324,

336, 531Candranātha 61, 328, 334, 335,

531Candranātha Basti 61, 328, 335,

531Candranātha Svāmī 328canon 21, 66–68, 71, 74, 259, 397,

400, 402, 404–407, 411–413, 415, 416, 419, 420, 422, 423, 431, 441, 458, 501, 517

canonisation 66, 67, 402, 405, 412, 413, 419, 422

Cāraṇṭi Maṭha group 313caravans 140, 141caricatures 70, 227, 481, 484Carpeaux 198, 199, 221, 223cartoons 70, 423caste 58, 230, 231, 241, 275, 354,

355, 525catalogue 66, 134, 136, 183, 185,

264, 276, 344, 371, 399, 406,

407, 409, 428, 469, 499, 508, 518, 519, 543, 548

Catholic 64, 354, 355, 364, 525Catholicism 353caturmukha 524Caturmukha Basti 335, 336, 538caturviṁśati-jinālaya 322causeway 211–213cave 34, 48, 121, 123, 134, 151–

154, 159, 165, 173, 174, 179, 181, 193–195, 238, 240, 289, 312, 313, 533–535, 547

cave-temples 34, 173, 174, 181, 547

Cāvuṇḍarāya 315Cennaṇṇa Basti 334Central Asia 7, 19, 47, 48, 70, 79,

110, 115, 116, 120, 123, 129, 132, 133–135, 136, 141, 143, 158, 167, 547

Central India 110, 140, 163Ceylon 246chaitya / caitya 48, 149, 151, 154,

534 , 224, 264, 266, 274, 524chaitya hall 48, 151, 154Champa 198, 548Chan 19, 36, 49, 171, 195, 524Changu Narayana 55, 531Chankuna’s Stupa 156, 534Channabasava Purāṇa 304, 305Chaophraya river 248chapels 62, 202, 349, 355, 357chariot 239, 274–279, 292, 536Chauki-Linga 378–380, 538Chedasūtra 437, 451, 452, 458,

463, 466, 467, 470, 471Chenna Keśava Temple 319, 339Chhachi 488, 492, 493, 540Chikka-Hanasoge 317, 319, 326

557Index

China 22, 33, 36, 42, 47–50, 74, 135, 139–144, 148, 152–155, 158–160, 163, 166, 172–174, 176, 177, 179, 180, 182–185, 189, 190, 193–195, 210, 217, 228, 232, 245, 252, 412, 413, 505, 509, 512, 519, 524, 525, 527, 533–535, 541

Chinese 7, 13, 17, 22, 31, 34, 47–51, 72–76, 91, 117, 140–148, 150–152, 154–157, 159, 166, 168, 171–177, 179–183, 185, 188–195, 203, 209–212, 221, 224, 231, 244–246, 502, 503, 506–508, 510, 512, 515, 517, 518, 525–528, 533, 534, 547

Chinggis Khan 185, 193Chittoor 383Choephel 501–504, 506, 508, 510,

518, 519Cholas 316Christian 20, 33, 39, 62, 64, 75,

107, 244, 312, 355, 356, 362, 368, 423, 426, 515

Christianisation 62Christianity 108, 111, 350, 353,

354Christians 159, 244, 250, 353, 364Christie’s 378chromolithography 459chronicle 228, 229, 274–280church 20, 39, 62–64, 349, 351–

357, 361, 364, 366, 368, 523, 525–527, 531

cinema 454, 485Cintāmaṇī Pārśvanātha Temple 336circular 60, 154, 214, 320, 341,

449Citra Devī Maṇḍapa 335

classic(al) 13, 16, 21, 33, 34, 58, 60, 67, 104, 107, 177, 216, 237, 239, 312, 263, 274, 364, 399, 405, 408, 411, 418–420, 433, 443, 451, 454, 477–479, 483, 484, 506, 512, 525, 540

classical age 16, 34classicists 17clay 44, 47, 115, 116, 132, 312cloth paintings 35coastal 60, 61, 241, 334, 336, 339,

378, 531Cœdès 197, 198, 200–202, 207–

209, 211, 215–217, 219, 222Cohn 67, 175, 193, 373, 394, 397,

413–417, 424, 426, 429, 539Cohn-Wiener 67, 397, 413–417,

424, 426, 429, 539collect(ing) 8, 65, 371–375, 381,

392, 393, 428, 429, 512, 545collection 42, 65, 66, 67, 104, 109,

134, 145–147, 166–168, 175, 195, 200, 222, 227, 245, 292, 327, 344, 373, 375, 378, 379, 384, 387, 392, 401, 413, 427, 429, 498, 519, 532, 533, 544

collectors 66, 72, 143, 371–373, 379, 392, 393

colonial 12, 15–18, 20, 21, 24, 31, 37, 39, 64–66, 69, 257, 259, 350, 364, 366, 371–373, 392, 398, 409, 418, 419, 475–478, 483–485, 495

colonialism 16, 20, 39, 371, 393, 394, 398, 418

colonials 20, 42colonisation 65, 109colonised 20colonising 62

558 Index

colony 62colossal Buddha 126, 533Columbus 31comic 69, 379, 459, 461, 512, 523comic book 69, 461, 523comics 22, 483commentaries 68, 431, 435, 443commission 322, 371, 373, 375,

378commissioned 21, 62, 64, 65, 68,

120, 245, 246, 315, 319, 331, 333, 336, 337, 371, 373, 375–380, 382, 384, 387, 389–391, 491, 502, 504, 507, 524, 538, 539, 541

commissioning 57, 65, 375, 379Communist Party 506Company art 65Company officials 15, 65, 371, 524Company Painting 65, 371–373,

391Company School 8, 39, 64, 371–

374, 379, 380, 383, 387, 393, 524

conflict(s) 12, 14, 17, 18, 22, 39, 51, 57, 209, 279, 284, 288, 327, 371, 537

confrontations 38, 39, 42, 58conquering 62, 217conquerors 15, 355conquest 15, 62, 139, 159, 166,

350, 354, 357, 359contemporary 9, 12, 20–23, 32,

34, 41, 42, 66, 67, 69,–74, 208, 217, 224, 243, 244, 246, 248, 252, 259, 271, 276, 290, 295, 337, 360, 366, 375, 397, 399, 405, 411, 423, 453, 456, 459, 466, 475–477, 479, 483,

484, 489, 494, 495, 497, 501, 504–510, 512, 514, 517, 519, 520, 541, 543, 544

conversions 62, 326, 354Coomaraswamy 18, 21, 23, 44, 81,

85, 99, 101, 106, 107, 109, 110, 466, 469, 491, 498, 532

copies 64, 180, 356, 361, 378, 406, 408, 431, 440, 484

craftsmanship 15, 176, 269craftsmen 62, 64, 106, 139, 364cremated 84, 89, 91, 96cross 20, 22, 62, 350, 351, 355,

424, 538, 546cross-cultural 20, 62, 355, 424cross-fertilisation 22crossroads 19crown 48, 157–159, 161, 163crowned 130, 156, 162, 165, 319,

320, 333, 336, 526, 534, 535Cūḷajanaka-Jātaka 238cultural diffusion 62, 355cultural flows 20cultural imperialism 72, 502Cultural Revolution 512Cunin 208, 212, 213, 218, 219,

223cycle 13, 41, 293, 338, 339cyclical 35, 36, 41, 60, 75

DDalai Lama 502–504, 517, 541damage 22, 54, 198, 216, 260,

262, 264, 266, 271, 273, 274, 276, 277, 329

Dambal 331dāna 54dancers 202, 536

559Index

dancing 238, 298, 479daṇḍa 466, 524Dārāsuram 288 dārbar 451, 524dark age(s) 32, 36–38, 41, 52, 53,

54, 57, 60, 229, 258, 259, 271, 338

dark present 53darśan 432Daśavaikālika 437, 441, 442, 445,

463Datong 152, 186, 535Daulatabad 322Davis 19, 23, 322, 342decadence 24, 33, 58, 60, 107,

141, 173, 174, 259, 265, 269, 278, 312, 338, 420

decay 13, 37, 52–54, 60, 67, 75, 258, 259, 264, 266, 269, 277, 280, 287, 326, 341, 416

Deccan 59, 288, 308, 311, 313, 322, 344, 345, 352

decline 13, 22, 33–35, 37, 38, 41, 49, 52, 60, 66, 73, 171–174, 177, 180–182, 185, 189, 191, 192, 218, 230, 244, 287, 311, 312, 338, 404, 525

deer 89, 90Deer Park 89, 90defeated 11, 17, 295, 302, 326deity 144, 162, 200, 207, 266,

268–271, 274–277, 279, 298, 300, 302, 512, 526, 528, 535

Delhi 15, 16, 24, 76, 105, 109, 111, 112, 118, 119, 133, 135, 166, 193, 195, 253, 254, 294, 300, 302, 305–308, 322, 342–345, 366–368, 393, 394, 431, 434, 442, 468, 469, 470,

498, 505, 532, 543, 546Demand 33, 75, 423, 424, 426demolished 326–328, 354, 355demonised 58demons 18, 53, 58, 292, 298, 524Deopatan 262, 283Descent of Gaṅgā 290desecration 51, 62, 215, 218, 326Deshmukhs 360destroyed 17, 18, 38, 48, 51, 53,

62, 148, 159, 160, 200, 217, 219, 305, 311, 323, 326, 329, 332, 350, 354, 355, 357, 438

destruction 18, 22, 37, 38, 51, 52, 54, 57, 60, 197, 200–202, 208, 210, 214–219, 221, 241, 260, 262, 264, 271, 273, 274, 288, 289, 294, 322, 326, 338, 349, 354, 525

deteriorating 13, 41Devarāya 333devas 151, 244, 298devāsura 298, 524Devī 298, 322, 333, 335devotees 88–91, 98, 144, 151, 269,

379, 381, 432, 538dhamma / dharma 95, 231, 235,

236, 253, 255, 278, 300, 338, 502, 524

Dharamsala 72, 502–505, 515, 518, 541

Dhāriṇī 453dharma / dhamma 95, 231, 235,

236, 253, 255, 278, 300, 338, 502, 524

Dharmasthala 328, 336Dharmasūtras 230, 253Dharwar 288, 326dhyana mudra 144

560 Index

diaspora 12, 20, 68, 313, 515Digambara 272, 299, 324, 325,

327, 336, 337, 524, 537, 544dikapālas 320Dinajpur 388, 389–391, 539Disfigured 325, 537disillusionment 70dismantling 262, 270Divar Island 361Diwakar Chitra Katha 442, 461,

468Diwakar Prakashan 442, 461, 467,

468Doḍḍa Basappā Temple 331Doddappa 331Dolma 515donor 55, 322, 531Drachm 164, 168, 535dragons 148, 149drapery 105, 106, 147, 154, 155,

157, 161, 479, 534Draupadi 475, 486, 487, 491, 540Draupadi’s Vow 475, 491, 540Dravidians 14Dufour 198, 199, 221, 223dukkha 38, 230Dunhuang 158, 159, 166, 167, 534Durgā 80, 481, 484, 526Duryodhana 487Dutch 243, 339Dutch Golden Age 339dvāpara-yuga 13, 37, 338dvāra-pāla 272, 327, 328, 537 dystopia 69, 475

EEast Asia 7, 32, 139, 148, 166,

176, 524, 527

East India 15, 65, 165, 371–374, 380, 383, 387, 391–393, 524, 535

East India Company 15, 65, 371–374, 380, 383, 387, 391–393, 524

ecclesiastical 62, 349, 351, 352, 355, 356, 361, 367

Ecuador 418Eden 12, 338Eightfold Path 123ekāntavāda 304ekapādamūrti 303, 304, 537elephant 58, 291, 293, 295, 330,

333, 334, 445, 524, 525, 536English 14, 18, 21, 68, 106, 210,

253, 283, 345, 397, 412–414, 435, 437–443, 461, 468, 470, 477, 483, 501, 507, 518, 524, 547

enlightened 68, 97, 527enlightenment 83, 85, 88–90, 98,

102, 155, 228, 229, 232, 250, 339, 526, 534

Enlightenment 12, 13, 15, 33, 41, 102, 194, 195

epic 35, 69, 70, 290, 338, 487, 526, 527

epigraphers 79euphemism 488 eurocentric 32, 423, 510Europe 12, 31, 35, 41, 49, 62, 174,

177, 182, 221, 230, 243, 269, 289, 356, 378, 401, 418, 476

European 12, 13, 16, 18, 20, 21, 24, 31, 33, 41, 44, 62, 64–67, 70, 79, 81, 103, 104, 106–108, 112, 177, 243, 247, 248, 252, 262, 349, 352, 354, 355,

561Index

356, 359, 362, 363, 364, 366, 367, 371–373, 375, 382, 384, 385, 387, 389, 391–393, 408, 412, 413, 416–420, 422, 423, 424, 477, 524, 546

Europeanised 65, 373, 379Europeans 14, 15, 20, 31, 64, 65,

103, 159, 243, 250, 252, 355, 360, 362, 364, 371, 373, 378, 379, 383, 392, 524

evolution 19, 32, 33, 34, 58, 75, 81, 104, 177, 367

excavated 152, 153, 325, 385, 537excavation 15, 51, 80, 151, 200,

203, 216, 313exchanges 20, 39exhibition 31, 39, 66, 134, 183,

185, 371, 397, 399, 401, 402, 404–407, 409, 419, 422, 426–429, 499, 506–508, 514, 515, 518, 519, 548

exile 71, 72, 235, 284, 502–504, 506, 517

exile community 72, 502, 503, 517exotica 141expansionism 31, 257, 258, 322

FFaizabad 374Fayaz Tepe 116, 126–130, 132,

134, 533fenced 56, 268, 531festival 276, 277, 433, 470figurative 43, 58, 79, 81, 83,–88,

92, 93, 108, 229, 232, 246, 294, 445

Firoz Shah Tughlaq 15fish 148, 248, 253

flames 144, 146, 533Florence 253, 338, 397, 548font 357, 358, 527, 538footprints 84, 93, 96foreigners 53, 227, 229, 232, 234,

241, 247, 250, 252Foucault 13, 14, 23, 41, 366Foucher 21, 31, 43, 44, 46, 79–81,

85, 99–110, 112, 115, 117, 134, 143, 161–163, 165, 167, 168, 523, 532, 535

France 14, 66, 131, 132, 223, 398, 417, 426, 533

Franciscan 357French 17, 21, 64, 79, 210, 222,

225, 243, 252, 260, 282, 374, 398, 401, 426, 543

GGadag 330, 337Gade 72, 512, 513, 516, 541Gaja-Lakṣmī 144, 330Gajāsura 293–296, 524, 537Gaṇagitti 326, 333ganas 152Gandhāra 7, 19, 27, 46–48, 83, 93,

97, 104, 110, 115, 126, 132–136, 139, 143, 148, 151, 152, 154, 155, 157–163, 165–169, 467, 531, 532, 534, 535

Gandhāran 19, 32, 46, 47, 48, 73, 115–117, 119, 120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 132–134, 143–150, 152, 153, 155, 157, 161, 162, 168, 533, 534, 547

Gaṇeśa 295, 324, 525Gaṅgā 290, 300, 301, 311, 315,

537

562 Index

Gaṅgās 58, 311, 315Ganges 488Gaṇigitti 333Gansu 141garbhag�ha 292, 364 Gardri style 504, 525garlands 62, 356, 493garment 146, 524, 527garuda 480Gedun Choephel 501, 503, 504,

506, 508, 510, 518, 519genius 34, 174, 180, 182, 191George Bush 512German 14, 27, 28, 33, 64, 66,

192, 210, 257, 261–263, 276, 283, 346, 397, 398, 412, 414, 417–419, 423, 427, 544

Germany 21, 66, 289, 398, 400, 401, 427, 428

Ghazni 15Ghyas ud–din 388gift 251, 353gilded 62, 178, 187, 188, 211–213,

355, 535, 536Gilgit 155, 534global 11, 12, 19–22, 70, 72, 73,

313, 364, 483, 497, 501, 510, 512–517, 543, 544

globalisation 21, 22, 483globalised 483, 484, 497Goa 8, 20, 32, 39, 62, 64, 349–357,

359, 361–368, 538Goan 62–64, 349, 350, 354–356,

361, 364, 366, 368, 531god(s) 57, 69, 70, 90, 108, 121,

148, 161, 202, 207, 235, 237, 241, 262, 274, 275, 279, 289–295, 298–300, 304, 305, 375, 379, 445, 449, 459, 479,

480–482, 484, 502, 523–526goddess 69, 148, 235–237, 240–

242, 244, 246–248, 294, 250, 252, 302, 375, 377, 379, 381, 454, 479–482, 484, 525, 536, 538

Goetz 34, 58, 75Gogi 336gold 39, 79, 152, 194, 211–213,

217, 232, 235, 240, 245, 250, 274, 275, 280, 492

golden age 7, 8, 11–17, 19, 21, 22, 27, 31, 33–38, 41, 42, 44, 46–54, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66–70, 72–75, 81, 109, 110, 139–141, 166, 171–174, 176, 177, 180, 182, 183, 185, 189–192, 195, 197, 221, 229, 230, 239, 250, 257–260, 262, 265, 269–271, 280, 311, 312, 316, 322, 336, 338, 339, 341, 344, 397, 405, 412, 416, 432, 467, 475, 478, 484, 497, 503, 511, 516, 525

golden ages 7, 9, 32, 37, 38, 42, 46, 48–50, 53, 54, 57, 70–73, 75, 139, 141, 159, 229, 258, 259, 277, 341, 342, 422, 501, 510, 517

golden past 37, 41, 53, 69, 475–477, 479, 484, 488, 493, 497

Golden Tank 288Golden Temple 269Gombrich 16, 23, 24, 33, 35, 75,

191, 230, 237, 240, 244, 252, 254, 414, 423, 426, 428, 429

Gommaṭagiri 334, 336Gommaṭeśvara 329, 334, 336Gonkar Gyatso 72, 512

563Index

Gopaṇa Oḍeyar 335gopura 17, 200, 209, 219, 334, 525,

536Gorkha(s) 257, 258Gorkhali 258 Gotama 250Gothic 16, 174Gowda 475, 486, 487, 491, 540granite 315–317, 333Great War 338Greco-Roman 21Greece 14, 177Greek 37, 44, 48, 81, 100, 104–

107, 110, 140, 150, 159, 161, 174, 176, 177, 237, 338, 341, 532, 547

Greeks 13, 15, 140GTZ 54, 261Guanyin 177, 178, 180, 183, 184,

188, 525, 535, 536Guha-Thakurta 479, 491, 498Guhyeshvari 144Guishuang 140Gujarat 15, 140, 337, 342, 344,

433Gujarati 431, 433, 468Gunthur 382, 539Guntupalli 154Gupta 16, 17, 37, 42, 57, 287, 289,

306, 525guru 434Gurung 258Guruvayanakere 328, 336guthi 257, 273, 525Guthi Saṃsthān 267, 278Gyatso 515gypsum 47, 115, 116

HHadda 47, 116, 133, 135, 136,

157, 158, 534hair 39, 96, 106, 144, 161, 251,

354, 487hairstyle 106, 123, 456Halbwachs 14, 17, 23Hale Basti 319Halebid 311, 316, 319–322, 537Hallur 313, 324, 329, 331, 344halo 145, 161, 459Hampi 333, 345Han 48, 135, 139, 141, 143, 159,

506, 507, 508, 510, 519, 525, 541

Hangal 319–321, 330, 331, 537Harappan 160harcara 382, 383, 539Haridwar 493, 540Harihara 333Haryana 434Hassan 336Hausenstein 67, 397, 417–421,

424–426, 539Haveri 298, 331head 126, 130, 144, 145, 157–161,

165, 200, 204, 276, 292, 295, 354, 379, 387, 533–536, 544

headband 160headdress 130, 199headgear 130Hebei 173Hegelian 397, 412Hellenised 105Hellenistic 105–107Hemakūṭam Hill 330Henan 173, 181Herder 14heritage 15, 53, 54, 260, 264, 265

564 Index

heroes 70, 454heroines 70, 488heterosexual 490 highpoints 32, 38, 74, 341, 517hijra 489, 490, 494, 495, 525, 540Himachal Pradesh 434Himalayan 39, 167Hinayana 141Hindi 68, 253, 367, 431, 435,

437–443, 459, 461, 468–470Hindu 17–20, 23, 24, 39, 43, 51,

57, 58, 62–64, 69, 70, 80, 143, 167, 197, 200, 216, 217, 220, 257, 258, 274, 288, 289, 292–294, 298–300, 302, 305–308, 311, 316, 319, 322, 324–326, 330, 331, 338, 343, 349, 355–357, 360–364, 365, 367, 375, 458, 459, 477, 479–481, 484, 488, 490, 491, 499, 525–527, 531, 537, 538

Hinduism 52, 58, 80, 282, 308, 343, 461, 488

Hindus 15, 18, 32, 58, 62, 288, 293, 306, 331, 333, 350, 354, 355, 360, 366, 477, 482

Hindutva 479, 480–482, 525, 540Hiranyakashipu 375, 376, 538Hiraṇyavarṇamahāvihāra 269Hiriyangadi 335historian 14, 16,–19, 21, 22, 27,

31–33, 36, 42, 44, 47, 49, 50, 54, 66, 69, 74, 104, 145, 174, 179, 181, 188, 207, 243, 257, 262, 267, 272, 274, 387, 398, 400, 402, 409, 413, 429, 475

historical 14, 16–19, 21, 28, 31–33, 36–38, 41–43, 49, 50, 52, 58, 70, 73, 74, 80, 81, 84, 91, 94,

107, 173–176, 179, 183, 188, 190–192, 208, 224, 227, 242, 248, 252, 258, 260, 262–266, 268, 274, 276, 277, 280, 281, 288–291, 298, 299, 305, 311, 343, 345, 349, 360, 398–400, 404–406, 408, 411–413, 418, 419, 422, 423, 440, 463, 466, 476, 477, 485, 506, 510, 526, 527, 544

historicism 241, 248, 408, 494history 7, 11–20, 22–24, 28, 33,

34, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 52, 53, 58, 64, 66, 73–76, 81, 84, 99, 103, 106, 109, 110, 112, 134, 141, 157, 159, 161, 167, 171, 172, 174, 176, 177, 179–182, 185, 190, 191, 193, 194, 210, 213, 215, 225, 241, 244, 250, 253–255, 257–259, 263, 265, 269, 271, 275, 276, 279, 281, 283, 284, 287, 289, 306, 308, 311, 312, 316, 339, 343, 344, 361, 364, 367, 368, 371, 373, 387, 391, 394, 397–399, 401, 402, 404, 405, 407, 408, 411–415, 417–420, 422–424, 426–428, 431, 434, 463, 468, 470, 475–477, 486, 488, 496–498, 501, 510, 543, 544, 546, 548

Hobsbawm 12, 23homeland 62horse(s) 236, 338, 250, 292, 445Hosa Basti 335Hoysaḷa 37, 60, 311, 312, 316–322,

326, 332, 333, 336, 338–342, 344, 537, 538

Hoysaḷas 58, 59, 70, 311, 316, 339

565Index

Hoysaḷeśvara Temple 319Hua Jiankun 509, 518, 519, 541Hua Manjun 509, 518, 519, 541Huichang 183Humanists 14Humcha 319, 336humiliation 57, 58, 329, 487Hunic 156, 166Huns 15, 47, 139Hussain 475, 480–482, 484, 540Huvishka 145, 146, 168, 169, 533hybrid 32, 39, 65, 75, 106, 356,

364, 371, 383, 524hybridity 356, 366, 484

IIbn Batuta 399iconic 44, 144, 408, 482, 491iconographic 16, 47, 49, 51, 52,

57, 58, 117, 123, 128, 144, 149, 151, 161, 181, 210, 217, 289, 292, 294, 299, 300, 304, 305, 418, 420, 515, 527

iconography 48, 49, 52, 58, 130, 142, 148, 149, 154, 158, 160, 181, 190, 197, 199, 208, 215–217, 220, 291, 293, 294, 298, 330, 445, 449, 456, 459, 466, 479–481, 484, 547

idealised 42, 66, 69, 70, 73, 74, 341

idealising 106ideology 18, 20, 72, 244, 250, 255,

502idyllic 37, 73, 338, 339illuminations 68, 69, 269illustrated 68, 69, 144, 145, 163,

176, 252, 375, 378, 413, 432,

433, 435, 440, 441, 443, 449, 461, 466

illustrations 28, 36, 57, 61, 68, 132, 176, 227, 238, 305, 393, 399, 401, 420, 424, 437, 440, 441, 443, 449, 459, 463, 483, 531

impaled 288imperialist 106Impressionism 510, 511incarnation 13, 338, 501, 523Incas 107India 11–20, 22–24, 33–35, 39, 40,

42, 48, 57, 58, 62, 64, 65, 68–70, 74, 75, 79–81, 83, 87, 90, 97, 100, 101, 103–106, 110–112, 133, 136, 139, 140, 143, 144, 154, 159, 160, 163, 165, 167, 181, 228, 230, 253–255, 259, 264, 287, 288, 293, 296, 304–308, 312–314, 316, 322, 326, 331, 333, 334, 336, 337, 342–345, 355, 360, 366, 367, 371–375, 378–381, 383, 387, 391–394, 412, 418, 419, 428, 433–435, 437, 438, 454, 469, 470, 475–480, 482–485, 488, 490, 491, 493, 495, 497, 498, 502, 503, 505, 523–525, 527, 531, 535, 537, 540, 544, 545,–547

Indian 8, 9, 13, 15–19, 21–24, 27, 34, 42, 44, 46–48, 58, 60, 62, 65, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76, 79–81, 99, 101, 103–107, 110, 112, 117, 123, 134, 144, 147, 148, 166, 168, 181, 230, 241, 244, 245, 287–291, 293, 305–308, 311, 327, 334, 338,

566 Index

339, 341–344, 354, 356, 362, 364, 366, 367, 371–375, 379, 382–384, 387–389, 391–394, 420, 433, 439, 440, 443, 451, 454, 456, 459, 461, 466, 467, 469, 470, 475–478, 483–486, 491, 494, 498, 499, 503, 504, 506, 523–528, 532, 534, 543–547

Indianised 106Indians 13, 62, 81, 103, 107, 373,

379, 383, 477, 482, 483India Office Library 75, 371, 393,

394indigenised 15, 42, 477Indo-Europeans 159Indo-Greek 105, 107, 140Indonesia 230Indo-Scythian 47, 139, 140Indo-Scythians 139, 140, 143, 157,

169Indra’s Heaven 121, 123, 533Indravarman 208Indus 14information gatherers 372, 373,

379, 391–393information gathering 65, 372,

374, 393Inner Asia 158inquisition 350, 357, 525inscription(s) 15, 51, 57, 112, 135,

136, 198, 203, 207–209, 214–216, 222–224, 254, 255, 288, 289, 293, 298, 305, 306, 313, 316, 320, 326, 327, 331, 333, 342, 388, 548

installations 70, 515invaders 17, 274invasion(s) 15, 42, 47, 52, 70, 130,

156, 166, 229, 250, 322, 482, 483

Iran 133, 161, 166Iranian 123, 133, 136Iraq 515Iravadiśvara Temple 295, 537iron 13, 266, 267, 338ironic 22, 72, 475, 512Irugappa Daṇḍanāyaka 333Isfahan 411, 416Islam 11, 108, 111, 311, 398,

400–402, 409, 411–413, 416, 422, 425–427, 429, 437, 548

Islamic 12, 19, 21, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 41, 64, 66, 67, 73, 75, 166, 213, 322, 326, 361, 362, 364, 397–402, 405–409, 411–413, 416, 418–420, 422–424, 426–429, 437, 527, 544, 548

Islamic art 21, 27, 31, 34, 66, 67, 397, 400–402, 405, 406, 408, 409, 411–413, 416, 419, 420, 422, 423, 426

Islamic World 12, 398iṣṭaliṅga 329Italian 14, 117, 405, 411, 546, 547

JJacques 203, 206–208, 211, 215,

221, 223, 224, 426Jahangir 15Jaina 8, 11, 17, 19, 22, 28, 35, 39,

40, 43, 57–61, 67–69, 76, 80, 231, 272, 282, 299, 300, 302, 304, 311–317, 319, 320, 322–334, 336–339, 342–346,

567Index

431–435, 439, 441–443, 449, 451, 454, 456, 458, 459, 461, 463, 466–469, 471, 523, 525, 527, 531, 537, 538, 544

Jaina art 11, 17, 60, 80, 312, 322, 332, 339

Jainas 14, 17–19, 32, 57, 58, 60, 67–69, 231, 288, 289, 298, 300, 304, 305, 315, 331, 333, 336, 337, 341, 431, 432, 437, 442, 461, 466, 524, 526

Jaina scripture 68Jainism 60, 306, 311, 312, 315,

316, 322, 326, 332, 334, 336, 344, 345, 433, 463, 468, 470, 525–527, 543, 544

Jaipur 367, 431, 439, 546Jajpur 385, 539Jamāl Gaṛhī 119, 120, 123, 533Jambūdvīpaprajñapti 433, 445, 449,

451, 454, 472Jambukeśvara Temple 303, 537Jammu 434Janaka 235, 238, 242, 247, 536Jang Bahadur Rana 257Japan 50, 104, 146–148, 175, 176,

179, 180, 210, 412, 413, 524, 525, 532, 534

Japanese 50, 91, 145, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 191–193, 261, 262, 479, 503, 533

jātaka(s) 53, 84, 117, 119, 120–122, 133, 135, 227, 230–232, 234, 237–240, 244–246, 252–255, 526, 533, 547

Jattappa Nāyakana Candranāteśvara Basti 336

Jayasthiti Malla 258Jayavarman 51, 52, 70, 197,

198–201, 203, 206–211, 215–219, 224

Jayavarma Parameśvara 215, 216Jayavarmeśvara 207Jesuit 354, 357jewellery 147, 324jewels 157, 275, 445Jews 159Jina(s) 39, 68, 80, 207, 289, 322,

324, 325, 329–332, 334, 339, 432, 433, 442, 443, 449, 451, 454, 456, 457–460, 526–528, 537, 540

Jinanathapura 317, 342, 537Johnson 375Judaism 108judged 34, 44, 49, 81, 404judgement(s) 31, 34, 36, 41, 50,

66, 73, 191, 339, 341judgemental 50Judging 257Jvālāmālinī Temple 328

KKailāsanātha Temple 294, 537kālas 339kalasha 144Kālī 295, 299, 300, 458, 525Kālidāsa 290kali-yuga 8, 13, 37, 52, 60, 229,

311, 322, 338, 525Kalki 13, 338Kalpasūtra 432, 433, 438, 441, 443,

449, 451, 456, 459, 467, 469, 472

Kalyāṇi Cāḷukyas 316Kamakura 50, 180Kamala Basti 320, 340, 538

568 Index

Kamalapuram 333Kambadahalli 314, 315, 537kamma 237(see also karma)Kāñcī 288Kāñcīpuram 290, 294, 295, 537Kaniṣka 105, 127, 128, 130, 145,

146, 167–169, 532, 533Kannada 315, 331, 345, 523, 525Kannara 60, 334Kapisha 143, 146, 157–159, 533,

534Karachi 160, 534Karakorum 143Kara Tepe 116, 130, 134Karkal 334–336, 538karma(s) 268, 438, 445, 449, 456,

458, 502, 504, 518, 525Karnataka 8, 11, 17, 28, 32, 51, 58,

60, 61, 272, 288, 298–300, 311–314, 316, 317, 322, 326, 328, 331–334, 336, 337, 339, 341–345, 525, 531, 537, 538, 544

Karuṇāmaya 274Kashmir 19, 48, 139, 143, 155–

157, 160, 162, 165, 166, 434–535

Kashmiri 153, 156, 157, 167Kathmandu 53–55, 71, 258,

260–262, 264, 267, 272, 282, 283, 531, 543, 544

Kathmandu Valley 53–55, 71, 258, 260–262, 272, 282, 283, 531, 543, 544

Kattaḷe Basti 315kāyotsarga 465, 525, 540Kesang Lamdark 72, 515, 516, 541keys 271khaṭvāṅga 302, 525

Khmer 198, 220, 223, 224, 548khoi 246, 527, 547Khouzestan 161Khyber 157Kidarite 130King Birendra 257King Jayasthiti Malla 258King Krṣ̥ṇa 313King Mongkut 228King Prithvi Narayan Shah 257Klimt 21Kompong Svay 218Kondivte 154Koppal 317Korean 91, 253, 547koṣṭhas 319Krishna 264, 322, 336, 490, 494,

540Krṣ̥ṇa 313, 463kṣatriya / kshatriya 360, 525Kshatrapa 140k�ta-yuga 13, 37, 338Kugler 33, 422Kujula Kadphises 140, 145, 169Kumārasambhava 291Kūṇika 462, 540Kunthunātha 333Kushan(s) 19, 46, 47, 115, 116,

126–128, 130, 132, 135, 139–143, 145, 146, 156, 157, 162, 169, 533

Kvābāhāḥ 269, 270, 273, 536

LLadakh 157laity 44, 85, 90, 143, 230Lakkundi 317–319, 324, 329, 331,

332, 537

569Index

Lakshmeshvar 319, 324, 327, 537Lakshmi 475, 484, 487, 540lalāṭa-bimba(s) 329–331, 333, 526,

537Lalitpur 265–267, 269, 270, 273,

274, 278, 282, 536, 544Laocoon 148lathe-turned pillars 319, 320, 537lay practitioners. 46, 82, 86, 531,

532Leksukhum 232, 238–241, 244,

250, 254leonine 157Lhasa 9, 72, 501, 502, 504–506,

508, 510, 512, 516, 520Liao 185, 186, 193, 535Licchavi 258, 274, 279, 284Limbu 258, 263, 284Limbu-Rai 258linear 13, 14, 32–35, 41, 49, 50,

58, 60, 69, 74, 108, 189, 190, 240, 312, 341, 482, 484

linearity 35, 70linear progress 13, 33liṅga(s) 199, 202, 216, 292, 329,

331, 526Liṅgāyat 324, 329, 331Liṅgāyats 58Liṅgodhbhava 292, 526lintels 51, 199, 329–331, 537lion(s) 120–122, 144, 211, 212,

272, 290, 291, 293, 294, 409, 420, 449, 536, 537

locks 54, 271, 272Lokanātha 274, 276Lokasema 142, 146, 147Lokeśa 207Lokeśvara 51, 52, 199, 204, 214,

217, 274, 536

London 23, 24, 75, 76, 109–112, 133, 136, 166, 193, 195, 222, 225, 252–255, 282, 306, 344, 366, 367, 374, 393, 394, 426–429, 433, 449, 451, 456, 468–470, 499, 510, 512, 514, 518, 519, 544, 546, 548

Longmen 173, 181, 190, 194looting 52, 54, 322, 324Lopburi 221loss 8, 17, 18, 22, 35, 37–39, 42, 53,

54, 75, 116, 132, 228–230, 243, 244, 248, 257, 259–263, 266, 269, 271, 273, 274, 276, 277, 280–282, 420, 479

lotus(es) 129, 144, 145, 150, 199, 293, 299, 331, 334, 451, 533

Louvre 66, 161, 167, 399Louyang 143Lucknow 65, 374, 375–377, 394,

538

MMacchindranāth 274Macedonian 140Mackenzie 65, 372, 373, 380,–387,

389, 391–394, 539, 545Madhya Pradesh 43, 46, 302, 531,

537Madras 284, 305, 307, 378, 381,

383, 384, 387, 394, 539Madrī 120–122Madurai 65, 288, 378–380, 538Magar 258Mahābalipuram 290, 292 Mahābhārata 69, 230, 292, 338,

461, 475, 483, 486, 491, 492, 526

570 Index

Mahābodhi 216Mahabuddha 264Mahājanaka 53, 227, 234, 239,

242, 245, 246, 250, 255, 536Mahājanaka-Jātaka 53, 227, 234,

239, 246Mahākāla 272, 512, 526Mahākāpi-Jātaka 237Mahānipāta 227, 526Maharashtra 64mahasagara 148Mahāvaṃsa 228Mahāvīra 326, 344, 431, 433, 450,

451, 454, 458, 526, 540Mahāyāna 51, 52, 141, 142, 197,

201, 206, 208, 210, 216, 219, 523, 524

Mahendravarman 290Mahiṣāsuramardinī 294, 297, 526,

537Mahmud of Ghazni 15Maitreya / Metteyya 142, 146, 147,

155, 157, 159, 162, 165, 167, 168, 534, 535

Maitreyaparipricchadharma sutra 142

Maitreya sutra 142Malik Kafur 326Malla 258, 261, 262, 266, 279, 281māna-stambha 331, 333, 526Mānavadharmaśāstra 13 maṇḍapa(s) 288, 298, 316, 335,

361, 364, 526Mandela 512mangalam 144maṅgalas 433Maṅgāyi Basti 331, 333Mangeshkar 63, 531Mangeś Temple 63, 531

Manicheans 159Maṇimekhalā 235Manuel 349, 399–402, 407, 425,

428manuscript(s) 27, 36, 67, 68, 120,

234, 239, 240, 246–248, 250, 253, 254, 269, 270, 276, 269, 282, 375, 378, 379, 383, 431–433, 439, 441, 443, 445, 449, 451, 454, 456, 466, 468, 469, 527, 543, 544, 547

Maoist 72, 502map(s) 16, 65, 144, 258, 263, 382,

383, 533, 539Mapusa 366Māra 83, 88–90, 208, 250, 251,

526, 531, 536Maratha 64, 359, 360–362Marathas 352, 366Māravijaya 83, 88, 102, 228, 250,

526, 531Marchal 203, 216, 224Marwari 337Mary 134, 366, 545Maryul 157mass grave 51, 200master(s) 34, 67, 72, 73, 101, 153,

171, 405, 406, 423, 424, 427, 477, 478, 504, 506, 519

master–narrative 67, 423, 424masterpiece(s) 21, 32–34, 46, 66,

67, 73, 109, 341, 342, 344, 397, 402, 404–409, 411, 412, 415, 416, 419, 420, 422, 424, 426, 429

mastership 34, 406, 423masterworks 67, 185, 406Masulipatam 378Mathura 19, 105, 106, 140, 532

571Index

Matsubara 50, 179, 180, 194Matsyendranāth 56, 266, 267, 274–

276, 278–280, 282, 531, 536Matsyendravaṃśāvalī 276, 277Mayans 13Mediterranean 221Meghakumāra 453Meguḍi 59, 313, 324, 329, 331,

531Meguḍi Temple 313, 329, 331Meisterwerke 406, 407, 409, 425,

427, 429memory 7, 11, 17, 18, 12, 14, 15,

17, 18, 22, 24, 41, 42, 171, 239, 255, 281, 329, 344, 364, 484, 544

Menābasti cave 313Menla Döndrup 504, 526Menri 502, 504, 526mermaids 248Meru 48, 148–153, 292, 534Meru temple 48, 148, 151–153,

534metaphorical 58, 298Metteyya / Maitreya 35, 244Mewār 120M. F. Hussain 475Michelangelo 33, 174Middle East 259, 404, 413Migeon 66, 67, 398–401, 407, 424,

425, 429, 539migrants 15migrations 14Milinda 140Mimicry 483Minakshi 288, 307, 378–380, 538Minakshi Sundareshvara Temple

378–380, 538Mīnākṣī Temple 288

Ming 173, 182, 183, 184, 185, 535miniature painting 375, 406, 420,

422Miran 47, 117–120, 122–126, 132,

133, 135, 532, 533missionaries 62, 243, 354Mithilā 235, 236, 237, 240, 241,

248modern 7, 12–14, 22, 27, 41, 42,

46, 67, 68–73, 79, 81, 91, 106, 109, 110, 139, 154, 160, 161, 179, 190, 192, 210, 212, 254, 258, 269, 289, 313, 328, 336, 339, 379, 397, 400, 404–406, 416, 419, 423, 426, 431, 432, 439, 440, 449, 451, 453, 466, 467, 470, 475–477, 483–485,491, 494, 495, 497, 498, , 501, 502, 504–506, 508, 515, 517, 520, 523, 544

modernism 22, 70–73, 423, 476, 477, 485, 501, 511, 517

modernist movement 72, 502modernity 7, 11–14, 16, 21, 22,

38, 41, 42, 67, 70, 264, 271, 423, 424, 452, 453, 456, 467, 475–477, 483, 485, 497, 499, 540

Mohenjo Daro 160, 161, 534Mongkut 228Mongol 185, 193, 420monkeys 237, 453monks 85, 90, 91, 119, 143, 219,

229, 232, 246, 431–433, 437, 438, 461, 463, 465–468, 532, 540

monsters 248moon 151, 161, 162, 180, 235,

490, 494, 528, 535, 540

572 Index

Moses 108mosque(s) 18, 62, 349, 350, 374Mount Meru 48, 148–153, 292,

534moustache 123, 144Mrg̥āputra 456Mudabidri 61, 334, 335, 342, 531Mūgapakkha-Jātaka 237, 239Mughal 15, 16, 18, 23, 76, 374,

375, 393, 394Mughals 15Muhammadan 397, 402, 404–406,

409, 415, 420, 426, 429Muhammadan Art 397, 402, 404,

405, 415, 420, 426, 429muhpatti 463, 526Mulgund 324, 325, 326, 537Mumbai 110, 154, 367, 468, 469Munch 72, 510Munich 66, 326, 397, 402, 405–

409, 412, 413, 415, 416, 422, 424–429, 548

mural(s) 19, 35, 36, 46, 47, 52, 53, 115–117, 120–125, 127, 128, 130, 132, 134, 213, 216, 227, 229, 232, 234, 238–242, 244–246, 248, 250, 255, 378, 379, 392, 503 533, 536

mūrti(s) 292–295, 296, 526, 537mūrtipūjak(s) 432, 435, 437, 466,

524, 526Musealisation 264museums 27, 66, 172, 174, 177,

182, 271, 398, 401, 402, 404, 418, 545

Muslim 17, 57, 60, 62, 66, 326, 327, 349, 350, 360, 399, 481

Muslims 13–15, 18, 23, 350, 360mutilation 51, 198

Mycenaean 160Mysore 327, 328, 331, 334, 345,

380, 387, 391, 394, 537Mysore City Basti 327, 328, 537myth(s) 12, 19, 41, 42, 70, 76,

148, 276, 279, 290, 292, 298, 344, 476, 479, 497

mythi(cal) 14, 22, 41, 42, 57, 66, 69, 248, 289, 290, 298, 451, 475, 480, 484, 493

mythology 37, 48, 148, 230, 298, 305, 338, 341, 483, 486, 497

Nnāga(s) 215, 272, 536Nāganātha Temple 331, 332, 537 Nam June Paik 515, 516, 541Nandalal Bose 479Nandi 287, 288, 307, 324, 331,

526Nara 50, 180Narasimha 375, 376, 538Narasimharajapura 328, 336narrative networks 117Narve 64, 361, 362 Naṭarāja 479, 526nāthyogi 274, 279, 526National Geographic 512nationalism 12, 15, 16, 22–24, 81,

257, 258, 475, 477, 478, 497, 498, 518, 525, 546

nationalist 12, 14, 16, 17, 20, 33, 37, 41, 44, 69, 81, 106, 107, 190, 258, 423, 475, 477, 479, 488, 523, 527

nationalists 14, 15, 16, 42, 258, 479, 485, 515

nationhood 11, 12, 22

573Index

Naudobāhāḥ 272, 536nautical 53, 231, 232, 234, 243nave 351, 352, 355, 364, 523, 526Naveen Thomas 70, 484–486, 540 Nawab of Avadh 374Nāyaṉmār 304, 307Nāyaṉmār’s hymns 304Neak Pean 201, 536Near East 160, 164negro art 422Nehruvian 482Neminātha 319, 327, 333Neo-Chola 36, 76Nepal 14, 22, 36, 48, 50, 53, 71,

144, 160, 257, 258, 261–265, 271, 274, 276, 277, 279, 280, 282–284, 531, 543, 544

Nepalese 22, 54, 257, 258, 260, 262–265, 271, 274, 528, 543

Nepali 257, 276, 502Newar 8, 22, 53, 54, 165, 257,

258, 260, 262, 264–268, 271, 273–276, 279–282, 502, 525, 535, 543, 544

Newari 36Newars 266, 268, 274New Menri 502, 504, 526New York 23, 24, 75, 109, 111,

124, 134, 148, 166–168, 176, 193–195, 222, 252, 254, 255, 283, 306, 308, 342, 343, 366, 367, 394, 426–429, 469, 498, 499, 514, 516, 520, 533

non-figurative 84–87non-Western 20, 21, 73, 418, 501,

517Nora 17, 24Norbulingka 504, 505, 541North Africa 221, 398, 426

Northern Qi 173, 177, 181, 194Northern Wei 48, 152, 158, 173,

176Northern Zhou 173North India 434N. Pushpamala 70, 484, 487–490,

498, 540numismatic 130, 162numismatists 79

Ooccupation 39, 47, 51, 64, 198,

324, 349, 502, 503occupied 62, 298, 350, 379, 406occupiers 62ocean 231, 232, 235, 236, 250,

290, 293, 435Odegal Basti 334Old Goa 350, 361Old Khmer 198Ōmura Seigai 179Ongole 382, 383, 539Orient 20, 135, 143, 167, 198,

221–225, 308, 367, 393, 404, 412, 428, 548

Oriental 134, 136, 307, 308, 366, 376, 377, 404, 405, 422, 469, 538, 544–546, 548

orientalisation 259Orientalism 259, 367, 398, 427,

428, 518, 548Orientalist 21, 66, 401, 404Orissa 291, 293, 343, 385, 536,

539Ottoman 404Ovid 338oxen 390, 391, 539

574 Index

PPābūjī 35Padmacanda 434, 435padmāsana 459pagoda 48, 91, 148, 153Pahari 18painted 12, 41, 47, 65, 116, 117,

132, 165, 227, 241, 246, 248, 250, 252, 266, 332, 378, 379, 385, 392, 414, 433, 443, 456, 479, 504, 506, 524, 535

painting(s) 19, 21, 35, 39, 46, 47, 52, 53, 59, 64–66, 68, 69, 72, 115, 116, 118–121, 123–125, 127–130, 132, 134, 176, 182, 183, 185, 210, 231, 238, 240, 242, 246, 248, 252, 312, 338, 371–379, 382, 385, 387, 391, 392, 394, 406, 411, 414, 416, 420, 422, 432, 433, 441–443, 445, 449, 451, 453, 454, 456, 458, 459, 466–486, 476–479, 484, 502–509, 512, 515, 518, 524–527, 532, 533, 538, 545

paints 232, 239, 250Pakistan 18, 42, 47, 83, 93, 97,

104, 116, 119, 124, 133, 134, 160, 168, 531–534

palace 15, 117, 203, 210, 238, 240, 244, 271, 279, 505, 524, 541, 545

Palazzo Pitti 338Palden Weinreb 72, 515Pāli 35, 75, 198, 209, 222, 227,

228, 230, 245, 252–254, 543, 547

Palitana 432Pallava 290, 292, 293, 307palm leaf 67, 254, 466

Palmyra 161, 162, 535Panamalai hill 293Pañca Basti 319Pañcakūṭa Basti 314, 315, 319, 537Panchen Lama 503Pandyas 316Panjab 23, 434Pānsupāri Bazar 333paṛ 35parallel histories 74pāribhogika 94Parihaspur 156, 534parinirvāṇa 84, 85, 89,97, 526, 532Paris 9, 23, 66, 109, 110, 131,

133–136, 167, 195, 198, 222–225, 231, 399, 401, 425–427, 429, 501, 533, 543

Parmentier 51, 199, 200, 208, 209, 223, 224

Pārśva 433Pārśvanātha 315–317, 319, 320,

326, 327, 329–331, 333, 334, 336, 337, 456, 538

Pārśvanātha Jinālaya 327Parthia 159, 168Parthian 47, 123, 141, 142, 157,

159–162, 167, 168Parthians 15, 159Pārvatī 295, 525, 527Paryūṣaṇ 433, 435, 438Paśupatināth 262Patan 56, 261, 264, 265, 284, 531Patan Museum 261, 265Pathans 360patronage 64, 65, 210, 287, 288,

316, 349, 361, 366, 371–373, 393

patrons 34, 57, 65, 106, 190, 290, 316, 372, 373, 391–393

575Index

Pattadakal 313, 314, 537periodisation 69, 115, 475, 476,

485, 494Periya Purāṇam 304, 305persecution 32, 37, 48, 50, 60, 153,

159, 166, 183, 211, 273, 274, 288, 322, 332, 341

Persia 19, 48, 159, 160, 162, 400, 404

Persian 48, 123, 130, 159, 160, 162, 166, 374, 401, 405, 406, 411, 420, 422

Persianid 162Peshawar 117, 143Phimeanakas 203, 216photograph(s) 39, 75, 91, 132, 161,

176, 221, 240, 263, 277, 328, 332, 346, 399, 402, 416, 424, 439, 488, 494, 495, 503, 504, 507, 518, 540, 541, 545

photography 70, 72, 90, 331, 409, 412, 484, 485, 502, 515, 519, 544

Phra Boriboonthanakom 244, 246Pietro da Cortona 338pigments 115, 232, 250pilgrimage 35, 314, 334, 383pilgrims 44, 90, 383pillar(s) 15, 44, 82, 86, 88, 90–92,

94–96, 98, 193, 213, 290, 292, 313, 319, 320, 333–335, 506, 523, 526, 531, 532, 537, 538

Pitalkhora 151Polajanaka 236Polier 65, 372–379, 387, 392, 393,

538political imagery 58pond 203

Ponda 63, 531Pondicherry 378pornography 515Portugal 349, 350, 352, 355, 357,

367Portuguese 20, 62, 64, 349–357,

359, 361, 362–364, 366–368Poseidon 148post-colonial 350, 364post-colonialism 494–497post-Gandharan 19post-Kushan 47, 115, 116post-modern 73postmodern 476, 477, 484, 485,

494, 497postmodernism 70, 262, 426,

495–497post-Song 180post-Tang 36, 50, 183pothīs 433pradakṣiṇapatha 288, 527Prajāpita Brahmā Kumārīs 338Prajñāpāramitā sutra 142, 204, 214,

536Prakrit 68, 431, 432, 439, 443,

452, 456, 543Prasat Ta An 208pratiṣṭhāpanā 336Pratyutpanna-samadhi sutra 142Pravartak 434, 435, 438, 463, 539Preah Khan 51, 197, 200, 202, 203,

207, 216, 218, 536Preah Palilay 218–220, 536pre-Angkorian 215pre-colonial 12, 18, 21, 65, 372, 419Pre-Islamic 19pre-modern 13, 41, 212, 431, 484priest(s) 34, 141, 160, 176, 185,

194, 269, 282, 353–356, 534

576 Index

Priest-King 160, 534Prinsep 15, 16Prithvi Narayan Shah 257progress 13, 33, 35, 41, 108, 124,

230, 243, 439, 471, 497Propyläen 409, 412, 425 pūjā 148, 149, 152, 278, 527, 534Pune 432Purānas 13, 292, 299, 375, 461,

527purnaghata 144Pushpamala 70, 475, 484–490,

498, 499, 540Puṣpadanta 319Putin 512

QQi 173, 177, 181, 194Qianlong 188Qin 48, 141, 527Qing 173, 185, 187, 195, 536Qizil 158, 159, 162, 165, 534, 535Qutbuddin Aibak 15

RRācamalla 315racism 22, 81, 103Raj 258, 287Rājarānī Temple 291, 293, 536Raja Serfojee of Tanjore 373Rājasiṁha 293Rajasthan 23, 35, 337, 438Rājput 15, 18, 23, 120Rajputs 360Rama 18, 228, 232, 244, 252, 486Rāmāyaṇa 69, 120, 133, 230, 459,

461, 469, 483, 484, 486, 527

Rāmayya 304Ram Janmabhumi 18Ramkinker 490, 491, 493, 497Rana 257Raqs 490–493, 496–499, 541Raqs Media Collective 490, 491,

493, 496–499, 541Rāṣṭrakūṭa 313, 314, 344, 537Rāṣṭrakūṭas 313Ratchaburi 240Ratnasambhava 163, 165, 535Rattanakosin 52, 228, 231, 240Ravana 486Ravi Varma 69, 476–478, 484,

498, 540realism 50, 72, 73, 176, 182, 190,

192, 243, 248, 302, 454, 484, 502

rebuilding 207, 262, 270, 271recycling 32, 312, 324Red Matsyendranāth 56, 266, 274,

282, 531, 536re-enact 70re-interpreted 64, 362reinventing 54, 259relic(s) 44, 91, 94–97, 148, 217reliquary 84, 91, 93, 527Renaissance 14, 23, 34, 49, 172–

174, 182, 191–193, 239, 255, 341, 405

Reserve Bank 491, 493reservoir 166resilience 17, 21, 422resistance 20, 298, 544re-use 14, 32, 39, 41, 48, 51, 60,

62, 75, 198, 298, 312, 324, 328, 329, 326, 329, 358, 537, 538

Ṛg Veda 298, 305

577Index

ribbons 129, 151, 161Riegl 414, 428Rijksmuseum 200, 221, 548riots 18ritual 19, 34, 39, 40, 141, 215,

237, 257, 266, 269, 271, 273, 274, 276–279, 281, 312, 324, 329, 334, 335, 488, 531, 543, 544, 547

rivalry 58, 294rivers 217, 231, 251, 322Riza Abbasi 420, 425Rococo 17, 174Roerich 503Roman 21, 105, 159, 174, 176,

177, 471, 525Romanesque 174, 418, 420Romantic 14romanticised 70, 73, 341romanticising 60, 312Rome 14, 133, 134, 177, 242, 343,

366, 367, 422, 546Rossi & Rossi 166, 508, 510, 512,

518, 519Rothko 515Rowland 16, 24R̥ṣabha 433, 451, 454Rumohr 33Russian 20

SSaburo 50, 179Sacitra Āgamamālā 68, 434, 467,

468Sahasra Kīrtti 327Said 259, 367, 398, 428Saidu Sharif 117, 133Śaiva 11, 17, 57, 215, 274, 292,

299, 304, 306–308, 324, 329, 331, 342, 526

Śaivas 14, 58, 60, 293, 298, 300, 329, 330

Śaiva Siddhānta 292, 306, 307Śaivism 52, 58, 208, 214, 219, 293,

311, 322Saka 47, 139, 140, 159, 169Śakas 139, 169, 290Śakta 57, 293 Śākyamuni 43, 44, 79–81, 83–85,

88, 91, 93, 95–97, 165, 535, 523, 526, 531, 532

Saladin 399–401, 424, 425, 539Śalibhadra 466Sāma-Jātaka 237, 239samavasaraṇa 449, 451saṁgha 95, 230, 276saṃsāra 232samut khoi 246, 527, 547Saṃvara 300, 301, 537Sanchi 43, 45, 80, 82, 83, 86, 92,

94, 96, 98–102, 110, 112, 117, 140, 528, 531, 532

Sanchi Stupa 45, 140, 531śaṅkha 292, 527Śaṅkha Jinālaya 327, 537Sankheshwar 432Sanskrit 68, 79, 198, 209, 230,

231, 276, 431, 443, 468, 477, 523, 526, 527, 543

Sanskritic 259Santa Catarina 351Śāntalā 322Śāntinātha 316, 317, 328, 333,

335, 537Śāntinātha Basti / Temple 316, 317,

335, 537Śāntīśvara Basti 317, 320, 323, 335

578 Index

Saptakoteshwar 64, 350, 361–364, 538

Saptakoṭīśvara 64Saras 231, 253, 435, 438, 439,

442, 449, 459, 461, 468Saraswati 481, 482, 484, 540sāṛī 454, 527śarīraka 94 Sarnath 84, 89, 91, 140, 168, 504Sarre 66, 67, 398, 400–407, 409,

412, 413, 415, 416, 420, 424, 425, 427, 428, 539

Sasanian 19, 47, 123, 130, 131, 134, 139, 158, 159, 161, 162, 404, 533

Sasanians 136, 159sashes 161Satakoteshwar 363Satraps 140satya-yuga 37, 338Saurashtra 140savageness 419Schick 53, 262–268, 280, 281, 283schist 115, 317Schnaase 33, 412, 422Schwarzer 33, 74, 76, 412, 422,

423, 428Sdok Kak Thom 198sea 148–150, 227, 230, 231, 236,

246, 248, 349, 456seal 130Secession 8, 66, 397Secessionist 21sectarian rivalries 57, 58, 289, 291,

298Seldjuk 402sermon 84, 85, 89, 90, 102, 433,

454serpent 272, 293, 298

sesame oil 235shadow 7, 12, 16, 27, 32, 38, 46,

52, 53, 73, 75, 110, 221, 467, 479, 484, 497

Shah 15, 70, 257, 258, 279, 344, 489, 494, 495, 498, 540

Shahbhaz-Giri 161, 163, 165, 535Shaikh Abdullah 384–387, 389,

539Shaivite / Śivaite 375Shakuntala 478, 479, 540Shakyamuni 162, 163, 189, 536Shanxi 173, 181, 182, 184, 186,

194, 535shikara / śikhara 364ship 53, 232shipwreck 231, 237–239, 243, 248Shivaji 64, 359–361, 367, 527, 538Shiv Sainiks 360Shore Temple 292Shravanabelgola 60, 314, 315, 317,

320, 322, 324, 325, 331, 333, 334, 537

Shri Amar Muni 68, 434, 438, 440Shricand Surana 439Shrut Pravartak Shri Amar Muniji

Maharaj 434Shuja ud-Daula 374Shunga 140Shuo Fu 209–212, 221Shvetambara 22Shyama Tara 158Siam 219, 222, 225, 227–229, 234,

238, 239, 243, 250, 252, 253Siamese 16, 53, 227–229, 231,

232, 234, 239–241, 243–248, 250, 252, 255, 547

Sichuan 188, 189, 193, 536Sickman 49, 180–182, 195

579Index

siddha 334, 463, 527Siddha Basti 334Siddha Bhagavāna Temple 334Siddheśvara 298, 299, 300, 331,

537śikhara / shikara 320, 527silk road 141silver 13, 130, 183, 338, 535Simpson 65, 372, 373, 378–381,

387, 392, 393, 538, 539Sind 15Sinhalese 21, 75, 252Sino-Tibetan–Western style 505Sir Charles Bell 502Sirén 33, 34, 49, 76, 172–177, 179,

180, 191, 195Sita 158, 475, 484, 486Sitasamvara 187, 536Sita Tara 158Śiva 51, 80, 199, 209, 215–217,

282, 283, 288, 290, 292–295, 299, 300, 303, 304, 306, 307, 315, 329, 331, 359, 479, 524–528, 537, 547

Śiva ekapādamūrti 303, 537Śivaism 304Śivaite / Shaivite 199, 201, 202,

209, 215, 216, 217, 220Sīvalī 236śivaliṅga 198, 215Śiva Mara 315Śivapūjā 215, 216Śiva Purāṇa 292, 306Siyam Nikaya 246Skanda 292, 527slavery 18, 19, 23, 24Smith 14, 23, 35, 76, 253, 497–499snake 272, 331, 536socialist realism 22, 72, 502

Sogdiana 140Somani 72, 512, 514, 541Somāskanda 292Someśvara Temple 289Somnath 15Somnathpur 311, 319Sonam Dolma 515, 517, 518, 520,

541Song 19, 49, 50, 171, 172, 178,

180, 182, 192, 193, 195, 524, 535

Soper 49, 179–182, 195South Asia 37, 47, 111, 135, 165,

254, 259, 261, 273, 283, 338, 373, 393, 535, 544

South Asian 24, 34, 39, 58, 69, 70, 74, 112, 115, 269, 277, 284, 312, 342, 343–346, 366, 371, 466, 470, 523–525, 528, 544

Southeast Asia 19, 163, 221, 223, 224

Southeast Asian 231, 238, 241, 246, 543, 548

South India 11, 18, 57, 293, 307, 308, 313, 316, 336, 342, 344, 345

speech-balloons 461speech-bubbles 70, 484spolia 39, 62, 357Springer 33Sramanas 153Śramaṇsangh 434Śrī Jayarājacūḍāmaṇi 207Śrī Jaya Trivikrama Mahānātha

209Sri Lanka 21, 35, 210, 254Sri Lankan 18, 106, 240Srinagar 156, 165, 534, 535Śrīndrajayavarman 209

580 Index

Śrīndravarman 209, 210Sringeri 326Śrīraṅgapatnam Svāmī 326Śrī Śāntādurga Temple 63, 531Śrī-Vaiṣṇavas 60, 333Śrī-Vaiṣṇavism 322Sri Venkateshvara 383St Catherine 351, 352, 538Stein 117, 123–125, 132, 136, 195,

288, 307Sthānakavāsī 434, 463Sthānakavāsin(s) 68, 69, 434, 435,

437, 438, 449, 461, 463, 465, 466, 470, 526, 527, 540

Stilgeschichte 408, 413, 415, 527St John the Baptist 356, 538Stockholm 174stolen 53, 263, 264, 265stoup 357, 358, 527, 538struggles 22, 298Strzygowski 400, 428stucco 47, 115, 116, 125, 126, 132,

184, 186, 194, 333, 336, 356, 533, 535

stūpa(s) 43–45, 48, 82–89, 91–94, 96–99, 102, 103, 106, 110, 111, 115, 117–120, 140, 148, 151, 153, 154, 156, 232, 234, 264, 385, 386, 524, 527, 528, 531–534, 536, 539

style(s) 11, 18–20, 22, 27, 31, 33–36, 46–49, 52, 53, 58, 6ö–62, 64–66, 70, 72, 74, 75, 104–106, 139, 143, 154, 156, 157, 161, 176, 177, 181, 189, 190, 194, 199, 207, 208, 214, 215, 232, 238–243–248, 250, 315, 316, 318, 320, 333, 334, 336, 339, 349, 355, 356,

364, 367, 371–373, 375, 379, 383, 385, 387–389, 391–393, 408, 411, 413, 415, 417, 418, 431–433, 439, 441, 449, 451, 458, 459, 467, 483, 484, 502–506, 508, 510, 512, 519, 524–527, 531, 532, 537, 540

stylistic 16, 23, 31, 47, 49, 75, 105, 107, 117, 128, 142, 160, 161, 172–174, 177, 179, 181, 190, 312, 314, 372, 393, 411, 443

stylistically 62, 173, 174, 252, 388, 389

subcontinent 12, 14, 18, 42, 62, 65, 287, 524

Subha Rao 383Subrahmaṇya 292, 307Sugata Māravijita 208Sui 173, 177Sukhavati 142Sukhavati Vyuha 142sultān(s) 15, 16, 271, 322, 388,

389, 527, 539Sultanate 15Sultan Sham ud-din Ilyas 271sun 121, 150, 151, 161, 162, 168,

505, 518, 519, 535, 541Supārśvanātha 319, 331Suphanaburi 238Supparaka-Jātaka 230suppressed 14, 57, 459, 466suppression 11, 14, 22, 58, 200,

202Suras 463Surat 432surveys 15, 65, 130, 173, 372, 387,

391, 422, 423sūtra 142, 443Svayambhu 260, 265

581Index

Śvetāmbara 8, 337, 431–435, 437, 438, 466, 468, 469, 524, 527, 543

Śvetāmbaras 466Swat 116, 117, 133, 134, 143, 157Switzerland 515symbol(s) 20, 39, 43, 44, 53, 64,

83, 84, 87, 88, 106, 144, 199, 202, 239, 290, 331, 360, 362, 433, 479, 502, 515, 524, 526, 531

symbolic 57, 89, 123, 161, 289, 290, 293, 355

symbolism 57, 112, 150, 161, 298, 304, 331, 334, 510, 511, 515

syncretic 366syncretism 64, 354, 360synthesis 15, 364, 419

TTagore 479, 503Tālagirīśvara Temple 293Tamang 258Tambdi Surla 359, 360, 538Tamil 18, 36, 76, 235, 272, 273,

288, 290, 292–295, 298, 303, 304, 306–308, 313, 317, 322, 326, 378–381, 383, 384, 392, 477, 537–539, 543, 544

Tamil Nadu 36, 76, 273, 288, 290, 293–295, 303, 307, 313, 317, 322, 326, 537, 544

Tang 19, 34, 36, 49, 50, 171–176, 179–183, 185, 189, 191–193, 535, 536

Tantric 273, 282, 300Ta Prohm 51, 197, 200, 204, 207,

216, 218, 223, 536

Tārā 158, 214, 316, 343 Tarim 48, 141, 160Tarim Basin 48, 141Tashkent 128, 129, 130, 132, 135,

533Taxila 47, 116, 134Tejal Shah 70, 489, 494, 495, 498,

540Temiya 239Tempyo 50, 180Tep Pranam 220, 536Termez 47, 116, 125, 130, 132,

135, 136Thai 20, 35, 36, 52, 53, 219, 241,

244, 245, 252–255, 528Thailand 35, 50, 52, 53, 64, 210,

225, 227, 253, 255thangka(s) 71, 508, 512, 527, 531,

541Thanjavur 378thatch 44, 312theft 22, 37, 38, 54, 230, 262–266,

271, 273–275, 329Theosophy 174the ‘other’ 12, 31, 38, 42, 52, 62,

64, 65, 67, 75, 81, 109, 228, 398

Theravāda 52, 210, 219, 220, 253, 254

Thomas 70, 108, 112, 383, 384, 387, 484–486, 539, 540

Thonburi 228, 244, 250Thousand-pillared Basti 335throne 43, 90, 215, 269, 292, 449,

451, 495, 531, 540Tianlongshan 34, 173–175, 177,

181, 535Tibet 14, 22, 39, 40, 48, 71, 72,

160, 163, 165, 194, 501–510,

582 Index

512, 515, 517–520, 525, 526, 531, 535, 541

Tibetan 9, 22, 70–74, 157, 260, 501–508, 510–512, 514–520, 525–527, 541, 544

Tibetaness 72, 510, 512Tibetans 72, 505, 507, 515, 516Tibetan uprising 72tiger 121tilak 524Tillotson 35, 76timelines 49, 74, 179, 191Tīrthaṅkara(s) 299, 317, 319, 324,

331, 333, 525–527tīrtha-paṭas 35Tirucchirapalli 65, 378, 380, 381,

538, 539Tirumuṟai 292, 293, 298, 299,

304–307Tirupati 383, 384, 387, 539Tiswadi 350Tocharians 156Tokyo 111, 161, 167, 168, 179,

194, 253, 255, 306tomb 389toraṇa(s) 102, 266, 275, 527tortoises 235torture 57, 302, 456, 458Tōshodaiji temple 180Toyota Foundation 54, 261transcultural 62, 67, 75, 349, 364,

397, 422, 424, 490, 548transculturalism 366transform 39, 373, 483transformations 19transformed 20, 27, 39, 40, 51, 73,

279, 311, 315, 355, 364, 397, 479, 517, 531

transforms 20, 268, 278, 484

transmission 11, 19, 22, 47, 48, 120, 139, 142, 269, 432, 433, 483

transmutations 12, 41trans-religious 62trauma 17, 18, 19, 23, 42tree(s) 43, 44, 83–85, 87–90, 92,

93, 96–98, 102, 106, 122, 149, 217, 250, 252, 445, 451, 459, 531, 532

treta-yuga 13, 37, 338trikūṭa 319, 326tri-kūṭā-cala 315, 333triple-shrined 315Tripurāntaka 292Tripurāntakamūrti 292triśūla 295, 528Triton 148, 149, 150Tritonis 148triumphalism 57triumphantly 58, 243Trivikrama 209, 290Tughluq 15, 322Tulunadu 60, 334Tungabhadra 322Turkestan 42, 47, 117, 413, 415Turks 15, 412tympanum 266, 268, 528

Uubosot 245, 250, 528Udayagiri 289uddesika 95Umā 292, 527UNESCO 54, 260, 262, 263United Nations 260un-Tibetan 72, 502Upāṅgas 437, 438, 441, 458, 470

583Index

uposatha 235, 237, 528Upper Krishna Project 336USA 510usnisha 144utopia 22, 36, 42, 69, 475, 493utopian 258, 266Uttarādhyayanasūtra 432, 433, 435,

438, 439, 441, 449, 463, 470, 472

Uttar Pradesh 18, 434Uzbekistan 116, 130, 134, 135,

547

VV&A 378Vaikunth 388, 389, 539Vaikuṇṭhaperumāḷ Temple 288Vairocana 150, 162, 163, 165, 535Vaisali 95, 532Vaiṣṇava 57value judgement 31, 36, 41, 66, 73value systems 66Vāmana Purāṇa 298, 299, 306Van Gogh 72, 510vanquished 11, 18, 41, 295, 300Varāha 289Varanga 333Varma 69, 476, 477, 478, 484,

498, 540Vasari 16, 20, 33, 174, 191Vasco da Gama 31vase 144, 453Vasudeva 145, 169Vedas 292, 381, 538Vedic 298, 488vedika 151Venur 334, 335verandah 351, 354, 364

Vessantara 75, 121, 245, 252victorious 17, 18, 39, 57, 58, 305victory 83, 88, 208, 289, 290, 304,

526Vienna 21, 284, 544vihāra 209, 266, 271Vijayanagara 58, 60, 312, 322,

326, 330, 333, 334, 344, 349Vima Kadphesis 146, 168, 169, 533vimāna(s) 293, 313, 315, 319, 334,

528 Vima Takto 145, 169vinaya 229, 276, 528Vindhyagiri 334violence 57, 288, 326, 445, 448,

453, 458, 540Vīra-Śaiva 18, 58, 60, 289, 298,

304, 324, 329–331 Vīra-Śaivism 58, 311, 322Virūpākśa 304vishavyakarana mudra 155, 534Viṣṇu 13, 80, 215, 216, 289, 290,

292, 293, 295, 304, 330, 338, 375, 376, 379, 380, 459, 480, 524, 525, 538

Viṣṇuvardhana 316, 322Viśvāntara 117, 119, 120, 122,

135, 533Viśvāntara-Jātaka 117, 119, 120,

122, 533Vṛtra 298vyālas 334

WWaagen 33Wang Shimin 510Wang Shiming 511, 541Warring States Period 141, 528

584 Index

Wat Arun 232–234, 252, 536water 144, 148, 152, 180, 199,

200, 235, 251, 290, 362, 442, 453, 495, 527, 540, 544

watercolour 385, 387Water-Moon Guanyin 180Wat Khongkharam 239, 240, 242,

251, 252, 536Wat Kongkaram 238, 255Wat Nakprok 244, 245, 252, 536Wat No Phuttangkul 238Wat Phuthaisawan 238Wat Saket 245Wat Si Chum 238, 254, 255Wat Suthat 245, 248, 249, 536Wat Yai Intharam 241, 242, 252,

255, 536Western Gaṅgās 58, 311Western Wei 173, 176wheel(s) 44, 45, 62, 84, 85, 88–92,

94, 106, 214, 524, 531, 532White Matsyendranāth 267Winckelmann 14, 16, 23, 24, 33, 74Wittkower 20, 24Wölfllin 179wood 27, 44, 80, 178, 212, 312,

335, 516, 535, 541wooden 212, 262, 266, 328, 335,

351, 391, 452, 466, 524, 547World Heritage 260, 282, 283, 284World War I 157World War II 157, 176, 480world wonder 73wrecked 235Wtewael 338, 341, 344

Xxendys 354

Xiangtangshan 173Xin 141Xiongnu 140Xue 211

Yyakṣa 490–493, 497–499 yakṣī 319, 334, 490, 491, 493, 528 Yama 512, 528Yashoda 490, 494, 540Yaśodharagiri 198Yaśodharapura 197, 198Yaśovarman 197, 198Yeniyavārguḍi 313yogī 456, 528yogic 144Yogi-Nārāyaṇa 313yojanas 235Yuan 173, 185, 195, 209, 213Yuezhi 140, 156, 169yugas 37, 338, 525 (see also ages)Yungang 152, 153, 159, 173, 534Yunnan 188, 189, 193, 536Yusuf Sai 147, 534

Zzamindar 360, 528Zanabazar 185, 187, 193, 536Zen 171, 195, 524Zhalu 163, 165, 535Zhao Rukua 203Zhenla Fengtuji 209, 221Zhou Daguan 52, 209–214, 219,

221, 225zoomorphic 420Zoroastrianism 134, 159