1

ekft^:ksokpkoQthA iwks bJh

2

3

ekft^:ksok

pkoQthA iwks bJh

;?ANob p'ov nk| ;?ezvoh n?i{e/PBgqhs ftjko, fd~bh^110092

4

KAAV YATRA (For Class XII)

gfjbh tko ^ 2011

w[Zb L 00$^ o[gJ/

XzBtkdn;hA T[jBK ;ko/ b/yeK d/ fdb'A XzBtkdh jK fiBQK B/ nkgDhnK ouBktK fJ; g[;se ftZu Pkwb eoB bJh nkfrnk fdZsh.

© ;?ANob p'ov nk| ;?ezvoh n?i{e/PB, fdZbh^110092

gqekPevkH thok r[gsk,;?eo/Noh, ;?ANob p'ov nk| ;?ezvoh n?i{e/PB, fdZbh^110092

This book or part thereof may not be reproduced by any person of agency in any manner.

Printed at :

5

w[~y Ppd

d{;ohnK nkX[fBe Gkosh GkPktK tKr gzikph th pj[s nwho GkPk j?. fJ; ftZu fby/ ik oj/;kfjs dk fto;k th pj[s nwho j?. fJ; ftZu ;ko/ ;kfjs o{gK ftu ouBk ehsh ik ojh j?. gzikph;kfjs dh gozgok Xow, iks^gks ns/ fJ; gqeko dhnK j'o ;hwktK s'A w[es j?.

fgSb/ e[M ;w/A s'A fJj wzr ehsh ik ojh ;h fe gzikph ftP/ ftZu B"thA ns/ d;thA iwks dhsoQK frnkoQthA ns/ pkoQthA iwks bJh th gkm^g[;seK p'ov d[nkok jh fsnko eotkJhnK ikD. fJ;wzr ƒ fXnkB ftZu oyfdnK j'fJnK ;?ANob p'ov nk| ;?ezvoh n?i{e/PB d[nkok ;hBhno ;?ezvoh iwksKbJh BthnK gkm^g[;seK fsnko eokT[D dh iz[w/tkoh bJh rJh. fJ; i[zw/tkoh nXhB nkX[fBe gzikpheftsk Bkb ;zpzfXs jEbh gkm^g[;se ‘ekft^:ksok’ p'ov dh pkoQthA iwks bJh fsnko eotkJh rJhj?.

fJ; g[;se ftZu nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk, fi; dk ;zpzX ftdtkB 19thA ;dh d/ nZX s'A wzBd/ jB,Bkb ;zpzfXs d; gqshfBZX ethnK dhnK ekft^ouBktK Pkfwb jB. fJ; g[;se dh fsnkoh fJe wzvbB/ ehsh j?, fi; ftu gzikph GkPk ns/ ;kfjs d/ wkfjo Pkfwb jB. p'ov tZb'A fJ; g[;se d/ yoV/ƒ ;hBhno ;?ezvoh iwksK ftu gzikph gVQkT[D tkb/ nfXnkgeK dh toePkg ftu th ftukfonk frnk.

w?A T[jBK ;ko/ gzikph wkfjoK dk XzBtkd eodk jK fiBQK B/ fJ; g[;se ƒ fsnko eoB ftZu ;kvh;jkfJsk ehsh j?. w?A ;?ANob p'ov nk| ;?ezvoh n?i{e/PB dh vkH ;kXBk gokPo, gqw[Zy (BthA ekYns/ y'i) ns/ T[BQK d/ ;fj:'rh ;qh nb fjbkb nfjwd dk XzBtkd eodk jK fiBQK dh gq/oBk ns/ ;jhfBod/PB Bkb n;hA fJ; g[;se ƒ fsnko eoB ftZu ;|b j'J/ jK. w?ƒ Go';k j? fe gzikph GkPkgVQB tkfbnK ƒ fJ; g[;se dk Gog{o bkG j't/rk.

g[;se d/ ;[Xko tk;s/ nfXnkgeK ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK tZb'A nkJ/ ;[MktK s/ gqshfeqnktK dk ;[nkrsehsk ikt/rk.

ftBhs i'Ph(u/now?B)

6

ekft^:ksok

;hHphHn?Z;HJhH ;bkjeko ew/Nh L

;qh tBhs i'Ph (nkJhHJ/Hn?~;H)u/now?B, ;hHphHn?~;HJhH, fdZbh

;qh PPh G{PDvkfJo?eNo (nekdfwe), ;hHphHn?~;HJhH, fdZbh

vkH ;kXBk gqkPogqw[Zy, BthA ekY s/ y'i, ;hHphHn?~;HJhH, fdZbh

;zgkdeh wzvb L

vkH nwohe f;zx g[zBh — ;kpek gq'c?;o ns/ w[yh, gzikph ftGkr, fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh, fdZbh

vkH ftB?Bhs e"o — n?;';hJ/N gq'c?;o, ;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ykb;k ekbi, d/t Bro, BthA fdZbh

;H ;[fozdogkb f;zx — w[Zy nfXnkge, ykb;k fwvb ;e{b, ;o'fiBh Bro, BthA fdZbh

yoVk ohftT{eko L

vkH wBihs f;zx — w[yh, gzikph ftGkr, fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh, fdZbh

gqki?eN^n|;o L

;qh nb fjbkb nfjwd — ;jkfJe f;Zfynk nfXekoh (GkPktK), ;hHphHn?~;HJhH, fdZbh

7

Hkkjr dk lafo/kkuHkkjr dk lafo/kkuHkkjr dk lafo/kkuHkkjr dk lafo/kkuHkkjr dk lafo/kkumísf'kdkmísf'kdkmísf'kdkmísf'kdkmísf'kdk

ge Hkkjr ds yksx] Hkkjr dks ,d 1 ¼lEiw.kZ izHkqRo&laiUu lektoknh iaFkfujis{k yksdra=kRed x.kjkT;½ cukus ds fy,] rFkk mldsleLr ukxfjdksa dks %

lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd U;k;]fopkj] vfHkO;fDr] fo'okl] /keZ

vkSj miluk dh Lora=krk]izfr"Bk vkSj volj dh lerk

izkIr djus ds fy,]rFkk mu lc esa

o;fDr dh xfjek vkSj 2 ¼jk"Vª dh ,drkvkSj v[k.Mrk½ lqfuf'pr djus okyh ca/kqrk

c<+kus ds fy,n`<+ladYi gksdj viuh bl lafo/kku lHkk esa vkt rkjh[k 26 uoEcj] 1949 bZ0 dks ,rn~}kjk bl lafo/kku dks vaxhd`r] vf/kfu;fer vkSj vkRekfiZr djrs gSaA

1- lafo/kku ¼C;kyhloka la'kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1976 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk ¼3-1-1977 ls½ ^^izHkqRo&laiUu yksdra=kRed x.kjkT;** ds LFkkuij izfrLFkkfirA

2- lafo/kku ¼C;kyhloka la'kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1976 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk ¼3-1-1977 ls½ ^^jk"Vª dh ,drk** ds LFkku ij izfrLFkkfirA

Hkkx 4 dHkkx 4 dHkkx 4 dHkkx 4 dHkkx 4 d

ewy dÙkZO;ewy dÙkZO;ewy dÙkZO;ewy dÙkZO;ewy dÙkZO;

51 d- ewy dÙkZO;&&Hkkjr ds izR;sd ukxfjd dk ;g dÙkZO; gksx fd og&&51 d- ewy dÙkZO;&&Hkkjr ds izR;sd ukxfjd dk ;g dÙkZO; gksx fd og&&51 d- ewy dÙkZO;&&Hkkjr ds izR;sd ukxfjd dk ;g dÙkZO; gksx fd og&&51 d- ewy dÙkZO;&&Hkkjr ds izR;sd ukxfjd dk ;g dÙkZO; gksx fd og&&51 d- ewy dÙkZO;&&Hkkjr ds izR;sd ukxfjd dk ;g dÙkZO; gksx fd og&&¼d½ lafo/kku dk ikyu djs vkSj mlds vkn'kksZa] laLFkkvksa] jk"Vª /ot vkSj jk"Vª xku dk vknj djs]¼[k½ Lora=krk ds fy, gekjs jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dks izsfjr djus okys mPPk vkn'kksZa dks gn; esa latks, j[ksa vkSj mudk ikyu

djsa]¼x½ Hkkjr dh izHkqrk] ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk dh j{kk djsa vkSj mls v{kq..k j[ksa]¼?k½ ns'k dh j{kk djsa vkSj vkg~oku fd, tkus ij jk"Vª dh lsok djsa]¼M½ Hkkjr ds lHkh HksnHkko ls ijs gksa] ,sl izFkkvksa dk R;kx djsa tks fL=k;ksa ds lEeku ds fo:) gSa]¼N½ izkd`frd i;kZoj.k dh ftlds varxZr ou] >hy] unh vkSj oU; thou gSa] j{kk djsa vkSj mldk lao/kZu djsa rFkk izkf.k

ek=k ds izfr n;k Hkko j[ksa¼t½ oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k] ekuookn] vkSj KkuktZu rFkk lq/kkj dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djsa]¼>½ lkoZtfud laifÙk dks lqjf{kr j[ksa vkSj fgalk ls nwj jgsa]¼vk½ O;fDrxr vkSj lkewfgd xfrfof/k;ksa ls lHkh {ks=kksa esa mRd"kZ dh vksj c<+us dk lrr iz;kj djsa ftlls jk"Vª fujarj

c<+rs gq, iz;Ru vkSj miyfC/k dh ubZ ÅapkbZ;ksa dks Nw ysA

8

9

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

PREAMBLE

WE, THE POEPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a1

(Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic) and to secure to all its citizenes :

JUSTICE, social economic and political;

LIBERTY of thought, experssion, belief, faith and workship;

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the2 [unity and integrity ofthe Nation];

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixty day of November, 1949, doHEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELEVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

1. Subs by the Consitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act, 1976, sec. 2, for "Sovereign DemocraticRepublic (w.e.f. 3.1.1977)

2. Subs by the Consitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act, 1976, sec. 2, for "unity of the Nation(w.e.f. 3.1.1977)

10

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

Chapter IVAFoundamental Duties

ARTICLE 51A

Fundamental Duties—It shall be the duty of every citizen of India—

(a) to abide the Consititution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flagand the National Anthem ;

(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle forfreedom ;

(c) to uphold and protect the sovereighty, unity and integrity of India;

(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;

(e) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the peopleof India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities ; torenounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women ;

(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;

(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers,wild life and to have compassion for living creature ;

(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;

(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;

(j) to strive towards excellence in all shperes of individual and collective activity sothat the nation constantly rises to higher levles of endeavour and achievement.

11

sseok

w[Zy Ppd L ftBhs i'Ph 5

1H GkJh tho f;zx 13ezpdh ebkJhsq/b^s[gekj'P w;sh

2H XBh okw ukfsqe 17ft;kyh dk w/bk;w/A dh pjko

3H gq'H g{oB f;zx 22gzikp d/ dfonkroK dk fBZek u{ukfeqPB ih

4H g'qH w'jB f;zx 27skiwjbfBZek oZpjtk dk ihtB

5H nzfwqsk gqhsw 34;z[doKoky/uZgk uzB

6H vkH jfoGiB f;zx 39XhfpoS Bkb b? e/ s[oBk j?ikb/

7H fPt e[wko 44n;K i'pB o[Zs/ woBkftXtk o[Zsb{Dk

12

8H ;[oihs gkso 51T[j fdB}Ib

9H w'jBihs 55wKw/o/ wfjowk

10H wBihs fNtkDk 59foPfsnK dk eh oZyhJ/ BKIok ;'u'

13

GkJh tho f;zx(1872 ^ 1958)

1H ezpdh ebkJh

;[gB/ ftu s[;hA fwb/ n;Kƒn;K Xk rbteVh gkJhfBok B{o s[;hA jZE Bk nkJ/;kvh ezpdh ojh ebkJh,

Xk uoBK s/ ;h; fBtkfJnk;kv/ wZE/ S'j B gkJh,s[;hA T[~u/ n;hA Bht/A ;K;kvh g/P Bk rJhnk ekJh,

fco bV cVB/ ƒ T[m dT[V/go bV T[j ‘fpibh bfjok’T[vdk iKdk, go Uj nkgDhS[j ;kƒ r:k bkJh,

fwZNh uwe gJh fJj w'Jhs/ s[;hA bz{nK ftu fbPe/fpibh e{zd rJh EooKdhj[D uekuz{X j? SkJh.

14

fN~gDh

fJ; eftsk ftu GkJh tho f;zx B/ ojZ; dk fusoB ehsk j?. eftsk ftu nozG s'A b? e/ nzsse ;[gB/ d/ tksktoB ƒ f;ofink frnk j?. fJ; ojZ; ftu sBkT[ j?, go sBkT[ ekoB T[giD tkbhPKsh BjhA. eftsk ftu ojZ; fijk gqshs j[zdk j?, eth ƒ ;G e[M nkgD/ nkb/̂ d[nkb/ BIo nkT[Adkj? go, jZE BjhA nkT[Adk. w/b ns/ nw/b d/ ojZ; ftu jh eftsk ;zg{oB j[zdh j?.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

Xk—d"V e/. rbteVh—rb/ brkT[Dk. fBok B{o—;[Xk gqekP (fe;/ dh j'Ad ƒ g{oB gqekP okjhAftnes eoBk). ebkJh—thDh (r[N). g/P Bk ikDk—g{o/ isB eoe/ th e'Jh bkG Bk j'Dk. fpibhbfjok—fpibh dh uwe tork. w'Jh—p/ikB. bz{nK—bz{ ezv/ yVQ/ j'Dk. uekuz{X—u[zfXnk d/D tkbh fpibhdk gqGkt.

gqPB

1H eth dh ebkJh feT[A ezp ojh j? <2H ‘fBok B{o’ Ppd fe; bJh tofsnk frnk j? <3H eftsk ftub/ ojZ; pko/ fby'.

2H s/qb^s[gek

w'sh tKC{ vbQedks[gek fJj i' sq/b,r'dh p?m r[bkp dhj; j; eodk e/b,tk;h d/P no{g dkeodk g:ko ngko,o{gtkB j? j' frnkg:koh r'd ftukb,noPh feoB fJe nkt;hb?;h J/; b[ekfJ,M'ek ws e[Jh g"D dkd/t/ Xos frokfJ.fBZs g:ko fyu b:Ktdkeo/ no{g' o{g,

15

noPh gqhsw j? e[JhfBs fco eo/ no{g.

fN~gDh

eftsk ftu eth ;z;ko d/ ojZ; ƒ sq/b^s[ge/ d/ gqshe okjhA dkoPfBe fdqPNh Bkb g/P eodkj?. r[bkp d/ c[Zb s/ g?D s'A pknd s/qb^s[gek w'sh dh soQK ;[jDk bZr fojk j?. noP s'A g?D tkbhX[Zg dh feoB fJ;ƒ nkgD/ nzdo b[ek e/ g"D d/ M'e/ Bkb fvZrD s'A puk bt/rh. eth B/ sq/b^s[ge/dk gqshe tos e/ fJ; ;z;ko dh y/v d/ ojZ; ƒ pV/ ;fji Bkb g/P ehsk j?.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

tKC{—soQK. vbQedk—fvZrdk. s[gek—pz{d. sq/b—U;. e/b—y/v. tk;h—ofjD tkbk. d/P no{g—noPh gqhsw dk d/; i' Xosh tkbhnK PebK ;{osK s'A fGzB j?. ngko—fi; d/ gko Bk t/fynk ik;e/. o{gtkB—\{p;{os Peb tkbk. ftukb—ftu nk e/. noPh feoB—n;wkBh o"PBh. nkt;h—nkt/rh. b[ekfJ—b[ekT[Dk. M'ek—I'odko jtk. fBZs—jo o'I.

gqPB

1H r[bkp dh r'dh ftu p?m e/ sq/b s[ge/ ftu eh spdhbh nkJh <2H noP dh feoB ƒ ekjdk vo j? <3H sq/b^s[gek no{g'A^o{g ns/ o{g'A^no{g fet/A j[zdk j? <

3H j'P w;sh

eh j'fJnk s/ ehez{ j'fJnk,yg yg wo/ f;nkD/,U;/ okj gt/A feT[A fizd/ `fi; okj g{o w[jkD/,GNeD SZv, bNe bk fJZe'yhth j' ;[y wkDh,j'PK Bkb'A w;sh uzrh,oydh ;dk fNekD/.

fN~gDh

fJ; eftsk ftu eth B/ j'P ftu Gkt u/sB wB[Zy d/ sBkT[wJh wB'GktK Bkb'A w;sh Gktnu/s wB[Zy dh sBkT[ ofjs ;fEsh ƒ tX/o/ uzrk wzfBnk j?. j'P ftu wB[Zy jo rZb dk ekoB bZGdk

16

sBkT[ ’u ofjzdk j?. d{i/ gk;/ w;sh tkbk ihtB wB[Zy ƒ ;dk fBPfuzs ns/ nkgDh w;s o"An ’uoZydk j?, i' fB;fus jh j'P Bkb'A fpjso j?.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

ehez{—fe; soQK. yg yg—fuzsk Bkb nZe ikDk. f;nkD/—frnkBh wB[Zy. g{o—:ksohnK Bkb Gohp/Vh. w[jkD/—wbkj, p/Vh ubkT[D tkbk. yhth—w;s, b'o ftu nk ikDk. wkDh—wkDBk. fNekD/—nokw tkbh ;fEsh.

gqPB

1H f;nkD/ fejVk G/d bZGd/ j'J/ wo rJ/ <2H j'PK Bkb'A w;sh ƒ feT[A uzrk fejk frnk j? <

eth pko/ ikDekoh

iBw ;EkB L nzfwqs;oftfdnk L vhH UH n?bH dh fvroh, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh tb'A 1949 ftu gqdkB.

GkJh tho f;zx nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk d/ w'Yh eth wzB/ iKd/ jB. T[BQKB/ eftsktK s'A fJbktk ;kfjs d/ j'o o{gK—Bktb, BkNe, tkose ns/ nkb'uBkBkb ;zpzXs g[;seK dh ouBk ehsh. T[BQK dhnK e[M gqf;ZX ekft g[;seK ‘okDk ;{osf;zx’, ‘sq/b s[ge/’, ‘wFNe j[bko/’, ‘fpibhnK d/ jko’, ‘bfjoK d/ jko’, ‘ezpdhebkJh’ nkfd jB.

GkJh tho f;zx ƒ Gkosh ;kfjs nekdwh tb'A ‘w/o/ ;kJhnK ihU’ bJh n?tkov(1954) ns/ gdw G{PD (1956) Bkb ;BwkfBs ehsk frnk.

17

XBh okw ukfsqe(1876 ^ 1954)

1H ft;kyh dk w/bk

fJj w/bk brGr gzikp d/ ;ko/ fj~f;nK ftu wBkfJnk iKdk j? lwkM/ ftu fJ; dh o"De \k; s"o s/ d/yD tkbh j[zdh j?.

1H gZe rJhnK eDeK, b[ekm oZf;nk,p{o fgnk nzpK ƒ, r[bkp jZf;nk.pk}K T[~s/ ozr c/fonk pjko B/,p/ohnK fbckJhnK NkjDhnK d/ Gko B/.gz[rohnK t/bK, t/bK o[ZyhA uVQhnK,c[ZbK j/m'A cbK B/ go'JhnK bVhnK.;kJhA dh fBrkj iZr s/ ;tZbh J/,uZb Bh go/whJ/A ` ft;kyh uZbhJ/.

2H d{o d{o EkUA tDiko/ nkJ/ B/A;[jD/ ;[jD/ e[ziK s/ |hs/ fbnkJ/ B/A.rifonK s/ tzrK dk Bk nzs e'Jh J/,wzvh M{m/ rfjfDnK dh bZrh j'Jh J/.jZNhnK jIkoK jbtkJhnK bkJhnK,;?AeV/ ;[rksK Bkb/ j'o nkJhnK,

18

jZNh jZNh P"AehnK dh GhV yZbh J/,uZb Bh go/whJ/A ` ft;kyh uZbhJ/.

3H EkJhA EkJhA y/vK s/ gzx{V/ nkJ/ B/A,i'rhnK wdkohnK swkP/ bkJ/ B/A.tzMbh, bzr'ik, eKN', sz{pk tZid/,fSzM ftZu ;{o/ gfjbtkB rZid/.eZmk j' e/ nkfJnk o"bk ;ko/ iZr dk,GhV ftZu w'Y/ Bkb w'Yk tZidk.e'jK ftZu w/b/ B/ IwhB wZbh J/,uZb Bh go/whJ/A ` ft;kyh uZbhJ/.

4H pkb, p[ZY/, rZGo{, w/b/ ’fu nkJ/ B/A,N[zp N[zp ohMK B/ ;ko/ irkJ/ B/A.GKs'A GKs fdb, GKs'A GKs wkb B/A,N'b oj/ nkg' nkgDk f\nkb B/A.w/b/ dh pjko J/ fsekbK she J/,;"dk b? ftjkM, fidQh i' s|he J/.gb' gbh ftZu j'Dh uZb' uZbh J/,uZb Bh go/whJ/A ` ft;kyh uZbhJ/.

fN~gDh

‘ft;kyh dk w/bk’ eftsk ftu eth B/ gzikp d/ ft;kyh d/ w/b/ dk pj[s gqGktPkbh fuZso g/P ehskj?. ft;ky d/ wjhB/ ftu w";w ns/ pB;gsh nkgD/ g{o/ o"n ftu j[zdh j?, nfij/ ;w/A tkgohnKspdhbhnK ƒ wB[Zyh wB d/ y/V/ Bkb i'V e/ fpnkB ehsk j?. w/b/ dk fdqP gzikp d/ b'eK dh nwhonkofEesk, fto;/ ns/ ;fGnkuko ƒ gq;s[s eodk j?.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

b[ekm—cb. fbckJhnK—M[ekJhnK. g[zrohnK—c[ZNhnK. o[ZyhA—o[ZyK d/ T[~s/. fBrkj—BIo.iZr—d[Bhnk. BIo ;tZbh—fwjo tkbh BIo. tDiko/—tgkoh. e[ziK—b/;, fJe soQK dh feBkoh.;[rksK—uhIK. fSzM—nykVk. ;{o/—pjkdo. ohMK—fJSktK. fsekbK—Pkw. ftjkM—yohdDk.s|he—j?;hns.

gqPB

1H eftsk ftu ft;ky d/ wjhB/ pB;gsh ftu nkJhnK fejVhnK spdhbhnK dh rZb ehsh rJh j?<

19

2H eftsk ftub/ w/b/ d/ fdqP ƒ nkgD/ PpdK ftu fby'.3H eftsk ftu fejV/ ;fGnkuko dh Mbe fwbdh j?.

2H ;w/A dh pjko (rhs)

BthUA BthA pjko;w/A dh BthUA BthA pjko.

1H Bt/A ;w/A d/ Bt/A BIko/,BthA itkBh, Bt/A j[bko/,Bt/A pIko, swkP/, w/b/,Bt/A j[;hB, Bt/A nbp/b/,BthA BP/ dh sko,;w/A dh BthUA BthA pjko.

2H fgSbh j' rJh rZb g[okDh,BftnK S'jh BthA ejkDh.fgSb/ bhjK Bkb yb' rJ/,Bt/A fBPkB nr/o/ j' rJ/,pdb frnk ;z;ko,;w/A dh BthUA BthA pjko.

3H e[dos ndb^pdb s/ jZ;h,BthA ;Ve BftnK ƒ dZ;h.;fjw }[bkwh nzdo tV rJh,nkIkdh e'm/ s/ uVQ rJh,fbnk w'ouk wko,;w/A dh BthUA BthA pjko.

4H oj/ g[okD/ o"bk gKd/,Bt/A tX rJ/ j;d/ rKd/.BZu yb'sh fcoe/dkoh,

20

wubk j' frnk us[o wdkoh,bZrk d/D fgnko,;w/A dh BthUA BthA pjko.

5H pkpk ` okj'A bKG/ j' ik,iK BftnK d/ Bkb yb' ik.fgSbhnK bfjoK feZE/ rJhnK,fJj j[D jzGb/ wkoB gJhnK,nrbhnK j'o fsnko,;w/A dh BthUA BthA pjko.

6H sZs/ mzv/ ;w/A ;w'J/,tes BfiZmD eZm/ j'J/.i[r i[r ueq ekb dk uZb/,n"y/, j[zd/ ikD ;[yZb/,s[oh oj/ o|sko,;w/A dh BthUA BthA pjko.

fN~gDh

‘;w/A dh pjko’ rhs ftu XBh okw ukfsqe B/ m/m ns/ w[jkto/dko GkPk dh tos'A ehsh j?. nkX[fBe;wki ftu nk ojh spdhbh ƒ g/P ehsk j?. Bt/A ;w/A ftu Bt/A ;wki dh nkIkd s/ nrKjtX{ ;'uns/ seBheh ftek; Bkb nkJ/ pdbkU dh rZb ehsh j? ns/ Bkb jh fJj th ;[B/jk fdZsk j? fe g[okDh;'u tkfbnK ƒ fJ; BthA ;'u tkfbnK Bkb fwb e/ ubDk ukjhdk j?, i/ fJ; t/b/ T[BQK B/ g[okDh ;'uSZv e/ BthA ;'u ƒ Bk ngBkfJnk sK T[j ;G fgZS/ ofj ikDr/.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

j[bko/—M{N/. nbp/b/—w;s. BftnK—nZi dh B"itkB ghVh. fgSb/—gfjb/ b'e. bhjK—g[okD/ftukoK. Bt/A fBPkB—BthnK ekYK ns/ ftuko. ;fjw—vo. w'ouk wkoBk—fiZs gqkgs eoBh. wubk—pjkB/pkI. bKG/—fJe gk;/, goQ/ jZNDk. jzGb/—g{o/ I'o Bkb ezw eoBk. nrbhnK—nkT[D tkbh B"itkBghVQh. sZs/—wkV/. mzv/—uzr/. ;w'J/—;wk ikDk. BfiZmDk—c?;bk eoBk.

gqPB

1H fJ; eftsk ftu ;w/A dh fejVh spdhbh dh rZb ehsh rJh j? <2H ‘fgSb/ bhjK Bkb yb' rJ/’ s'A eh Gkt j? <

21

3H fcoe/dkoh s'A eth dk eh Gkt j? <4H pkp/ ƒ eftsk ftu eh skVBk ehsh rJh j? <

eth pko/ ikDekoh

iBw ;EkB L fgzv g;hnK tkbk, fIbQk f;nkbe'N, P/y{g[ok (gkfe;skB), t;Bhe^nzfwqs;o.ftfdnk L ;e{bh gZXo se.

XBh okw ukfsqe nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk ftu ftP/P ;EkB oydk j?. fJj GkJhtho f;zx dk ;wekbh eth j?. T[;dh eftsk dh ftP/Psk g/Av{ ihtB dk fusoB ns/m/m s/ w[jkto/dko p'bh j?. XBh okw ukfsqe B/ eftsk s'A fJbktk tkose ftu thouBk ehsh. T[; dhnK e[M gqf;ZX ekft g[;seK fJ; gqeko jB L ‘Bb dw:zsh’,‘uzdBtkVh’, ‘e/;o fenkoh’, ‘;{|h\kBk’ nkfd.

22

gq'H g{oB f;zx(1881 ^ 1931)

1H gzikp d/ dfonk

okth ;[jDh gJh trdh.w?ƒ ;sb[i fgnkok j?,w?ƒ fpnk; gJh fyZudh,w?ƒ MBK ’tkiK wkodh,w?ƒ i/jbw fgnkodk,nNeK dh bfjoK dh mkm w/o/ p{j/ ’s/ tZidh.ykV ykV ubD ftu w/o/ ;[cfBnK,gzikp d/ dfonk,fgnko nZr fJBQK ƒ bZrh j'Jh,fgnkok ig[ ;kfjp rkT[Ad/, mzY/ ’s/ mkod/, fgnkod/.

fN~gDh

fJ; S'Nh fijh eftsk ftu gzikp d/ gqfeose t/ot/, dfonktK pko/ toBD g/P j'fJnk j?. go,fJ; g/Pekoh dh fJe ftP/P fdPk j?. gzikp d/ dfonk fgnko d/ gqshe jB. eftsk ftu fJzi gqshsj[zdk j? fit/ eth e'Jh ihtzs j'Ad j'D, T[j fgnkod/ jB, fyZud/ jB, tkiK wkod/ jB. go, fJ; ;Gd/ Bkb Bkb fJj dfonk gzikp d/ Xkofwe fto;/ d/ th rtkj jB.

23

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

mkm—PkB, fgnko nZr—p/fJzsjk fgnko. ig[ ;kfjp—ig[ih ;kfjp (r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh pkDh).mkod/—fsqgs eod/.

gqPB

1H eh eftsk ftu dfonktK dh g/Pekoh ƒ gqfeosh dk wkBtheoB fejk ik ;edk j? <2H fJ; eftsk ftu ;[gB/ tork wkj"b f;ofink frnk j?, fet/A <3H ‘fgnkok ig[ ;kfjp rkT[Ad/, mzY/ s/ mkod/, fgnkod/’ fJ; dh ftnkfynk eo'.

2H roK dk fB~ek u{uk

jkJ/ Bk wko'Bk wkoBk,fJj roK dk n:kDk u{uk,T[j d/y' T[j vfonk BZ;/,T[j uhy/, jkJ/ Bk wko', Bk wkoBk `fpgsk fJ; T[go j? gJh,u{uk sK BjhAw?A jK fJ; fpgsk ekb ftu uhydk,u{uk sK w?A d't/A ob fwb e/ n;hA jK ofjzd/ihtB wkor ftu fJe' fij/,neb d/ ;kEh fJe d{i/ ƒ wkod/B?D T[jd/ w/o/ B?D,;G jZE g?o w/o/ T[; d/,fejVh rZb'A n;hA tyo/,j|/ ƒ t/y' w/o/ tKr T[jdk ezp/ fdb,jkJ/ U oZpkcV fbnk u{uk vkfYnK,s/ cfVnk S[oh j/m T[vhe/ fBZek u{uk okw ƒwkoB tkb/ dh nZy tb NZe pzBQ sZedkws/ nZy Bkb nZy w/b T[j j[D th gSkD bt/,nkg/ T[go S[oh ubdh ``

24

u{uk w'fJnkBZ;dk fijVk ;h BZ; Bk ;fenkHHH fijVk ;h,HHH Bk ;fenk,HHH wko',HHH woBk,HHH roK dk n:kDk u{uk ``

fN~gDh

fJj eftsk u{u/ T[go nkJh fJe fpgsk ;fEsh pko/ gqshs j[zdh j?. eftsk d/ nkozG ftu u{u/ƒ wkoB bJh T[; d/ fgZS/ e[M b'e gJ/ jB ns/ u{uk d"V fojk j?. go, id'A eftsk dk nzs j[zdkj? sK u{{uk woB ;w/A nkgD/ wkoB tkfbnK ƒ fJe NZe pzBQ e/ fJT[A t/ydk j? fe T[j fJj gSkD b?Dfe S[oh T[; T[go BjhA ub ojh, fJj S[oh T[j nkgD/ T[go ubk oj/ jB. feT[Afe fJe' gqwkswk ;Gftu j?, fco e'Jh fJe d{i/ s'A fGzB fet/A j? < fJZE/ gj[zu e/ eftsk nfXnkswe fuzsB Bkb i[V/ fJ;;zd/P ƒ d/Adh gqshs j[zdh j?.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

n:kDk—wk;{w. fpgsk—w[;hps. ekb—;wK. vkfYnK—;\sh eoB tkb/, P'PD eoB tkb/, I[bweoB tkb/.

gqPB

1H fJ; eftsk dk BkfJe u{uk j? iK e'Jh j'o.2H eh fJj eftsk u{u/ okjhA wkBth fpgsk^;fEsh dh rZb BjhA eodh <3H fJ; eftsk ftu fejVk nfXnkswe fuzsB g/P j'fJnk j? <

3H feqPB ih

T[~Sb, T[~Sb, ukn Go/ Go/ ftu,Bku fijh eodh Bhbh iwBk trdh,;ih, Pzrkoh, cph tKr fJe ngZSoK d/.

edzp dk p{Nk Bkb feBko/ d/ M{wdk,gk T[;/ iwBk d/ okr d/ Bku^skb ƒ,

25

Bkb Bkb skb d/ ;[o Godk,edzp j/mK dh SK th BZudh,fBZeh fBZeh jtk S/Vdh T[jd/ gZfsnK.

ukn ;h ;G ƒ okr d/ nBzs fij/ j'D dk,jtk s/ p{N/ s/ gjkV Bkb BZu gJ/,;wK ;h skb d/ GoB dk,w?A sZfenk EzwQ ;G BZu fgnk,yb'sk fdZf;nk feqPB edzp j/m,s/ fJe dw bJh u[Zg j'Jh feqPB dh pK;oh.N/Yh fijh Sfp ;h, ;Zik g?o yZp/ ’s/ ofynk skb s/ ;[o ftus/ w[eN j'fJnk Iok fJe gk;/,s/ w?A sZe/ fjb/ w[eN ftu bNed/ jho/,nuzGk w?A sZfenk, Bkb fjZb/ sko/ nekP d/.jho/ sb/ fjZb/,jho/ T[~go fjZb rJ/,fJj fejk wB[Zy j? <fBZek fijk, ekbk fijk,ftzdoktB ftu rT{nK uokB tkbk.iwBk ƒ S/Vdk,oZy wz{j nkgD/ ’s/ pK;oh lnktkI ’s/ BZudh bfjo bfjo iwBk,edzp dk p{Nk s/ Bkb/ SkfJnk BZudh,MkVh MkVh, feDek fjbdk.w[eN id fjZfbnk,sko/ ;ko/ nkekP d/ fjZb rJ/,;[jDk e'Jh G/s j? oZp dk.

fN~gDh

fJ; eftsk dk f;ob/y ‘feqPB ih’ j?, go fJj feqPB ih BjhA, T[BQK dh pz;oh ns/ T[;d/ gqGktpko/ tX/oh j?. fJZE/ pz;oh d/ ;zrhse^gqGkt dk toBD gqfeosh d/ ;zdoG ftu j'fJnk j?. ;koh gqfeosh;dht j'Ad tKr g/P j'Jh j?. fJZE/ pz;oh d/ ;zrhse^gqGkt ekoB p{fNnK dh SK BZudh j?, gjkV BZud/jB, iwBk BZudh j?. fJ; gqeko eth B/ ;zrhs d/ gqfeosh T[go g?D tkb/ gqGkt dk pj[s ;z[do fuZsog/P ehsk j?.

26

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

cph—\{p;{os bZrDk. ngZSok—d/t b'e dh ;[zdoh (fwfEjk;e j'Ad). edzp—fJe gqeko dk fpoy.EzwQ—wzdo dk w[Zy d[nko, yzGk. Sfp—fujok^w[jok, ndk. w[eN—ski. nuzGk—nuoi.

gqPB

1H eftsk pz;oh d/ ;zrhse^gqGkt ƒ fet/A g/P eodh j? <2H fJZE/ ‘feqPB ih’ dk fe; gqeko dk fuso g/P j'fJnk j? <3H eh ;zrhse^gqGkt ƒ g/P eoB ;w/A eth wkBtheoB dh i[rs tosdk j?, fet/A <

eth pko/ ikDekoh

iBw ;EkB L ;bZjv (n?pNkpkd), t;Bhe^d/jokd{B.ftfdnk L ckowkf;T{Nheb e?fw;Noh dh N'ehU :{Bhtof;Nh s'A T[u/oh ftfdnk.

GkJh tho f;zx s'A pknd nkX[fBe eftsk d/ y/so ftu g{oB f;zx dk BKftP/P eth d/ s"o s/ fbnk iKdk j?. eftsk d/ gZy s'A T[;dk fBt/ebk ;EkB j?.T[;B/ otkfJsh Szd w[es eftsk dh ouBk ehsh ns/ fJ; Bt/A ekft^o{g ƒ g{oBf;zx B/ ;?bkBh Szd dk Bkw fdZsk. T[;dh y[Zbh eftsk B/ nkT[D tkb/ ethnK ƒ pj[sgqGkfts ehsk. eftsk d/ fJbktk T[;B/ ;kfjs d/ j'o o{gK tkose, Bktb, ;t?̂ ihtBhns/ nzrq/Ih ;kfjs ftu th ouBk ehsh. T[;d/ gzikph ekft^;zrqfj jB—‘w/o/ ;KJh’,‘y[ZbQ/ w?dkB’, ‘y[ZbQ/ x[zv’, ‘y[ZbQ/ n;wkBh ozr’.

27

gq'H w'jB f;zx(1905 ^ 1978)

1H ski wjb

d[ZX^fuZNhnK ozrdko wowok,d/ rb xZs e/ pkjhA,;[jb gsbhnK uzB dhnK foPwK,;[ZshnK p/gotkjhA.fpoSK p{fNnK d/ goSkt/ABfPnK Bkb rVz{d/,xkj d/ ;[jb ;hfBnK T[s/,;tkd ;tkd j' T{Ax/.

br NkjDK rb t/bK ;[ZshnK,br t/bk rb ebhnK,br ebhnK rb rzXK ;[ZshnK,BhAd tb/t/A tbhnK.PKs ;[Zs/ iwBk d/ ezY/,jo/ Go/ ns ;kt/,BhAd ftr[Zsh ib Xkok ƒpzBQh ftu ebkt/.

28

;[Zs/ gkDhnK d/ ftu ;[Zsk,ski wjb dk ;kfJnk,ikD' iwBk joB tk;s/p[Zeb ftu b[ekfJnk.

n?go d{o ;kroK tzBh,B;D id'A T[j bZrh,BhAd^N{fDnK d/ izso ftuN'o U; dh pZMh.

;[Zs/ J/; u[frod/ nzdow?A eZbk fJe ikrK,ir ojhnK d' nZyK w/ohnKu[Zg u[Zg tKr uokrK.

r[zpd fdnK T[GkoK T[~s/,w;skJhnK nb;kJhnK,fco ojhnK ;B BIoK w/ohnK,;[ji^;tkd sfojkJhnK.

sZe sZe e;p j[Bo w[rbK dkj?os tXdh ikt/,Pkj ijkB d/ ;[ji^;tkd ƒbz{ bz{ fgnko ;bkjt/.

J/B/ ƒ r[zpd dk nKvk,N'N/ N'N/ j'fJnk,uheK e{eK s/ |fonkdK,ik nzpo ƒ S'fjnk.

jVQ wId{oBhnK dk tfrnk,Bkb wi{o jIkoK,uZeh ejhnK, d[owFN, s/;/,pZM/ ftu trkoK.

29

d[ZXhnK Bkb gbwd/ pZu/,ezwhA o[MhnK wktK,nZyK d/ ftu SbeD nZEo{,fjZeK d/ ftu nkjK.

p'fenK tor/ g/N T[jBK d/,s[ZfenK tor/ rkN/,Skb/ Skb/ jZE T[jBK d/,g?o fpnkJhnK^gkN/.

fco th ezw eoktD tkb/,wko wko e/ SKNK,wk;{wK d/ fgzfvnK T[s/,ukVQh ikD ;bkNK.

J/dK wId{oK dh Mkeh,id w?ƒ fd; nkJh,Bkb ghV d/ ebtb j' e/,o{j w/oh e[obkJh.

eh T[j j[;B j[;B j? ;u w[u,:k T[Ai/ jh SbdkbZy rohpK wId{oK d/jzM{nK ’s/ i' gbdk <

fN~gDh

fJ; eftsk dk ;zpzX skiwjb Bkb j?, skiwjb dh \{p;{osh dk fpnkB nkw j'fJnk j? go ethskiwjb dh fJ; \{p;{osh fgZS/ skiwjb pBkT[D tkfbnK wId{oK iK ekfwnK d/ P'PD dh G{fwek dkftPb/PD eodk j?. ekfwnK, wId{oK d/ P'PD s'A pD/ j'J/ skiwjb dh \{p;{osh d/ T[~s/ T[j gqPB fuzBQbkT[Adk j?.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

ordko—ortkbh (fe;/ beVh iK wowo gZEo ƒ t/y' ns/ T[;dh or ƒ gSkD'). rVz{d—nfjb;[Zsh nt;Ek ftZu. ;[jb—e'wb. rzXK—y[Pp{nK. BhAd^ftr[sh—BhAd ftu v[Zph. joB—u[okT[Dk.tzBh—so|, tZb. e;p—fPbg. j[Bo—ebk. j?os—j?okBh. ;bkjt/—gq;z;k eo/. d[owFN—gZEo iK

30

fwZNh dh sfj fpmkT[D bJh tofsnk ikD tkbk n"Iko. p'fenK—rohp wId{oK d/ ykbh g/N, gkDh GoBd/ ezw nkT[D tkb/ uwV/ d/ ykbh v'bK tor/ bZr oj/ jB. ;bkNK—bk;K. Mkeh—fdqP. ebtb j'e/—ftnke[b j' e/. e[obkJh—o'Jh. Sbdk—X'yk fdzdk.

gqPB

1H eth skiwjb dh \{p;{osh ƒ fe; fdqPNh Bkb d/ydk j? <2H \{p;{osh d/ f;oiD Bkb ‘P'PD’ \{p;{osh ƒ fet/A gqGkfts eodk j? <3H eftsk d/ nkXko s/ fBwB tor d/ P'PD pko/ nkgD/ ftuko g/P eo'.

2H fB~ek o~p

tZv/ oZp dhnK tZvhnK rZbKnrw nr'uo nby ngko.ueq fujB no poB iks Bk,o{g ozr no o/y B[jko.bZy T[rwD :k roeD Nkg{,bZy izwD :k N[ZND sko/.B/eh pdh P?skB cfoPs/,e'Jh fiZs/ e'Jh jko/.trD jVQ jzM{nK d/ Gko/,j'tD jzM{nK d/ xb{xko/.tZvk oZp e'Jh dyb Bk d/t/,p?mk oj/ feBko/.pkp/ BkBe ;u cowkfJnk L“J/sh wko gJh e[obkD/s?A eh dod Bk nkfJnk <”

fBZeh fijh fizd w/oh skjhUA,fBZe/ oZp Bkb gkfJnk fgnko.fBZe/ oZp dhnK fBZehnK rZbK,fBZe/ o';/, fBZe/ jk;/.fBZe/ T[jb/, fBZe/ fdbk;/,pDd/ ihtB dk nkXko.

31

br/rk fJj e[|o Io{o,n?go e[|o w/ok wip{oedw edw dhnK p/̂ fJB;kchnK.fBZe/ tv/ fto'X jIkoK,fizd eoB id skoK skoK,j/ tZvk oZp bJ/ Bk ;kok,fBZek oZp e'Jh u[DBk g?Adk,fBZek d/t e'Jh xVDk g?Adk.

fN~gDh

fJj eftsk ‘fBZek oZp’ ns/ ‘tZvk oZp’ d/ fto'X s/ nkXkfos j?. fJ;dk ;zpzX d{i/ ;z;ko :[ZXd/ ;w/A Bkb j?, wB[Zy ;zeN ftu j? ns/ tZvk oZp gj[zu s'A pkjo, ;' eth fBZek oZp sbkP b?Adkj? i' T[;dh gj[zu ftu j?, fJj T[;dh gq/fwek j?. edw^edw dhnK p/̂ fJB;k|hnK ekoB T[;ƒfJj e[|o s'bDk jh fgnk, Gkt/A fJj T[;dh Bk;fsesk jh bZr/. eth oZp d/ T[; fBor[D ;o{g dhEK ;or[D ;o{g dh u'D eodk j?. w'jB f;zx feT[Afe o[wKfNe eth j? fJ; bJh T[j fJPe dk okju[Ddk j?.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

nrw, nr'uo, nby, ngko—i' gj[zu s'A pkjo, ikD/ ikD s'A pkjo j?, fi; ƒ ;ziht o{g ftugqkgs BjhA ehsk ik ;edk, fi;dk e'Jh gkoktko BjhA, ;hwK BjhA. ueq fujB no poB iks Bk—fi;dh e'Jh Peb ;{os, Pq/Dh iK iks BjhA. T[rwD—iBw b?D, g?dk j'D, T[rD. roeD—\sw j'ikD. xZb{xko/—:[ZX. T[jb/—S[Zg ikDk. fdbk;/—j"A;bk d/Dk. e[|o—e{V, M{m. xVDk—pDkT[Dk.

gqPB

1H fJ; eftsk ftu ‘tZv/ oZp’ dk eh noE j? <2H ‘tZv/ oZp’ ns/ ‘fBZe/ oZp’ ftu eh nzso j? <3H fJj eftsk o[wKfNe j? iK nfXnkswe <

3H jtk dk ihtB

d/j jtk dk ihtB ;kƒ,;dk y'i ftu ojhJ/.jo dw sbp ;ZiB dh eohJ/,

32

mzv/ ed/ B gJhJ/.izrb rkjhJ/, o/sV tkjhJ/,Bkb gjkVK yjhJ/.fJe' ;kj/ Gid/ ikJhJ/,fe;/ gVkn Bk bjhJ/.d/y w[bkfJw ;/i c[ZbK dh,XoBk wko Bk pjhJ/.;" ozrK d/ ftu'A bzx e/,fco th p/ozr ojhJ/.i/ e'Jh p[bp[b jkeK wko/,ezB ftu T[ArbK dJhJ/.i/ e'Jh ezvk gZbk geV/,SzvhJ/ s/ BZ; gJhJ/.d/j jtk dk ihtB ;kƒ,;dk y'i ftu ojhJ/.

fN~gDh

‘jtk dk ihtB’ w'jB f;zx dh gqrhskswe ouBk j?. eth fJ; ftu jtk d/ ihtB dh wzr eodkj?, nIkd ofj e/ nkgD/ w[ekw ƒ jk;b eoBk ukj[zdk j?. ;z;koe ;z[dosk ƒ wkDfdnK j'fJnK T[;s'AfBofbgs j' e/ ofjDk ukj[zdk j?. w'jB f;zx dk fJj rhs tZyoh soQK dh ekft ouBk j?.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

;dk—jw/Pk. sbp—fJZSk, b'uk. o/sV—o/fr;skB. gVkn—okj ftu o[eD bJh irQk. p/ozr—n;o Bk j'Dk. jkeK—ntkIK. SzvhJ/—S[vk e/. y'i—sbkP.

gqPB

1H gqrhskswesk s'A eh Gkt j? <2H ‘jtk d/ ihtB’ s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j' <3H eth ;z[dosk s'A fBofbgs feT[A ofjDk ukj[zdk j? <

eth pko/ ikDekoh

iBw ;EkB L j'sh wodkB (j[D gkfe;skB), iZdh fgzv Xfwnkb, B/V/ oktbfgzvh, t;Bhe^b[fXnkDk.ftfdnk L n?wH J/H cko;h, n?wH UH n?bH

gq'H w'jB f;zx nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dk o[wKfNe gqrshtkdh eth j?. T[;B/eftsktK d/ Bkb^Bkb nB[tkd th ehs/. gq'H w'jB f;zx B/ wjKekft ‘BBekfJD’ dh

33

ouBk ehsh, fi; bJh T[;ƒ gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh tb'A (1972) ftu ;BwkfBs ehskfrnk. T[;B/ eftsk s'A fJbktk j'o ;kfjs o{gK ftu th ;kfjs ouBk ehsh. T[;B/eJh ekft^;zrqfj fby/ fiBQK ftu'A e[M gqf;ZX ekft^;zrqfj jB—‘;kt/ gZso’, ‘e;z[GVk’,‘nXtkN/’, ‘tZvk t/bk’, ‘fizdo/’ nkfd.

g'qH w'jB f;zx ƒ ;kfjs nekdwh g[o;eko (1959) ns/ ;'thns b?Av Bfjo{g[o;eko (1968) Bkb th ;BwkfBs ehsk frnk. T[;B/ ;kfjse gZso ‘gzi dfonk’dk ;zgkdB ehsk, fi; okjhA eJh Bt/A b/yeK ƒ nZr/ tXD dk w"ek fwfbnk.

34

nzfwqsk gqhsw(1919 ^ 2005)

1H ;[zdoK

sz{ iBw iBw dk g{oB i'rhw?A iBw iBw dh ;z[doK HHH

fJe iBw w?A fJjh ;z[doKGrtk gfjoB t/y e/ w'jhw?A fiT[A jh w'sh nogD bZrhGrtk gfjoB nzpo pfDnks/ w?A Xosh dh o'jh HHH

fJe iBw w?A fJjh ;z[doKfJe jho fBwkDh j'JhoKMD i'rh nby irkJhrb dk gfjoB epo dh fwZNhw/oh u[zBh e|B j'Jh HHH

fJe iBw w?A fJjh ;z[doKg{oB fJe god/;h e'Jhi' gfjoB ;h nzpo pfDnk

35

T[jhT[ gfjoB ib Eb j'fJnkw?A Goh MBK ftu w'Jh HHH

fJe iBw w?A fJjh ;z[doKts w?A ;Z;h Bkw XokfJnki' gfjoB ;h ib Eb pfDnkT[jhT[ o/s dk eD eD j'fJnkw?A ftu EbK d/ o'Jh HHH

s/ J/; iBw w?A T[jh ;z[doKT[jhT[ fJPe j:ksh pfDnknZi Grtk gfjoB e'ok ekrIw?A e'o/ ek}I d/ rb bZrhs/ nZyo nZyo j'Jh HHH

sz{ iBw iBw dk g{oB i'rhw?A iBw iBw dh ;z[doK HHH

fN~gDh

fJ; eftsk dh gkso feZ;k ekft dh gq/w^BkfJek ;z[doK j?. eftsk ftu eth B/ jho, ;[jDh, ;Z;hnkfd feZ;k ekft dhnK gq/fwektK ƒ ;[zdoK d/ tZy^tZy o{gK ftu wfj;{; ehsk j?. T[;ƒ brdk j? fejo ;Zuh gq/fwek ;z[doK j?. fJ; iBw ftu eftsoh ;z[doK dh G{fwek fBGk ojh j?. fJ; iBw ftugq/w dk BK fIzdrh j?. g{oB fJ; ftu e'ok ekrI j? ns/ ;z[doK nZyoK dk o{g j?.

n"y/ PpdK d// noE

GrtK gfjoB—;kX{ ;zsK tkbh g[Pke. o'jh—T[ikV. ts—c/o. EbK—o/fr;skB. j:ksh—fIzdrh.

gqPB

1H ;z[doK ƒ eth B/ fejV/̂ fejV/ o{gK ftu g/P ehsk j? <2H ‘g{oB’ s/ ‘;[zdoK’ d/ gq;zr ƒ ;gPN eo' <3H fJ; iBw dh ;z[doK dk fJPe eh pDdk j? <

36

2H oky/

fesBk f|eo j? fJBQK ƒ rtKYh dh Xh dk, jw;kJ/ d/ g[Zs dk,fezi oyd/ B/ fXnkB, nkgD/ ezwK dk t/bk th fezM you ikBoytkbhnK fBpjkB

bfjDk BjhA, d/Dk BjhA, fBoh g[oh ;/tk j? ;wki dhMhEK ’u'A, ftZEK ’u'A, Mkr Mkr xzN/, bGd/ frnkBfJj oky/ ftuko/

fJe o"PBdkB d/ N[ZN/ j'J/ PhP/ ’u'A nZyK dh EekBfe;/ SZbhnK d/ pkg B/ th eh eoBh J/A okyhbr/ br/ iKd/ th ezB fes/ bkB

c/o wko/ fceo d/ wz{jK dh x[;o w[;o wz{jK ƒ bkD.fesBk fceo j? fJBQK ƒ rtKYh dh Xh dk, jw;kJ/ d/ g[Zs dk.

fN~gDh

fJj eftsk ;kv/ ;wki ns/ ;wkie ihtB d/ fJe gZy ƒ fpnkBdh j?, ‘oky/’ Ppd s'A Gkt fJZE/rtKYhnK s'A j?. rtKYhnK T[go ;{yw u'N j?, ftnzr j?. fJ; ftnzr ftu fe;/ Iks iK Pq/Dh tzvdk d\b BjhA. fJj sK fJe' jh Pq/Dh d/ ihn jB, ‘rtKYh dh Xh jw;kJ/ d/ g[Zs’. fJj rtKYh fJed{i/ d/ xoK, wkwfbnK ftu fpBK fe;/ tiQk ns/ fpBK fe;/ dh fJZSk d/ d\b fdzd/ jB. fJj fBzdeth jB ns/ fBzfds th.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

jw;kJ/—rtKYh. MhEK—dotkI/ s/ skeK ftukb/ dh ftZE. SZbhnK d/ pkg—fe;kB.

gqPB

1H fJ; eftsk ftub/ ftnzr ƒ ;gPN eo'.2H ‘oky/’ fe; ‘frnkB’ ƒ bZGd/ jB.3H ‘rtKYh dh Xh’ dk fJBQK ƒ fe; soQK dk f|eo j? <

37

3H u~gk uzB

uZgk uzB—s/ w[Zm e[ sko/, ;kvk wb p?m/ n;wkB;kvhnK G[ZyK fJzBhnK tZvhnK go U dksk ` s/o/ dkB,w[Zm e[ sko/ so"Ae e/s/ uZgk e[ uzB ;[ZN e/ ;po ;kvk niwkD.;[ZN d/D e[M foPwK, vzr d/D e[M b'nK.go ftbeD gJ/ Xosh d/ nzr, fJj nzr Bk T[BQK ƒ bkD.T[j th t/b/ nkDfJe d' oksK, jZE s/o/ osk tZX ;yh j' ikD,e[M y[bQ/ jZEhA d/D J/; B{o dk dkBfco ;zC ikDuZgk uzB th y'jD, dkB d/ e/ xpokDed/ gops Ujb/ eoB, ed/ pZdbK j/m S[gkDfco ;z[MhnK oksK ;ZyD/ gZb/ \kbh ;G n;wkB.go G[Zy ftbed/ p[ZbQ ;kv/ fco th nkyh ikD,s/o/ ;zrd/ ;zrd/ dkB ;kvk ;G' eM ;oukD;kvh fsqPBk ƒ fsqgskD, Gkb ;kvh ;;skDs/o/ jZE d/ fJe d' G"o/ th—G[Zy ;kvh toukD,uZgk^uzB—s/ w[Zm e[ sko/, ;kvk wZb p?m/ n;wkB.

fN~gDh

fJ; eftsk ftu wB[Zy dhnK nfsqgs G[ZyK dk fIeo j?. ftuko ƒ uzB, sko/ ns/ n;wkB d/ gqsheKokjhA g/P ehsk frnk j?. wB[Zy dhnK G[ZyK p/nzs jB, go T[BQK dh g{osh d/ ;kXB pj[s ;hfws jB.uzB e/Adoh gqshe j?. fit/A uzB jw/PK g{ok BjhA j[zdk, T[t/A jh wB[Zyh G[ZyK th jw/PK g{ohnK BjhA j[zdhnK.fJBQK ftubk foPsk wzrD dk j?, ;zxoP dk BjhA. fJj foPsk jh fJ; eftsk dk X[ok j?. ihtB dkfusoD th oks dh soQK jB/o/ d/ o{g ’u jh j?.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

uZgk—fJe u"EkJh. foPw—o"PBh dh szd. fJe d' oksK—g[zfBnK s/ T[;d/ Bkb dhnK oksK id'AuzB g{ok iK brGr g{ok uwedk j?. ;yh—dkB.

gqPB

1H eftsk dk e/Adoh gqshe eh j? eth d/ ftuko nXhB goy'.

38

2H eth B/ wB[Zy dhnK fejVhnK G[ZyK dk fIeo ehsk j?.3H uzB ns/ G[Zy ftubh ;wkBsk pko/ uouk eo'.

eth pko/ ikDekoh

iBw ;EkB L r[ioKtkbk, gzikp (j[D gkfe;skB), t;Bhe^fdZbh.nzfwqsk gqhsw th w'jB f;zx tKr nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk dh o[wKfNe

gqrshtkdh ekft^Xkok Bkb ;zpzXs j?. T[;dhnK eftsktK ftu n"os dh ;fEsh ƒgqGktPkbh Yzr Bkb g/P ehsk frnk j?. nzfwqsk gqhsw dh eftsk ‘nZi nkyK tko;Pkj ƒ’ T[;dh nwo ouBk wzfBnk iKdk j?. nzfwqsk gqhsw B/ eftsk s'A fJbktk ;kfjsd/ eJh o{gK ftu ouBk ehsh, go T[;dh gSkD fJe eftsoh d/ s"o s/ tX/o/ j?.T[;d/ e[M gqf;ZX ekft ;zrqfj jB—‘gZEo rhN/’, ‘bzwhnK tkNK’, ‘;oxh t/bk’, ‘ekrIs/ e?Bt;’, ‘w?A iwK sz{’ nkfd.

nzfwqsk gqhsw ƒ T[;dhnK ouBktK bJh eJh ;BwkBk Bkb ;BwkfBs ehskfrnk. T[;ƒ ;kfjs nekdwh n?tkov (1956), Gkos ;oeko tb'A gdw ;qh (1969),Gkosh frnkBghm n?tkov (1982) ns/ Gkos ;oeko tb'A gdw^ftG{PD (2004)Bkb ;BwkfBs ehsk frnk. T[;dhnK ouBktK dk brGr ;kohnK Gkosh GkPktKftu nB[tkd j'fJnk. nzfwqsk gqhsw ƒ 6 ftPt ftfdnkfbnK tb'A vhH fbN dhnkBo/oh fvroh th fwbh.

39

vkH jfoGiB f;zx(1920 ^ 2002)

1H Xh

Xosh d/ j/mKX"b j?Xow j?fJe w/oh Xh j?

Xosh sK p'M j?d[Zy j? e'M j?;fjzdh j? Xhgo eodh Bk ;h j?

X"b sK EfenkEe e/ pfj frnkXow Bh jkfonkgzy bk T[v frnkXhnK ƒ EZeD dhgzy bk T[vD dhiku jh BjhA j?

40

usow[y pqjwk B/ d[BhnK pDkJhT[jB/ d[y pDkJ/ ;fj;G[iT[jBK ;zr bVD bJhfJe d/th nPNG[ih j?go Xh sK j? wBZ[yT[j th nZXh w;K g"DhT[j d[ZyK ;zr bVdh BjhAd[y uZedh j?

Xosh d/ j/mKed/ X"b ;hXow ;hj[D w/oh Xh j?

fN~gDh

fJ; eftsk ftu T[; Xh dk fuZso g/P ehsk frnk j? i' X"b dh EK nZi w{b wB[Zyh ehwsK dk;zs[bB ;zGkb ojh j?, T[;ƒ n;zs[fbs BjhA j'D d/ ojh. nfijk eoB bJh T[;ƒ pj[s e[-M ;fjDkg?Adk j?. go, T[j nkgD/ Xow s'A BjhA jNdh. Xow wB[Zyh edoK^ehwsK dk okyk j?. b'e^ftPtk;ns/ Xow dk wjZst xZNdk ik fojk j?. go fJ;soh Iks ni/ th nkgDh fIzw/tkoh ƒ ;KG ojh j?.eth eftsk ftu fJ;soh Iks dh fJ; fjzws ƒ ;bkj[zdk j?.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

X"b—;|/d p?b. e'M—pd;{osh. us[ow[y—uko wz{jK tkbk pqjwk. ;fj;G[i—;" nZyK tkbk, pj[sPeshwkB. nPNG[ik—nZm pkjtK tkbh d/th, d[ork.

gqPB

1H fJ; eftsk d/ nkXko ’s/ ‘Xow’ s'A eh Gkt j? <

2H eftsk ftu ‘nZXh^g"Dh Xh’ s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j' <

3H eftsk ftubh ‘Xh’ fejVhnK^fejVhnK fIzw/tkohnK fBGk ojh j? <

41

2H fpoS Bkb b? e/ s[oBk j?

eZbk w?AeZbk wko{Ebd'jK fJe d{i/ ’u'A bzxDkngDh ngDh nZr ftu d't/A ;[br oj/ jKfJe d{i/ ftu ni/ M[b;Dk pkeh j?

ih ftu nkfJnk ngD/ Bkbe'Jh ;zxDh fijh SK b? uZbkfijVk fpoS g[ZN e/ Ssoh tKr u[Zfenkuko edw uZb e/ jh ;Z[e ;V iKdk j?gZsk gZsk MV iKdk j?

w'J/ fpoS dh SK pj[sk fuo ih BjhA ;edhUVe ngDh fwZNh ’u jh fpoS T[rkfJnkw/o/ tKr fJefjok fJeZbtKRkfJ; dh SK w/o/ goSkt/A tKrw/o/ f;o s/ BjhA j[zdh

gZs/ gZs/ dh jfonkbhukb w/oh ftu bfje ojh j?.

fN~gDh

eftsk ftu eth d' gqshe b?Adk j?, fJe fpoS s/ d{ik wko{Eb. wko{Eb fIzdrh dk :EkoE j?s/ fpoS ;jkok j?, ftPtk; j? fJ; wko{Eb o{gh fIzdrh ’u'A gko fBebD dk. prkBh SK ;kE BjhAfdzdh fJ; bJh nkgDk jh ftPtk;, nkgDk jh fpoS nkgD/ nzdo'A g?dk eoBk g?Adk j? ns/ fJ; ƒBkb b? e/ eth fJ; fIzdrh d/ :EkoE ’u'A bzx ikDk ukjz[dk j?.

gqPB

1H eftsk ftu bJ/ rJ/ gqsheK Bkb ikD^gSkD eokU.2H eth nkgDh fwZNh ftu jh nkgDk fpoS feT[A T[rkT[Dk ukjz[dk j? <3H ‘nkgDh fwZNh ’u T[rkJ/ fpoS’ pko/ eth dk nB[Gt dZ;'.

42

3H ikb/

ikb/ ikb/ ikb/g"DK s/ gkDh ftu nkJ/T[Vd/ o[VQd/ ikb/

nZyK whNh nzfBQnK tKrz{o[IrkoK ƒ ikJhJ/e[b fvZm/ nDfvZm/ ehs/BQ/o/ ns/ T[ikb/

dopko'A i/ fwb/ fgnkbk;D ikb/ gh ikJhJ/g[D e/ ghDk s/ u[D e/ ihDkfJj BjhA g[rdk jkb/

ekbk ;{oi uVQ/ ;t/o/ekbk jh v[Zp ikt/ekby s'A fpB j'o B d{ikfeT[A e'Jh pZsh pkb/

sz{ w/o/ s/ w?A s/o/ s/p?m rJ/ id gfjo/e"D fe;/ s'A o;sk g[ZS/fejVk okj ftykb/

ih ehsk nkgD/ se gj[zuke[M sK jz{M p[jkoKgj[zu frnk go y'bQ Bk ;fenkwZE/ bZr/ skb/

Udo e/ w?A nkgfDnK dkik p{jk yVekfJnkezXK d/ rb br e/ pfj rJ/N[ZehnK ihGK tkb/.

43

fN~gDh

eftsk ftubh ;fEsh nfij/ ;zeN dh j? i' edh th tkgo ;edk j?. ;zeNwJh ;fEsh ftu'Aekft^BkfJe ukj e/ th BjhA fBeb ;edk. jo gk;/ ikb/, gkpzdhnK ftu cf;nk j?. fBokPk jo gk;/c?bh j'Jh j?, fJe d{i/ gqsh ftPtk; \sw j' u[Zek j?. fJZE/ se fe nkgfDnK ƒ th BjhA fwfbnkik ;edk feT[Afe T[j th fJ; ;fEsh d/ ;fjw d/ fPeko jB.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

g"D—jtk. dopko'A—;oeko s'A. ekb\—jB/ok.

gqPB

1H Ppd ‘ikb/’ ns/ ‘N[ZehnK ihGK tkb/’ pko/ uouk eo'.2H gqshe eh j? < eftsk ftub/ gqsheK pko/ fby'.3H eftsk ftubh ;fEsh pko/ dZ;'.

eth pko/ ikDekoh

iBw ;EkB L bwfvzr (nk;kw), t;Bhe^fdZbh.ftfdnk L n?wH J/H, ghH n?uH vhH

vkH jfoGiB f;zx B/ gzikph eftsk d/ ;zrmB ftu ftP/P gfotosB fbnKdk.fJj gfotosB T[;dhnK eftsktK ftu fJe gksoh eftsktK d/ Bkb nkfJnk. fJ;d/Bkb jh T[;dhnK eftsktK ftu :EkoE^ftPb/PD ns/ p"fXe gqGkt th BIo nkT[Adkj?. vkH jfoGiB f;zx ƒ ftP/P s"o s/ fJe nfXnkge ns/ nkb'ue d/ s"o s/ thgSkfDnk iKdk j?. T[; B/ ;kfjs d/ eJh j'o o{gK ftu th ouBktK ehshnK. fJeeth dh s"o s/ eftsk d/ y/so ftu ‘bk;K’ ekft^;zrqfj Bkb T[;B/ ftP/P ;EkBpDkfJnk. T[;d/ gqw[Zy ekft^;zrqfj jB—‘bk;K’, ‘sko^s[gek’, ‘Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/A’, ‘w?Ai' phs frnk’, ‘N[ZehnK ihGK tkb/’, ‘o[Zy s/ foPh’ nkfd.

vkH jfoGiB f;zx ƒ ;kfjs nekdwh n?tkov ‘Bk X[Zg/ Bk Skt/A’ ekft^;zrqfj(1969), ;'thns b?Av Bfjo{ n?tkov (1980), epho ;BwkB (1987), ;o;tsh;BwkB (1994) d/ fJbktk j'o th eJh ;BwkBK Bkb ;BwkfBs ehsk frnk.

44

fPt e[wko(1937 ^ 1973)

1H n;K sK i'pB o[~s/ woBk

n;K sK i'pB o[Zs/ woBkw[V ikDk n;K Go/ GokJ/fjio s/o/ dh eo goeowkn;K sK i'pB o[Zs/ woBk

i'pB o[Zs/ i' th wodkc[Zb pD/ iK skoki'pB o[Zs/ nkfPe wod/iK e'Jh eowK tkbkiK T[j woB,fe fiBQK fbykJ/fjio X[o'A ftu eowKfjio s[jkvk n;K w[pkfoeBkb pfjPsh yVBkn;K sK i'pB o[Zs/ woBk.

;ZiD ih Gbk fe; bJh ihDk;kv/ fijk fBeowK

45

;{se o[Zs s'A,i'pB o[Zs sZefiBQK jzYkJhnK PowKfBZs bZfink dhnK izwD ghVK

nDukfjnk th ioBkfBZs fe;/ d/j ftuc[Zb pD fyVBkfBs skok pD uVQDkn;K sK i'pB o[Zs/ woBk

;ZiD ihgJ/ ;G iZr skJhroG i{B ftu woBkizwD'A gfjbK nT[X jzYkJhJ/c/o jzYkJhJ/ PowKwo e/ eohJ/,fJe d{i/ dh,fwZNh dh goeowkgo i/ fwZNh th wo ikJ/sK ihT[ e/ eh eoBk <

n;K sK i'pB o[Zs/ woBkw[V ikDk n;K Go/ GokJ/fjio s/o/ dh eo goeowkn;K sK i'pB o[Zs/ woBk.

fN~gDh

fJj eftsk T[dk; wB[Zy dh eftsk j?. w"s dk fIeo gqXkB ;[o ’u j?. eth fJT[A wfj;{; eodkj? fe fit/A T[j fpojk ƒ jh jzYkT[D nkfJnk ;h fJ;/ soQK fpjok ftu jh T[; wo ikDk j?. iBws'A jh T[;ƒ nkgDk nkg fBeowk brdk j?. T[;ƒ fJj ihT[Dk w"s tork brdk j?. T[; nB[;ko i'itkBh dh T[wo/ wodk j? T[j ;tor iKdk j?. fJ; soQK eth d/ fJBQK ftukoK B/ w"s torh dodBke;fEsh ƒ th \{p;{os pDk e/ g/P ehsk j?.

46

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

fjio—ftS'Vk. pfjPs—;tor. nT[X—T[wo.

gqPB

1H eftsk d/ nB[;ko i'pB o[Zs fejV/̂ fejV/ b'e wod/ jB <2H eth nkgD/ nkg ƒ fBeowK feT[A efj fojk j? <3H eftsk ftu eth dh sqk;dh pko/ fby'.

2H ftXtk o[~s

wkJ/ Bh,dZ; w/ohJ/ wkJ/fJ; ftXtk o[Zs dkeh eohJ/ <jkJ/ Bh,fJ; ftXtk o[Zs dk—eh eohJ/ <

fJ; o[Zs/ ;G o[Zy fBgZso/wfje^ftj{D/fJ; o[Zs/ ;kv/ w[Zy s/ ;{oi;/e'A T{D/wkJ/ Bh go ftXtk i'pBj'o th b{D/jkJ/ Bh,fJj b{Dk i'pB eh eohJ/ <wkJ/ BhfJ; ftXtk o[Zs dk eh eohJ/ <

fJ; o[Zs/,;kvh ghV B/ tkb tXkJ/

47

}w dk ;{sh d{Xk t/; jzYkJ/oZy/ o'i/ rhs B j'mhA bkJ/jkJ/ Bh,fJ; o[Zs/ feZE/ v[p wohJ/ <wkJ/ BhfJ; ftXtk o[Zs dk—eh eohJ/ <

wkJ/ Bh,fJj o[Zs ehdQ/ bV bkJhJ/fe; ƒ fJjd/ i{m/ nzr S[jkJhJ/fe; Xowh d/ ftjV/ p{Nk bkJhJ/jkJ/ Bh,fJjƒ fejV/ c[Zb ;zr tohJ/ <wkJ/ Bh,fJ; ftXtk o[Zs dk—eh eohJ/ <jkJ/ Bh,fJ; ftXtk o[Zs dk—eh eohJ/ <

fN~gDh

fJ; eftsk ftu nfijh ftXtk o[Zs dk toBD j? i' n;b ftu ftXtk BjhA ;r'A i'pBtzs fJ;sohj?. go, nX{oh fJZSk tkbh fJ;soh, fi;ƒ nkgDh fJZSk dk gq/wh BjhA fwfbnk. ftXtk o[Zs fJ; eftskftu gqshe j? nfij/ i'pB dk fijVk ;wK nkT[D s/ i'pB dhnK y[PhnK jzYk BjhA ;fenk. fJT[A fPte[wko dh fJj eftsk ihtB ftu o[Zs, \{p;{osh ns/ fJZSk d/ ;zpzX ƒ g/P eodh j?.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

fBgZso/—gZfsnK s'A fpBK. wfje^ftj{D/—y[Pp{ s'A fpBK. b{Dk—BwehB. tkb tXkJ/—tkb eNkJ/(ftXtk tKr).

gqPB

1H ‘ftXtk o[Zs’ s'A eh Gkt j? <

48

2H eftsk ftu tkgo/ ;zskg pko/ uouk eo'.3H ekft BkfJek d/ wB ftu fejV/̂ fejV/ gqPB jB <

3H b{Dk

;JhJ/ `T[wo ;[brdhXhnK dh iK nkT[Adhjo Xh jo pkpb d/ftjV/ ;[gB/ b?Adh;JhnK d/ ;zr,fdB T[j y/vD j? iKdhc[ZbK bZd/ izrb d/ ftZuT[j rz[w j' iKdh;JhnK ƒ T[j bZGdhs/ nktkIK bKdhgo e'Jh ;yh BIo Bk nkT[Adhs/ T[j fJe p{N/ dh Skt/AEZe N[ZN e/ j? ik pfjzdh

fco fe;/, goh^b'e u'AfJe PfjIkdk nkT[Adks/ T[jƒ,T[j e[Zb izrb dh ;?o eokT[AdkfJe fdB c/o fJt/A dk nkT[AdkT[j PfjIkdkU; e[Vh ƒto e/ d{o d/P b? iKdkjZ;dk jZ;dk rkT[Adk rkT[AdkfJe gb dk i/ gt/ ftS'VkT[j wo iKdhT[j wo iKdk

49

go ;JhJ/fJj ;[gBk ;[gBk jh ofj iKdkPfjIkd/ EK toD e'JhdkBt nk iKdkto e/ ;sthA e'mh gKdko'I oks ƒ,G'ok G'ok eo e/ yKdkjo Xh dk jh ;[gBk j?I\wh j' iKdkpkpb d/ ftjV/ dk ;[gBkpkpb d/ ftjV/ ofj iKdk

fN~gDh

‘b{Dk’ fPt e[wko dh bzwh eftsk j?. b{Dk dh ejkDh ekdo:ko d/ gqf;ZX feZ;/ ‘g{oB Grs’ T[~s/nkXkfos j?. fi; ftu g{oB BkfJe s/ b{Dk ybBkfJek ;h. go, fPt e[wko B/ ‘b{Dk’ dh ouBk eoe/T[; ƒ BkfJek pDk e/ n;b'A BtK feodko g/P ehsk. T[go'es ekft^nzP ftu eth B/ pkpb d/ xoy/vdh s/ itkB j'Jh e[Vh dhnK nkgD/ ihtB ;kEh gqsh ;[gB/ s/ ohMK ƒ pj[s \{p;{os s/ Gkt[e PpdKokjhA g/P ehsk j?. go, Bkb jh fJ; ;[gB/ d/ N[ZND d/ dod ƒ th ;wkie wip{ohnK Bkb i'Ve/, Xh dh pbh uVQdh th fdykJh j?.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

;JhnK—;j/bhnK. toD—ftnkj[D. to e/—ftnkj e/.

gqPB

1H Xh pkpb d/ ftjV/ fejV/̂ fejV/ ;[gB/ b?Adh j? <2H goh b'e dk PfjIkdk nk e/ eh eodk j? <3H ;[gBk N[ZND s'A pknd dh ;fEsh eh j? <

eth pko/ ikDekoh

iBw ;EkB L pVk fgzv b'jNhnK, f;nkbe'N (j[D gkfe;skB), t;Bhe^pNkbk.fPt e[wko nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk ftu rhseko d/ s"o s/ gqf;ZX j'fJnk.

T[;d/ eJh rhs gzikph d/ b'e rhsK dh soQK jh gqf;ZX jB. T[j nkgD/ rhsK ƒ nkgjh pj[s \{p;{osh Bkb rkT[Adk ;h. T[;d/ e[M ekft^;zrqfj jB—‘ghVK dk gokrk’,

50

‘w?ƒ ftdk eo'’, ‘nkN/ dhnK fuVhnK’, ‘fpojk sz{ ;[bskB’, ‘w?A s/ w?A’ nkfd. T[;B/fJe bzwh eftsk ‘b{Dk’ th fbyh.

fPt e[wko ƒ ‘ghVK dk gokrk’ ekft^;zrqfj bJh GkPk ftGkr gzikp dk fJBkw1962), ‘nkN/ dhnK fuVhnK’ ƒ gzikp ;oeko d/ GkPk ftGkr tb'A T[usw feqs d/s"o s/ fJBkw (1964), Gkosh ;kfjs nekdwh dk ‘b{Dk’ (1967) bJh ns/ j'o theJh ;BwkB fwb/. fPtk e[wko gzikph d/ nkX[fBe ekb d/ ;G s'A gqf;ZX eth d/s"o s/ ;Ekfgs j'fJnk.

51

;[oihs gkso(1945 ^)

1H T[j fdB

T[j fdB i/ j[D fes/ fwb/w?A T[; d/ fuZN/ jz; fij/ I\wh fgzv/ ’s/wbQw bk d/tK

go fdB e'Jh xo'A o[Z; e/ frnk ihn sK BjhAfi; dh edh fes/ dZ; gt/, edh fes/s/ fco fe;/ PkwT[j cN/ jkb xo nk ikt/iK fe;/ ;N/PB ’s/ rZvh T[vhedk fwb ikt/

fdB e'Jh xo'A o[Z; e/ rJ/ ihn sK BjhAfdB sK ;kv/ jZE'A wfonK d/eokj[zd/ gq/s jBfiBQK d/ I\wK sZe j[D ;kv/ jZE BjhA gj[zud/

j[D/ phsh eZb she;dhnK sZe th BjhA gj[zudh nZi dh uhe.

52

fN~gDh

fJj BIw phs/ fdBK ƒ toswkB ;fEsh^fpzd{ s'A t/ydh BIo nkT[Adh j?. phs/ fdB tkg; BjhAnk ;ed/ feT[Afe ihT[Ad/ d/ w[V nkT[D dh nk; oyh ik ;edh j? go, fi; ƒ n;hA nkg wkfonkj't/ T[j fet/A tkg; nk ;edk j?. fJzi fJj T[BQK d[ydkJh fdBK dh tkg;h pko/ ;'u dh BIw j? fiBQKse j[D gjz[funk BjhA ik ;edk.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

wbQw—dtkJh. o[Z; e/—BokI j' e/. ihn—gfotko dk pzdk. d; gt/—\po fwb/.

gqPB

1H eth phs/ fdBK ƒ tkg; feT[A ukjz[dk j? <2H ‘I\wh fgzv/’ tkb/ fdB d/ eh Gkt jB <

2H }Ib

e[S Bk efj \kw'P ofj U PkfJok;G ƒ s/o/ efjD ’s/ fJsokI j?

;[D s/oh nktkI T[j nk ikDr/jZE fiBQK d/ ;hB/̂ ftzBQtK ;kI j?

rhs s/o/ w[\poh eo d/Dr/s/oh fje ftu o"PBh dk okI j?

i' ir/ T[; dk fBPkBk pzBQdkoks dk jkew fBPkB/pkI j?

T[j fe fi; dh ikB jh BQ/o/ ’u j?T[; ƒ ;kv/ irD ’s/ fJsokI j?

53

s}fwnK dh EK s/ fje ftu r'bhnKfJj th fJe ;BwkB dk nzdkI j?

fJj BjhA nkekPtkDh d';s'fJj sK X[\dh Xosh dh nktkI j?

fN~gDh

fJ; }Ib ftu PkfJo dh nktkI dh skes ns/ T[;d/ p'bK s'A p/u?B j'D tkbh ;Ekgsh d/ gqsheowBkb ;zpzXs fPno Pkfwb jB. PkfJo fi; ƒ ;Zu p'bD bJh, o"PBh c?bkT[D bJh ;BwkfBs ehskikDk ukjhdk j?, ;Ekfgsh T[; nktkI ƒ pzd eo d/D d/ :sB ftu ofjzdh j?, feT[Afe T[;ƒ fJBQK p'bKs'A vo brdk j?.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

w[\poh—;{jhnk, \poh. fje—;hBk, Sksh. s}fwnK—s}wk, w?vb. nkekPtkDh—ebgBk,GftZytkDh. X[\dh Xosh dh nktkI—;Zu, :EkoE.

gqPB

1H PkfJo d/ p'bK s'A feBQK ƒ fJsokI j? ns/ feT[A fJsokI j? <

2H ‘PkfJo dh fjZe ftu o"PBh dk oki’ dk eh noE j? <

3H ‘s}fwnK dh EK s/ fjZe ftu r'bhnK

fJj th fJe ;BwkB dk nzdkI j?

fJ; fPno ftub/ ftnzr d/ ;[o ƒ ;gPN eo'.

eth pko/ ikDekoh

iBw ;EkB L gZsV ebK, fIbQk ibzXo (gzikp), t;Bhe^b[fXnkDk

ftfdnk L n?wH J/H, (gzikph), ghH n?uH vhH

;[oihs gkso BthA ghVQh dk uofus PkfJo j?. T[;dh gfjukD T[;dhnK }IbKeoe/ j?. T[;B/ eJh ekft^BkNe fby/. gzikph ;kfjs ƒ ekft ns/ }Ib ;zrqfj thfdZs/. fiBQK ftu'A e[M fJ; gqeko jB—‘jtk ftu fby/ jo|’, ‘fpo\ noI eo/’,‘jB/o/ ftu ;[brdh toDwkbk’, ‘b|IK dh dorkj’, ‘gsMV dh gki/p’ nkfd.

54

;[oihs gkso ƒ gzikph ;kfjs nekdwh, uzvhrVQ dk fJBkw 1980), dPkpzdh;op'sw eth ;BwkB, gzikph nekdwh fdZbh (1993) ns/ j'o eJh tZy^tZy ;z;Ekt,ndkfonK tb'A ;BwkfBs ehsk frnk. fJ;d/ Bkb jh T[;ƒ Gkosh ;kfjs nekdwhn?tkov ‘jB/o/ ftu ;[brdh toDwkbk’ bJh (1993) ns/ ;o;tsh ;BwkB (2009)‘b|IK dh dorkj’ Bkb th ;BwkfBnk frnk.

55

w'jBihs(1938 ^ )

1H wK

w?A T[; fwZNh ’u'A T[~frnk jKfi; ’u'A wK b'e rhs u[Ddh ;h

jo BIw fbyD pknd ;'udK—eh fbfynk j? `wK feZE/ J/dK ;'udh j'J/rh.

rhs wK d/ g'fNnK ƒ S[j e/ c[Zb pDd/wZE/ ƒ Sz[jd/ ;t/o j[zdhd[ZX GohnK SkshnK ƒ S[zjd/ uzB uVQdk

gsk BjhA rhs dk fezBk fjZ;k gfjbk ;hfezBk wK dk

wK BQkT[Adh sK Ppd o[DM[D bkT[Ad/s[odh sK b?n pDdh

56

wK ƒ fezB/ e[ ;kIK d/ BK nkT[Ad/ j'Dr/tZX s'A tZX pz;oh iK br'ikpkp/ dh w{os t/y e/ opkp th efj b?Adh ;h

go b'oh Bkb i' ;kI tZidk j?s/ jT[e/ Bkb i' j{e fBebdh j?T[; s'A fejVk ;kI pfDnk—wK BjhA ;h ikDdh

wK fejVh y'iD ;h `uoyk eZsdh ;"A iKdhT[~mdh sK uZeh M'Adh

fGzBh o?D dk wK ƒ eh gsk `skfonK Bkb god/;h gsh dh T[vhe fwDdh

w?A th i' Pk;soh pfDnk fcodkfJzBk jh sK ikDdKwK ;kj b?Adh sK bZrdk oZp fiT[Adk j?

fN~gDh

wK Bkb foPs/ ns/ T[;d/ ;w[Zu/ ftjko, ufosq dh s;tho g/P eodh fJj eftsk, wK Bkb ;zpzXKd/ gSkD d/ Bt/A gk;ko dk fJe' t/b/ Gkt[e ns/ p'Xe nfXn?B j?. fJ; eftsk ƒ fJe j'o gfog/ys'A th t/fynk ik ;edk j?, ekft^Pk;soh gfog/y s'A. fJZE/ eftsk dh ouBk pko/, ;[ji pko/ eJhwjZstg{oB fNZgDhnK jB.

gqPB

1H fJZE/ wK dk fe; soQK dk fuZso g/P j'fJnk j? <2H eftsk ftu feBQK b'e^;kIK tb ;ze/s fwbdk j? <3H fJ; eftsk ftubhnK fNZgDhnK s'A eftsk pko/ eh gsk ubdk j? <

57

2H w//o/ wfjowk

fiT[A fiT[A fdB fJj Yb/ w/o/ wfjowkfsT[A fsT[A sB fJj sg/

dhtk fJe pkbe/ po{jK ftu oZydhfJe X[o nzdo pb/pb/ t/ w/o/ wfjowk

;[pkj Yb iKdh nkd[gfjo Yb iKdh nkuzdoh fJj Pkw Bk Yb/Yb/ t/ w/o/ wfjowk

fJe d/jh eZu dhs/ d{ih d/jh ;Zu dhtko tko o{j ƒ Sb/Sb/ t/ w/o/ wfjowk

iZ; ;kok SZfvnke[iZ; e'b oZfynkc/o th fJj ohM Bk cb/cb/ t/ w/o/ wfjowk

J/; gko fizdrhs/ T[; gko pzdrhftu Bdh nZr dh tr/tr/ t/ w/o/ wfjowk

fJe ;kvk gzSh fdnK yzGK tkbk nkjbDkftu g"D ;zrdh fco/ed/ X[Zg bzxdh

58

s/ ed/ SK bzxdhskfonK dk ek|bk s[o/fiT[A fiT[A fJj ek|bk s[o/ t/ w/o/ wfjowkfsT[A fsT[A sB fJj sg/ HHH

fN~gDh

fJj rhs BkfJek dh wB';fEsh dk fusoB g/P eodk j?. nkgD/ gq/wh bJh BkfJek dh T[vhe ns/;w/A d/ Bkb pdbdh sVg dh g/Pekoh fJ; dh ftP/Psk j?. fJ; rhs ƒ wB[Zy dh ;w[Zuh fizdrh dhfBozso T[vhe d/ noEK ftu th rqfjD ehsk ik ;edk j?.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

po{jK—p{j/. Sb/—GowkT[Dk. ;[pkj—;t/o. ;zrdh—PowkT[Adh.

gqPB

1H ‘w//o/ wfjowk’ fe; gqeko dk ;zp'XB j? <2H ‘J/; gko fIzdrh s/ T[; gko pzdrh ftu Bdh nZr dh tr/’ fJ; d/ noE ;gPN eo'.3H fJ; rhs ƒ o[wKfue ej'r/ iK :EkoEtkdh <

eth pko/ ikDekoh

iBw ;EkB L fgzv ndbh tkbk, sfj;hb niBkbk, fIbQk nzfwqs;o, t;Bhe^nzfwqs;o ns/ fdZbh.ftfdnk L n?wH J/H (nzrq/Ih ns/ gzikph), ghH n?uH vhH.

w'jBihs gzikph eftsk ftu ikfDnk gSkfDnk Bkw j?. fJ;dh eftsk ftu;wekbh ;wkie ;fEsh ftu nkX[fBe wB[Zy dh :ksBk ƒ do;kfJnk frnk j?. T[;d/gqw[Zy ekft^;zrqfj—‘;fjedk Pfjo’, ‘eh Bkoh eh Bdh’, ‘T[jb/ ftu T[finkok’, ‘jtkfgnkIh’ nkfd jB. ekft ouBk d/ fJbktk w'jBihs B/ e[M g[;seK d/ ;zgkdB ns/nB[tkd th ehs/ jB.

w'jBihs ƒ gzikph nekdwh fdZbh dk d' tko tfPPN ekft ;BwkB (1986^87ns/ 1996^96) th fwfbnk.

59

wBihs fNtkDk(1947 ^ )

1H foPfsnK dk eh o~yhJ/ BK

nkgD/ \{B dh tr/ MBKfoPfsnK dk eh oZyhJ/ BK

T[sohnK ekbhnK p'bhnK BQ/ohnKBk oZ[sK s/ohnK Bk o[ZsK w/ohnKr{VQh joh J/ u[Zg fijh SKeo/ T[vheK pD e/ wKnkgD/ y{B dh tr/ MBKfoPfsnK dk eh oZyhJ/ BK

e"D ;[D/rk v[;edh pz;he"D fbikJ/ j"feUA gkodfonktK ƒ bKp{ bZr rJ/e"D ;[D/ nkjK dh ;kofejh G?D fejVk thofejV/ g[Zso fejVh wKo[Zy d/ j/mK wo rJh SKnkgD/ \{B dh tr/ MBKfoPfsnK dk eh oZyhJ/ BK

60

Ifjoh d[ZX \{Bh rKfeZE/ bZGhJ/ epo bJh EKe/jk w[be e/jk roKwo frnk j[D ;Zuk fBnKnkgD/ \{B dh tr/ MBKfoPfsnK dk eh oZyhJ/ BK

fN~gDh

fJj eftsk nkgD/ nkb/ d[nkb/ d/ :EkoE ftPb/PD s'A g?dk j'Jh T[dk;h dh eftsk j?. fJj T[j:EkoE j? fiZE/ ;wkie foPfsnK dk e'Jh noE BjhA ofj frnk. fJj fJ; soQK dh ;fEsh j? fiZE/e/tb ;wkie^;zpzX jh BjhA, gqfeosh ns/ ;z;feqsh th nkgD/ noE r[nkJh p?mh j?.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

MBK—uBkp (dfonk). v[;edh—j"e/ b?Adh. Ifjoh—Ifjohbk. roK—fgzv.

gqPB

1H ‘foPfsnK dk eh oZyhJ/ BK’ fJj T[uko gqPBtkuh j? iK T[dk;h Gfonk ftnzr j? <2H ‘Ifjoh d[ZX, y{Bh rK’ fe; tb ;ze/s j? <

2H Iok ;'u'

id'A uzB ;{oi nzBQ/ j' ikDc/o fet/A okj u[DhAd/

e[o;h fe; ƒ efjzd/ B/i/ b/fNnK th j"b g?Dc/o dw fet/A bJhd?

fusk dh nZr s'A:Zr dh nZr ’uid'A nzso w[Ze ikt/c/o eh eohd?

61

eh p;so bkj[D BkbBzr/ j' ;ehd?

:kdkPs dh g'Nbh fejVh i/p ’u oZyh j?Pe[zsbk dh w[zdoh tkbh wZSh ƒ ;w[zdo fBrb fbnk j?eh ftPb/PD e'b ;w[zdo dk jb j?

;[fDn? ;w[zdo fJe p[ZYk d/tsk j?c/o w/o/ ;kj feT[A v[Zp oj/ B/

fdwkr dh n?De feZE/ G[b nkJ/ j'ed'A se nzBQ/ pD/ oj'r/

ekfJBks d/ uko/ bVK ƒ fizBh woIh x[ZN bt'nk\o ;G e[M gkDh tKrjZEK dhnK T[ArbK u'A feo ikt/rked/ ;'funk j? <

fN~gDh

fJj eftsk ;wki, okiBhsh ns/ ;fGnkuko dh toswkB ;fEsh dk ftPb/PD eodh j'Jheftsk j?. fJ; ;fEsh s'A g?dk j'J/ p'X ƒ g/P eodh j?. fJj p'X wB[Zy ƒ fet/A n;jkfJ pDkfdzdk j?—fJ; n;jkfJ ;'u ƒ g/P eodh fJj eftsk ;kvh t;s{̂ ;fEsh T[go fJe o[dB g/Peodh j?.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

dw—;kj. p;so—t;so. ekfJBks—d[BhnK. feo—fBeb.

gqPB

1H ‘fusk dh nZr’ ns/ ‘:Zr dh nZr’ ftu eh nzso j? <2H ‘fdwkr dh n?De feZE/ G[Zb nkJ/ j' ed'A se nzBQ/ pD/ oj'r/’

^fJ; ftub/ ftnzr ƒ ;gPN eo'.3H ‘id'A ;{oi nzBQ/ j' ikD’ ftu uzB s/ ;{oi fe; d/ gqshe jB <

62

eth pko/ ikDekoh

iBw ;EkB L gfNnkbk, gzikp.ftfdnk L n?wH J/H (wB'ftfrnkB ns/ nzrq/Ih), ghH n?uH vhH.

wBihs fNtkDk dk BK Bkoh ekft y/so ftu ftP/P gfjukB ;Ekfgs eou[Zfenk j?. T[;dh eftsk ftu Bkohtkd dh Mbe ;k| fdykJh fdzdh j?. ;wekbh;wki ftu n"os dh ;fEsh ns/ T[;dk ;zskg T[;dhnK eftsktK dk e/Adoh X[ok j?.T[;d/ gqw[Zy ekft^;zrqfj jB—‘fJbjkw’, ‘fJbIkw’, ‘T[DhAdk toswkB’, ‘;kftsoh’,‘fiB gq/w ehU’ nkfd.

wBihs fNtkDk ƒ ‘T[DhAdk toswkB’ bJh ;kfjs nekdwh ;BwkB (1990) ns/Pq'wDh gzikph eth g[o;eko, gzikp ;N/N GkPk ftGkr (1999) th fwfbnk.