Chemical Based Management of Heat Stress in Mustard

Vol. 33, No. 4, October-December 2015 2819

* C.P. College of Agriculture, Sardar Krushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat - 385506,India.

I J T A© Serials Publications

National Academy of Agricultural Science (NAAS) Rating : 3. 03

Chemical Based Management of Heat Stress in Mustard (Brasicajuncea L Czern

and Coss)

Khiladkar Ganesh C., H.S. Bhadauria, R.M. Chauhan and K. Suresh*

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted on mustard (Brasica juncea L Czern & Cross) during rabi season of 2010-11 atMain Castor and Mustard Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar, Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagarto study the chemical based management of heat stress in mustard. The treatments consisted 12 possible combinations of twolevels of sowing dates in main plot and six levels of chemicals in sub-plot. The results revealed that the foliar application of75 ppm salicylic acid and KH2PO4 with first date of sowing 20th October, 2010 when compared with the control were foundsuperior for raceme length (13.84%), number of siliqua on main raceme (16.27%), crop growth rate (44.73%), relativegrowth rate (42.10%), relative water content (24.04%), seed yield per plant (19.83%) and oil content (11.52%). While inthe second date of sowing 20th November, 2010 the foliar application of 75 ppm salicylic acid and KH2PO4 when comparedwith the control increased raceme length (21.49%), number of siliqua on main raceme (24.39%), relative growth rate(49.31%), seed yield per plant (21.77%) and decreased results were observed in crop growth rate (41.75%), relative watercontent (14.62%) and oil content (10.93%).

Keywords: Dates of sowing, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, mustard.

INTRODUCTION

Mustard (Brassica juncea L Czern and Coss) is oneof the most ancient oilseed crop belongs to the familycruciferous (Syn. bressicacae) and genus brassica. Thecrop is cultivated almost throughout the country forits high quality oil and has tremendous potentialexport in the world. Mustard is grown during rabiseason in Gujarat. Mustard being a cool season croprequires optimum temperature range 6-26°C forbetter growth and development. High temperaturestress adversely affects plant growth, developmentand crop yield. According to recent study (Lobeland Asner 2003) each degree centigrade increases inaverage growing season temperature reduce cropyield up to 17 percent. High temperature in Brassicainhibits plant development and caused flowerabortion with appreciable loss in seed yield.Flowering stage have a strong influence on seedyield with rise of 30°C of maximum dailytemperature, the seed yield decline. (Nuttall et al.1992). Chemical like salicylic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate can play relieve high

temperature effect from the mustard by increasingactivity of antioxidant enzymes. Salicylic acid playdiverse physiological role in plants includingthermogenesis, flower induction, nutrient uptake,stomata movement photosynthesis and enzymeactivities (Hayet et al. 2007). Potassium di-hydrogenphosphate improved accumulation of water byenhancing the leaf water potential and this mighthave led to higher CO2 exchange rate and hence thepositive effect of potassium as a nutrient to maintainthe water status of plant, and help in osmoticadjustment there by restricts the water loss from cell.Hence the present investigation was undertaken tostudy the effect of chemical based management ofheat stress in mustard under agro-climatic conditionsof North Gujarat region.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field experiment was conducted during rabi seasonof 2010-11 at the Main Castor and Mustard ResearchStation, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada AgriculturalUniversity, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat. The soil was

Khiladkar Ganesh C, H.S. Bhadauria, R.M. Chauhan and K. Suresh

2820 International Journal of Tropical Agriculture © Serials Publications, ISSN: 0254-8755

sandy in texture with PH 7.4, EC 0.18 dSm-1, availableN 138 kg/ha, available P2O5 32.93 kg/ha, availableK2O 279 kg/ha respectively. The experiment was laidout in split plot design with 4 replications. Allpossible 12 treatment combinations consisting of twodates of sowing viz., 20th October (D1) and 20th

November (D2) as main plot treatments, six spraylevels viz., Control (F1), Foliar spray of water (F2),Foliar spray of Salicylic acid 50 ppm (F3), Foliar sprayof Salicylic acid 75 ppm (F4), Foliar spray ofPotassium di-hydrogen phosphate 50 ppm (F5), Foliarspray of Potassium di-hydrogen phosphate 75 ppm(F6) as sub plot treatments. Mustard variety GM 3was sown in rows at 30 cm apart on 20th Octoberand 20th November. A common irrigation was givenimmediately after sowing the crop for satisfactoryseed germination and proper establishment of crop.Other agronomical operations were followed as perrecommendations made for the mustard in theregion. The five plants were randomly selected fromeach net plot. Each selected plant was labelled foreasy identification. The same five plants wereharvested separately for post-harvest study. Anotherfive plants selected for destructive parameters. Themean of five observation plants were used forcalculating sampling values of growth parameters,yield attributes and yield. The experimental datawere statistically analyzed for level of significanceand pooled analysis for both the dates of sowing.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Effect of date of sowing on physiological charactersand yield:

Significantly maximum raceme length, number ofsiliqua on main raceme, crop growth rate, relativegrowth rate, relative water content, seed yield perplant and oil content were recorded when the cropsowed at 20th October,2010 (D1). Whereas, minimumvalues of physiological characters as well as yieldwere observed when the crop sowed at 20th

November, 2010 (D2). The mean seed yield increasedunder D1 over D2. Increase in yield under D1 mightbe due to the fact that during the first date of sowinghigh temperature stress was not occurred. Theoptimum temperatures resulted in improvement inrelative water content, seed yield per plant as wellas increased Crop Growth Rate (CGR) and RelativeGrowth Rate (RGR) resulting in more efficientpartitioning of dry matter to the yield attributingparts of the plant. Late sowing reduced the growthphase leading to lower photosynthesis and dry

Tab

le 1

Effe

ct o

f d

ate

of s

owin

g an

d ch

emic

al t

reat

men

ts o

n ph

ysio

logi

cal

char

acte

rs

Trea

tmen

tsC

rop

Gro

wth

Rel

ativ

e Gro

wth

Rel

ativ

e wat

erR

acem

e Le

ngth

No.

of s

iliqu

aSe

ed y

ield

/O

ilR

ate

Rat

eco

nten

ton

mai

nrac

eme

plan

tco

nten

t(m

g/ c

m2 /

day)

(mg/

g/da

y)(c

m)

(%)

60 D

AS

80 D

AS

A. M

ain

Plot

(Sow

ing

Dat

e)20

th O

ctob

er (

D1)

2.98

2.88

51.4

132

.41

74.5

439

.86

12.5

340

.64

20th

Nov

embe

r (D

1)2.

792.

8248

.91

30.9

871

.50

33.8

210

.49

36.7

6SE

m ±

0.03

0.05

1.38

0.71

0.56

0.43

0.12

0.40

C.D

. at

5 %

0.09

NS

NS

NS

1.66

1.28

0.36

1.24

C.V

. (%

)12

.07

11.7

614

.56

11.9

28.

126.

255.

767.

62

B. S

ub P

lot

(Che

mic

al T

reat

men

t)C

ontr

ol (

F 1)2.

121.

9943

.09

29.4

168

.88

33.0

010

.11

35.4

8Fo

liar

sp

ray

of w

ater

(F 2)

2.22

2.20

46.2

331

.72

72.8

835

.25

11.2

337

.11

Foli

ar s

pra

y of

Sal

icyl

ic a

cid

50

pp

m (

F 3)3.

293.

4952

.05

34.6

573

.63

38.5

012

.38

38.0

4Fo

liar

sp

ray

of S

alic

ylic

aci

d 7

5 p

pm

(F 4)

3.77

3.83

56.4

535

.14

79.0

040

.13

13.7

139

.65

Foli

ar s

pra

y of

Pot

assi

um

di-

hyd

roge

n p

hos

ph

ate

50 p

pm

(F 5)

3.30

3.09

51.2

330

.41

67.5

032

.63

12.3

838

.11

Foli

ar s

pra

y of

Pot

assi

um

di-

hyd

roge

n p

hos

ph

ate

75 p

pm

(F 6)

3.59

3.68

52.8

330

.81

73.7

538

.63

13.6

839

.23

SEm

±0.

150.

101.

431.

0075

.50

39.7

50.

160.

69C

.D.

at 5

%0.

440.

304.

292.

951.

330.

710.

472.

07

Inte

ract

ion

effe

cts o

f Dat

e of

Sow

ing

× C

hem

ical

sSE

m ±

0.21

0.15

2.03

1.42

1.89

1.00

0.28

0.98

C.D

. at

5 %

0.62

0.43

5.83

4.09

5.43

2.89

1.12

3.2

C.V

. (%

)10

.14

10.6

48.

118.

997.

185.

474.

088.

21

Chemical Based Management of Heat Stress in Mustard

Vol. 33, No. 4, October-December 2015 2821

matter accumulation. The findings are in closeagreement with the results obtained by Shivani et al.(2002), Panda et al. (2004) and Loyal et al. (2006).

Different date of sowing schedules significantlyaffected the oil content which were observed 40.46%in first date of sowing as against 36.76% in scheduledate of sowing. During second date of sowing hightemperature stress occurred due to that reductionwas registered. The results are consistent with thefindings of Singh et al. (2002) and Bala et al. (2011).

Oil content was significantly increased with 75ppm salicylic acid (F4) over rest of the treatments.Higher concentration of nutrients in seed along withhigher seed yield under foliar spray of salicylic acidresulted in higher uptake of nutrients. The incrementin oil content might be due to the increase invegetative growth and monoterpins biosynthesis.The results are in conformity with the findings ofSingh et al. (2002), Bala et al. (2011) and Sharma et al.(2013), in mustard.

Interaction effect of date of sowing and chemicaltreatments:

Significantly, the higher growth components, seedyield, oil content were recorded when the crop wasgrown on 20th October,2010 (D1) along with theapplication of 75 ppm salicylic acid (F4) (D1×F4).Treatment combination D1×F6 recorded significantlyhigher seed yield then the rest of the combinations,but it remained at par with D1×F4 combinations.

Due to early date of sowing along withapplication of salicylic acid might have increasedphysiological processes by scavenging reactiveoxygen species (ROS) which usually produced duringterminal heat stress. These results are in closeagreement of the results obtained by Afroz et al.(2011) and Orabi et al. (2011).

REFERENCE

Afroz, M.M. (2011), Effect of sowing date and seed rate onyield performance of two mustard varieties. JBAU, 9(1):5-8.

Bala, P. (2011), Yield response of mustard to sowing datelibyan agriculture research center. International Journalof Agronomy, 2(3): 112-117.

Hayat, Q. Hayat, S. Irfan, M. and Ahmad, A. (2010), Effectof exogenous salicylic acid under changingenvironment: A review. Environ. Exp. Bot, 68: 14-25.

Lobel, G. H. and Asner, P.K. (2003), Effect of hightemperature on crop growth and yield. Progress. Agric.49: 23-99.

Tab

le 2

Inte

ract

ion

effe

ct o

f d

ate

of s

owin

g an

d c

hem

ical

tre

atm

ents

on

phy

siol

ogic

al c

hara

cter

s.

Leve

ls o

fC

rop

Gro

wth

Rel

ativ

e Gro

wth

Rel

ativ

e Wat

erR

acem

e len

gth

No.

of s

iliqu

aSe

ed y

ield

Oil

cont

ent

Dat

e of

Rat

eR

ate

Con

tent

(cm

)on

mai

npe

r pl

ant

(%)

Che

mic

al(m

g/cm

2 /da

y)(m

g/g/

day)

(%)

race

me

(g)

trea

tmen

tsso

win

g/

D1

D2

D1

D2

60 D

AS

80 D

AS

D1

D2

D1

D2

D1

D2

D1

D2

D1

D2

D1

D2

F 12.

152.

122.

311.

8541

.12

39.0

529

.69

27.7

370

.00

60.2

536

3111

.32

10.4

237

.23

33.7

2F 2

2.48

2.32

2.44

2.08

51.1

841

.27

32.0

531

.37

72.5

065

.25

4035

11.3

711

.00

38.1

234

.09

F 33.

483.

103.

573.

4154

.96

49.1

339

.09

30.2

177

.50

70.0

041

4012

.65

12.1

239

.32

36.7

5F 4

3.85

3.64

3.99

3.65

57.0

555

.84

38.4

531

.82

81.2

576

.75

4341

14.1

213

.03

42.0

837

.21

F 53.

892.

723.

412.

4153

.97

50.4

931

.88

30.9

473

.00

72.8

535

3112

.65

12.0

738

.35

37.8

6F 6

3.84

3.44

3.57

3.21

55.2

548

.41

29.1

432

.48

74.0

073

.55

4139

14.0

213

.32

39.7

938

.66

S.Em

±0.

210.

152.

031.

422.

031.

421.

861.

470.

481.

80C

. D. a

t 5%

0.62

0.43

5.83

4.09

5.83

4.09

5.35

4.24

1.12

5.4

Khiladkar Ganesh C, H.S. Bhadauria, R.M. Chauhan and K. Suresh

2822 International Journal of Tropical Agriculture © Serials Publications, ISSN: 0254-8755

Loyal, K. S. Das, B. Singh, R. and Mohanty, A. K. (2006),Influence of the thermal environment on phenology,growth and development of mustard varieties. Journalof Oils and Crops, 16(2): 283-290.

Nutthal, G.S. (1992), Effect of salicylic acid allevatesdecreases in photosynthesis under heat stress andaccelerates recovery in sunflower. J. Plant Physio, 57(3): 407-310.

Orabi, S.R. (2011), Increasing resistance to oxidativedamage in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plant byexogenous application of salicylic acid andpaclobutrazaol. J. Plant Physiology. 160: 485-492.

Panda, B.B. Shivay, Y.S. and Bandyopadhyay, S. K. (2004),Growth and development of Indian mustard (Brassica

juncea) under different levels of irrigation and date ofsowing. Indian. J. Pl. Physiol., 9(4): 419-425.

Sharma, P. Sardana, V. Banga, S.S. (2013), Effect ofSalicylic Acid on Growth and Seed Filling in Indianmustard (Brassica juncea L.) under High TemperatureStress. Society for plant research Vol. 26(1): 243-248.

Shivani and Kumar, S. (2002), Response of Indian mustard(Brassica juncea) to sowing date and row spacing inmid hills of Sikkim under rainfed conditions. Indian.J. Agron., 47(3): 405-410.

Singh, A. Dhingra, K. K. Singh, S. and Singh, M.P. (2002),Effect of sowing time and plant density on growth,yield and quality of Ethopian mustard (Brassicacarinata L. Br.). J. Sci. Indian. Res., 39(4): 471-475.

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