kerala padanam fullbook(കേരള പഠനം ശാസ്ത്ര...

tIc-f -]-T\w

tIcfw Fßs\ Pohn-°p∂p?tIcfw Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p?

tIc-f -]-T\w

tIcfw Fßs\ Pohn-°p∂p?tIcfw Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p?

FUn-‰¿tUm. sI. ]n. Ac-hn-µ≥

tIcf imkvX-km-ln-Xy -]-cn-jØv

tIc-f-]-T\wtIcfw Fßs\ Pohn-°p∂p?tIcfw Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p?

FUn-‰¿ :tUm. sI. ]n. Ac-hn-µ≥

H∂mw ]Xn∏v:sk]v‰w-_¿ 2006

]km-[\w, hnX-cWw:tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv,

tImgn-t°mSv 673002en]n hn\ymkw:

bpdo-°, tImgn-t°m-Sv- 673002Ih¿:

iotejv Ipam¿ sI. sI.A®Sn:

KoXm-RvPen Hm vsk‰v ]nt‚gvkv,tImgn-t°mSv

hne: 140 cq]

keralapadanam

keralam engane jeevikkunnu?

keralam engane chinthikkunnu?

editor:

dr. k. p. aravindan

first edition:

september 2006

published and distributed by:

kerala sastra sahitya parishad,

kozhikode - 673002

typesetting:

eureka, kozhikode - 673002

cover:

sreelesh kumar k. k.

printing

geetanjali offset printers,

kozhikode

price: rs.140

ISBN:81-88033-91-X

KSSP 1309 IE SEPTEMBER 2006 C 1/4 2K 14000 FT 732/2006

]T\ dnt∏m¿´v Xøm-dm-°n-b-h¿

s]m^. Sn ]n Ip™n-°-Æ≥sI sI P\m¿Z-\≥

tUm. B¿ hn Pn tat\m≥tUm. Sn sI B\µntUm. hn cma≥Ip´ntUm Fw ^ntdmkv

sI Sn cm[m-Ir-jvW≥kn Fw apc-fo-[-c≥

tUm. sI ]n Ac-hn-µ≥

tIc-f- ]-T\w hnP-bn-∏n-®-Xn¬ \nkvXp-e-amb ]¶phln-®Xv Ht´sd ]bm-k-ßƒt\cn´v hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Ønb Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v ]cn-jØv ]h¿Ø-I-cm-Wv.Ah-cp-sS-sb√mw t]cp-Iƒ ChnsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-sb-∂Xv ]mtbm-Kn-I-ambnkm[y-a-√. ]T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[ inev]-im-e-I-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-b-h-cp-

sSbpw ]T\hnh-c-ßƒ tImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v ][m-\-ambn klm-bn-®-h-cp-sSbpw

t]cp-Iƒ amX-amWv ChnsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.

s]m^. sI ]m∏q´ntUm. F≥ sI iin-[-c≥ ]n≈

s]m^. ]n sI cho-µ≥, Sn sI tZh-cm-P≥, Sn KwKm-[-c≥Sn cm[m-aWn, ]n kptcjv, Fw Pn kptcjv Ipam¿

tUm. ]n F≥ F≥ ]njm-cSn, s]m^. Fw sI ]kmZvF≥ PK-Po-h≥, ]n Fkv cmP-ti-J-c≥

ssh ANyp-X-]-kmZv, tUm. hn B¿ cLp-\-µ-\≥B¿ cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, tUm. sI ]n IrjvW≥Ip´n

s]m^. sI io[-c≥, Fw tKm]-Ip-am¿Sn Fkv APnX, kn ]n hnP-b≥, H Fw i¶-c≥

tUm tPm¨ aØmbn, tUm. B¿ _n cmP-e£van, B¿ kXojvF ]n kc-kzXn, sImS-°mSv io[-c≥, sI kpZ¿i-\m-`mbv

sI Fw Gen-bmkv, hn Pn tKm]n-\m-Y≥, sI ]n chn-]-ImivF ]n apc-fo-[-c≥, sI cmtPjv, sI kpPmXIpamcn

C hn-em-kn-\n, Sn hn Aw_p-Pm£n, hn _nµp, Fw joPSn ]n io[-c≥, Sn ]n kpIp-am-c≥, F ]n t]am-\µv

Fw ]n kn \ºym¿, F≥ A_vZpƒ kemwsI _n P\m¿Z-\≥, ]n sI hnt\mZv

DPz¬ tImaØv

]T-\-hp-ambn kl-I-cn-®-h¿

tUm. sI ]n IÆ≥tUm. sI cma-N-µ≥ \mb¿

tUm. sI F≥ lcn-em¬tUm. sI B¿ X¶-∏≥

tUm. i¶-c-i¿ΩtUm. arZp¬ Cu∏≥

tUm. \h-\oXwsI sI IrjvW-Ip-am¿ (CSES)

tUm. sI F≥ KtWjvtUm. Fw ]n ]c-ta-iz-c≥tUm. sI hnP-b-Ip-am¿tUm. _n CIv_m¬tUm. F ANyp-X≥tUm. Sn Fw i¶-c≥kn ]n \mcm-b-W≥tUm. Fw sI kpIp-am-c≥ \mb¿

hnZKv[ klmbw

]km-[I-°p-dn∏v

]cn-jØv \S-Ønb tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ N¿®-Iƒ°mbn s]mXp-P-\-ß-fpsS ap∂n¬ Ah-X-cn -∏n -°p-∂-Xn¬Rßƒ°v AXn-bmb kt¥m-j-ap-≠v. tIcf hnI-k-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]cn-j-Øns‚ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpsS kzm`m-hn-I-amb XpS¿®bpwhf¿®-bp-amWv Cu ]T-\w. 1976¬ "tIc-f-Øns‚ kºØv' F∂it≤-b-amb KŸ-tØm-sS-bmWv ]cn-jØv hnI-k-\-cw-KØv i≤]Xn-∏n®p XpS-ßn-b-Xv. Cu ]pkvXIØns‚ D≈-S-°sØ Bkv]-Z-am°n hym]-I-amb ¢mkp-Ifpw ]cn-j-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

XpS¿∂v Kma-im-kvX-k-an-Xn-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww, ]cn-kc Du¿÷-cw-KsØ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, kºq¿Æ-km-£-cXm ]h¿Ø-\w, hn`-h-`q-]S \n¿Ωm-Ww, A[n-Imc hntI-µo-I-cW cwKsØ CS-s]-S-ep-IƒXpSßn Ht´sd ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]cn-jØv \S-Øn-bn- p-≠v. Hmtcm Ah-k-c-Ønepw \nc-h[n eLp-te-J-Ifpw ]pkvX-I-ßfpw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. ¢mkp-Iƒ, N¿®-Iƒ, skan-\m-dp-Iƒ, ]Nm-cW PmY-Iƒ, Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, inev]-im-e-Iƒ, Kma-]m¿e-sa‚p-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ cq]-ßƒ Cu Bib ]Nm-cW ]cn-]m-Snbv°pth≠n D]-tbm-Kn-®p.

hnI-k-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v hnhn[ cwK-ß-fnse ]iv\-ß-fn¬CS-s]-Sp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Ahsb apt∂m´v \bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb]T\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw ]cn-jØv Bkq-XWw sNbvXph∂n-´p-≠v. 1978se Ip´-\mSv ]T-\w, Nmen-bm¿, I√-S-bm¿, sh≈q¿, sske‚ v hmenXpS-ßnb ]mcn-ÿn-XnI ]iv\-ß-fn¬ \S-Ønb ]T\ßƒ, 1984¬\S-Ønb hnZym-`ymk cwKsØ Agn-a-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\w, 1987se Btcm-Ky-k¿t∆, 1995 se tIcf hnZym-`ymk IΩo-j≥ XpS-ßn-bh C°q-´-Øn¬ FSpØp ]d-tb-≠-h-bm-Wv.

Gsd-°m-esØ N¿®-Iƒ°p-ti-j-amWv tIcf kaq-l-Øns‚D≈-d-I-fn-te°v shfn®w hoip∂ tIc-f-]-T-\-]-cn-]m-Sn°v ]cn-jØv

Xocp-am-\n-®-Xv. ]cn-jØpw AXns‚ ]T-\-ßfpw P\-hn-cp-≤-sa∂v apZ-IpØn h≥tXm-Xn¬ BI-an-°-s∏´ Ime-L- -Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv hn]p-e-amb Cu ]T\ ]cn-]m-Sn°v XpS-°-an-´-Xv. Adnhv IpØ-I-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Itºm-f-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂ C°m-eØvP\-]-£Øv \n∂p≈ ]T-\-ßƒ°v Gsd ]k-‡n-bp-s≠∂v RßƒIcp-Xp-∂p.

P\-Io-b-ambn \S∂ Cu ]T\ ]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬ GXm≠v Aøm-bn-c-Øn-\-SpØv ]cn-jØv ]h¿Ø-Icpw kplr-Øp-°fpw ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn. Ccp-]-Xn-\m-bn-c-tØmfw aWn-°q-dp-Iƒ ]cn-io-e-\-ßƒ°pwk¿t∆ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xmbn IW-°m-°mw. ]me-°mSv sF B¿ Sn kn bnepw Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw sshtem-∏n≈nkwkvIrXn `h-\nepw \S-Ønb inev]-im-e-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv tiJ-cn®Um‰ hni-I-e\ hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv. tIc-f-Ønse Ht´sd A°m-Z-anIv]WvUn-X-∑m¿ hnhn[ L´-ß-fn-embn \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬In Rßsfklm-bn-®n- p-≠v. Ah-cpsS Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-tSbpw t]cp-Iƒ ChnsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-√. ]T-\-hp-ambn kl-I-cn® F√m-h-tcmSpw kwL-S-\-bv°p≈ \µn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Cu Ah-kcw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

Hmtcm At\z-jW hnj-b-Øn\pw Hcp BapJw \evIm≥ amX-amWv ChnsS ian-®n-´p-≈-Xv. ]cn-j-Øns‚ `mK-Øp-\n-∂p≈ hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßtfm hymJym-\-ßtfm A√. Ch-bn-temtcm hnh-c-Øn\pwAXn-ep-sa-Xtbm IqSp-X¬ hymJym-\-ßfpw At\z-j-W-ßfpw Bh-iy-ambn hcpw . Cu hnh-c-ßƒ N¿® sNøp∂ F√m-hcpw hyXykvXho£W tImWn¬ \n∂v Ah-sb-I≠v Cu At\zj-W-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-hWw F∂mWv Rß-fm-K-ln-°p-∂-Xv.

]T-\-Øns‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ i‡-amb Bi-b-kw-hm-Z-Øn-\pw,IqSp-X¬ Bg-Øn-ep≈ ]T-\-ßƒ°pw \nan-Ø-am-hp-sa∂v Rßƒ]Xym-in-°p-∂p.

tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv

Fßs\ Pohn-°p-∂p?

Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p? 11tIcfw

1. hnI-k-\-Ønse tIc-f amXrI........ 13

2. ]T\ coXn ................................................. 19

3. hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw .................................. 39

4. hchpw sNehpw BkvXn-Ifpw ........ 49

5. sXmgnepw D]Poh-\hpw ..................... 63

6. ZmcnZyhpw Ak-aXzhpw ..................... 77

7. kmaqlnI N-e-\m-fl-IX ................... 89

8. hnZym-`ymkw ............................................. 93

9. BtcmKyw ............................................... 107

10. kvXoI-fpsS Ahÿ........................ 113

11. kwkvImcw .............................................. 129

12. \ne]m-Sp-Iƒ........................................... 145

13. hnI-k\w B¿°p-th≠n .................. 171

14. A\p-_‘w ............................................ 181

D≈-S°w



A≤ymbw 1

hnI-k-\-Ønse tIc-f-am-XrI

hnI-k-\-Ønse tIc-f-am-XrI(Kerala Model of Development) Hcp]mSv N¿®-sN-ø-s∏- n- p-≠v. -Xm-c-X-tay\ Xmgv∂ hcp-am-\-\n-c°pIƒ \ne-\n¬°p-tºmgpw Pohn-X-Kp-W-kq-N-I-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ A¤p-X-mh-l-amb t\´-ßƒ ssIh-cn-°m≥Ign™p F∂-Xm-Wt√m tIc-f-am-XrIbpsS ImX¬.- sk‚¿ t^m¿ sUh-e-]vsa‚ v ÃUo-knse Kth-j-I-cmWv CXmZyw temI-i-≤-bn¬ s]Sp-Ø-nbXv.C¥y-bnse Zmcn-ZysØ°pdn-®p≈ ]-^.-Z-tWvU-°-dpsS ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse sImSnb Zmcn-ZysØ ]‰n-bp≈ ]cm-a¿ißtfm-Sp≈ sh√p-hn-fn-bm-bn-´mWvAh¿ CXp ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv.- C-¥y-bpsS a‰p `mKßtf°mƒ Gsd sa®-s∏á\p-jy-hn-I-k\ kqN-Iß-fmWv tIc-f-Øn-ep-≈Xv F∂-h¿ Nq≠n°m-ń. kwÿm-\-k¿°m¿ t_m[-]q¿hw ]n¥pS¿∂p-h-cp∂ \b-ßfpw \S-]-Sn-Ifp-amWv CXns‚]n∂n¬ F∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS A`n-]m-bw.

tIc-f-Øns‚ a\p-jy-hn-I-k-\-kq-N-I-ßsf ]e-t∏mgpw hnI-knX cmPy-ß-fptS-Xp-am-bn- mWv Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≈-Xv.- CX Ipd™ sNe-hn¬ Ah-cp-tS-Xn-t\mSpInS-]n-Sn--°p∂ Btcm-Ky-kq-Nn-I-Iƒ Fßs\ Xc-s∏-SpØn F∂-XmWv ]e-t∏mgpwDb¿Ø-s∏-Sp∂ tNmZyw. F∂m¬ IqSp-X¬ ]k-‡-amb tNmZyw F¥p-sIm≠va‰p C¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v tIc-f-Øns‚Xpt]m-ep≈ kmaq-ln-I-˛-km-º-ØnIt\´-ßƒ ssIh-cn-°m\mbn-√ F∂-Xm-Wv. tIc-f-hn-I-k-\m-\p-`-h-Øns‚ khn-ti-jamb Nme-I-i‡n Xpey-X-bnepw kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-bnepw D≈ i‡-amb Du∂epw]Xn-_-≤Xbp-amWv. io\mcm-bW Kpcp-sh-t∏m-ep≈ \thm∞m\ \mb-I¿ cq]wsImSpØ Cu [mcbv°v IΩyqWnÃp ]m¿ń kmº-Øn-Ihpw cmjvSo-b-hp-ambam\-ßƒ \¬In.- sFIy tIc-f-Ønse H∂mw CS-Xp-]£ k¿°m¿ hnX-c-W-\o-Xn°v Du∂¬ sImSpØp-sIm≠v `q]-cn-jv°-cWw apX-emb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v Zo¿L-ho-£-W-tØmsS XpS-°w-Ip-dn-®p. AXns‚ XpS¿®-bm-bp-≠mb ka-Xzm-[n-jvTnX\b-ßƒs°Xn-cp-\n¬°m≥ Hcp k¿°m-cn\pw Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.- A-X-X-amXwtIc-f-P-\-X-bpsS at\m-L-S-\sb kzm[o-\n®ncp-∂p.- aq-∂p-\mep Zi-I-ß-tfmf-sa-¶nepw tIc-f-cm-jvSo-b-Øn\v Ak-∂nKv≤amb Hcp CS-Xp-]-£-Om-bbp≠mbn-cp-∂p-˛-`-cn-°p∂ ]m¿ń GXm-bm-epw.


Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p?14 tIcfw

tIc-f-am-Xr-I-bpsS t\´-ßƒ

Cu \b-ß-fn-eqsS tIcfw t\Snb t\´-ßƒ \nm-c-a-√.- P-\\ \nc°v,-in-ip-a -c -W-\n -c°v , -am -Xr -a -cW\nc°v F∂nh C¥y-bnse at‰ -sXmcpkwÿm\sØ°mƒ Gsd -Ipdhpw hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-ß-fn-te-Xn-t\mSp InS-]n-Sn-°p-∂Xpam-Wv. P-\\ \nc°v \mS-Iob-ambnØs∂ Ipd™v GXm-≠v- ÿn-c-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-se-Øn-bn-cn--°p-∂p.- Ip-ńIfnse t]mj-W°pdhpw hnf¿®bpw C¥y-bn¬G‰hpw Ipdhv tIc-f-Øn-em-Wv.- k-ºq¿Æ-km-£-c-Xbpw kºq¿Æ kvIqƒ ]-th-i-\hpw amX-a√ B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Ipń-Iƒ D∂X hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ t]mIp-∂Xpw tIc-f-Øns‚ t\´-ß-fm-Wv.- G‰hpw sa®-s∏´ tUmIvS¿-˛-P-\-kwJym A\p-]m-Xw,- B-ip-]-X-n°n-S-°-˛-P-\-kwJym A\p-]m-Xw, -G-‰hpw IqSp-X¬ tdmUp kmµX F∂n-hbpw tIc-f-Øn-em-Wv.- sa-tSm-t]m-fnkp-Iƒ Ign-®m¬G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ D]-t`m-K-®-c-°p-Iƒ hn‰-gn-°p-∂Xp tIc-f-Øn-em-Wv.- Z-cn-Z-P-\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ \n∂v kaq-l-Øns‚ D]-cn-X-e-ß-fn-te-°p-≠mb ta¬K-Xn-bpsS tXmXpw tami-a-√.

ùXnI PohnX KpWm-¶-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ amX-a√ Pohn-Xssien-bnepwkmwkvIm-cn-I-Po-hn-X-Ønepw hen-b- am-‰-ß-fp-≠m-bn.-hr-Øm-¥-]-X-ß-fp-sS-bpw- am-kn-I-IfpsSbpw hmb-\-bn¬ H∂ma-XmWp tIc-fo-b¿. Iem-km-ln-Xy-cw-K-ß-fnepwDW¿hpw hf¿®bpw D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. kn\n-a-bpw \mS-Ihpw kmln-Xyhpw P\-Io-b-am-bn. -A-h-bn¬ ]ptcm-Ka-\-]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS kzm[o-\-hpw -]-I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p. -cmPy-Øv s]mXpth Akz-ÿ-X-Iƒ ]-S¿∂-t∏mgpw tIc-f-k-aqlw atX-X-c-aq-ey-ß-fp-sSbpw kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-bp-sSbpw \ne-]m-Sp-Xd-bn¬ Dd-®p-\n-∂p.- C-¥y-bnse at‰-sXmcp kaq-l-tØ-°mƒ IqSp-X-embn ae-bmfn ]g-a-bpsS Nß-e-∏q- p-Iƒ s]mńs®-dn-bp-Ibpw hnim-e-amb temI-tØ°v IS-∂p-sN-√p-Ibpw sNbvXp.\q‰m-≠p-I-fmbnA¥¿ap-J-cm-bn-cp-∂,- am-‰-ßƒ°v ]pdw-Xn-cn™p\n∂ Hcp kaqlw ]pd-ta-\n-∂p≈Bi-b-ßƒ°mbn hmXn-ep-Iƒ Xpd-∂n-Sp-Ibpw kzbw ]cn-Wm-a-s∏Sp-Ibpw sNøp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Zpcm-Nm-c-ß-fpsS \pI-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ tamN-\hpw ]pXnb hnZym-`ymkw ]Zm\w sNbvX Bfl-hn-izm-khpw sa®-s∏´ Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-ßƒ tXSnhnZqc Xoc-ßfn¬ hsc sNs∂-Øm≥ Ahsc ]m]vX-cm-°n.

tIc-f-am-Xr-I-bpsS ]Xn-k‘n

F¨]-Xp-I-tfmsSXs∂ tIc-f-am-XrI Hcp ]Xn-k‘nsb t\cn-Sp-I-bm-sW∂vhy‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. Pohn-X-Kp-W-X-bn¬ ssIh-cn® it≤-b-amb t\´-ßƒ°\p-kr-X-ambn kmº-Øn-I-h-f¿®-bn¬ am‰-ß-fp-≠m-bn√. aq∂p Imcy-ßƒ sXfn™p\n¬°p∂p: 1. kmº-Øn-I-h-f¿®-bnse apc-Sn∏v, 2. tami-am-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p∂ [\-hy-h-ÿ., 3. sXmgn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xnse ]cm-Pbw.

Im¿jn-I-cw-KsØ t]m°v Iotgm-´m-bn-cp-∂p.- hy-mh-km-bn-I-cw-Khpw apc-Sn-∏n¬,kwÿm-\sØ hcp-am-\-Øns‚ hf¿® an°-hmdpw tkh-\-cw-Kß-fn-sem-Xp-ßn. -tÃ-‰ns‚ hcp-am-\-°Ωn XpS¿®-bmbn h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw AXp- hn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-th≠nIcp-tX≠ XpI- sIm≠pw hmbv] sIm≠pw \nIØp-Ibpw ]Xn-hm-bn. XXvê-ambn hnI-k\ \nt£-]-ßƒ \ma-am-X-am-bn.-km-aq-ln-I- hn-I-k-\-Øns‚ c≠mw-X-e-apd ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°mbn Imcy-ambn bmsXm∂pw \o°n-h-bv°m-\m-hmØ Ahÿh∂p.-s]m-Xp-P-\m-tcmKy˛hn-Zym-`ymk cwK-ß-fnse BkvXn-I-fpsS Po¿Æ-XbpwKpW-ta-∑m-\m-ihpw Bbn-cp∂p AXns‚ ]cn-Wn-X- -ew. tIcfamXr-I-bpsS KpWw-



]‰n Db¿∂p-h∂ a[y-h¿Kw Iq´-tØmsS s]mXp-tk-h-\-ßsf X≈n-°-f-™p-sIm≠v kzIm-cy-tk-h-\-Zm-Xm-°sf t]m‰n-h-f¿Øm≥ XnSp°w Imń. AtXmsSs]mXp-hy-h-ÿ-Isf ]cn-]m-en°p∂Xnepw AXn-\mbn s]mXp-]Ww \o°n-h-bv°p-∂-Xnepw Ah¿°v Xmev]cyw C√m-Xm-bn.

sXmgn¬ cwKw Xmdp-am-dm-bn.- _n-cp-Z[m-cn-Iƒ s]cp-In-b-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v Ah¿°v]‰nb tPmen-Iƒ D≠m-bn-√, -tbm-Ky-Xbv°p tNcmØ sXmgn-se-Sp-t°≠ KXn-tI-Spw( Underemployment) hf¿∂p.- hn-Zy-m`ym-k-Øns‚ sshIeyw sIm≠m-hmw,Imbn-Im-[zm-\-tØm-Sp≈ hnc‡n A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cpsS apJ-ap-Z-bm-bn. etam? sXmgn-en-√mbva sImSn-IpØn hmgp∂ \mń¬ D≈ ]Wn°v Bsf In´mØ AhÿF∂ hntcm-[m-`mkw!

BtKmfh¬°-cW \b-ßƒ ]n¥p-S-cp∂ tIµ k¿°m-cns‚ LS-\m-]-c-amb-Iao-I-cW \S-]-Sn-Iƒ (structural Adjustment Programme) Iq\n≥ta¬ Ipcp-hmbn.Im¿jnI hnf-I-fpsS hne-Ø-I-¿®bpw s]mXp-hn-X-cW kº-Zm-bsØ Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXpw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ. Cu ]Xn-k-‘nsb t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn\p ka-KhpwIa\n_-≤hpamb Hcp kao-]\w CSXp]£-]m¿ń-I-fpsS mKØp \n∂p t]mepwD≠m-bn- n-s√∂ hna¿i-\-hp-ap≠v. CSXp ]£Øns‚ ]c-º-cmKX hmZ-ßƒ ][m-\-ambpw Bh-iy-Øn-\p≈ tIµ \nt£]w D≠m-Im-Ø-Xnepw BtKmfhXv°-cWØns\-Xn-sc-bp≈ s]mXp hna¿i\-ß-fn-ep-sam-Xp-ßp-∂p. tIcf kºZvhyh-ÿbpsS Kpcp-X-c-amb ]Xn-k‘nbpsS Bg-ß-fn-te°p IS-°m-\p≈ ia-ßƒth≠X D≠m-bn- n-√. Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb sXmgn¬ kwkvIm-c-w hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥\ap-°v Ign-™n-ń√. tIcfØns‚ cmjvSob AP≠ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn¬ a≤y-h¿§-Øns‚ XmXv]-cy-ßƒ Aan-X-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øp∂p≠v. CXv ]e-t∏mgpwZcn-Z P\hn`m-K-ß-fpsS XmXv]-cy-ßƒ°v FXncmbpw `-hn-°p-∂p. s]mXp-ta-J-e-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\sØ ]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p∂ amt\-Pp-sa‚ns‚ sISp-Im-cy-ÿX, Ahn-ln-X-am-b- cm-jvSob CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, B¿°p-am¿°pw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-an-√mØ Ah-ÿ -F-∂n-hsb ê-]-Z-ambn t\cn-Sm\pw Ign-bp∂n-√.

\h-en-_-d¬ AP-≠

adp-`m-K-Øm-Is´, tIcf amXrI B¥-cn-I-am-bn-Øs∂ hnI-ehpw \ne-\n¬∏n-√m-Ø-Xp-am-sW∂ hmZ-amWv heXp]£w apt∂m´p sh°p-∂-Xv. kzX¥ hn]-Wnsb Bi-bn-®p≈ hnI-k-\-amWv Ah-cpsS a¥w. kmaq-lnI \oXn k¿°m-cns‚ Xe-th-Z-\-b√ F∂m-W-h-cpsS ]£w. heXp]£-Øns‚ Cu \h en_-d¬ kao-]-\-Øn\v tIcf kaq-l-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ kzoIm-cyX ssIh-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-bmWv. XXz-Øn-e-s√-¶nepw ]tbm-K-Øn¬ kmaqly\oXn-bn-eq-∂p-∂- cm-jvSob kao-]-\-ßƒ°p ]Icw hy‡n-KX ]cn-lm-c-ß-fn-te°p \oßp-∂-A-cm-jvSo-bXbv°p am\yX ssIh-∂n-cn-°p-∂p. CXv hn]-WnhXvI-c-W-Øn\vkm[q-I-c-W-am-Ip∂p. Imip sImSp-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-h¿°p sa®-s∏´ tkh\w e`y-am-°p-∂Xn\v "s^kn-en-t‰-‰¿' BIp-I-bmWv k¿°-mdns‚ [¿Ω-sa∂pw, k¿°m¿tkh\ ZmZm-hm-tI-≠-Xn√ F∂p-ap-≈Xv \hen_-d¬ cmjvSo-b-am-sW∂p t]mepwXncn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. PnΩpw, FIvkv]-kv thbpw, kvam¿´v kn‰n-bpw, tjm-∏nwKvamfp-Ifpw, SqdnÃv hnt√-Pp-I-fp-sam-s°-bmWv hnI-k-\-Øns‚ e£-W-ß-sf∂vAhn-sSßpw FØn-t\m-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h¿ t]mepw hniz-kn®p XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ch-sb-sbms° FXn¿Øm¬ hnI-k\ hncp-≤-cmbn apZ IpØ-s∏-Spsa∂



Ahÿ h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. heXp]£ ho£-W-Øn¬ hnI-k-\-sa-∂Xv cmPy-Øns‚]IrXn kº-Øns‚ h¿≤n® Nqj-W-Øn-eqsS kzImcy kºØv Ip∂p-Iq-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Cu ho£Ww i‡n-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv ASn-ÿm\]c-amb am‰-ßƒ°vXpS°w Ipdn-°m≥ ian® ]mTy]≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-Whpw P\-Io-bm-kq-X-Whpw\o¿Ø-Sm-[n-jvSnX hnI-k-\hpw H∂pw kaq-l-Øn¬ Imcy-amb Ne-\-ßƒ D≠m-°m-™-Xv. tdmUpw, tjm∏nwKv tImw]vfIvkpw kna‚pw tImÏo-‰p-amWv hnI-k\w F∂ à-sØ adn IS-°m≥ tIcfkaq-lsØIpdn®v, Bg-Øn-ep≈, hkvXp-\n-jvTamb Adnhv Bh-iy-am-Wv.- ]-e-t∏mgpw "km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS' Bhiyw F∂\ne-bn¬ apt∂m´psh°-s∏-Sp -∂Xpw a[yh¿§-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ß-fmWv.kzmibt°mtf-Pnse ôkp ]iv\w Xs∂ G‰hpw Imen-I-amb DZm-l-cWw.H∂mw ¢mn¬ kvIqfn-se-Øp∂ Ipń-I-fn¬ 20 iX-am-\hpw ]Øn-seØpw apºvsImgn-™p-t]m-Ip-∂p. tijn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]mXn ]Ønse ]co-£-bn¬ Acn-®p-am-‰-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]Øn¬ Pbn-°p-∂-h-cn¬Øs∂ ]mXn-amXw ]¥≠p IS-°pIbpwAXnse ]mXn amXw F≥S≥kv ]co£ Fgp-Xm≥ apXn-cpIbpw sNøp∂ Hcpkwhn-[m\ØnemWv kzmibt°mtf-Pp-I-fnse ôkv apJy hnZym-`ymk ]iv\-ambn sIm≠m-S-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kzmibt°mtf-Pnse Agn-aXn XS-tb-≠Xv BhiywXs∂. ]t£ `qcn-]£w t]cpw, ]mh-s∏-´-h¿ GXm≠v apgp-h-\mbpw, ]pd-¥≈-s∏-Sp∂ kvIqƒhnZym- ymkw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xt√ AXn-t\-°mƒ ][m\w? D∂XhnZym-`ymkcwK-Øm-sW-¶n¬ t]mepw apJy-[mcm imkvX-˛-am-\-hn-I-˛-_n-cpZ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ KpW-ta≥a Ft¥ N¿®m-hn-j-b-am-Ip-∂n√?. Chn-sS-sbm-s°-bmWvD]-cn-h-¿§-Øns‚bpw- A-h-cpsS IqsS-sb-Øm≥ shºp∂ a[y h¿§-Øn-s‚bpwBi-Ifpw Bi-¶-Ifpw s]mXp AP-≠-bmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-s‚ A]-ISw shfn-hm-Ip-∂Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ `mK-t[-b-hp-ambn XmZmflyw ]m]n®, ChnsSPohn-°m≥ BK-ln-°p∂ _lp-`qcn]£-Øns‚ XmXv]-cy-ß-sf-°mƒ, Fßn-s\-sb-¶nepw ChnsS \n∂pw c£-s∏-Sm-\p-g-dp∂, AXn-\p-≈- hn-t£-]W ]oT-ambnamXw Chn-SpsØ s]mXp kuI-cy-ßsf ImWp-∂-h-cpsS XmXv]-cy-ßƒ°vap≥Xq°w In´p-I-bm-Wv AXp-aqew kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv Xncp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw tIcfkaq-l-Øns‚ bYm¿∞ Ah-ÿsb°pdn-®p≈ hkvXp\njvTamb Adn-hv Iq-Sntb Xocq.

DZm-l-c-W-ambn tIc-f-Ønse Fwtπm-bvsa‚ v FIvkvtN©p-Ifn¬ cPn-Ã¿sNbvXn-´p-≈-h¿ \m¬∏Xv e£-tØm-f-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Ch-cn¬ ]ecpw IS¬ IS-∂-h-tcm, ]e-hn[ Xm¬°m-enI tPmen-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-htcm BsW∂vF√m-h¿°pw hy‡n-]-c-amb A\p-`-h-ß-fn-eqsS Adn-bmw.-A-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ Cu ]d-bp-∂Xp t]mse-bp≈ sXmgn-en-√mbvabn√m-sb∂v]ecpw kmam\yh¬°-cn-°p-∂p. F√m-hcpw k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-Øn-\p-th≠n ImØn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv tIc-f-Ønse ]iv\w F∂-h¿ ]d-bp-∂p. ]pXp-Xmbn cq]wsIm≈p∂ kmt¶-XnI taJ-e-I-fn¬ ""CjvSw t]mse'' Ah-k-cß-fp≠v F∂vAh¿ ho≠pw kzm\p-`hIY-I-fpsS sXfn-hn¬ Dd-∏n®p ]d-bp-∂p. CXv FX-amXwkm[p-hmWv? hf-sc-b-[nIw ZriyX D≈ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ (DZm: Ce-IvtSm-WnIv aoUn-b) bYm¿∞-Øn¬ FX-amXw hym]-I-am-Wv? \Ωp-sS -sXm-gn-en√mbva ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ah FX-tØmfw DXIpw? Hcp IW-°p-an-√.

AXp-t]m-ep≈ as‰mcp- kzm-\p-`hIYm-I-Y-\-amWv ""tIc-f-Øn¬ bYm¿∞ Zmcn-



Zy-an-√, Bt]-£nI Zmcn-Zy-ta-bp≈p'' F-∂Xv. IS-_m-[yXaqew Bfl-lXysNbvX ]e-cp-sS -ho-Sp-I-fnepw Sohn-bpw, -^nUvPpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂XpXs∂sXfnhv. CsX-X-amXw icn-bmWv? Hcp t\cw t]mepw hb¿\n-d-®p-Æm-\n-√m-Ø-h¿ Bfl-lXy sNøm-Ø-XmtWm Ah-cpsS sX‰v? AXp-sIm-≠m-Wt√m Ah¿am[y-a-ß-fn¬ sXfn-bm-ØXv! Xosc Xmgv∂ hcp-am\ap≈-h¿°p-t]mepw Hcp amXncnPohnX kpc£ Dd∏p \¬In-bn-cp∂ s]mXp tkh\ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ptIcf amXrIbpsS hnP-b-c-l-kyw. B kwhn-[m-\-ßsf XI¿°p∂ \h en_-d¬ \b-ßƒ Chsc Fß-s\-bmWv _m[n-°p-∂Xv? CXpw ]Tn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

tIcf hnI-k\ amXr-I-bpsS ta≥a-sb-bpw, t\´-ß-sfbpw Rßƒ Ipd®pImWp∂n-√. -]t£ F¨]-Xp-I-tfmsS AXv Hcp Kpcp-X-c-amb ]Xn-k-‘nsbt\cn´p F∂Xv AwKo-I-cnt® Xocq. ]t£ AXn-\p≈ ]Xn-hn[n tIcf amXr-I-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ Z¿i-\-am-bn-cp∂ kmaqlnI \oXnsb X≈n-°-f-be-√; kmaq-lnI\oXn- D-d-∏m-°n-s°m-≠p≈ kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\-Øn-\p≈ hgn- tX-Sp-I-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww. AXn\p klm-bn-°p∂ hn[-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ sXmgn¬ taJe-bnepw hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bnepw, kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-bnepw am‰-ßƒ D≠m-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. am‰-ßƒ°m-bp-≈- GXp ia-ßƒ°pw ASn-ÿm-\-am-tI-≠Xv \ne-hn-ep≈ Ah-kvY-sb-]-‰n-bp≈ IrXyamb t_m[-am-Wv.

AXn-\p≈ Hcp Ffnb ia-am-bn- m-Wv "-tI-cfw Fßs\ Pohn-°p∂p? Fßs\Nn¥n-°p∂p?' F∂ Cu ]T\w hn`m-h-\w -sN-bvXXv. tIc-f-Ønse ]I-S-ambsshcp-≤y-ßƒ a\n-em-°m-\p≈ Hcp ia-amWv CXv. Af-°m-hp∂ PohnXKpWkqNn-I-I-fn-se√mw ta∑ ImWn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ Zmcn-Zy-Øns‚bpw Po¿Æ-X-bp-tSbpw Xpcp-Øp-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. Hcp hiØv Akq-bm-h-l-amb sXmgn¬ kpc-£bpw adp- mKØv cq£-amb Ac-£n-Xm-h-ÿ-bpw. -Hcp hiØv sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpwadp-h-iØv Bh-iy-ap≈ ]WnIƒ°v Bsf In´m-bvIbpw.- Hcp hiØv Kƒ^n¬\n∂p≈ hºn® ]Ww hchpw adp-h-iØv hnI-k-\-Øn\v hntZ-i-hmbv] IqSntbXocq F∂ Ah-ÿbpw. ]Ww s]cp-Ip∂ kaq-lhpw ]m∏-cm-Ip∂ k¿°m-cpw.Hcp hiØv kvXoI-fpsS hnZym- ymk cwKsØ Akq-b-mh-l-amb ap-t∂‰w, adp-h-iØv Ah-cpsS \ne-\n¬°p∂ Akz-X-¥-X.

Cu sshcp-≤y-ßsf \n¿[m-cWw sNøm-\p-X-Ip∂ Nne ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-ßƒCu ]T-\-Øn¬ IqSn Is≠-Øm≥ Ignbpw F∂ ]Xo-£-tbm-sS-bmWv tIcfimkvXkmlnXy ]cn-jØv Cu DZy-a-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®-Xv.



A≤ymbw 2

]T\ coXn

ka-Im-enI tIc-fsØ Adn-bp-I-sb∂ ASn-b-¥-cm-h-iy-Øn¬ \n∂mWv tIc-

f-]-T\w Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂Xv. tIc-f-Ønse P\-Po-hn-X-Ønepw hnI-k\ cwK-ß-fnepw]pXp-a-bm¿∂ ]iv\-ßƒ D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°-bmWv. Ch-bn¬ an°Xpw efn-X-amb hymJym-\-ß-fn-sem-Xp-ßmØ Kuc-h-ta-dnb cmjvSob am\-ß-fp-≈-h-bmWv.CØcw ]iv\-ß-fpsS Imc-W-ßfpw ]c-kv]c _‘-ßfpw Xncn-®-dn-™p-sIm≠vamXsa Ah ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ ia-ßƒ \S-Øm≥ Ignbq. ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ Ign-bm-hp-∂X imkvXo-b-ambn P\-k-a£w Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠p amXsa CXvkm≤y-amIq. Cu [mc-W-bmWv tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn-∂m-bp≈ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m≥ ]cn-j-Øns\ t]cn-∏n-®Xv. 2003 s^_p-h-cn-bn¬ IÆq-cnse s]c-f-t»-cn-bn¬ \S∂hm¿jn-I-amWv Cu Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-ØXv. tIh-e-am-sbmcp A°m-Z-anIv Xm¬]-cy-am-bn-cp-∂n√; adn®v tIc-f-Øns‚ Ahÿ a\-n-em°n CS-s]-Sp-I-sb∂ kmaqlyZuXy-amWv tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn-te°v ]cn-j-Øns\ FØn-®Xv.

]›m-Øew

tIc-f-Øns‚ ka-Im-enI Ah-ÿ-bpsS D≈-d-I-fn-te°v Hcp P\-Iob At\z-jWw \S-Ø-W-sa∂ Bibw Gsd-°m-e-ambn ]cn-jZv thZn-I-fnse N¿®-bm-bn-cp∂p. tIc-f-Ønse ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-SmØ ]iv\-ßƒ Hcp `mKØv, Chbv°v efn-X-amb ]cn-lm-c-an-s√∂ Xncn-®-dnhv adp-`m-KØv. F¶nepw Nne ia-ß-sf-¶nepw\S-Ø-W-sa∂ Xm¬]cyw˛Ch-sb-√mw-IqSn tN¿∂ hkvXp-\njvT kml-N-cy-amWvCusbmcp P\-Io-bm-t\z-j-W-Øn\v ]cn-j-Øns\ t]cn-∏n-®Xv. ""tIc-f-Øns‚kºØv'' F∂ KŸw N¿® sNøpI hgn cq]-s∏- p-h∂ Bib aWvUew, hnhn[hnI-k\ cwK-ß-fnse CS-s]-S¬ hgn B¿Pn® A-\p-`-h-ßƒ, BtcmKy k¿th-bn-eqsS A°m-Z-aob ]T-\-cwKØv ssIh∂ Bflhnizmkw F∂n-h-sbm-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p ]cn-j-Øn\v Cu cwKØv ssIap-X-em-bp-≈Xv.

Bh-iy-IX

kmº-Øn-I-hn-I-k\ kqNn-I-I-fn¬ tZiob icm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ ]n∂m°w\n¬°p-tºmgpw Pohn-X-Kp-W\ne-hm-c-Øn¬ Gsd ap∂n v \n¬°p∂p F∂-Xv tIc-



f-hn-I-k-\m-\p- -h-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-bmbn kqNn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p-h-t√m. ]c-º-cm-KX kmº-ØnI coXn-bn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-am-sbmcp A\p-`-h-amWv CsX-∂-Xn-\m¬ Hcp""tIc-f-hn-I-k\ amXrI'' bmbmWv Cu hnI-k-\m-\p-`-hsØ IW-°m-°n-bXv.F∂m¬, Hs∂m-∂c ]Xn-‰m-≠mbn Cu Ahÿ amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°-bmWv. AXns‚^e-ambn, kwÿm-\-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI hf¿®m-\n-c°v h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw PohnXKpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏´ tXmXn¬ XpS-cp-I-bp-am-sW∂v ]pXnb IW-°p-Iƒ ImWn-°p∂p. F∂m¬ t\c-tØ-Xn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn Cu kmº-ØnI hf¿®bpwsa®-s∏´ Pohn-Xhpw P\-ß-fn¬ Hcp sNdnb iX-am-\-Øn\v amXsa e`n-°p-∂p≈qF∂v A`n-]m-b-ap≠v. Cu ÿnXn ]pXnb kmaqly ]iv\-ßƒ°v hgn-sbm-cp-°p-sa∂ Bi¶ ]e-`m-KØv \n∂pw Db-cp-∂p-≠v.

s]mXp-e-£y-ßƒ

tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ s]mXp-e-£y-ßsf C\n ]dbpw ]Imcw kwK-ln°mw.

H∂v, tIc-fob Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw hnI-k-\-ta-J-e-I-sf-°p-dn®pwhn]p-e-amb kwhm-Z-ßfpw \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw th≠ ""Um‰m-t_kv'' Xøm-dm-°pI. CXn\p th≠ KW-]-chpw(Quantitative) KpW-]-chpw (Qualitative) Bb hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°pI.

c≠v, kwÿm-\-Ønse kmº-ØnI, `uXnI, ]mcn-ÿn-XnI Pohn-X-hy-h-lm-c-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sXmgn¬, hcp-am\w, ISw, sNehv, D]-t`mKw F∂n-ßs\bp≈ KW-]-c-amb hnh-c-ß-fpsS tiJ-cWw. AXp-hgn "tIcfw Fßs\Pohn-°p∂p' F∂v a\-n-em-°pI.

aq∂v, kmaqly cmjvSob kmºØnI ]iv\-ß-tfmSv hyXykvX P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS ]Xn-I-c-Whpw Ah Dcp-Øn-cn™p hcp∂ kml-N-cy-ßfpw a\nem-°p-I.

\mev, tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ß-fpsS A]-K-Y-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kq£va-Xe ]T-\-ßƒ \S-tØ≠ khn-tij ]iv\-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-I.

A©v, kwÿm-\-Ønse kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]c-kv]c _‘-ßfpw sshcp-≤y-ßfpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂ kwhm-Z-ßƒ°v t]c-I-amhpI.

XpS°w

2002 G]n-en¬ ]cn-jXv ap≥ssI FSpØv hnhn[ cwK-ß-fnse hnZ-Kv≤sc]s¶-Sp-∏n®v Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ sk‚¿ t^m¿ Uh-e-∏vsa‚ v ÃUo-kn¬ sh®v\S-Ønb Bi-b-kw-hm-Z-tØm-sS-bmWv "tIc-f-]-T\'Øn\v XpS-°-am-Ip-∂Xv.kwÿm-\-Øns‚ [\-Imcy ]Xn-k-‘n-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ hnhm-Z-ßfpw k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m-cpsS ka-c-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ ]iv\-ßfpw ]pXnb Ht´sd N¿®-IƒDb¿Ønb L´-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p Cu IqSn-t®-c¬ \S-∂Xv. P\-ß-fpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fnse am‰-ßfpw ImgvN-∏mSpw Pohn-Xhpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c _‘hpw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈ hnim-e-am-sbmcp At\z-jWw thW-sa∂v Cu IqSn-t®-c¬ \n¿t±-in®p. AXmWv ""tIcfw Fßs\ Pohn-°p∂p, Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p''F∂ At\z-j-W-Øn-te°v ]cn-j-Øns\ \bn-®Xv.

]T-\-Øns‚ Xøm-sd-Sp-∏p-I-fpsS `mK-ambn \nc-h[n hnZ-Kv≤-cp-ambn N¿®-Iƒ\S-Øp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS hne-s∏´ A`n-]mbw tiJ-cn-°p-I-bp-ap-≠mbn. AtXm-sSm∏w 2002, 2003 h¿j-ß-fn¬ ]cn-jXv \S-Ønb P\-kw-hm-Z-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ \n∂v



e`n® Adn-hp-Ifpw tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ ]cn-I¬∏-\-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ][m\]¶v hln-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Ch-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Kq∏v N¿®-Iƒ, in¬∏-im-e-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS Bbn-c-Øn-e-[nIw ]h¿Ø-I-cpsS \n¿t±-i-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠mWv "tIc-f-]-T\w' ]cn-]mSn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv. C°m-e-b-f-hn¬ tIc-f-Ønse \nc-h[n kmaqly imkvX-⁄-cp-ambn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \SØn Ah-cpsS \n¿t±-i-ßƒ IqSn Iq´n-t®¿°m\pw ian-®n-´p≠v. tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ km≤y-X-I-tfm-sSm∏w AXns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw ]cn-j-Øn\v t_m[y-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.F∂n-cn-°nepw \nc-h[n ]pXnb At\z-j-W-ßƒ°v Cu DZyaw hgn-sX-fn°pw F∂]Xo-£-bmWv ]cn-j-Øn\v Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v Du¿Pw ]I¿∂Xv.

]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

F√m L´-ß-fnepw F√m Xe-ß-fnepw P\-Io-bX Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-s°m-≠p≈]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p ]T-\-Øn-ep-S-\ofw \S-∂Xv. tImgn-t°mSv Pn√-bnset]cmºbn¬ \S∂ ]cn-j-Øns‚ kwÿm\ ]h¿ØI Iymºn¬ sh®v (2003sk]vXw-_¿) ]mY-anI AwKo-Im-cw -\¬Inb tNmZym-hen ]n∂oSv \S∂ XnXe]cn-io-e\ Iymºp-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv ]q¿ÆX ssIh-cn-®Xv.

a. hoSp-I-fpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏v : tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ bqWn‰v IpSpw-_-ß-fm-Wv. kmwJyI \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v Hmtcm 1000 hoSn\pwH∂v (AYhm GXm≠v 5500 P\-ßƒ°v Hcp hoSv) F∂ coXn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p sXc-s™-Sp∏v. Cu coXn-bn¬ sXc-s™-SpØ 6000 hoSp-I-fn-emWv k¿sh \S-Øm\p-t±-in-®Xv. hoSp-I-fpsS FÆw Is≠-Øm-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn® kqX-hm-Iyhpw \ymbo-I-c-Whpw Xmsg sImSp-°p∂p.

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ ioNnX C≥Ãn-‰yq´v t^m¿ saUn-°¬ kb≥kv B‚ vsSIvt\m-fPnbpsS `mK-am-bp≈ ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ sk‚¿ t^m¿ sl¬Øvkb≥knse hnZ-Kv≤-cpsS klm-b-tØm-sS-bmWv kmwJyI \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS FÆw Is≠-Øn-bXv. AXn-\mbn

N =

Z2 x PQ x D

L2 F∂ kqX-hm-Iy-am-bn-cp∂p D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv. ChnsS

N = Sample size

Z = Confidence limit factor which is 1.96 for 95% level of confidence

P = The probability of death due to all reasons;

ie. 0.006 for Kerala.

Q = The probability of non-occurance ie-0.994

L = The limit of accuracy required, which is 20% of P. ie; 0.0012

D = The correction factor for design effect; i.e. 2

Cu coXn-bn¬ N =

(1.96) 2 x 0.006 x 0.994 x 2 = 32,730 t]¿

(0.0012)2

Hcp IpSpw-_-Øn¬ icm-icn 5.5 t]¿ F∂ A\p-am-\-Øn¬ IW-°m-°n-bm¬5950 IpSpw-_-ßƒ In´pw. CXv 6000 B°n Db¿Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p.

tIcf kaq-l-Ønse P\-kw-Jysb s]mXp-hn¬ _m[n-°p∂ G‰hpw sNdnbkqN-I-amb s]mXp-a-cW \nc°n(6/1000)s\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv apI-fn¬sImSpØ coXn-bn¬ hoSns‚ sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-Øn-bXv. ""knÃ-am-‰nIv dm≥Uwkmºnfnßv'' F∂ coXnimkvX-a-\p-k-cn®v thmt´gvkv enÃv D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv



k¿sh \S-tØ≠ bYm¿∞ hoSv GXm-sW∂v Is≠-Øn-bXv.

b. hnh-c-ti-J-cWw: hnhcw tiJ-cn-°p∂ IpSpw_w Hcp ]tZ-isØ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS ]mXn-\n[y kz`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂-Xp-sIm≠mWv knÃ-am-‰nIvdm≥Uw- kmºnfnßv coXn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ImcWw. tIc-f-Ønse F√m ]©m-b-Øp-I-fn-tebpw \K-c-k-`-I-fn-tebpw Ahn--SpsØ P\-kw-Jybv°v B-\p-]m-Xn-I-ambtXmXn¬ hm¿Up-Iƒ sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-I-fnse sXc-s™-SpØhm¿Up-I-fn¬ Hmtcm-∂nepw Hcp hoSv F∂ coXn-bn-emWv hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øn-bXv.

tIm¿∏-td-j-\p-I-fn¬ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Hcp hm¿Un¬ \n∂v 5 hoSp-Iƒ hoX-amWv Is≠-Øn-bXv. Hcp e£-Øn-e-[nIw P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ \K-c-k-`-I-fn¬ (Be-∏pg, ]me-°mSv) sXc-s™-SpØ Hcp hm¿Un¬ \n∂v c≠v hoSp-Iƒ hoX-amWvsXc-s™-Sp-ØXv. as‰√m \K-c-k-`-I-fnepw sXc-s™-SpØ hm¿Un¬ \n∂v HcphoSv hoX-amWv k¿sh sNbvXXv.

tIc-f-Ønse Kma˛\Kc ]tZ-i-ßsf s]mXp-hn¬ ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\mepw imkvXob sXc-s™-Sp∏v coXn Ah-ew-_n-®-Xn-\mepw tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn-\mbnsXc-s™-SpØ hoSp-Iƒ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ s]mXp-kz-`m-h-ßƒ ]Xn-\n-[m\wsNøp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv ]n∂o-Sp≈ A]-K-Y-\-ßƒ ImWn-°p-∂Xv. AXm-bXv, tIc-f-k-aq-l-Øns‚ Hcp ]cn-t—-Z-am-bn-cp∂p AYhm apgp-h≥ tIc-f-Øns‚]Xn-_nw-_-am-bn-cp∂p tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏´ ]tZ-i-ßfpw IpSpw-_-ßfpwF∂¿∞w.

6000 hoSp-I-sfbpw Is≠Øn ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ Ign-™n-s√-∂Xv tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ Hcp ]cn-an-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p. BsI 5696 hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂v AXm-bXve£y-an-´-Xns‚ 95% hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv ]q¿W-ambn hnh-c-ßƒ e`n-®Xv.

c. tNmZym-hen : tNmZym-h-en°v c≠v `mK-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Pohn-X-hp-ambn_‘-s∏´ KWm-flI Imcy-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p∂ H∂mw `mKhpw KpWm-flI Imcy-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p∂ c≠mw `mKhpw

`mKw H∂v ˛ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ s]mXp-hn-h-c-ßƒ°m-bn-cp∂p Du∂¬. PmXn,aXw, hnZym-`ym-k-tbm-KyX, sXmgn¬, hcp-am\w, hoSv, `q DS-a-ÿX, Irjn, D]-t`mKsN-ehv, NnIn-’m-sN-ehv F∂n-ßs\ 37 C\-Øn¬s]´ tNmZy-ßfpw Ah-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ D]-tNm-Zy-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. D]-t`m‡r sNe-hp-Iƒ, Zo¿L-Ime D]-t`m‡r D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS DS-a-ÿX (22 C\-ßƒ) A]-Xo-£nX h≥sNe-hp-Iƒ, NnIn’m sNehv F∂n-h-bpsS hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ tiJ-cn-®n-cp∂p. \mj-W¬ kmºnƒ k¿s∆ Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j≥ (NSSO), D]-t`m‡r sNehv \n¿Æ-bn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ amXr-I-bn-emWv ]n∂n´ Hcp amksØ sNe-hp-Iƒ Is≠-Øn-bXv. CXn¬ 32 C\-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. henb sNe-hp-Iƒ Hcp h¿j-tØ-°m-bn-cp∂p IW-°m-°n-bXv; NnIn-’m-sN-ehv ]n∂n´ c≠m-gvNsb ASn-ÿm-\-am-°nbpw. tcmKm-Xp-cX IW-°m-°p-Ibpw ]T-\-Øns‚ Hcp e£y-am-bn-cp∂p.

`mKw c≠v: \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-_‘w a\-n-em-°m-hp∂ coXn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p tNmZy-ßƒ Xøm-dm-°n-bXv. CXn¬ `£Ww, kwkvImcw, am[yaw, hnZym-`ymkw, BtcmKyw, ]cn-ÿnXn, Irjn, BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw, D]-t`mKw, kzmi-bXzw, Kh¨sa‚ v, P\-Io-bm-kq-XWw, P≥U¿, hnhmlw, Inan-\-eo-I-cWw,



kmaqly ]Z-hn-bnse am‰w F∂o Imcy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw kao-]-\-ßfpw e`n-°-Ø-°-hn[w tNmZy-ßfpw D]-tNm-Zy-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

d. ]cn-io-e\w: hn-hn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p∂ ]cn-jØv ]h¿Ø-I-cm-bn-cp∂p ][m-\-ambpw hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øn-bXv. kmaqly ]Xn-_-≤-X-bm-bn-cp∂p F√m-h-tcbpw CXn-te°v ]tNm-Zn-∏n-®Xv. k¿sh ]h¿Ø-I¿°p≈kwÿm\˛Pn√m-Xe ]cn-io-e\ Iymºp-Iƒ c≠v ZnhktØ°m-bn-cp∂p kwL-Sn-∏n-®Xv. tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw, Bh-iy-IX, ]›m-Øew F∂nhBapJambn Ah-X-cn-∏n®v N¿® sNbvXp. XpS¿∂v tNmZym-h-en-bpsS ]mY-anIcq]w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw hni-Z-amb Kq∏v N¿®°v hnt[-b-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.N¿®-I-fn¬ Db¿∂ Imcy-ßƒ IqSn ]cn-K-Wn®v ]h¿Ø-I¿ Kq∏p-I-fmbn ]cn-io-e\ Iymºns‚ kao]Øp≈ hoSp-I-fn¬ tNmZym-hen ""^o¬Uv sSÃv'' \SØn.kwÿm\ ]cn-io-e\-Ønepw XpS¿∂v \S∂ 14 Pn√m ]cn-io-e-\-ß-fnepw Db¿∂p-h∂ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-®mWv tNmZym-h-en-bpsS Ah-km-\-cq]w Xøm-dm-°n-bXv.

tNmZym-hen Pn√m-Xe ]cn-io-e-\-tØmsS ]q¿Øn-bmbn. ]cn-jvI-cn® tNmZym-hen D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]cn-io-e-\-amWv tªm°v˛ ]©m-bØv Xe-ß-fn¬\S-∂Xv. Hcp Znh-k-am-bn-cp∂p ]cn-io-e\w. tNmZym-hen kzbw Dƒs°m-≈m\pw]cn-tim-[n-°m-\p-am-bn-cp∂p Cu Xe-Øn¬ ian-®Xv.

tNmZym-h-en-tbm-sSm∏w k¿sh-bpsS Dt±-iy-e-£y-ßfpw tNmZym-h-en-bpsS D]-tbm-Khpw kz`m-hhpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂ ssI∏p-kvX-Ihpw Hmtcm k¿sh Soan∂pw\¬In-bn-cp∂p. k¿sh ka-bØv Is≠-Øp∂ ]tXyI Imcy-ßfpw A\p-`-h-ßfpw, tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn Hmtcm Soan\pw ]tXyI Ub-dnbpw \¬In-bn-cp∂p.

e. k¿sh ]Inb: 2˛3 AwK-ßƒ AS-ßp∂ Kq∏p-I-fm-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p hoSp-Iƒ kµ¿in®v hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-®Xv. Kq∏n¬ Hcp kvXosb-¶nepw D≠m-h-W-sa∂v \njvI¿jn-®n-cp∂p. IpSpw-_sØ Hcp bqWn-‰mbn IW-°m°n IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fp-ambn k¿sh Sow \S-Ønb Kq∏v N¿® F∂ coXn-bn-emWv k¿sh ]Inb\S-∂Xv. Nne Imcy-ßƒ kvXoIfpambn ]-tXyIw N¿® sNbvXn-cp-∂p. icm-icn2 aWn-°q¿ sIm≠mWv k¿s∆ ]h¿Ø\w \S-∂-sX-¶nepw Nne hoSp-I-fn¬ 3˛4aWn-°q¿ hsc \o≠p-t]m-bn-´p≠v. N¿®-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnh-c-ßƒ]tXyIw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw ]n∂oSv Sow IqSn-bn-cp∂v tNmZym-hen ]qcn-∏n-°p-I-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. HgnhpZnh-kßfnepw ]hrØn Zn\-ß-fn¬ sshIo- p-am-bn-cp∂p h\kµ¿i\w \S-∂Xv. sXmgn-ens‚ Imcy-Øn¬ ]tXyIw sXmgn¬ tImUp-Iƒ(Hmtcm sXmgn-en\pw hyXykvXw) ssI∏p-kvX-I-Øn¬ A\p-_-‘-ambn \¬In-bn-cp∂p. tNmZym-h-en-bnse tNmZy-ßƒ AtX-]Sn tNmZn-°p-∂Xv Ign-hXpw Hgn-hm°n B tNmZy-ßƒ°p≈ DØ-c-ßƒ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn Adn-bp-∂-Xn-\m-bn-cp∂pSoans‚ iaw.

]qcn-∏n®v XncnsI e`n® tNmZym-h-en-Iƒ kq£va ]cn-tim-[\ \S-Øp-IbpwA]m-IX D≈h Xncn-®-b®v ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. k¿sh-bpsSkwLm-S\w, Npa-Xe F∂nh kw_-‘n®v C≥sh-Ãn-tK-‰¿, apXn¿∂ ]cn-jXv]h¿Ø-I¿ F∂n-h¿ sNtø≠ Imcy-ß-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ssI∏p-kvX-I-Øn¬\¬In-bn-cp∂p. k¿sh Soans‚ Npa-X-e-Iƒ ]tXyIw hn`-Pn®v \nP-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-



cp∂p. CtXm-sSm∏w k¿sh-bn¬ ]men-t°≠ IrXyX, ]q¿ÆX, kXy-k-‘X,ap≥hn-[n-bn-√mbva, kzm`m-hnI A¥-co£ krjvSn, kwhm-Z-coXn F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®pw D≈ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ssI∏p-kvX-I-Ønepw ¢mkp-I-fnepw \¬In-bn-cp∂p.

]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

a. ]mY-anI Um‰sb amXw Bi-bn-°p∂p

CX-tbsd hn]p-e-am-sbmcp ]T-\-am-sW-¶nepw ]q¿Æ-ambpw ]mY-anI hnh-c-ßsf amX-amWv Bi-bn-°p-∂Xv F∂-XmWv tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ FSpØp ]d-tb-≠p∂ Hcp ]tXy-IX. 6000 hoSp-Iƒ F∂ henb kmºnfmsW-¶nepw kq£va-]-T-\-ß-fpsS kt¶-X-amb Kq∏v N¿® t]mep≈ coXnIƒ D]-tbm-Ks∏Sp-Øn-bmWv]T\w \S-Øn-b-Xv. KpW-]-c-amb hnh-c-ßƒ ]tXy-In®pw A`n-]m-b-ßfpw kao-]-\-ßfpw ]T-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn tiJ-cn-®p. IpSpw-_sØ Hcp bqWn-‰mbn IW-°m°n N¿® \S-Øp-Ibpw s]mXp-[m-cW-bn-se-Øp∂ Imcy-ßƒ IpSpw-_-Øns‚A`n-]m-b-ambn IW-°m-°pIbp-amWv sNbvXXv.

b. P\-Io-bX

]T-\-]-In-b-bpsS P\-Iob kz`m-h-amWv FSpØp ]d-tb-≠p∂ as‰mcp khn-ti-jX. ]h¿Ø-I-cpsS k∂-≤-Xbpw kmaqly ]Xn-_-≤-X-bp-am-bn-cp∂p CXn¬][m\w. F∂m¬ A°m-Z-anIv Im¿°-iy-Øn¬ Hcp ho´p-ho-gvNbv°pw Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂n√. hfsc kpL-Sn-Xhpw \nb-¥n-Xhpw ka-b-_-‘n-X-hp-am-bn-cp∂p tIc-f-]-T\Øns‚ ]Inb. 2004 P\p-hcn apX¬ G]n¬ hsc-bp≈ ka-b-ØmWv hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-∂Xv. tIc-f-Ønse apgph≥ ]©m-bØv/\K-c-k-`-I-fn-ep-ambnGXm≠v Aøm-bn-c-tØmfw ]h¿Ø-I-cmWv Cu ]T-\-]-cn-]m-Snbn¬ ]s¶SpØ-Xv.

c. kmº-ØnIw

tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ H∂mw-L´ sNe-hp-Iƒ Is≠-Øn-bXv ]q¿Æ-ambpw P\-Io-b-am-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p. ]T-\-Øns‚ kzmi-b-kz-`mhw \ne-\n¿Øm\pw ]h¿Ø-I-cpsS k∂-≤X Dd-∏m-°m\pw ]cn-j-Øns‚ Hmtcm AwKhpw kz¥w A[zm-\-tØm-sSm∏w 10 cq] kw`m-h-\-bmbn ]tXyIw \¬Im\pw Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp∂p. kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ \S∂ samØw ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v 3.43 e£w cq] sNe-hm-bn. CXn\p]pdsa k¿t∆ kwLm-S-\-Øn\pw bmX-Iƒ°p-ambn henb XpI ]mtZ-inI]h¿Ø-I¿ kz¥w ssIbn¬ \n∂v sNe-h-gn-®n-´p-≠v.

tIc-f-]-T\w˛hnhn[ L´-ßƒ

aq∂v L´-ß-fm-bmWv tIc-f-]-T\w hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv˛ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw,hnhc hni-I-e\w, hnh-csØ Adn-hm°n am‰¬. Cu ]In-b-bn¬ Du∂¬\¬Inb Imcy-ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp∂p.

l sXmgnepw hcp-am-\hpw PohnX kml-N-cy-ßfpw a\-n-em-°¬

l sXmgn-ens\ am\-Z-fi-am°n hcp-am\ \n¿Æbw, kmaqly Db¿®˛XmgvN-Iƒa\-n-em-°¬, kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI ]Zhn \n¿Æ-bn-°¬,

l kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI X´p-I-fpsS \n¿Æbw

l hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Pohn-X]›m-Øehpw Ah-cpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c _‘-ßƒ a\-n-em-°¬



A]-K-Y\wtIc-f-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS e`y-amb hnh-c-ßsf tIhew iX-am-\hpw A\p-]m-Xhpw

B°n hni-Zo-I-cn-°m\pw ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-a√ ][m-\-ambpw ian-®Xv. adn®v,hkvXp-X-Ifpw hnh-c-ßfpw Pohn-X-co-Xnbpw Nn¥bpw \ne-]m-Sp-I-fp-sa√mw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c _‘-ßƒ Is≠-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ A]-K-Y-\coXn-bmWvAh-ew-_n-®-Xv.

tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn-\mbn sXc-s™-SpØ hoSp-Iƒ tIc-f-k-aq-l-Øns‚ s]mXp-kz- mhw ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n-®t√m. C°mcywDd-∏n-°m-\mbn Nne s]mXp IW-°p-I-fp-ambn ]T-\-Im-cy-ßsf _‘-s∏-SpØn]cn-tim-[n-®p. P\-kw-Jy-bnse kvXo]p-cpj A\p-]mXw, PmXn˛aX A\p-]mXw,Kma˛\Kc A\p-]mXw F∂n-h-sbm-s°-bmWv CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv. 2001 sesk≥k-kns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ CXp kw_-‘n®v e`n® IW-°p-Ifpw 2004setIc-f-]-T-\-Ønse kmºnƒ hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw ]ńI 8, 13F∂nhbn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. Ch s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp∂Xn\m¬ k¿sh-bnsekmºnƒ hoSp-Iƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ s]mXp ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv.

kmº-ØnI Kq∏ns‚ cq]o-I-c-Ww

kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI LS-I-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n IpSpw-_-ßsf h¿Ko-I-cn-°pI F∂Xv Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿∞y-ßsf IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈ coXn-bmWv.ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ PmXn˛ aXm-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønem-bn-cp∂p h¿Ko-I-cWw. tIc-f-Øn-em-Is´ hnZym-`ymkw, `q]-cn-jvI-cWw, ]pXnb sXmgn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ, kwh-cWw XpS-ßnb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ IogvPm-Xn-°m-cpsS kmaqly D∂-a-\-Øn\v CS-bm-°n-b-Xn-\m¬PmXn ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hn`-P\w C∂v Gsd ]k-‡-a√. F∂p sh®v PmXnC√m-Xm-Ip-∂n√. Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ Ak-a-Xz-ßsf hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI LS-I-ß-fmWv G‰hpw A\p-tbmPyw. F∂m¬ CØcwh¿Ko-I-c-W-ßƒ hy‡hpw, efn-Xhpw kaq-l-Øn¬ s]mXp-hmbn ]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-am-hWw. C¥y-sb-t∏m-semcp cmPyØv sXmgn-ens\ Hcp am\-Z-WvU-am-°p-∂Xv ]e Imc-W-ß-fm¬ ]bm-k-ta-dn-b-XmWv.B¿÷nX kzØv, ]pdw-h-cp-am\w XpSßn Gsd ]k-‡-amb LS-I-ßƒ sXmgn-ens\ amXw B[m-c-am-°n-bm¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-SmsX t]mtb°pw.

C°m-cyßƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-ØmWv ]cn-jØv \S-Ønb 1987˛se BtcmKyk¿shbpsS A]-K-Y\w \S-Øn-bXv. kmaqly kmº-ØnI ÿnXn (Socio

Economic Status-SES) A\p-k-cn-®p≈ A∂sØ h¿Ko-I-cWw kaq-lhpw Btcm-Kyhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ Gsd ê-]-Z-am-bn-cp-∂p-. hoSns‚ùXn-I-ÿnXn, ]Xn-io¿jh-cp-am\w, IpSpw-_-Øns‚ `qD-S-a-ÿX, AwK-ß-fpsShnZym-`ymk tbmKyX F∂n-h- s]mXp-hn¬ IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p-≠m-°nb HcpComposite Index s‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ IpSpw-_-ßsf \mev kmaq-ly kmº-ØnIhn`m-Kß(SES)fmbn h¿Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. CXv]-Imcw ]c-a-Z-cn-Z¿ (14.7%),Zcn-Z¿ (48.2%) CS-Ø-c-°m¿ (29%) kº-∂¿ 8% F∂n-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p hn`Pn-®Xv.



tIc-f-Øn¬ IpSpw-_-ßsf CtX coXn-bn¬ \membn h¿Ko-I-cn-°p-∂Xv C∂pw]k-‡-am-W-v. AXn-\m¬ Nne ]cn-jvI-mc-ß-tfmsS Btcm-Ky-k¿shbpsS coXntIc-f-]-T-\-Ønepw Bh¿Øn-®p. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ]W-s®-ehpw IpSpw-_-Øn¬B¿÷n® D]-t`m‡r D¬∏-∂-ßfpw IqSn ChnsS IW-°n-se-Sp-°p∂p. F∂m¬,hnZym-`ym-ksØ Hcp am\-Z-WvU-ambn Cu h¿§o-I-c-W-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-®n-ń-√.ImcWw kmaq-ly-Kq∏v \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnZym-`ymkw Hcp LS-I-am-Ip-tºmƒXncn®v hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw kmaqly Kq∏v \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw CS-bm-°p∂p.AXm-bXv hnZym-`ymkw Htc-k-abw Imcyhpw Imc-W-hp-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-emWv AXvHgn-hm-°n-bXv.

Cu ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \mev LS-I-ßsf am\-Z-WvU-am°n IpSpw-_-ßsf ASn-ÿm\ bqWn-‰mbn IW-°m°n sIm≠p≈ h¿Ko-I-c-W-amWv tIc-f-]-T\ A]-K-Y-\-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-®Xv. Ah C]-Im-c-amWv.

1. ]Xn-io¿j hcp-am\w (]c-am-h[n 5 kvtIm¿): IpSpw-_-ßsf hcp-am\ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ A©v Xe-ß-fmbn (Quintiles) hn`-Pn®p. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hcp-am\w Ipd™ XmgsØ 20iX-am-\-Øn¬ s]´-h¿°v Hcp kvtImdpwhcp-am\w IqSnb apI-fn-esØ 20 iX-am-\-Øn¬ s] -h¿°v 5 kvtImdpw \¬In.

2. ]Xn-io¿j sNehv (]c-am-h[n 10 kvtIm¿): sNe-hns\ 10 Xe-ß-fm-bmWv(Deciles) hn`-Pn-®Xv. kzbw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hcp-am-\-tØ-°mƒ hnizm-kyXkzbw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ sNe-hn-\m-sW-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXn\v IqSp-X¬ ]m[m\yw\¬In-b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Cu LSI-Øn\v IqSnb kvtIm¿ \¬Ip-∂Xv. sNehvG‰hpw Ipd™ XmgsØ ]Øv iX-am-\-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂-h¿°v Hcp kvtImdpwsNehv IqSnb apI-fn-esØ 10 iX-am-\-°m¿°v 10 kvtImdpw e`n-°p∂p.

3. hoSns‚ s]mXp-ÿnXn (H≥]Xv LS-I-ßƒ˛Hmtcm-∂n∂pw Hmtcm kvtIm¿hoXw )

a. ta¬°qc˛ Hme/jo‰v ˛1; Hme+ a‰p-≈h ˛2; HmSv ˛3; tImÏo‰v˛4

b. \new ˛ aÆv/NmWIw˛1; aÆv, NmWIw+ kna‚ v ˛2; kna‚ v ˛3;samssk°v˛4; Kmss\‰v/am¿_nƒ˛5

4. D]-t`m‡r D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS DS-a-ÿX (]Øv ][m\ D¬∏-∂-ßƒ˛ Hmtcm-∂ns‚ DS-a-ÿX°v Hmtcm kvtIm¿)˛ tdUntbm, Sn.hn., hmjnßv sajo≥,anIvkn, ^nUvPv, Kymkv Ãuhv, Im¿ / Po∏v, Sqho-e¿, Iºyq-´¿, Fb¿I-≠o-j-\¿

Kq∏p-I-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw

apI-fn¬ ]d-™-Xp-t]mse Hmtcm IpSpw-_-Øn\pw D≠m-Im-hp∂ kvtImdp-Iƒ samØw IW-°m-°p∂p. AXn∂p tijw Cut-off IW-°m°n IpSpw-_-ßsf\membn h¿§o-I-cn-°p∂p. (]-ńI 1 ImWp-I)

kvtIm¿ \n¿Æbw Pohn-Xm-\p-`-hsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv \S-Øn-bXv.DZm: Hcp ]ca ZcnZ IpSpw-_-Øn\v \mw enÃv sNbvX 10 D]-t`mK hkvXp-°-fn¬



GXm≠v 2 FÆw t]mepw kz¥-ambn D≠m-Im≥ km≤y-X-bn√. Cß-s\-bp≈Hcp IpSpw_w IpSpw_ sNe-hns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ XmgsØ H∂m-a-sØtbmc≠m-a-sØtbm Xe-Øntem hcp-am-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ G‰hpw XmgsØ Xe-Øn-ep-tam B-bn-cn°pw. CØcw IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS hoSns‚ s]mXp-ÿn-Xn°v ]c-am-h[n 5 kvtImdn¬ IqSp-X¬ hcm≥ km≤y-X-bn√. Ch H∂n®v Iqń-bm¬ (2+2+1+5)10 kvtIm¿ Bbncn°pw. Cu [mc-W-bn-emWv 11 kvtIm¿ H∂m-asØ 'Cut off' ]cn-[n-bmbn IW-°m-°n-bXv. 11¬ Xmsg kvtIm¿ hcp∂ IpSpw-_-sØ kmº-ØnIKq∏v I Bbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂p. CtX coXn-bn¬ I´v Hm^v \n¿Æ-bn®v II apX¬ IVhsc-bp≈ Kq∏p-I-sfbpw IW-°m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p (]-ńI 1 ImWp-I).

]ńI 2˛¬ IpSpw-_-ß-fp-tSbpw AXnse P\-ß-fp-tSbpw FÆw \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. kmº-ØnI Kq∏v (Economic Group - EG) H∂nepw c≠nepw IpSpw-_-ß-fnse AwK-kwJy s]mXp-hn¬ IqSn-b-Xn-\m-emWv hy‡nI-fpsS FÆ-Øns‚ A\p-]mXw h¿≤n-°m≥ ImcWw.

1987 se Btcm-Ky-k¿sh-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw

1987˛¬ ]cn-jØv \S-Ønb BtcmKy k¿sh-bn¬ ]Xn-io¿j hcp-am\w, hnZym-`ymk tbmKyX, hoSns‚ s]mXp-ÿnXn, IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ssIh-i-`qan F∂o LS-I-ßsf s]mXp-hn¬ IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp Composite index Bbn-cp∂pD]-tbm-Kn-®-sX∂v kqNn-∏n-®t√m. CXv hgn Xøm-dm-°nb kqNn-I-bm-bn-cp∂p A-∂sØ kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI h¿Ko-I-c-W-Øns‚ am\-ZWvUw.

1987¬ kzoI-cn® AtX \mev LS-I-ßsf Xs∂ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n (]Xn-io¿jhcp-am\w, hnZym-`ymk tbmKyX, IpSpw-_-Øns‚ `q DS-a-ÿX, hoSns‚ s]mXp-ÿnXn) 2004˛se tIcf ]T\ kmºn-fns\ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ 17 h¿j-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI LS-\-bn¬ h∂ am‰ßfpsS GI-tZ-i-cq]w hy‡-am-Ipw.

Hmtcm LS-I-Øn\pw H∂v apX¬ \mev hsc-bp≈ kvtImdp-I-f-\p-k-cn-®mWv

kvtIm¿

EG I 11¬ Ipdhv BPL Zcn-Z¿

EG II 11-16 APL Zcn-Z¿

EG III 17-24 Xmgv∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿

EG IV 24 ¬ IqSp-X¬ Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿

h¿§o-I-cWwkmº-ØnI Kq∏v

]ńI 1hnhn[ kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-I-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw

I 14.0 15.1II 32.2 34.8III 43.2 41.2IV 10.6 8.8

IpSpw_w (%) hy‡n-Iƒ (%)EG

]ńI 2 kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fpsS hnX-cWw



1987¬ h¿§o-I-cWw \S-Øn-b-Xv. kvtImdp-Ifpw Ah-°p≈ am\-Z-fihpw XmsgsImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

1 apX¬ 4 hsc-bp≈ kvtImdns‚ am\-Z-WvUßfn¬ hcp∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsSA\p-]m-X-Øn¬ h∂ am‰-amWv ]ńI 3 F apX¬ 3 C hsc \¬In-b-Xv. Ch-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xøm-dm-°nb kmaqly kmº-ØnI ÿnXn (Socio

Economic Status, SES) BWv ]ńI 3 F^v ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. 2004 se tIcf]T\w IW-°p-I-fn¬ \n∂v \K-c-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ \n∂p-≈h Hgn-hm-°n-bmWv CuIW°v Iq´¬ \S-Øn-b-Xv. hcp-am\Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ \mWys∏cp-∏-Øn∂v A\p-kr-X-amb am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

AX-\p-k-cn®v SES 1epw 2epw s]Sp∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS A\p-]mXw 1987s\At]-£n®v Ipd-™-Xmbn ImWmw. SES 3 epw 4 epw h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-bn-cn-°p∂p.

C\w am\-ZfiwkvtIm¿

1) ]Xn-io¿jhcp-am\w(]-Xn-am-kw)

2) `qhp-S-a-kvXX

3) hnZym-`ymktbmKyX

4) hoSvF. Xd

_n. ta¬°qc

<100 cq]100-˛190 ''190-˛250 ''>250 ''

< 11 sk‚ v11- 5050-˛250>250

v Hcm -sf -¶nepw Ggmw -XcwF∂m¬ B¿°pw sslkv°qƒ hnZym-`ymkw C√.

v Hcm-sf -¶nepw sslkvIqƒAXn¬ IqSp-X¬ Bcpw C√

v H∂n-e-[nIw t]¿ sslkvIq-tfm, Hcm-sf-¶nepw AXn¬IqSp-Xtem

v H∂n¬ IqSp -X¬ t]¿sslkvIqfn¬ IqSp-X¬

< 200 N. ASn.201-˛500501-˛1000>1000

]p√v, Hmejo‰v, Bkv_-t‰mkvHmSvtImÏo‰v

1234

1234

1

2

3

4

1234

1234



]ńI 31987 ambp≈ Xmc-Xayw (Km-ao-Ww)

a) hnZym- ymk \ne-hmcw

1 26 13.6 -48

2 18 14.7 -19

3 36 46.7 30

4 20 25.0 25

b) ]Xn-io¿j hcp-am\w

1 35 12.1 -66

2 32 22.5 -30

3 10 13.0 30

4 23 52.4 128

c) q DS-a-ÿX

1 27 30.2 12

2 32 35.9 12

3 29 25.3 -13

4 12 8.5 -29

d) ]m¿∏n-Sw- -ta¬°qc

1 31 5.0 -84

2 1 4.7 369

3 58 48.6 -16

4 10 40.6 306

e) ]m¿∏n-Sw- -(Xd)

1 37 9.8 -73

2 35 32.7 -7

3 20 40.1 101

4 9 17.4 93

f) kmaq-ly- -km-º-ØnI ÿnXn

I 14.7 6.0 -59

II 48.2 24.9 -48

III 29 37.2 28

IV 8.1 32.0 295

kvtIm¿ 1987 2004 am‰w (%)S

ES

(]ńI˛3 F^v) ImWpI. G‰hpw Ipdhv SES 1 s‚ Imcy-Øn-emWv; G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ SES 4 epw. CXv ImWn-°p-∂Xv tIc-f-Øn¬ CSØ-c-°m-cpsS FÆ-Øn¬h∂ h¿≤\bmWv.

P\-kw-Jym-L-S\

tIc-f-]-T-\-Ønse kmºnƒ P\-kw-Jy-bpsS ]mb-L-S-\bpw kvXo˛-]p-cpjA\p-]m-Xhpw ]ńI 4 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. sk≥kkv IW-°p-I-fn¬ \n∂vhenb hyXymkw CX-n\n-√. tIc-f-Øns‚ s]mXp kz`m-hsØ kmºnƒ ]Xn-\n-



[o-I-cn-°p∂p F∂v CXv ImWn-°p-∂p. ]mb-L-S-\sb NnXo-I-cn-°p∂ ]mb]nc-an-Up-Iƒ ImWpI (NnXw 1). C¥y-bpsS ]nc-an-Un¬ \n∂v tIc-f-Øn-t‚XvBIr-Xn-bn¬ XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. C¥y-bp-tSXv bYm¿∞ ]nc-anUv BIr-Xn-bn-em-Wv. AXm-bXv ]mbw Ipd-™-hsc ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ Xmsg hoXnIqSnbpw tatem v ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn hoXn Ipd-™pw. ]nc-anUv F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ _mc¬BIr-Xn-bmWv tIc-f-Øns‚ NnX-Øn\v. 24˛29 hb-p-Imsc NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂n-S-ØmWv hoXn G‰hpw IqSp-X¬. (C¥y-tb-°mƒ Ata-cn-°bpam-bmWv tIc-f-Øn\v C°m-cy-Øn¬ kmayw).

]mb Kq∏v kvXo ]pcp-j≥ samØw kvXo % ]pcp-j≥ % samØw %

0 -˛ 4 882 892 1774 3.16 3.20 6.36

5 ˛ -9 992 1018 2010 3.55 3.65 7.20

10-˛14 1085 1109 2194 3.89 3.97 7.86

15-˛19 1236 1271 2507 4.43 4.55 8.98

20-˛24 1535 1385 2920 5.50 4.96 10.46

25-˛29 1274 1303 2577 4.57 4.67 9.23

30˛-34 1051 1109 2160 3.77 3.97 7.74

35-˛39 1094 936 2030 3.92 3.35 7.27

40-˛44 949 900 1849 3.40 3.23 6.63

45-˛49 916 828 1744 3.28 2.97 6.25

50-˛54 796 750 1546 2.85 2.69 5.54

55-˛59 674 622 1296 2.42 2.23 4.64

60-˛64 488 493 981 1.75 1.77 3.52

65-˛69 510 431 941 1.83 1.54 3.37

70-˛74 318 281 599 1.14 1.01 2.15

75-˛79 197 196 393 0.71 0.70 1.41

80 + 227 158 385 0.81 0.57 1.38

samØw 14236 13696 27932 50.97 49.03 100.00

]´n-I- 4P\-kw-Jy-bpsS ]mb-˛-enwK LS\

NnXw 1

tIcfw Ata-cn°C¥y



P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 70.25 iX-am-\-Øns‚ ]mbw 15 \pw 64 \pw CS-bn-emWv(]-ńI 5). ]mb-h¿[\ thK-Øn¬ \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-bm-sW-¶nepw C∂sØ\ne-bn¬ \Ωp-tSXv A[zm\-£-a-amb P\-ß-fm-Wv. BinX P\-kw-Jy-bpsS A\p-]mXw Ipd-hm-sW-∂-XmWv CXns‚ adp-h-iw. Bin-X -]m-b°mcpw sXmgn¬]mb°mcpw XΩn-ep≈ A\p-]m-X-amWv Bin-XXz A\p-]mXw (Dependency ratio).

Ipń-I-fp-sS A\p-]m-Xhpw hr≤-cp-sS A\p-]m-Xhpw IqSn-t®¿∂-XmWv samØwBin-XXz A\p-]m-Xw.

hn`mKw FÆw %

Ipń-Iƒ (0-˛14 hb-v) 5988 21.45sXmgn-se-Sp-°p∂ ]mbw 15˛64 hbv 19611 70.25hy≤¿ >64 2318 8.30

]ń-I- 5]mb-L-S-\bpw Bin-X-Xzhpw

]ń-I- 6Bin-X-Xz A\p-]mXw

cmPyw Ipń-Iƒ hr≤¿ samØw

_w•m-tZiv 0.67 0.05 0.72

C¥y 0.54 0.08 0.62

kzoU≥ 0.30 0.27 0.57

Ct¥m-t\jy 0.48 0.07 0.55

bp Fkv F 0.34 0.19 0.53

ioe¶ 0.39 0.09 0.48

Xmbve‚ v 0.39 0.08 0.47

Cd-den 0.22 0.23 0.45

P∏m≥ 0.23 0.21 0.44

tIcfw 0.31 0.12 0.42

]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ cmPy-ß-fp-am-bp≈ Xmc-Xayw i≤n-°pI (]-ńI 6). temI-Øn¬ Bin-XXz A\p-]mXw G‰hpw Ipd-hp≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv tIc-fw.samØ-Øn¬ C¥y-b-S-°-ap≈ hnI-kzc cmPy-ßsf At]-£n®v _me Bin-XXzw hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. AtX kabw hnI-knX cmPy-ßsf At]-£n®v hr≤Bin-XXzw Ipd-™p-an-cn-°p-∂p. hr≤ Bin-X-Xz-amWv kaq-l-Øn\v IqSp-X¬sNe-th-dn-bXv F∂pw Adn-tb-≠-Xp≠v. Npcp-°-Øn¬ kmº-ØnI hf¿®°v GsdA\p-Iq-e-amb P\-kw-Jym-]-c-amb kml-N-cy-ß-fmWv Ct∏mƒ tIc-f-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.

C¥ysb At]-£n®v a[y-am\ ]mbw (Median age) \mep hbp IqSp-X-em-sW-¶nepw hnI-knX cmPy-ßsf At]-£n®v ae-bm-fn-Iƒ Ct∏mgpw sNdp-∏-amWv (NnXw2). a[y-am\ ]mbw G‰hpw Ipdhv ap…ow kap-Zm-b-Øn-\m-Wv. IqSp-X¬ apt∂m°lnµp-°ƒ°pw InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°pw (]- nI 7). hS-°≥ tIc-f-Ønse Ipd™ ]mbwAhnsS ap…ow kap-Zmbw Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-X¬ D≈-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.



]ń-I- 7]mb-Øns‚ a[yhpw a[y-am-\hpw hnhn[ hn`mK-ß-fn¬

hn`mKw a[yw a[y-am\w

samØw 32.4 29

kvXo 32.8 30

]pcp-j≥ 32.0 29

]tZiwsX°≥ tIcfw 34.4 32

a[y tIcfw 34.0 32

hS-°≥ tIcfw 30.4 27

aXwlnµp 34.0 32

ap…ow 27.9 24

InkvXy≥ 34.4 32

PmXnapt∂m°w 35.8 34

]nt∂m°w 33.7 31

]ń-I-PmXn 32.1 29

]ń-I-h¿§w 32.9 30

NnXw 2P\-kw-Jy-bpsS ]mb-Øns‚ a[y-am\w

hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fn¬

DKm≠

ate

jy

s]

dp

C¥

y

tIcfw

Xmb

vem‚

v

ssN

\

sI

mdnb

bp.-F

-kv.F

kzoU

≥

P∏

m≥



P\-kw-Jy-bpsS PmXn˛aX LS\ ]ńI 8 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]nt∂m°lnµp-°-fmWv G‰hpw henb hn`mKw. XpS¿∂v ap…oßfpw. Cu c≠p hn`m-KhpwBZn-hm-kn-˛-Z-fnXv kaq-l-ßfpw tN¿∂m¬ P\-kw-Jy-bpsS Adp-]Xp iX-am-\-Øn-tesd hcpw. Cu hn`m-K-ß-fnepw sk≥kkv IW-°p-I-fp-ambn tbmPn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv tIcf ]T-\-Øns‚ kmºnƒ F∂v ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

sk≥k-kn¬ e`y-a-√m-Ø-XmWv lnµp kap-Zm-b-Ønse D]-Pm-Xn-I-fpsS IW-°p-Iƒ. k¿th-bn¬ \n∂v e`n® hnh-c-ßƒ ]ńI 9 epw 10 epambn ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. \mSm¿ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ lnµp-°-fmbn aXw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-h¿ amXtaDƒs∏-ń-´p-≈q. kaq-l-ßƒ sNdp-Xm-hp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v IW-°p-I-fpsS IrXyXIpd-bm≥ km≤y-X-bp-s≠-∂Xv i≤n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

k¿th t^mdw \n¿Ωn-°p∂ L -Ønse t\m -∏n-iIp aqew eØo≥ ItØm-en-°¿ XpS-ßnb InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS CS-bnse ]nt∂m° hn`m-K-ßsf ]tXy-I-ambntcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™n-√. CXv ]T-\-Ønse Hcp A]m-I-X-bmbn Icp-tX-≠-Xm-Wv.

hn`mKw tIcf ]T\w 2004 sk≥kkv 2001

(%) (%)

\mb¿ 12.88 -

a‰p apt∂m°w 1.77 -

samØw apt∂m°w 14.65 -

Cugh 22.91 -

a‰p ]nt∂m°w 8.48 -

samØw ]nt∂m°w 31.39 -

]ń-I-PmXn 9.07 9.80

]ń-I-h¿§w 1.07 1.10

samØw lnµp 54.47 56.16

ap…ow 26.88 24.70

InkvXy≥ 18.33 19.02

ad-dp-≈h/hn´p-t]m-bXv 0.31 0.12

]ń-I-˛8P\-kwJy PmXn aX LS\ ]Imcw

]ń-I-˛9apt∂m° PmXn-bnse D]-hn-`m-K-ßƒ

D]-PmXn apt∂m-°-°m-cpsS lnµp-°-fnse P\-kw-Jy-bpsS(%) (%) (%)

\mb¿ 90.30 22.94 12.50

_m“-W¿ 4.52 1.15 0.62

Aº-e-hmkn 2.47 0.63 0.34

ad-dp-≈-h¿ 2.72 0.69 0.38



]ń-I-˛10]nt∂m° PmXn-bnse D]hn`m-K-ßƒ

D]-PmXn ]nt∂m-°-°m-cpsS lnµp-°-fnse P\-kw-Jy-bpsS(%) (%) (%)

Cugh 72.98 40.79 22.22

hniz-I¿Ω 11.44 6.40 3.48

]nt∂m° \mb¿ 2.98 1.67 0.91

[ohc¿ 2.64 1.47 0.80

\mSm¿(-ln-µp) 1.61 0.90 0.49

Fgp-Ø-O≥ 1.58 0.88 0.48

IpUpw_n 0.85 0.47 0.26

IWn-bm≥ 0.83 0.47 0.25

Nmenb 0.68 0.38 0.21

a‰p-≈-h¿ 4.41 2.47 1.34

]ńI ˛ 11

IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsSicm-icn FÆw

]ń-I-˛12IpSpw_ cq]w (%)

BsI 4.9

]tZiw

sX°≥ tI-cfw 4.4

a[y -tI-cfw 4.6

hS-°≥ tIcfw 5.6

aXw

lnµp 4.6

ap…ow 6.1

InkvXy≥ 4.5

PmXn

\mb¿ 4.4

a‰p apt∂m°w 4.4

Cugh 4.7

a‰p ]nt∂m°w 4.8

]ń-I-PmXn 4.8

]ń-I-h¿§w 4.7

hn`mKw AWp-Ip-Spw_w Iq´p-Ip-Spw_w

BsI 86.2 13.8]tZiwsX°≥ tI-cfw 92.1 7.9a[y tIcfw 91.0 9.0hS-°≥ tIcfw 78.7 21.3aXwlnµp 86.8 13.2ap…ow 82.2 17.8IrkvXy≥ 89.4 10.6PmXn\mb¿ 91.1 8.9a‰p apt∂m°w 92.9 7.1Cugh 86.2 13.8a‰p ]nt∂m°w 86.9 13.1]ń-I-PmXn 87.3 12.7]ń-I-h¿§w 85.0 15.0kmº-ØnI Kq∏vI 83.1 16.9II 82.4 17.6III 87.9 12.1IV 94.5 5.5

A©p-t]-c-S-ßp∂XmWv tIc-f-Ønse Hcp icm-icn IpSpw-_w. IpSpw-_-Øns‚hep∏w G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv ap…ow hn`m-K-Øn-emWv (]-ńI 11). G‰hpw Ipdhvapt∂m° lnµp-°-fnepw InkvXym-\n-I-fn-epw.



NnXw 3. enwKm-\p-]mXw hnhn[ ]mb Kq∏p-I-fn¬

]mb Kq∏v

enwK

m-\p-]

mXw/

Bb

n-c-Ø

n\v

Pn√ tIcf ]T\w 2004 sk≥kkv 2001

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 1084 1058

sIm√w 1036 1070

]Ø\wXn´ 1059 1094

Be-∏pg 1012 1079

tIm´bw 1037 1025

CSp°n 958 999

Fd-Wm-Ipfw 1013 1017

Xr»q¿ 1052 1092

]me-°mSv 1004 1068

ae-∏pdw 1086 1063

tImgn-t°mSv 1040 1058

hb-\mSv 974 1000

IÆq¿ 1101 1090

Imk-¿-tKmUv 1032 1047

kwÿm\w 1046 1058

]ń-I-˛13enwKm-\p-]mXw hnhn[ Pn√-I-fnepw kwÿm-\Øpw

AWp-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fmWv _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw. hS-°≥ tIc-f-Øn-emWv Iq´pIp-Spw-_-ßƒ Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-X¬. ap…ow, BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-ß-fnepw Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-ßƒ a‰p-≈-h-tc-°mƒ IqSp-X-em-Wv. kmº-ØnI ÿnXn Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v AWp-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fpsS tXmXv IqSn hcp-∂-Xmbpw ImWmw (]-ńI 12).

kwÿm-\Øpw hnhn[ Pn√-I-fn-ep-ap≈ enwKm-\p-]mXw (B-bncw ]pcp-j-∑m¿°vFX kvXoIƒ) ]ńI 13 ¬ ImWp-I. s]mXp-hn¬ sk≥kkv IW-°p-I-fp-



ambn tN¿∂p t]mIp-∂Xp Xs∂-bm-Wn-Xpw. sNdnb hyXym-k-ßƒ ]pdØp tPmen-sb-Sp-°p-∂-hsc IW-°m-°p-∂-Xnse hyXy-kvX-X-Iƒ sIm≠m-hmw.

]mbw h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v enwKm-\p-]mXw h¿≤n-°p∂p (NnXw 3). ]pcp-j-∑m¿ tPmen°mbn ]pdØp t]mIp-∂Xpw 35 hbp Ign-™p≈ ]pcp-j-∑m-cnse Xmc-X-tay\ Db¿∂ acW \nc-°p-amWv CXn\p Imc-W-ßƒ.

\ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw kao-]-\-ßfpw

tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn\v ][m-\-ambn c≠p `mK-ß-fp≠v. kmaqly˛ kmº-ØnI Ah-ÿ-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ KpWm-flI hnj-b-ß-fpsS At\z-j-W-amWv Hcp `mKw.as‰mcp `mKw P\-ß-fpsS kao-]-\-ßtfbpw \ne-]m-Sp-I-tfbpw kzm[o-\n-°p∂LS-I-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-j-W-amWv. KWm-flI hnh-c-ß-fpsS AYhm kmaq-ly-km-º-ØnI taJ-e-bnse ]h-W-X-I-fpsS IrXy-amb ]Xn-^-e\w Xs∂-bmWvHc¿∞-Øn¬ KpWm-fl-I-hn-h-c-ßƒ. h¿Ø-am-\-Ime kmaqly kml-N-cy-Øn¬kwhm-Z-hn-t[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ ][m\ ]iv\-ß-fn¬ P\-ß-fpsS [mc-W-Iƒ Fßs\ cq]-s∏-Sp∂p F∂-dn-bm-\p≈ ]cn-an-X-amb Hcp ]cn-i-a-am-Wn-sX∂p]dbmw. P\-ß-fpsS A`n-]m-b-ßƒ, A`n-]m-b-ß-fnse am‰-ßƒ,kmam-\y-h-XvI-c-W-ßƒ, A`n-]m-b-ß-sfbpw [mc-W-I-sfbpw kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-ßƒ, Ch-bvs°√mw B[m-c-amb kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI˛cmjvSob ]›m-Ø-e-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-jWw F∂n-h-sb-√m-amWv kmam-\y-ambn Cu ]T-\-`m-K-Øn-epƒs∏-Sp-∂Xv.

kmaqly kmº-ØnI hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn® hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂p Xs∂-bmWvkao-]-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-∂-sX-¶nepw, Cu c≠p-Xcw hnh-c-ß-fp-tSbpw hnizm-ky-X-bp-tSbpw IrXy-X-bp-tSbpw tXmXv hyXy-kvX-amWv. Af-∂-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp∂ hkvXp-X-Iƒ t]mse hg-ßp-∂-X√ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ. F¶nepwA\p-tbm-Py-amb Nne Af-hp-tIm-ep-Iƒ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ A`n-]m-b-ß-sfbpw Af-°m\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw \ap°p km[n°pw. Cu At\z-j-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[ hnj-b-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS kao-]-\-ß-fn-ep≈ kmay-ßfpw sshcp-≤y-ßfpw, sXfn-™p-h-cp∂ s]mXp-]-h-W-X-Ifpw, hni-I-e\ hnt[-b-am-°p-tºmƒ KpWm-fl-I-hn-h-c-ß-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw Cu ]T-\-Øns‚B[n-Im-cn-IX Db¿∂ \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂p-s≠∂p ImWmw.

F∂m¬ A`n-]m-b-ß-sfbpw kao-]-\-ß-sfbpw Ipdn-®p≈ GsXmcp At\z-j-W-Øn-\p-ap≈ ]cn-anXn Ah hy‡n-K-Xhpw ap≥hn-[n-I-fpƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Im-\p-ap≈ km≤yX˛Cu ]T-\-Ønepw kw`m-hy-amWv. Cu km[y-X°v th≠X]cn-K-W\ \¬In-s°m≠p thWw CXnse \nK-a-\-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥.

A`n-]m-b-ßƒ tIh-e-amb ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ amX-a√, Ah hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambHcp kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI˛`uXnI PohnX ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS Dev]∂w IqSn-bmWv.Aßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ Cu ]T-\-Øns‚ s]mXp \nK-a-\-ßƒ°p-hn-cp-≤-amb Hcp]h-W-Xbpw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂n√ F∂v FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠-Xp≠v. Cu ]T-\-`m-K-Øn\v ][m-\-ambn A\p-`-h-s∏´ Hcp ]cn-anXn Xmc-X-ay-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb ap≥ImeASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-ß-fpsS (Baseline data) A`m-h-amWv. Cu taJ-e-bn¬ CØcw]T-\-ßƒ hfsc Zp¿e-`-ambn amXta apºv \S-∂n-´p≈q F∂-Xn\mem-WnXv.



hni-I-e-\-Øns‚ coXn kº-Zmbw

BZy-`m-KØv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xp-t]mse IpSpw-_sØ H∂n-®n-cpØn hni-Z-ambHcp N¿®-bpsS cq]-Øn-emWv Cu ]T\w \S-∂n-´p-≈Xv. IrXy-amb adp-]-Sn-Iƒ°p]pdta DS≥ ]Xn-I-c-W-ßfpw kqN-\-I-fp-sa√mw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠mWv A`n-]m-b-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ s]mXp-]-Xn-I-cWw F∂ \ne-bn-emWv Ah ]cn-K-Wn-®n-´p-≈Xv. F∂m¬ Ipń-Iƒ, bphm-°ƒ, kvXoIƒ F∂n-h-tcmSv ]tXyIw D∂-bn®v adp-]Sn tXSnb ]iv\-ß-fp-ap≠v. (DZm: thjw, kocn-b¬, kn\na, kvXo[\w, kvXoIƒs°-Xn-cmb AXn-Iaw apX-em-bh) IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ]Xn-I-c-W-Øn¬ Krl-\m-Ys‚/apJy-ambn ]Xn-I-cn-®-bm-fpsS ho£-W-K-Xn°v ]mapJyw e`n-°m≥ km-[y-X-tb-sd-bp≠v. AXv H´pw Akzm-`m-hn-I-a√F∂p hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn Xncn-®-dn-™p-sIm≠v \nK-a\-ßsf kzoI-cn-°mt\ CØ-c-samcp ]T-\-k-º-Zm-b-Øn¬ km[y-am-hq. hni-Z-amb \nc-h[n ]T-\-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-I-X-bn-te°v hnc¬Nq-≠p∂ hnh-c-ß-fmWv e`n-®n-´p-≈Xv F∂-Xn-\m¬ Cut]mcm-bva-Iƒ `mhn-]-T-\-ß-fn¬ ]cn-l-cn-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp≈p.

]c-kv]c kzm[o-\-ßƒ

t\csØ kqNn-∏n® 4 hyXykvX kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-Iƒ (I ]c-a-Z-cn-Z-hn-`mKw˛14%, II Zcn-Z-hn-`mKw˛32.2%, III. Xmgv∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿ ˛ 43.2%. IV. Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿˛10.6% IpSpw-_-ßƒ) Xncn®v A`n-]m-b-ß-fnepw kao-]-\-ß-fn-ep-ap≈kmay-ßfpw sshcp-≤yßfpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv ]m[m\yw \¬In-bn- p-≈Xv.][m\ aX-hn- m-K-ßƒ Xncn®pw hni-I-e-\-ßƒ e`y-amWv. apt∂m-°-PmXn, ]nt∂m-°-PmXn, ]ń-I-PmXn, ]ń-I-h¿Kw F∂n-ßs\ Xncn-®p≈ hni-I-e-\-ßƒ ]k-‡-amb Ht´sd hnj-b-ß-fp≠v. Cu Hmtcm hn`m-K-Ønepw kmº-ØnI \ne-b-\p-k-cn -®p≈ tNcp-h-I-fpsS LS-\bpw Hmtcm kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ØnepwPmXn˛aX˛]mtZ-inI tNcp-h-I-fpsS LS-\bpw A`n-]mbcq]o-I-c-W-Ønepw ioe-ß-fnepw kmwkvIm-cnI CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-ep-sa√mw Fßs\ ]Xn-^-en-°p∂p F∂-dn-bm-\mWv Cu hni-I-e-\-co-Xn-bn-eqsS ian-°p-∂Xv.

cmjvSob B`n-ap-Jyhpw \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘hpw hni-I-e-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂p≠v. tIc-f-Ønse ][m-\-s∏´ aq∂v cmjvSob tNcn-I-fn¬ (F¬ UnF^v, bp Un F^v, _n sP ]n) AWn-\n-c-∂n-´p-≈-h-cpsS ]Xn-I-cWw F∂ \ne-bnepw hnj-b-ßsf kao-]n-°p-∂p≠v. 2001˛se \nb-a-k`m sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ thm´psNbvX-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv cmjvSob Nmbvhv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv.k¿t∆-bpsS A\p- -h-Øn¬ IqSnb kXy-k-‘-X-tbmsS ]Xn-I-cWw e`n® tNmZy-am-bn-´mWv CXns\ hne-bn-cp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv.

Npcp-°-Øn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ C\-ß-fn-emWv Cu hni-I-e-\-ßƒ s]mXpthXøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv.

1. kmº-ØnI \ne, 2. cmjvSob A\p-`mhw, 3. aXw, PmXn, 4. ]tZiw

hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw, am[y-a-kzm-[o\w F∂n-hsb B[m-c-am-°n-bp≈ ]k-‡-amb Nne hni-I-e-\-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v.



A≤ymbw 3

hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw

tIc-f-Øns‚ kºZv hyh-ÿsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw F¨]-Xp-I-fpsS

]Ip-Xn°v tij-ap≈Xv hf¿®-bp-tS-Xmb Hcp Ime-L-´-amWv. Zo¿L-Im-esØkmº-ØnI apc-Sn-∏n\v tijw C°m-e-b-f-hn¬ kwÿm\ kmº-Øn-I-cwKwkmam\yw t`Z-s∏´ hf¿®m-\n-c-°mWv ssIh-cn-®Xv. 1970˛86 Ime-L-´-Øn¬kw-ÿm-\-Øns‚ B`y-¥-tcm-ev]m-Z\ hf¿®m-\n-c°v tZiob icm-i-cn-tb-°mƒhfsc Xmsg-bm-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬1987˛ 2002 Ime-b-f-hn-em-Is´ kwÿm\w tZiobicm-i-cnsb XpS¿®-bmbn adn-I-S-∂n-cn-°-bmWv.

hf¿®

m-\n-c

°v i

X-am-\

-Øn¬

(Ah-ew_w˛am\h hnI-k\ dnt∏m¿´v (tIc-fw) ˛ CDS 2005)

NnXw˛1

B`y-¥-tcm-ev]mZ\ hf¿®m-\n-c°v˛C¥ybpw tIc-fhpw (1970˛2002)

1970 1986 2002

t 0.52

n 4.01

t 5.03

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

n 1.87

h¿jw

tIcf

w

C¥y



]Xn-io¿j-h-cp-am\w IW-°m-°p-tºmƒ tIc-fhpw cmPy-Øns‚ CXc ]tZ-i-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw IqSp-X¬ ]IS-amWv. P\-kwJymcwKØv \mw ssIh-cn® t\´-ß-fmWv AXn\v ][m\ ImcWw. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ hcp-am\w IW-°m-°p-tºmƒ ]pdw-\m-Sp-I-fn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h¿ Ab-°p-∂- ]Ww IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-®m¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ hf¿®mtXmXv ho≠pw h¿≤n°p∂p. Cu ]pXp-°nbBtfm-lcn hcp-am\ kqNnI (MPCI -Mean Percapita Income - CXn¬ ]W-Øns‚]pdw hchv IqSn Dƒs∏-´n-cn-°p∂p) ]Imcw F¨]-Xp-I-fpsS ]IpXn apX¬tIcfw 6.86% \nc-°n¬ hf-cp-I-bmWv. GXv am\-ZWvUw sh®v t\m°n-bmepwCXv hfsc Db¿s∂mcp \nc-°mWv. Cu hf¿®m-\n-c°v CtX tXm-Xn¬ \ne-\n∂m¬ Hmtcm ]Øp h¿j-Øn-\p-≈nepw Btfm-lcn hcp-am\w GXm≠v Cc-´n-bmIpw.

F¨]-Xp-I-fpsS c≠mw-]-Ip-Xn-bn¬ Bcw-`n® XpS¿®bmb hf¿®m-\n-c°vtIc-f-Ønse P\-ß-fpsS s]mXp-Po-hnX \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ \∂mbn ]Xn-^-en-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. C°m-cy-ßƒ IW-°p-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xs∂ ka¿∞n-°m-\m-h-iy-amb k¿t∆ hnh-c-ßƒ ]cn-jØv ]T-\-ß-fn¬ Xs∂bp≠v. 1987˛¬]cn-jØv \S-Ønb "Btcm-Ky-k¿t∆' tIc-f-Ønse F√m ]©m-b-Øp-I-fn-ep-ambn 9940 KmaoW hoSp-I-fnse hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v hni-I-e\w sNbvXn-cp∂p(KSSP-1) ]n∂oSv 1996¬ 1987-te-Xns‚ 10% hoSp-Iƒ ho≠pw k¿sh sNbvXv as‰m-cp- ]-T-\hpw \SØn. (KSSP-2) Ct∏mƒ \S∂ "tIc-f-]-T\'Ønem-Is´ kwÿm-\-Ønse 5696 hoSp-I-fnse hnh-c-ßƒ BWv D≈Xv (KSSP-3). Ch Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

]m¿∏nSw

tIc-f-Ønse 95%Øne[nIw t]cpw C∂v Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv kz¥w hoSp-I-fn-emWv. CXv F√m kmº-ØnI hn`m--K-Øn-¬ s]´h¿°pw _m[-I-am-Wv. CXv km[y-am-bXv Fgp-]-Xp-I-fpsS HSp-°-Øn¬ Bcw-`n-®Xpw F¨]-Xp-I-fpsS Ah-km\-tØmsS Xzcn-X-s∏-´-Xp-amb `h\ \n¿ΩmW taJ-e-bnse A`n-hr≤n aqe-amWv.NnXw˛2¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ hoSp-I-fpsS k©-nX hnhcw h¿jm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sImSp-

100

84

68

5338

292016

127 10

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

<196

0

55-5

9

60-6

4

65-6

9

70-7

4

75-7

9

80-8

4

85-8

9

90-9

4

95-9

9

>200

0

CX

p-hsc \

n¿Ω

n-°-s∏

´

B

sI h

oSp-I

ƒ (

%)

h¿jw

NnXw ˛2

\n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ hoSp-I-fpsS k©nX hnhcw˛h¿jm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬



Gsd sa®-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xmbn ImWmw. Krl-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v th≠n-h-cp∂ samØwsNe-hns‚ tXmXv Is≠-Øm≥ ]cn-tim-[n-°m-hp∂ G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-ambLSIw, AXns‚ ta¬°qc GXv hn[w \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´p F∂-Xm-Wt√m. C°m-cy

kmº-ØnI hn`mKw kz¥w hoSp-≈-h¿

I 95.5%

II 95.6%

III 94.9%

IV 95.5%

BsI 95%

]ńI1

hoSns‚ DS-a-ÿX˛kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fn¬

Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv i≤n-°pI.Ign™ Ccp-]Xv h¿j-Øn-\n-S-bn-emWv samØw hoSp-IfpsS62%hpw \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´Xv F∂vImWmw.

]m¿∏nS cwK-Øp-≠mb Cuh≥ap-t∂‰w tIhew FÆ-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ amX-a√.hen-∏-Ønepw KpW-ta-∑-bnepwhoSp -Iƒ C°m-e -b -f -hn¬

Hme/]p√v/jo‰v 31.7 11.2 3.1 -˛ 9.4

HmSv 60.4 62.1 42.1 6.9 47.3

tImÏo‰v 8.0 26.7 54.8 93.1 43.3

ta¬°qc I II III IV

]ńI 2 F

hoSns‚ ta¬°qc˛hnhn[ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fn¬

BsI

NmWIw/Nfn 48 13.3 2 0.1 11.9

kna‚ v/samsskIv 52 85.0 84.3 55.6 69.1

ssS¬ ˛ 1.3 9 24.8 9.5

am¿_nƒ/Kmss\‰v ˛ 0.4 4.7 19.5 9.5

Xd I II III IV

]ńI 2 _nhoSns‚ Xd˛hnhn[ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fn¬

BsI

Øn¬ Hme sIńta™ hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw BZyw HmSn´ hoSp-I-fn-te°pw ]n∂oSvtImÏo‰v ta¬∏p-cbn-te-°p-ap≈ ]cn-Wmaw A\p-kyqXw kw`-hn-°p-∂-XmbnImWm≥ Ignbpw. (]ńI ˛2 F ImWpI) Ct∏mƒ samØw hoSp-I-fpsS 43.3%hpwtImÏo‰v hm¿∏n-´-h-bmWv. Hme sIń ta™tXm jo‰n-´tXm Bb hoSp-Iƒ10% ¬ Xmsg amX-amWv. 1987˛¬ ÿnXn t\sc Xncn-®m-bn-cp∂p.

ta¬°q-c-bp-tS-Xv t]mse hoSp-I-fpsS Xd-bpsS Imcy-Ønepw Cu am‰w ]-I-S-amWv. BUw-_c \n¿ΩmW hkvXp-°-fmb Kmss\‰v, am¿_nƒ, kndm-anIvssS¬kv F∂n-h-bpsS D]-tbmKw hf-sc-tbsd h¿[n-®n-cn-°p∂p. (]ńI˛2 _n)



am\-ZWvUw 1987 2004

icm-icn apdn-I-fpsS FÆw 2.0 4.5

hmk-tbm-Ky-amb ]°hoSp-Iƒ % 38.8 82.9

]ńI˛3

icm-icn apdn-I-fpsS FÆhpwhmk-tbm-Ky-amb hoSp-I-fpsS A\p-]m-Xhpw (1987˛2004)

NnXw ˛3hoSp-I-fpsS ta¬°qc 1987; 1996; 2004 h¿j-ß-fn¬

65.0

]p√v / jo‰v

HmSv

tImÏo‰v

A©n-semt∂mfw hoSp-I-fn¬ Xd \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v Ct∏mƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv CØcw hkvXp-°-fmWv.

hyXykvX kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ hnhn[ coXn-I-fn-ep≈ ta¬°q-cbpw Xdbpw D≈ hoSp-Iƒ GXv hn[-amWv hn\y-kn-°-s∏´-sX-∂-dn-bm≥ ]ńI 2F, 2_n F∂nh i≤n-°pI. AXn Zcn-Z-cpsS hn`m-K-Øn¬ 31.7% IpSpw-_-ßƒhoSn\v ta¬°qc \n¿Ωn-°m≥ -C-t∏mgpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv ]p√v, Hme, jo‰v F∂n-h-bmWv. Cu hn`m-K-Øns‚ 48 iX-am-\-tØmfw hoSp-I-fn¬ Xd NmWIw sImt≠mNfn sImt≠m sagp-In-b-h-bmWv. F∂m¬ Kq∏v 4s‚ Imcy-Øn¬ 93 iX-am\Øne-[nIw hoSp-Ifpw tImÏo‰v ta¬°q-c-bp≈hbmWv. Ch-cpsS 44.3% hoSp-I-fn¬Xdbv°v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Kmss\‰v, am¿_nƒ, ssS¬kv F∂o BUw-_chkvXp-°-fmWv.

samØw hoSp-I-fn¬ hmk-tbm-Ky-am-b ]°-ho-Sp-I-fpsS A\p-]m-X-Øn-epw- Hmtcmhońepw D≈ icm-icn apdn-I-fpsS FÆ-Ønepw henb h¿≤-\-hmWv 1987\v tijwD≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv (]ńI3)

93.8% hoSp-Iƒ°pw ASp-°f ]tXy-I-am-bp≠v. AJn-te¥ym icm-icn CXv64% amX-amWv (2001˛se sk≥kkv ]Imcw). ]ńI 4 kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse1987\pw 2004\pw CS-bn¬, ]mN-I-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ C‘-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw kmc-amb am‰w kw`-hn-®n-´p≠v. ]mY-anI C‘\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ hnd-In-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿm\w Ipd-™p-hcn-I-bmWv. ]Icw Kymkns‚ D]-tbmKw \√coXn-bn¬ h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p∂p. Z£X IqSnb ASp-∏p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h-cpsSFÆ-Ønepw \√ h¿≤-\hv D≠m-bn-´p≠v. 1987˛¬ tIhew Hcp iX-am\w amX-am-bn-cp-∂Xv 2004˛¬ ]Øv iX-am-\-ambn Db¿∂n-´p≠v.



hndIv 96 48

hndIv + Kymkv ˛ 35

Kymkv amXw 3 14

asÆÆ 1 2

a‰p-≈h ˛ 1

C‘\w / h¿jw 1987 2004

]ńI ˛4]mN-Im-h-iy-Øn-\m-bp≈ C‘\w (iX-am-\-Øn¬) 1987˛2004

84.8% hoSp-Ifpw sshZyp-Xo-I-cn-®-h-bmWv. (CXn¬ 81.1% knwKnƒt^kpw 3.7%Xot^-kp-amWv) hb-\mSv (63%), CSp°n (76.1%), ]me-°mSv (78.3%) ae-∏pdw (79%)F∂o Pn√-I-fn¬ amX-amWv F¨]Xp iX-am-\-Øn¬ Xmsg hoSp-I-fn¬ sshZyp-Xo-I-cWw \S-∂Xv. 2001˛se sk≥kkv ]Imcw sshZyp-Xo-I-c-W-Øns‚ tZiobicm-icn 55.8% BWv-F∂ hkvXpX IqSn \mw Hm¿°Ww.

1990 Ifn¬ Krl-\n¿ΩmW cwK-Øp-≠mb apt∂‰w kmº-ØnI hf¿®-bnepwkzm[o-\-ap-≠m°n. 1970˛86 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ \n¿Ωm-W-apƒs∏´ ZznXob taJ-e-bpsShf¿®m-\n-c°v 2.36% Bbn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ 1987˛2002 Ime-b-f-hn¬ CXv 6.13% \nc-°n-te-°p-b¿∂v CXc C¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fp-tS-Xn\v H∏-saØn.

hymh-km-bn-I-cw-KØv \ne-\n¬°p∂ amµyw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ, ZznXob taJ-e-bpsS Cu hf¿®m-\n-c-°ns‚ apJyImcWw \n¿Ωm-W-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS h¿[-\hm-sW∂v hy‡-amWv. hymh-km-bn-I-cw-KsØ B`y-¥-tcm¬]m-Z\w ÿnc-hn-e-bn¬ IW-°m-°n-bm¬ 1998˛99¬ 3504 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2002˛03 Bb-t∏mƒ 3067 tImSn cq]-bmbn Ipd-bp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv (AXm-bXv hm¿jnI hf¿®m-\n-c°v˛2.5%). AtX-k-abw \n¿Ωm-W-ta-J-e-bp-tSXv 2522 tImSn cq]-bn¬ \n∂v3512 tImSn cq]-bmbn Db¿∂p (hm¿jnI hf¿®m-\n-c°v 7.9%)˛Ah-ew_w˛F°-

tWm-anIv sdhyq 2004) tIc-f-]-T-\-Ønse hnh-c-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv \n¿Ωm-W-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ samØw sXmgn¬ tk\-bpsS 10.9% hcp-sa-∂mWv. tIc-f-ØnseIpSpw-_-h-cp-am-\-Øn¬ 9.2 iX-am-\hpw e`y-am-hp-∂Xv \n¿Ωm-W-sØm-gn-ep-I-fn¬\n∂mWv. AtX-k-abw hymh-km-bnI taJ-e-bpsS C°m-cy-Ønse kqNn-I-IƒbYm-Iaw 7.9 iX-am-\hpw 8.1 iX-am-\-hp-amWv. Ch- kq-Nn-∏n-°p∂ ][m\ ImcywtIc-f-Øns‚ kºZvLS\ C∂v \n¿ΩmWtaJ-esb Gsd Bi-bn-°p-∂p-sh∂pwAhnsS kw -hn-°p∂ GXv ]nt∂m- -Snbpw tIcf kºZvLS-\-sb kmc-ambn _m[n-°p-sa-∂p-am-Wv.

IpSn-sh≈w

kpc-£n-X-amb IpSn-sh≈w e`y-am-Ip∂ Imcy-Ønepw 1987˛2004 Ime-L´wKWy-amb ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-®n-´p≠v (]ńI˛5). kpc-£n-X-a-√mØ tkmX-p-I-fn¬ \n∂v IpSn-sh≈w tiJ-cn-°p∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS FÆw (CXn¬ InW¿Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń√) 34.1%Øn¬ \n∂v 16.3% Bbn Xmgv∂p. it≤-b-amb t\´wssIh-cn-®Xv hoSn-\p-≈n¬ ss]∏v sh≈w e`y-am-Ip∂ Imcy-Øn-emWv. Bdv aS-ßn-tesd h¿≤-\-hmWv C°m-cy-Øn¬ D≠m-bn´p≈-Xv.



tkmXv(i-X-am-\-Øn¬) 1987 1996

kz¥w InW¿ 53.8 65.1 51.5

ss]∏v sh≈w 3.6 4.2 22.8

s]mXp-Sm∏v 8.5 7.5 9.3

kpc-£n-X-a-√mØ

tkmX-p-Iƒ 34.1 27.3 16.3

2004

]ńI 5IpSn-sh≈ tkmXv 1987-˛2004 iX-am-\-Øn¬

ipNnXzw

Ign™ c≠v Zi-I-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ G‰hpw it≤-b-amb t\´-sa∂v ]d-bm-hp-∂Xv ipNn-Xz-Øns‚ ImcyØn-emWv. hoSp-I-fn¬ I°qkv \n¿Ωn-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Hcp hnP-b-KmY Xs∂ tIcfw cNn®p F∂v ]dbmw. 1987˛¬ 48.3 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp∂p I°q-kp≈ hoSp-I-fpsS FÆw. F∂m¬ 2004˛¬ 91.9% hoSp-I-fnepwI°qkv D≠v (]ńI 6). Krl-\n¿Ωm-W-cw-KØv D≠mb h≥ap-t∂‰w krjvSn®s]mXp kml-Ncyw I°qkv hym]-\-Øn\v klm-b-I-amb Hcp LS-I-amWv.F∂m¬ AXv amX-a√, C°m-cy-Øn¬ D≠mb kmaq-ly-C-S-s]-S¬, hnti-jn®vP\-Io-bm-kq-X-W-Øns‚ L´-Øn¬ ]mtZ-inI `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°nb ipNnXz ]≤-Xn-I-fmbncn°mw Cu Hcp it≤-b-amb t\´-Øn\v If-sam-cp-°n-bXv. Cu apt∂‰w G‰hpw ][m-\-ambn kzm[o-\n-®Xv Btcm-Ky-cw-K-ØmWv.

C\w 1987 1996 2004

I°qkv 48.3 69.9 91.9

shfn-]-tZiw 51.4 27.6 6.5

a‰v coXn-Iƒ 0.3 2.5 1.6

]ńI ˛ 6I°q-kp-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw 1987-˛2004 (%)

Hcn -°¬ inip˛_me ac -W-ßƒ°v apJy -Im -c -W-ß-fn -sem -∂m -bn -cp∂O¿±y-Xn-km-c-Øns‚ hym]\w KWy-ambn Ipd-™Xv I°qkv D]-tbm-K-Øn-ep-≠mb h¿≤-\-hn\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn Xs∂-bmWv.

Jc-am-en\y kwkvI-c-Whpw aen-\-Pew Hgp-°epw

I°q-kp-]-tbm-K-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ D≠m-°m≥ Ign™ t\´w, Km¿lnI amen-\y-ßƒ kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ D≠m-°m≥ km[n-®n-ń√. Jc-am-en\y kwkvI-cWw][m-\-s∏´ Hcp ]iv\-ambn Ah-ti-jn-°p-I-bmWv. C°m-cy-Øn¬ Ah-ew-_n-°p∂ hnhn[ coXn-Iƒ F]-Im-c-sa∂v ]ńI 7 kqNn-∏n-°p∂p.

44.7% hoSp-I-fnepw amen-\y-kw-kvI-c-W-Øn\v ]tXyI coXn-Iƒ H∂pw Ah-ew-_n-°msX N∏p-N-h-dp-Iƒ shdpsX hen-s®-dn-bp-I-bmW.v 1987˛se 70% F∂ÿnXn-bn¬ \n∂v Ipsd apt∂m´v t]mIm≥ Ign™p F∂-sXmcp hkvXp-X-bmWv.



apJy-coXnhoSp-Iƒ

(%)

Ipgn 10.1IØn-°¬ 38.9ItºmÃv 2.6tiJ-cn-°-s∏-S¬ 2.6a‰v coXn-Iƒ 12.0]tXyI am¿§an√ 44.7

]ńI 7hoSp-I-fnse

Jc-am-en\y kwkvI-cWw

kmº-ØnIhn`m-K-ßƒ

iX-am\w

I 63.2

II 50.8

III 39.0

IV 22.9

kz¥-am-bp≈]pc-bnS

hnkvXo¿Æw

<10 sk‚ v 47.7

10˛30 sk‚ v 43.4

30˛100 sk‚ v 44.4

>100 sk‚ v 42.9

iX-am\w

]ńI˛8Xr]vXn-I-c-a-√mØ coXn-bn-ep≈

amen-\y-kw-kvI-cWw

F∂m¬ sImXpIpw Cu®bpw ]c-Øp∂tcmK-ß-fpsS FÆ-Øn¬ kao-]-Im-eØvD≠m-bn-cn-°p∂ h¿≤-\hv ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ CsXmcp Kuc-h-X-c-amb ]iv\-ambnAh-ti-jn-°p∂p. N∏p-N-h-dp-Iƒ hen-s®-dn-bp∂ coXn Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂-Xn¬, HmtcmIpSpw-_-Øn-s‚bpw ssIh-i-ap≈ ]pc-bnS hnkvXo¿Æ-hp-ambn bmsXmcp _‘hpwImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂n√. AtX-k-abw kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ GsX-∂-Xns\ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn _‘w Zriy-hp-amWv (]-ńI 8). CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv kuI-cy-ß-fpsS e`y-X-sb°mƒ kmaq-lyhpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-hp-amb LS-I-ß-fmWvamen-\y-kw-kvI-cWw GXp-hn[w thW-sa∂v \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv. C°m-cy-Øn¬ ]mtZ-inI `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ hnZym-`ymk t_m[-h¬°-cW]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ A\n-hm-cyam-Wv.

hoSn\v Np‰pw aen-\-Pew sIń-\n¬°p∂ ]iv\w 13.3% IpSpw-_-ßƒ t\cn-Sp-∂p≠v. sImXp-Ip-Iƒ s]cp-Ip-∂-Xn\pw U¶n-∏\n t]mep≈ ]pXnb tcmK-ßƒD≠mIp-∂-Xn\pw CXv \nan-Øam-Ip∂p. 1987˛ se k¿th hnh-c-ß-fnepw e`y-amb IW°v 13 iX-am\w F∂-Xm-sW-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu ]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ H´pw aptºm´v t]mbn-ń√ F∂Xv hy‡-amWv.

sImXpIv ieyw

kwÿm-\-Øns‚ F√m `mKØpw sImXpIv ieyw Gsd-°psd cq£-ambHcp ]iv\-amWv. 77 iX-am\w hoSp-I-fn¬ sImXpIv Hcp ][m-\- ]-iv\-ambndnt∏m¿´v sNø-s∏´p. sImXp-Ins\Xnsc hnhn-[-ß-fmb am¿K-ß-fmWv Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂Xv (]-ńI 9). CXn¬ \men-sem∂p IpSpw-_-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv Iow,am‰v, enIznUv th∏¿, Xncn XpSßn hnhn[ Iº-\n-Iƒ D≠m-°p∂ hmWnPyD¬]-∂-ßfmWv. CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv CØcw Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS Hcp henb Itºm-f-ambn tIcfw amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂mWv. aq∂n-sem-∂n\p aosX t]¿ sImXp-Ins\

Xnsc ]tXyI coXn-sbm∂pw ssIs°m-≈p∂n√.



Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 71.0 85.6 12.9 27.8 89.2 40.2 13.0 84.9

sIm√w 79.5 85.4 13.4 23.9 90.7 54.9 11.8 83.8

]Ø-\w-Xn´ 89.5 88.9 12.0 23.3 91.6 38.1 7.8 79.8

Be-∏pg 83.4 85.4 17.3 22.4 90.0 58.1 29.6 90.1

tIm´bw 81.3 89.1 22.0 22.3 94.5 42.7 11.3 80.1

CSp°n 48.2 76.1 30.8 35.4 86.3 44.8 3.6 80.3

Fd-Wm-Ipfw 91.3 94.8 7.2 38.1 97.1 40.5 18.0 83.9

Xr»q¿ 90.3 91.6 14.8 25.4 94.4 38.2 17.7 78.5

]me-°mSv 84.2 78.3 26.3 14.0 83.7 56.7 6.6 75.8

ae-∏pdw 88.7 79.0 14.2 17.8 93.8 47.6 10.6 74.8

tImgn-t°mSv 87.3 83.0 18.2 17.4 94.9 43.0 14.2 58.7

hb-\mSv 60.5 63.1 32.3 16.1 90.2 37.7 3.3 68.0

IÆq¿ 82.9 82.3 14.3 11.8 92.7 36.6 11.5 66.0

Imk¿tKmUv 82.7 81.9 21.8 19.0 82.4 43.3 10.7 65.6

hmk

-tbmK

y h

oSp-I

ƒ

ssh

Zyp-X

o-I-cW

w

ss]

∏v s

h≈

w

I°

qkv

Jc-am

-en\

y k

wkv°

cWw

Xr]

vXn-I

-c-a-√

m-ØX

v

sh

≈w

sI

ń-\

n-¬-°

¬

sI

mXpI

v ie

yw

Pn√

]ńI 10hoSpw ]cn-k-c-ip-Nn-Xzhpw ˛ ]mtZ-inI A¥cw

IpS

n-sh

≈w

kpc

-£n-X

-a-√

m-ØX

v

sImXpIv he 3.0

Iow 0.7

am‰v/th∏¿ 18.2

sImXpIv Xncn 6.4

]c-º-cm-KX coXn-Iƒ 15.1

^m≥ 13.3

a‰v am¿§-ßƒ 5.6

H∂pw sNøm-dn√ 37.5

coXn (%)

]ńI 9sImXp-Ip-\n-hm-cW am¿§-ßƒ



hmk-tbm-Ky-ho-Sp-Iƒ Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Xr»q¿ CSp°n, hb-\mSvsshZyp-Xo-I-cWw Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Xr»q¿ hb-\mSv, CSp°nIpSn-sh≈w(kpc-£n-X-a-√m-ØXv) Fd-Wm-Ipfw, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ CSp°n, hb-\mSvss]∏v sh≈w Fd-Wm-Ipfw, CSp°n IÆq¿, ]me-°mSvI°qkv Fd-Wm-Ipfw, tImgn-t°mSv Imk¿tKmUv, ]me-°mSvJc-am-en\y kwkvI-cWw hb-\mSv, IÆq¿ ]me-°mSv, Be-∏pgsh≈s°ń-√m-ØXv hb-\mSv, CSp°n Be-∏pg,Fd-Wm-IpfwsImXpIv iey°pdhv tImgn-t°mSv, Imk¿tKmUv Be-∏pg,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

LS-I-ßƒ anI-®Xv tamiw

]ńI 11

`h-\-kw-_-‘n-bmb LS-I-ß-fn¬ anI-®Xpw tami-hp-amb Pn√-Iƒ

hmk-tbm-Ky-ho-Sp-Iƒ, sshZyp-Xo-I-cWw, I°qkv, IpSn-sh≈w XpS-ßnb taJ-e-

I-fnse t\´w kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\-Øn-\m-\p-]m-Xn-I-am-Wv. A√msX, C°m-cy-

ß-fnse√mw Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√ G‰hpw apºn¬ hcm\pw CSp°n, hb-\mSv, ]me-

°mSv Pn√-Iƒ ]nt∂m- p-t]m-Im\pw as‰mcp Imc-W-an√. AXp-t]mse sh≈w sIń

\n¬°epw sImXpIv ieyhpw Be-∏pg Pn√-bn¬ cq£-am-Im≥ ImcWw B

Pn√-bpsS khn-ti-j-amb ]mcn-ÿn-XnI Np‰p-]m-SmWv.

hoSpw ]cn-k-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[ Imcy-ßƒ kmaqly kmº-ØnI

LS-\-bp-ambn Fßs\ _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p F∂p kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv ]ńI 12.

CXn¬ \n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂Xv F√m Imcyß-fnepw G‰hpw kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-

∂Xv kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-bm-sW-∂mWv. c≠m-asØ LSIw PmXn-bmWv. CXn-

s‚bpw ASn-ÿm\ ImcWw ]ń-I-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿K hn`mK-ßƒ Gsdbpw ]ca

Zcn-Z-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂p F∂-XmWv. AtX-k-abw ]mcn-ÿn-XnI ]iv\-

ß-fmb sh≈-s°-ń -s‚bpw sImXpIv iey -Øn -s‚bpw Imcy -Øn¬

kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI ÿnXn henb kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂n√. ]mtZ-in-I-amb

hy-Xym-k-amWv C°m-cy-Øn¬ henb ]¶v hln-°p-∂Xv.

]mtZ-inI A¥-c-ßƒ

hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw Bbn _‘-s∏-SpØn apI-fn¬ N¿® sNbvX Imcy-ß-fn¬

]e-Xnepw ]mtZ-in-I-amb A¥cw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. Ch-bn¬ NneXv

]ńI 10˛¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂p.

hnhn[ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm Pn√-bp-sSbpw ÿnXn \nco-£n-°ptºmƒ Hcp

Imcyw hy‡-amWv. t\´hpw tIm´hpw c≠p Imcy-ß-sf-bmWv ][m\ambpw

Bibn°p-∂Xv; kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\hpw, ]mcn-ÿn-XnI Np‰p-]mSpw (]-ńI 11).



hmk

-tbmK

y h

oSp-I

ƒ

apd

n-I-fps

S F

Æw

I°

qkv

IpS

n-sh

≈w

kpc

-£n-X

-a-√

m-ØX

v

ss]

∏v s

h≈

w

ssh

Zyp-X

o-I-cW

w

sh

≈w

sI

ń-\

n-¬-°

¬

sI

mXpI

v ie

yw

]ń-I 12-Km¿lnI kuI-cy-ß-fn¬ kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI LS-I-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w

LS-I

-ßƒ

I 39.9 3.2 77.2 36.1 8.7 52.7 13.6 73.9II 79.5 4.0 90.4 21.2 12.8 79.7 15.2 76.9III 95.2 4.9 96.4 9.3 28.1 95.5 12.9 77.4IV 99.8 6.0 98.6 2.7 51.8 100.0 8.7 80.0

]tZiw

Kmaw 81.8 4.4 91.3 36.1 19.0 83.3 12.9 75.2

\Kcw 89.9 4.7 95.4 21.2 46.8 94.2 16.9 88.4

aXw

lnµp 80.1 4.3 90.4 18.7 20.1 83.1 14.5 77.1

ap…ow 89.7 4.8 93.8 11.5 23.8 87.6 12.8 76.5

InkvXy≥ 83.6 4.5 94.0 15.0 29.6 86.6 10.9 77.5

PmXn

]nt∂m°w 82.9 4.4 92.2 18.1 20.3 84.1 15.7 76.3

apt∂m°w 86.8 4.8 93.4 9.7 25.7 89.8 10.9 76.6

]ń-I-PmXn 64.7 3.5 82.1 30.9 12.7 71.9 15.1 78.1

]ń-I-h¿Kw 41.7 3.5 61.0 50.0 1.7 44.1 11.7 72.9



-A≤ymbw 4

hchpw sNehpw BkvXn-Ifpw

hnhn[ tkmX-p-I-fn¬ \n∂m-bp≈ IpSpw-_-h-cp-am\w IW-°m-°m\pw tIc-f-]-T\w ian-°pI-bp≠mbn. sXmgn-en¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am\w IqSmsX s]≥j≥,Irjn, arK-k-º-Øv, `qan, a‰v BkvXn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am-\hpwA\y kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw hntZ-iØpw tPmen sNøp-∂-h¿ Ab-°p∂ hcp-am-\hpwIW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. CXn¬ Xs∂ Kƒ^v cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am\w]tXyIw Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.

hcp-am\w

k¿t∆ sNbvX IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS Pn√-Xn-cn-®p≈ B`y-¥c amk hcp-am-\hpw]pdØp \n∂p e`n-°p∂ amk hcp-am-\hpw ]ńI 1 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]ń-I-bpsS Ah-km\ tImf-Øn¬ samØw a[y-am\ hcp-am-\hpw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. a[y-am\ hcp-am\w KWy-amb tXmXn¬ icm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ Ipd-™n-cn-°p-∂Xp i≤n-°p-I. hfsc Ak-¥p-en-X-amb hnX-c-W-am-WnXp kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. apIƒXńseIpSpw-_-ßƒ°v Iam-Xo-X-amb tXmXn¬ IqSp-X¬ hcp-am-\-ap-≈XpsIm≠mWn-Xv.

B`y-¥c hcp-am-\-Øns‚ icm-icn G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep≈ Pn√-Iƒ Ia-Øn¬IÆq¿, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, tImgn-t°mSv F∂n-hbpw ]pdw hcp-am\w IqSp-X-ep-≈hXr»q¿, ae-∏p-dw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw F∂n-h-bp-am-Wv. samØw hcp-am\ icm-icnIÆq¿, Xr»q¿, FdWm-Ipfw F∂ Ia-Øn-em-Wv. a[y-am\ hcp-am-\-amWvbmYm¿∞y-ßsf IqSp-X¬ ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ kqNn-I. CXv G‰-hp-a-[nIw Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, IÆq¿, Xr»q¿ F∂ Ia-Ønepw G‰hpw Ipdhv ]me-°m-Sv, Imk-d-tKm-Uv, hb-\mSv F∂ Ia-Øn-ep-am-Wv.

kwÿm\Øns‚ hm¿jnI Btfm-lcn hcp-am\w (]pdw hcp-am\w Iqń) 18603cq]bpw a[y-am\w 11250 cq]-bp-am-Wv. B`y-¥c D¬∏m-Z-\sØ Bkv]-Z-am°nπm\nßv t_m¿Uv IW-°m-°n-bn-´p≈ Btfm-lcn hm¿jnI hcp-am\w 24053 cq]-bmWv (Economic Review 2004). CØ-c-Øn¬ IW-°m-°p∂ hcp-am\w IpSpw-_-h-cp-am-\-Øn¬ ]q¿Æ-ambn ]Xn-^-en-°p-∂n-√. amX-a-√, Pn√-Iƒ Xncn-®p≈ IW-°p-I-fnepw Imcy-amb hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Rß-fpsS IW-°n¬



]ńI˛1IpSpw-_-Øns‚ B`y-¥c hcp-am-\hpw ]pdw hcp-am-\hpw Pn√ Xncn®v

(cq]/amkw)

B`y-¥c hcp-am\w

samØw hcp-am\w

]pdw hcp-am\w samØw hcp-am\w

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 4912 1114 6026 4000sIm√w 4919 789 5708 3500]Ø-\w-Xn´ 5658 1002 6660 4000Be-∏pg 4696 587 5284 3400tIm´bw 5985 598 6584 4000CSp°n 5438 211 5649 3500Fd-Wm-Ipfw 6568 579 7147 4800Xr»q¿ 5724 1815 7539 4500]me-°mSv 4163 476 4639 3000ae-∏pdw 4994 1535 6529 4500tImgn-t°mSv 6019 812 6831 4350hb-\mSv 5054 726 5780 3192IÆq¿ 6781 1095 7876 4550Imk-¿tKmUv 4884 587 5471 3100kwÿm\w 5483 947 6430 4000

Pn√icm-icn a[y-am\w

Btfm-lcn icm-i-cn-bp-tSbpw a[y-am-\-Øn-t‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬ ]Ømw ÿm\-ØmWv CSp-°n (]-ńI 2). πm\nßv t_m¿Uns‚ IW°p ]Imcw CSp°n c≠mwÿm\-Øm-Wv. CXp Zmcn-Zy-Øns‚ IW-°p-I-fp-ambn HØp t]mIp-∂-h-b-√.

]pdw hcp-am-\-ap≈ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS Btfm-lcn Cß-s\-b-√m-Ø-h-bpsS Cc- n-tbm-f-ap-≠v. \K-c-ß-fn¬ Kma-ßsf At]-£n®v hcp-am\w IqSp-X-em-Wv (]- nI 3).

]pdw hcp-am\w

kwÿm-\sØ 15.8% IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ Hcmsf¶nepw ]pdØp ]Wn-sb-SpØvhoń-te°v ]W-a-b-°p-∂p-≠v. ae-∏pdw Pn√-bn-emWv G‰-hp-a-[nIw (29.3%). sXm´p]pd-In¬ IÆq¿, Xr»q¿ Pn√-I-fm-Wv. (]-ńI 4). hcp-am-\-Øns‚ tXmXnepw]mtZinI G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-I-fp-≠v. Xr»q-cnse icm-icn ]pdw hchv ae-∏p-d-Øns‚GXm≠v Cc-ń-bm-Wv. sXmgn-em-fn-Isf At]-£n®v a‰p-≈-h¿ IqSp-X-ep-s≠-∂-XmWv Imc-Ww.

ap…ow hn`m-K-Øn¬ aq∂n¬ Ht∂mfw hoSp-I-fn¬ ]pdØp tPmen-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v. Zfn-X¿, BZn-hmknIƒ F∂n-h-cn¬ hfsc Ipd®p t]¿ amXsa Cß-s\-bp-≈-h-cm-bn-´p-≈q. InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-Øn-emWv icm-icn ]pdw hchv IqSp-X¬(]-ńI 5). ]pdØp ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cpsS A\p-]mXw kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw IqSp-X¬ kmº-ØnI Kq∏v 3, 4 F∂n-h-bn-em-Wv. ]pdw ]Wn-bp≈ hoSp-Iƒ CuKq∏p-I-fn¬ FØn-t®-cm-\p≈ Db¿∂ km≤yX IqsS-bmWv CXp ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-Iƒ XΩn¬ icmicn ]pdw hc-hn¬ henb A¥-chpwImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. sXmgn-ep-I-fnse hyXym-k-ßƒ Xs∂-bmWv CXn\p Imc-Ww.



]ńI˛2Btfm-lcn hm¿jnI hcp-am\w Pn√ Xncn®v (cq-])

Btfm-lcnhcp-am\w(i-cm-i-cn)

dm¶vdm¶vBtfm-lcnhcp-am\w

(a-[y-am\w)Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 18502 6 12000 5sIm√w 17734 8 11100 6]Ø-\w-Xn´ 21085 3 12000 4Be-∏pg 16353 9 10800 8tIm´bw 21038 4 12171 2CSp°n 15767 10 10000 10Fd-Wm-Ipfw 22565 2 14000 1Xr»q¿ 23980 1 12000 3]me-°mSv 13284 14 8700 13ae-∏pdw 14961 12 9643 11tImgn-t°mSv 18146 7 11000 7hb-\mSv 14878 13 8450 14IÆq¿ 20100 5 10500 9Imk-¿tKmUv 15599 11 9000 12kwÿm\w 18603 11250

Pn√

Btfm-lcn hcp-am\w(i-cm-i-cn)

Btfm-lcn hcp-am\w(a-[y-am-\w)

]ńI˛3Btfm-lcn hm¿jnI hcp-am\w hnhn[ hn`m-K-ßƒ Xncn®v (cq-])

hn`mKw

kmº-ØnI Kq∏vI 5056 4500II 9009 8000III 20164 15000IV 57496 39000aXwlnµp 17762 11400ap…ow 17538 9600InkvXy≥ 21897 12656PmXn]nt∂m°w 17558 11151apt∂m°w 22503 14400]ń-I-PmXn 12317 9000]ń-I-h¿§w 9022 7200]pdw hcp-am\w]pdw hcp-am-\-ap≈ IpSpw-_-ßƒ 16094 10000]pdw hcp-am-\-an-√mØ IpSpw-_-ßƒ 30771 18000Kmaw/\KcwKmaw 17678 10800\Kcw 24238 15000



Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 13.6 8204sIm√w 15.0 5269]Ø-\w-Xn´ 14.7 6797Be-∏pg 13.3 4428tIm´bw 7.6 7924CSp°n 5.1 4180Fd-Wm-Ipfw 8.0 7231Xr»q¿ 17.0 10697]me-°mSv 16.3 2914ae-∏pdw 29.3 5232tImgn-t°mSv 16.8 4841hb\mSv 10.4 6977IÆq¿ 23.0 4756Imk¿tKmUv 13.9 4227kwÿm\w 15.8 5979

Pn√ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS A\p-]mXw XpI

]ńI ˛ 4]pdw hcp-am\w e`n-°p∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS A\p-]m-Xhpw (%)

icm-icn amkw e`n-°p∂ XpIbpw (cq-]) Pn√ Xncn®v

hn`mKw IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS A\p-]mXw XpI

]ńI ˛ 5]pdw hcp-am\w e`n-°p∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS A\p-]m-Xhpw (%)

icm-icn amkw e`n-°p∂ XpIbpw (cq-]) hn`mKw Xncn®v

kmº-ØnI Kq∏vI 4.8 1753

II 13.0 2958

III 20.9 5522

IV 20.4 15224

aXwlnµp 10.4 4522ap…nw 34.3 6709InkvXy≥ 11.6 7350PmXn]nt∂m°w 11.4 4573apt∂m°w 14.5 4996]ń-I-PmXn 3.3 3066]ń-I-h¿§w 1.7 4000 Kmaw/\KcwKmaw 16.0 5969\Kcw 14.6 6051



]pdw tPmen-°m-cn¬ 70 iX-am-\hpw Kƒ^v cmPy-ß-fn-em-Wv. \men-sem-t∂mfwC¥y-bnse a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. Kƒ^v CXc cmPy-ß-fn¬ hfsc Ipd®p t]¿ amX-ta-bp-≈q. ]t£ Cu cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈icm-icn ]pdw hchv Kƒ^v cmPy-ß-fp-tS-Xns‚ GXm≠v Cc-ń-bm-Wv. samØw]pdw hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 78.4% Kƒ^n¬ \n∂p Xs∂-bmWv (]-ńI 6)

tkmXvtPmen-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cpsS

%

icm-icn amkwAb-°p∂XpI (cq-])

]ńI ˛ 6]pdw hcp-am\w tkmXpw XpIbpw

samØw ]pdwhcp-am-\-Øns‚

%

a‰p kwÿm\w 26.2 2247 12.7Kƒ^v cmPy-ßƒ 70.0 5205 78.4a‰p cmPy-ßƒ 3.8 10962 9.0

tkmXvtPmen-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cpsS

%

icm-icn amkwAb-°p∂XpI (cq-])

]ńI ˛ 7]pdw hcp-am\w ˛ sXmgn¬ Xncn®v

samØw ]pdwhcp-am-\-Øns‚

%

sXmgn-emfn 51.9 3727 38.3sh≈-t°m-f¿ 6.4 4970 6.3_nkn-\v 9.0 5470 9.7s]m -j-W¬ 12.6 9697 24.2a‰p-≈-h¿ 20.1 5408 21.5

]pdØp ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cn¬ ]Ip-Xn-bn-tesd sXmgn-em-fn-I-fm-Wv. s]m^-j-\-ep-Isf At]-£n®v hfsc Ipd®p amXta Ah¿°v \mń-te°v ]Ww Ab-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≈q (]-ńI 7). F∂n-cn-°nepw samØw ]pdw hc-hns‚ G‰hpwhenb ]¶v sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-tS-XmWv (38.3%).

`qan

icm-icn 82.8 sk‚ v `qan-bmWv Hcp IpSpw-_-Øn\v ssIh-i-ap-≈-Xv. hnhn[kmaqly kmº-ØnI Xcw-Xn-cnhp-Iƒ ]Im-c-ap≈ ssIh-i-`qan ]ńI 8 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]ń-I- 8¬ G‰hpw henb A¥-cw k-mº-ØnI Kq∏p-Iƒ XΩn-em-Wv. G-‰hpwkº-∂-cmb Kq∏v IV Im¿°v G‰hpw Zcn-Z-cmb Kq∏v I Imtc-°mƒ A©ncńssIhi `qan Ds≠∂p ImWmw. InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v lnµp ap…ow hn`m-K-ß-tf-°mƒ `qan Ds≠-∂Xv Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ Irjn sNøp-∂-h¿ IqSp-X¬ Ds≠-∂-Xns‚]Xn-^-e-\-am-Imw. ]nt∂m° PmXn-°m-tc-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ `qan Ct∏mgpw apt∂m-°-°m-¿°m-Wv. G‰hpw Ipdhv ssIhi `qan ]ńI PmXn-bn¬ s]-´-h¿°m-Wv.AtX kabw G‰-hp-a-[nIw `qan ]ń-I-h¿§-Øn¬ s]´-h¿°m-sW∂ ]T-\-êwapJ-hn-e-bvs°-Sp-°m≥ ]bm-k-ap-≠v. G‰hpw Zcn-Z-cmb Ch¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂



D]-t`m‡r hkvXp-°ƒ I II III IV F√mw C¥y 2001tdUntbm 46 60 70 84 66 35Sn hn 12 42 78 99 61 32CkvXn-cns∏ń 12 36 73 98 57 ˛anIvkn/ssK≥U¿ 3 27 72 96 52 ˛]mN-I-hm-XIw 4 24 71 98 51 ˛Xo≥tai 5 25 64 94 47 ˛t^m¨ 3 17 58 96 42 9]ºvsk‰v 4 18 52 86 39 ˛d^n-P-td-‰¿ 0 6 43 96 32 ˛ssk°nƒ 14 23 32 38 28 44Xø¬ sajo≥ 9 16 26 47 23 ˛tkm^msk‰v 1 6 28 77 23 ˛hn kn B¿ 1 8 28 62 22 ˛Ccp-N-I-hm-l\w 0 4 23 62 18 12Ae-°p-b¥w 0 1 11 64 12 ˛samss_¬ t^m¨ 0 2 10 38 10 ˛Imad 0 2 10 39 9 ˛Im¿/Po∏v 0 1 6 41 7 3Iºyq- ¿ 0 0 2 24 4 ˛Fb¿I-≠o-j-W¿ 0 0 0 8 1 ˛

]ńI 9D]-t`m‡r hkvXp-°-fpsS DS-a-ÿX kmº-ØnI Kq∏v A\p-k-cn®v (%)

kmº-ØnI Kq∏v

]ńI 8IpSpw-_-Øns‚ icm-icn

ssIhi `qan

kmº-ØnI Kq∏v sk‚n¬I 38.2II 55.5III 93.9IV 189.1BsI 82.8

aXw

lnµp 69.1ap…ow 77.1InkvXy≥ 126.4

PmXn

]nt∂m°w 62.6apt∂m°w 105.2]ń-I-PmXn 27.0]ń-I-h¿§w 138.7

`qan-bpsS G-dnb ]¶pw Ir-jn-tbm-Ky-a-√m-ØtXm A\ym-[o-\--s∏- tXm Bbn-cn-°m-\p≈km[yX X≈n-°-f-bm-hp-∂-X-√. ]T\ kmºn-fn¬ ]ńI-h¿K-°m-cpsS FÆw hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cp∂p F∂Xpw Hm¿t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

D]-t`m-‡r-h-kvXp-°-fpsS DS-a-ÿX

hnhn[ kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-I-fn¬ s]´-h¿°v GsX√mw D]-t`m‡r hkvXp-°ƒDs≠-∂Xv iX-am-\-°-W-°n¬ ]ńI 9 ¬\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Xmc-X-ay-Øn-\mbn Ch-bn¬ Nne-Xns‚ 2001 sk≥k-knse AJn-te¥ym tXmXp-Ifpw ]ń-I-bn¬ ImWmw.

D]-t`m‡r D-ev]-∂-ß-fpsS ][m\ hn]-Wn-bmbn tIcfw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm-s≠∂v hy‡w. GXm≠v aq∂n¬ c≠p hoSp-I-fn¬ sSen-hn-j\pw ]Ip-Xn-bn-tesd hoSp-I-fn¬ anIvknbpw Kymkv IW-Ivj-\p-ap-≠v.aq∂n¬ H∂v hoSp-I-fn¬ sd^n-P-td-‰¿ D≠v.



ssk°nƒ HgnsI as‰√m hkvXp-°-fp-tSbpw DS-a-ÿXm tXmXv C¥y≥ icm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv.

F√m D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS ImcyØnepw kwÿm\ icm-icn C¥y≥ icm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ Db¿∂-Xm-sW∂v ]tXyIw ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√t√m. t\csØ BUw-_-c-ambnIW-°m-°n-bn-cp∂ ]e D¬∏-∂-ßfpw C∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ t]mepw AXym-h-iy-ß-fmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p∂p. F∂n´pw Ch-bpsS DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-Øn¬ hnhn[ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bnse A¥cw i≤nt°-≠-XmWv. NnXw H∂v C°mcyw hy‡-am-°p∂p. Hmtcm hn`m-K-Ønepw apIfn¬]d™ 21 C\-ß-fn¬ Xosc C√m-ØtXm HscÆw amX-ap-≈tXm Bb IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS A\p-]mXw ImWn-°p∂p.

D]-t`m‡r sNehv

IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS ]Xn-amk sNehv \mev kmº-ØnI Kq∏pIƒ°pw hyh-tO-Zn-®p-sIm≠v ]ńI˛10 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. CtXm-sSm∏w sNe-hns‚ hyXn-bm-\-Øns‚ kqNn-Ibpw sImSp-°p∂p. Kq∏v IV Dw Kq∏v I Dw XΩn¬ HmtcmC\Ønes‚bpw sNe-hns‚ A\p-]m-X-am-bmWv Cu kqNnI IW-°m-°n-bXv.CXns‚ aqeyw Ht∂m H∂n-\-SptØm BsW-¶n¬ hmßp∂ D¬∏-∂-Øns‚AXymh-iyI-X ImWn-°p∂p. aqeyw IqSp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v hkvXp-hns‚ BUw-_-c kz`mhw IqSn-h-cp∂p.

]ńI 3 A\p-k-cn®v ]Xn-amk IpSpw-_-sN-ehv 4481 cq]bmWv. EG It‚Xv 2385cq]bpw, EG \men-t‚Xv 9158 cq]bpw. H∂m-asØ Kq∏nse IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ AwK-ßƒ s]mXp-hn¬ IqSp-X-em-b-Xn-\m¬ bYm¿∞-Øn-ep≈ ]Xn-amk sNe-hns‚A\p-]mXw \mem-a-sØ-Xns\ At]-£n®v ]ns∂bpw Ipd-bm-\mWv km≤yX. hc-hns\ At]-£n®v IpSpw-_-s®e-hns‚ G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°pw. F∂m¬ t]mepw am‰w hcm-\p≈ km[yX Ipd-hmWv. EG H∂nse HcpIpSpw-_-Øn-s‚-Xn-t\-°mƒ 3.8 Cc-ń-bmWv \mem-asØ Kq∏nse Hcp IpSpw-_-Øns‚ icm-icn sNehv. `£y-]-Zm¿∞-ß-fn¬ Cu A-¥cw G‰hpw ]I-S-am-bn-´p-≈Xv ]m¬, a’yw, amwkw, ap´, ]gw, t_°dn km[-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS Imcy-Øn-emWv. AXym-hiy t]mj-I-h-kvXp-°-fm-sW-¶n¬t∏mepw ]®-°dn, ]b¿ D¬∏-∂-ßƒ F∂n-ht]mepw Zcn-Z¿ hfsc Ipd®v amXsa hmßp-∂p≈p. \memw

Hcp D]-t`m-K-hkvXpthm AXn¬ Ipdthm amX-ap≈ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS A\p-]mXw(km-º-ØnI Kq∏v)

NnXw 1



1 [m\yw 391 484 523 484 488 1.22 Ingßv 41 57 65 58 58 1.43 ]b-dp-h¿§w 34 57 79 109 69 3.24 ]®°dn 93 135 194 271 169 2.95 ]m¬ 46 112 224 383 180 8.36 `£y FÆ 89 126 163 205 145 2.37 ao≥/Cd®n/ap´ 133 221 332 535 290 4.08 ]g-ßƒ 24 49 100 200 84 8.39 ]©-kmc 61 76 78 84 75 1.410 D∏v 10 11 11 13 11 1.311 ]e-hy-RvP-\-ßƒ 94 140 200 285 175 3.012 t_°dn ]e-lmcw 31 59 100 194 87 6.313 tlm´¬ `£Ww 31 60 126 135 92 4.414 aZyw 51 60 84 115 75 2.315 ]pI-bne/B¬°-tlmƒ 75 111 139 134 120 1.816 tkm∏v apX-em-bh 61 85 115 168 103 2.817 C‘\w 56 123 216 326 175 5.818 sshZypXn 34 78 170 383 144 11.319 hnt\mZw 6 24 63 143 51 23.820 hmSI 4 14 38 98 32 24.521 ]Xw 11 27 75 162 60 14.722 t^m¨ 7 39 199 622 165 88.923 ]£n-Iƒ/arK-ßƒ 12 26 74 101 52 8.424 XpWn 130 173 259 435 232 3.325 ]mZ-c£ 41 64 85 135 77 3.326 hoSv dn∏-b¿ 42 57 118 500 130 11.927 D]-t`m‡r Dev]∂w 17 42 107 404 104 23.828 hnZym- ymkw 71 106 337 1369 334 19.329 BtcmKyw 690 583 706 1107 702 1.6

BsI 2385 3199 4981 9158 4481 3.8

]ńI 10]Xn-amk D]-t`mK sNehv cq]-bn¬ (kmº-ØnI hn`mKw A\p-k-cn®v)

\º

¿

C\w

hyX

n-bm\

kqN

nIkmº-ØnI hn`mKw

I II III IV F√mw

Kq∏nse Hcp icm-icn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ t^m¨_n¬, hnt\mZw, Zo¿L-ÿmbn-bmb D]-t`m‡r D¬∏∂w F∂n-h-bn-ep≈ sNehv hfsc IqSp-X-emWv. \memwKq∏nse Hcp IpSpw_w hnZym-`ymk Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn ZcnZ IpSpw-_-ß-fp-tS-Xn-t\-°mƒ 19.3 Ccń sNe-hm-°p∂p. sXm´-SpØ aq∂mw Kq∏nse Hcp IpSpw_whnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\mbn icm-icn sNe-hm-°p-∂-Xns‚ \men-c-ń-bn-e-[nIw \memwKq∏nse Hcp IpSpw_w icm-icn sNe-hm-°p∂p≠v. F∂m¬ F√m hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-



S-bnepw BtcmKys®e-hp -I-fpsS A\p-]m -X-Øn¬ Imcy -amb am‰-an√.BtcmKys®ehv Hcp AXym-h-iy-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-tºmƒ h¿Ø-am\ tIcf kaq-l-Øn¬ hnZym-`ymk sNe-hp-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ "BUw-_-c'-am-bn- amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]Xn-io¿j D]-t`m‡r sNe-hns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ NSSO IW-°p-I-fp-ambnXmc-Xayw sNbvXp-sIm≠v ]ńI˛11 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p.

Xmakÿew KSSP 2004 NSSO 2002tIcfw NSSO 2002 C¥yKmaw 1059.2 881.0 554.0\Kcw 1397.1 1267.0 1052.0BsI 1105.7 ˛- ˛-

]ńI 11]Xn-amk D]-t`mK sNehv˛C¥y tIcfw

C¥y (%) tIcfw (%)

MPCE<300 Kmaw 13.0 8.0MPCE<470 Kmaw 50.0 24.7MPCE>500 \Kcw 80.0 85.9MPCE>1500 \Kcw 16.0 27.7

MPCE = ]Xn-io¿j- D]-t`mKsNehv (]-Xn-am-kw)

]ńI 12D]-t`m-K Zmcn-Zyhpw kº-∂-Xbpw NSSO-2002 Dambn Xmc-Xayw

am\-Zfiw

]ńI˛13]Xn-io¿j(-am-k)

-D-]-t`mK sNehv (Pn√ Xncn®v)

Pn√ sNe-hv(-cq])

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 1314.7

sIm√w 1121.4

]Ø-\w-Xn´ 1323.7

Be-∏pg 960.1

tIm´bw 1174.2

CSp°n 1013.6

FdWm-Ipfw 1359.7

Xriq¿ 1320.8

]me-°mSv 752.5

ae-∏pdw 946.9

tImgn-t°mSv 943.5

hb-\mSv 915.3

IÆq¿ 1076.5

Imk¿tKmUv 913.5

]ńI˛14hnhn[ hn`m -K -ßƒ A\p -k-cn® v]Xn-io¿j ]Xn-amk -D-]-t`mK sNehv

hn`mKw sNe-hv(-cq])I 480II 663III 1245IV 2731BsI 1106Xma-k-ÿewKmaw 1059\Kcw 1397 aXwlnµp 1064ap…ow 964InkvXy≥ 1371 PmXn]nt∂m°w 1036apt∂m°w 1293]ńI-PmXn 873]ń-I-h¿§w 623



sNehv \n¿Æ-bn® Ime-b-f-hn¬ Nne hyXym-k-ßfps≠-¶nepw tIc-f-Øns‚D]-t`m‡r IW-°p-Iƒ c≠v tkmX-p-I-fnepw Xpey-amWv. AXv C¥y≥ icm-i-cn-sb-°mƒ hfsc IqSp-X-emWv, Kma-X-e-Øn¬ GXm≠v Cc-ń-bmWv. P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ \s√mcp `mKw KmaoWcmWt√m. CXns‚ ImcWw Zcn-Z-cpsS FÆ-Øn¬ D≠mb Ipdhv amX-a√; Hcp-]s£ AXn-t\-°mƒ ][m-\-ambn, kº∂hn`m-K-Øns‚ h¿≤-\-hmWv. ]ńI 12 ImWpI. ]Xn-amk ]Xn-io¿j D]-t`m-K-s®-ehv Pn√-Xncn®pw hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Ønepw bYm-Iaw ]ńI13 epw 14 epw \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p.

]ńI 14 A\p-k-cn®v ]Xn-io¿j D]-t`mK sNe-hns‚ icm-i-cn-bn¬ XmsgamXw sNe-hm-°p-∂-h-cmWv EG I, II hn`m-Kßƒ; Kmao-W¿, lnµp˛ ap…nw hn`m-K-°m¿, ]nt∂m° PmXn-°m¿, ]ń-I-PmXn/h¿§w F∂n-h¿. icm-i-cn-sb-°mƒ ap∂n-ep-≈-h¿ EG III, IV, \K-c-hm-kn-Iƒ, InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, lnµp-a-X-Ønse apt∂m-°-°m¿ F∂n-h-cmWv. D]-t`mKw IqS--p-X--ep-≈-h¿ IqSp-X-embn Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv Fd-Wm-Ipfw, ]Ø-\w-Xn´, Xr»q¿, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, tIm´bw, sIm√w Pn√-I-fn-emWv.a‰v Pn√-I-fn-se√mw icm-i-cn-sb-°mƒ Ipd-hmWv D]-t`m‡r sNehv; G‰hpw Ipdhv]me-°mSv Pn√-bnepw.

Zpc¥ sNe-hp-Iƒ

km[m-c-W-bmbn IS-Øn¬ Ah-km-\n-°p∂ c≠v ][m\ Xcw sNe-hp-Iƒhnhm-lØnt‚Xpw NnIn’bptSXp-amWv. ]n∂n´ A©v h¿jsØ hnhml sNe-hv kw_-‘n®v k¿sh-bn-eqsS e`y-amb IW-°p-Iƒ sh®v tIc-f-Ønse samØwhnhml sNehv s]mPIvSv sNbvXm¬ AXv ]Xn-h¿jw GXm≠v 6787 tImSncq] hcpw. CXv kwÿm-\sØ Hmtcm IpSpw-_-Øn∂pw 11,311 cq]-bpsS _m≤yXD≠m-°p-∂-Xmbn IW-°m°mw; AXm-bXv Hcp IpSpw-_-Øns‚ samØw hcp-am-

\-Øns‚ 14.7%. hnhmlw \S∂IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpwXpI CXn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X-em-bn-cn°pw. ]ńI 15 ¬ C°m-cy-ßƒhni-Z-ambn \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p.

]ń-Ih¿§-°m¿ HgnsI F√mhn`m-K-°mcpw hnhm-l-Øn-\mbnh≥ XpI sNe-h-gn-°p∂p. EGH∂n¬s∏´ IpSpw-_-ßƒ t]mepwHcp hnhm-l-Øn-∂mbn icm-icn81,409 cq] sNe-hm-°p∂p. \mem-asØ Kq∏n¬ CXv icm-icn c≠ce£-amWv. h¿≤n -®p -h -cp∂kvXo[-\m-hiyhpw, kz¿Æw IqSp-X-embn hmtß-≠n-hcp∂Xp-amWvhnhml sNe-hns‚ h¿≤-\-hn\v][m\ ImcWw. ]ńI 16 ¬CXns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p.

]ń-I-h¿§-°m-cmWv Ipd™tXmXn¬ kvXo[\w hmßp-∂Xpw

]ńI˛15icm-icn hnhml sNehv (km-aq-ly-km-º-

ØnI LS-I-ßƒ°-\pkrX-am-bn)

LS-I-ßƒ XpI (cq])

I 81409

II 103290

III 155492

IV 251149

BsI 138976

aXwlnµp 120176ap…ow 166643InkvXy≥ 149253

PmXn

]nt∂m°w 129021apt∂m°w 134471]ńI-PmXn 74342]ń-I-h¿§w 18911



kz¿Æw D]-tbmKn-°p-∂-Xpw. kvXo[\w IqSp-X¬ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°n-S-bn-emWv;

Hcp-]s£ CXv \ne--hn¬ XpS¿∂p-h-cp∂ IpSpw-_-kz-Øns‚ ]n¥p-S¿®m-h-Im-i-

Øns‚ `mK-am-tb°mw. F∂m¬, kvXo[-\-Øn-s∂-Xnsc aX-]-c-amb hne-°p-Iƒ

\ne-\n¬°p-tºmgpw ap…o-ßƒ°nS-bn¬ Cu kº-Zmbw hfsc IqSp-X-em-sW∂v

ImWp∂p.

NnIn’m sNehv

Bip]-Xn-bnse InSØn NnIn-’m-sN-ehv tIc-f-Øn¬ hfsc IqSp-X-emWv;

Hcp ]mh-iy-tØ°v GXm≠v 10,000 cq]. k¿sh IW-°p-Iƒ s]mPIvSv sNbvXm¬

tIc-f-Ønse Bkv]-Xn-bn¬

InSØn NnIn -’m-sN-ehv

Xs∂ h¿j-Øn¬ GXm≠v

2800 tImSn cq] hcp-∂p≠v.

]ńI 17 ImWpI.

Zpc¥ sNe-hp -I -fmWv

][m-\-ambpw ISw h¿≤n-∏n-

°p-∂-Xv (]- nI 18). IS-Øns‚

a‰v Imc-W-ßƒ hoSv \n¿am-

]ńI˛16kvXo[-\, -kz¿Æ kzm[o\w hyXykvX hn`m-K-ß-fn¬

LS-I-ßƒ kvXo[-\w % hmßnb kz¿Æw

(]-h≥)

I 74 15

II 69 20

III 66 30

IV 59 64

icm-icn 67 28

aXw

lnµp 57 26ap…ow 76 33InkvXy≥ 80 24

PmXn

]nt∂m°w 62 28apt∂m°w 47 33]ńI-PmXn 66 13

]ń-I-h¿§w 22 10

]ńI˛17]Xn-io¿j Bip]Xn InSØn NnIn’m sNehv

kmº-ØnI Kq∏v XpI (-cq])

I 6698.8

II 7040.3

III 11699.3

IV 17177.7

icm-icn 9680.8



]ńI˛18Ign™ 5 h¿j-°m-esØ hmbv]

I 60 14496 13

II 66 26449 13

III 61 53289 15

IV 50 105897 12

icm-icn 61 44310 13

hmbv] FSp-ØIpSpw-_-ßƒ(%)

kmº-ØnIKq∏v

IpSpw_ hcp-am-\-Øns‚ A\p-]mXw

icm-icnhmbv] XpI

]ńI˛19hmbv] Imc-W-ßƒ (%) IpSpw-_-Øns‚ icm-icn hmbv]

(5 h¿jtØ°v ˛%)

hnhmlw 20 79017hoSv\n¿amWw 18 106539NnIn’m sNehv 12 34642hoSvdn-∏-b¿ 10 36635tPmen°v 10 101586hml\w hmßp-∂-Xn\v 5 111380`qan- hm-ßm≥ 4 106558D]-t`mKw 2 24352hnhn-[ -Im-c-W-ßƒ 1 188098

a‰p-≈h 19 55018

Imc-W-ßƒ icm-icn XpI (cq])iX-am\w

Wtam hml\w hmßn-°tem BWv. CXns‚ hnh-c-ßƒ ]ńI 19 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-

°p∂p.

hmbv] FSp-°p∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS A\p-]m-Xhpw, hmbv]bpw hcp-am-\hpw XΩn-

ep≈ A\p-]m-Xhpw hnhn[ Kq∏p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ GXm≠v Xpey-amWv. hcp-am\w

IqSp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v hmbv]m XpIbpw IqSn hcp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. hmbv]-bpsS

Imc-W-ßƒ ]ńI 19 ¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂p. hnhm-l-amWv Imc-W-ß-fn¬ ][m\w.

]ń-I19 ¬ sImSpØ Imc-W-ßsf s]mXp-hn¬ c≠mbn Xncn°mw˛ BkvXn

D≠m-°p-∂-hbpw ssZ\y-X -aq-e-ap-≈-h-bpw. `h\ \n¿amWw, hml\w hmß¬,

tPmen kºm-Zn-°¬ F∂n-h-sbms° BkvXn kw`-c-W-amWv. F∂m¬ hnhmlw,

NnIn’ XpS-ßn-bh ssZ\y-Xbp≠m-°p-∂-hbpw. C°m-cy-ßsf ]c-kv]cw _‘n-

∏n-°p-tºmƒ hyXykvX kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]e-Xcw

_‘-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xpw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw ImWmw. ]ńI 20 ImWpI

t\c-sØ-Xs∂ I≠-Xp-t]mse, kº-∂¿ hmbv] hmßp-∂Xpw BkvXn h¿≤n-

∏n-°m-\mWv. F∂m¬, Zcn-Z-cm-Is´ ssZ\y-X -Im-c-W-amb sNe-hp-Iƒ°pw. IpSpw_



I 3416 6049 0.6

II 6883 11017 0.6

III 20759 14461 1.4

IV 53328 10554 5.1

]´nI˛20BkvXn, ZpcnX coXn-bn¬ hmbv]-bpsS hn`-P\w

kmº-ØnIKq∏v

BkvXn ssZ\yX BkvXn/ssZ\yX A\p-]mXw(i-cm-i-cn- XpI cq]bn¬)

kl-I-cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ

kzImcy _m¶p-Iƒ

a‰p-≈h

hnhn[ tkmX-kp-Iƒ

h¿[n® ]eni(tªUv Iº-\n-Iƒ)

\mS≥ ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Im¿

s]mXp-ta-Jem _m¶p-Iƒ

hmbv]-bpsS tkmXkv %NnXw 2

kl-I-cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ 27 32 0.8s]mXp-ta-Jem _m¶p-Iƒ 33 18 1.9\mS≥ ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Im¿ 22 43 0.5kzImcy _m¶p-Iƒ 42 23 1.8AanX ]en-i- (tªUv Iº\nIƒ) 22 35 0.6

B-kvXn ssZ\y-XB-kvXn/ssZ\y-X

A\p-]mXw

]´nI 21hmbv]m tkmX-p-Iƒ

tkmXv

hmbv]-bpsS ][m\ tkmXv kl-I-cW _m¶p-I-fmWv. NnXw 2 ImWpI.



kl-I-cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ 39.0 41.9 40.6 28.3s]mXp-ta-Jem _m¶p-Iƒ 14.3 14.8 19.0 33.7\mS≥ ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Im¿ 17.0 10.4 7.4 2.9kzImcy _m¶p-Iƒ 3.6 3.5 5.4 12.0h¿[n® ]en-i- (tªUv Iº\nIƒ) 2.7 3.8 2.5 1.1

I II III IVISw hmßn-bXv Fhn-sS -\n∂v

]´nI 22hmbv]m tkmXv kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-Ifn¬

kl-I-cW _m¶p-Iƒ Zcn-Z¿°mbn \¬Ip∂ hmbv]-I-fn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw Zpcn-X-

]q¿Æ-amb Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd--th-‰m\mWv. F∂m¬ h≥InS _m¶p-Iƒ (kzIm-

cyhpw s]mXp-ta-J-ebpw) BkvXn D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ]W-°m¿°v ISw IqSp-

X¬ \¬Im-\mWv Xm¬]cyw ImWn-°p-∂Xv. ]´nI 21, 22 ImWpI.



A≤ymbw 5

sXmgnepw D]-Po-h\hpw

""tIcfw Fßs\ Pohn-°p∂p'' î F∂p Is≠-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p tIcf ]T-\-

Øns‚ ][m\ e£yßfn-sem∂v. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ sXmgn¬ cwKw Cu ]T-\-]-≤-Xn-bpsS khn-tij i≤bv°p hnt[-b-am-bn. ]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ \n∂phyXy-kvX-ambn XmXvIm-en-Ihpw A\n-bX kz`m-h-ap-≈-Xp-amb ]e D]-Po-h-\-am¿§-ßfpw hym]-I-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ C∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬, t\cn-´p≈tNmZy-ßƒ°p ]pdsa IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fp-am-bp≈ N¿®-bn-eq-sS-bmWv apXn-¿∂ IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS hcp-am\ am¿§-ßƒ a\-n-em-°m≥ ian-®-Xv. Cu coXn-bn-eqsS,ÿnc-amb hcp-am-\-ap≈ sXmgn-en-s√-¶nepw as‰-s¥-¶nepw ]Wn-sNbvXp Pohn-°p-∂-h-cpsS sXmgn-ep-Ifpw k¿t∆-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ Ign-™p.F∂m¬ AØcw ]Wn-Iƒ t]mepw (Iq-en-∏-Wn, tem´dn Sn°‰p hnev]-\, Xc-IvAYhm IΩo-j≥) C√m-Ø-h-sc-bmWv ë ]Wn-bn-√m-Ø-h¿ í (Unemployed) F∂hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Cu ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Inńb samØ sXmgn-¬ ]¶m-fnØ \n-c°v (work participa-tion rate) 2001 sk≥k-knse hnh-c-ß-fp-ambn HØp t]mIp∂p≠v (]-ńI˛1).

]-ń-I-˛1samØw P\-kw-Jy-bnse sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw

]cn-j-Øv- 2004 sk≥k-kv- 2001

B¨ 53.5% 50.4%s]¨ 13.1% 15.3%samØw 32.7% 32.3%

sXmgn¬ taJ-e-Ifpw hcp-am-\hpw

sXmgn¬ cwKØv 52.6% t]¿°p ]Wn \¬Ip∂ XrXob (tk-h-\) taJ-e-bmWv ap∂n¬. F¶nepw hen-sbmcp hn`mKw P\-ßƒ (28.6%) Ct∏mgpw Im¿jnIAYhm ]mY-anI taJ-e-sb-Ø-s∂-bmWv sXmgn-en-\mbn Bi-bn-°p-∂Xv F∂v]T\w ImWn-°p-∂p (]-ń-I-˛2).



]mY-anI taJ-e-bn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cpsS icm-icn hcp-am\w a‰p c≠ptaJ-e-bn¬ D≈-h-cp-tS-Xn-t\-°mƒ Ipd-hm-Wv. AXn¬Øs∂ kvXo sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS hcp-am\w KWy-am-b- tXm-Xn¬ ]n∂n-em-Wv. Cu hnth-N\w IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv]mY-anI taJ-e-bnepw \n¿am-W-∏-Wn-bpƒs∏-Sp∂ ZznXob taJ-e-bn-ep-am-Wv. C°m-cy-Ønepw XrXo-b-ta-J-e-bmWp Xmc-X-tay\ t`Zw. ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS icm-icn Iqen]mY-anI taJ-esb At]-£n®v ZznXob taJ-e-bn¬ IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒkvXoI-fp-tSXv Ipd-bp-I-bm-sW-∂Xv IuXp-I-I-c-am-Wv. CXv Htc-Xcw tPmen-bn¬Xs∂ D≈ thX\ hnth-N\w sImt≠m Xmc-X-tay\ sshZ-Kv≤yhpw thX-\hpwD≈ tPmen-Iƒ Ah¿°v In´m-Ø-Xp-sImt≠m c≠pw sIm≠ptam BImw.(]ńI 3)

]-ń-I-˛2hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fnse sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fn-Øhpw hcp-am-\hpw

taJe sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw (%)B taJ-e-bpsS

samØw hcp-am\w (%)

]mY-anIw 28.6 19.2ZznXobw 18.8 17.3XrXobw 52.6 63.5

]mY-anI taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂p XrXob taJ-e-bn-te-°p≈ sXmgn¬ am‰w Ign™Hcp Xe-ap-d-°m-eØp kw`-hn® Hcp ]Xn`mkam-sW∂v ]ń-I-˛4 hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Im¿jnI taJ-e-bnse sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw 62.5% ¬\n∂v 28.6% Bbn Ipd-™-t∏mƒ tkh\ taJ-e-bnepw hy-h-km-b taJ-e-bnepwKWy-amb h¿≤-\hv D≠m-bn.

Hc¿∞-Øn¬ CXv tIcf kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bpsS B[p-\o-I-c-W-Øns‚ kqN-\-bmbn IW-°m-°msa∂v Nne kmº-ØnI hnZ-Kv≤¿ hmZn-°p∂p. ë hnI-k\wíF∂-Xp-Xs∂ ]mY-an-Im-h-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰m-\p≈ A[zm\Øn¬ \n∂v IqSp-X¬ ùXnI kuI-cy-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw e`y-am-°m-\p≈ A[zm-\-Øn-te-°p≈am‰-ambn hymJym-\n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-W-t√m. ]t£ tIc-f-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ hnI-

]ńI 3sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fn-Ø-Ønse enwK-]-Zhn

Hcp sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS icm-icn hcp-am\w (cq])

taJe s]¨ B¨ samØw]mY-anIw 1185 2560 2307ZznXobw 1146 3510 3016XrXobw 3570 4216 4078

]ńI ˛ 4sXmgn¬ tk\-bpsS LS-\-bn¬ h∂ am‰w

taJeIgn™ Xe-ap-d-bnse Cu Xe-ap-d-bnse

]¶m-fnØw (%) ]¶m-fnØw (%)

]mY-anIw 62.5 28.6ZznXobw 12.6 18.8XrXobw 25.0 52.6



]ńI ˛ 5G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ sXmgn-ep-Ifpw AXn¬

\n∂p≈ hcp-am-\hpw

sXmgn¬k¿t∆-bn¬

kwÿm\ Hcp sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS

Inńb FÆwP\-kwJybnse icm-icn amkIW-°m-°-s∏´ hcp-am\w (cq)FÆw (e-£w)

I¿j-I-sØm-gn-emfn 1557 18.86 1576I¿j-I¿ 842 10.20 3599IS/I®-hSw 630 7.63 4408Ahn-ZKv[ \n¿amWsXmgn-emfn 577 6.99 2233]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmbsXmgn-emfn 499 6.05 1443ssUh¿ 343 4.16 3063IS-I-fnse klmbn 315 3.82 2639kvIqƒ A[ym-]-I¿ 299 3.62 6269Hmôkv Kpa-kvX¿ 275 3.33 6089hnZ-Kv[-\n¿am-W-sØm-gn-emfn 261 3.16 3183Hmt´m-dn£m ssUh¿ 170 2.06 2116]yq¨ 140 1.70 3291B[p-\n-I-hy-h-kmbsXmgn-emfn 139 1.68 4471Xp∂¬°m-c≥ 136 1.65 1856ho´p-tPm-en-°m¿ 129 1.56 907Ce-IvSo-jy≥ 126 1.53 2561

I¨kvS-Ivj≥ kq∏¿ssh-k¿ 105 1.27 2743Im¿s]‚¿ 91 1.10 3266Hmô-k¿ 88 1.07 11672h¿°vtjm∏v sXmgn-emfn 82 0.99 2789arK-]-cn-]m-e\w 76 0.92 3094a’y-_-‘\w 76 0.92 2336s]bn‚¿ 70 0.85 2202F©n-\o-b¿ 67 0.81 12483\gvkv 65 0.79 5019]mcm-sa-Un-°¬ 63 0.76 5157Sm≥kvt]m¿´v DSa 63 0.76 4402Npa-´p-sXm-gn-emfn 61 0.74 2759Hmô-kv-˛-ô¬Uv h¿°v 59 0.71 3866_kv I≠-IvS¿ 57 0.69 4103a’y-hn-ev]\ 57 0.69 2471apdp-°m≥ IS 56 0.68 2507tjm∏v- -I-W-s°-gpØv 50 0.61 2843a‰v A[ym-]-I¿ 49 0.59 1843



kz-c-amb Cu tkh-\-ta-J-esb Xmßn-\n¿Øp-∂Xv B¥cnI kº-Øp-Xv]m-Z-\-a-s√∂pw ]pd-sa-\n-∂p≈ ]W-a-Shv BsW-∂pap-≈Xv DXvI-WvTbv°p hI-\¬Ip-∂p (CXv ]n∂mse hcp∂ hnh-c-ßƒ hy‡-am-°pw).

sXmgn¬ taJ-e-Iƒ

kwÿm-\Øv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ°p ]Wn-\¬Ip∂ sXmgn¬ Xpd-Iƒ ]ńI A©n¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. k¿t∆-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwÿm-\Øp samØw Cu taJ-e-bn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cpsS FÆhpw Ah-cpsS icm-icn amk-h-cp-am-\hpw IqSn Cu ]ń-I-bn¬ sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v.

CX-\p-k-cn®v G‰hpw A[nIw Bfp-Iƒ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂Xv I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fm-bn-´m-Wv, 18.86 e£w. Irjn-°m¿ 10.2 e£w hcpw. hnZKv[ \n¿amWsXmgn-em-fn-I-fmbn 3.1 e£w t]cpw kq∏¿ssh-k¿ (ta-kvXn-cn)-am-cmbn 1.27 e£wt]cpw Ahn-Z-Kv[sØmgnem-fn-I-fmbn 6.99 e£w t]cpw ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ \n¿amWtaJe Irjn-I-gn-™m¬ ASpØ G‰hpw henb sXmgn¬ta-J-e-b-sX.

CXp-c≠pw Ign-™m¬ sNdp-InS I®-h-S-°m-cmWv ASp-Ø-Xv, 7.63 e£w (I-S-I-fn¬ FSpØp sImSp-°p-∂-hcpw a‰p klm-bn-I-fp-ambn CXn-\p-]p-dsa 3.81 e£wt]cpw FgpØp ]Wn-Iƒ sNøp-∂-h-cmbn 0.60 e£w t]cpw IqSn Cu taJ-e-bn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂p-≠v. samØw 12 e£-tØmfw t]¿). \n¿amW taJe 11.36e£w t]scbpw ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-km-b-ßƒ 6.04 e£w t]scbpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂p. ssUh¿am-cmbn 4.15 e£w t]cpw I≠-IvS¿am-cmbn 0.69 e£w t]cpwHmt´m ssUh¿am-cmbn 2.05 e£w t]cpw ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ KXm-K-X-ta-Je as‰mcp][m\ sXmgn¬ZmXm-hm-Wv. k¿°mcpw Fbn-UUpw kzIm-cyhpw kam-¥-chpambÿm]-\-ß-fnse A[ym-]-I¿ samØw 3.6 e£-tØmfw hcpw. Hmôkp Kpa-ÿ-∑m¿ 3.3 e£w. ]yq¨ apX-em-b-h¿ 1.69 e£w. B[p-\nI hyh-km-b-ß-fn¬]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h¿ 1.68 e£-w- amXsa D≈q.

G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ°p sXmgn¬ \¬Ip-∂Xv ta¬∏d™ taJ-e-I-fm-sW-¶n¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ hcp-am-\-ap≈ ]Wn-Iƒ tUmIvS¿ (tam-tU¨ saUn-kn≥), hyh-km-bn-Iƒ, tImtfPv A[ym-]-I¿, F≥Pn-\o-b¿am¿, Hmôkv FIvkn-Iyq-ó-hp-Iƒ apX-embhbmWv (]-ń-I-˛6).

]- n-I- 6G‰hpw hcp-am-\-ap≈ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ

sXmgn¬k¿t∆-bnse kwÿm-\Øp samØw icm-icn amk

FÆw IW-°m-°-s∏´ FÆw hcp-am\w (cq-])

tUmIvS¿(B-[p-\n-I-ssh-Zyw) 16 19,400 22400

hyh-kmb DSa 42 50,900 18676

tImtf-P-[ym-]-I¿ 39 47,300 12627(πkvSq Dƒs∏-sS)

F©n-\o-b¿ 67 81,200 12483

Hmô-k¿ 88 1,06,600 11672

hyh-kmb amt\-P¿ 17 20,600 10250

Hmôkv kq∏¿ssh-k¿ 41 49,700 9384



at‰ A‰Øv ho´p-tPm-en-°m¿, Ae-°p-Im¿, \gvkdn So®¿am¿, h\-hn-`-h-ßƒtiJ-cn-°p-∂-h¿, ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmb sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ XpSßn G‰hpw Ipdhphcp-am-\-ap≈ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ ]ń-I-˛7 ¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

it≤b-amb hkvXpX Ch-bn¬ an°-hbpw ]mtbW kvXoIƒ G¿s∏-Sp∂sXmgn-ep-I-fm-sW-∂-Xm-Wv. BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS D]-Po-h-\-am¿K-amb h\-hn-`h tiJ-c-Ww, ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmb sXmgn-ep-Iƒ, Im¿jnI taJ-e-bnse Iqen-∏WnXpSßn Zp¿_-e-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS Bi-b-amb ]Wn-I-fmWv Xp—-th-X\w e`n-°p∂a‰p sXmgn-ep-Iƒ. sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bnse GXm≠v 85% t]cpw 5000 cq]bv°pXmsg amk-h-cp-am-\-ap≈ sXmgnep-I-fn-emWv G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Db¿∂ hcp-am-\-ap≈ an° sXmgn-ep-Ifpw D∂X hnZym-`ymk tbmKyX (hn-ti-jn®pw s]m^-j-W¬ _ncp-Zw) Bh-iy-ap-≈-h-bm-sW-∂Xpw it≤-b-am-Wv.

\mep hn`m-K-ßƒ

tIcf ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Inńb hnh-c-ßƒ A\p-k-cn®v hcp-am-\w, sNe-hv, hoSns‚kz`m-hw, a‰v BkvXn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse IpSpw-_-ßsf ]ca ZcnZ¿, Zcn-Z¿, Xmgv∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿, Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿ (C-h-cn¬Ipd®v [\n-Icpw s]Spw) F∂n-ßs\ \membn Xcw Xncn°mw F∂v ap≥ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠-t√m.

]ńI ˛ 7G‰hpw Ipdhp hcp-am-\-ap≈ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ

sXmgn¬k¿t∆-bnse kwÿm-\Øp samØw icm-icn amk

FÆw IW-°m-°-s∏´ FÆw hcp-am\w (cq-])

ho´p-tPmen 129 1,56,300 907

Ae°v 9 10,900 1000

\gvkdn/A¶-W-hmSnSo®¿ 42 50,900 1141

h\-hn- -h-ti-J-cWw 4 4,800 1260

]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmbsXmgn-emfn 499 6,04,600 1443

¢o\¿ (h-≠n) 40 48,500 1471

STD _qØv 15 18,200 1523

I¿j-I-sØm-gn-emfn 1557 18,86,500 1576

aX-t_m-[\w 31 37,600 1645

¢o\¿ (tjm-∏v) 25 30,300 1733

Bcm-[-\m-eb ]Wn-Iƒ 35 42,400 1801

Xp∂¬ 136 1,64,800 1856

Ccp-ºp-]Wn 16 19,400 1931

]mc-e¬ tImtfPvA[ym-]-I¿ 31 37,600 1998

Ip°v (ÿm-]-\-ßƒ) 35 42,400 2041

hgn-hm-Wn`w 39 47,300 2046

Hmt´m-ssU-h¿ 170 2,06,000 2116



]-ń-I-˛8\mev kmaq-ly- -km-º-ØnI hn`m-K-ßfpsS B`y-¥c hcp-am\w

hn`mKw IpSpw-_-ßƒ hy‡n-Iƒicm-icn icm-icn ]Xn-amk

% %]Xn-io¿j IpSpw_

amk-h-cp-am\w(cq) hcp-am\w (cq)

I 14 15 363 1922

II 32 35 633 3279

III 43 41 1344 6050

IV 11 9 3822 14928

]ńI ˛ 9kmº-ØnI Kq∏v \men¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂h-cpsS sXmgn¬ hnh-c-ßƒ

sXmgn¬ k¿t∆-bnse Cu hn`m-K-Ønse B sXmgn¬ sNøp∂FÆw Ah-cpsS iX-am\w hcn¬ FX iX-am\w

t]¿ Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬

s]Sp∂p

Hmôkv tPmen-°m¿ 107 18.7 37.7s]≥j≥Im¿ 79 13.7 27.7kvIqƒ A[ym-]-I¿ 61 10.6 35.9_nkn-\-p-Im¿ 49 8.6 13.5I¿j-I¿ 41 7.2 8.7]pdw ]WwBi-bn-°p-∂-h¿ 21 3.7 3.9F©n-\o-b¿ 19 3.3 59.4ho´Ω 17 3.0 9.9tImtf-P-[ym-]-I¿ 14 2.4 56.0tUmIvS¿ (B-[p-\n-Iw) 11 1.9 91.7B[p-\nI hyh-km-b-sXm-gn-emfn 11 1.9 20.4hyh-kmb DSa 10 1.7 35.7Kƒ^v aS-°-°m¿ 9 1.6 27.3hyh-kmb amt\-P¿ 8 1.4 72.7

Db¿∂ a[y-h¿K-°m-cn¬ (\memw hn`m-Kw) Hcp \√ ]¶v (10.6%) kvIqƒ A[ym-]-I-c-mWv. (A-°q-´-cn¬ 35.9% Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Spw). ASp-ØXv _nkn-\-p-Im-cmWv (8.6%). Hmôkv Kpa-kvX-∑m¿ (8.2%) Hmô-k¿am¿ (7.2%) Ir-jn-°m¿ (7.2%)s]≥j≥Im¿ (13.7%) F∂n-h-cmWv Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp∂ a‰p ][m\ Iq´¿._nkn-\-p-Im-cn¬ 8.6% hpw Hmôkv Kpa-kvX-cn¬ 29.4% hpw Hmô-k¿am-cn¬65.1% hpws]≥j≥Im-cn¬ 27.7% hpw BWv \memw Kq∏n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂-h¿. AtX-k-a-bw, tUmIvS¿am-cn¬ 91.7% hpw hyh-kmb amt\-P¿am-cn¬ 72.7% hpw a‰p sshZy-∑m-cn¬ 66.7% hpw F≥Pn-\o-b¿am-cn¬ 59.4% hpw tImtf-P-[ym-]-I-cn¬ 56% hpwCu hn`m-K-Øn-em-Wv. s]mXpth ]d-™m¬ Cu sXmgn-ep-Im-sc√mw Xs∂ kaq-l-Ønse Xmgv∂tXm Db¿∂tXm Bb a[y-h¿K-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv (]- n-I- 9)



BcmWv ]c-a-Z-cn-Z¿?

H∂mw hn`m-K-Ønse (AXmbXv ]caZcnZ¿) G‰hpw henb kwLw I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv (30.4%), I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fn¬ 35.5% hpw ]c-a-Z-cn-Z-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ h\-hn-`-h-tiJ-cWw sXmgn-em-°n-b-h-cn¬ 66.7% t]cpw ]c-a-Z-cn-Z-c-sX. ]t£ Ah¿ FÆ-Øn¬ Ipd-hm-I-bm¬ A°q-´¿ ]c-a-Z-cn-Zcnse 0.3iX-am-\ta hcq. FÆ-Øn¬ c≠mw ÿm\Øp \n¬°p-∂Xv (13.4%) A¤p-X-I-c-sa∂p Xs∂ ]d-b-s´, ]pdsa \n∂p≈ ]Ww hc-hns\ Bi-bn®p Ign-bp∂IpSpw-_-ß-fm-Wv. A°q-´-cn¬ 19.1 %hpw ]c-a-Z-cn-Z-cn¬s]Spw! \s√mcp ]¶v ho´p-tPm-en-°m¿ (34.8%), \n¿am-W-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ (19.8%) takvXn-cn-am¿ (22.7%) Hmt´mssUh¿am¿ (18.8%) XmXvIm-enI tPmen-°m¿ (29.4%) aX-t_m-[\w \SØn Pohn-°p-∂-h¿ (42.1%) ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-km-b-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ (14.9%) XpS-ßn-b-hcpwCu hn`mKØnemWv (]ń-I-˛10).

]-ń-I-˛10H∂mw-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ (]-c-a-Z-cn-Z¿) s]´-h-cpsS sXmgn¬ hnh-c-ßƒ

sXmgn¬k¿t∆-bnse ]c-a-Z-cn-Z-cnse B sXmgn¬ sNøp∂

FÆw Ah-cpsS iX-am\w hcn¬ FXt]¿ ]ca

Zcn-Z-cmWv (%)

I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ 232 30.4 35.5]pdw-]-W-h-c-hns\Bi-bn-°p-∂-h¿ 102 13.4 19.1Ahn-ZKv[ \n¿amWsXmgn-emfn 60 7.9 19.8I¿j-I¿ 57 7.5 12.1]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmbsXmgn-emfn 24 3.1 14.9hnZ-Kv[-\n¿amW sXmgn-emfn 19 2.5 13.2Hcp ]Wn-bp-an-√m-Ø-h¿ 16 2.1 28.6_nkn-\v 15 2.0 4.1Bt´m ssUh¿ 13 1.7 18.8skbn¬kv/klmbn 13 1.7 11.5ssUh¿ 11 1.4 5.8XmXvIm-enI tPmen-°m¿ 10 1.3 29.4\n¿amWw takvXncn 10 1.3 22.7sXmgn-em-fn-s∏≥j≥ 9 1.2 13.2aX-t_m[\w 8 1.0 42.1ho´p-tPmen 8 1.0 34.8

sXmgn-en-√mbva

18-\pw 60 \pw CSbv°p ]mb-ap-≈, sXmgn-se-Sp-°m≥ Xøm-dp-≈-h-cpsS CS-bnsesXmgn-en-√mbva 15.1 iX-am-\-am-Wv.kaq-l-Ønse F√m hn`mKßfp-sS-bn-S-bnepwsXmgn-en-√mbva GXm≠v Hcp-t]m-se-bm-Wv F∂v ]T\w ImWn-°p∂p: (]-ń-I-˛11).

PmXnbpw aXhpw Xncn-®p≈ Kq∏p-I-fnepw Gsd-°psd CtX tXmXn-emWv sXmgn-en-√m-bva-bpsS IW-°v.



]-ń-I-˛12sXmgn-en-√m-bva-bpsS hI-t`-Z-ßƒ

hn`mKw iX-am\wP\-kw-Jy-bnse aXn∏p

IW°v (e-£w)

Hcn-°epw sXmgn¬ In´m-Ø-h¿ 85.6 10.58h√-t∏mgpw sXmgn¬ In´p-∂-h¿ 10.2 1.26te Hm^v, hn.-B¿.-F-kv 1.4 0.17Kƒ^v aS-°-°m¿ 2.8 0.34samØw 100 12.37

]ń-I-˛13sXmgn-en-√m-bva-bpsS ]mb-t`Zw kvXoI-fnepw ]pcp-j∑m-cnepw (%)

]mb-Kq∏v s]¨ B¨ samØw

18˛25 38.8 20.4 30.0

26˛30 30.6 10.0 19.9

31˛35 22.8 6.3 14.6

36˛40 10.5 4.8 7.9

41˛45 2.1 4.0 3.0

46˛50 2.3 4.6 3.3

51˛55 1.2 9.1 5.3

56˛60 2.2 13.7 7.6

samØw 19.2 10.7 15.1

sXmgn-en-√m-Ø-h-cn¬ an°-hcpw (85.6%) Hcn-°epw sXmgn-¬ Inń-bnń√m-Ø-h-cm-Wv. CS-bv°nsS Fs¥-¶nepw ]Wn-In-´p-∂-h¿ 10.2 %hpw te Hm^v, kzbw ]ncn-™-h¿ 1.4% hpw hcpw. 2.8% t]¿ Kƒ^v aS-°-°m-cmWv (]-ń-I-˛12).

samØw ]Wn-bn-√m-Ø-h-cpsS FÆw 12.37 e£-am-Wv. CXv Fwtπm-bvsa‚ vFIvkvtN-©n¬ t]cv cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXn-´p≈ 40 e£-Øn-t\-°mƒ Xptemw Ipd-hm-sW¶nepw CXp-Xs∂ kzoIm-cy-ambXnt\°mƒ hfsc Db¿∂ A\p-]m-X-amWvF∂Xp it≤-b-am-Wv.

]ń-I-˛13 sXmgn-en-√m-Ø-h-cpsS ]mb-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ hn`-P\w sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. 26 hb-n\p Xmsg-bp-≈-h-cn¬ 30 iX-am-\hpw ]Wn-bn-√m-Ø-hc-sX.-kvXo-I-fn¬ CXv 38.8% BWv. ap∏Xp hb-m-Ip-tºmtg°pw ]Wn-bn-√mØ ]pcp-j-∑m-cn¬ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw t]¿ Fs¥-¶nepw sXmgn¬ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂p≠v. ]t£ kvXoI-fn¬ 30.6% t]¿ At∏mgpw sXmgn¬c-ln-X-cm-Wv.

SC ST

sXmgn-en-√mbva % 15.5 14.9 15.4 13.1 14.3 14.6 17.0 14.8 14.3 13.1 14.6

hn`mKw I II III IV

lnµ

p

Ink

vXy≥

ap…

ow

apt∂

m°w

]nt

∂m°

w

]-ń-I-˛11sXmgn-en-√mbva hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬



B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn k¿°m¿ DZym-K-ÿ-cpsS FÆw Db¿∂ a[y-h¿K-°m-cpsSCS-bn¬ (\memw Kq∏n¬) aq∂c Cc-ń-tbmfw A[n-I-am-sW∂p ImWmw. PmXn,aX ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t\m°n-bm¬ kh¿Æ lnµp aX-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ s]´-h¿°pwInkvXym-\n-Iƒ°pw P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn A¿l-X-s∏-´-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ ]¶p In´p-∂p-≠v (]-ń-I-˛15)

Cug-h-cpsS ]mXn-\n[yw GXm≠v ka-Xp-en-X-am-Wv. a‰p- ]nt∂m° hn`m-K-ßfptSXv Gsd ]n∂n-em-Wv. ap…o-ß-fpsS Ahÿ P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-ambnIW-°m-°n-bm¬ ]ń-I-h¿§-°m-cp-tS-Xn-t\-°mƒ ]nt∂m-°-am-Wv. k¿°m¿ DtZymKwF∂Xv kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI Ahÿ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Hcp kp]-[m\ LS-I-am-bn-cn-°p∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Cu Ak-¥p-en-Xm-hÿ ASn-b-¥nc i≤ A¿ln-°p-∂p.

k¿°m¿ DtZymKw

P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 3.1% BWv k¿°m¿ s]mXp-ta-Jem tPmen-°m-cpsS A\p-]m-Xw. (sXmgn¬ tk\-bpsS 9.7%). k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ-cn¬ Gdnb ]¶pw (85.9%)Xmgv∂tXm Db¿∂tXm Bb a[y-h¿K-°m-cm-Wv. (]-ń-I-˛14).

]ńI ˛ 14hnhn[ kmºØnI hn`mKßfn¬ k¿°m¿˛s]mXptaJem

tPmen°mcpsS ]¶v

hn`mKw Cu hn`mKØn¬ P\kwJybn¬ k¿°m¿/s]mXptaJe

k¿°m¿/s]mXptaJem Cu hn`mKØns‚ tPmen°mcn¬ Cu hn`mK

tPmen°mcpsS % iXam\w Øn¬s]Sp∂hcpsS %

I 0.5 15.1 2.6

II 1.0 34.8 11.5

III 4.2 41.2 54.8

IV 11.0 8.8 31.1

-]- n-I- 15k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-Ønse B\p-]m-XnI ]mXn-\n[yw

hn`mKw

P\-kw-Jy-bnse k¿°m¿ DtZymK B\p-]m-Xn-I-amb% (a) ÿ-cnse % (b) Ipdhv/IqSp-X¬

( b-a )100 b

InkvXy≥ 18.3 20.6 +11.0

ap…ow 26.9 11.4 ˛136.0

\mb¿ 12.5 21.0 +40.5

a‰p apt∂m-°-lnµp 1.3 3.1 +56.5

Cug-h¿ 22.2 22.7 0.02

a‰p ]nt∂m-°-°m¿ 8.2 5.8 ˛41.0

]ń-I-PmXn 9.0 7.6 ˛22.6

]ń-I-h¿Kw 1.2 0.8 ˛ 49.5



sXmgn-ens‚ kz`mhw

k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ßƒ (s]mXp taJem ÿm]-\-ßƒ Dƒs∏-sS) h≥InSkzImcy ÿm]-\-ßƒ F∂nh Hgn-®m¬ a‰psXmgn-ep-Iƒ an°-hbpw ÿnc-X-bn-√m-Ø-hbpw s]≥j≥, s]mhn-U‚ v ^≠v, BtcmKy tkh\w apX-emb kmaqlykpc£m Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ H∂pw Xs∂ C√m-Ø-h-bp-am-Wv. amX-a√ \ne-hn¬ Ch-sbms° \¬-Ip∂ BZyw kqNn-∏n® taJ-e-I-fn¬ t]mepw ÿncw tPmen-°m¿°v]Icw Xm¬°m-en-I-°m-scbpw Icm-dp-Im-scbpw sIm≠v Imcy-ßƒ \S-Øn-s°m≠pt]mIp∂ coXn°v ]Nmcw h¿≤n-°p-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ sXmgn-ens‚ kz`mhw Cu k¿t∆-bn¬ ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

sXmgn-se-Sp-°p-∂-hcn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]-£-Øn\pw bmsXm-cp-hn[ kmaq-lnI kpc-£bpw C√mØ Ah-ÿ-bmWv F∂p-≈-XmWv \ΩpsS sXmgn¬ cwKsØ Hcp][m\ ]iv\w. Cu Npa-Xe Hcp ImeØv sXmgn¬ DS-a-bpsS _m[y-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn¬ \n∂v Ah¿ IpX-dn-am-dp-I-bm-Wv (k¿°m¿ Dƒs∏sS). ka-K-ambHcp kmaqly kpc£m ]≤Xn sIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw AXns‚ `mcw Db¿∂ hcp-am-\-°m-scbpw tIm¿∏-td-‰p-I-sfbpw sIm≠v Gs‰Sp∏n°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xns‚Bh-iy-I-X-bmWv CXp kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

hnZym-`ym-khpw sXmgnepw AY-hm hnZym-`ym-khpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw

18 apX¬ 60 hb-p-h-sc-bp-≈-h-cpsS hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-chpw Ah-cpsS amk-h-cp-am-\hpw Ah-cp-sS-bn-S-bnse sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈IW°v ]ń-I-˛16 ¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-chpw hcp-am-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ t\¿_‘w XnI®pw ]Xo-£n-Xhpw kzm`m-hn-I-hp-am-Wv. ]t£ kaq-l-Ønse hyXykvX sXmgn¬ taJ-e-I-fnse thX-\-ßƒ XΩn¬ CX-tbsd A¥cw (C-cp-]Xp aS-ßv) apX-em-fnØcmPy-ß-fn¬ t]mepw ImWm-dn√ F∂Xv it≤-b-am-Wv.

Cu ]ń-I-bn¬ \n∂p shfn-hm-Ip∂ as‰mcp _‘w hnZym-`ym-khpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw XΩn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv. \nc-£-c-cnepw ]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw amXw e`n-®-h-cnepw sXmgn-en-√mbva Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-Wv (6%). Ah-cpsS hcp-am-\-am-Is´

]ń-I-˛1618-˛60 hb-n-\n-S-bn-ep-≈-h-cpsS hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-chpw sXmgnepw

hcp-am-\hpw

hnZym- ymk \ne-hmcwP\-kw-Jy-bn¬ Ah-cp-sS-bn-S-bnse icm-icn amk

Ah-cpsS iX-am\w sXmgn-en-√mbva % hcp-am\w (cq)

\nc-£-c¿ 4.6 6.5 352

tIhe km£-cX 2.3 6.5 596

]mYanI hnZym-`ymkw 28.8 6.1 1067

sk°‚dn 37.4 12.4 1462

lb¿ sk°‚dn 10.9 33.7 1607

sSIv\n-°¬ ]cn-io-e\w 3.7 16.3 2966

_ncpZw 9.0 26.2 2370

_ncp-Zm-\-¥cw 1.9 24.7 4274

s]m -j-W¬ 1.5 12.0 7085



Xptemw XpO-hpw. sXmgn-en-√m-bva G‰hpw cq£-am-bn-´p-≈Xv lb¿sk-°‚dn]mm-b-h-cn-emWv (33.7%). _ncp-Z-[m-cn-I-fp-sSbpw _ncp-Zm-\¥-c- _ncpZ[m-cn-I-fp-sSbpw Ahÿ Gsd -sa-®-sam-∂p-a-√. F∂m¬ kmt¶-XnI ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn-b-h-cpsS Imcyw kzev]w t`Z-amWv (16.3%). s]m^-j-W¬ _ncpZw t\Sn-b-h-cpsS CS-bn¬ t]mepw 12% sXmgn-en-√mbvabp≠v.

hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw Db-cp-t¥m-dpw, ]Wn-In-ń-bm¬, \√ hcp-am\w D≠m-Im-\p≈ km[yX sa®-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv F¥p-hn-e-sIm-SpØpw s]m^-j-W¬ _ncpZw Ic-ÿ-am-°m≥ a[y-h¿K-°m¿ Xøm-dm-Ip-∂Xv.

as‰mcp coXn-bn¬ t\m°n-bm¬ \ΩpsS kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ A]-cym-]vX-X-bmWv Cu ]T-\-êw sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xv. \nc-£-ccpw kvIqfn¬ \n∂psImgn™p t]mb-hcpw hcp-am\w Ipd-™Xpw Imbn-Im-[zm\w IqSp-X¬ Bh-iy-ap-≈-Xp-amb ]Wn-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ Xøm-dm-b-Xp-sIm-t≠m, KXn-tI-Sp-sIm≠vAXn\p \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-Ip-∂-Xp-sImt≠m, Bbn-cn°mw Ah-cp-sS-bn-S-bnse sXmgn-en-√mbva Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ ]Ømw ¢mtm ]¥≠mw ¢mtm ]mm-bn-°-gn-™m¬ AØcw ]Wn-I-fn-te°p Xncn-bm≥ ]e-t∏mgpw \ΩpsS kmaqlyNp‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√. AtX-k-abw Ah¿°p Inńb hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\ptbmPn® ]Wn-Iƒ Bh-iy-a-\p-k-cn®v D≠m-Ip-∂p-an-√. F∂m¬ GsX-¶nepw]tXyI taJ-e-bn¬ ss\]pWn t\Sn-bm¬ ]Wn-In-´m-\p≈ km[yX sa®-s∏-Sp∂p F∂v sSIv\n-°¬ ]cn-io-e\w Inń-b-h-cpsS A\p- hw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. GsX-¶nepw sXmgnseSp-°m-\p≈ Ignhp h¿≤n-°p-∂n√ F∂Xp Xs∂-bmWv _ncp-Z-[m-cn-I-fpsS CS-bnse Db¿∂ sXmgn-en-√m-bvabv°p Imc-Ww. hnZym-`ymk ]cn-jvIm-c-ßsf∏‰n Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ hkvXp-X-IfmWv Ch. A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cm-b-h¿°p IqSn BI¿j-I-am-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ \ΩpsS ]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn-ep-Isf ]cn-jvI-cn-t°-≠p-∂-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bn-te°pw CXp hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂p.

hnZym-`ym-khpw enwK-\o-Xnbpw

hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ kvXo-]p-cpj t`Z-ßƒ Imcy-ambn C√ F∂v ]ńI17 hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

_ncp-Z˛_ncp-Zm-\-¥-c Xe-ß-fn¬ kvXoI-fmWv ap∂n¬. F∂m¬ s]m-^--j-W¬ ˛ sSIv\n-°¬ taJ-e-I-fn¬ kvXoIƒ ]n∂n¬ Xs∂-bm-Wv.

k¿h-I-em-im-em-]-T-\-Øn¬ s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ t\Sp∂ ta¬ss° Ah-cpsSsXmgn¬ ]¶m-fn-Ø-Øn¬ ]Xn-^-en-°p-∂n√ F∂Xv i≤m-]q¿∆w ]Tn-t°≠]iv\-am-Wv.

]ńI ˛ 17hnZym-`ymkt\´-ß-fnse kvXo]p-cpj hyXymkw

hnZym-`ymk Xew kvXo % ]pcp-j≥ %\nc-£-c¿ 6.7 2.4tIhe-km-£-c¿ 2.8 1.7]mY-anIw 29.7 27.8sk°‚dn 34.9 39.9lb¿sk-°‚dn 11.4 10.5kmt¶-XnI ]cn-io-e\w 2.3 5.1_ncpZw 9.1 8.9_ncp-Zm-\-¥cw 2.1 1.7s]m -j-W¬ 1.0 1.9



]ń-I-˛1818 \pw 25 \pw CSbv°v ]mb-ap≈ bph-Xo-bp-hm-°-ƒ F¥p-sN-øp∂p?

kvXo/]p. tImtf-Pn¬ a‰p-]-T\w sXmgn-en-√m-Ø-h¿ sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-h¿

kvXo 16.2 7.4 63.7 12.6]pcpj≥ 14.7 11.7 21.1 52.4

hnZym-`ym-khpw ta¬K-Xnbpw

]mh-s∏-´, anSp-°-cm-b, Ipń-Iƒ°v kaq-l-Øn-ep-b-cm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ Hcp][m\ LS-I-amWv hnZym- ymkw F∂p ]cs° AwKo-Icn°s∏- n- p-≈-Xm-Wv. D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-kcw Inń-b-h¿°mWv Db¿∂ kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnIXe-ß-fn-te°v IS-∂p-I-b-dm-\p≈ km[yX IqSp-X-ep-≈-sX∂v ]ńI 19 ImWn-°p-∂p.

\memw hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cn¬ 58.6% t]cpw D∂X hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-b-h-cm-sW-¶n¬ H∂mw hn`m-K-Øn¬ AXv 3.5% amX-am-Wv. F¥p XymKw kln®pw Xß-fpsS Ipń-Iƒ°v sa®-s∏´ hnZym-`ymkw \¬Im≥ ae-bmfn c£m-I¿Øm-°ƒshºp-∂Xv shdp-sX-b-√.

]t£ ]e Imc-W-ßƒ sIm≠pw D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-kcw kmaq-lyhpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-ambn ]nt∂m°w \nev°p-∂-h¿°v (H∂pw c≠pw hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]´-h¿°v) \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-sW∂v ]ńI 20 kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

18 \pw 25 \pw CSbv°p ]mb-ap≈ sNdp-∏-°m¿ F¥mWp sNøp-∂Xv F∂pImWn-°p∂ Cu IW-°-\p-k-cn®v ta¬Ø-ń-ep≈ 54.2% bphm-°fpw D]-cn-]-T-\-Øn¬ G¿s∏-ń-cn-°p-tºmƒ Iogv-Ø-ń-ep≈ 13.7% t]¿°p amXta AXn\p Ign-bp-∂p-≈q. Ah-cn¬ 54.3% t]cpw sXmgn-en-√m-Ø-h-cmWv F∂Xv DXvI-WvT-bp-W¿Øp∂ as‰mcp hnh-c-am-Wv. c≠mw hn`m-K-Øn¬t∏mepw D∂-X-]-T-\m-h-kcw16.1% t]¿°p amXta In´p-∂p-≈q. hnZy-t\Sn c£ ]m]n-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw t]mepwZcn-Z¿°p \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Kpcp-X-c-amb hn-jy-Øp-Iƒ°n-S-bm-°p-sa-∂-Xn¬

]ńI ˛ 19D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw t\Sn-b-h¿, hnhn[ hn`mK-ß-fn¬ (%)

hn`mKw sSIv\n-°¬ tImtfPv s]m -j-W¬ samØwI 0.7 2.6 0.2 3.5II 1.8 5.1 0.1 7.0III 4.8 14.9 1.4 21.1IV 9.7 40.5 8.4 58.6

]ń-I-˛ 2018-˛25 ]mb-ap≈ Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn-sebpw

bphm-°ƒ F¥p sNøp∂p?

hn`mKw tImtfPv a‰v ]T\w samØw ]T\wsXmgn¬ sXmgn¬

sNøp-∂-h¿ cln-X¿

I 7.5 6.2 13.7 31.9 54.3II 9.4 6.7 16.1 35.0 48.9III 19.4 11.5 30.9 31.1 37.9IV 36.8 17.4 54.2 31.0 34.8



]ń-I-˛21s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fnepw A¨ FbvUUv

hnZym-e-b-ß-fnepw ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿ (%)

hn`mKw k¿°m¿ FbvUUv A¨- F-bvUUv

I 47.0 49.6 3.4II 40.3 49.4 10.3III 30.9 39.0 30.1IV 14.2 30.2 55.5

kwi-b-an-√. am^n-bm-h-XvI-c-Whpw Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßfpw s]cp-Ip∂ Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬Cu hn`m-K-Øn-ep≈ sNdp-∏-°m¿ hgn-]n-g-®p-t]m-Im-\p≈ km[yX GsdbmWv.

]c-a-Z-cn-Z-˛-Z-cnZ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ë D∂X í hnZym`ymk-Øn\v Ah-kcwe`n°p∂ bphm-°ƒ°p In´p∂ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ kz`m-hhpw KpW-ta-∑bpwIqSn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ amXta Cu NnXw ]q¿Øn-bm-Iq. D∂X hnZym-`ymk cwK-sØ, hnti-jn®v kzmi-b-t°m-tf-Pp-I-fnse, sImgn-™p-t]m°pw tXm¬hnbpw Ah-K-Wn-°m-\m-hmØ hn[w h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂p F∂ ]T-\- -e-ßfpw Iqńt®¿Øp hmbn-°p-tºmƒ hfsc Akzm-ÿy-P-\-I-amb \nK-a-\-ß-fnte \ap-s°-Øn-t®-cm≥ ]‰q.

A¨ FbvUUv hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ sa®-s∏´ hnZym- ym-k-amtWm \S-°p-∂-sX∂Imcy-Øn¬ X¿°-ap-≠v. ]t£ AhnsS ]Tn-°p∂ Ipń-I-fmWv an°-t∏mgpwa’c]co-£-I-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ am¿°p hmßp-Ibpw sa®-s∏´ D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ ]th-i\w t\Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xv. AØcw hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂Xv sa®-s∏´ kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI ]›mØ-eap≈ IpSpw-_-ß-fnse Ipń-I-fm-bn-cn°pw F∂Xpw kzm`m-hnIw amXw. ]ńI 21 CXp hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

k¿°m¿-˛-F-bvUUv hnZym-e-b-ß-fpsS ]h¿Ø\w sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠pamXta Zcn-Z-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS Ipń-Iƒ°v \√-hn-Zym-`ymkw e`n-°p∂p F∂p-d-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ignbq F∂v Cu IW°pw \sΩ t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ]c-a-Z-cn-Z-cpsS96.6% IpńIfpw Zcn-Z-cpsS 89.7% Ipń-Ifpw Ahn-sS-bmWp ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv.

hnZym-`ym-k-Ønse PmXn-˛-a-X-t`-Z-ßƒ

D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ ap…o-ßƒ Ct∏mgpw ]nt∂m-°-am-sW∂v]ńI 22 Hm¿a-an-∏n-°p-∂p.

]ńI ˛ 2218-˛25 ]mb-ap≈ hnhn[ PmXn-aX hn`m-K-ß-fnse bphm-°ƒ F¥p

sNøp-∂p?

hn`mKw tImtf-Pn¬a‰p samØw sXmgn¬ sXmgn¬

]T\w% ]T\w % sNøp-∂-h¿ cln-X¿

lnµp 18.7 9.9 28.6 32.3 39.1ap…ow 8.1 6.2 14.3 30.5 55.2InkvXy≥ 20.5 14.9 35.4 32.7 31.9apt∂m-°-˛-lnµp 28.1 11.6 39.7 24.1 36.3]nt∂m° lnµp 16.7 10.2 26.9 33.0 40.2]ń-I-PmXn 10.30 6.6 16.9 42.2 40.9]ń-I-h¿Kw 11.8 5.9 17.7 37.3 45.1



sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw ap…ow bphm-°fnemWp IqSp-X¬. lnµp-°-fnse PmXn-Xn-cn-®p≈ IW°p t\m°n-bm¬ kh¿Æ¿ InkvXym-\n-Iƒs°m-∏-am-Wv. ]nt∂m°PmXn-°m¿ hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-ambpw ]nt∂m°w Xs∂. ]´n-I-PmXn/h¿K-°m¿ ap…o-ß-sft∏mse Xs∂ AXnt\°mƒ Gsd ]n∂n-em-Wv.

ap…ow kap-Zm-b-Ønse bphm-°-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-amb ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bmWv kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Ah-cpsS DtZym-K-e-_v[n-bnepw k¿°m¿ k¿∆o-knse]th-i-\-Ønepw ]n∂oSv ]Xn- -en-°p-∂-Xv. Ah-cpsS CS-bnse sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpwG‰hpw IqSp-X-em-Wv.

kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI am‰-ß-fpsS XpS°w hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØp \n∂p Xs∂BtI≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bn-te-°mWv CXp i≤ £Wn-°p-∂-Xv. hnZym-`ymkwamXw t]mcm, e£y-t_m-[-ap-≈Xpw e-]-Z-hp-amb hnZym- ymkw Xs∂ \¬IWwF∂pw Cu ]T-\- -e-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.



A≤ymbw 6

Zmcn-Zyhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw

Zmcn-Zy-sa-∂Xv _lp-Xe-kv]¿in-bmb Hcp Ahÿ-bmWv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ZmcnZyw IW-°m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§-ßfpw ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-≈-h-bmWv. ZmcnZywIW-°m-°m≥ hcp-am\w, ASn-ÿm-\m-hiyßƒ \nd-th-‰¬, hnhn-[-Xcw tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°¬ As√-¶n¬ Ch-sb√mw IqSn-t®¿∂ coXn F∂n-h-sbms° D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. km[m-c-W-bmbn GsX-¶nepw Hcp LS-IsØ Bi-bn-°mdmWv ]Xnhv. GXv coXn F∂Xv _‘-s∏´ hnh-c-ß-fpsS e`yX, \nK-a-\-ß-fnse ÿmbnXzw F∂n-h-sb-sbms° ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv.tZiobmSn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ZmcnZy \n¿Æb coXn-bn¬ hcp-am-\sØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ am¿§-ßƒ°mWv ap≥Xq°w.

1970IfpsS XpS°w apX¬s° "Zmcn-Zy-tcJ' F∂ kw⁄sb ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv ZmcnZyw IW-°m-°p-∂Xv. CXv tZiob kmºnƒ k¿sh (NSS) hgnIW-°m-°p∂ ]Xn-amk D]-t`mK sNe-hns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv. Kma-ß-fn-em-sW-¶n¬ 2400 Item-dnbpw \K-c-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ 2100 Item-dnbpw Du¿PamWvHcmƒ°v Hcp Znhkw e`n-t°-≠-Xv. CXv IW-°nse-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v \n¿W-bn-°p∂samØw sNe-hns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv ZmcnZytcJ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv. C¥y≥saUn-°¬ Kth-jW Iu¨knen(ICMR)s‚ ip]m¿i-Iƒ°-\p-kr-X-am-bmWv Cut]mjW \ne-hmcw IW-°m-°n-bXv. hcp-am-\-Øn\v ]I-cw D]-t`mK sNe-hns\B[m-cam°p∂ coXn-bmWv C¥y-bnse ZmcnZy \n¿Æb ]T-\-ß-fn¬ s]mXpshkzoI-cn-®p-h-cp-∂Xv. "Zmcn-Zy-tc-J-'bp-sS- ]cn-[n-bmbn IW-°m-°n-b-Xn-s\-°mƒ Ipdhvhcp-am-\-ap≈ P\-ß-fpsS P\-kwJym A\p-]m-XsØ Xe-sb-Æ¬ A\p-]mXw""slUv Iu≠v tdtjym'' (HCR) F∂mWv ]d-bmdv.

]Xn-io¿j sNehpw HCR Dw kw_-‘n® F≥- F-kv -F-kn-s‚bpw ]cn-j-Øn-s‚bpw IW-°p-Iƒ ]-ńI H∂nepw c≠nepw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]ńI 1 ¬F≥-.F-kv-.F-kn-s‚ IW°v 2002-teXpw tIc-f-]-T-\-Ønt‚Xv 2004-teXp-am-Wv.]ńI c≠n¬ 1999-˛2000-Ønse F≥-F-kv-F-kv 55-˛maXv du≠v IW-s°-Sp-∏ns‚hnh-c-ß-fmWv \¬In-b-Xv. ]cn-j-Øn-t‚Xv 2004 teXpw. h¿j-Øn-ep≈ Cu



NSS 2002 881 1267KSSP 2004 1059 1397 1106

Kmaw \Kcw H∂n®vIW°v

]ńI 1]Xn-io¿j amk sNehv

(NSS 2002 and KSSP 2004)

NSS 1999-2000 9.4 20.3 12.7KSSP 2004 22.9 20.8 22.6

Kmaw \Kcw H∂n®vIW°v

]ńI 2

ZmcnZyw (HCR)

(NSS 1999-2000 and KSSP 2004)

hyXymkw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v ZmcnZy tcJm \n¿W-b-Øn¬ A\p-tbm-Py-amb am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXn-∂mbn I¿j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-tSbpw hyh-kmb sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-tSbpw D]-t`m‡r hne kqNn-I-bn¬ 2000 apX¬ 2004 hscD≠mb am‰-ß-fmWv ]cn-K-Wn-®Xv. NSS (1999-2000)s‚ ASn-ÿm\w Kma˛ \K-c-X-e-ß-fn¬ bYm-Iaw 375 cq]-bpw. 477 cq]-bp-amWv (I´v Hm^v eh¬). tIc-f-]-T-\-(2004)Øn¬ Ch bYm-Iaw 439 cq]bpw, 558 cq]-bp-ambn IW-°m-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p.

NSS s‚ 50˛maXpw 55˛maXpw du≠v IW-°p-Iƒ XΩn¬ henb hyXymkap≠v.Cu hyXym-kw ]q¿Æ-ambn ]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv KmaXe ZmcnZy IW-°p-I-fn-emWv.tIc-f-]-T-\-Ønse Kma-Xe Xe-sb-Æ¬ A\p-]mXw NSS s‚ Cc-ń-bn¬ A[n-I-amWv. NSSs‚ Kma-Xe IW-°p-Iƒ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imc-W-ß-fm¬ hniz-k-\o-b-a-s√-∂mWv Rß-fpsS A`n-]mbw.

1. NSSs‚ 50˛mwh´ IW-s°-S-p∏n¬ (1993˛94) KmaoW Zmcn-Zy-Øns‚ -A-\p-]mXw (25.8) \Kc Zmcn-Zy-Øns‚ A\p-]mX (24.6) tØ°mƒ IqSp-X-emWv. ]n∂o-Sp≈ A©v h¿j-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ (1999) KmaoW Zmcn-Zy-Øn¬ CXbpw IpdhvD≠m-I-Ø° kw`-h-ß-sfm∂pw tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-ń√.

2. AtX-k-abw hcp-am\w, ]m¿∏n-Sm-hÿ, ssIhi D¬∏-∂-ßƒ, hnZym-`ymkwXpS-ßnb F√m LS-I-ß-fpw ImWn°p-∂Xv \K-c-ß-fnse sa®-s∏´ AhkvYbm-Wv. F∂n´pw \Kc ZmcnZyØn¬ Kma-Øn-te-Xp-t]m-ep≈ Ipdhv D≠m-bn-ń√.

]me-°mSv 42.5ae-∏pdw 34.4Imk¿tKmUv 31.3hb-\mSv 25.7tImgn-t°mSv 24.6IÆq¿ 21.2tIm´bw 21.1Be-∏pg 20.4CSp°n 19.3sIm√w 16.6Xr»q¿ 16.1Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 12.7Fd-Wm-Ipfw 12.4]Ø-\w-Xn´ 11.8

Pn√ ZmcnZyw (%) -]tZiw HCRsX°v 15.5a[yw 16.3hS°v 30.5

]nt∂m-°-PmXn 21.4apt∂m-°-PmXn 14.2]ń-I-PmXn 38.0]ń-I-h¿§w 38.7lnµp 22.6ap…ow 28.7InkvXy≥ 14.0

Kq∏v HCR

]ńI 3ZmcnZyw (HCR) Pn√ Xncn®v

]ńI 4

ZmcnZyw (HCR) ]tZiw

]ńI 5ZmcnZyw (HCR) ][m\ kmaq-ly

-km-º-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fn¬



Pn√-I-fn¬ Xe-sb-Æ¬ A\p-]mXw IqSp-X¬ ]me-°mSv BWv; ASp-ØXvae-∏p-dhpw. G‰hpw Ipdhv ]Ø-\w-Xn-´bpw AXn∂p ]nd-In¬ Fd-Wm-Ip-f-hp-amWv.]ńI 3 ImWpI. kwÿm-\Øv hS-°≥ Pn√-IfnemWv a‰v -]-tZ-i-ßsf At]-£n®v Zcn-Z¿ IqSp-X¬. ]ńI 4 ImWpI. hnhn[ PmXn˛aX Kq∏p-I-fpsS ZmcnZyA\p-]m-X-amWv ]ńI 5¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]ńIh¿§-°m¿°n-S-bnepw ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m¿°n-S-bn-ep-amWv Zmcn-Zym-\p-]mXw IqSp-X¬. ]n∂oSv hcp-∂Xv ap…o-ß-fmWv; apt∂m° lnµp-°fnepw InkvXym-\n-I-fnep-amWv Zmcn-Zym-\p-]mXw Ipd-hm-bn-´p-≈Xv; ]nt∂m° hn`mKw lnµp-°-fnse Zmcn-Zym-\p-]mXw kwÿm\ icm-i-cn°v GXm≠v Xpey-amWv.

Zmcn-Zy-Øns‚ XohX IW-°m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ as‰mcp am\-Z-WvU-amWv ZmcnZyhnShv A\p-]mXw (Poverty Gap Ratio-PGR). Zmcn-Zy-tc-JbpsS Xe-Ønepff D]-t`m-K-Øns‚ Afhpw AXn\v Xmsg bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ D]-t`m-K-Øns‚Afhpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-amWv PGR \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv. NSSs‚ 55˛maXv IW-s°-Sp-∏n-s‚bpw tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ A]-K-Y-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw e`n-°p∂ PGR, ]ńI6 ¬ \¬In-bn-´p≠v. Ch hfsc kam-\-amb Af-hp-I-fmWv ImWn-°p-∂Xv. CXn-\¿∞w C¥y-bnse Zcn-Z-sc-°mƒ tIc-f-Ønse Zcn-Z-cpsS ÿnXn sa®-s∏-´-X√;adn®pw A√ F∂-XmWv (]-ńI 6)

Zmcn-Zy-tcJm coXn-bpsS ]iv\-ßƒ

Zmcn-Zy-tcJm IW-s°-Sp-∏n\v sXm´v ap≥]sØ 30 Znh-ksØ D]-t`mK sNe-hmWv B[m-c-am-°p-∂Xv. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ D¬∏∂ hne-I-fnse ]mtZ-inIam‰-ßƒ Cu hnh-c-ßsf Imcy-ambn kzm[o-\n°pw.s]mXp-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ hgnkuP-\y-ambn e`n-°p∂ BtcmKyw, hnZym-`ymkw F∂nh CØcw IW-s°-Sp-∏ns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂n√.

NnIn’m sNehv Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hmØ Zpcn-X-]q¿Æ-amb Hcp sNe-hmWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v k¿sh ImeØv 5000 cq] hcp-am-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp A©wK IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Imcy-sa-Sp°mw. Ch-cpsS ]Xn-amk ]Xn-io¿j hcp-am\w 1000 cq]hcpw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Zcn-Z-cpsS ]ń-I-bn¬ hcp-∂n√. F∂m¬, Hcmsf Bkv]-Xn-bn¬ InSØn NnIn-’n® hIbn¬ 4000 cq] sNe-hmbn F∂n-cn-°s´. CuXpI bYm¿∞ amk-h-cp-am-\-Øn¬ \n∂v Ingn-®m¬ ]Xn-io¿j amk-h-cp-am\w

NSS 1999-00 - 5.1 - 4.8KSSP 2004 5.7 - 4.6 -

tIcfw C¥y tIcfw C¥y

Kmaw Kmaw \Kcw \Kcw

]ńI 6

ZmcnZy hnShv A\p-]mXw (C-¥y-˛tIc-fw)(NSS 1999-00 and KSSP 2004)

NSS 2002 83.0 35.9 122.1 58.3KSSP 2004 153.0 - 137.7 -

tIcfw C¥y tIcfw C¥y

Kmaw Kmaw \Kcw \Kcw

]ńI 7]Xnio¿j ]Xnamk NnIn-’m-

sN-ehv (NSS 2002 and KSSP 2004)

200 cq] amX-am-bn-cn°pw. CXm-Is´,Zmcn-Zy-tcJm \ne-hm-c-tØ-°mƒ Ipd-hm-WvXm\pw.

C¥y-bnse CXc kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ tIc-f-Ønse NnIn -’m-sN-ehv G‰hpwDb¿∂-Xm-sW∂v ImWmw. (]ńI 7ImWpI).

NnIn-’m-sN-ehv IqSn IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Ct∏m-gsØ Zmcn-Zym-\p-]mX \nc°v Xs∂ Ipd-hm-sW∂vImWmw. samØw sNe-hn¬ \n∂vNnIn’m sNehv Ipd-bv°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ (AXm-bn-cn°pw IqSp-X¬ icn-bmb coXn) tIc-f-Ønse Zmcn-Zym-\p-



]mXw Rß-fpsS IW°p ]Imcw 22.6 ¬ \n∂v 27 iX-am-\-ambn h¿≤n-°p∂p.

hchv sNehv IW-°p-Isf amXw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ C∂sØ ZmcnZyIW-°p-I-fpsS as‰mcp ]iv\w Ah hfsc Xm¬°m-en-I-am-sW-∂-XmWv. Zmcn-Zy-Øns‚ samØw IW-°p-Iƒt°m, icm-icn hcp-am\w, icm-icn sNehv F∂nhsh®p-sIm-≠p≈ IW-°p-Iƒt°m CXv Ipsd-sbms° icn-bm-tb°mw. F¥m-bmepw IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS kmº-ØnI h¿§o-I-c-W-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp am\-Z-WvU-a√ CXv. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ hnhn[ kmaqly hn`m-K-ßsf Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw CXv A\p-tbm-Py-a√. ÿmbnXz kz`m-h-ap≈ a‰v LS-I-ßƒ (]m¿∏nSw,Zo¿L-Ime D]-t`m‡r D¬∏-∂-ßƒ F∂n-ßs\) IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-®m¬ ZmcnZyIW-°p-I-fpsS \yq\X Ipd-s®ms° ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ign-t™°pw. C°m-c-W-Øm-emWv c≠m-asØ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ I≠-Xp-t]mse IpSpw-_-ßsf hnhn[ kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-I-fm°n h¿§o-I-cn-°p∂ coXn kzoI-cn-®-Xv.

ZmcnZy kqNnI

t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse (A≤ymbw 2 ]ńI 2) IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ 46%hpwhy‡n-I-fn¬ 50%hpw Zcn-Z-cmWv(Kq∏v I, II).

ITn-\-amb ZmcnZyw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h¿ amX-amWv ZmcnZy tcJbv°v Xmsg-bp-≈Xv. Ch¿ amX-a√ \mńse Zcn-Z¿. kmº-ØnI Kq∏v \n¿ΩnXn ]Imcw Kq∏vI, II F∂n-h-bn¬ s]´-hcpw Z-cn-Z-cm-Wv. Zcn-Z-cp-tSbpw Zcn-Z-c-√m-Ø-h-cp-tSbpw A\p-]mXw (EG I + EG II) /(EG III + EG IV) samØw Zmcn-Zy-Øns‚ Af-hmbn RßƒD]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Cu ZmcnZy kqNn-I-(Poverty Index)Iƒ Xmsg-bp≈ ]ń-I-I-fn¬\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Cu ]ń-I-I-sf√mw Zmcn-Zy-tc-J-bpsS coXn Xs∂-bmWv Ah-ew-_n°p∂Xv.F∂m¬ Hcp ]tZ-i-sØtbm hn`m-K-Øn-tetbm Zmcn-Zy-Øn-s‚ XohXbpw kº-∂-X-bpsS B[n-Iyhpw Cu ]ń-I-Iƒ FSpØv ImWn-°p∂p.

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 7.4 31.0 50.9 10.7 0.6sIm√w 12.4 33.1 46.1 8.3 0.8]Ø-\w-Xn´ 9.4 27.3 49.3 14.0 0.6Be-∏pg 13.6 37.4 40.4 8.7 1.0tIm´bw 14.6 27.6 46.0 11.8 0.7CSp°n 24.2 38.6 31.3 5.8 1.7Fd-Wm-Ipfw 6.7 25.9 52.2 15.2 0.5Xr»q¿ 9.7 32.7 43.7 13.9 0.7]me-°mSv 23.9 48.1 24.9 3.1 2.6ae-∏pdw 22.5 42.4 30.2 4.9 1.9tImgn-t°mSv 16.5 36.1 40.8 6.6 1.1hb-\mSv 27.5 39.3 29.7 3.5 2..0IÆq¿ 13.6 33.5 44.7 8.2 0.9Imk¿tKmUv 22.3 32.7 40.3 4.8 1.2

Pn√ I II III IVZmcnZykqNnI

]ńI 8kmº-ØnI Kq∏v (% hy‡n-Iƒ) Pn√ Xncn®v



kwÿm-\Øv Kq∏v 1 Dw 2 epw Bbn 50% t]cpw Kq∏v 3epw 4epw Bbn 50%hpw Ds≠∂v \mw t\csØ I≠p. AXm-bXv Zmcn-Zy-kqNnI = 1 hnhn[ Pn√-I-fnse ZmcnZy kqNnI ]ńI 9 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ZmcnZy kqN-Im-¶-Øns‚aqeyw H∂n¬ IqSp-X-em-hp-∂Xv tIhe Zmcn-Zy-Øn-s‚bpw aqeyw H∂n¬ Ipd-hm-Ip-∂Xv kº-∂-X-bptSbpw e£-W-ambn IW-°m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]me-°mSv (2.6), hb-\mSv (2.0) F∂o Pn√-I-fn-emWv ZmcnZy kqNnI G‰hpwIqSp-X-embn D≈Xv. Cu Pn√-I-fn-emWv bYmIaw ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°mcpw ]ń-I-h¿§-°mcpw G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv. Fd-Wm-Ipfw (0.5), ]Ø-\w-Xn´ (0.6) F∂o Pn√-I-fn-emWv ZmcnZy kqNnI G‰hpw Ipdhv. ]ńI 8˛¬ ImWn-®-Xp-t]mse ]ń-I-h¿§-°m-cn-sebpw (8.8) ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m-cn-tebpw (3.0) ZmcnZy kqNnI C∂pwh≥tXm-Xn¬ Xs∂-bmWv. samØ-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ, DØ-c-tI-c-f-ØnseZmcn-Zy-kq-NnI a≤y-tI-c-f-tØ-Xn-t\-°mƒ c≠n-c-ń-bmWv. kmaqly˛kmº-ØnIKq∏p-I-fn¬ apt∂m° lnµp-°fnepw, InkvXym-\n-I-fn-ep-amWv ZmcnZy kqNnIG‰hpw Ipdhv; IqSp-XemIs´ ]ń-I-PmXn˛h¿§-°m-cnepw. ]nt∂m° lnµp-°fpwap…n-ßfpw apI-fn¬ ]d™ hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ hcp∂p.

sX°v 10.6 32.5 46.8 10.1 0.8a[yw 11.4 30.0 45.6 12.9 0.7hS°v 19.9 39.2 35.3 5.6 1.4

]tZiw I II III IVZmcnZykqNnI

]ńI 9kmº-ØnI Kq∏v (EG) (% hy‡n-Iƒ) ]tZiw Xncn®v

]tZiw I II III IV ZmcnZykq-NnI

Kmaw 16.4 36.8 39.6 7.2 1.1\Kcw 7.3 22.6 51.2 18.9 0.4

]ńI 10ZmcnZy kqNnI (Kma˛-\-K-cw)

kmº-ØnI Kq∏v I II III IV ZmcnZy kq-NnI

]nt∂m°w 14.0 36.9 41.6 7.5 1.0apt∂m°w 8.0 26.5 51.8 13.8 0.5]ńI-PmXn 29.5 45.4 23.6 1.5 3.0]ń-I-h¿§w 37.5 52.3 10.2 0.0 8.8lnµp 15.5 35.6 41.0 8.0 1.0ap…ow 16.6 38.2 38.3 6.9 1.2InkvXy≥ 12.0 27.8 46.3 13.9 0.7

]ńI 11ZmcnZy kqNnI (PmXn aX-ßƒ)



kmº-ØnI Kq∏ns‚ \n¿anXnbn¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ kzm[o\w

tIc-f-]-T\w A]-K-Y-\-Øn-\mbn Xøm-dm-°nb hnhn[ kmº-ØnI Kq∏pIfpwAhbpsS cq]o-I-c-W-sØ kzm[o-\n® hnhn[ LS-I-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c_‘w ]tXyIw ]cn-tim-[n-°pI-bp-≠m-bn. CXn-\mbn eo\n-b¿ dnK-j≥, aƒń-∏nƒ dnK-j≥ F∂o kmwJyI coXn-IfmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. c≠v LSI(N-c)ßƒXΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c _‘w a\-n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-ambkmwJyI coXn-bmWv dnK-j≥. kmºØnI Kq∏p-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-¬G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ kzm[o-\n® LSIw GXm-sW∂v Is≠-Øm-\mWv ian-®-Xv.CXn-∂mbn kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-Isf Bi-nX-N-c-ambpw (dependent variable) aXw,PmXn, Kma˛\Kc Xmakw, k¿°m¿ tPmen, hntZ-i-∏Ww, hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcwF∂n-hsb kzX¥ Nc-ß-fp-(Independent Variables)ambn IW-°m°n.

Bin-X-Ncw ˛ EG I=1, EG II = 2, EGIII=3, EG IV=4

kzX-¥-Ncw ˛ aXw (ap…nw˛1, lnµp˛2, InkvXy≥˛3)

˛ PmXn (SC/ST = 1, ]nt∂m°w 2, apt∂m°w 3)

]tZiw (hS°v = 1, sX°v =2, a[yw =3)

Kma˛\Kcw (Kmaw=1, \Kcw=2)

k¿°m¿ tPmen (Cs√-¶n¬ =1, Ds≠-¶n¬ =2)

hntZ-i-∏Ww (Cs√-¶n¬ =1, Ds≠-¶n¬ =2)

hnZym- ymkw (\nc-£-c¿ = 1, Hu]-Nm-cnI km£-cX =2, ]mY-anIw=3, sk°-≠dn =4, πkv 2 = 5, kmt¶XnI Untπma =6,_ncpZw=7, PG=8, s]m^-j-W¬ UnKn =9)

CX-\p-k-cn-®v IW-°m-°nb eo\n-b¿ dnK-j≥ aqey-ßƒ (R2)Xmsg-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.

kzX-¥-Ncw dnK-j≥ aqeyw (R2)

hnZym-`ymkw 0.227PmXn 0.089k¿°m¿ tPmen 0.088Kma˛\Kcw 0.040]tZiw 0.028hntZ-i-∏Ww 0.022aXw 0.010

]ńI 12

eo\n-b¿ dnK-j≥

CXv ImWn-°p-∂Xv aXw(0.010), hntZ-i-]Ww(0.022) XpS-ßn-bp≈ LS-I-ß-tf-°mƒ hnZym-`ym-k-(0.227)tbmKy-X-bmWv kmº-ØnI Kq∏ns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-hp-ambnIqSp-X¬ _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂m-Wv. Cu hkvXpX tIcf ]T-\-Øns‚ Hcp][m\ shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-em-bn-cn-°pw.



Ak-a-Xz-Øns‚ hym]vXnbpw Ah-ÿbpw

C¥y-bnse P\-ß-fpsS ]Øn-sem∂v hoXw (Deciles) hn`m-K-ß-fpsSbpw D]-t`m-K-sN-ehv A\p-]m-Xhpw (i-X-am-\-Øn¬; NSS 1999-2000) tIc-f-Ønse sNehvA\p-]m-Xhpw (KSSP-2004) D]-t`mK sNe-hns‚ Kn\n KpW-Im¶hpw -]-ń-I- 13 ¬\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p.

1 4.4 2.3 3.4 2.32 5.7 3.7 4.6 3.83 6.6 4.6 5.4 4.64 7.4 5.5 6.3 5.55 8.2 6.4 7.3 6.66 9.1 7.6 8.4 7.77 10.2 9.0 9.9 9.58 11.7 11.0 11.8 12.09 14.1 14.6 15 16.010 22.6 35.3 27.9 32.0 Kn\nKpW-Im¶w

0.26 0.42 0.34 0.40

]Øn-sem∂vP\-kwJy

C¥y(Kmaw)NSS

tIcfw(Kmaw)KSSP

C¥y(-\Kcw)NSS

tIc-fw(-\-Kcw)KSSP

]ńI 13P\-kw-Jy-bpsS ]Øn-sem∂v hn`m-K-ß-fpsS D]-t`mK sNehv

NSS IW-°p-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®v 1990Iƒ apX¬t° tIc-f-Ønse D]-t`m‡rsNe-hns‚ Kn\n KpW-Im¶w Db¿∂XmWv. NSS 55˛maXv du≠v A\p-k-cn®vKmaoW tIc-f-Øn¬ CXv 0.32 Dw tIc-fØnse \K-c-ß-fn¬ CXv 0.34 Dw BWv.KSSP IW-°p-Iƒ CXn-t\-°mƒ Db¿∂ aqey-amWv ImWn-°p-∂Xv. tIc-f-Øn\vsamØw hcp∂ Kn\n KpW-Im¶aqeyw 0.41 BWv.

CXns‚ ][m\ ImcWw G‰hpw kº-∂-cmb apI-fnse 10% P\-ßfpsSh¿≤n® kzm[o-\-amWv. Cu 10% sØ am‰n-\n¿Øn-bm¬ amXw Kn\n KpW-Im¶w0.289 Bbn Ipdbpw. kº∂cmb 10%sØ Iqń-t®¿Øpw A√m-sXbpw hc°p∂temd≥kv hI-ßƒ (Ak-aXzw Af-°p∂ as‰mcp coXn) Xmsg NnXw 1, 2 ¬\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p.

H∂m-asØ NnX-Ønse hI-Øns‚ ]I-S-amb apI-fn-ep≈ HSnhv c≠m-asØNnX-Øn¬ Zriy-a√.

tIc-f-Ønse hcp-am\ hnX-c-W-Ønse Ak-aXzw, ]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xp-t]msesNe-hn-te-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-Xepw kº-∂-cmb 10%\v IqSp-X¬ A\p-Iq-e-ambXp-amWv. CXns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ NnXw 3,4¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. CX-\p-k-cn®v hcp-am-\-Ønse Kn\n KpW-Im¶w kº-∂-cmb 10%sØ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 0.502 DwChsc Iqń-t®¿°msX 0.359 Dw BWv.

hcp-am\w, D]-t`m-K-sN-ehv, `qD-S-a-ÿX, tImtfPv hnZym-`ymkw F∂n-hbpwAhbv°v kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-I-fn-ep≈ B\p-]m-XnI kzm[o\hpw ]ńI 14 ¬\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p. Hmtcm LS-I-Øn-t‚bpw kqNnI (Share index) IW-°m°nAXn-\p≈ kzm[o\w Xn´-s∏-Sp-Ønbn-cn-°-bmWv. Hcp Kq∏n\v Hcp ]tXyI LS-



I-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hnln-Xhpw B Kq∏ns‚ P\-kwJym hnln-XhpwXΩn-ep≈ A\p-]m-X-am-Wv hnlnX kqNnI (Share index).

hcp-am\w sNe-hns\ At]-£n®v hfsc Ak-¥p-en-X-amWv. D]-t`mK sNe-hn\v Hcp ]cn[n Ds≠-∂-XmWv CXn\v ][m\ ImcWw. tImtfPv hnZym-`ym-k-

NnXw 1, 2

D]-t`mK sNe-hns‚ temd≥kv hIwG‰hpw Db¿∂ sUssk¬ tN¿Øpw tN¿°m-sXbpw

sNe-hns‚ temd≥kv hIwKn\n = 0.41

sNe-hns‚ temd≥kv hIwDb¿∂ sUssk¬ C√msX = 0.289



Øns‚ ÿnXnbpw GXm≠v CtX coXn-bn¬ Xs∂ Gsd Ak-¥p-en-X-amWv.tImtfPv hnZym-`ymkØns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Db¿∂ Kq∏n-ep-≈-h¿ Ah¿°v A¿ln-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ aq∂c Cc´n kºØv IqSpX¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p. Zcn-Z-cmb H∂m-asØ Kq∏p-Im¿°v Ah¿°v A¿l-am-b-Xns‚ A©n-sem∂v amXsa D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p≈p.

hcp-am-\-Øns‚ temd≥kvhIw Db¿∂ sUssk¬ C√msX. Kn\n = 0.359

hcp-am-\-Øns‚ temd≥kv hIwDb¿∂ sUssk¬ C√m-sX. Kn\n = 0.359

NnXw 3,4hcp-am-\-Øns‚ temd≥kv hIw

Db¿∂ sUssk¬ tN¿Øpw tN¿°m-sXbpw

hcp-am-\-Øns‚ temd≥kvhIw Kn\n = 0.502



NnXw 5. q DS-a-ÿ-X-bpsS temd≥kv hIw

I 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2II 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4III 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3IV 3.3 2.6 2.7 3.5

EG hcp-am\w D]-t`mKw `q DS-a-ÿ-X tImtfPv hnZym- ym-kw

]ńI 14hcp-am-\w, D]-t`m-Kw, `q DS-a-ÿ-X, tImtfPv hnZym-`ym-kw

F∂n-h-bn¬ kmaqly Kq∏pIfnse A\p-]mXw

`qD-S-a-ÿXm coXn D]-t`mK sNe-hn\v GXm≠v Xpey-amWv. hcp-am\w, \ne-hn-ep≈ tImtfPv hnZym-`ymkw F∂n-h-bnse Ak-a-Xz-sØ-°mƒ Ipd-hmWv `qD-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-teXv.

`q DS-a-ÿ-X-bpsS temd≥kv hIhpw Kn\n KpW-Im-¶hpw NnXw A©n¬\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p.

`qan-bpsS hnX-c-W-Øn¬ ImWp∂ Db¿∂ k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ Ign-™-Ime`q]-cn-jvI-cW \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS ê-am-bp-≈-XmWv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Cu cwKØpwÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°-bm-sW∂v Icp-Xm≥ [mcmfw A\p- -h-ßƒ D≠m--Ip∂p≠v. tIc-f-]-T-\-ØneqsS Ign™ A©v h¿j-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ \S∂ `qanssIam-‰-Øns‚ IW-°p-Iƒ tiJ-cn-®n-cp∂p. samØ-Øn¬ ]T-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏´5696 IpSpw-_-ßƒ°nS-bn¬ 8.9 tImSn cq]bpsS q hn¬∏-\bpw 8.6 tImSn cq]bpsShmßepw \S-∂n-cn-°p∂p. kmºnƒ IW-°n¬ hmßnb `qan-bp-tSbpw hn‰ `qan-bp-tSbpw aqeyw GXm≠v Xpey-ambn hcp-∂Xv hnizm-kyX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p. kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ `qan ssIam-‰-Øn-ep-≠mb em`-\jvS IW°v ]ńI15¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p.

]ńI 15 ImWn-°p-∂Xv G‰hpw kº∂ Kq∏nep≈-h¿°v (P\-kw-Jy-bpsS8.8% hcp-∂-h¿) a‰v aq∂v Kq∏n-t‚bpw (P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 91.2%) sNe-hn¬ IqSp-



X¬ qan ssIh-∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂mWv. CXv kzmX-¥ym-\-¥c tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-h∂ `qan-bpsS\oXn-]q¿h-amb hnX-c-W-Øn¬ Du∂nb \b-Øns‚ FXn¿ Zni-bmWv ImWn-°p-∂Xv.

`qhn¬∏-\-bpsS Imc-W-ßfpw it≤-b-amWv.]ńI 16 ImWpI. hnhmlw, ISw Xncn-®-S-°¬,NnIn-’m-sN-ehv F∂n-h- \nd-th-‰m\mWv Zcn-Z¿`qan hn¬°p-∂Xv.

hnhn[ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-´-h¿ ISwFSp-°p-∂Xv ]cn-tim-[n-®mepw kam-\-amb NnXwXs∂-bmWv shfn-hm-Ip-∂Xv. IS-Øns‚ Bh-iysØ ]ńI 17 ¬ h¿§o-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p.

IpSpw-_-Øns‚ hcp-am-\hpw sNehpw AXp-h-gn-bp≈ IΩnbpw IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-Iƒ°n-S-bnse A¥cw IqSp-X¬ hy‡-amIpw.CXv [\n-I-cpsS kº-∂-X-bp-tSbpw Zcn-Z-cpsS ]m∏-co-I-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw NnX-amWvhc®v ImWn-°p-∂Xv. ]ńI 18 ImWpI.

]ńI 15`qan-bpsS A‰-e- yX

(5 h¿j-Øn¬)

I -275.8

II -2110.0

III -3681.5

IV 33023.5

`q-e- yXkmº-ØnI Kq∏v

I 3416 6049 0.6II 6883 11017 0.6III 20759 14461 1.4IV 53328 10554 5.1

BkvXn ssZ\yX BkvXn/ssZ\yXA\p-]mXw

]ńI 17ssZ\yX Bh-iy-Øn\pw BkvXn Bh-iy-Øn-\p-ap≈ IS-Øns‚ icm-icn

kmº-ØnI Kq∏v

hnhmlw 41.5 39.6 33.1 15.1 34.0ISw ho´¬ 20.0 30.5 20.6 20.5 24.1NnIn’m sNehv 12.3 7.1 7.4 2.7 7.2sXmgn¬ e`n-°¬ 0.0 4.5 6.2 2.7 4.9a‰p-≈h 26.2 18.2 32.7 58.9 31.7

I II III IV samØwBhiyw

]ńI 16 `qan hn¬∏\-bpsS Imc-W-ßƒ

I -490.0

II 278.4

III 1726.2

IV 7524.9

F√mw 1631.5

hc-hn¬ \n∂v sNehv Ipd-®Xv

]ńI 18Kq∏pIƒ°n-S-bnse icm-icn IpSpw-_-h-cp-am-\hpw

sNehpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw

kmº-ØnI Kq∏v



Gini coefficient

Ak-aXzw Af-°p-∂-Xn\v hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Hcp D]m-[n-bm-WnXv.C‰-en-°m-c-\mb kmwJyI hnZ-Kv≤≥ sImtdmtUm Kn\n (Corrodo Gini) BWvCu Afhv BZy-ambn Xøm-dm-°n-b-sX-∂-Xn-\m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn-t\m-sSm∏w Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. 1912 se Hcp ]_-‘-ØnemWv Kn\n Xs‚ Is≠Ø¬]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv.

Kn\n kqNn-I-bpsS Afhv km[m-c-W-bmbn H∂n\pw ]qPy-Øn\pw CS-bn-em-bn-cn-°pw. ]qPy-amWv aqey-sa-¶n¬ Ak-aXzw Xosc Cs√-∂-XmWv. H∂mWvaqey-sa-¶n¬ ]q¿Æ Ak-a-Xz-am-Wv. hcp-am-\-Ønse Ak-aXzw IW-°m-°m-\mWv Kn\n Afhv km[m-c-W-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dv.

temd≥kv hIw F∂ as‰mcp Af-hns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv km[m-cW Kn\n Afhv IW-°m-°m-dv. XmgsØ NnX-Øn¬ ka-Xp-enX tcJ-bptSbpwtemd≥kv hI-Øn-t‚bpw CS-bn-ep≈ Af-hpw, temd≥kv hI-Øns‚ Xmsg_m°n hcp∂ Afhpw XΩn-ep≈ A\p-]m-XsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv Kn\nAfhv I≠v ]nSn-°p-∂-Xv. BZy-tØXv A bpw c≠m-a-tØXv B bpw BsW-∂n-cn-°-s´. F¶n¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kqX-hm-Iy-amWv CXn-∂mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

G.C. = A

(A+B)

A

X s‚ hcp-am\w

Yb

psS

hcp-a

-\w

B

]q¿Æ ka-Xp-enX tcJ

temd≥kv hIw

temd≥kv hIw(Lorenz curve)

hcp-am-\w, kzØv F∂n-h-bnse Ak-aXzw IW-°m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Pyman-Xo-b-amb Hcp coXn-bmWv temd≥kv hIw. amIvkv H temd≥kv (Max O Lorenz)

F∂ kmwJyI hnZKv≤\mWv Cu am¿§w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. c≠v cmPy-ß-fnse/c≠v ]tZ-i-sØ/c≠v hy‡nIfpsS hcp-am\ hnX-c-W-Øns‚ k©nXiX-am\sØ (Cumulative Percentage) ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv temd≥kv hIwXøm-dm-°p-∂-Xv. NnX-Øn¬ ImWn-®-Xp-t]mse ]q¿Æ-ka-XpenX-tcJbn¬\n∂p≈ hyXn-N-e-\-Øns‚ hI cq]-sØ-bmWv temd≥kv hIw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.



A≤ymbw 7

kmaq-lnI Ne-\m-fl-IX

F√m kaq-l-ßfpw tiWn-I-fmbn hn -Pn-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. kmº-ØnI ÿnXn,sXmgn¬, hnZym-`ymkw F∂n-hbv°p ]pdta C¥y-bn¬ PmXnbpw kmaq-lnItiWn-Iƒ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ][m-\-am-Wv. Hcp kaq-lhpw AN©e-a-√. hy‡n-Ifpw D]-k-aq-l-ßfpw Ime-Øns‚ Hgp-°n¬ tiWn-bpsS Xmtgmt´m tatemt´mt]msb-∂p-h-cmw. Cu kmaq-lnI Ne-\m-fl-IX Gdnbpw Ipd™pw F√m kaq-l-ß-fn-ep-ap-≠v. ITn-\-amb PmXn hyh-ÿtbm ASn-a-Øtam \ne \n¬°p∂ kaq-l-ß-fn¬ hfsc Ipd™ tXmXnepw hnπh Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ IqSnb tXmXn-ep-sa∂ co-Xn-bn¬.

tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn tIcf kaq-l-Øns‚ Ne-\m-fl-I-Xbpw (Socialmobility) hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ CXn-ep-≠mb G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-I-fp-sams° Af-°p-hm≥ ian-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

Hmtcm IpSpw_Ønepw Ct∏m-gsØ apJy hcp-am-\-°m-c≥/Imcn-bpsS sXmgnepwAh-cpsS A—s‚ sXmgnepw XΩn-ep≈ Xmc-Xayw hgn-bmWv CXv \n¿∆-ln-®-Xv.][m\ hcp-am-\-°m-cpsS A—-\-Ω-am-cpsS (Po-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂tXm acn®p t]mb-h-tcm) sXmgn-en\pw hnZym-`ym-k-tbm-Ky-Xbv°pw IrXy-amb tImUv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn.Hmtcm sXmgnen\pw kaqlw AXn\p \¬Ip∂ am\y-Xbv°pw hcp-am-\-Øn\pwA\p-kr-X-ambn 1 apX¬ 4 hsc-bp≈ kvtImdpIƒ \¬In. ]mY-anI taJ-e-bnse Ahn-ZKv≤ Iqen-∏-Wn, ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmb sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, ho´p-tPment]mep≈ hcp-am\w hfsc Ipd™ Akw-L-SnX sXmgn-ep-Iƒ F∂n-h-bvs°m-s°-bmWv kvtIm¿ 1 \¬InbXv. hyh-kmb sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, sshZ-Kv≤y-ap≈kzbw sXmgn-ep-Iƒ (B-im-cn, Ce-IvSo-jy≥ apX-em-b-h). apdp-°m≥ IS t]mep≈sNdnb _nkn-\-p-Im¿ F∂n-h¿s°ms° 2 kvtIm¿ \¬In. sh≈-t°m-f¿sXmgn-ep-Iƒ, CS-Øcw _nkn-\-p-Iƒ, CS-Øcw Irjn-°m¿ F∂n-h¿°v 3kvtImdpw s]m^-j-W-ep-Iƒ, amt\-Po-cn-b¬ tPmen-Iƒ, henb _nkn-\-v, h≥`qhp-S-a-Iƒ F∂n-h¿°v 4 kvtImdpw IW-°m-°n.

Hmtcm IpSpw-_-Ønepw c≠p Xe-ap-d-Iƒ XΩn¬ sXmgn¬ am\yX kvtImdn\v]c-am-h[n aq∂p t]mbn‚ v hyXymkw hcmw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v A—≥ I¿j-I-sXm-gn-em-fnbpw (kvtIm¿ 1) aI≥ tImtfPv A[ym-]-I\p (kvtIm¿ 4) amsW-¶n¬ +3 hyXymkw. tImtfPv A[ym-]-Is‚ aI≥ I¿j-I-sXm-gn-em-fn-bm-sb-¶n¬



CXv ˛3 Bbn-cn-°pw.

Cu hyXymkw iX-am-\-°-W-°n-em-°p-∂-Xm-Wv "kmaq-lnI Ne\ kqNnI'(Social Mobility Index). AXm-b-Xv,

kmaq-lnI Ne\ kqNnI = ((aIs‚ sXmgn¬ kvtIm¿ ˛ A—s‚ sXmgn¬ kvtIm¿)/3) x 100

CtX-t]mse Xs∂ hnZym-`ymk Ne\ kqNn-Ibpw IW-°m°mw. hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v \nc-£-c¿ apX¬ s]m^-j-W¬ hnZym-`ymkw hsc 9 kvtImdp-I-fmWv\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

hnZym- ymk Ne\ kqNnI = ((a-Is‚ hnZym- ymk kvtIm¿ ˛ A—s‚ hnZym- ymk kvtIm¿) /8) x 100

Ct∏m-gsØ apJy hcp-am-\-°m-cn¬ 12.3% kvXoI-fp-w 87.7% ]pcp-j-∑m-cp-am-Wv.apJy hcp-am-\-°m-cn¬ 72.1% ap∏-Øn-H-∂n\pw Adp-]-Xn\pw CS°v ]mb-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv. 13.7% t]¿°v CXn\p Xmsgbpw 14.2% Øn\v Adp-]-Xn\p tasebpw ]mb-ap-≠v.

ap≥ Xe-ap-dsb At]-£n®v Ct∏m-gsØ apJy hcp-am-\-°m-cpsS Xe-ap-d-bn¬KWy-amb tXmXn¬ apI-fn-tem- p≈ kmaq-lnI Ne-\m-flIX D≠m-bn- p-s≠-∂mWv]T-\-^-e-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. NnXw 1 ¬ ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse CXns‚ ][m\ImcWw sXmgn¬ kvtIm¿ 1 D≈ tPmen-I-fn¬ \n∂v Db¿∂ ]Zhn D≈ tPmen-I-fn-te-°p≈ am‰-am-Wv.

G‰hpw ]Zhn Ipd™ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ 39.7 iX-am-\-Øn¬ \n∂v 20.8 iX-am-\-ambn Ipd-™n-cn-°p-∂p. ]Zhn 3 Dw 4 Dw D≈ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ 18.5%¬ \n∂v 30.2%Bbn h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. I¿jI sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS a°ƒ henb tXmXn¬ a‰psXmgn-ep-I-fn-te°v amdn-b-Xns‚ kqN-\-bm-Wn-Xv.

]mY-anI taJ-e-bn¬ Iqen-∏Wn sNbvXn-cp-∂-h-cpsS a°-fn¬ 42.9% amX-am-Wv B taJ-e-bn¬ Xs∂ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂Xv (]-ńI 1). hnZym-`ymk Ne\ kqNnIG‰hpw Ipd-hp-≈-h-cm-Wn-h¿ F∂Xp i≤n-°p-I. \n¿Ωm-W-ta-J-e-bn-te°pw KXm-KX taJ-e-bn-te-°p-amWv Hgp-°v G‰-hp-a-[nIw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]Øp iX-am-\-tØmfw t]¿ Hmôkv / s]m^-j-W¬ taJ-e-I-fn¬ FØn-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. G‰hpwDb¿∂ kmaq-lnI Ne\ kqNn-I-Iƒ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw C°q-´¿°m-Wv. CXm-Is´ Ch-cpsS Db¿∂ hnZym-`ymk Ne\ kqNn-I-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂pF∂v ]ń-I-bn¬ \n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p.

sXmgn¬am\yXmkvtIm¿



ap≥ Xe-ap-dsb At]-£n®v Ct∏m-gsØ apJy hcp-am-\-°m-cpsS icm-icn kmaq-lnI Ne\ kqNn-Ibpw hnZym-`ymk Ne\ kqNn-Ibpw ]ńI 2 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F√m hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-´-hcpw apI-fn-tem´p Xs∂-bmWv \oßn-b-sX-∂Xv Nmcn-Xm¿∞y-P-\-I-am-Wv. F∂m¬ am‰-Øns‚ tXmXn¬ KWy-amb hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠v.

]mtZ-in-I-ambn kqNn-I-I-fn¬ Imcy-amb hyXym-k-ß-fn-√. PmXn-˛-aX hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m-cmWv Ccp kqNn-I-I-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw ap∂n-´p-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. Ign™ Xe-ap-d-bn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw \nc-£-c-cmb sXmgn-em-fn-I-fm-bn-cp∂ Ch¿Imcy-amb ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn-sb-∂Xv Ign™ Zi-I-ß-fn¬ tIcf kaq-l-Øn¬h∂ am‰-ß-fpsS ]Xn-^-e-\-am-Wv. `q]-cn-jv°-c-Whpw kwh-c-W-hp-sa√mw Cu]ptcm-K-Xn°p ]n∂n-ep-≠v. BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ kam-\-amb ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn-bn-s√-∂Xpwit≤-b-am-Ip-∂p. a‰p apt∂m° kap-Zm-b-ß-tfm-sSm∏w G‰hpw Ipdhv kmaq-lnINe-\m-fl-IX Ch-cn-em-Wv. hnZym-`ymk Ne-\m-fl-I-Xbpw G‰hpw Ipdhv Ch-cn¬Xs∂. _m“-W¿ AS-°-ap≈ a‰p apt∂m-°-°m¿ Ign™ Xe-ap-d-bn¬ Xs∂Db¿∂ Xe-Øn¬ Bbn-cp-∂-XmImw Ah-cpsS kmaq-lnI Ne\ kqNnI XmWn-cn-°m≥ Imc-Ww.

Fkv.kn hn`m-K-Øn\p ]pdsa G‰hpw tatem-´p≈ kmaq-lnI Ne-\-ap-≈XvCug-h¿°mWv. Cug-hsc At]-£n®v a‰p ]nt∂m-°-°m¿°pw \mb¿ kap-Zm-bsØ At]-£n®v a‰p apt∂m-°-Im¿°pw tatem-´p≈ kmaq-lnI Ne-\hpwkmaq-lnI/hnZym-`ymk Ne\ kqNn-I-Ifpw Ipd-hm-sW-∂Xpw it≤-b-am-Wv.ap…ow, InkvXy≥ kap-Zm-b-ßfpw kmaq-lnI Ne-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ \mb¿ ˛Cugh kap-Zm-b-ßƒs°m-∏-am-Wv. Xmc-X-tay\ hepXpw IqSp-X¬ kwL-Sn-X-cp-amb kap-Zm-b-ßƒ°v (\m-b¿, Cug-h, InkvXy≥, ap…ow, Fkv kn) sNdpXpwkwL-S\m _ew Ipdhpw D≈ kaq-l-ß-tf-°mƒ (B-Zn-hm-kn, a‰p ]nt∂m-°w,a‰p apt∂m-°w) Db¿∂ tXmXn-ep≈ kmaq-lnI Ne\w Ds≠∂ s]mXp \nK-a-\-Øn¬ FØm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ign™ Xe-ap-d-bn¬ Xs∂ apt∂m°w \n∂n-cp∂ \mb¿˛ InkvXy≥ kap-Zm-b-ßƒ Ah-cpsS hnZym-`ym-k-]-chpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb hf¿®-bpsS thKX Ct∏mgpw \ne \n¿Øp∂p F∂Xpw ]kvXm-hy-am-Wv.

F¬ Un F^v ˛ bp Un F^v thm´¿amsc At]-£n®v kmaq-lnI Ne\kqNnI Ipd-hp-≈-h-cmWv _n sP ]n thm´¿am¿. Bt]-£n-I-ambn apI-fn-tem-

]ńI ˛ 1]mYanI taJ-e-bnse Iqen-∏-Wn-°m-cpsS a°ƒ sXmgn¬ sNøp∂ taJ-ebpw

Ah-cpsS kmaq-lnI Ne\ kqNn-Ibpw (SMI)hnZym-`ymk Ne\ kqNn-Ibpw (EMI)

a°-fpsS sXmgn¬ taJe % SMI (%) EMI (%)

]mY-anI taJe 42.9 8.1 15.3

hyh-kmbw 6.3 22.9 18.9

KXm-KXw 8.6 36.7 18.9

\n¿amWw 11.9 34.2 19.4

Hmôkv tPmen 5.7 50.2 31.9

s]m -j-W-ep-Iƒ 4.2 57.2 40.6

hnZKv≤ kzbw sXmgn¬ 5.1 33.3 19.8

hym]mcw 12.0 37.3 17.8



]´nI 2kmaq-lnI Ne\ kqNn-Ibpw hnZym-`ymk Ne\ kqNn-Ibpw hnhn[

kmaqly˛km-º-ØnI th¿Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ ]Imcw

EMIa.

Xmtgm´v%

b.AtX-\ne %

c.tatem´v

%

SMIc-a

kmaq-lnI Ne\w kqNn-I-Iƒ

]tZiwsX°≥ tIcfw 12.0 49.2 38.8 26.8 10.6 17.3a[y-tI-cfw 14.1 47.0 38.8 24.7 10.7 17.1hS-°≥ tIcfw 12.9 48.0 39.1 26.2 11.0 16.8PmXn/aXwCugh 14.0 43.5 42.5 28.6 11.6 17.0a‰p ]nt∂m°w 11.8 57.9 30.3 18.4 7.8 15.4\mb¿ 15.4 45.9 38.7 23.4 10.2 18.5a‰p apt∂m°w 18.5 53.8 27.7 9.2 4.6 17.0Fkv.-kn. 7.3 51.8 40.9 33.6 13.3 19.3Fkv.-Sn. 13.3 60.0 26.7 13.3 5.9 15.3ap…nw 15.5 46.3 38.2 22.7 9.8 16.2InkvXy≥ 12.0 49.2 38.8 26.9 11.2 16.5cmjvSob Nmbvhv†F¬.-Un.F^v. 12.2 47.6 40.2 28.0 11.5 16.9bp.-Un.-F-^v. 13.5 48.5 38.0 24.5 10.4 16.2_n.-sP.-]n. 19.8 47.7 32.4 12.6 4.8 13.3

IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Ct∏m-gsØ kmº-ØnI Kq∏vI 11.9 58.8 29.3 17.4 6.1 13.2

II 13.6 52.7 33.7 20.1 7.5 14.6

III 13.4 44.1 42.5 29.1 12.6 17.1

IV 10.8 36.8 52.5 41.7 19.8 27.7

´p≈ kmaq-lnI Ne\w Ipdhpw Xmtgm´p≈Xv IqSp-X-ep-ap≈ lnµp-°ƒ°n-S-bn¬_n sP ]n Bi-b-ßƒ°v thtcm-´-ap-s≠∂v Icp-tX-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Ct∏m-gsØ kmº-ØnI Kq∏pw kmaq-lnI / hnZym-`ymkNe-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘hpw ]´n-I-bn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kmº-ØnI Kq∏v\n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xv IpSpw-_-Øns‚ samØw hchv sNehv, BkvXn-Iƒ F∂n-h-sbm-s°-bm-Wv. kmaq-lnI Ne-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xm-Is´ apJy hcp-am-\-°m-cs‚ sXmgn-ens‚ ]Z-hn-bpw. G‰hpw kº-∂-cmb \memw Kq∏ns‚ kmaq-lnI Ne\ kqNn-I a‰p-≈-hsc At]-£n®v hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. Cu Kq∏n¬52.5% hpw Cu Xe-ap-d-bn¬ kmaq-lnI apt∂‰w \SØnbh-cm-Wv. H∂p-ap-X¬aq∂p-h-sc-bp≈ Kq∏p-I-fn¬ CXv bYm-Iaw 29.3%, 33.7%, 42.5% F∂n-ß-s\-bm-Wv. Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-I-fpsS hnZym- ymk Ne\ kqNn-Ibpw hfsc Db¿∂tXmXn-em-Wv. ka-Im-eo\ kaq-l-Øn¬ kmº-ØnI h¿§ cq]o-I-c-W-Øns‚ apJyNme-I-i‡n hnZym- ym-khpw AXp-hgn t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p∂ sXmgn-ep-I-fp-amWv F∂XvIqSp-X¬ hy‡-am-°p-∂-XmWv Cu IW-°p-Iƒ.



A≤ymbw 8

hnZym- ymkw

tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fn¬ G‰hpw ][m-\-amb H∂mWv hnZym-`ym-k-tbm-Ky-Xbpw hcp-am-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w (NnXw 1)

s]m^-j-W¬ hnZym-`ymkw t\Sp-∂-h--cpsS hcp-am\w \nc-£-c-cpsS Ccp-]XvCc-ńbpw ss]a-dn -amXw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-h-cpsS Bdn-c-ń-bn-e-[n-I-hp-amWv. Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ s\t´m´w CXp sIm≠p Xs∂-bm-sW∂vA\p-am-\n-t°≠nbncn-°p-∂p. kmº-ØnI h¿§ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ hnhn[ LS-I-ßƒ hln-°p∂ kzm[o-\-Øns‚ Af-hmb dnK-j≥ aqeyw (Correlation

coefficient) NnXw 2 ¬ ImWmw. (C-Xns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ A≤ymbw 6¬ ]ńI 12-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v \¬In-bXv ImWp-I).

PmXn, aXw, ]tZiw XpS-ßnb ]c-º-cm-KX LS-I-ß-tf-°mƒ hf-sc-tbsdi‡-amb kzm[o\w C∂v hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\m-sW∂p ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. (a-X-amWvG‰hpw Zp¿_ew F∂Xv h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS s]m≈-Øcw shfn-hm-°p-∂p.)

s]m^-j-W¬

_ncp-Zm-\-¥cw

_ncpZw

kmt¶-XnIw(Untπm-a)

πkvSp

sk°‚dn

ss]adn

tIhe hnZym- ymkw\nc-£-c¿

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

NnXw 1 hnZym- ymk tbmKy-Xbpw hcp-am-\hpw

352

596

1067

1462

1603

2966

2370

4274

7085



F∂m¬ CXn-\¿∞w \mw ]c-º-cm-KX Ak-a-Xz-ßƒ C√m-Xm°n Hcp sacn-t‰m-Ikn (F√m-h¿°pw Ign-hn-\-\p-k-cn®v hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eqsS Db¿∂p hcm≥Ah-kcw \¬Ip∂ kaq-lw) Bbn F∂mtWm? kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-Iƒ XΩn¬D∂X hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-b-h-cpsS FÆ-Øn-ep≈ Ak-a-Xz-ßƒ AX√ ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. (]-ńI 19˛ A≤ymbw 5)

Cu òa-amb hyXym-k-ßƒ h¿j-ß-fmbn D≠m-b-Xm-sW∂v hmZn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXp Ipd-bp-I-sb-∂Xv GXp kaq-l-Ønepw A`n-Imayw amX-a√ BhiywIqSn-bmWv. F∂m¬ C∂sØ ÿnXn H´pw hyXy-kvX-a-√. 18 apX¬ 25 hb-p-hsc ]mb-ap-≈-h-cpsS CS-bn¬ tImtf-Pn¬ t]mIp-∂-h-cpsS FÆw ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ kwKXn hy‡-am-Ipw. (]-ńI 1)

]ń-I-˛ 1\mev kmº-ØnI Kq∏-pI-fn¬ 18- 25 hb-p-Im-cn¬

tImtf-Pn¬ t]mIp-∂-h-cpsS FÆw (%)

Kq∏v iX-am\w

I 7.5

II 9.4

III 19.4

IV 36.8

]ń-I-˛ 2\mev kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-I-fn¬ 18- 25 hb-p-Im-cn¬kzmib tImgvkp-Iƒ°v tN¿∂-h-cpsS FÆw (%)

Kq∏v iX-am\w

I 1.8

II 3.8

III 8.5

IV 20.2

kmº-ØnI Kq∏v cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ hnhn[LS-I-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w

hnZ

ym-`ym

kw

PmX

n

k¿°

m¿tP

men

\Kc˛Kma

w

]tZ

iw

]pd

w h

cp-a

m\w

aX

w

00.050.10.150.2

0.250.227

0.089 0.0880.04 0.028 0.022

0.01



hnZym-`ymkw hgn Ht´sd t]¿ kmaq-lnI ]ptcm-KXn t\Snb kwÿm-\-amWvtIc-fw. AXpsIm≠m-Wt√m Hcp ImeØv C¥y-bnse G‰hpw Zcn-Z-cmb HcpP\X C∂v cmPysØ G‰hpw Db¿∂ Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ FØn \n¬°p-∂-Xv. hnZym-`ym-k-Ønse Ah-kc ka-Xz-Øn-eqsS t\Sn-sb-Sp-Ø-XmWv Cu t\´-ßƒ. ]s£, t\´-ap-≠m-°n-b-h¿ C∂v a‰p-≈-h¿°v Ah-k-c-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°p-I-bmtWm? kzmib hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ IW°p t\m°q. (]-ńI 2)

tIc-f-Ønse P\-ß-fpsS samØ hnZym-`ym-k-tbm-KyX ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ HcpImcyw hy‡-am-Ipw. _lp-`q-cn-]£w P\-ßfpw sk°≥Udn hnZym-`ym-ktamAXn¬ Ipdthm D≈-h-cmWv (Nn-Xw 3) Ah-cpsS hcp-am-\hpw hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv.Ch-cn¬ Gdnb ]¶pw H∂pw c≠pw kmº-ØnIKq∏p-I-fn-em-Wv. A -F-bvUUvkvIqfp-Ifpw kzmi-b-hn-Zym- ym-k-hp-sam∂pw Ah-cpsS ]iv\-ßƒ°v ]cn-lm-c-a-√.

IqSp-X¬ hcp-am\w e`n-°m-hp∂ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ°v th≠X ""kmt¶-XnI Ign-hp-Iƒ'' (skills) Ah¿°n√ F∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. sk°≥Udn hsc-bp≈ hnZym-`ymkw IW-°nepw `mj-bnepw Iºyq-´¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xnepw ]pØ≥ Im¿jn-I-co-Xn-I-fnepw eLp-hy-h-km-b-Ønepw a‰p-ap-≈, hcp-am\w IqSp-X¬ In´m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Ign-hp-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂n-√.

CXns‚ as‰mcp hiw, P\-X-bpsS C∂p≈ skill levels D]-tbm-Kn®v kºZvLS-\sb B[p-\nI coXn-bn¬ ]p\:kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]cn-an-Xn-bm-Wv. ssN\-bpsS hºn® kmº-ØnI apt∂-‰-Øn\p ]nd-In¬ P\-X-bpsS samØw kmt¶-XnI Ign-hp-I-fpsS h¿≤\ hln® ]¶v Ipd-®p-I-≠p-Iq-Sm.

DXv∏m-Z-\-ta-J-e-bv°m-h-iy-amb Ign-hp-Iƒ kn≤n-°msX kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw]q¿Øn-bm-°p∂ ZcnZ hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]´ sNdp-∏-°m-cpsS ]Xn-k‘n cq£-am-Wv. sslkvIqƒ hsc ]Tn®p F∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ Ah¿ A—-\-Ω-am¿ sNbvXpt]m∂ Iqen-∏-Wn°p t]mIp-∂n-√. ]e A—-\-Ω-amcpw AXv BK-ln-°p-∂p-an-√.F∂m¬ th≠X kmt¶-XnI Ign-hp-Iƒ C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ a‰p tPmen-Iƒ In´p-∂p-an-√.

hnhn[ kmº-ØnI X´p-I-fn-ep≈ 18-˛25 hb-p-Im¿ F¥p sNøp∂p F∂vA≤ym-bw 5se ]ńI 20 hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

--00000000

4035302520151050

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-£-c¿

tIh

e h

nZym-

ymkw

ss]

adn

sk

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dn

πk

vSp

kmt

¶-X

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ntπma

_nc

pZw

_nc

p-Zm-\

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n-cpZ

w

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m-j

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NnXw 3]Xn-s\-ń\p apI-fn¬ ]mb-ap-≈-h-cpsS

hnZym-`ymk tbmKyX

4.6 2.3

28.8

37.4

10.93.7

9.01.9 1.5



kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw

kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ]c-a-]m-[m\yw CXn¬ \n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. F√m-h¿°pw Hcp t]mep≈, hcp-am\w IqSp-X¬ t\Sm≥ Ahsc i‡-cm-°p∂ \√\ne-hm-chpw aqey-ß-fp-a-S-ßnb kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-amWv \ap-°m-h-iyw. CXn\vh≥ tXmXn¬ k¿°m¿ apX¬ap-S°v Bh-iy-am-Wv. ]mK-¤y-ap≈ A≤ym-]-IcpwAh¿°v \nc-¥-camb ]cn-io-e-\hpw th≠-Xm-bp-≠v.

C∂p-≈-Xm-Is´ c≠p Xcw hnZym-`ym-k-am-Wv. \ho-I-c-WØn\v th≠X ]WwapS-°msX ]mh-s∏-´-h¿°m-bp≈ s]mXp kvIqfp-Iƒ, ]ns∂ Db¿∂ ôkv\¬Im≥ Ign-hp-≈-h¿°mbn kuI-cy-ßƒ IqSp-Xep≈ kzImcy kvIqfp-Iƒ.

kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-sØ°pdn-®p≈ GXm\pw ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-ßƒ Xmsg 3,4, 5 ]ńIIfn-embn \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

k¿t∆ sNbvX hoSp-I-fnse kvIqƒ hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ 21.9 iX-am\w A¨-F-bvUUv kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂p. ÿnc-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ k¿°m¿ IW-°p-I-fn¬ CXv tIhew 5 iX-am\w amX-amWv (Economic review 2002). kn.-_n.-F-kv.C. kne-_kv ]n≥Xp-S-cp∂ kvIqfp-Iƒ k¿°m¿ IW-°p-I-fn¬ s]Sm-Ø-XmWv Cu hyXym-k-Øn-\p≈ ][m\ ImcWw F∂v Icp-tX-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. k¿th

]ńI 3hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS A\p-]mXw hnhn[ Xcw amt\-Pvsa‚p-Iƒ ]Imcw (%)

hn`mKw k¿°m¿ FbvUUv A¨-F-bvUUvBsI 35.0 43.1 21.9kmº-ØnI Kq∏vI 47.0 49.6 3.4II 40.3 49.4 10.3III 30.9 39.0 30.1IV 14.2 30.2 55.5]tZiwsX°≥ tIcfw 42.1 34.5 23.4a[y tIcfw 25.4 48.3 26.2hS-°≥ tIcfw 36.9 45.1 18.0aXwlnµp 37.5 42.0 20.5ap…ow 40.0 39.3 20.8InkvXy≥ 21.9 5.09 27.2PmXn]nt∂m°w 35.3 44.8 19.9apt∂m°w 34.3 35.3 30.4]ń-I-PmXn 46.6 41.7 11.7]ń-I-h¿§w 60.7 39.3 0.0cmjvSob B`n-apJywF¬ Un F^v 39.8 44.3 15.9bp Un F^v 31.1 43.9 25.0_n sP ]n 26.5 39.2 34.3



hoSp-I-fn¬ 14.9% Ipń-Iƒ kn.-_n.-F-kv.-C. kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.Ipń-Ifn¬ 29.2 iX-am\w t]cpsS ]T-\-`mj Cw•ojv BWv. s]mXp-hn¬ A¨

FbvUUv kvIqfp-Iƒ, kn.-_n.-F-kv.-C. kne-_kv, Cw•ojv aoUnbw F∂nhH∂n®p t]mIp-∂-h-bm-Wv. (NnXw 4, 5)

k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-Ifpw FbvUUv kvIqfp-Ifpw _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ tIcf kne-_kv ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. A¨-F-bvUUv kvIqfp-I-fn¬BIs´ 87 iX-am\w Cw•ojv aoUn-bhpw 55 iX-am\w kn.-_n.-F-kv.-C. kne-_kv ]n≥Xp-S-cp-∂-h-bp-am-Wv. 10.6 iX-am\w sF.-kn.-F-kv.-C. t]mep≈ a‰v kne-_-kp-Iƒ \S-∏m-°p-∂-hbpw.

Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ kvIqfp-Iƒ, kne-_-kv, A[y-b\ `mj F∂nh \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]c-a-]-[m\ LSIw kmº-ØnI ÿnXn BsW∂v ]ń-I-Iƒ 3, 4, 5hy‡-am-°p-∂p. AXn-Z-cn-Z-cn¬ (Kq∏v 1) 3.4% amXw A¨-F-bvUUv kvIqfp-I-fn-epw, 2.3% kn.-_n.-F-kv.-C kne-_kv ]Im-chpw 5.7% amXr`mjm am[y-a-Ønepw]Tn-°p-tºmƒ Kq∏v 4˛¬ CXv bYm-Iaw 55.5%, 45%, 72% F∂n-ß-s\-bm-Wv.

A¨ FbvUUv kvIqƒ, kn.-_n.-F-kv.-C. kne-_-kv, Cw•ojv aoUn-bw F∂n-h-bn-sems° samØw icm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ Db¿∂ tXmXv kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-Iƒ 3,

]ńI ˛ 4hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS A\p-]mXw kne-_kv ]Imcw (%)

hn`mKw tIcf kn _n Fkv C a‰p-≈hBsI 82.0 14.9 3.1kmº-ØnI Kq∏vI 96.2 2.3 1.5II 91.5 5.8 2.6III 77.0 19.3 3.7IV 50.0 45.0 5.0]tZiwsX°≥ tIcfw 81.1 15.4 3.4a[y tIcfw 77.1 19.7 3.2hS-°≥ tIcfw 85.7 11.4 2.9aXwlnµp 83.3 13.9 2.9ap…ow 84.1 13.3 2.6InkvXy≥ 75.9 19.8 4.3PmXn]nt∂m°w 83.8 13.3 2.8apt∂m°w 76.1 20.4 3.5]ń-I-PmXn 90.9 5.7 3.4]ń-I-h¿§w 100.0 0.0 0.0cmjvSob B`n-apJywF¬ Un F^v 87.0 10.7 2.3bp Un F^v 80.4 16.1 3.5_n sP ]n 71.7 26.3 2.0



4, sX°≥ / a[y tIcfw, InkvXy≥ aX hn`m-Kw, apt∂m° PmXn-°m¿, bp.-Un.-F- v./_n.-sP.-]n. thm´¿am¿ F∂n-h-cn-em-Wv. icm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ Ipdhv kmº-ØnIKq∏p-Iƒ 1, 2 hS-°≥ tIc-fw, lnµp/ap…nw aX-hn-`m-K-ßƒ, ]nt∂m°/Fkv.-kn./Fkv.-‰n. PmXn-°m¿, F¬.-Un.-F-^v. thm´¿am¿ F∂n-h-cn-epw.

kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-Iƒ Hgn®v a‰p-≈-h-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ CXv ][m-\-ambpw]kvXpX hn`m-K-ß-fpsS kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-bpsS ]Xn-^-e\w amX-am-Wv.

F∂m¬ Db¿∂ Kq∏p-Isf amX-sa-SpØv ]cn-tim-[n-®mepw (]-ńI 6) NnehyXym-k-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. apkvenw, Fkv.-kn. hn`m-K-ßƒ°v ae-bmfw aoUn-b-tØmSpw InkvXy≥, apt∂m° lnµp hn`m-K-ßƒ°v Cw•ojv aoUn-b-tØmSpwA¨-F-bvUUv kvIqfp-I-tfmSpw D≈ ]nbw ]ń-I-bn¬ \n∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p.cmjvSob Nmbvhpw C°m-cy-Øn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-°-Xo-X-ambn F¬.-Un.-F-^v. thm´¿am¿ s]mXp kvIqfp-I-sfbpw ae-bm-f-sØbpw A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ _n.-sP.-]n. thm´¿am-cn¬ A¨-F-bvUUv kvIqfp-I-tfmSpw Cw•ojv aoUn-b-tØm-Sp-amWv ]nbw.

k¿th sNbvX hoSp-I-fn¬ kvIqƒ ]mb-Øn-ep≈ Ipń-Iƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ Ah¿]Tn-°p∂ kvIqfp-Isf ]‰nbp≈ A`n-]mbw tXSn-bXv ]ńI 7 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-

]ńI 5hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS A\p-]mXw `mjm am[yaw ]Imcw (%)

Cw•ojv amXr- mjBsI 29.2 70.8kmº-ØnI Kq∏vI 5.7 94.3II 15.0 85.0III 38.4 61.6IV 72.0 28.0]tZiwsX°≥ tIcfw 33.9 66.1a[y tIcfw 37.1 62.9hS-°≥ tIcfw 21.1 78.9aXwlnµp 28.2 71.8ap…ow 22.7 77.3InkvXy≥ 40.3 59.7PmXn]nt∂m°w 27.7 77.3apt∂m°w 38.8 61.2]ń-I-PmXn 15.2 84.8]ń-I-h¿§w 8.7 91.3cmjvSob B`n-apJywF¬ Un F^v 22.3 77.7bp Un F^v 30.6 69.4_n sP ]n 36.8 63.2



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9.0

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85.587.0

91.0

14.5

13.0

°p-∂p. kvIqƒ tami-am-sW∂v A`n-]m-b-ap-≈-h¿ ]Øv iX-am-\-Øn¬ XmsgamXta D≈p. k¿°m¿, FbvU-Uv,. A¨-F-bvUUv kvIqfp-Iƒ XΩn¬ C°m-cy-Øn¬ ]I-S-amb hyXym-k-ß-fn-√. AXp-t]mse hyXykvX kne-_kpw A[y-b\ `mjbpw ]n≥Xp-S-cp∂ kvIqfp-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-khpw ]I-S-a-√.

kvIqfp-Iƒ "Ipg-∏-an√' F∂ A`n-]m-bsØ At]-£n®v "\√-Xm-sW∂' A`n-]m-b-ap-≈-h¿ A¨ FbvUUv kvIqfp-Iƒ, kn _n Fkv C kne-_-kv, Cw•ojvaoUnbw F∂n-h-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-X-em-Wv. ]s£ CXpw hfschenb tXmXn-ep≈ hyXym-k-a-√.

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

k¿°m¿ FbvUUv A¨FbvUUv

A[y-b\ `mj

Cw•ojvamXr-`mj

NnXw 4A[y-b\ mj hnhn-[-Xcw kvIqfp-I-fn¬

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1.0 3.0

96.0

1.04.3

94.7

10.6

55.0

34.3

121212

NnXw 5kne-_kv hnhn-[-Xcw kvIqfp-I-fn¬

k¿°m¿ FbvUUv A¨FbvUUv

100%

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0%

tIcf kn._n.-Fkv.kn a‰p-≈h

kne-_kv



]ńI 7hońse Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ kvIqfns\ ]‰n-bp≈A`n-]mbw hnhn-[-Xcw kvIqfp-Iƒ Xncn®v (%)

tamiw \√Xv Ipg-∏-an√BsI 7.5 48.5 44.0amt\-Pvsa‚ vk¿°m¿ 8.8 43.0 48.1F-bvUUv 7.2 46.8 45.9A -F-bvUUv 5.5 59.8 34.8kne-_kvtIcfm kne-_kv 7.9 45.9 46.2kn _n Fkv C 4.7 61.1 34.2a‰p-≈h 6.3 51.0 42.7am[yawamXr- mj 7.5 44.2 48.2Cw•ojv 6.9 58.9 34.2

]ńI 6Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-I-fn¬ (3,4) s]´-h-cn¬ A¨ FbvUUv

kvIqfp-I-fp-tSbpw Cw•ojv A[y-b\ `mj-bp-tSbpw \nc°v

Cw•ojv aoUnbwA¨-F-bvUUv kvIqƒ

hn`mKw icm-i-cn-bn¬ icm-i-cn-bn¬% \n∂p≈ % \n∂p≈

hyXymkw (%) hyXymkw (%)aXwlnµp 33.0 ˛-5.8 45.8 0.8ap…ow 35.6 1.8 35.3 ˛22.3InkvXy≥ 38.5 10.1 54.1 19.2PmXn]nt∂m°w 31.6 ˛9.8 43.8 ˛3.5apt∂m°w 40.0 ˛14.3 52.2 15.1Fkv kn 29.9 14.7 35.3 ˛22.3cmjvSob NmbvhvF¬ Un F^v 26.8 ˛23.5 36.5 ˛19.5bp Un F^v 39.6 13.2 46.7 2.9_n sP ]n 47.4 35.5 57.4 26.4

kvIqƒ tami-sa∂ A`n-]m-b-ap-≈-h¿ F√m kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-I-fnepw kam-\-amb coXn-bn-em-Wp-f-fXv (]-ńI 8). F√m-Xcw kvIqfp-I-fnepw A[ym-]-\-amWvkvIqƒ tami-sa-∂v A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sm-\p≈ ][m\ Imc-Ww. CXm-Is´ k¿°m¿kvIqfp-I-fn¬ Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-X-em-Wv (]-ń-I 9). k¿°m¿/FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fn¬ A®-S-°-amWv c≠m-asØ Imc-W-ambn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂--Xv.



]ńI 8kvIqƒ tami-sa∂v A`n-]m-b-ap-≈-h¿ kmº-ØnI Kq∏v ]Imcw (%)

kmº-ØnI Kq∏v

I II III IV BsI

amt\-Pvsa‚ vk¿°m¿ 7.4 8.4 10.7 4.3 8.8FbvUUv 6.1 8.3 7.3 4.0 7.2A -F-bvUUv 0.0 2.7 6.3 6.0 5.5kne-_kvtIcf 6.9 7.7 8.6 7.2 7.9kn _n Fkv C 0.0 6.7 4.1 4.1 4.7am[yawamXr- mj 6.7 7.7 8.4 4.5 7.5Cw•ojv 11.5 5.4 7.0 6.5 6.9

ImcWw k¿°m¿ FbvUUv A¨-F-bvUUv

kne-_kv 5.9 7.9 11.7A®-S°w 16.2 14.6 6.7ASn-ÿm-\-ku-Icyw 9.6 7.9 5.0A[ym-]\w 47.1 39.7 33.3a‰p-≈h 8.1 13.9 21.7H∂n-e-[nIw Imc-W-ßƒ 13.2 15.9 21.7

]ńI 9kvIqƒ tami-sa∂v A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sm-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ (%)

G‰hpw \√ kvIqfp-Iƒ GsX∂ s]mXp tNmZy-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ t]¿ k¿°m¿kvIqfp-Iƒ F∂mWv adp-]Sn \¬In-b-Xv. (]-ńI 10) Kq∏v IV HgnsI a‰p aq∂vKq∏p-I-fnepw k¿°m¿, FbvUUv, A¨ FbvUUv F∂ Ia-Øn-emWv kvIqfp-I-sf hne-bn-cp-Øn-b-Xv. Kq∏v IV¬ A¨ FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fmWv sa®w F∂A`n-]m-b-amWv `qcn-]-£-Øn-\pw. A¨ FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fn¬ Ipń-Isf Ab-°p-∂-h-cn¬ t]mepw 22.5% k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-I-fmWv sa®w F∂v A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. adn®v k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-I-fn¬ Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ 12.2% amXta A¨FbvUUv kvIqfp-Iƒ BWv \√Xv F∂v hniz-kn-°p-∂p-≈p.

A[ym-]-I-cpsS tbmKy-X-bmWv k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-I-fpsS ][m\ KpW-ambnhne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. C°m-cy-Øn¬ k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h-tb-°mƒ_lp-Zqcw ap∂n-emWv (]-ńI 11). A[ym-]-I-cpsS Bflm¿∞XbpsS Imcy-Øn¬FbvUUv kvIqfp-Ifpw A®-S-°-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ A¨-F-bvUUv kvIqfp-Ifpwsa®-am-sW∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-Iƒ A®-S-°-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬hfsc ]n∂n-em-sW∂mWv A`n-]mbw.

\√ kne-_kv A¨ FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fpsS KpW-ambn 11.9 iX-am\w Icp-Xp-∂p. CØcw kvIqfp-I-fn¬ `qcn-]£w kn _n Fkv C kne-_kv D≈-h-bm-sW-∂-Xm-bn-cn°mw Imc-Ww.



amXr-`mj A[y-b\ `mj-bm-hp-∂XmWv \√-sX∂v Icp-Xp-∂-h-cmWv _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw (]-ńI 12). kmº-ØnI Kq∏v IV ¬ amX-amWv adn-®p≈ A`n-]m-b-Øn\v t\cnb `qcn-]-£w. Cw•ojv aoUnbw kvIqfp-I-fn¬ Ipń-Isf Ab-°p-∂-h-cn¬ t]mepw 44.6% hniz-kn-°p-∂Xv amXr-`m-j-bmWv \√-sX-∂m-Wv.

Ipń°v a\-n-em-hp-∂p-sh-∂Xpw A—-\-Ω-am¿°v klm-bn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p-sh-∂-Xp-amWv amXr-`m-j-bpsS KpW-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. sXmgn¬ km[y-X, a’c ]co-£-I-fnse hnP-b-km-[y-X, ]pdw cmPy-ß-fn-te°v t]mIm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-ßƒ F∂nh Cw•ojns‚ Icp-Ømbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. (]-ńI 13)

kvIqƒ Ipń-I-fn¬ aq∂n-sem-t∂mfw t]¿°v ]tXyI Syqj≥ D≠v (]-ńI14). Syqj≥ \nc°v kmº-ØnI ÿnXn A\p-k-cn®v Db-cp-∂p. Cw•ojv aoUnbwkvIqfp-I-fn¬ amXr-`mjm kvIqfp-I-tf-°mƒ CXp IqSp-X-em-Wv. KWnXØn\pwCw•o-jn-\p-amWv A[nIw t]¿°pw Syqj-\p≈Xv. (]-ńI 15)

]ńI 10G‰hpw \√ kvIqfpIƒ GXv F∂-Xns‚ A`n-]mbw (%)

k¿°m¿ FbvUUv A -F-bvUUvAdn-bn√/

A`n-]m-b-an√BsI 40.3 26.9 22.5 10.3kmº-ØnI Kq∏vI 50.5 22.2 9.2 18.2II 45.3 28.5 16.7 9.5III 36.9 28.4 27.2 7.5IV 23.3 24.2 42.5 10.0kvIqƒ amt\-Pvsa‚ vk¿°m¿ 64.3 13.9 12.2 9.6FbvUUv 29.7 44.2 15.2 10.9A -F-bvUUv 22.5 15.6 51.9 10.0

ImcWw

k¿°m¿ FbvUUv A¨-F-bvUUvA[ym-]-I-cpsSBflm¿∞X 22.3 39.1 29.4\√- kn-e-_kv 3.8 3.6 11.9A[ym-]-I-cpsS tbmKyX 35.7 8.4 2.8]n Sn F CS-s]-S¬ 3.3 2.9 1.5am[yaw 3.0 0.7 2.8A®-S°w 1.7 14.5 15.2a‰p-≈h/H∂n-e-[nIw 30.2 30.9 36.4

]ńI 11G‰hpw \√ kvIqƒ GXv F∂-Xns‚ ImcWw (%)

G‰hpw \√ kvIqƒ



]ńI 12A[yb\ `mj GXm-Wv \√Xv F∂-Xns‚ A`n-]mbw (%)

amXr- mj Cw•ojvBsI 72.8 27.2kmº-ØnI Kq∏vI 85.3 14.7II 81.2 18.8III 67.6 32.4IV 47.1 52.9kvIqfnse A[y-b\ am[yawae-bmfw aoUn-b-Øn¬ Ipń-Isf tN¿Ø-h¿ 83.6 16.4Cw•ojv aoUn-b-Øn¬ Ipń-Isf tN¿Ø-h¿ 44.6 55.4

BsI 32.8kmº-ØnI Kq∏vI 16.3II 26.3III 40.8IV 44.5amt\-Pvsa‚ vk¿°m¿ 31.5FbvUUv 31.8A -F-bvUUv 34.9kne-_kvtIcf 32.6kn _n Fkv C 35.3am[yawamXr- mj 29.4Cw•ojv 40.4

]ńI ˛ 14]tXyI Syqj≥ D≈ Ipń-IfpsS A\p-]mXw (%)

A[y-b\ `mj amXr-`mj Cw•ojv

Ipń°v a\-n-em-hp∂p 61.5 2.9A—-\-Ω-am¿°v klm-bn-°m≥ Ignbp∂p 14.0 1.1sXmgn¬ km[yX 0.9 23.3a’c ]co-£-I-fnse hnPbkm[yX 0.7 17.4]pdw cmPy-ß-fn-te°v t]mIm-\p≈Ah-kcw 0.7 30.7a‰p-≈h/H∂n-e-[nIw 22.4 24.6

]ńI 13\√ A[y-b\ `mj GXv F∂-Xns‚ ImcWw (%)

ImcWw



am[y-a-ß-fn-eqsS Ht´sd hna¿i-\-ßƒ t\cn-´-XmWv 1996¬ Bcw-`n® ]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTnX ]mTy-]-≤Xn. F∂m¬ CXn-s\-∏‰n s]mXp-hn¬ \√ A`n-]m-b-amWvamXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°p-≈-Xv. (]-ńI 16). 43.6% CXv Bh-iy-am-sW∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ16.3% t]¿°p amXta adn®v A`n-]m-b-ap-≈q. F√m kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw CXp Xs∂-bmWv ÿnXn. Cw•o-jv aoUnbw, amXr-`mjm aoUnbw kvIqfp-I-fnepw hyXykvX amt\-Pvsa‚p-Iƒ \S-Øp∂ kvIqfp-I-fn-ep-sams° ]pXnb]mTy-]-≤-Xn°v A\p-Iq-e-amb A`n-]m-b-Øn\p Xs∂-bmWv ap≥Xq-°w.

kzmib hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ Bh-iy-amtWm F∂Xv Hcp Zi-I-Øn-e-[n-I-ambn tIcf kaq-l-Øn¬ N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. tIc-f-Øns‚ ]Ww ]pd-tØ°v Hgp-Ip-∂Xp sIm≠pw k¿°m-dn\v D∂X hnZym-`ymk cwKØv ]Ww apS-°m≥ C√m-ØXp sIm≠pw Ch IqSntb Xocp F∂ i‡-amb ]N-cWw am[y-a-ßfpw cmjvSob t\Xm-°-fp-sams° \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ Cu ]N-c-W-ßƒkm[m-cW P\-ßsf Imcy-ambn kzm[o-\n-®n√ F∂p thWw Icp-Xm≥. PmXnaX cmjvSob t`Z-at\y CØcw ÿm]-\-ßƒ A\m-h-iy-am-sW-∂mWv `qcn-]-£m-`n-]mbw (]ńI 17). kmº-ØnI Kq∏v IV ¬ t]mepw kzmib hnZym-e-b-ßƒ A\n-hm-cy-amWv F∂v 26.3% t]tc A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-≈p. Cu hn`m-K-Ønse59.5 iX-am-\-Øns‚ A`n-]mbw CØcw ÿm]-\-ßƒ Hgn-hm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv F∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv.

]ńI ˛ 15Syqj≥ t\Sp-∂-h¿ GXp hnj-b-Øn¬ (%)

IW°v 95.4Cw•ojv 87.4kb≥kv 73.7F√m hnj-bhpw 63.7

]ńI 16]pXnb ]mTy-]-≤-Xnsb ]‰n-bp≈ A`n-]mbw (%)

Bhiyw A\mhiyw Adn-bn√ A`n-]m-b-an√BsI 43.6 16.3 13.5 26.6kmº-ØnI Kq∏vI 38.7 11.6 14.1 35.7II 44.4 16.1 12.1 27.4III 43.4 18.0 13.6 24.9IV 47.7 17.6 15.0 19.8amt\-Pvsa‚ vk¿°m¿ 49.3 16.3 13.7 20.6FbvUUv 51.8 17.1 12.5 18.5A -F-bvUUv 38.2 20.3 15.0 26.5am[yawamXr- mj 50.9 16.9 12.8 19.4Cw•ojv 41.7 20.5 15.1 22.8



]ńI 18Ipń-Isf s]m^-j-W¬ tImgvkp-Iƒ°v Ab-°m-\p≈BK-lhpw kzmib tImgv-kp-I-fn-te°v Ab-°m-\p≈

k∂-≤-Xbpw (%)

s]m^-j-W¬ kzmibwBsI 49.0 17.2kmº-ØnI Kq∏vI 27.2 4.9II 40.1 11.1III 57.9 21.8IV 71.8 36.0amt\-Pvsa‚ vk¿°m¿ 41.3 10.4FbvUUv 48.4 15.7A -F-bvUUv 62.9 31.6kne-_kvtIcf 46.1 13.5kn _n Fkv C 67.4 34.4am[yawamXr- mj 42.2 12.8

]ńI 17kzmib hnZym-`ym-ksØ°pdn®p≈ A`n-]mbw

A\n-hmcyw Hgn-hm-t°-≠Xv A`n-]m-b-an√samØw 12.7 65.2 22.1kmº-ØnI Kq∏vI 5.6 56.3 38.1II 8.4 65.5 26.1III 15.0 69.3 15.7IV 26.3 59.5 14.2aXwlnµp 10.2 69.1 20.7ap…ow 12.9 60.6 26.5InkvXy≥ 19.3 59.7 21.0PmXn]nt∂m°w 10.3 70.4 19.3apt∂m°w 13.5 69.7 16.8]ń-I-PmXn 4.5 68.2 27.4]ń-I-h¿§w 9.4 54.7 35.8cmjvSob B`n-apJywF¬ Un F^v 8.5 72.2 19.3bp Un F^v 17.3 60.3 22.4_n sP ]n 17.6 64.2 18.2



49% c£n-Xm-°ƒ Ah-cpsS Ipń-Isf s]m^-j-W¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v Ab-°m≥ BK-ln-°p-∂p-≠v. kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn´pw CXv kmº-ØnI ÿnXn°v A\p-kr-X-ambn Db-cp-∂p≠v ˛ Kq∏v I ¬ 27.2% hpw Kq∏v IV ¬ 71% hpw (]-ńI 18).A¨-˛-F-bvUUv ˛ Cw•ojv aoUnbw ˛ kn _n Fkv C kvIqfp-I-fn¬ Ipń-Isf]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-h¿°n-S-bn¬ Cu BKlw a‰p-≈-hsc At]-£n®v IqSp-X-em-Wv.s]m^-j-W¬ hnZym-`ymkw BK-ln-°p-∂-h-cn¬ Xs∂ Hcp \yq\-]£w (17.2%)amXta kzmib hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ Ipń-Isf Ab-°m≥ k∂-≤X ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p-≈p. kmº-ØnI Kq∏v IV ¬ t]mepw shdpw 36 iX-am\w amXw.

]ńI 19kzmib tImgvkp-I-fn¬ tN¿°m≥ k∂-≤-a-√m-Ø-Xns‚ ImcWw

ImcWw ]W-an√ tbmPn-∏n√ a‰p-Im-c-W-ßƒ-

BsI 69.3 19.1 8.7kmº-ØnI Kq∏vI 83.6 8.9 7.1II 75.5 14.7 7.1III 65.6 22.4 8.3IV 35.1 40.8 19.0

k∂-≤-X-bn-√m-Ø-h-cn¬ AXn-\p≈ ][m\ Imc-W-ambn ]d-bp-∂Xv CXn-\p≈]W-an√ F∂-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. Db¿∂ a[y-h¿§-Øn¬ s]´-h-cn¬ t]mepw 35.1iX-am\w Cu A`n-]m-b-°m-cm-Wv. (]-ńI 19). ]pXnb kzmib ÿm]-\-ßƒHcp sNdp \yq\-]-£-Øn-\p -th-≠n-bp-≈-Xm-sW∂ Bt£-]-Øn¬ Ig-ºp-s≠-∂v CXp ImWn-°p-∂p.



A[ymbw 9

BtcmKyw

tIcf]T-\-Øns‚ apJy-hn-jbw BtcmKyam-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ AtX-]‰ntNmZym-h-en-bn¬ ]cn-an-X-amb tNmZy-ßtf AS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p-≈p, F¶n¬ t]mepwkwÿm-\-Øns‚ samØ-Øn-ep≈ Btcm-Ky-\n-e-hm-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw Btcm-Ky-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS Ah-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®pw P\-ß-fpsS Btcm-Ky-io-e-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw ][m-\-s∏´ kqN-\-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. GXp kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw Btcm-Ky-\n-e-hm-csØsamØ-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv ac-Ww, tcmKw, BXp-c-ip-iq-j-bpsS e`yX F∂n-h-bm-Wv. Cu aq∂nepw Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ \n∂p In´p-∂Xv Bibv°pw Bi-¶bv°pwHcp-t]mse hgn-h-bv°p∂ Nne kqN-\-I-fm-Wv.

Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bn¬ imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv ap≥]p \S-Ønb ]T-\-ß-fnse hnh-c-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ tcmKm-Xp-cX samØ-Øn¬ Ipd-™n-´p≠v (]-´nI 1).

1987hyXymkw

1987˛2004(%)1996 2004

tcmKm-Xp-cX (B-bncw t]cn¬/2 BgvN-bn¬) 206.3 121.9 79.2 -˛61.6Hcp Xh-WsØ sNehv (cq) 16.6 165.2 830.7 4916.4Btfm-lcn hm¿jnI NnIn’msNehv (cq) 89 549 1722 1836.6

]´nI˛1tcmKm-Xp-c-Xbpw NnIn’m sNehpw 1987˛2004

C\w

Cu CSnhv icn-bmb Ah-ÿsb ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂-XmtWm AtXm kmt¶-Xn-I-amb hyXym-k-ß-fpsS e-amtWm F∂Xv ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ Imcy-am-Wv. tcmKm-Xp-c-X-bn¬ kwÿm-\Øv Imcy-amb Ipd-hp-≠m-bn-´p≠v F∂p Icp-Xp-hm≥ \sΩt]cn-∏n-°p∂ kml-N-cy-ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.



1. 1987 apX-ep≈ ]cn-jØv ]T-\-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ tcmKm-Xp-c-X-bpsS Ia-ambCSn-hv.

2. Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw a‰pw hcp∂ a‰p IW-°p-Iƒ.

]e kmwI-anI tcmK-ßfpw C√m-Xm-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xpw hmIvkn≥ aqew]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Ipń-I-fpsS tcmK-ß-fpsS Xntcm-[m-\-hpw, I°q-kp-I-fpsS hym]-\sØ XpS¿∂v hb-dn-f° tcmK-ß-fn¬ h∂ KWy-amb Ipd-hp-sams°CXn\p Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≠m-hmw. F¶nepw \mw i≤n-t°≠ Hcp Imcyw Hcn-°¬]Xn-tcm-[n® ate-dnb t]mep≈ ]e tcmK-ßfpw ]e-bn-S-Ømbn Xncn-®p-h-cp∂pF∂-Xm-Wv. kwÿm-\Øv A]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp∂ sU¶n-∏-\n, se]vt‰m-kvss]-tdm-knkv XpS-ßnb kmwI-anI tcmK-ßƒ Ct∏mƒ ]Xn-hmbn ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw,t]Sn-∏n-°p∂ \ne-bn-e-s√-¶n¬t∏mepw F®v sF hn h¿≤n®p hcp-∂Xpw Bi-¶m-P-\Iw Xs∂-bm-Wv. CsX√mw Ds≠-¶n¬ IqSn tcmKm-Xp-c-X-bn¬ h∂ Ipdhvit≤-b-am-Wv.

tcmKm-Xp-cXm \nc°v (k¿thbv°v ap≥]p≈ c≠m-gvN-bv°Iw Fs¥-¶nepwtcmKw dnt∏m¿´v sNbvX-h-cpsS FÆw) G‰hpw ]mh-s∏-´-h-cn¬ 1000\v 85.1 F∂-Xn¬ \n∂v G‰hpw kº-∂-cn¬ 73.9 Bbn Ipd-bp∂p (]-ńI 2).

tcmKm-Xp-cX Ipd-s™-¶nepw NnIn’m sNehv h¿≤n-®-Xmbn ImWp-∂p. 1987¬89 cq]-bm-bn-cp∂ Btfm-lcn NnIn’m sNehv Ct∏mƒ 1722 cq]-bmbn Db¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p (]ńI 1). ]W-s∏-cp∏w IW-°n-se-Sp-Øm¬ t]mepw CXv Hcp henbh¿≤-\-bm-Wv. Hcp XhW tcmKw h∂m¬ NnIn-’n-°m-\p≈ icm-icn sNe-hns‚h¿≤\ CXn-t\-°mƒ òa-am-Wv. NnIn’m coXn-I-fn¬ h∂ am‰-ßƒ, et_m-d-´dnsSÃp-Ifpw kvIm\p-Ifpw a‰pw IqSp-X¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv, acp-∂p-I-fpsS hneh¿≤-\hv F∂n-h-sbms° CXn\p Imc-W-am-bn- p-≠m-Imw. Xmsg-bp≈ aq∂p Kq∏p-I-fp-tSbpw sNe-hn¬ henb hyXym-kßfn-√. F∂m¬ \memw Kq∏ns‚ NnIn’msNehv a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ \n∂pw Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂p. (]-ńI 2). B[p-\nI sshZy-Øns‚ G‰hpw \qX-\-amb kt¶-X-ßƒ ]eXpw ]q¿Æ-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥tijn-bp-≈Xv G‰hpw kº-∂¿°p amX-amtWm F∂p kwibw P\n-∏n-°p-∂-XmWo IW-°p-Iƒ. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ samØw sNe-hn¬ NnIn-’-bv°mbn \o°nsht°≠n hcp∂ Hmlcn kmº-ØnI tiWn Ipd-bp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v IqSp-∂p-≠v. G‰hpw Zcn-Z-cn¬ samØw sNe-hns‚ aq∂n-sem-t∂mfw NnIn-’bv°v th≠n

tcmKm-Xp-cXm

\nc°v

samØwIpSpw_

sNe-hns‚%

Hcp Xh-WsØsNehv

Btfm-lcnhm¿jnINnIn’msNehv

I 85.1 701.9 1552.9 31.7II 82.1 613.5 1309.7 18.1III 78.1 886.9 1801.0 13.0IV 73.9 1686.1 3238.5 10.4BsI 79.2 830.7 1722 13.9

]ńI˛2NnIn’m sNehv (cq-])

kmº-ØnI Kq∏v



sNe-hm-t°≠n hcp-∂p. ZcnZ IpSpw-_-ßsf IS-_m-[y-X-bn-te°p \bn-°p-∂-Xn¬NnIn’ henb ]¶v hln-°p∂p F∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√.

NnIn-’-bpsS sNe-hn-\-ß-fn¬ acp-∂p-Ifpw a‰p sNe-hp-I-fp-amWv ][m-\w.acp-∂p-I-fp-tSbpw em_v sSÃp-I-fp-tSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-Iƒ XΩn¬henb A¥-c-ap≠v (]-ńI 3). CXp ][m-\-ambpw Xmsg-bp≈ aq∂p Kq∏p-Ifpw\memw Kq∏pw XΩn-em-Wv. G‰hpw Db¿∂ tiWn-bn¬ ]e sSÃp-Ifpw Hcp]t£ A\m-h-iy-ambn sNøp-∂-h-bm-bn-cn-°mw. adp-h-i-Øm-Is´ Zcn-Z-cn¬ ]ecpwth≠X ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ sNøm≥ ]m]vX-cmtWm F∂Xpw kwi-b-I-c-am-Wv.

acp∂v 714.5 527.4 578.8 1196.4 622.5ôkv 192.0 172.7 164.6 252.9 175.3em_v 76.8 128.6 160.6 717.3 181.5a‰p-≈h 569.6 481.0 897.0 1071.9 742.7

]ńI˛3Btfm-lcn NnIn’m sNehv (cq-]) C\w Xncn®v

C\wkmº-ØnI Kq∏v

BsII II III IV

k¿th-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h-cn¬ qcn-`m-Khpw B[p-\nI NnIn’m kº-Zm-b-amWvkzoI-cn®ncn-°p-∂Xv (]-ńI 4). CXv Ah-cpsS hnizmkw F∂-t]mse ]m›mXyNnIn-’-bpsS e`y-XbpsS ]Xn-^-e-\-hp-am-Imw. Bbp¿th-Z-Øn-t\m-Sp≈ ]nbwkmº-ØnI ÿnXn-bv°-\p-k-cn®v t\cnb tXmXn¬ Db-cp-∂p-≠v.

kmº-ØnI tiWn Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v kzIm-cy-Nn-In-’-tbm-Sp≈ B`n-ap-Jyhpw h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw (]- nI 5). G‰hpw Db¿∂ tiWn-bn-ep-≈-h¿

B[p-\nIw H∂n-e-[nIw/a‰p≈hBbp¿thZw tlman-tbm-

∏Xn

I 83.8 7.0 7.0 2.1II 83.5 9.4 5.0 2.1III 79.6 9.8 7.7 2.9IV 76.6 10.5 8.2 4.7BsI 79.9 9.1 6.6 4.4

]ńI˛4NnIn’ sshZy-k-º-Zmbw Xncn®v (%)

kmº-ØnI Kq∏v

k¿°m¿ kzImcyw kzbw/a‰p-≈h

I 50.8 44.6 4.3II 38.3 59.0 2.4III 23.0 73.6 3.0IV 9.2 84.9 3.3BsI 31.6 64.4 4.1

]ńI˛5NnIn’ taJe Xncn®v (%)

kmº-ØnI Kq∏v



GXm≠v ]q¿W-ambn kzImcy NnIn-’sb Bi-bn-°p-∂p. G‰hpw ]mh-s∏- -h-cn¬ t]mepw ]IpXn amXta k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ßsf kao-]n-°p-∂p-≈p. F∂m¬k¿°m¿ taJ-e-bpsS D]-tbmKw 1987 apX¬ ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn h¿≤n-®n- p-≠v (NnXw 1).

k¿°m¿ kzImcyw

I 55.0 45.0II 46.6 53.4III 32.2 67.8IV 22.8 77.2BsI 39.5 60.5

]´nI˛6Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ InSØn NnIn’ ˛ taJe Xncn®v (%)

kmº-ØnI Kq∏vtaJe

Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ InSØn NnIn-’-bpsS Imcy-Ønepw kmº-ØnI ÿnXn Xs∂-bmWv \n¿Wm-b-Iw. Db¿∂-km-º-ØnI Kq∏n¬ 22.5% Ct∏mgpw k¿°m¿ taJ-esb D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v (]- nI 6). Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ InSØn NnIn’ hfscsNe-th-dn-b-Xm-Wv. Hcp XhW Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ t]mbm¬ sNe-hm-Ip-∂Xv GXm≠v]Xn-\m-bncw cq]-bm-sW-∂Xv Kuc-h-tØmsS ImtW≠ hkvXp-X-bmWv (]- nI 7).

2823

6366

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1987 1996

k¿°m¿ kzImcy taJ-e-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw 1987˛2004(%)

k¿°m¿ kzImcyw

NnXw 1

Hcp Xh-WsØ sNehvhm¿jnI Btfm-lcn

InSØn NnIn’m sNehvI 6698.8 608.2II 7040.3 704.5III 11699.3 1213.1IV 17177.7 1426.7BsI 9680.8 971.9

]´nI˛7Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ InS-Øn-bp≈ NnIn-’-bpsS sNehv kmº-ØnI Kq∏v Xncn®v (cq-])

kmº-ØnI Kq∏v

taJe



kzImcy Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ t]mbn NnIn-’n-®m¬ icm-icn sNe-hm-Ip-∂Xv 10445cq]bpw k¿°m¿ taJ-e-bn¬ 6609.5 cq]-bp-am-Wv. Cu hyXym-k-amWv ]e-tcbpwk¿°m¿ Bip-]-Xn-I-fn¬ t]mIm≥ t]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. Kpcp-X-c-amb tcmKw h∂m¬k¿°m¿ Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ t]mIp-sa∂v 47% t]¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv CXp-sIm≠pXs∂-bm-Wv. adn-®v, kzImcy Bip-]-Xn-I-fn¬ t]mIp-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂-h¿ AXn\pImcWw ImWn-°p-∂Xv ][m-\-ambpw Ahn-SsØ kuI-cy-ß-fmWv (]-ńI 8, 9).

B[p-\nI NnIn’ hfsc sNe-th-dnb kwhn-[m-\-ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.kzImcy Bip-]Xn NnIn-’-bmWv IqSp-X¬ sNe-hp-f-f-sX-¶nepw, k¿°m¿ Bip-]-Xn-I-fnepw AXns‚ aq∂n¬ ct≠mfw sNehv hcp-∂p-≠v. acp-∂p-Iƒ°pw sSÃp-Iƒ°psams° kzImcy kwhn-[m-\-ßsf kao-]n-t°≠n hcp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wn-Xv. InSØn NnIn’ ][m-\-ambpw kzImcy kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn-te°v amdp-∂XvIpSpw_ _UvP-‰p-Isf XI¿°p∂ ]h-W-X-bm-Wv. i‡-amb Btcm-Ky-c£mkwhn-[m-\-ßƒ k¿°m¿ taJ-e-bn¬ Xs∂ kwL-Sn-∏n®p sIm≠p amXtaCXns\ t\cn-Sm-\m-hq.

s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKycwK-Øv- Ahiyw Adn-™n-cn-t°≠ Imcy-ßsf ]‰n P\-ßƒ°p≈ Ah-t_m[w Adn-bp-hm-\mbn Nne tNmZy-ßƒ Cu ]T-\-Øns‚ `mK-

k¿°m¿ kzImcyw

I 71.0 28.7II 57.1 42.2III 39.8 59.8IV 17.2 82.3BsI 47.4 52.0

]ńI˛8Kpcp-X-c-amb tcmKw h∂m¬ GXv Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ t]mIpw (i-X-am-\w)

kmº-ØnI Kq∏v

k¿°m¿ kzImcyw

Zqcw 6.0 11.6kuI-cy-ßƒ 6.1 40.5tUmIvS¿am¿ 17.3 16.5kmº-ØnIw 50.0 0.9

]ńI˛9k¿°m¿/kzImcy Bip-]-Xn-I-fn¬ t]mIm-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ (i-X-am-\w)

ImcWw

GUnkv sImXpIv sImXpIv Adn-bn√

I 5.9 43.9 50.2II 7.2 42.6 50.2III 8.0 41.9 50.1IV 11.3 38.6 50.1BsI 7.9 42.0 50.1

]ńI˛10sU¶n-∏\n ]S-cp-∂-Xns‚ Imc-WsØ ]‰n-bp≈ Adnhv

kmº-ØnI Kq∏v



%c‡-Ønse sImgp∏v 49.8c‡-k-Ω¿±w 23.1]talw 5.0]pI-hen 20.0

]´nI˛11lrZ-bm-Lm-X-Øns‚ ][m\ Imc-W-ß-sf-]-‰n-bp≈ Adnhv

ImcWw

ambn tNmZn-®n-cp∂p (]-´nI 10, 11). GXm≠v ]IpXn IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ amXta sU¶n-∏\n ]c-Øp-∂Xv sImXp-Im-sW∂ Adnhv IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fn¬ B¿s°-¶nepw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. C°m-cy-Øn¬ kmº-ØnI ÿnXn henb hyXym-k-ßƒ D≠m-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ GUnkv sImXp-ImWv tcmKw ]c-Øp-∂Xv F∂ ]tXyI Adnhvkmº-ØnI ÿnXn-bv°-\p-k-cn®v Db-cp-∂p-≠v. lrZ-bm-Lm-X-Øns‚ Imc-W-ßsf]‰n-bp≈ Adnhv XnI®pw A]-cym-]vX-amWv ˛ ]tXy-In®pw tIc-f-Øn¬ CsXmcp][m\ BtcmKy ]iv\-ambn amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬. CXn¬ Xs∂]ta-lw, c‡-k-Ω¿±w, ]pI-hen F∂n-hbpw lrtZm-K-hp-am-bp≈ _‘sØ°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhv P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ hfsc XmW tXmXn¬ amX-am-Wp-≈-Xv. Pohn-X-ssi-enbpw tcmK-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-]-‰n-bp≈ Adnhv h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ASn-b-¥nc \S-]SnIƒ Bh-iy-ambn h∂n-cn-°p-∂p.



A≤ymbw 10A≤ymbw 10A≤ymbw 10A≤ymbw 10A≤ymbw 10

kvXoIfpsS Ahÿ

tIc-f-Ønse kvXo kaq-l-Øns‚ hcp-am\w sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-tfmsSm∏w P≥Udp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nnekmaqly ]iv\-ß-fn-ep-ff \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw s]mXp-hmb Nne \nK-a-\-ß-fn-se-Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ Ht´sd hnh-c-ßƒ tIcf ]T-\-Øn-eqsS e`y-am-bn-´p-≠v. \ne-hn-ep-ff ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ°pw ]T\ \nK-a-\-ßƒ°pw kam-\-amb hnh-c-ßƒ Xs∂-bmWv Ch-bn¬ ]e-Xpw. kmº-Zm-bnI k¿t∆-I-fn¬ \n∂pe`n-°m≥ ]bm-k-ap-ff Nne hkvXp-XIfpw \nco-£-W-ßfpw Cu ]T\ØneqsSe`n-®n-´p≠v F∂Xv ]tXyIw it≤-b-am-Wv.

tIcf ]T\w Hcp IpSpw-_-k¿t∆ Bbn-cp-∂Xpw kvXoI-sftbm ]pcp-j-∑m-sctbm tIµo-I-cn-®p-ff hy‡n-KX ]T-\-am-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂Xpw Hcp ][m\ ]cn-an-Xn-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ IpSpw_ N¿®-I-fn-eqsS e`n® hnh-c-ßƒ tIcf kaq-l-Øns‚ s]mXp-Nn-¥-bmbn ]cn-W-an-°p∂p F∂Xv FSpØp ]d-tb≠ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. ta¬]d™ ]cn-anXn hnkva-cn-°msX Xs∂ e`y-amb \nco-£-W-ßƒhni-I-e\w sNøm-\mWv ChnsS ian-°p-∂-Xv.

kvXo]p-cpj A\p-]mXw

C¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ sh®v G‰hpw Db¿∂, kvXoIƒ°v A\pIqe-ambkvXo˛-]p-cpj A\p-]mXw tIc-f-Øn-em-Wp-f-f-Xv. tIcf hnI-k\ A\p-`-h-Øns‚Hcp kqNn-I-bmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ C°mcyw P\-kw-Jym-hn-Z-Kv≤¿°n-S-bn¬ Gsd-°m-e-ambn N¿®mhn-j-b-am-Wv. acp-a-°-Ømb kº-Zm-bhpw Kƒ^v IpSn-tb-‰-hp-sa√mw CXp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-s≠-¶nepw Cu khn-ti-j-Xbv°v IrXy-ambImcWw hni-Zo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´n-√. Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ kvXo ]pcpj A\p-]mXw 1046BWv. 2006se Imt\-jp-amcn IW-°p-I-fn¬ CXv 1058 (B-bncw ]pcp-j-∑m¿°v1058 kvXoIƒ) BWv. Cu sNdnb hyXymkw c≠p Imc-W-ßƒ sIm≠m-hmw.



1. kmºnfnßns‚ kzm`m-hnI ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ

2. ]pdØp ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-hsc \n¿∆-Nn-®-Xn-ep-ff A¥-cw.

Imt\-jp-amcn IW-°p-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂Xp t]mse tIcf ]T-\-Ønepw CSp-°n, hb-\mSv Pn√-I-fn¬ Xs∂-bmWv kvXo ]pcp-j -A-\p-]mXw Ipd-hm-bn-´p-f-f-Xv.(A-≤ymbw˛2 ]ńI 13). tIc-f-Øn-te-°p-ff IpSn-tb‰w G‰hpw hym]-I-am-bn-´p-≈Xpw Cu Pn√-I-fn-em-Wv. tXm´w sXmgn-em-fn-I-fm-bn-´mWv IpSn-tb-‰-Øn¬ IqSp-Xepw \S-°p-∂-Xv.

s]Ïp-ń-I-tfm-Sp-ff hnth-N-\hpw BÏp-ń-I-tfm-Sp-ff Xmev]-cyhpw C¥y≥kaq-l-Øn¬ hfsc Bg-Øn¬ thtcm-Sn-bn-´p-ff kmaq-lnI [mc-W-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-ffXmWv. "ImWmsX' t]mIp∂ s]ïn-ip-°-sf-°p-dn-®p-ff Bi-¶-Iƒ h\nXm Zi-I-amb 1975 ˛ 85¬ Xs∂ N¿®-sN-ø-s∏´p XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. ]k-h-Øn\p apºp-ff enwK-\n¿Æ-bhpw s]¨`q-W-l-Xybpw C¥y-bnse ]e kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw hym]-I-ambpw ]c-ky-ambpw \S-°p-∂-Xmbn ]T-\-ßfpw sXfn-hp-I-fp-sa√mw ]pdØp h∂n-´p-≠v.

kvXo]p-cpj A\p-]mXw kvXoIƒ°-\pIqe-amb tIc-f-Øn¬ t]mepw 0 ˛ 6hbv hsc-bp-ff ]mb-Øn¬ s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ Ipd-hm-sW-∂Xv ]iv\-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. BÏp-ń-I-tfm-Sp-ff àhpw s]¨`q-W-l-Xybpw Chn-sSbpw \S-°p-∂-Xmbn Bi-¶-bp-b¿∂n-´p-ap-≠v. tIcfw "]m©m-en-I-fpsS \mSm-Iptam' F∂vioaXn eoem-ta-t\m≥ (C-¥y≥ FIvkv]-kv) tNmZn-°p-∂Xpw tIc-f-Øn¬ t]mepws]¨`q-W-lXy \S-°p-∂-Xmbn ]apJ h\nXm BIv‰n-hnÃv hn`qXn ]t´¬ ]d-bp-∂Xpw hna¿i-\-]-c-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv.

Imt\-jp-amcn IW-°p-Iƒ Nq≠n-°mń hn`qXn ]t´¬ C]-Imcw ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. ""tIc-f-Øn¬ 2001 Imt\-jp-amcn IW-°p-]-Imcw 0˛6 ]mb-Øn-ep-ffinip-°-fpsS kvXo]p-cpj A\p-]mXw 963 BWv. 0˛6 ]mb-Øn-ep-ff BsIP\-kwJy tIc-f-Øn¬ 36.5 e£-am-Wv. CXn¬ 18.6 e£w BÏp-™p-ßfpw17.9 e£w s]Ïp-™p-ß-fp-am-Wv. 2001 se IW-°-\p-k-cn®v tIc-f-Øn¬ 79,760 s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ "AZriy'cmbn-cn-°p-∂p. kvXo˛-]p-cpj A\p-]m-X-Øns‚ CØ-c-Øn-ep-ff ]pcp-j-h¬°-cWw AƒSm ku≠v kt¶-X-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®p-ff enwK\n¿Æ-b-Øn-s‚bpw XpS¿∂p-ff s]¨ `qW-l-Xy-bp-tSbpw ê-am-Wv''

s]Ïp-ń-I-tf-°mƒ t\cnb tXmXn¬ Db¿∂ FÆw BÏp-ń-Iƒ P\n-°p∂p F∂Xv Poh-im-kvX-]-c-amb Hcp ]Xn-`m-k-am-Wv. 100 s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°v104 apX¬ 107 hsc BÏp-ń-Iƒ F∂ A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ Ihn™v BÏp-ń-

]ń-I-˛1Ipń-I-fnse enwKm-\p-]mXw

]mb hn`mKw 100 s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°vFX BÏp-ń-Iƒ

0-˛4 101.135-˛9 102.6210-˛14 102.21



Ifp≠mIp-tºmƒ amX-amWv Bi-¶°v hI-bp-≈-Xv.

2001 se sk≥kkv IW-°p-I-f-\p-k-cn®v0˛6 ]mb ]cn-[n -bnse BÏp-ń -Ifpws]Ïp-ń-Ifpw XΩn-ep-ff A\p-]mXw 104F∂n-cns° hn`qXn ]t´¬ ]d-bp∂ "ImWm-Xm-Ip∂ s]Ïp- n-Iƒ' Cu kzm`m-hnI ]Xn-`m-k-Øns‚ e-am-bp-f-f-Xm-hmt\ hgn-bp-≈p.Cu ]T-\-Øn-eqsS e`y-amb hyXykvX ]mb-]-cn-[n-bn-ep-ff Ip™p-ßpsS FÆw kw_-‘n® IW-°p-Ifpw ImWn-°p-∂Xv tIc-f-Øn¬ s]¨`q-W-l-Xy-sb-°p-dn®v kao-]-Im-eØv Db¿∂p-h-∂n- p-ff oXn°pw Bi-¶°pwkm[qIc-W-an√ F∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. (]-ń-I˛1)

kvXoI-fpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw

`mc-X-Ønse a‰p kwÿm-\-ßsf At]-£n®v t\m°p-tºmƒ G‰hpw Ipd™ kvXosXmgn¬ ]¶m-fn-Ø-\n-c°v (Female work

participation rate FWPR) tIc-f-Øn-em-Wv(]-ńI ˛ 2).

Imt\-jp-amcn IW-°p-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv 1991¬ 15.9% Bbn-cp∂ kvXosXm-gn¬]¶m-fnØw 2001 ¬ 15.3% Bbn Ipd-™n-cn-°p∂p F∂m-Wv. tIcf ]T-\-Øn¬ 13.1%BWv kvXoI-fpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØ \nc-°v. kvXoI-fpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw kw_-‘n® hnI-knX cmPy-ß-fnse IW-°p-I-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ ImWp∂A¥cw hfsc Db¿∂-Xm-Wv. 15˛64 ]mb-]-cn-[n-bn-ep-ff sXmgn¬ sNøp∂ kvXoI-fpsSiX-am\w G‰hpw Ipd™ 45%(C-‰-en) apX¬G‰hpw IqSnb 72%(sU-∑m¿°v) hsc hfscDb¿∂ tXmXn-em-sW-¶n¬ tIc-f-Øn-eXvshdpw 18% amX-am-sW∂pIm-Wmw. Im¿jn-I-cw-KsØ apc-Sn-∏v, hyh-km-b-ta-J-e-bpsS Ahn-I-kn-Xm-h-ÿ, ]c-º-cm-KX taJ-e-bpsS XI¿® F∂n-h-sb√mw kvXoI-fpsSsXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw Npcp-°p∂-Xn¬ ]¶p-h-ln-®n-´p-s≠∂p A\p-am-\n-°mw. IpSpw-_-h-cp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw AXp-hgn tIc-f-Øns‚ s]mXp kmº-ØnIhf¿® Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw kvXoI-fpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØ \nc°v Db¿Øp-I-bmWv th≠-sX∂ Imcy-Øn¬ X¿°-ap-≠m-Im-\n-S-bn-√.

-]ń-I-˛2-kvXoI-fpsS sXmgn¬]¶m-fnØw˛hnhn[

kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬sk≥kkv 2001˛apgp-h≥ P\-kw-Jy-bn¬

-kwÿm\w ]¶m-fnØwantkmdw 47.5lnam-N¬]-tZiv 43.7OØo-kvKUv 40.0aWn-∏q¿ 39.0kn°nw 38.6\mKm-em‚ v 38.1Acp-Wm-N¬]-tZiv 36.5taLm-eb 35.1B‘m-]-tZiv 35.1cmP-ÿm≥ 33.5a[y-]-tZiv 33.2I¿Wm-SI 32.0Xan-gv\mSv 31.5alm-cmjvS 30.8KpP-dmØv 27.9DØ-cm-©¬ 27.3lcnbm\ 27.2Qm¿JWvUv 26.4Hdo 24.7PΩp-Im-ivao¿ 22.5tKmh 22.4Xn]pc 21.1Bmw 20.7]©m_v 19.1_olm¿ 18.8]. _wKmƒ 18.3DØ¿]-tZiv 16.5tIcfw (sk≥kkv 2001) 15.4tIcfw (]-cn-jØv 2004) 13.1C¥y 25.6



kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v.

sXmgn¬ tk\-bpsS A©nsem-t∂mfw amX-amWv kvXoI-fpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-

]ń-I-˛3samØw kvXoI-fn¬ sXmgn-se-Sp-°p∂

kvXoI-fpsS iX-am\w(15- 64 ]mb-]-cn[n)

hnI-knX cmPy-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw

sU≥am¿°v 72kzoU≥ 71Im\U 68Cw•≠v 66Atacn° 65P¿a\n 60P∏m≥ 57^m≥kv 55kvs]bn≥ 49C‰en 45tIcfw (]-cn-jØv 2004) 18

]ńI ˛ 418-˛60 ]mb-ap≈ kvXoI-fpsS

sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØwiX-am-\-Øn¬

hn`mKw ]¶m-fnØw(%)BsI 19.5kmº-ØnI Kq∏vI 26.5II 19.1III 15.5IV 28.0taJ-e-IƒZ£nWw 22.2a[yw 21.1DØcw 16.9aXwlnµp 24.8ap…ow 7.1InkvXy≥ 20.9PmXn]nt∂m°w 22.9apt∂m°w 22.4]ń-I-PmXn 34.5]ń-I-h¿§w 35.4

18˛60 ]mb-]-cn-[n-bn¬ hcp∂ kvXoI-fpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw 19.5 iX-am-\-am-Wv. kmº-ØnI Kq∏v Iepw IVepw sXmgn¬]¶m-fnØw kmam\yw t`ZamWv. kmº-ØnI Kq∏v I¬ 26.5%hpw kmº-ØnI Kq∏vIV¬ 28.0%hpw. G‰hpw Ipd™ ]¶m-fnØwKq∏v 3 emWv(-Xmgv∂ a[y-h¿§w). Kq∏v I ¬Imbn-Im-[zm\w Bh-iy-amb sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬G¿s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ IqSp-X-ep-f-f-Xn-\mepw Kq∏vIVepf-f-h¿ kmt¶-XnI ss\]pWyw Bh-iy-amb sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm-\p-ffDb¿∂ hnZym-`ymk tbmKy-X-Iƒ t\Sn-b-h-cm-b-Xn-\mepw Bbn-cn°mw sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw sa®-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Kq∏v IIepw IIIepwDƒs∏-´-h-cmWv Xmc-X-tay\ C°m-cy-Øn¬]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bn-ep-f-f-Xv. hnZym-`ymktbmKy-X-bn¬ s]mXpsh sk°‚dn \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep-ff Cu hn`mKw Imbn-Im-[zm-\-Øn\phnap-Jcpw AtX-k-abw am\y-X-bp-f-f- IqSp-X¬ hcp-am-\-ap-ff sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm-\p-ff kmt¶-Xn-Itam s]m^-j-WtemBb ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t\Sm-Ø-h-cp-am-b-Xn-\m-emWv ho´-Ω-amcpw DtZym-Km¿∞n-I-fp-ambnIgn-bp-∂-Xv F∂v A\p-am-\n-°mw.

Imt\-jp-amcn IW-°p-I-fn¬ G‰hpwIpd™ kvXo sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw ImWp-∂Xv ae-∏pdw Pn√-bnse Xncq-c-ßm-Sn-bn-em-Wv(4.0%). G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ CSp°n Pn√-bnse tZhoIp-f-Øpw(35.4%).

G‰hpw Ipd™ kvXo sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØ \nc°v ap…ow kap-Zm-b-Øn-em-Wv(7.1%).]tZ-i-a-\p-k-cn®v t\m°p-tºmƒ Db¿∂]¶m-fnØw Z£n-W-tI-c-f-Øn-em-Wv (22.2%).]ń-I-Pm-Xn(34.5%) ]ń-I-h¿K(35.4%) hn`m-K-ß-fn-¬ ImWp∂ Db¿∂ kvXo sXmgn¬]¶m-fnØw Nne ]tXyI sXmgn-ep-IsftIµo-I-cn-®m-sW-∂Xv hy‡-am-Wv.

ta¬hn-h-cn® kmº-ØnI LS-I-ßƒ°-∏pdw kmwkv°m-cn-I-amb ]e LS-I-ßfpwkvXoI-fpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fn-Ø-°p-d-hns\



fnØw. ]ń-I-PmXn ]ńI h¿§-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬CXv aq∂n-sem-t∂m-f-ap-≠v (]ńI 5).

hnZym -`ym -k-Øns‚ Ipd -hp -sIm -≠√kvXoI-fpsS CS-bn¬ sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØwIpd-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kvXoI-fn¬ 6.7% \nc-£-c-cmWv. 4% hyXymkw kvXo ]pcp-j-∑m¿XΩn¬ ImWp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw 50 hb-n\pXmsg Cu hyXymkw 2.1%hpw 40hb-n-\p-Xmsg 1%hpw amX-am-Wv. AXp-t]mse +2 hnZym-`ymkw e`n® kvXo]p-cp-j-∑m¿ XΩn¬1%Ønepw Xmsg amXta hyXymkw ImWp-∂p-f-fp. kmt¶-XnI hnZym-`ym-khpw s]m^-j-W¬ tbmKy-X-Ifpw t\Sn-b-h¿ Gsd ]pcp-j-∑m-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ πkvSp, _ncp-Z, _ncp-Zm-\-¥c tbmKy-X-Iƒ t\Sn-b-h¿ IqSp-X¬kvXoI-fm-sW∂p ImWmw.

hnZym-`ymk tbmKy-Xbpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw XΩn¬ IrXy-amb _‘-an√ F∂m-WnXp kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Zfn-X¿°n-S-bnepwkmº-ØnI Kq∏v I epamWv kvXosXm-gn¬]¶m-fnØw G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep-f-f-Xv F∂Xpw

CXv hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. e`n® hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ Zu¿_-ey-ß-fn-te-°m-WnXv ][m-\-ambn hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂-Xv.

Zmcn-Zy-Øns‚ kvssXW-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ as‰mcp apJw hnhn[ sXmgn-ep-I-fn-ep-ff kvXo ]¶m-fn-Øhpw Ah-bpsS hcp-am-\hpw XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒsXfn-™p-h-cp-∂p (-]-ńI 6, 7). kvXoI-ƒ IqSp-X-ep≈ sa®-s∏´ hcp-am-\-ap-ffHtc-sbmcp taJe kvIqƒ A[ym-]n-I-am-cpsS sXmgn-em-Wv (66.9%). Db¿∂ hcp-am-\-ap-ff sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ t`Z-s∏´ kvXo ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap-f-fXv tImtfPv So®¿, ¢m¿°v,h°o¬, tUmIvS¿, F∂o sXmgn-ep-I-fn-em-Wv.

]ń-I-˛5samØw sXmgn¬ tk\-bn¬ kvXoI-

fpsS A\p-]mXw iX-am-\-Øn¬18 ˛ 60 ]mb-]-cn[n

hn`mKw ]¶m-fnØw %BsI 21.2kmº-ØnI Kq∏vI 29.3II 20.7III 17.1IV 29.2

aXwlnµp 24.8ap…ow 10.0InkvXy≥ 21.5PmXn]nt∂m°w 22.7apt∂m°w 24.3]ń-I-PmXn 31.1]ńI h¿Kw 35.0

]ń-I-˛6hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-cw˛ kvXo]p-cpj hyXymkw

18 hb-n\v apI-fn-ep≈ P\-kw-Jy-bpsS iX-am\w

\ne-hmcw kv(Xo(%) ]pcp-j≥ (%)

\nc-£-c¿ 6.7 2.4tIhe km£-cX 2.8 1.7ss]adn 29.7 27.8sk°‚dn 34.9 39.9lb¿sk-°‚dn 11.4 10.5sSIv\n-°¬ (Un-tπm-a) 2.3 5.1_ncpZw 9.1 8.9_ncp-Zm-\-¥c _ncpZw 2.1 1.7s]m -j-W¬ 1.0 1.9



]ń-I-˛8

G‰hpw Ipd™ hcp-am-\-ap≈ sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ kvXoIfpsS A\p-]mXw

sXmgn¬icm-icn kvXo

amk-h-cp-am\w (cq) ]¶m-fnØw (%)ho´p-the 907 96.9Ae°v 1000 66.7A¶≥hm-Sn-/\gvkdn So®¿ 1124 100.0\gvkdn klmbn 1158 100.0¢o\¿ (h-≠n) 1471 0.0Fkv.-Sn.-Un. _qØv 1523 40.0I¿j-I-sØm-gn-emfn 1583 24.6]c-º-cm-KX hyh-km-b-sØmgn-emfn 1587 52.6aX-t_m-[\w 1645 12.9¢o\¿ (tjm-∏v) 1733 24.0sIm√-∏Wn 1800 0.0Bcm-[-\m-e-b-]-Wn-Iƒ 1801 17.1a‰v A[ym-]-I¿ 1843 53.1Xp∂¬ 1856 47.8]mc-e¬ tItfPv A[ym-]-I¿ 1980 60.0

]ń-I-˛7G‰hpw Db¿∂- h-cp-am-\-ap≈ sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ kvXoIfpsS A\p-]mXw

sXmgn¬icm-icn kvXo

amk-h-cp-am\w (cq) ]¶m-fnØw (%)

tUmIvS¿ (B-[p-\nI sshZyw) 22400 25.0hyh-kmb DSa 18676 7.1k¿∆-I-em-im-em-[ym-]-I¿ 16700 16.7F≥Pn-\o-b¿ 12483 11.9tImtfPv/lb¿ sk°‚dn A[ym-]-I¿ 11887 39.4Hmô-k¿ 11790 14.9hyh-kmb amt\-P¿ 10250 11.8Hmôkv kq∏¿ssh-k¿ 9384 22.0]´mf Hmô-k¿ 7000 0.0h°o¬ 6800 31.0t]meokv Hmô-k¿ 6525 0.0kvIqƒ So®¿ 6218 66.9Iw]yq- ¿ ]h¿Ø-I¿ 6074 7.1Hmôkv Kpa-ÿ¿ 6073 31.5

hfsc Ipd™ thX\w e`n-°p∂ sXmgn-ep-I-fn-emWv kvXoIƒ IqSp-X-embnsXmgn-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. kvXoIƒ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ch-bn¬ ]eXpwIpd™ thX-\-ap-ff sXmgn-embn AwKo-I-cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂p-ap≠v. sXmgn-ep-I-fpsSIq´-Øn¬ G‰hpw hcp-am\w Ipd™ ho´p-tPm-en, Ae°v F∂n-h-bn¬ alm-`q-cn-



]£w kvXoI-fm-Wv. A¶≥hm-Sn, \gvkdn F∂nh GXm≠v 100% kvXoI-fpsStaJ-e-bm-Wv (]-ńI 8). hcp-am\w hfsc Ipd™ ]c-º-cm-KX IpSn¬ hyh-kmbtaJ-e-bnepw kvXoI-fmWv IqSp-X¬.

]e sXmgnep-I-fnepw kvXoIƒ Xosc-bn√ F∂Xv enwK-]-c-amb sXmgn¬ hn`-P-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]c-º-cm-KX k¶¬]-ßƒ Imc-W-am-Wv.

hcp-am\w Ipd™ sXmgn-ep-I-fnse kvXo tIµo-I-c-W-tØm-sSm∏w hnth-N-\-Øns‚ as‰mcp kqNn-I-bmWv hcp-am\Ønse ISpØ A¥-cw. Xpey-tPm-en°v

]ń-I-˛9

hnhn[ sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ kvXo]p-cpj hcp-am-\-Ønse A¥cw(Mean Income)

sXmgn¬hcp-am\w

kvXo ]pcp-j≥ iX-am\w

sXcphp hnev]\ 500 2137 23.4hnZ-Kv[-\n¿am-W-sØm-gn-emfn 1000 3202 31.2]c-º-cm-KX hyh-km-b-sØm-gn-emfn 826 2452 33.7Fkv.-Sn.-Un. _qØv 650 1850 35.1Xp∂¬ 931 2608 35.7]mNIw 800 2165 37.0]mcm-sa-Un-°¬ 3004 7973 37.7hnev]\ klmbn 1104 2901 38.0B[p-\nI hyh-kmb sXmgn-emfn 2177 5217 41.7I¿j-I-sØm-gn-emfn 947 1791 52.9_nkn-\-kv- - o¬Uvh¿°v 2323 4356 53.3A‰≥U¿- -kzo-∏¿ 2220 4145 53.5arK-]-cn-]m-e\w 1999 3583 55.8hyh-kmb kq∏¿ssh-k¿ 3200 5703 56.1\n¿am-W-sØm-gn-emfn 1412 2386 59.2¢o\nMv (tjm-∏v) 1167 1932 60.4Hmô-k¿ 8292 12332 67.2Bcm-[-\m-eb ]Wn-Iƒ 1317 1905 69.1Ae°v 860 1233 69.7kam-¥-c-hn-Zym-eb A[ym-]-I¿ 1713 2338 73.3_nkn-\kv ¢¿°v 2000 2622 76.3Hmôkv Kpa-ÿ¿ 5384 6391 84.3t]meokv 5000 5704 87.7lb¿sk-°‚dn/tImtfPvA[ym-]-I¿ 11000 12463 88.3kvIqƒ So®¿ 6001 6655 90.2Hmôkv kq∏¿ssh-k¿ 9551 9339 102.3h°o¬ 7000 6722 104.1F©n-\o-b¿ 13438 12333 109.0Iem]h¿Ø-I¿ 3100 2600 119.2



Xpey-th-X\w F∂Xv apd-hn-fn-bm-bn-Xs∂ Ah-ti-jn-°p∂p F∂v Cu ]T-\-Øn¬e`n® hnh-c-ßƒ ImWn-°p-∂p. k¿°m¿ taJ-e-bn-sem-gnsI Fhn-sSbpw CXv]men-°p-∂n-√. ]pcp-j\v IpSpw-_-th-X-\hpw (Ip-Spw-_-Øn-\p-ff Iqen-˛-A-Xm-bXvA—≥,-A-Ω, `mcy, Ipń-Iƒ F∂n-h¿°p-ff Iqen) kvXobv°v hy‡n-KX thX-\-hp-sa∂ Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ k¶¬]w Xs∂-bmWv ]e sXmgn-ep-I-fnepw ]tXy-In®v Akw-L-SnX taJ-e-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. ]e sXmgn-ep-I-fnepw c≠pwaq∂pw aS-ßmWv hcp-am\ hyXym-kw. Xpey-amb Imbn-Im-[zm\w sNep-Øp∂sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ t]mepw ISpØ A¥cw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p (]-ńI ˛ 9).

ho´-Ω-amcpw sXmgn-e-t\z-j-Icpw

kvXoI-fpsS Ipd™ sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fn-Øhpw kmam\y hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚hym]-\hpw Hcp-°nb khn-ti-j-amb Hcp ÿnXn-hn-ti-j-Øns‚ ê-ambn sXmgn-e-t\z-j-Icpw ho´-Ω-am-cp-amb kvXoI-fpsS Hcp h≥ \nc tIc-f-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-ń-cn-

hn`mKw sXmgn-ep-≈-h¿ ho´Ω sXmgn-e-t\zj-I¿F√mw 19.1 43.1 37.8kmº-ØnI Kq∏v

I 22.8 51.3 25.9II 17.9 48.7 33.4III 17.8 36.6 45.7IV 27.1 22.0 50.9aXwlnµp 24.0 35.5 40.5ap…ow 7.5 60.7 31.8InkvXy≥ 26.6 32.4 41.0PmXn]nt∂m°w 21.1 35.6 43.3apt∂m°w 24.8 28.8 46.4]ńI-PmXn 31.0 40.6 28.4]ń-I-h¿§w 35.3 39.2 25.5hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw\nc-£-c¿ 43.8 50.0 6.3A\u-]-Nm-cnI hnZym-`ymkw 27.3 63.6 9.1]mY-anIw 21.3 68.9 9.8sk°-≠dn 14.0 60.6 25.4πkv 2 15.5 8.0 76.6kmt¶-XnIw 47.8 2.6 49.6_ncpZw 27.0 5.7 67.3_ncpZm-\-¥c _ncpZw 41.3 3.3 55.4s]m -j-W¬ 60.0 0.0 40.0

]ńI 1018˛-35 ]mb-°m-cn¬ ho´-Ω-amcpw sXmgn-e-t\z-j-Icpw

(hn-hn[ hn`mKßfn¬ )



°p-∂p F∂p ImWmw. 18˛35 ]mb-]-cn-[n-bn-ep-ff kvXoI-fn¬ 37.8% ho´-Ω-amcpw44.9% sXmgn-e-t\z-j-I-cp-am-Wv. sXmgn-ep-f-f-h¿ 17.3% amX-am-Wv (]-ńI ˛ 10).

tIc-f-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ ho´-Ω-h¬°-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®v hni-Z-amb ]T-\-ßƒ e`y-am-bn-ń-√. B[n-Im-cn-I-amb IW-°p-Ifpw e`y-a-√. ho´Ω F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cpsS tXmXv kmº-ØnI \ne-hmcw Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v Ipd-bp-∂p-≠v.F∂m¬ Cu ]T-\-Ønse kmº-ØnI Kq∏v II, III hn`m-K-Øn-em-Wv ho´-Ω-am¿FÆ-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep-f-f-Xv. Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-cpsS hn`m-K-amb EG IV

¬ 65% kvXoIƒ(18˛35 ]mb-]-cn-[n) sXmgn-e-t\z-j-I-cmWv F∂Xv Db¿∂ hnZym-`ymk tbmKy-X-bpsS Db¿∂ tXmXn-ep≈ \ncp-]-tbm-K-Øns‚ kqN-\-bm-bn-s -Sp-°mw.

Im¿jnI kºZvhyhÿ \ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ ho´-Ω-h¬°-cWwhenb ]iv\-ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂n-√. ImcWw Irjnbpw Im¿jn-Im-\p-_‘ taJ-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]e Dev]m-Z\ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw kvXoIƒ CS-s]-Sm-dp-≠v.Ah ]eXpw IW-°m-°-s∏-Sm-dn√ F∂p amXw. adn®v apX-em-fnØ kº-ZvL-S-\-bn¬ "ho´Ω' shdpw ho´-Ω-bm-Wv. Ah¿ D¬]m-Z\ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂n-s√∂p amX-a-√, D]-t`m-Km-k‡n h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\p-X-Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ hni-a-th-f-Iƒ D≠m-hp-∂p, As√-¶n¬ krjvSn-s®-Sp-°p-∂p.

]T-\-Øn¬ kmº-ØnI Kq∏v I epw 47.7% ho´-Ω-am-cm-Wv. \nc-£-c-cm-b-h-sc-sb-Sp-Øm¬ Ah-cnepw 50% ho´-Ω-am-cm-Wv.

]ń-I-PmXn/h¿K-°m¿, \nc-£-c¿, kmt¶-XnI tbmKy-X-Iƒ t\Sn-b-h¿, s]m -j-W¬, t]mÃv KmtPz‰v tbmKy-X-Iƒ t\Sn-b-h¿ F∂o hn`m-K-ß-fm-Wv sXmgn¬sNøp-∂-h-cn¬ Aev]w Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂-Xv (C-Xp-t]mepw Hmtcm hn`m-K-Ønepwaq∂n-semt∂ hcp-∂p-ffp F∂p ImWmw). sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-h-cn¬ Db¿∂ iX-am-\-ap-f-fXv \nc-£-c¿°n-S-bn-emWv (43.8%). AtX-k-abw +2 \ne-hm-c-Øn¬tbmKyX t\Sn-b-h-cmWv G‰hpw Ipd-™ Af-hn¬ sXmgn¬ kºm-Zn-°p-∂Xv (12.5%).Ah-cn¬ 81.2% sXmgn-e-t\z-j-I-cm-Wv. πkvSp apX¬ Db¿∂ tbmKy-X-Iƒ t\SnbkvXoI-fpsS Hcp h≥ \nc-bmWv tIc-f-Ønse sXmgn-et\zjIcpsS apJy-`m-Kw.AtX-k-abw ss]a-dn, sk°‚dn tbmKy-X-Iƒ t\Snb `qcn-`m-Khpw ho´-Ω-am-cmbn hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-h-cmWv F∂p ImWmw.

hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ t]mcm-bvabpw kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb a‰p LS-I-ßfpw ImcWwG‰hpw Ipd™ iX-am\w t]¿ sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂Xv ap…ow kvXoIƒ°n-S-bn-emWv (7.1%). G‰hpw Db¿∂ tXmXn¬ (57.2%) ho´-Ω-am-cm-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw ap…owhn`m-K-Øn¬ Xs∂. ho -Ω-am¿ Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-hcpw sXmgn-e-t\z-j-Icpw IqSp-X-em-bn-´p-f-fXpw InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-Øn-em-Wv. ap…ow hn`m-K-Øns‚ C∂sØ \ne IqSp-X¬ ]T\a¿ln-°p-∂p. hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-c-Øns‚Imcy-Øn¬ an° Xe-ß-fnepw GI-tZ-i-sa-¶nepw kvXo ]pcpj XpeyX \ne-\n¬°p∂ tIc-f-Øn¬ Ah-kc Xpey-X-bp-tSbpw k¿°m¿ sXmgn-ep-I-fnse ]mXn-\n-[y-Øn-t‚bpw ]iv\w C°m-esØ ][m\ hn-hm-Z-hn-j-bßfn-sem-∂mWv.ChnsS kqNn-∏n® kvXoI-fpsS Ipd™ sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw F∂ hiw Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v Cu ]iv\sØ kao-]n-°m\m-hn-√.



Ipń-I-fpsS `mhnbpw A—-\-Ω-am-cpsS ]Xo-£bpw

c£n-Xm-°ƒ°v BÏp-ń-I-tfmSpw s]Ïp-ń-I-tfm-Sp-ap-ff ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambhyXykvX at\m-`m-h-ßƒ°v Gsd am‰w h∂n-´p-≠v. s]m^-j-W¬ hnZym-`ym-k-apƒs∏-sS-bp-ff F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw C∂p s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ Db-¿∂p hcp-∂p-≠v.kmº-ØnI \ne Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v hnZym-`ymk e`y-X-bn¬ B¨ ˛ s]¨hyXymkw Ipd-bp-∂p-ap-≠v. F¶nepw BÏp- n-I-sfbpw s]Ïp- n-I-sfbpw Ipdn®v

s]

m-j

-W¬

]ńI 11aqØ -Ip-ń-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]Xo£ (i-X-am-\-Øn¬)

hyXykvX hn`m-K-ß-fn¬

sh

≈-t°

m-f¿

a‰p

-≈h

hnh

mlw

A`n

-]m-b

-an√

s]

m-j

-W¬

sh

≈-t°

m-f¿

a‰p

-≈h

hnh

mlw

A`n

-]m-b

-an√

BÏpń s]Ïpń

hn`m-K-w

F√mw 23.9 13.8 30.7 1.5 30.1 19.3 10.7 16.3 21.5 32.3

kmº-ØnI Kq∏v

I 11.7 12.5 37.4 0.8 37.6 8.8 9.6 18.8 30.0 32.8

II 16.2 16.4 32.6 1.8 33.0 13.6 10.0 17.6 23.5 35.2

III 27.0 13.9 30.6 1.7 26.8 22.9 11.5 16.5 18.3 30.8

IV 51.6 9.8 13.6 0.0 25.0 44.2 11.6 7.0 12.4 24.8

aXw

lnµp 21.7 15.5 29.4 1.6 31.8 19.2 11.5 18.6 17.4 33.3

ap…ow 20.5 13.1 33.6 1.7 31.2 12.2 8.6 12.0 37.8 29.4

InkvXy≥ 33.6 10.3 30.4 0.8 24.9 29.3 11.0 14.8 12.4 32.5

]tZiw

sX°v 24.4 15.7 29.4 1.7 28.8 23.8 11.3 16.3 16.6 32.0

a[yw 27.9 13.1 32.1 0.8 26.2 22.6 13.2 18.0 16.7 29.5

hS°v 20.8 13.0 30.5 1.8 33.9 14.0 8.6 15.0 28.1 34.4

PmXn

]nt∂m°w 20.3 15.1 32.5 1.6 30.5 18.4 12.8 18.8 17.1 32.9

apt∂m°w 30.0 16.0 23.0 0.9 30.0 24.9 8.9 16.4 16.0 33.8

]ńI-PmXn 13.6 15.4 29.0 2.5 39.5 13.8 11.4 22.8 17.9 34.1

]ń-I-h¿§w 15.8 10.5 47.4 0.0 26.3 0.0 10.0 10.0 30.0 50.0

cmjvSobm-`n-apJyw

F¬.-Un.F v 21.7 16.6 30.0 1.6 30.1 18.0 12.3 18.6 20.1 31.0

bp.Un.F^v 25.1 12.4 32.2 1.6 28.7 19.8 10.6 15.1 25.1 29.3

_n.-sP.]n 24.1 13.0 27.8 1.9 33.3 25.0 5.0 12.5 17.5 40.0



an° hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw hyXykvX ]Xo-£-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-Wp-f-f-Xv. kaq-l-Øn¬\ne-\n¬°p∂ kvXo ]pcp-j- tdm-fp-I-sfbpw k¶-ev]-ß-sfbpw ]Xn- -en-∏n-°p∂Nne A`n-]m-b-ßƒ Cu ]T-\-Ønepw Db¿∂p h∂n-´p-≠v.

aqØ-Ipń BÏp-ńtbm s]Ïp-ńtbm? Cu Ipń-bpsS `mhn-sb-°p-dn®v\nßƒ°p-ff k¶ev]w F∂ tNmZy-ßƒ°v e`n® ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ hni-I-e\hnt[-b-am-°p∂ ]ńI ˛ 11 t\m°p-I.

Ipń-bpsS `mhn-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff ]Xo-£-I-fpsS ASn-Ød kmº-ØnIw Xs∂-bm-sW∂v Cu ]ńI ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Db¿∂ CSØ-c-°m-cn¬ (EG IV) 51.6% Ipńsbs]m^-j-W¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\-b-bv°m≥ BK-ln-°p-tºmƒ kmº-ØnIwIpd™ hn`mKw I ¬ 11.7% amX-amWv s]m^-j-W¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\-b-°m-sa∂p Icp-Xp∂Xv. s]m^-j-W¬ hnZym-`ym-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ h¿K-]-c-ambhyXymkw Cu IW-°p-I-fn¬ ]I-S-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu F√m hn`m-K-ß-fnepwBÏp-ń-I-tf-°mƒ Ipd™ tXmXnte s]Ïp-ń-I-sf-°p-dn®v Cßs\ ]Xo-£n-°p-∂p-f-fp. sXmgn¬, `mhn F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff A\n-›n-Xm-hÿ Imc-W-amImw 30% Øne-[nIw t]¿ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ ]d-bp-∂n-√. 21.5% t]¿ s]Ïp-ń-I-fpsS `mhn hnhm-l-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv ImWp-∂-Xv. BÏp-ń-I-fpsSImcy-Øn¬ Aßs\ Nn¥n-°p-∂-h¿ \ma-am-X-am-Wv. CsXmcp hnth-N-\-amsW∂tXm∂¬ t]mepan√m-ØX Bg-Øn-ep-ffXmWv Cu at\m-`m-hw. F∂m¬ kaqlykmº-ØnI ]Zhn Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v CXn¬ Imcy-amb hyXym-k-ap-≠v. Zcn-Z-cn¬ 30% `mhn hnhm-l-Øn-em-sW∂p ImWp-tºmƒ kºØp IqSp-X-ep-ff EG IV

¬ 12.4% amXta Aßs\ ImWp-∂p-f-fp.

C°m-cy-Ønepw ]I-S-amb Db¿∂ iX-am\w ap…o-ßƒ°n-S-bn-em-Wv. ap…owkap-Zm-b-Ønse 37.8% Ipń-bpsS `mhn- hn-hml Pohn-X-Øn-emWv A¿∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. s]m -j-W¬ sh≈-t°m-f¿ taJ-e-I-fn-te°v s]Ïp- n-Isf Ab-bv°m≥bYm-Iaw 12.2% hpw 8.6% hpw IpSpw-_-ßƒ amXta BKlw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p≈p.InkvXy≥ hn`m-Kw a‰p hn`m-K-ßsf At]-£n®v s]Ïp-ń-I-fpsS sXmgn¬]Xo-£-Iƒ°mWv IqSp-X¬ ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

s]Ïp-ń-bpsS `mhn-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff ]Xo-£-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]ń-I-h¿§hn`m-K-Ønse 50% hpw \nw-KX ]men-°p∂p F∂Xv it≤-b-am-Wv.

IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂Xv

IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-kw, Krl-\n¿Ωm-Ww, Km¿ln-I sNe-hp-Iƒ, hnt\mZw XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v ]T-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn tNmZn-®n-cp-∂p. Cu Imcy-ß-fnse√mw Htc cq]-Øn-ep≈ DØ-c-ß-fmWv e`n-®-Xv (]-ńI 12).

F√m Imcy-ß-fnepw kvXobpw ]pcp-j\pw tbmPn®p Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂p F∂Ah-ÿ-°mWv `qcn-]-£w. CXv kzmK-Xm¿lw Xs∂-bm-Wv. G‰hpw Npcp-ßn-bXvAØ-c-Øn¬ ]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv icn F∂ t_m[-sa-¶nepw `qcn-]-£-Øn-\pap-≠v. F¶nepw GsX-¶n-ep-sam-cmƒ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂p F∂- n-]m-b-s∏- -h-cn¬ ]pcp-j-∑m¿°p-X-s∂-bmWv hy‡-amb ap≥Xq°w. H‰°p Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p∂ kvXoI-fpsS iX-am\w IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv kmº-Øn-I-ambn Xmgv∂ hn`m-K-ß-fn-em-Wv. kvXoapJy-h-cp-am-\-°m-cmb IpSpw-_-ßƒ Ch-cn¬ IqSp-X-em-Wv F∂-Xm-bn-cn°mw Imc-



Ww. Iq´mb Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p∂-Xns‚ tXmXv Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI hn`m-Kw,InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, a[y-tI-cfw F∂o hn`m-K-ß-fn-se√mw IqSp-X-em-Wv.

kvXoI-fpsS hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcw kz¥w Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ Ign-hns\kzm[o-\n-°p-∂n√ F∂p ImWmw. F∂m¬ sXmgn-se-Sp-°p∂ kvXoI-fp≈ IpSpw-

Ipń-I-fpsShnZym- ymkw

Krl-\n¿ΩmWw

Km¿lnI ]W-hn-\n-tbmKw

]pc

p-j≥

kvX

o

tbmP

n®v

]pc

p-j≥

kvX

o

tbmP

n®v

]pc

p-j≥

kvX

o

tbmP

n®vhn`m-K-ßƒ

F√mw 20.5 6.5 73.1 23.1 4.2 72.6 28.7 6.9 64.4

kmº-ØnI Kq∏v

I 22.5 9.3 68.2 24.7 5.7 69.6 31.2 7.4 61.4

II 21.3 7.0 71.8 23.3 4.9 71.9 29.1 7.0 63.8

III 20.9 5.7 73.4 23.6 3.7 72.7 28.8 7.2 64.0

IV 14.4 4.2 81.4 18.7 2.3 78.8 24.4 4.6 70.8

aXwlnµp 20.4 6.2 73.4 22.0 4.8 73.1 27.0 7.4 65.5ap…ow 25.7 8.7 65.5 29.3 4.5 66.1 36.6 7.2 56.2InkvXy≥ 14.6 4.6 80.7 19.2 2.1 78.8 24.5 5.2 70.4]tZiwsX°v 21.3 7.2 71.5 24.7 4.7 70.5 26.4 8.8 64.7a[yw 16.0 4.4 79.7 18.3 3.3 78.5 23.5 5.7 70.8hS°v 23.3 7.5 69.2 25.7 4.5 69.7 34.1 6.5 59.3PmXn]nt∂m°w 20.9 6.3 72.8 22.6 4.4 73.0 28.1 6.6 65.3apt∂m°w 18.3 6.2 75.5 20.2 4.5 75.1 24.9 8.3 66.6]ńI-PmXn 23.4 5.1 71.5 21.5 5.6 72.9 25.9 8.4 65.6]ń-I-h¿§w 27.8 9.3 63.0 30.2 7.5 62.3 40.7 9.3 50.0cmjvSobm-`n-apJywF¬.-Un.F v 21.0 6.1 72.9 23.2 4.3 72.5 28.1 6.7 65.2bp.Un.F^v 19.9 7.0 73.2 23.0 4.0 73.0 30.4 7.1 62.5_n.-sP.]n 15.5 3.2 81.3 21.4 3.2 75.3 26.1 8.1 65.8kvXo hnZym-`ymk \ne-hmcwπkvSp-hn\v Xmsg 26.6 7.1 69.3 25.7 4.5 69.7 31.8 7.2 61.0πkvSp-hn\v apI-fn¬ 15.9 5.8 78.6 19.3 3.7 77.0 24.1 6.4 69.5IpSpw_-Øn¬ sXmgn-se-Sp-°p∂ kvXoC√ 21.5 5.5 73.0 24.3 3.0 72.6 31.2 5.6 63.1

D≠v 17.9 9 73.1 20.1 7.8 72.1 22.1 10.3 67.5

]ńI 12IpSpw-_-Øn¬ hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fn¬

Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂Xv Bcv? (%)



_-ß-fn¬ Aß-s\-b-√mØ IpSpw-_-ßsf At]-£n®v CXv Cc-ń-tbmfw hcpw.hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-c-tØ-°mƒ tPmen-bmWv kvXoI-fpsS kzbw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ Ign-hns\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-sX∂v CXv ImWn-°p-∂p.

hcp-am-\-Ønepw ]Z-hn-bnepw Gsd Xmsg \n¬°p∂ kvXokaqlw A[zm-\-Øn¬ Cc-ń-`mcw t]dp-∂-h-cm-Wv. hnZym-`ym-k-Ønse XpeyX C°m-cy-ß-fn¬kvXoIƒ°v A\p-Iq-e-ambn amdp-∂n-s√∂v \mw I≠p. CtXm-sSm∏w ]pcp-j-tI-µo-IrX aqey-ßƒ krjvSn-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cnI kmaqly kzm[o-\-ßfpw N¿®sNø-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. kvXoI-fpsS kpc-£n-XXzw, s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fnse D]-Zhw

]ńI 13enwK-]-Z-hn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne ]iv\-ß-fn-ep≈ A`n-]mbw (%)

ani

kvI

qfp-

Iƒ

°v A

\p-I

qew

s]

mXp-ÿ

-eØ

vi

ey-s

∏-Sp

-Ø¬

D≠

v

kvX

oIƒ

°v A

c-£n-

Xm-h

ÿ I

qSp-X

¬

_

n¬ H

∂n-

®p≈

ko‰

n∂v

A\

p-Iqe

w]

mN-I

-ip-N

o-I-cW

tPme

n-I-fn¬

]¶

m-fn-

I-fmb

]pc

p-j-∑

m¿

Km¿

lnI

-tP

m-en-I

-fn¬

]pc

pj ]

¶m-

fnØ

w th

Ww

hn`m-K-w

F√mw 50.4 62.1 69.0 36.3 37.1 61.5

kmº-ØnI Kq∏v

I 42.7 51.1 55.7 28.9 34.9 56.0

II 47.0 58.9 63.3 33.2 33.9 57.5

III 54.0 66.3 73.6 38.4 38.9 64.1

IV 55.6 69.7 84.4 45.9 42.0 71.0

aXw

lnµp 49.9 61.4 72.3 39.0 38.2 63.6

ap…ow 50.6 60.3 54.6 25.1 26.9 48.9

InkvXy≥ 51.2 66.5 75.1 41.2 44.8 69.3

]tZiw

sX°v 52.3 63.3 68.7 39.9 42.3 66.5

a[yw 51.2 63.0 75.2 36.4 39.8 64.3

hS° 48.5 60.6 64.5 33.8 31.6 56.1

PmXn

]nt∂m°w 49.5 61.3 72.6 38.7 35.1 61.7

apt∂m°w 52.7 62.7 76.3 43.8 42.5 68.0

]ńI-PmXn 47.2 57.5 65.0 32.8 40.7 62.0

]ń-I-h¿§w 36.5 58.2 53.8 22.2 44.4 66.0cmjvSobm-`n-apJyw

F¬.-Un.F v 49.8 63.7 71.4 37.2 38.0 62.8

bp.Un.F^v 48.9 61.6 66.9 35.5 36.1 58.5

_n.-sP.]n 48.3 56.1 74.1 36.3 43.2 65.6



XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßƒ Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ kvXoI-tfmSv ]tXy-I-ambn At\z-jn-®n-cp-∂p. kvXo ]pcp-j-Xp-ey-X-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb hnZym-`ymkw, bmX, Km¿lnItPmen-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn -®p≈ ]Xn-I-c-W-ßfpw e`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.kvXoIƒ°v ap≥Im-esØ At]-£n®v kpc-£n-XXzw Ipd™ncn-°p∂p F∂v]Ip-Xn-tbmfw t]¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. s]mXp-ÿ-esØ iey-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cmWv kvXoIfn¬ 62.1 iX-am-\hpw. Cu A`n-]m-b-ßƒ ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-h-cpsS tXmXv kmº-ØnI \ne-b-\p-k-cn®v hyXym-k-ap-≠v. kmº-Øn-I-ambn Xmgv∂p\nev°p∂ hn`m-K-ß-sf At]-£n®v Db¿∂ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ C°m-cy-ßƒ D∂-bn-°p-∂-h-cpsS iX-am\w IqSp-X-em-Wv.

]ńI 14s]mXp-ÿ-esØ iey-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ (%)

kvX

oIƒ

IqS

p-X

¬ ]

pd-Ø

nd-

ßp∂

p

]te

m--\

I-c-amb

hk

vX-[

m-c-W

w

am[

y-a-k

n-\na

t]

-cW

]pc

pj∑

mcps

Sat\

m-mh

whn`m-K-w

a‰p≈

h/H

∂n-e

-[

nIw

Imc

-W-ß

ƒ

F√mw 3.8 17.7 20.4 23.7 34.4

kmº-ØnI Kq∏v

I 5.2 19.4 15.4 24.3 35.7

II 3.9 18.1 21.7 24.3 31.9

III 3.4 17.9 21.5 23.0 34.2

IV 3.8 13.9 19.3 25.8 37.2

aXw

lnµp 3.1 16.0 22.1 23.5 35.3

ap…ow 6.3 24.6 17.7 19.8 31.5

InkvXy≥ 3.3 15.4 18.7 27.9 34.7

]tZiw

sX°v 3.6 16.6 21.8 24.5 33.4

a[yw 2.6 19.4 17.6 25.9 34.6

hS°v 5.0 17.1 21.7 21.4 34.9

PmXn

]nt∂m°w 3.2 14.9 22.9 22.6 36.5

apt∂m°w 2.7 17.9 21.0 25.2 33.3

]ńI-PmXn 4.0 21.9 19.1 21.9 33.1

]ń-I-h¿§w 0.0 6.5 19.4 22.6 51.6

cmjvSobm-`n-apJyw

F¬.-Un.F v 3.2 17.5 21.6 21.9 35.8

bp.Un.F^v 4.0 18.9 19.5 25.7 31.8

_n.-sP.]n 2.4 16.5 27.1 21.2 32.9



s]mXp kaq-l-Øns‚ at\m-`-mh-Øn¬ henb am‰w hcp-Øn-s°m≠v amXtaC°m-cy-ßƒ°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥ Ign-bq. Ipń-I-fn¬ B¨s]¨ th¿Xn-cn-hn√msX Xpey-Xbpw ]c-kv]-c-_-lp-am-\hpw sNdp∏w apX¬ Xs∂ hf¿tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu Bi-b-Øn\v ˛ anIvkUv kvIqfn-ßn\v ˛ s]mXpsh Db¿∂ ]n¥p-We`n-°p-∂p-≠v. kmº-ØnI \ne Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v Cu A`n-]m-b-Øn\v ]n¥p-Wbpw h¿≤n-°p-∂p-≠v. AtX kabw _p-I-fn¬ a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fn-te-Xp-t]mse H∂n-®p≈ ko‰v F∂ BibØn\v tIc-f-Ønse kvXoIƒ°n-S-bn¬s]mXpth kzoIm-cy-Xbn-√ (36.3% amXw). bmXmth-f-I-fnse A\p-`-h-ßƒ adn®pNn¥n-°m≥ Xs∂-bmWv Ah¿°v t]c-W-bm-Ip-∂-Xv.

C°m-cy-ß-fn¬ s]mXpth F√m hn`m-K-ß-fpw Htc cq]-Øn-emWv ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ ]I-Sn-∏n-®-Xv. F∂m¬ anikvIqfns‚ Imcy-Øn-epw, Km¿lnI tPmen-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn-ep-sa√mw ap…ow hn`mKw a‰p aX-hn-`m-K-ßsf At]-£n®v Ipd™tXmXn-emWv A\p-Iqe A`n-]mbw ]I-Sn-∏n-®-Xv.

Kr-l-tPm-en-I-fnse ]¶m-fn-Ø-sØ-°p-dn®v IpSpw-_-ß-fnse ]pcp-j-∑m-tcmSv]tXy-I-amb tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 37.1% t]cm-Wv ]mNI ipNo-I-cWtPmen-I-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-hp-∂Xv. ]pcp-j-∑m¿ CØcw tPmen-Iƒ ]¶n-S-W-sa∂A`n-]m-b-°m-cmWv kvXoI-fn¬ 61.5 iX-am-\w. ap…ow Hgn-sI-bp≈ F√m hn`m-K-ßfpw C°m-cy-Øn¬ kam-\-amb A`n-]mbw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw.

s]mXp ÿeØpw bmX-bnepw ]pcp-j-∑m-cn¬ \n∂p≈ tami-amb s]cp-am‰wF¥p-sIm-≠p-≠m-hp∂p F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v hfsc sshhn-[y-ap≈ DØ-c-ß-fmWvIqSp-X¬ kvXoIfpw ]d-™-Xv. CXn¬ G‰hpw ][m\ ]Xn-I-cWw ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS at\m-`m-hsØ°pdn®p-≈-Xm-Wv. 23.7% kvXoIƒ ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS at\m-`m-h-amWv CXn\v Imc-W-sa-∂p Icp-Xp-∂p (]-ńI 14). am[y-a-ß-fp-tSbpw kn\n-a-bp-tSbpw kzm[o-\-am-sW∂v hniz-kn-°p-∂-h-cmWv A©n-sem-∂p -t]¿. kvXoIƒ]tem-`-\-I-c-ambn hkvXw [cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-sW∂v A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-hcpw17.7% i-X-am-\-ap≠v.

cmjvSob ]m¿ń B`n-ap-Jyw, a‰p hn`-P-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-√m-sa-Sp-Øm¬ Cu]iv\-Øn¬ Htc cq]-Øn-ep≈ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ Xs∂bmWv h∂n-´p-≈sX∂pImWmw.

Hcp IpSpw_ k¿t∆-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Ifn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠p≈ At\z-j-W-ß-fn¬e`n® Nne ]Xn-I-c-Wßƒ amX-am-Wn-Xv. IqSp-X¬ At\z-j-W-ßƒ \S-t°≠Ht´sd khn-tij ]iv\-ßƒ kvXoI-fpsS Ah-ÿbpambn _‘-s∏´v tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠v. Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xn\v Hcp XpS-°-an-Sm≥ Cu \nco-£-W-ßƒ klm-b-I-am-hpw.



A≤ymbw 11

kwkvImcw

`mjm-]-c-ambn G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ GIo-Ir-X-amb kwÿm-\-amWv tIcfw.

kwÿm-\sØ 95% P\-ßfpw kwkm-cn-°p∂ `mj ae-bm-f-amWv. Cu GI-Xz-Øn-\n-S-bnepw P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-co-Xn-I-fnepw Nn¥-bnepw ]hr-Øn-I-fn-ep-sa√mwGsd hy-Xymk-ß-fp≠v. Cu hyXymk-ßƒ°v kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb thcp-I-fp≠v. `q]-tZiw, aXw, PmXn, h¿Kw F∂n-h-bn-se√mw A[n-jvTn-X-amb Ncn-X-]-c-am-bn-Ø-s∂-bp≈ hyXym-k-ß-fm-Wn-h-sb√mw. Ch-bm-Is´ \nc-¥-c-amb am‰-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂p-ap≠v. ae-bmf `mj-bpsS hI-t`-Z-ß-fpsSImcyw DZm-l-c-W-am-sb-Sp°mw. \ap°v Xr»q¿ ae-bm-fhpw hSt° ae-_m¿ ae-bm-fhpw h≈p-h-\m-S≥ (sXt° ae-_m¿) ae-bm-fhpw Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ae-bm-f-hp-sam-s°-bmbn \nc-h[n kwkm-c-`mjm hI-t`-Z-ß-fp≠v. aXhpw PmXn-bp-ambn_‘-s∏´ hmsamgn `mj-I-fp-ap≠v. am∏nf ae-bm-fhpw ap°p-h-cpsS kwkm-c-`m-j-bp-sa√mw DZm-l-c-W-amWv.

kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb ioe-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw A`n-]m-b-ß-fp-sa√mw kaq-l-Ønse kmº-ØnI kmaqly˛cmjvSob Ne-\-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v amdn-h-cp-∂p≠v.]gb hyXym-k-ßƒ C√m-Xm-Ip-tºmƒ Hcp Xc-Øn-ep≈ GIo-I-cWw DS-se-Sp-°p-∂p≠v. CXn\p hn]-co-X-ambn, ]pXnb kmaqly hn -P-\-ßƒ˛]tXy-In®v h¿Km-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈h˛cq]w sIm≈p-∂-Xns‚ mK-ambn sshhn-[y-h¬°-c-W-Øn-t‚-Xmb ]In-bbpw Db¿∂p hcm-dp≠v. kn\na, sSen-hn-j≥ XpS-ßnb _lp-P\kmwkvIm-cnI am[y-a-ß-fpsS hym]-\-tØmsS ae-bm-f-Ønse hmsamgn [mc-IƒGsd Zp¿_-e-am-bn-´p≠v. tZiw, aXw, PmXn F∂n-h-s°-√m-a-Xo-X-ambn ]pXnbXe-apd kwkm-cn-°p∂ ae-bmfw kn\n-a-bn-teXpw sSen-hn-j≥ kocn-b-ep-I-fn-te-Xp-ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p∂p. ta¬ hnh-cn® GIo-I-cW ]In-b-bpsS Hcp-Zm-l-c-W-ambn CXn-s\-sb-Sp°mw.kam-¥-c-ambn Cw•ojv aoUnbw hnZym-`ymkw e`n®htcWy bph-P-\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Cw•ojv Ie¿∂ ae-bm-fhpw hym]-I-hp-am-hp-∂p≠v.

CØ-c-Øn¬ ka-Im-enI tIc-f-k-aq-l-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cnI hyh-lm-c-ß-fp-tSbpw at\m-`mh cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw A`n-]mb \n¿am-W-Øn-s‚-bp-



sa√mw ]c-kv]c kzm[o-\-ß-fmbn h¿Øn-°p∂ ]In-b-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-jWw IqSn-bmWv tIc-f-]-T\w.

ae-bm-fn-bpsS `£-Whpw thjhpw

]tXy-I-ambn ]mX¬ ]mIw sNøp∂ kº-Zmbw ap≥Im-eØv Gsdbpw D]-cn-h¿K hn`m-K-ß-fnepw D∂X PmXn-°m-cnepw amX-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. ]t£C∂v Cu ioew hym]-I-am-bn-´p≠v. Cu k¿t∆ kmºn-fn¬ aq∂n¬ c≠v IpSpw-_-ß-fnepw ]tXyIw ]mIw sNbvX ]`m-X-`-£Ww D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p≠v (]ńI 1).

a p…o -ßƒ°n - S -b ne p wapt∂m° lnµp hn`m-K-ß-fnepw ]tXyI ]mX¬ ]mIwsNøp∂ ]Xnhv Db¿∂tXmXn-emWv. CXv G‰hpw Ipd-hp-≈Xv ]ń-I-h¿K-°m-cn-emWv.a[y-tI-c-f-Øn¬ hkn-°p-∂-h¿°n-S-bnepw InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-Ønepw Cu ioew s]mXpshIpd-hm-sW∂p ImWmw. a[y-tI-c-f-Øn¬ InkvXy≥ P\-hn-`mKw P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ Xmc-X-tay\ h¿≤n® A\p -]m -X -Øn¬ Ds≠-∂-Xn-\m-emhmwCh XΩn¬ ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]mX-ens‚Imcy-Øn-ep≈ Cu ]tXy-IXB›-cy-P-\-I-amWv. ImcWw,aq∂p ][m\ `q`m-K-ß-fn¬sh®v a[y-tI-c-fhpw aX-hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬ sh®v InkvXy≥hn`m-K-hp-amWv an° am\-Z-WvU-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v t\m°n-bmepwkmº-Øn -I -ambn ap∂n´p\n¬°p-∂Xv.

]ńI˛2 ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ CXn-\p≈ ImcWw hy‡-am-Ip-∂p≠v. Xte-Zn-hkwXøm-dm-°n-btXm As√-¶n¬ At∂°p th≠n Xs∂ Xøm-dm-°n-btXm BbtNmtdm I™ntbm ]mX-embn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ \s√mcp hn`mKw s]mXpsh ]mh-s∏-´-h¿°n-S-bn-ep≠v. (kmº-Øn-I-hn-`mKw I¬ 31.1%)

]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m-cnepw (33.1%) ]ń-I-h¿K-°m-cnepw (43.8%) hfsc Db¿∂ A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ Cu ioe-ap≠v.

CXv Cu hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ Zmcn-Zy-Øns‚ IrXy-amb Hcp kqN-I-amWv.

AtX-k-abw s]mXpth 31.3% InkvXy≥ IpSpw-_-ß-fnepw 34.4% a[y-tI-cf\nhm-kn-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw I™ntbm tNmtdm ]mX-embn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p≠v. CXv][m-\-ambpw a[y tIcf InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb khn-tijXmev]-cy-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv.

BsI 66.7kmº-ØnIwI 52.0II 63.3III 70.8IV 79.6]tZ-iwsX°≥ tI-cfw 72.2a[y-tI-cfw 51.2hS-°≥ tIcfw 74.6aX-wlnµp 65.7ap…nw 81.7InkvXy≥ 52.9PmXn]nt∂m-°-PmXn 65.7apt∂m-°-PmXn 77.1]ń-I-PmXn 50.1]ńI h¿§w 31.6

]ńI 1]mX¬ ]tXy-I-ambn Xøm-dm-°p∂

IpSpw-_-ßƒ (i-X-am-\w)



ae-bm-fn-bpsS G‰hpw ]nb-s∏´ ]`m-X-`-£Ww tZmi-bmWv. sXm´p c≠m-a-Xmbn ]p´p-ap≠v. tZmi-tbm-Sp≈ ]nbw kmº-ØnI t`Z-ßƒ°pw a‰p Xc-Øn-ep≈ hn -P-\-ßƒ°p-sa-√m-a-Xo-X-ambn Hs´√m hn`m-K-ß-fn-ep-ap≠v Hcev]w hyXym-k-ap-≈Xv a[y-tI-c-f-Ønse InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-Øn-emWv. BZn-hm-kn-I-sfm-gn-®p-≈-h¿ hfsc hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ as‰m-cn\w ]p´mWv. CUvV-en-bp-sSbpwtKmXºp ]e-lm-c-ß-fmb N∏mØn, ]qcn F∂n-h-bp-sSbpw D]-tbm-K-Øn\v Hcpkmº-Øn-I-am\w IqSn-bp-s≠∂p ImWmw. a‰p-≈-hsc At]-£n®v CUvVen apJy-ambpw kh¿Æ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS ]e-lm-c-amWv.

tIc-fo-b-cpsS `£-W-io-e-ß-fn¬ ]Sn-™m-d≥ kzm[o\w IS-∂p-I-bdn F∂p]d-bm-\m-hn√. _Õv, shÆ, [m\ym-lm-c-ß-fpsS ]mX¬]m°-‰p-Iƒ (]ń-I-bn¬a‰p-≈h F∂ C\-Øn¬) F∂n-h-sb√mw kº∂ hn`m-K-Øns‚ Xo≥ta-i-bn¬t]mepw hnc-f-amtb hcp-∂p≈p F∂p ImWmw. BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ IS-∂p-I-b‰w \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ImeØv, D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm-\-am-bn-´p-IqSn Z£n-tW-¥y≥ ]mX¬ ioe-ß-tfmSv FXn-cn´vIS-∂p-I-b-dm≥ Ah-bvs°m∂pw Ign-™n-ń√.

]ńI 2]mX¬ C\-ßƒ ( hoSp-I-fpsS iX-am-\w)

a‰p-≈

h

hn`mKw

]p´

v

CÕ

en

tZmi

A∏

w

N∏

mØn/

]qc

n

I∏

tNmd

v

I™

n

D∏

p-amh

v

F√mw 18.7 7.7 20.9 8.6 7.9 3.6 7.0 13.2 6.8 5.4kmº-ØnI hn`m-KwI 15.0 3.5 17.7 6.6 4.8 6.0 11.4 19.7 8.6 6.6I I 18.5 4.8 21.4 8.9 6.9 3.5 8.0 15.5 7.5 4.9III 19.6 9.2 22.1 8.7 8.6 3.3 5.8 10.9 6.1 5.6IV 21.2 14.7 18.3 11.2 12.3 2.4 3.8 6.6 5.4 4.1]tZ-i-wsX°≥tI-cfw 20.5 10.0 21.2 10.4 8.2 2.8 5.0 10.9 7.5 3.5a[y-tI-cfw 18.8 7.7 8.7 7.2 6.0 5.8 12.8 21.6 5.3 6.0hS-°≥ tIcfw 17.4 6.2 29.9 8.5 9.2 2.6 4.0 8.6 7.4 6.3aX-wlnµp 18.3 9.1 22.1 5.9 7.1 3.1 7.2 14.5 6.4 6.4ap…nw 21.8 4.4 27.7 16.7 9.5 1.4 2.4 3.9 9.4 2.9InkvXy≥ 16.8 7.4 10.0 7.8 8.6 7.5 11.4 19.9 5.1 5.5PmXn]nt∂m-°-PmXn 20.7 6.8 21.0 6.8 7.3 2.7 7.1 15.3 3.1 9.2apt∂m-°-PmXn 15.4 16.0 28.9 6.1 7.3 2.0 3.7 8.9 3.4 8.2]ń-I-PmXn 17.9 4.0 13.9 4.0 5.6 5.0 12.5 20.6 4.8 11.9]ńI h¿§w 0.0 1.8 17.5 8.8 3.5 8.8 17.5 26.3 0.0 15.8



ae-bm-fn-Iƒ Acn-`-£-W-°m-sc∂ \ne-bn¬ I¿°-i-°m-cmbn XpS-cp-I-bmWv.P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 95%Øne-[nIw D®-`-£-W-Øn\v tNmdp Ign-°p-∂-h-cmWv. F√m-X-c-Øn-ep≈ hn`-P-\-ßƒ°p-a-Xo-X-ambn˛ kmaqly˛kmº-ØnI˛`q]-tZ-i -hy-Xym-k-an-√m-sX-bp≈ Acn-bm-lm-c-]n-b-am-WnXv. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ AØm-g-Øn\pw D®-`-£-W-Øn\pw apJy- hn-`-h-am-bn-cp∂ I∏ A]-Xy-£-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. GXm\pwZi-I-ßƒ apºp hsc hfsc km[m-c-W-ambn I∏ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ ZcnZ hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ t]mepw C∂Xv ImWm-\n√. cmXn `£-W-Øn¬ N∏m-Øn, I™nF∂nh IqSp-X-embn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. N∏m-Øn-bpsS D]-tbmKw kmº-Øn-I-\n-e-hmcw Db-cpw-tXmdpw Db¿∂p hcp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. Kq∏v IV kmº-Øn-I-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ CXv 16.9% hsc-sb-Øp∂p.

I™n°v Hcp AØmg C\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ ÿm\-ap-≈Xv kmº-Øn-I-hn-`mKw IIepw IIIepw Dƒs∏´ IpSpw-_-ß-tf-°mƒ Iepw IVepw Dƒs∏´ IpSpw-_-ß-fn-emWv. Kq∏v Is‚ Imcy-Øn¬ CXv C√m-bva-bpsS kqN-I-amWv. F∂m¬Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-cmb \memw-Kq-∏n¬ I™n-bp-sSbpw N∏m-Øn-bp-sSbpw D]-tbmKw Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb Imc-W-ß-fmtem `£W \nb-¥-W-Øns‚ `mK-amtbmD≈-Xm-hm-\mWv km[yX.

]ńI 3D®-`-£Whpw AØm-g-hpw-˛-]-[m-\ -C-\-ßƒ (-ho-Sp-I-fpsS iX-am-\w)

D®- -£Ww AØm-g-w

tNmd

v

I™

n

a‰p-≈

h

tNmd

v

N∏

mØn/

]qc

n

I™

n

a‰p-≈

h

BsI 95.9 2.5 2.4 80.9 5.8 8.2 5.0kmº-ØnIwI 98.0 1.2 0.8 84.4 0.8 10.8 4.1II 96.2 2.4 1.4 87.3 2.4 6.8 3.4III 95.7 2.6 1.7 79.1 7.1 7.8 6.1IV 93.4 4.0 2.6 65.1 16.9 11.0 7.1]tZ-i-wsX°≥ tI-cfw 91.8 5.8 2.4 78.2 6.3 9.5 6.0a[y-tI-cfw 95.9 2.6 1.5 80.6 5.4 10.0 3.9hS-°≥ tIcfw 98.8 0.2 1.0 83.0 5.8 6.0 5.2aXwlnµp 95.9 2.3 1.8 82.1 4.8 8.6 4.6ap…nw 97.2 1.2 1.6 81.7 8.4 4.1 5.8InkvXy≥ 94.6 4.5 0.9 76.7 6.0 11.8 5.5PmXn

]nt∂m-°-PmXn 95.7 2.3 2.0 84.6 3.8 7.0 4.6apt∂m-°-PmXn 95.3 3.0 1.7 73.7 8.2 11.7 6.4]ń-I-PmXn 97.3 1.9 0.8 89.6 3.1 5.4 1.9]ńI h¿§w 98.2 0.0 1.8 83.1 0.0 11.9 5.1

hn`mKw



]ńI 4a’yw,amwkw,ap´ F∂nh Hcp Znh-ksØ Blm-c-Øn¬

(-ho-Sp-I-fpsS A\p-]mXw iX-am-\-Øn¬)

a’yw amwkw ap´

BsI 61.5 7.0 4.4kmº-ØnIwI 66.5 4.9 2.1II 64.4 5.4 2.9III 61.2 8.6 5.4IV 49.9 8.9 8.6]tZ-iwsX°≥ tI-cfw 59.1 6.4 4.8a[y-tI-cfw 66.0 9.0 5.5hS-°≥ tIcfw 59.8 5.8 3.3aX-wlnµp 59.9 4.5 3.3ap…nw 59.1 8.9 4.0InkvXy≥ 68.7 12.0 8.0PmXn]nt∂m-°-PmXn 63.3 5.1 3.3apt∂m-°-PmXn 44.9 3.9 3.6]ń-I-PmXn 72.4 4.7 3.5]ńI h¿§w 76.3 5.1 5.1

a’y-amWv amwkym-lm-c-ß-fn¬ apJyw. Hcp Znh-ksØ a’y D]-t`m-K-sa-Sp-Øm¬ kmº-ØnI \ne Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v D]-t`mKw Ipd™p hcp-∂-XmbnImWmw. G‰hpw Ipd™ D]-t`mKw Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-Øn-emWv. CXn-\¿∞w Zcn-Z-hn-`mKw a’yw IqSp-X¬ Af-hn¬ `£n-°p∂p F∂√, AXn-ep-]cnIqSp-X¬ Znhkw a’yw Ah-cpsS `£-W-Øn¬ ]Xnhp hn`-h-am-sW-∂-XmWv.hne-°p-d-hp≈ a’y-ßƒ sNdnb Af-hn-se-¶nepw hmßn Znh-khpw Idn-sh-°p∂]Xnhv \ΩpsS \mńse Zcn-Z-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn-ep≠v. Cu ]tXy-IX Imc-W-amImwZnh-tk\bp≈ a’y-D-]-tbmKw F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ Cu hn`m-K-ß-fpsS iX-am\wDb¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

CXn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-ambn amwk-Øn-s‚bpw ap´-bp-tSbpw D]-t`mK \ne-hmcw kmº-ØnI \ne Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v IqSn-h-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. amwk-Øn-s‚bpw ap´-bp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ Db¿∂ D]t`mKw InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-Øn-em-sW-∂-Xp-t]mse Xmgv∂ D]-t`mKw kkym-lm-c-io-e-°m¿ IqSp-X-ep-≠m-hm≥km[y-X-bp≈ kh¿W-hn-`m-K-ß-fn-emWv (]ńI 4).

tdj-\cn

Hmtcm hn`m-K-Ønepw s]´-h¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Acn FhnsS \n∂p e`n-°p∂pF∂Xv ]ńI 5 ¬ hy‡-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. samØw P\-ß-fn¬ 39.9% t]¿ ]q¿W-amtbm `mKn-I-amtbm tdj-\-cnsb Bi-bn-°p∂p. CXv Kq∏v 1 ¬ 68.2 iX-am-\hpw Kq∏v 2 ¬ 52.1 iX-am-\-hp-am-Wv. ]ń-I-PmXn ]ń-I-h¿§ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ bYm-Iaw 59.4 iX-am-\hpw 87.7 iX-am-\hpw s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-irw-J-esb Bi-bn-°p-

hn`mKw



∂-h-cm-Wv. tdj-\-cn-bpsS hne h¿≤-\bpw e`y-X-bn¬ hcp-Øp∂ Ipd-hp-sa√mwC°q-´sc ]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-sa-∂p-d-∏m-Wv.

thj-]-I¿®

`£-W-Im-cy-Øn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-ambn, hkvXß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ \mw]c-º-cm-KX ssien-bn¬ Xs∂ ASn-bp-d®p \n¬°p-∂n√ F∂p ImWmw. ]pd-Øp-t]m-hp-tºmƒ ap≠pw j¿´pw [cn-°p-hm-\n-jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cm-bn-cp∂p Ign™ Xe-ap-d-bnse ]pcp-j≥am¿ F∂-Xn\v Ct∏mgpw Imcy-amb am‰-an√. F∂m¬ Ct∏m-

]ńI 6]pdØp t]mIp-tºmƒ [cn-°p∂ hkvXw-˛-]p-cp-j≥

Ct∏m-gsØ Xe-apd ap≥ Xe-apd

ap≠

pw j

¿´p

w

]m‚

vkv

ap≠

p amX

w

tXm¿

Øv

a‰p-≈

h

ap≠

pw j

¿´p

w

]m‚

vkv

ap≠

p amX

w

tXm¿

Øv

a‰p-≈

h

BsI 73.2 25.5 0.5 0.2 0.6 79.3 1.8 14.2 2.2 2.6

kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-wI 89.1 8.3 0.7 0.3 1.6 68.3 0.7 21.7 4.2 5.0II 82.7 15.5 0.6 0.2 0.9 76.8 0.5 17.1 2.7 2.9III 69.0 30.2 0.4 0.1 0.3 82.4 2.1 11.8 1.6 2.0IV 42.8 57.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 87.4 5.2 6.1 0.2 1.1

aX-wlnµp 74.2 24.2 0.7 0.3 0.6 76.0 1.8 17.1 3.1 2.1apnw 75.6 23.6 0.2 0.1 0.5 83.0 1.1 10.3 1.0 4.6InkvXy≥ 68.0 31.1 0.3 0.0 0.7 84.5 2.5 10.2 0.9 1.9

]ńI 5hoń¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Acn-bpsS tkmXv (%)

kz¥wIrjn

s]mXp-hn-]Wn

a‰p-≈h

BsI 4.3 52.9 12.3 27.6 2.9kmº-ØnI Kq∏vI 1.7 27.0 33.1 35.1 3.1II 3.5 41.5 17.1 35 2.9III 5.5 63.6 4.6 23.3 3.0IV 5.3 80.8 0.9 10.5 2.5PmXn]nt∂m-°-w 5.2 48.6 14.6 28.4 3.2apt∂m-°w 5.7 61.5 7.1 21.9 3.8]ń-I-PmXn 1.9 36.8 23.7 35.7 1.9]ńI h¿§w 1.8 10.5 35.1 52.6 0.0

hn`mKw tdj≥tdj\pw s]mXp-

hn-]-Wnbpw

hn`mKw



gsØ Xe-ap-d-bnse \men-sem∂p t]¿ (IpSpw-_-Ønse ][m\ hcp-am-\-°m-c≥)]m‚ vkn-te°p amdn-bn-cn-°p∂p. Ign™ Xe-ap-d-bn¬ CXv 1.8% amX-am-bn-cp∂p.ap≥ Xe-ap-d-bnse 16.4% j¿´p-]-tbm-Kn-°msX apt≠m tXm¿tØm amXw D]-tbm-Kn-®-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. Cu ioew C∂v Gsd-°psd A]-Xy-£-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. kmº-ØnI \ne-hm-c-tØmSv IrXy-amb ]c-kv]-cm-\p-]mXw ]pe¿Øp-∂-XmWv ]m‚ vkv[mcWw. kmº-ØnI \ne Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v CXv Ia-ambn Db-cp-∂-XmbnImWmw. kmº-Øn-I-hn-`mKw IV¬ ap≠pw j¿´p-sa-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ km[m-c-W-ambhkvXw ]m‚ vkv Xs∂-bmWv.

kvXoI-fpsS hkvX-[m-cWw ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn \n¿W-bn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv aX-]-cn-K-W-\-I-fm-emWv. lnµp-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ ap≠pw ªukpw InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ N´XpS-ßnb ]c-º-cm-KX thjw, ap…o-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Im®n, Ip∏mbw XpS-ßnb ]c-º-cm-KX ap…ow-thjw F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p ap≥X-e-ap-d-bnse ]Nm-c-Øn-ep≈ bmXm-th-j-ßƒ (]ńI 7)

Ct∏m-gsØ Xe-apd ap≥ Xe-apd

ap≠

pw ª

uk

pw

ssI

en

kmc

n

Npc

n-Zm¿

]c-º

-cm-K

XI

nkvX

y≥ t

hj

w

]¿Z

]c-º

-cm-K

Xap

…nw t

hj

wap≠

pwª

uk

pw

ssI

en

kmc

n

Npc

n-Zm¿

]c-º

-cm-K

XI

nkvX

y≥ t

hj

w

]¿Z

]c-º

-cm-K

Xap

…nw t

hj

w

BsI 10.9 1.2 77.4 2.7 0.9 6.6 0.3 50.9 7.4 20.1 0.1 11.3 2.4 7.7kmº-ØnI hn`m-Kw

I 18.4 0.9 72.9 1.6 0.9 4.8 0.6 50.5 12.4 16.8 0.2 7.7 1.7 10.8

II 13.4 1.5 72.8 1.9 0.9 8.9 0.6 53.1 9.2 17.5 0.3 8.0 2.5 9.6

III 8.5 1.0 80.4 3.1 0.9 6.2 0.0 50.9 5.9 21.5 0.0 13.1 2.6 5.9

IV 2.7 1.6 86.0 4.9 0.8 4.1 0.0 45.2 1.8 26.0 0.2 18.8 2.4 5.6

aX-w

lnµp 13.5 1.3 83.0 2.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 68.0 7.9 22.9 0.1 0.8 0.0 0.2

ap…nw 10.1 1.1 51.2 4.2 0.4 31.6 1.6 32.4 10.0 12.0 0.1 2.0 10.3 33.2

InkvXy≥ 4.2 0.8 88.3 2.9 3.7 0.0 0.0 21.2 3.0 21.3 0.2 53.0 0.4 0.8

]ńI 7]pdØp t]mIp-tºmƒ [cn-°p∂ hkvXw-˛ kvXo

C°m-cy-Øn¬ Hcp ]cn[n hsc-sb-¶nepw aX-\n-c-t]-£-amb am‰w h∂n-cn-°p∂p.kmcn-bmWv C∂v F√m aX-hn-`m-K-ß-fn-ep-ap-f-f- kvXoI-fpsS G‰hpw km[m-c-W-amb, ]pd-Øn-d-ßp-tºm-gp≈ thjw. F∂m¬ ap…ow hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ ]¿Z-bpsS]map-Jyhpw Gdn-h-cp-∂p≠v. Ign™ Xe-ap-d-bn¬ 10.3% Bbn-cp-∂Xv Ct∏mƒ31.6%ambn amdn-bn-´p≠v.

tImtfPv ]mb-Øn-ep≈ Xe-ap-d-bn¬ thj-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn-ep≈ sFI-cq-]yhpw aX-\n-c-t]-£-Xbpw Iptd-°qSn i‡-am-sW∂p ImWmw. BÏp-ń-Iƒ°v]m‚ vkpw s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°v Npcn-Zmdpw F∂Xv F√m aX-hn-`m-K-ß-fn-epƒs∏-´-

hn`

mKw



h¿°pw k¿∆-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. BÏp-ń-Iƒ°v ]m‚ vkv, s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°v Npcn-Zm¿ F∂o thj-ßƒ kmº-ØnI \ne-hm-c-a-\p-k-cn®v Db¿® ImWn-°p-∂p-ap≠v. ]m›m-Xy-co-Xn-I-fpsS `mK-amb Cd°w Ipd™ kvI¿´p-Iƒ, Po≥kvF∂n-hbv°v s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ t\cnb ]Nm-c-ta-bp≈p.

am[y-a-kzm-[o\w, kwkvImcw

hoSp-I-fn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep≈ am[y-a-cq]w tdUntbm Xs∂-bmWv.sXm´-Sp-ØmWv sSen-hn-js‚ ÿm\w (]ńI 9). h¿Ø-am-\-]-X-ßƒ hmßp-∂Xv 48.2%IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ amX-am-sW-¶nepw hmb-\m-k-aqlw CXnepw FXtbm IqSp-X-emWv. sXmgn¬ ÿeØpw s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ sh®p-sa√mw ]X-]m-cm-bWw\S-Øp-∂-h-cmWv P\-ß-fn¬ \s√mcp mKw. am[y-a-ta-Xp-X-s∂-bm-bmepw D]-tbmKw\n¿W-bn-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ apJy-amb ]¶p-≈Xv kmº-Øn-I-\n-e-hm-c-Øn\p Xs∂-bmWv. tdUn-tbm-bpsS Imcy-Øn-sem-gnsI F√m-Ønepw kmº-ØnI \ne-bpsSkzm[o\w hfsc i‡-amWv.

kmº-Øn-I-hn-`mKw Ise G‰hpw km[m-c-W-amb IpSpw-_-am-[yaw tdUntbmBWv. as‰√m kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-Ønepw Snhn-bmWv ap∂n¬. aXw,PmXn XpSßnGXv LS-I-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t\m°p-tºmgpw am[y-a-kzm-[o-\-ØnsehyXym-k-ßƒ°v apJy Imc-W-am-Ip-∂Xv B hn`m-K-ßƒ°-I-Øp≈ hyXykvXkmº-ØnI Kq∏p-I-fpsS tNcp-h-bpsS A\p-]m-X-amWv.

`qcn-`mKw IpSpw-_-ßfpw G‰hpw hnizm-ky-X-bp≈ hnh-c-Zm-bI am[y-a-ambnImWp-∂Xv sSen-hn-j-s\-bmWv. \mep kmº-Øn-I-hn- m-K-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØnam[y-a-hn-izm-ky-X-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]tXy-I-amb Hcp cq]-L-S\ Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂p≠v.hn`mKw I¬ G‰hpw hnizm-ky-X-bp≈ hnhc tkmX-mbn Icp-Xp-∂XvtdUntbm BWv. a‰v aq∂v kmº-Øn-I-hn-`m-K-ß-fnepw Cu ÿm\w sSen-hn-j-\mWv. CXv e`y-X-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp ]iv\-amImw. kmº-ØnI \ne Db-cpw-tXmdpw tdUn-tbm-bpsS hnizm-kyX Ipd-™p-h-cn-Ibpw sSen-hn-j-t‚Xv IqSp-I-

BÏpń s]Ïpń

ap≠v ]m‚ vkv a‰p-≈h kmcn NpcnZm¿ ]mhm-S- ]¿Z a‰p-≈h

]ńI 8tImtfPv ]mb-Øn-ep≈ Xe-apd [cn-°p∂ hkvXw

BsI 9.7 87.6 1.7 6.7 84.3 7.8 0.8 0.5

kmº-ØnI hn`m-KwI 22.4 74.9 2.7 5.6 76.2 17.3 0.4 0.4II 17.7 81.8 0.4 8.4 82.3 7.3 1.3 0.6IIII 8.4 90.7 0.9 6.5 86.9 5.5 0.6 0.4IV 2.1 97.9 0.0 2.9 91.3 5.3 0.0 0.5

aX-wlnµp 14.6 84.4 1.0 8.3 83.3 7.8 0.2 0.4ap…nw 9.7 89.8 0.5 3.1 85.8 7.8 2.7 0.6InkvXy≥ 8.1 90.8 1.1 7.1 84.7 7.7 0.0 0.5

hn`mKw



bpw- sN-øp-∂p≠v. F√m- km-º-ØnI˛kmaqly hn`m-K-Ønepw h¿Ø-am\ ]X-Øns‚ ÿm\w hnizm-ky-X-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Sn.hn.bpsS hfsc Xmsg-bmWv.B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fpsS hnizm-ky-Xbpw s]mXpsh Xmgv∂ \ne-hm-c-Øn-emWv.

kvXo ]pcpj t`Z-sat\y tIc-fo-b¿ ae-bmfw Nm\-ep-Iƒ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cmWv. ae-bmf CXc t]£-I-cn¬- G-‰hpw Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂Xv kmº-Øn-I-hn-`mKw IVse Cw•ojv Sn hn ImWp-∂-h-cmWv. Ch¿ 10.2% hcpw. A¥m-cmjvS Nm\¬s\‰v-h¿°p-Iƒ°pw tZiob Nm\-ep-Iƒ°pw tIcf t]£-I-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ Imcy-ambn IS-∂p-I-b-dm≥ Ign-™-Xmbn ImWp-∂n√. kº∂˛CS-Øcw hn`m-K-ß-fn¬t]mepw.

samØ-Øn-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ t]£-I-cp≈ Sn hn ]cn-]mSnC\w kocn-b-ep-I-fmWv. kvXoI-fmWv C°m-cy-Øn¬ ap≥]-¥n-bn¬. Ch-cn¬ 67.6%t]cpw G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ImWp∂Xv kocn-b-ep-I-fmWv. kn\na, kwKoXw (11.2%)F∂n-h-bmWv kvXoI-fpsS c≠m-asØ Xmev]cyw.]pcp-j≥am¿ apJy-ambn ImWp-∂Xv hm¿Øm-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fmWv 43.1% (kvXoIƒ 7.4%) ]pcpj≥am-cn¬ 25.3 iX-am-

]ńI 9am[ya kzm[o\w

]X-ßƒ B\p-Im-en-I-ßƒ tdUntbm Snhn tI_nƒ Snhn C‚¿s\‰v

BsI 48.2 29.4 66.0 61.0 32.0 2.0

kmº-ØnI hn`m-KwI 12.8 12.4 46.2 12.0 5.3 0.1II 27.5 18.6 60.1 42.0 16.4 0.5III 63.6 34.7 69.6 77.9 41.7 1.2IV 96.7 63.5 83.6 98.5 72.6 12.0

aX-hn- mKwlnµp 47.8 30.3 65.1 60.3 32.4 1.7ap…nw 41.1 22.1 65.0 49.0 27.4 1.9InkvXy≥ 57.5 34.4 62.1 66.3 35.9 2.9

]tZ-i-wsX°≥ tI-cfw 49.2 29.0 57.2 61.1 35.1 2.7a[y-tI-cfw 55.3 32.3 64.2 70.0 35.4 1.4hS-°≥ tIcfw 42.2 27.4 69.4 49.3 27.2 2.0

PmXn]nt∂m-°-PmXn 48.7 30.0 66.5 61.1 31.4 1.5apt∂m-°-PmXn 59.0 38.0 71.1 72.5 42.0 2.6]ń-I-PmXn 27.2 19.4 52.5 42.0 19.9 0.2]ńI h¿§w 11.7 18.3 50.0 25.0 6.8 0.0

cmjvSob B`n-apJywF¬.Un.^v 46.4 29.9 63.8 56.4 30.4 1.3bp.Un.F^v 48.4 29.0 65.1 58.2 31.7 2.3_n.sP.]n 49.1 31.7 68.7 59.6 31.1 1.8

hn`mKw



]X-ßƒ tdUntbm Snhn B\p-Im-en-I-ßƒ

]ńI 10G‰hpw hniz-k-\o-b-amb hnh-c-tkm-Xv

BsI 26.8 24.5 47.9 0.8

kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-wI 31.7 41.9 25.7 0.7

II 27.6 31.7 39.8 0.9

III 25.0 17.8 56.5 0.7

IV 27.1 10.1 62.0 0.8

aX-hn- mKw

lnµp 27.2 24.8 47.3 0.7

ap…nw 26.1 27.7 45.4 0.8

InkvXy≥ 26.4 20.4 52.2 1.0

]tZ-i-w

sX°≥ tI-cfw 29.6 18.8 50.2 0.6

a[y-tI-cfw 25.6 21.0 51.5 0.9

hS-°≥ tIcfw 25.0 30.3 42.3 0.8

PmXn]nt∂m-°-PmXn 26.2 25.5 47.4 0.8

apt∂m-°-PmXn 25.9 21.7 51.7 0.7

]ń-I-PmXn 31.3 26.1 42.1 0.5

]ńI h¿§w 14.9 57.4 27.7 0.0

cmjvSob B`n-apJyw

F¬.Un.^v 26.8 25.8 46.7 0.7

bp.Un.F^v 26.6 24.1 48.4 0.9

_n.sP.]n 18.2 30.1 51.0 0.7

]pcp-j≥ kvXo

ae

-bmf

w

Cw•

ojv

Xangv

I∂

S

lnµ

n

ae

-bmf

w

Cw•

ojv

Xangv

I∂

S

lnµ

n

]ńI 11G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ CjvS-s∏-Sp∂ Sn.-hn. Nm\¬

BsI 93.2 4.9 1.1 0.4 0.4 97.2 0.5 1.1 0.3 0.5kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-w

I 92.7 3.3 2.6 0.7 0.7 95.7 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.7I 94.7 3.3 1.3 0.5 0.2 97.7 0.4 1.5 0.2 0.2III 94.1 4.1 1.0 0.4 0.3 97.5 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.3IV 88.2 10.2 0.5 0.3 0.8 95.9 2.0 0.0 0.3 1.8

hn`mKw

hn`

mKw



\-amWv kocn-b-ep-Iƒ ÿnc-ambn ImWp-∂Xv. kwKoXw˛ kn\n-a-bmWv bphm-°-fpsS H∂mw ]cn-K-W\. AXp-I-gn-™m¬ kocn-b-ep-Ifpw. F√m hn`m-K-ßfpw Hcp-t]mse ]nd-In¬ \n¬°p-∂Xv hnhc˛hn⁄m-\-Zm-bI ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn-emWv. kvt]m¿Svkn\pw t]£-I¿ Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hmWv. bphm-°ƒ°n-S-bn¬t]mepw ]nbw kvt]m¿Svkn-t\m-Sm-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂-h¿ tIhew 9.2 iX-am\wamX-amWv.

]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ ]pcp-j≥ kvXo bphm-°ƒ

hm¿Ø 43.1 7.4 5.5kocn-b¬ 25.3 67.6 23.2kwKoXw & kn\na 10.7 11.2 28.8tImaUn 7.8 5.2 13.7kvt]mSvkv 3.9 0.3 9.2hnh-cm-[n-jvTn-X-]-cn-]mSn 3.9 1.1 4.2Im¿´q¨ 0.1 0.2 10.7a‰p-≈h 5.2 7.0 4.7

]ńI 12G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ImWp∂ Sn hn ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ

sSen-hn-j≥ \ΩpsS kaq-l-Ønse ]_-e-amb hnt\mZ D]m-[n-bmbn AXn-th-K-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-h-cn-I-bmWv. 71.3%t]¿ ]Xn-hmbn Sn.hn. ImWp-∂-h-cmWv.Ign™ aq∂p amk-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Xntb-‰-dn¬t]mbn kn\na I≠n-´p≈ 23.9 iX-am-\-hp-ambn CXv Xmc-Xayw sNøpI. \mSIw XpS-ßnb CXc hnt\mZ taJ-e-I-fpsSÿm\-am-Is´ hfsc Xmsg-bmWv.

Sn.hn°p ]pdØv Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw ImWm-Ø-h-cmWv 66.9%

sSen-hn-js‚ AXn-th-K-Øn-ep≈ hym]-\-Øn-\n-S-bnepw tdUn-tbm-hn\v kz¥-amb CS-ap≠v tIc-f-Øn¬. Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-scm-gn®v a‰p aq∂p hn`m-K-ØnepwtdUntbm timXm-°ƒ 40 iX-am-\-Øn\p apI-fn¬ hcpw. \memw hn`m-K-Ønepw30.5% t]¿ tdUntbm am[y-asØ Ct∏mgpw ssIhn-ń-ń√. tdUntbm G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ tIƒ°p-∂Xv Sn hn s]mXpsh A\y-amb ]ń-I-h¿§°m-cmWv.

]tZi ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t\m°p-tºmƒ ÿnc-ambn Sn hn ImWp-∂-h¿ IpdhvDØ-c-tI-c-f-Øn-emWv. AtX tXmXn¬ tdUntbm timXm-°ƒ IqSp-X-ep-ap≠v.kn\n-a-bpsS kzm[o\w F√m kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fnepw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. kn\naG‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ImWp∂ kmaqly hn`mKw ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m-cmWv (33.3%)

CS-Ø-c-°m-cnepw kº∂ hn`m-K-ß-fnepw Db¿∂ t]£-I-cp≈ sSen-hn-j≥]c-a-Z-cnZ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw t]cnte FØp-∂p≈p.

hmb-\-ime AwK-Xzhpw kmº-ØnI ]Z-hn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. ]c-a-Z-cn-Z- hn-`m-K-Øn¬ 10.9% IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ amX-amWv hmb-\-imem _‘-ap-≈Xv.kmº-ØnI \ne-b-\p-k-cn®v CXv Ia-ambn Db¿∂v hn`mKw IV¬ 34.4 iX-am-\-Øn¬ FØp∂p.



Ign™

aq∂

p amk

-Øn-\

p-≈n¬

kn\

na I

≠-h

¿

Ign™

aq∂

p amk

-Øn-\

p-≈n¬

\mS

Iw I

≠-h

¿

Ign

™ a

q∂p

amk

-Øn-\

p-≈n¬

at‰-s

X-¶

nepw k

wkvI

m-cI

]cn

-]mS

n

Ign™

aq∂

p amk

-Øn-\

p-≈n¬

CsX

m∂pw I

mWm-Ø

-h¿

]X

n-hmb

n Snh

n ImW

p-∂-h

¿

hmb

-\-i

me A

wKX

zw

Ign™

Hcp amk

-Øn-\

p-≈n¬

C‚

¿s\

‰v D

]-tb

mKw

]X

n-hmb

n td

Untb

mtI

ƒ°

p-∂-h

¿

sSI

vÃv ]

pkvX

-I-a-√

msX

a‰p

]pk

vXI

w h

mßn-b

-h¿

]ńI 13hnt\m-Z -D-]m-[n-Ifpw kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw

BsI 23.9 6.0 4.8 66.9 71.3 21.5 28.2 7.7 41.3

kmº-ØnI hn`m-KwI 20.4 6.5 4.0 69.9 51.1 10.9 12.1 0.8 42.6II 23.6 5.5 3.8 68.6 67.0 16.4 20.7 2.2 45.7III 23.5 6.5 5.4 66.7 78.9 25.2 32.9 7.8 40.5IV 30.3 5.5 6.8 59.6 84.6 34.4 51.3 31.3 30.5

aX-hn- mKwlnµp 25.5 6.0 7.0 63.5 76.0 23.8 27.9 7.5 44.4ap…nw 20.9 3.8 1.5 74.8 59.3 14.5 26.0 5.9 39.0InkvXy≥ 22.8 2.5 8.1 67.9 71.7 22.2 31.1 10.1 35.2

]tZ-iw

sX°≥tI-cfw 19.0 3.6 6.6 72.1 75.6 22.7 29.0 8.2 34.3a[y-tI-cfw 26.0 4.6 7.2 64.1 76.6 22.8 29.2 8.7 39.9hS-°≥tIcfw 25.8 5.8 4.7 65.3 64.5 19.6 26.8 6.5 47.1

PmXn

]nt∂m-°-PmXn 25.8 6.7 6.4 63.3 76.7 24.4 26.1 6.3 47.0apt∂m-°-PmXn 22.6 5.9 6.7 66.4 79.1 28.6 34.9 12.7 44.2]ń-I-PmXn 27.9 4.8 8.4 60.3 73.2 16.1 20.8 3.0 37.5]ńI h¿§w 33.3 7.4 16.7 46.3 61.7 18.5 24.5 3.8 53.7

cmjvSob B`n-apJyw

F¬.Un.^v 26.5 7.4 5.3 63.1 74.6 24.6 28.0 6.5 44.0bp.Un.F^v 21.3 5.7 4.3 69.9 68.9 19.0 27.6 7.5 39.5_n.sP.]n 27.5 4.6 8.5 62.1 72.9 20.8 31.2 6.2 49.4

]pkvXIw hmßp∂ ioe-Ønepw kmº-ØnI \ne Xs∂-bmWv \n¿Wm-bIw.G‰hpw ]mh-s∏-´-h-cpsS 4 Cc-ń-bmWv kmº-ØnI tijn-bp≈ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬]pkvX-I-sa-Øp-∂Xv.

hn`mKw



kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw, Sn hn t]£I hrµ-Ønepw, sse_dn AwK-Xz-Ønepw C‚¿s\-‰p-]-tbm-K-Øn-ep-sa√mw icm-i-cn-bn¬ Xmsg-bmWv ap…ow hn`m-K-sa-¶nepw kn\n-a-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ CXv AX ]I-S-a√.

C‚¿s\-‰p-]-tbmKw kmº-Øn-I-ambn Db¿∂ 4˛mw hn`m-K-Øn¬ HXp-ßp∂p˛31.3%. (Cu ]T\w Ign-™p≈ c≠p h¿j-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ C‚¿s\-‰p-]-tbmKwtIc-f-Øn¬ h≥tXm-Xn¬ h¿≤n-®n-´p≠v).

Zriy-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS hym]-\hpw \nc-h[n ]pØ≥ Nm\-ep-Ifpw tI_nƒ Xcw-K-hp-sa√mw tN¿∂v hfsc thK-Øn-emWv kmwkvIm-cnI ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Xe-Øn¬ am‰-ßƒ kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv. Cu Xcw-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Kuc-h-ta-dnb ]pkvX-I-hm-b-\bpw kwhm-Z-ßfpw Ipd-bp-Ibpw hmb-\-im-e-Iƒ \n¿Po-h-ambn amdp-IbpwsNøp-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v thh-em-Xn-I-fp≠v. F∂m¬ hmb-\sb Kuc-h-ambn kao-]n-°p∂ ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bnse Hcp sNdp-\yq-\-]£w ]Xo£ ]I-cp-∂p-ap≠v.

AsX-¥m-bmepw ]pkvX-I-]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-cwKØv hf¿®bpw sshhn-[y-h¬°-c-W-hp-ap-≠m-bn-´p≠v. ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hmßp-∂-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ae-bm-fn-bpsSXmev]-cy-Øn\pw AXn¬ ]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ A`n-cp-Nn-Iƒ°pw Xo¿®-bmbpw kmaqlykmº-ØnI am\-ß-fp≠v.

]mT]pkvX-I-ß-f-√msX Hcp h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ hoSp-I-fn¬ hmßnb ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂Xv hn⁄m-\-K-Ÿ-ßfpw Bflob KŸ-ß-fp-amWv. hn⁄m-\-ta-Je-bnse ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ hen-sbmcp `mKw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bp-amImw. G‰hpw ]mh-s∏´ hn`mKw I ep≈ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬iX-am-\-°-W-°n¬ hfsc Ipdt® ]pkvX-I-ß-sf-Øp-∂p≈p. AXn¬ ][m\]¶v t\mh¬, IYm-]p-kvX-I-ß-fmWv. (35.1%) kmº-Øn-I-\ne Db¿∂ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ Cu hn`mKw ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS tXmXv Ipd-bp-∂p≠v. CXn\p hn]-co-X-ambnhn⁄m-\-]p-kvX-I-ß-fp-sSbpw Bflob ]pkvX-I-ß-fp-tSbpw hmß¬ kmº-ØnI-\n-e-°-\p-k-cn®v Db-cp-∂p-ap≠v (]ńI 14).

t\mh¬/IY IhnX hn⁄m\w Bflobw a‰p-≈h

]ńI 14hmßnb ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS Xcw

kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-a-\p-k-cn®vI 35.1 2.6 19.5 19.5 23.4II 22.9 2.6 28.1 29.4 17.0III 18.6 1.7 34.3 32.1 13.2IV 14.6 3.9 42.2 32.0 7.3BsI 19.9 2.4 33.3 30.6 13.8

F∂m¬ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hmßp-∂Xv BcmWv? FX-tØmfw IpSpw-_-ß-fn-emWv]pkvX-I-sa-Øp-∂Xv? 71.8% IpSpw-_-ßfpw Hcp h¿j-Øn¬ Hcp ]pkvXIw t]mepwhmßm-Ø-h-cmWv. (]ńI 15) C°m-cy-Øn¬ kmº-ØnI \ne-hmcw IrXy-ambn]Xn-^-en-°p∂p. G‰hpw Zcn-Z-cn¬ 87.9% ]pkvXIw hmßn-bn-ń√. Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-cn-se-Øp-tºmƒ CXp 48.7 iX-am-\-Øn-te°p Ipd-bp∂p. hmßp-∂-h-cn¬

hn`mKw



Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂Xv ]e-hI ]pkvX-I-ßfpw Bflo-b-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw hmßnbIpSpw-_-ß-fpsS FÆ-amWv.

B\p-Im-en-I-ßƒ

]X-ß-tfm-Sp≈ ]Xn-]Øn AtX tXmXn¬ B\p-Im-enI-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬

tIc-fo-b¿ ]I-Sn-∏n°p-∂n-√. BZy-Im-eØv tIc-f-Ønse kmaqly kmwkv-Im-

cnI Ne-\-ß-tfm-sSm-∏w- \-S-°p-Ibpw Ahsb \bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX B\p-Im-

enI ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. icm-icn ae-bm-fn-bpsS `mhp-IXz ]cn-k-c-

Øn¬ B\p-Im-en-I-ßƒ°v, ]tXy-In®v kmwkvIm-cnI ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ°v

sNdp-X-√mØ ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]n¬°m-eØv hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ km¿∆-XnI

h¬°-c-W-sØ XpS¿∂p≈ A\p-Iqe kml-Ncyw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn hf¿∂p-

h-∂Xv GXm\pw ss]¶nfn hmcn-I-I-fm-Wv. sk°‚dn hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-c-sa-

Ønb Hcp h≥ hmb\mkaq-lsØ ss]¶nfn ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ Bth-in-®p.

ImgvN-bpsS A\p- hw IqSn ]Zm\w sNøp∂ Nm\-ep-I-fpsS hc-thmsS Cu hn`mKw

Ah-bn-te°p tNt°-dn. ss]¶nfn ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ ]n∑-S-°-Øns‚ kqN-\-

Iƒ ]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ C-°m-eØpw IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ BsI hmßp∂ B\p-Im-enIß-

fpsS \men-sem∂v ss]¶nfn hmcn-I-I-fm-sW∂v B\p-Im-en-I-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈

At\z-j-W-Øn¬ sXfn--bp-∂p (]-ń-I 16).

Hcp B\p-Imen-Ihpw hmßmØ hoSp-I-fmWv `qcn-]-£w. ss]¶nfn hmcn-I-

Iƒ Ign-™m¬ ]ns∂ ]Nm-c-ap-≈Xv h\n-Xm-am-kn-I-Iƒ°m-Wv. Ipń-I-fpsS amkn-

I-Iƒ 4.7% hoSp-I-fnepw, cmjvSob kmwkvIm-cnI ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ 4.8% IpSpw-

_-ß-fnepw amXta FØn-t®--cp-∂p-≈q. Db¿∂ hnZym- ym-khpw ]pdw-tem-I-_‘hp-

sa-√m-ap-s≠-¶nepw imkvX ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ \mw hfsc ]nd-

I-n-emWv (0-.9%). kvt]m¿Svkpw kn\n-abpw ChnsS Gsd N¿®-sN-ø-s∏--Sp-∂p-s≠-

¶nepw \ma-am-X-amb hoSp-I-fnte Cu hn`mKw ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-sf-Øp-∂p-≈q.

hoSp-I-fn¬ B\p-Im-enI ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ FØp-∂-Xn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-

Øp-∂Xv as‰-¥n-t\-°mfpw kmº-Øn-I-\ne Xs∂-bm-Wv. CXn¬ ]I-S-amb hyXn-

bm\w ImWp-∂Xv ss]¶nfn ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ am-X-am-Wv. kmº-

ØnI Db¿®-b-\p-k-cn®v t\cnb tXmXn¬ Db-cp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw \mep hn`m-K-ßfpw

ss]¶nfn kzm[o\w Htc tXmXn-em-Wv. Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ h\nXm

amkn-I-Iƒ°p≈ kzm[o\w Ah-cpsS hcp-am\ D]-t`mK coXn-I-fp-ambn t\cn´p

]ńI 15hmßnb ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS Xcw (i-X-am-\-Øn¬)

IhnX hn⁄m\w Bflobw a‰p-≈h/H∂n-e-[nIw H∂pw hmßm-Ømh¿

I 3.8 0.3 2.1 2.1 3.8 87.9II 4.2 0.5 5.1 5.4 5.5 79.3III 5.1 0.5 9.4 8.8 9.0 67.1IV 5.2 1.4 15.1 11.5 18.1 48.7BsI 4.6 0.6 7.7 7.1 8.2 71.8

t\mh¬/IY

hn`mKw



_‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p (29.8%). CXp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ kmwkvIm-cnI

cmjvSob amkn-I-Iƒ Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ FØp-∂Xv hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv (13.4% IpSpw-

_-ß-fn¬).

cmjvSob kmwkvIm-cnI ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfpw ss]¶nfn hmcn-I-I-fp-sa√mw

Ipd-™-tXm-Xn¬ FØp-∂Xv ap…ow IpSpw-_-ß-fn-em-Wv. aX-]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-

ßƒ°v IqSp-X¬ ]Nmcw InkvXy≥ IpSpw-_-ß-fnepw (9.9%).

ss]¶nfn ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ°mWv hmb\m kaq-l-Øn¬ Gsd kzm[o-\-ap-

≈-Xv. sk°‚dn˛πkvSp \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep≈ hnZym-`ymk tbmKy-X-bp-≈-h¿°n-S-bn-

emWv Cu hmb-\-bpsS tIµo-I-c-W-sa-∂Xv khn-ti-j-X-b¿ln-°p-∂p (]-ńI

17). Ipd™ tbmKy-X-bnepw IqSnb tbmKy-X-bnepw Cu hmb\m kzm[o\w Ipd-

™p-h-cp∂Xmbn- Im-Wmw.

C‚¿s\-‰p-]-tbmKw s]mXpth sa-bn¬ Bh-iy-Øn-\m-Wv. hn⁄m\ kºm-Z-

\-Øn\pw Nm‰n-ßn\pw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØp-∂-h-cmWv a‰p ][m\ D]-tbm-‡m-°ƒ.

ss]

¶nf

n]

kn-≤

o-I-c-W

-ßƒ

cmj

vSo-b

--k

mw-k

vIm-c

nIw

kvX

o amk

n-I-I

ƒ

Ip´

n-I-fps

Samk

n-I-I

ƒ

aX

]

kn-≤

o-I-c-W

-ßƒ

imk

vX]

kn-≤

o-I-c-W

-ßƒ

kvt]

m¿Svk

v, kn\

na

a‰p

-≈h

BsI 9.2 4.8 7.4 4.7 3.4 0.9 0.6 5.8

kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-w

I 8.6 0.8 0.5 2.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.8II 9.3 2.3 1.6 2.3 1.9 0.2 0.4 2.7III 9.1 5.9 8.5 6.3 3.7 1.1 0.6 7.6IV 10.3 13.4 29.8 9.9 10.1 3.4 2.1 15.3

aX-w

lnµp 11.0 5.5 7.6 4.8 1.2 1.1 0.7 6.1

ap…nw 4.4 4.7 5.4 4.0 3.3 0.5 0.4 5.2

InkvXy≥ 9.5 3.1 9.1 5.3 9.9 0.6 0.6 5.4

cmjvSob B`n-apJyw

F¬.Un.^v 10.1 5.7 6.4 4.7 1.6 1.3 0.8 6.2

bp.Un.F^v 8.5 3.9 7.5 4.7 5.9 0.5 0.3 5.4

_n.sP.]n 11.0 1.8 7.3 4.9 3.7 0.0 1.8 8.5

]ńI˛16hmßnb B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fpsS tNcp-h-˛ (-IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS iX-am-\w)

hn`mKw



C -sa-bn¬ 26.9Nm‰v 14.8sXmgn¬ tXS¬ 10.2hn⁄m\w 18.5a‰p-≈h 8.8hnhn[ Bhiyw 20.8

]´nI˛18C‚¿s\-‰v-˛-]-[m\D]-tbmKw

\nc-£-c¿ 0.0A\u-]-Nm-cnI km£-cX 0.0ss]adn 3.3sk°‚dn 9.6πkv-˛Sp 12.3kmt¶-XnIw 10.8_ncpZw 9.4_ncp-Zm-\-¥-cw 9.2s]m -j-W¬ 7.8BsI 9.2

]´nI˛17IpSpw-_-Ønse Db¿∂ hnZym-`ym-k-tbm-Ky-Xbpw

s]¶nfn ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ hmßepw iX-am-\-Øn¬

Ip-Spw-_-Ønse Db¿∂hnZym-`ymk tbmKyX

ss]¶nfn hmcn-I-Iƒ hmßp-∂-h-cpsS %



A≤ymbw 12

\ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ

kaq-l-Øn¬ Xs‚ ÿm\w Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Fßs\ Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p F∂-dn-

bm-\p≈ iaw Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂p. Xmc-X-tay\ k¶o¿W-amb Hcp

]Xn-I-cW ]In-b-bm-WnXv. PmXn-bp-sSbpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw t]cn¬ FX-t]¿

kzbw hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p F∂Xv Hcp ][m\ kqN-\-bm-sb-Sp-Øm¬, _lp-`q-cn-]-

£hpw Aßs\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂n√ F∂Xv Bim-h-l-amb ]h-W-X-bmbn IW-

°m°mw. F¶nepw PmXn-bp-sSbpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw t]cn¬ kzbw hnti-jn-∏n-°p-

∂-hcpw Ab¬°m-cs\ Aßs\ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ BK-ln-°p-∂-h-cp-am-b-h-cpsS tNcp-

h-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ Nne s]mXp-]-h-W-X-Iƒ Zriy-amWv.

aX-Øn-s‚tbm PmXn-bp-sStbm t]cn¬ kzbw hnti-jn-∏n-°m≥ ian-®Xv 9.8%

t]cmWv. F∂m¬ Ab¬°m-c≥ Bcm-sW∂ tNmZy-Øn\v 23.1% t]cpw PmXn˛aX

kqN-\-I-f-S-ßnb DØ-c-amWp \¬In-bXv

kmº-ØnI \ne-bp-sS-b-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Zcn-Z-hn-`m-K-ßfpw aXm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

ap…n-ßfpw kmap-Zm-bn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]´n-I-h¿K-hn-`m-Khpw cmjvSob Nmbv-h-

\p-k-cn®v _n sP ]n hn-`m-K-hp-amWv Cßs\ kzbw hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ ap∂n¬

\n¬°p-∂Xv. (]´nI 1)

F√m-X-c-Øn-ep≈ hn -P-\-sa-Sp-Ømepw (kmº-ØnI˛aX˛kmaqly˛ cmjvSob)

Hmtcm hn`m-K-Ønepw A©n-sem∂p t]sc-¶nepw Ab¬°msc aX˛kmap-Zm-bnI

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p-s≠∂p ImWmw. F√m hyXym-k-ßƒ°p-a-

Xo-X-ambn C°m-cy-Øn-ep≈ GIXzw it≤-b-amWv. F∂m¬ kmº-ØnI \ne

Db-cp-∂-Xn\p hn]-coX A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ]Xn-I-cWw Ipd-bp-

∂p≠v.

h¿§ob-˛PmXob Nn¥m-K-Xn˛ ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ kqN-\-Iƒ

kmap-Zm-bn-I˛ h¿Kob Nn¥-Iƒ kmaqly kmwkvImcnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]_-

e-ambn A\p`-h-s∏-´p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. ]iv\-ß-fpsS bYm¿∞ Imc-W-ßƒ At\z-jn-



]ńI 1kzXz-t_m-[w

Ab¬°m-cs\ aX-˛-PmXnASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-h¿ (%)

aX-˛-PmXn ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬,kzbw hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-h¿

(%)

kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, Ab¬°m-cs\ hnti-jn-∏n-°¬†

BsI 9.8 23.1kmº-ØnI hn`m-KwI 14.0 27.2II 11.6 25.1III 8.5 21.7IV 5.9 17.4aX-wlnµp 8.0 22.7ap…nw 12.9 26.0InkvXy≥ 11.8 21.4PmXn †]nt∂m-°-PmXn 7.1 22.1apt∂m-°-PmXn 7.7 22.9]ń-I-PmXn 10.1 26.0]ńI h¿§w 18.4 24.1cmjvSob B`n-apJywF¬.Un.^v 7.0 21.4bp.Un.F^v 12.0 25.4_n.sP.]n 14.8 26.9

hn`mKw

°p-Ibpw kmaqly ka-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw kmº-ØnI D®\oN-Xz-ß-fp-sSbpw h¿K-

]-c-amb ]iv\ ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn\p ]Icw kmap-Zm-bn-

I-amb ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ tXSp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]h-WX Gdn-hcp∂-Xm-bmWv A\p-`-hw.

s]mXp-hn-Zy-me-b-ßƒ°p-]-Icw kz¥w PmXn aX hn`m-K-ß-fpsS kvIqfp-I-fn¬

Ipń-Isf Ab--°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]h-WX Gdn hcp-∂-Xm-bmWv A\p-`-hw.

s]mXphnZym-e-b-ßƒ°p-]-Icw kz¥w PmXn aX hn`m-K-ß-fpsS kvIqfp-I-fn¬

Ipń-Isf Ab--°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kΩ¿±ß-fp-≠m--hp-∂p-≠v. cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ aX- -PmXn

hn`m-K-ß-fpsS ÿm]nX Xmev]-cy-ßfpw k-Ω¿±-ßfpw h¿≤n® tXmXn-ep-≠v.

s]mXp-th PmXn-˛-aX cmjvSo-b-sØ-°p--dn®pw, kvIqƒ ]th-i-\w, ani-hn-hmlw

F∂n-h-sb-°p--dn®pw ]T-\-Øn¬ e`n® ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ Cu ]iv\-Øns‚ AIhpw

]pdhpw hy‡-am-°p∂ Nne kqN-\-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p.

PmXn-bp-sSbpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-epff cmjvSobsØ kaqlw

samØ-Øn¬ X≈n-∏-d-bp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv (]-ńI 2). 3.7 iX-am\w amXw

aXØns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ cmjvSobsØ A\p-Iqen-®-t∏mƒ 3.4 iX-am-\-

amWv PmXn cmjvSo-bsØ A\p-Iq-en-®-Xv. kmº-Øn-I-ambn ]ca ZcnZhn`m-K-ß-

fn¬ \n∂pw, aX hn`mK-sa-Sp-Øm¬ ap…o-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-amWv t\cnb tXmXn¬

aX cmjvSo-b-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb IqSnb ]Xn-I-cWap≈-Xv. CsXm-gn-®m¬ aX-

˛-PmXn cmjvSo-b-sØ-°p-dn®v A\p-Iq-e-amb ]Xn-I-c-W-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ F√m



aX

m-[n-j

vTnX

cmj

vSo-b

sØ

]n¥

p-W-°

p-∂-h

¿ (%)

PmX

n A[

n-jvTnX

cmj

vSo-

bsØ

]n¥

p-W-°

p-∂-h

¿ (%)

kz¥

w P

mXn /

aX

-°m-c

psS

kvI

qƒ C

jvS-s∏

-Sp-∂

-h¿ (%)

a°-fps

S h

nPm-X

ob h

nhml

ßƒ

AwK

o-I-cn

-°m-Ø

-h¿

(%)

a°

-fps

S A

\y-a

-X-h

n-hm-l

-ßƒ

AwK

o-I-cn-°

m-Ø-h

¿ (%)

]ńI˛2h¿Ko-b-˛-Pm-Xob Nn¥bv°v Nne -kq-N-\-Iƒ

BsI 3.7 3.4 11.7 26.5 41.7kmº-ØnI hn`m-KwI 5.1 4.4 11.0 25.2 44.7II 4.3 3.6 10.9 28.6 44.0III 2.8 3.0 13.3 26.5 40.5IV 3.5 3.3 8.8 21.9 36.3aX-hn- mKw

lnµp 3.5 3.6 9.3 31.3

ap…nw 5.5 4.1 13.1 72.0

InkvXy≥ 2.1 2.0 16.6 37.5

PmXn]nt∂m-°-PmXn 3.2 3.1 9.3 25.3 30.0

apt∂m-°-PmXn 4.2 4.1 9.1 31.3 37.2

]ń-I-PmXn 4.0 4.6 9.9 19.3 23.2

]ńI h¿§w 3.4 3.4 10.7 39.6 42.6

cmjvSob B`n-apJyw

F¬.Un.^v 2.4 2.5 9.3 22.8 33.6

bp.Un.F^v 4.8 4.1 15.6 28.6 49.3

_n.sP.]n 11.6 8.6 14.6 38.2 47.5

kmaqly ˛cm-jvSo-b-˛-aX hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw kam-\-amb ]Xn-I-c-W-am-Wp-≈-

Xv. Db¿∂ A\p-Iqe at\m`mhw C°m-cy-Øn¬ ]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv _n.-sP.]n Bi-

b-°m-cn-em-Wv.

F∂m¬ kvIqƒ ]th-i-\-Øns‚ Imcyw hcp-tºmƒ at\m-`m-h-Øn¬ PmXn-˛-

aX A\p-`mhw Iptd-°qSn ]_-e-amhp-∂p-≠v (11.7%). kmº-ØnI \ne-b-\p-k-

cn®v t\m°p-tºmƒ kzk-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ kvIqfp-I-fn¬Xs∂ Ipń-Isf Ab-°-W-

sa∂ Xmev]-cy-Øn\v Aev]w kzm[o\w IqSp-X-ep-≈-Xv, Xmgv∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-cnepwInkvXy≥ ap…ow aX hn`m-K-ß-fnepw _n.-sP.-]n. A\p- m-h-ap≈hcn-ep-am-Wv. F¬.-

hn`mKw



Un.-F-^v, bp.-Un.-F-^v. A\p-`m-h-ap≈ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ C°m-cy-Øn-ep≈ ]I-S-amb hyXymkw Ah-bnse PmXn-˛-aX tNcp-h-bpsS ]Xn-^-e-\am-Imw.

PmXn-bpsS t]cn-ep≈ D®\oN-Xz-ßƒs°-Xnsc i‡-amb kmaqly ]ÿm-\-ßƒ Db¿∂p-h∂ ]tZ-i-amWv tIc-fw. kap-Zmb ]cn-jv°-cW ]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS XpS¿®-bm-bmWv tIc-f-Ønse cmjvSo-bhpw hnZym-`ym-khpw ]_p-≤-X-bp-sa√mw Icp-∏n-Sn-®-Xv. Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \n¿Æm-bI hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Cu]_p-≤X FX-amXw ]Xn-^-en-°p∂p F∂-Xns‚ kqN\ A\y PmXn-˛-aXhnhml-ß-fpsS Imcyw DZm-l-cn-°p-∂p.

hnPm-Xob hnhm-l-ß-tfmSv JWvUnX-amb FXn¿∏v ]I-Sn-∏n® IpSpw-_-ßƒ\men-sem∂phcpw. A\y-aX hnhm-l-ß-tfm-Sp≈ JWvUn-X-amb FXn¿∏v AXnepwi‡-amWv (41.7%). hnPm-Xob hnhm-l-ß-tfmSv kua-\kyw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv ]ń-I-PmXn hn`m-K-am-Wv. FXn¿∏ns‚ tXmXv IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv apt∂m° PmXn-°m-cnepw,_n.-sP.-]n. A\p-`m-h-ap-≈-h-cn-ep-am-Wv.

]ńIh¿§-°m-cpsS C°m-cy-Øn-ep≈ ]Xn-Iqe at\m-`mhw Ah-cpsS Ipem-Nm-c-ß-fn-ep≈ Dd® hnizm-k-Øns‚ ]Xn-^-e\w IqSn-bm-Imw. CXc aXhnhml-ß-tfmSv I¿i-\-amb FXn¿∏p-≈Xv ap…ow hn`m-K-Øn-em-Wv (72%). _n.-sP.-]n.,bp.-Un.-F^v A\p-`m-h-ap-≈-h¿°n-S-bn¬ Cu at\m-`mhw IqSp-X¬ i‡-am--hp-∂XvAh-bnse aX-hn-`mK kzm[o\w sIm≠p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI \ne-bp-≈-h-cn¬ hnPm-Xo-b-˛-C-Xc aX hn`m-K-ß-tfm-Sp≈ FXn¿∏v ]mtbW Ipd-hm-sW∂p ImWp-∂p.

aXhpw cmjvSo-bm-`n-ap-Jy-hpw-˛-A-`n-]m-b-ß-fnse kzm[o\w

kmaqly cmjvSob Imcy-ß-fp-tSbpw temI ho£-W-Øn-s‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬Hcp ]ucs‚ A`n-]mb kao-]-\-ßsf aXhpw cmjvSo-bhpw GX-f-hn¬ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p? Gsd i≤-bm-I¿jn® Nne ]iv\-ß-fn¬ P\-ß-fpsS ]Xn-Ic-W-ßsfkzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xv aXhpw Nne-t∏m-sg√mw cmjvSo-b-hp-am-sW-∂Xv \ap°v A\p-`-h-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ aX ˛ cmjvSob ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ°v AXo-X-ambn ]iv\-ßsfkao-]n-°p∂ Hcp ]mc-º-cy-Øn\pw \ΩpsS kaq-l-Øn¬ i‡-amb thcp-I-fp-≠v. Gsd N¿® sNø-s∏´ Hcp km¿h-tZ-iob ]iv\-tØbpw Hcp tZiob ]iv\-tØbpw Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ N¿®°p hnt[-b-am-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. _m_cn akvPnZvXI¿Ø-Xnepw CdmJv A[n-\n-th-i-Øn-epap≈ ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp-tºmƒ sXfn™ph∂ ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw sshcp-[y-ßfpw kam-\-X-Ifpw Cu kzm[o-\-ßsf ]Xnên∏n°p∂p (]-ńI 3).

_m_-cn-akvPnZv XI¿Ø-Xv AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-h¿ hfsc Ipd-hm-sW-¶nepw kmº-Øn-I-\ne Db-cpw-tXmdpw AwKo-Imcw t\cnb tXm-Xn¬ h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw.lnµp-a-X-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-´-h-cn¬ t]mepw 8.1 iX-am\w amXta Cu ]hr-Ønsbicn-bmbn Icp--Xp-∂p-≈q. _n.-sP.-]n.°v thm´p sNbvX-h-cn¬ 30.7 iX-am\w _m_cn

]≈n XI¿ØXv icn-bmb \S-]-Sn-bmbn Icp-Xp∂p.

Ata-cn-°-bpsS CdmJv A[n-\n-th-i-Im-cy-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse P\-ßƒ i‡-

amb FXn¿ \ne-]m-sS-Sp-°p∂p≠v (84.4%). kmam-PyXz hntcm-[-Øns‚ ]mc-ºcyw



kaq-l-Øn¬ A\yw \n∂n-´n-s√∂p Xs∂-bm-Wn-Xp-]-d-bp-∂-Xv. \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn¬

sNdnb Nne hyXym-k-ßƒ ImWm-sa-¶nepw Cu FXn¿∏v aX-˛ -km-º-

ØnI˛cmjvSobt`Z-ß-sf-sb√mw AXnewLn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ i‡-am-Wv. kmº-

ØnI \ne-bn¬ Db¿∂ hn`m-K-Øn\pw C°m-cy-Øn¬ Db¿∂ tXmXn-ep≈ FXn¿

\ne-]m-Sm-Wp-≈-sX∂v (90.6%) A`n-]m-b-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. kmº-Øn-I-ambn

G‰hpw Xmgv∂ hn`m-K-Øn-emWv Cu FXn¿\n-e-]m-Sn¬ Aev]w i‡n Ip-d-hp-≈-

Xv. am[y-a-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw A√m-sX-bpap≈ hnhc e`y-X-bp-sSbpw hnhn[ kwL-S-

\-Iƒ \S-Ønb Imº-bn≥ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sSbpw kzm[o\w FØmØ XcØn-

ep≈ PohnX kml-N-cy-amImw Cu hyXym-k-Øn\p Imc-Ww.

ap-…o-ß-fn¬ 92.6% CdmJv A[n-\n-th-isØ AwKo-I-cn-°m-Ø-h-cm-Wv.

InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-Øn¬ CXv 80.1 iX-am-\-ta-bp-≈q. _n.-sP.-]n. A\p-`m-h-ap-≈-h-

cnepw 82.7% A[n-\n-th-i-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb A`n-]mbw ]I-Sn-∏n-®-h-cm-Wv.

hnhn[ hn`mKw P\-ßƒ Xßƒ°v Xosc CjvS-an-√mØ cmPyw GXm-sW-∂-

Xn\p \evInb ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ aX-˛-cm-jvSob hyXym-k-a-\p-k-cn®v i‡-amb G‰-

°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ ]I-S-am-°p-∂p. 48.3% t]¿ Ata-cn-°sb CjvS-an-√mØ cmPy-ambn

ImWp-tºmƒ 28.9% t]¿ ]m°n-ÿm-s\-bmWv Aß-s\-Im-Wp-∂-Xv. kmºØn-I-

ambn Xmgv∂ hn`m-K-ß-sf At]-£n®v Db¿∂ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ Ata--cn-°-tbm-Sp≈

A\njvSw Ipd-hm-Wv. ap…ow P\-hn-`m-K-amWv Ata-cn-°sb CjvS-s∏-Sm-Ø-h-cn¬

_m_dn akvPnZvXI¿Ø-Xn\vAwKo-Imcw

CdmJv A[n-\n-th-i-Øn\v

FXncv

CjvS-s∏-SmØ cmPywAta-cn°

]´nI˛3aXhpw cmjvSob B`n-ap-Jyhpw i‡-ambn kzm[o-\n-°p∂ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ

]m°n-ÿm≥G‰hpw

CjvSan√mØcmPyw

BsI 5.3 84.4 48.3 28.9

kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-w

I 4.4 74.3 51.6 32.9II 5.4 83.2 51.9 30.0III 5.3 86.7 46.3 29.1IV 6.2 90.6 39.7 24.4

aX-w

lnµp 8.1 83.0 44.3 34.7

ap…nw 1.5 92.6 79.3 5.6

InkvXy≥ 1.0 80.1 24.4 38.7

cmjvSob B`n-apJyw

F¬.Un.^v 3.5 87.2 54.7 25.3

bp.Un.F^v 4.3 84.7 46.3 30.5

_n.sP.]n 30.7 82.7 31.0 44.0

hn`mKw



G‰hpw apºn¬ ( 79.3%). ]m°n-ÿms\ CjvS-s∏-Sm-Ø-h¿ G‰hpw Ipd-hp-≈Xv

ap…o-ß-fn¬Xs∂ (5.6%)

bp.-Un.-F-^v. B`n-ap-Jy-ap-≈-hsc At]-£n®v Ata-cn-°sb CjvS-s∏-Sm-Ø-h¿

IqSpX-ep-≈Xv CS-Xp-]-£-°m-cn-em-Wv. _n.-sP.-]n. B`n-ap-Jy-ap-≈-h-cn¬ Ata-cn-

°-tbmSp≈ A\njvSw hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. 31% amXw. ]m°n-ÿm-t\m-Sp≈ A\njvSw

]_-e-am-bp-≈Xpw Ch¿°p-X-s∂ (44%). Ata-cn-°sb CjvS-an-√m-Ø-h¿ G‰hpw

Ipd-hp-≈Xv InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-Øn-emWv (24.4%).

Cu cmPy-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ \ΩpsS \mńse hyXykvX P\-hn-`m-K-ßfpsS

kao-]-\-Øn\v Ncn-X-]-c-amb Imc-W-ß-fp-≠v. aX-hn-izm-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´

ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ Cu A`n-]m-b-ß-fn¬ ]_-e-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂p-s≠∂pw

ImWmw.

A`n-]mb cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ h¿Ø-am-\-]Xß-fpsS kzm[o\w

kaq-l-Øn¬ A`n-]m-b-ßfpw [mcWIfpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ am[yakzm[o\w h¿≤n-®p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. A`n-]mb \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ kaq-l-Ønse Db¿∂hn`m-K-ß-fn-ep-≈-h-cm-Wv. Cu hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ am[ya kzm[o\hpw am[y-a-ß-fn¬Ah-cpsS kzm[o-\hpw i‡--am-Wv. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]ÿm-\-ßfpw t\Xm-°fpamWv P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ A`n-]mb cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ Imcy-amb kzm[o\wsNep-Øp-∂-sX-¶n¬ hen-sbm-c-f-hn¬ C∂v am[y-a-ßƒ B ÿm\-tØ°vh∂n´p≠v. Zriy-am-[y-a-ßsf At]-£n®v IrXy-amb tN-cn-Xn-cn-thmsS \ne-]m-sS-Sp-°p∂ ]mc-º-cy-ap-≈-h-bmWv tIc-f-Ønse ]X-ßƒ. CS-Xp-]-£-Øns‚ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ ]Xn-^-en-°p∂ Hcp ]Xw amX-ta-bp-≈q. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn he-Xp-]£A\p-Iqe kao-]-\-sa-Sp-°p∂ ]X-ß-fpsS hmb-\m-k-aqlw hn]p-e-am-Wv. tI-c-f-Ønse am[y-a-cwKw kPo-h-am-Wv. Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb N¿®-Ifpw anI® At\z-j-W-ß-fp-ap-≠m-hp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ ]X-˛-Zriy am[y-a-ta-J-e-bnse ÿm]-\-ß-fpsSs]cp-∏hpw XΩn-ep≈ a’-chpw ImcWw hyXy-kvX-amb ]h-W-X-Ifpw [mcm-f-ambn ]I-S-am-Ip-∂p-≠v.

cmjvSo-b-Nmbvhpw kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI \nebpw A`n-]m-b-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-^-en-°p∂p≠v. Ch-bp-ambn ]X-ßƒ°p≈ _‘hpw ]T-\m¿l-am-Wv. Cu ]c-kv]c kzm[o\w Xncn®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp∂ \mep tNmZy-ß-fpsS DØ-c-ß-fmWv Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

P\-Io-bm-kq-X-W-Øn¬ km[m-cW hnI-k\ ]≤XnIsf At]-£n®v Agn-aXn IqSp-X-ept≠m? _µv, l¿Øm¬ F∂nh ]q¿Æ-ambpw Dt]-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-XmtWm? kzmib hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ A\n-hm-cy-X-bmtWm? t\cn-´p≈hntZi apX¬ap-S°v KpW-I-c-amtWm? F∂o tNmZy-ß-tfm-Sp≈ ]Xn-I-c-W-amWv]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xv (]-ńI 4).

P\-Io-bm-kq-X-W-Øn¬ Agn-aXn IqSp-X-em-sW∂p ]d--bp-∂-h¿ 17.4% amX-am-Wv. thmńMv Nmbvh-\p-kcn®v bp.-Un.-F-^v, _n.-sP.-]n. \ne-]m-Sp-Imcpw kmº-ØnI \ne-b-\p-k-cn®v Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ßfpw a‰p-≈-hsc At]-£n®vAgn-aXn IqSpXem-sW∂ A`n-]m-b-°m-cm-Wv. _µn-t\mSpw l¿Øm-en-t\m-Sp-ap≈



kao-]-\-Øn¬ F¬.-Un.-F- v, bp.-Un.-F- v, _n.-sP.]n kao-]-\-ßƒ XΩn¬ henb

A¥-c-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ kmº-ØnI \ne-b-\p-k-cn®v ]ca Zcn-Z¿ apX¬ Db¿∂

CS-Ø-c-°m¿ hsc-bp≈ \mep hn`m-K-ß-fnepw _µv l¿Øm¬ F∂n-hsb A\p-

Iq-en-°m-Ø-h-cpsS iX-am\w Gsd-°psd H∂p Xs∂-bm-Wv. (bYm-Iaw 64.3%,

62.5%, 63.1%, 65.1 % F∂n-ßs\). kmº-Øn-I-amb ISpØ Ak-a-Xz-Ønepw Cu

hn`m-K-ßƒ XΩn¬ C°m-cy-Øn-ep≈ A`n-]m-b-kmayw hnkva-b-I-c-am-Wv.

kzmib ÿm]-\-ßƒ A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂p Icp-Xp-∂-h¿ kaq-l-Øn¬ Hcp

sNdp \yq\-]£w amX-am-Wv (12.7%). F¬.-Un.-F^n\p thm´p-sN-bvX-h-cn¬ 8.5%

amX-am-Wv Cßs\ Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xv. bp.-Un.-F-^n\pw _n.-sP.-]n°pw thm´p sNbvX-

h-cn¬ 17% hoXhpw. kmº-ØnI hn`mKw Xncn®p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ kmº-

ØnI \ne Db-cpwtXmdpw kzmib ÿm]-\-ß-tfm-Sp≈ ]nbw h¿[n®p hcp∂-

Xp-Im-Wmw. (hn`mKw˛1 5.6%˛ hn`mKw 4˛ 26.3%) ]Ww sImSpØp hnZym-`ymkw

hmßm-\p≈ tijn-bpsS kqN-\-bmWv Cu ]Xn-I-cW hyXymk-Øn-\p- Im-c-W-

sa-∂q-ln-®mepw Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fn¬t]mepw \men-sem∂p IpSpw-

_-ßƒ amXta kzmib ÿm]-\-ßsf A\p-Iq-en--°p-∂p-≈q F∂p ImWmw.

hntZi aqe-[\w (Kƒ^v hcp-am\a√ F∂v ]tXyIw hniZo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p.) hcp-

∂Xv KpW-I-c-am-sW∂v Icp--Xp-∂-h¿ 20.4 iX-am\ap≠v. cmjvSob Nmbvhns‚bpw

hn`mKw

P\

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m-kq-X

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Agn-a

Xn I

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X-e

mWv

_µ

v/ l

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m¬F

Xnc

v

kzmi

b h

nZym

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b-ß

ƒ A

\n-h

m-cy-

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v

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ntZi

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v

]´nI˛4-A`n-]mb cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ h¿Ø-am\]X-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w

BsI 17.4 63.1 12.7 20.4hmßp∂ ]X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬CS-Xp-]£ ]Xw 9.3 35.9 8.7 13.6he-Xp-]£ ]Xw 22.8 74.7 20.8 26.4a‰p ]X-ßƒ 16.0 62.9 7.9 19.7]Xw hmßm-Ø-h¿ 17.9 63.9 16.5 19.9cmjvSo-bm-`n-apJywF¬.Un.^v 14.1 52.0 8.5 17.1bp.Un.F^v 21.8 72.7 17.3 24.8_n.sP.]n 22.9 73.6 17.6 22.6kmº-ØnI hn`m-KwI 12.4 64.3 5.6 18.3II 16.1 62.5 8.4 19.9III 19.5 63.1 15.0 21.0IV 19.2 65.1 26.3 22.8



kmº-ØnI \ne-hm-c-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ßƒ Chn-sSbpw

]I-S-am-Wv.

Cu \mep Imcy-ßfnepw ]X-h-cn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ]Xn-I-cWw

]tXyI i≤-bm-I¿jn-°p-∂p. he-Xp-]£ ho£-W-ap≈ ]X-ß-fpsS ]Xn-I-

cWw F√m-Ønepw Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂p. CS-Xp-]£ ]X-h-cn-°m-cpsS Cc-ń-b-

e[n-I-amWv Ch-cpsS ]Xn-I-c-WØns‚ tXmXv. kaq-l-Øn¬ s]mXp-sh-bp≈

A`n-]m-b-tØ-°mƒ Db¿∂ tXmXn-¬ A`n-]m-bßsf kzm[o-\n-°m≥ Cu ]X-

ßƒ°v km[n°p-∂p F∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-bmWv Cu \mep Imcy-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ ]X

hcn-°m-cpsS A`n-]m-b-ß-fpsS hni-I-e\w hy-‡-am-°p-∂-Xv.

s]mXp kwhn-[m-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ A`n-]mbw

Hcp ]cn-jvIrX kaq-l-Ønse P\-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏´ kqN-I-ß-fn-sem∂v Ahn-SpsØ s]mXp kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-c-am-Wv. Bip-]-Xn, kvIqƒ F∂n-h-bpsS Im-cy-Øn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ s]mXp ]iv\-ß-fpsS XpS¿® Xs∂-bmWv a‰p kmaqly tkh\ ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu ÿm]-\-ßsf kao-]n-°p∂ s]mXp-P-\-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ°v henb sFI-cq-]yap-≠v. AXn¬Xs∂ h¿§-hy-Xymkw AYhm kmº-ØnI\ne-hmcw kao-]-\-ßsf kzm[o-\n--°p-∂p-s≠∂pw ImWmw.

kz¥w A\p- -h-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Imcy-ßƒ \S-°m≥ ]bm-k-ap≈ Hmô-kp-Ifpw Ffp-∏-ap≈ k¿∆o-kp-I-fpw- Gh F∂ At\z-j-W-Øn\p e`n® ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ Xmsg tImUo-I-cn-®n-cn°p-∂p (]-ńI 5).

Imcy-ßƒ \S∂p In´p-∂-Xn¬ G‰hpw Ipd-®v ]bmkw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂XvXt±i Kh¨sa‚ v Hmô-kp-I-fnepw, Irjn-`-h-\p-I-fn-ep-am-Wv. sshZyp-Xn, Pe-hn-X-c-Ww, cPn-kvtS-j≥ F∂n-h-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Imcy-ßƒ \S-°m≥ ]bmkwIqSp-X-em-sW∂v F√m-hn-`m-K-Øn-epapƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ ]d-bp-∂p.

Hmôkv I II III IV F√mw

hnt√Pv Hmôkv 60.9 64.9 64.2 64.9 64.2]©m-bØv /ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n /tIm¿∏-td-j≥ 53.0 50.2 50.6 53.0 51.1Irjn- -h≥ 59.4 51.8 48.0 48.1 50.9Ce-IvSn-kn‰n 67.2 63.9 64.0 64.9 64.6Pe-hn-X-cWw 75.3 68.1 63.7 64.2 66.7cPn-kvtS-j≥ 67.0 64.0 63.8 63.7 64.4t]meokv 78.5 75.6 73.5 75.6 75.0tImSXn 78.8 74.3 73.3 70.8 74.0

kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-a-\p-k-cn®v

]ńI˛5Imcy-ßƒ \S-°m≥ ]bm-k-ap≈ Hmô-kp-Iƒ




Imcy-ßƒ \S°m≥ G‰hpw ]bm-k-ap≈ hIp-∏p-Iƒ t]meokpw(75%) tImSXn

(74%) bpam-Wv. kmº-ØnI t`Z-at\y C°m-cy-Øn¬ GIm-`n-]m-b-am-Wv. t]meo-

kp-Imcpw tImS-Xn-Po-h-\-°m-cp-sa√mw Dƒ∏-Sp-∂ -km-º-ØnI hn`mKw 3˛¬ C°m-

cy-Øn¬ t\cn-b-Ip-dhvv A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ (73%) ]ca ZcnZ hn`m-K-ßƒ°v G‰hpw

]bmkw t]meokpw tImS-Xnbpw Xs∂. Imcy-ßƒ \∂mbn \S-°p-∂Xv GXp

hn`mKw Hmô-kn-em-Wv? P\-ß-fpsS A\p-`-h-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ]Xn-

I-c-W-ßƒ ]k-‡-amb Nne s]mXp-hn-h-c-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p (]-ńI 6).

]mtZ-inI Kh¨sa‚p-I-fnepw tIµ-K-h¨sa‚ v ÿm]-\-ß-fn-ep-amWv t`Z-s∏´

\ne-bn¬ Imcy-ßƒ \S°p∂Xmbn P\-ßƒ ImWp-∂-Xv. ]ca Zcn-Z, Zcn-Z-hn- m-K-

ßƒ°v Imcy-ßƒ \∂mbn \S-°p-∂-Xmbn A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ]©m-bØv/ap\n-

kn-∏m-en-‰n- XpS-ßnb ]mtZ-inI k¿°m-dp-I-fn-em-Wv. hcp-am\w G‰hpw Db¿∂

kmº-ØnI hn`mKw 4 ep≈h¿ \∂mbn Imcy-ßƒ \S-°p∂ Hmô-kp-I-fmbn

ImWp-∂-Xv tIµ-k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-ß-sf-bm-Wv (42.2%). kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ ÿm]-

\-ßsf \√-Xm-bn- Im-Wp∂ sNdp \yq\-]£w (6%) amXta C-°q- -cn-ep-≈q.

A[n-Imc hntI-µo-I-c-Whpw AXns‚ `mK-amb DtZym-Kÿ ]p\¿hy-\ym-

khpw Ct∏mgpw ISpØ ]Xn-k-‘n-I-fn-em-Wv. Cu ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw Xt±i

k¿°m¿ Hmô-kp-Iƒ P\-ßƒ°v, ]tXy-In®v Zcn-Z-hn- m-K-ßƒ°v sa®-s∏- -Xmbn

tXm∂p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ah C\nbpw sa®-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xv kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-bpsS `mK-

ambn ImW-Ww. kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ Hmô-kp-Iƒ F√m hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw Hcp-

t]mse A]nb-am-Im-\p≈ ImcWat\z-jn-°p-Ibpw thWw. _lp-`q-cn-]£w

k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ III˛mw hn`m-K-Øn¬t]mepw 9 %t]¿ amXta

Imcy-ßƒ \∂mbn \S-°p∂ tIµ-ß-fmbn kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ Hmô-kp-Isf

ImWp-∂p-≈q.- tk-h-\-ta-Je kzIm-cy-h-Xv°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw k¿°m¿ \njvI-an-

°m≥ \n¿_‘n°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ kwÿm\ k¿°m¿

ÿm]-\-ßsf sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw P\-]n-b-am-°m\pw ASn-b-¥nc ia-ß-fp-≠m-bn-

s√-¶n¬ Poh-\-°m¿°v Ah-cpsS t]mcm-´-ß-fn¬ P\-]n-¥pW e`n-°msX hcpw.

`cW ]cn-jv°mc IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ \S-∏m-Im-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw Pt\m-]-Im-c-

HmôkvI II III IV F√mw

tIµ k¿°m¿Hmôkv 18.0 22.3 31.7 42.2 28.1kwÿm\k¿°m¿Hmôkv 11.0 10.6 9.1 6.0 9.6]mtZ-inIKh¨sa‚ v 34.7 34.2 28.5 20.0 29.9H∂n-ep-an√ 35.6 31.2 28.9 29.8 30.7


]ńI˛6Imcy-ßƒ \∂mbn \S-°p-∂Xv GXp-hn-`mKw Hmô-kn¬



]-Z-a-√mØ `c-W\ho-I-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ apt∂-dp-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ \mam-h-

ti-j-am-Ip-∂Xv knhn¬k¿∆okv Xs∂-bm-Wv.

ssI°q-en-bpsS hym]vXn

\ΩpsS \mń¬ \ne-hn-ep-ff kmaqly hyhÿbpsS IqsS-∏n-d-∏mWv Agn-a-

Xn. tZiob Xe-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ h≥ Agn-a-Xn-Iƒ-˛-_m¶v hmbv∏mX-ń-∏pIƒ,Hm-

l-cn-X-ń-∏p-Iƒ ,bp-t≤m-]-I-c-W-Icm-dp-Iƒ,-F-∂n-h-sb√mw Ipw`-tIm-W-ßƒ F∂-

dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-hbpw an°-t∏mgpw h≥ cmjvSob ]n¥p-W-tbmsS \S-°p-∂-h-bp-am-

Wv. h\w,-N-µ-\w, dnb¬ FtÃ‰v, hn-Zy-m`ym-kw, -B-tcmKyw, B-flobw XpS-ßnb

taJ-e-I-fn-se√mw am^n-bm-kz-`m-h-am¿Pn-°p∂ Agn-aXn kwkvImcw hym]n-°p-

∂Xv tIc-f-Øn¬ F‰hpw henb òj-Wn-bmbn amdn-bn-´p-≠v. km[m-cW P\-

ßsf kw_‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ch-sb√mw dnt∏m¿´v sNø-s∏´v Adn-bp∂ kw`-h-

ß-fm-Wv. Agn-a-Xn km[m-cW P\-ßƒ°v ]Xy-£-Øn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv

ssI°q-en-bpsS cq]-Øn-emWv. k¿°m¿ tkh-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘s∏´ ssIIq-en-

bmWv CXn¬ `qcn-`m-K-hpw.

ssI°q-ensb Ipdn-®p≈ At\z-j-W-Øn¬ Is≠-Øn-bXv Imcyw \S-°m≥

ssI°qen \evIm≥ Xøm-dm-sW∂v ]d-bp-∂-h-cpsS FÆw AX Ipd-h√ F∂-m-

Wv.- ]-T-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-´- \men-sem∂p IpSpw-_ßfn¬ (25.9%) GsX-¶nepw Imcy-

Øn\v Ign™ Hcp-h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ssI°qen sImSp-Øn-´p≈ A\p-`-h-ap≠v (-

]-ńI˛7).

ssI°qen \evIp-∂-h-cpsS iX-am\w kmº-Øn-I-\ne Db-cp-∂-Xn\v A\p-I-a-

ambn Db-cp-∂p≠v. ]c-a-Z-cn-Z-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ CXv 16.1 iX-am-\amWv.- D-b¿∂ CS-Ø-

kt¥m-j-Øn\v 9.3\m´p-\-S-∏n-\\p-k-cn®v 12.8kzta-[bm 4.6tNmZn-®p-hm-ßn-bXv 12.9\n¿_-‘-Xn-X-cm-bXv 56.8

]ńI 8ssI°q-en-bpsS ImcWw

kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-w %

I 16.1II 22.5III 29.8IV 33.5BsI 25.9

]ńI 7Ign™ Hcp h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ssI°qen \¬In-bXv



c-°m-cmb 4 mw hn`m-K-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-ßfpw h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xn-\memImw

CXv Cc-ń-bmbn (33.5%) amdp-∂p-≠v.

kt¥m-j-kq-N-I-ambpw \m´p-\-S-∏m-sW-∂-p I-cp-Xnbpw tNmZn®p hmßn-bp-sa√mw

ssI°q-enbps≠-¶nepw \evIn-b-h-cn¬ 56.8% t]cpw ssI°qen \¬Im≥

\n¿_‘n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-sX∂v ]d-bp-∂p.

\nb-a-°p-cp-°p-Ifpw N´ßfpsS Zp¿hym-Jym-\-ßfpw P\-ß-fpsS A⁄-X-bp-

sa√mw ssI°q-en°p Imc-WamIp-∂p≠v-. -b-Ym¿∞ `c-W-\-ho-IcWw Cu Zni-

bn-ep≈ \nba ]cn-jvI-c-W-ßƒ°v hgn Xpd-°Ww. hnh-cm-h-Imi \nb-a-Øns‚

NphSp ]nSn®v Hcp henb _lpP\]ÿm-\-Øn\p Xs∂ cq]w \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.

P\-Io-bm-kq-XWw ˛ P\-ß-fpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬

1996¬ Bcw-`n® P\-Io -bm -kq - XW ]ÿm\w Xt±i kzbw-` -cW

ÿm]\ßƒ°v A[n-Imcw ssIam-dp-∂-Xn\pw Bkq-XW hntI-µo-I-c-W-Øn-

eqsS hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn hn]p-e-amb P\-Iob kΩ¿-±-

apb¿Øp-∂-Xn-\pap≈ cmjvSob ˛ `cW \S-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CØ-c-samcp DZyaw

t\cn-tS-≠n-h-cp∂ F√m sshX-cWn-Ifpw `cW Xe-Ønepw cmjvSobXe-Ønepw

DtZym-KÿXe-Ønepw Cu ]ÿm\w t\cn-´p. -sN-dnb tIm´-ßƒ s]cp-∏n-®p-Im-

Wn-°m≥ ia-ap-≠mbn. kpXmcyamb \S-Øn-∏p-co-Xn-Iƒ ]e Xe-ßfnepw Atem-

k-c-ap-≠m-°n. ]gb Nmep-I-fn-ep≈ ]h¿Ø\ coXn-Iƒ°p XpS-¿-®-bmbn Cu

]h¿Ø-\-tØbpw am‰m≥ ia-ß-fp--≠m-bn. F∂m¬ ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-I-sf-

SpØp ]cn-tim-[n-®mepw ]mtZ-inI A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Ønepw A\-\y-

amb t\´-ß-fmWv Cu ]ÿm\w krjvSn-®-sX∂p ImWmw. Cu ]In-b-bpsS

t]mcm-bva-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw Cu ]In-bsb Xs∂

hgn-Xn-cn®p hnSp-Ibpw ac-hn-∏-n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂- ]-h¿Ø-\-amWv ]n¬°me

k¿°m¿ \S-]-Sn-I-fn-ep-≠m-bXv.

P\-Io-bm-kq-XW ]ÿm\w ê-Øn¬ C√m-Xmbn c≠p h¿jw Ign-™mWv

Cu ]T\w \S-∂Xv

hy‡nK-X-amb B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ e`n® IpSpw-_-ßƒ 30.3% hcpw. ]ca Zcn-

Zcpw (45.7%) Zcn-Z-cp-amb (39%) hn`m-K-ßƒ°mWv hy‡n-]-c-amb KpWw Gsd-bp-

≠m-bXv (]ńI 9).

kmº-Øn-I-\ne Db-cp-t¥mdpw hy‡n-KX B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ Ipd-bp-∂p-≠v. hoSv,

I°q-kv, sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-Wßƒ, BSp-am-Sp-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\bp≈ hnhn[ hy‡n-

KX B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ Gsdbpw e`n-®Xv Zp¿_e hn`m-K-ßƒ°m-sW∂v Cu IW-

°p-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p. ]ń-I-PmXn IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ 52.2 -i-X-am-\-Øn\pw ]ńI h¿§

IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ 65 iX-am-\-Øn\pw hy‡n-K-X-ambn P\-Io-bm-kq-X-W-Øn-eqsS

KpW-ap-≠m-b-Xmbn ]Xn-I-cWw e`n-®p.

Ahch-cpsS ]tZ-iØv P\-Io-bm-kq-X-W-Øn-eqsS t\ -ap-≠mtbm F∂ tNmZy-

Øn\v 79.1% t]cpw t\´-ap-≠m-b-Xmbn ]Xn-I-cn®p. kz¥w ]tZ-iØv GsX-¶nepw

Xc-Øn-ep≈ kmaqly BkvXn krjvSn-°-s∏-ń-´p-s≠∂ 80 iX-am-\-tØmfw



hcp∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS ]Xn-I-cWw P\-Io-bm-kq-X-W-Øn\p e`n-°m-hp∂ G‰hpw

anI® km£y]Xw Xs∂-bm-Wv. kmº-ØnI \ne, -cm-jvSo-bw, aXw, PmXn F∂n-

h-bnse hyXy-kvX-X-Iƒ Cu ]Xn-I-c-W-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Imcy-ambn kzm[o-

\n-°p-∂n-√. -s]m-Xpsh F√m hn`m-K-ß-fnepw 75% Øn\p apI-fn¬ t]¿ C°m-cy-

Øn¬ A\p-Iqe A`n-]mbw ]I-Sn-∏n-®-h-cm-Wv. G‰hpw Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI

hn`m-K-Øn¬ 70.9 iX-am-\hpw _n.-sP.-]n.-thm-´¿am-cn¬ 73.3- iX-am-\hpw P\-Io-

bm-kq-X-W-Øn¬ kmaqly BkvXn krjvSn-°-s∏´p F∂v A\p-`-h-s∏-´-h-cm-Wv.

]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m-cnepw ]ń-I-h¿§-°m-cnepw C°m-cy-Øn-ep≈ A\p-Iqe ]Xn-I-cWw

hfsc Db¿∂-Xm-Wv (84.4%, 88.1%).

]Xn-hp- k¿°m¿ ]cn-]m-Sn-Isf At]-£n®v P\-Io-bm-kq-X-W-Øn¬ Agn-aXn

Ipd-hm-sW∂v 44.1 iX-am\w t]¿ A`n-]-mb-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Agn-aXn IqSp-X-em-sW∂

A`n-]mbw ]I-Sn-∏n-®-h¿ 17.4 iX-am-\-am-Wv. F¬.-Un.-F-^v. Nmbvhp-≈-h-cn¬

IpS

pw-_

-Øn\

v t\

´w

]tZ

-i-Ø

n\v t

\´w

km[

m-cW

k¿°

m¿]

cn-]

m-Sn-I

-sf-°

mƒA

gn-a

Xn I

pdh

v

km[

m-cW

k¿°

m¿]

cn-]

m-Sn-I

-sf-°

mƒA

gn-a

Xn I

qSp-X

¬

ap≥

Im-e

sØ

t]

mse

XpS

-cW

w

]ńI 9P\-Io-bm-kq-X-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ A`n-]mbw

BsI 30.3 79.1 44.1 17.4 54.8

kmº-ØnI hn`m-KwI 45.7 78.3 45.0 12.4 66.5II 39.0 83.4 46.5 16.1 63.8III 23.7 77.8 43.5 19.5 48.2IV 11.1 70.9 37.4 19.2 39.3

cmjvSob B`n-apJywF¬.Un.^v 36.4 85.2 55.6 14.1 63.7bp.Un.F^v 28.3 76.4 37.4 21.8 51.2_n.sP.]n 25.6 73.3 31.9 22.9 51.5

aX-wlnµp 34.1 80.5 46.2 17.1 59.0ap…nw 25.6 77.1 41.7 14.4 46.3InkvXy≥ 24.1 77.4 40.8 21.3 52.0

PmXn]nt∂m-°-PmXn 34.3 81.6 48.5 16.9 60.1apt∂m-°-PmXn 22.3 76.0 40.4 19.8 48.6]ń-I-PmXn 52.2 84.4 50.9 14.1 73.0]ńI h¿§w 65.0 88.1 43.1 19.0 72.9

hn`mKw



55.6 % t]¿ Agn-aXn Ipd-hm-sW∂v A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ bp.-Un-.-F-^v. Nmbvhp-

≈-h-cn¬ 37.4 iX-am-\-amWv Aßs\ Icp-Xp-∂-h¿.

P\-Io-bm-kq-XWw ap≥Im-esØ t]mse XpS-c-W-sa-∂mWv 54.8%t]¿ BKln-

°p-∂-Xv. kmº-ØnI \ne-hm-c-a-\p-k-cn®v Cu ]Xn-I-cWw hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v.

]ca Zcn-Zcpw Zcn-Z-cp-amb H∂pw c≠pw kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-I-fpsS ]Xn-I-c-W-

Øns‚ tXmXv (b-Ym-Iaw 66.5, 63.8-i-X-am-\w) aq∂pw \mepw Kq∏p-I-fn¬ Ia-

ambn Ipd-bp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ _n.-sP.-]n., bp.-Un.-F-^v. Nmbvhp-≈-h-cnepw ]Ip-Xn-

bn-te-sd-t∏¿ Cu A`n-]mbw ]I-Sn-∏n-®-h-cm-Wv.- ]-ń-I-Pm-Xn, ]ń-I-h¿§ hn`m-K-

ß-fn¬ ap°m¬ ]¶pw P\-Io-bm-kq-XWw XpS-c-W-sa∂v BK-ln-°p-∂p.

P\-Io-bm-kq-X-WsØ°pdn®v Gsd hnhm-Z-ß-fp-b-cp-Ibpw hm¿Øm-am-[y-a-ß-

fn-eqsS Gsd Ah-a-Xn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv Cu ]T\w \S-

∂Xv F∂Xv ]tXyIw ]cm-a¿in-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

cmjvSob ]m¿ń-Iƒ, tSUv bqWn-b≥, kl-I-cW kwLw, kzbw klmbkwLw F∂n-h-bnse AwKXzw

P\-ß-fpsS kwL-SnX ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hgn kmaqly am‰-ap-≠mb ]tZ-iamWv

tIcfw. cmjvSob ]m¿ń ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw sXmgn¬ kwL-S-\-I-fpsS ka-c-ßfpw

P\-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ i‡-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-b-Xns‚ ê-ambn `cW \S-]-Sn-

Iƒ°p≈ kmaq-ly-k-Ω¿±ambpw amdn. tIc-f-Ønse hnZym-`ymk ˛ BtcmKy

taJ-e-I-fnse t\´-ß-fpsS ][m\ Imc-W-ambn kwL-SnX P\-Iob CS-s]-S-ep-

Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øs∏Smdp-≠v.

cm-jvSob ]m¿ń ]h¿Ø\ coXn-I-fn¬ am‰-ap-≠m-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw Ah tIcf

kaq-l-Ønse G‰hpw i‡hpw Ne-\m-fl-I-hp-amb km∂n-≤y-am-Wv. ap∂-Wn-b-Sn-

ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpsS ê-amb kPo-h-Xbpw AXns‚ ]tXy-I-X-

bm-Wv. kwL-SnX hyh-km-b-ßƒ Ipd-hmb tIc-f-Øn¬ tSUv bq\n-b≥ ]h¿Ø-

\-ß-fnse ][m\ km∂n≤yw k¿∆okv kwL-S-\-I-fp-tS-Xm-Wv. kl-I-cW taJ-

ebv°v, tIc-f-Øn¬ i‡-amb thcp-I-fp≠v.

]T-\-a-\p-k-cn®v cmjvSob ]m¿ń-I-fn¬ AwKXzap≈h¿ 23.3% IpSpw-_-ß-

fnemWv. tSUv bq\n-b≥ kwL-S-\-I-fnse AwKXzw CXnepw Ipd-hm-Wv. F∂m¬

62.4% GsX-¶nepw kl-I-cW kwL-Øn¬ AwK-ß-fp-≈- Ip-Spw-_-ß-fmWv. Xmc-

X-tay\ ]pXn-bXpw s]mXpsh kvXoI-fp-tS-Xp-am-X-hpamb kzbw klmb kwL-

ßƒ°pw sNdp-X-√mØ kzm[o-\-ap-≠v. (]-ńI 10)

kmº-ØnI \ne-hm-c-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ 1, 11, 111 Kq∏p-I-fnse cmjvSob

]m¿ń AwK-ß-fpsS iX-am\w Gsd-°psd Hcp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. cmjvSob ]m¿ń

AwK-ß-fn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw Zcn-Z-cnepw Xmgv∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-cn-ep-am-Wv Dƒs∏-

Sp-∂Xv. Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-cn¬ cmjvSob]m¿ń AwK-ßƒ Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-

Wv˛16.7%. CSXp ]£-Øn\p thm´p sNbvX-h-cn¬ 33.2 % cmjvSob]m¿ń AwK-

ß-fp≈ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ \n∂m-Wv. F∂m¬ bp.-Un.-F-^ns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ CXv

20% amWv.- tSUv bqWn-b≥ AwK-Xz-Øns‚ tXmXv kmº-Øn-I-\ne Db-cp-∂-Xn-\-



cmjvSob]m¿ń

kzbw klm-b-kwLw

tSUv bqWn-b≥ kl-I-cW kwLw

BsI 23.3 16.3 62.4 38.2

kmº-ØnI hn`m-Kw

I 24.2 15.1 48.9 54.0

II 24.0 14.8 60.8 50.3

III 23.7 17.1 67.7 31.1

IV 16.7 20.2 66.8 9.5

cmjvSob B`n-apJyw

F¬.Un.^v 33.2 21.5 68.0 46.2

bp.Un.F^v 20.0 12.5 60.2 33.7

_n.sP.]n 24.1 13.8 61.6 31.1

aXw

lnµp 25.4 19.6 65.8 43.6

ap…nw 22.4 9.5 46.9 23.5

InkvXy≥ 18.5 14.2 70.1 38.6

PmXn

]nt∂m-°-PmXn 25.3 19.9 69.4 45.0

apt∂m-°-PmXn 20.6 17.2 65.8 29.8

]ń-I-PmXn 33.5 20.7 59.0 58.5

]ńI h¿§w 42.1 11.7 50.0 78.3

]ńI˛10cmjvSo-b-]m¿ń, tSUv bqWn-b≥, kl-I-c-W-kw-Lw,

kzbw-k-lm-b-kwLw F∂n-h-bnse AwKXzw

\p-k-cn®v Db-cp-∂-Xm-bmWv ImWp-∂-Xv. \mep kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ tSUv

bq\n-b≥ AwK-Xz-Øns‚ iX-am\w IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-cpsS Kq∏n

(IV) -em-Wv. 20.2%. (cm-jvSob ]m¿ń AwK-Xz-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Cu Kq∏n-emWv

G‰hpw Ipd™ iX-am\w ImWp-∂-Xv).

cmjvSobm-`n-ap-Jy-a-\p-k-cn®v t\m°p-tºmƒ tSUv bq\n-b≥ AwKXzw IqSp-X-

ep-≈Xv F¬.-Un.-F- n-em-Wv.-kw-L-SnX sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bn¬ ap…nw hn`m-K-Øns‚

Ipdhv sXmgn¬ kwL-S-\m-cw-KØpw ]Xn-^-en°p∂p.

62.4% IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ kl-I-cW kwL- Aw-K-ß-fp-s≠-¶nepw kl-I-c-W-

ta-J-e-bpsS KpWw th≠X e`n-°mØ hn`m-K-amWv ]c-a-Z-cn-Z¿. CS-Ø-c-°m-

cpsS CS-bn-emWv hnhn[ kl-I-c-W-kw-L-ß-fn¬ AwKXzw IqSp-X-ep-≈-Xv. ]ń-

I-PmXn˛]ń-I-h¿K-°mcmWv kl-I-c-W-ta-J-ebn¬ Ipd™ ]¶m-fnØ-ap≈ hn`m-

Kw. AtX -k-abw Xmc-X-tay\- ]p-Xnb kwL-S-\m-cq-]-amb kzbw-k-lmb-kw-L-ßƒ IqSp-X-em-bp-≈Xv ]ń-I-Pm-Xn- -]- n-I-h¿K-°m¿°n-S-bn-em-Wv(78.3%). F≥.-Pn.H

hn`mKw



Ifpw aX-hn-`m-K-ß-fpw \S-Øp∂ kwL-ß-fmhmw Ch-bn¬ ]e-Xpw. ZcnZ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ 50% Øne-[nIw IpSpw-_-ßƒ°v kzbw-k-lm-b-kw-L-ß-fp-ambn _‘-ap-≠v. kl-I-c-W-ta-J-e-bnepw kzbw-k-lm-b-kw-L-ß-fnepw ap…nw-hn-`m-KØns‚]¶m-fnØw Ipd-hm-Wv.-CXv kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb Nne kwL-S-\-mcq]-ßƒ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Im-sa-¶nepw s]mXp-a-WvU-e-Ønse ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\p ]I-cw-sh-°m≥ Chbv°v Ign-bn-√ F∂p Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.

sXmgn-ep-Ifpw P\-ßƒ°n-S-bnse AwKo-Im-chpw

hyXykvX Pohn-X-am¿K-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-h¿°v kaq-l-Øn-ep≈ AwKo-Imcw FX-tØm-f-ap≠v? kz¥w A\p-`-h-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kaq-l-ØnsehyXy-kvX-sXm-gn-ep-Ifn¬ hym]-cn-°p-∂-hsc Bflm¿∞-Xbpw tkh-\-X-ev]-c-Xbpw ap≥\n¿Øn hnebn-cpØnb ]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ e`n-°p∂ s]mXp-kq-N\-Iƒ ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. hfsc \√-Xv -ap-X¬ hfsc tamiw hscbp≈hnti-j-W-ß-fn-eqsS ]I-Sn-∏n-°-s∏´ A`n-]m-b-ß-fneqsS Hmtcm sXmgnenepwG¿s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-h¿°v e`n-°p∂ AwKo-Imcw ]ń-I-˛11 ¬ \evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ F‰hpw IqSp-X¬ AwKo-Im-c-ap-≈-Xmbn A\p-`-h-s∏´XvA[ym-]-I¿°m-Wv (66.7%). CXm-Is´ kmº-Øn-I-\n-e-b-\p-k-cn®p≈ \mep-hn-`m-K-ß-ƒ°nSbnepw Htc-t]m-se-bm-Wv.-tUm-IvS-¿am-cpsS AwKoIm-chpw Db¿∂-Xm-Wv.-_m¶v DtZym-K-ÿ-cmWv Xmc-X-tay\ AwKo-Imcw IqSp-X-ep≈ as‰mcp hn`mKw.AtX kabw k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ¿,F©n-\o-b¿am¿,A-`n-`m-j-I¿ F∂n-h¿s°√mw Ipd™ AwKo-Im-c-am-Wp-≈-Xv. Cu aq∂p- Iq-´-tc-°mƒ kaq-lØn¬Db¿∂ AwKo-Im-c-ap-≈Xv cmjvSo-b-]-h¿Ø-I-\mWv (26.1%) ˛ ]tXy-In®v Zcn-Z-hn`mKßƒ°n-S-bn¬ (]ńI ˛ 11)

F©n-\ob¿, _m¶v DtZym-K-ÿ¿ F∂o hn`m-K-ßƒ°p≈ AwKo-Imcw ]Xn-I-cn-®-h-cpsS kmº-ØnI \ne-hm-c-ap-b-cp-∂-Xn-\p-k-cn®v Ia-ambn Db-cp-∂p-≠v. _m¶v

I 21.8 51.4 15.0 32.6 64.3 15.9 11.8 31.6II 20.8 53.0 17.6 40.5 68.4 16.5 14.0 29.4III 18.4 49.9 18.5 48.8 67.1 18.5 12.3 24.0IV 19.0 52.5 24.3 56.6 62.0 19.4 11.6 16.5BsI 19.6 51.6 18.5 44.8 66.7 17.7 12.8 26.1

cmj

vSob

]h

¿Ø

-I¿

kmº

-ØnI

hn`

m-K-a-\

p-k-cn®

v

k¿°

m¿ D

tZym

-K-ÿ

¿

tUmI

vS¿

F©

n-\o-b

¿

_m¶

v DtZ

ym-

Kÿ

¿

A[

ym-]

-I¿

h°

o¬

t]me

okv

]ńI˛11hyXykvX sXmgn¬ta-J-e-bn-ep-≈-h¿°p≈ AwKo-Imcw

DtZym-K-ÿ\v ]c-a-Z-cn-Z-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ (32.6%) \√ km£y-]Xw \evIp-tºmƒDb¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-cn¬ CXv 56.6% hcpw. t\¿ hn]-co-X-Zn-i-bn-emWv cmjvSo-b-°m-cs‚ A`n-]m-b-Øns‚ A\p-]m-Xw. Z-cn-Z-hn- m-K-Øn¬ cmjvSo-b-°m-c-\v Xmc-



X-tay\ Db¿∂ AwKo-Imcw (31.6%) ]I-S-am-Ip-tºmƒ Db¿∂ a[y-h¿K hn`mKwIpd™ AwKo-Im-c-ta ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p-≈p (16.5%).

G‰hpw it≤-b-amb \nco-£Ww t]meo-kns‚ Imcy-Øn-em-Wv. ]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw AwKo-Im-cw Ipd-hp-≈Xv t]meo-kn-\m-Wv.- [-\nI ZcnZ t`Z-at\yGsd-°psd Htc tXmXn-ep≈ AwKo-Im-c-amWv t]meo-kn\p e`n-°p-∂-Xv.

sNøp∂ sXmgn-enep≈ ]tXy-I-X, sXmgn¬ kml-Ncyw, ]cn-io-e\w, P\-ß-fpsS ]Xo£ F∂n-h-sbms° Cu hne-bn-cp-Øen¬ ]Xn-^-en-°p-∂p-≠m-hmw.F‰hpw Db¿∂ AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip∂ A[ym-]-\-Øn\v \ΩpsS kaqlw C∂p\evIp∂ ]m[m\yw ]tXyIambn-Øs∂ ImtW-≠XmWv.- F∂n´pw tbm-Ky-X-bp-≈-h¿ B cwK-tØ°p hcp-∂n√ F∂p amX-a√ anI-hnt\m ]cn-io-e-\-Ønt\mbmsXmcp ]m[m-\yhpw \evIp-∂n-√.

]cn-io-e-\-Ønepw tkh-\-km-l-N-cy-Ønepw tkh\ ]Zm-\-Øn-ep-sa√mw i‡-amb am‰-ßƒ C—m-]q¿∆w \S-∏m-t°≠ taJ-e-bmWv t]meo-kn-s‚-Xv. Hcp ]cn-jvIrXkaq-lØns‚ t]meo-kmbn amdm≥ ASn-b-¥-nc \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Bh-iy-ap-s≠∂mWv Cu ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m-cpsS taJ-ebv°pw s]mXp-P-\-ßfpsS Imgv®-∏mSn-s‚bpw ]Xo-£-bp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ \ho-I-cWw A\n-hm-cy-amWv.

cmjvSo-b°m¿

cmjvSo-b-]-h¿Ø-Isc°pdn®v\ΩpsS kaq-l-Øn¬ ]N-cn-®n´p≈kmam-\y-t_m-[sØIpdn®pw At\z-jWw \S-tØ-≠-Xp -≠v. hfsc]Nm-c -Øn -ep≈ ]e kmam\yh¬°-c-Whpw kaql-Øns‚ Nne]tXy-I-tIm-Wp-I-fn¬ \n∂p-b-cp-∂-h-bm-Wv. A`n-]m-b-kr-jvSm-°-fpsSkmaqly kmº-ØnI ]m›m-Ø-ehpw am[y-a-kzm-[o-\hpw Cu Imcy-Øn¬ ]Xn- -en-°p-∂p-≠v.-cm-jvSo-b-°mcs\Ipdn-®p≈ AwKo-Im-chpwXnc-kvIm-chpw (A-\w-Ko-Im-c-hpw)XΩn-ep≈ tXmXv ]tXyI-ambnhni-I -e\w sNøp -tºmƒ Nne]tXy-IXIƒ sXfn™p hcp-∂p(-]-ńI˛12).

F‰hpw Db¿∂ hcp-am-\-°m¿°n-S -bnep≈-Xns‚ \men -c -ń -bmWvF‰hpw Xmgv∂ -h-cp-am-\-°m¿°n-S-bn-ƒ Ch¿°p≈ AwKo-Imcw.ln-µp-hn-`m-K-sØ At]-£n®v InkvXy≥hn`m-K-Øn¬ t\¿ ]Ip-Xn-bmWvAwKo-Im-c-Øns‚ tXmXv. ]ń-I-Pm-

]ńI˛12cmjvSob ]h¿Ø-I-\p≈ AwKo-Im-chpwA\w-Ko-Im-chpw XΩn-ep≈ A\p-]mXw

BsI 1.1

kmº-ØnI hn`mK-w

I 1.7

II 1.4

III 0.9

IV 0.4

aX-wlnµp 1.2

apnw 1.3

InkvXy≥ 0.6

PmXn

]nt∂m-°-PmXn 1.3

apt∂m-°-PmXn 0.8

]ń-I-PmXn 1.7

]ńI h¿§w 1.1

cmjvSob B`n-apJyw

F¬.Un.^v 1.7

bp.Un.F^v 0.8

_n.sP.]n 1.0



Xn-°msc At]-£n®v t\¿]-Ip-Xn- I≠mWv apt∂m° PmXn-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ cmjvSo-b-°m-c\v AwKo-Im-c-ap-≈-Xv. F¬.-Un.-F^v B`n-ap-Jy-ap-≈-hsc At]-£n®v bp.-Un.-F^v B`n-a-pJy-ap≈h¿ ]Ip-Xn-It≠ cmjvSo-b-°m-c\v AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip-∂p-≈p.

kº-∂cpw he-Xp-]-£-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°mcpw PmXn-bn-ep-b¿∂-h-cp-sa√mw cmjvSo-b-]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mK-am-b -t\-´-ßƒ kz¥-am-°p-tºmgpw cmjvSo-b-°m-c≥F∂ tamiw ]Xn-Omb krjvSn-°p-∂p-≠v. Cu Nn¥bv°p h≥]Nmcw am[y-a-ß-fn-eqsS e`n-°p-∂p-ap≠v.

]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn\p kao-]n-°p-∂Xv

]pd-Øp-\n-∂p-ff GsX-¶nepw òj-Wntbm ]cn-l-cn-t°≠ Hcp ][m\]iv\tam D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ tIc-fo-b¿ Bsc-bmWv kao-]n-°p-∂Xv? ]T-\-Øn¬e`n® adp-]-Sn-Iƒ \ap°v kaq-l-Ønse sshhn-[y-Øn¬ Hfn-™n-cn-°p∂ i‡n-

cmj

vSob

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mkn

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]ńI˛13]iv\-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Bsc kao-]n-°p∂p (i-X-am-\w)

BsI 30.1 35.5 13.9 1.2 2.8 11.9 4.5

kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-w

I 33.9 40.5 7.5 1.6 4.8 8.2 3.5

II 35.1 36.9 12.5 1.1 2.5 8.1 3.8

III 26.9 34.9 15.5 1.1 2.5 14.4 4.7

IV 21.5 30.3 19.7 2.0 1.4 18.9 6.1

cmjvSob B`n-apJyw

F¬.Un.^v 39.0 33.7 10.0 1.8 1.8 10.0 3.8

bp.Un.F^v 26.1 34.5 15.8 1.0 4.4 13.1 5.1

_n.sP.]n 27.8 37.1 11.3 1.3 1.1 18.5 2.9

aX-hn- mKw

lnµp 33.8 35.5 11.2 1.5 1.9 12.0 4.0

apnw 23.4 37.0 21.0 0.2 4.1 8.3 6.0

InkvXy≥ 26.9 33.8 13.6 1.6 3.9 15.6 4.6

PmXn

]nt∂m-°-PmXn 35.4 37.2 10.5 1.2 1.9 10.5 3.2

apt∂m-°-PmXn 27.8 34.8 14.4 1.0 0.9 15.4 5.7

]ń-I-PmXn 39.1 33.0 8.8 0.9 3.3 11.6 3.3

]ńI h¿§w 30.9 34.5 3.6 3.6 10.9 10.9 5.5



sb-s¥∂p t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv. 35.5%hpw Bi-bn-°p-∂Xv Ab¬°m-sc-bm-Wv. F√m kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-Ønepw s]mXpsh as‰√m Xmc-Xay hn`m-K-ØnepwDb¿∂p \n¬°p-∂Xv Ab¬°m¿ Xs∂. sXm´-SpØ ÿm\-Øp-f-fXv cmjvSo-b-°m-cm-Wv(30.1%). AXp Ign-™m¬ _‘p-°-fpw(13.9%), t]meo-kpw(11.9%). aX-˛-PmXn kwL-S-\-Isfbpw tSUv bqWn-b-\p-I-sfbpw C°m-cy-ß-fn¬ kao-]n-°p-∂-h¿ hfsc sNdnb \yq\-]£w amX-am-Wv.

Ab¬°m-scbpw cmjvSo-b-°m-scbpw ]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\mbn kao-]n-°p-∂-h-cpsS iX-am\w kmº-ØnI hn`mKw 1 s\ At]-£n®v 4 ¬ FØp-tºmƒ A\p-I-a-ambn Ipd-bp-∂p-≠v. _‘p-°sf kao-]n-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Xncn-®p-ff ]h-W-Xbpw ImWmw. Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI \ne-bp-f-f-h¿°n-S-bn-emWv ]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\mbn _‘p-°sf Bi-bn-°p-∂-h¿ IqSp-X-ep-f-f-Xv. t]meo-kns\ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnepw ]mh-ßsf At]-£n®v kºØv IqSp-X-ep-f-f-h¿ Xs∂-bmWv ap∂n¬. ]ń-I-PmXn hn`m-K-ßƒ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ kao-]n-°p-∂Xv cmjvSo-b-°m-sc-bm-Wv. Zcn-Z¿, ]n∂m-°-Pm-Xn-°m¿ F∂n-h-cnepw cmjvSo-b-°msc kao-]n-°p-∂-h-cpsS tXmXv Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂p. _\v[p-°sf IqSp-X-embn ]iv\-ß-fn¬ kao-]n-°p-∂Xv ap…ow hn`m-K-am-Wv(21%). kap-Zmb kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ ]cn-lmcw tXSp-∂Xv Gsd-bp-f-fXv ]ń-I-h¿K-hn-`m-K-Øn-em-sW∂pw ImWmw.

hnhn[ aX-˛-PmXn hn`m-K-ßfpw hyXykvX cmjvSob Bi-b-°mcpw CS-I-e¿∂vPohn-°p∂ ]tZ-i-amWv tIc-fw. C¥y-bnse CXc ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb Bhmk kº-Zm-b-amWv Chn-sS-bp-f-f-Xv. kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-fnse sshhn-[yhpw kmaq-ly-k-a-c-ß-fpsS XpS¿®-bmb ]mtZ-inI Iq´m-bva-Ifpw Xo¿Øpwthc-‰p-t]m-bn-ń-√. ]pXnb Xc-Øn-ep-ff aX ˛ PmXn ˛ kzXz cmjvSob ]h-W-X-Iƒ ]pXnb [pho-I-c-W-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p-s≠-¶nepw AXn-s\-sb√mw AXn-ew-Ln-°p∂ ]mc-kv]cyw Hcp A¥¿[mcbmbn ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-s≠∂p ImWmw.I®-h-S-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚bpw hn]-Wn-aq-ey-ß-fp-tSbpw IS-∂p-I-b-‰-Øns‚ ]Xym-Lm-X-ßsf eLqIcn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Hcp ]cn-[n-h-sc-sb-¶nepw Cu _‘-ßƒ Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p-s≠∂p Icp-tX-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]apJ cmjvSob hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Bt]-£nI i‡n Zu¿_-ey-ßƒ

C¥y-bnse a‰p ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]e Imcy-ß-fnepw hyXy-kvX-ambcmjvSob- hy-h-ÿ-bmWv tIc-f-Øn-te-Xv. i‡-amb CS-Xp-]£ kzm[o-\w, ASn-ÿm\ c-W-\-S-]-Sn-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-ew, XpS¿®-bmbn amdn amdn kwÿm\ cWw]¶n-Sp∂ Gsd-°ptd Xpey-i-‡n-bp-ff Ccp-ap-∂-Wn-Iƒ, Ah-bnse amdn-h-cp∂tNcp-h-Iƒ, kΩ¿≤ Kq∏p-I-fmbn ]h¿Øn-°p∂ aX PmXn kwL-S-\-Iƒ XpSßnHt´sd ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Dƒs°m-f-fp-∂-Xm-Wn-Xv.

cmjvSob ap∂-Wn-I-fnse tNcp-h-Iƒ kw_-‘n® Cu hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse hnhn[ hn`m-K-ßƒ Cu ap∂-Wn-I-fn¬ Fßs\ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂pF∂p hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Hmtcm ap∂-Wn-bp-tSbpw i‡n ˛ Zu¿_-ey-ßƒ Nne]tXyI hn`m-K-ßsf tIµn-I-cn-®m-sW∂v Cu ]ń-I-Iƒ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-cn-°p∂ Hmtcm hn`m-Khpw (km-º-Øn-Iw, aXw, PmXn,]tZiw Xncn-®v) tIc-f-Ønse P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ FX- m-K-am-sW∂pw Ch hyXykvXap∂-Wn-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-I-fpsS hyXym-khpw iX-am-\-°-W-°n¬ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. 2001se \nb-a-k`m sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬



thm´p sNbvX-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv cmjvSob Nmbvhv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ap∂-Wn-Iƒ XΩn¬ t\cnb tXmXn-ep-ff hyXym-k-ßƒ t]mepw sXc-s™-Sp-∏p- -e-ß-fn¬ \n¿Æm-bIamhp∂ tIc-f-Øn¬ Cu tNcp-h-Iƒ khn-tiji≤-bm-I¿jn-°p-∂p.

kmº-ØnI \ne-b-\p-k-cn-®p-ff h¿§o-I-c-W-Øn¬ Gsd-°psd kam-\-ambtXmXn-emWv F¬.-Un.-F- nepw bp.-Un.-F- nepw Cu \mep hn`m-K-ß-fp-tSbpw tNcp-h. F∂m¬ ZcnZhn`m-K-Øns‚ P\-kwJym]¶ns‚ A\p-]m-X-tØ-°mƒ t\cnbtXmXn¬ IqSp-X-ep-f-fXv F¬.-Un.-F-^n-em-Wv. bp.-Un.-F-^n¬ Ipd-hpw. adn®v CS-Øcw kº∂ hn`m-K-ßƒ Ipd-hp-f-fXv F¬.-Un.-F-^n-em-Wv. bp.-Un.-F-^n¬ P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-X-tØ-°mƒ Ah¿ IqSp-X-ep-≠v. _n.-sP.-]n-bn¬ Zcn-Z¿ P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-X-tØ-°mƒ Ipdhpw Xmgv∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿ IqSp-X-ep-am-Wv (]ńI 14).

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kmº-ØnIhn`m-K-a-\p-k-cn®v % %

Ipdhv/IqSp-X¬

Ipdhv/IqSp-X¬

%Ipdhv/IqSp-X¬%

]ńI˛14]apJ cmjvSob i‡n-I-fpsS Bt]-£n-I-amb tNcph

I 14.0 14.9 0.9 13.1 -˛0.9 14.3 -0.3

II 32.2 34.3 2.1 31.6 -˛0.6 29.8 -˛2.4

III 43.2 42.5 -˛0.7 43.5 0.3 46.0 2.8

IV 10.6 8.3 ˛-2.3 11.9 1.3 9.9 ˛0.7

aX-w

lnµp 57.8 70.2 12.5 38.8 ˛19.0 97.6 39.8

ap…nw 22.1 16.5 ˛-5.7 31.1 9.0 0.6 -˛21.5

InkvXy≥ 20.1 13.3 ˛-6.8 30.1 10.0 1.8 -˛18.3

PmXn

]nt∂m-°-PmXn 56.6 60.4 3.8 51.0 -˛5.6 43.4 -˛13.2

apt∂m-°-PmXn 24.0 19.3 -˛4.7 30.3 6.3 42.8 18.8

]ń-I-PmXn 17.3 18.7 1.4 15.5 -˛1.8 11.0 -˛6.3

]ńI h¿§w 2.1 1.6 -˛0.5 3.1 1.0 2.8 0.7

]tZ-iw

a[y tI-cfw 30.0 29.6 ˛-0.5 31.1 1.1 24.7 -˛5.3

hS-°≥ -tI-cfw 41.1 41.1 0.1 40.5 -˛0.6 46.4 5.3

sX-°≥ tIcfw 28.9 29.3 0.4 28.4 -˛0.5 28.9 00

Kmaw 86.7 87.0 0.3 86.4 -˛0.3 85.5 ˛1.2

\Kcw 13.3 13.0 ˛-0.3 13.6 0.3 14.5 1.2

hn`mKw



P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ lnµp-°ƒ 57.8 iX-am-\-am-Wv. F∂m¬ F¬.-Un.-F^v thmń¬70.2 iX-am\w lnµp-hn-`m-K-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv. P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-amb ]¶n-t\-°mƒ12.5% IqSp-X-em-Wn-Xv. P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn t\m°p-tºmƒ ap…ow InkvXy≥hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂mbn AXbpw Xs∂ Ipdhv A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂p. F¬.-Un.-F- ns\]n¥p-W-°p-∂-h-cn¬ ]nt∂m° PmXn-Iƒ IqSp-Xepw apt∂m-°-°m¿ Ipd-hp-am-Wv. ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m¿ P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-X-tØ-°mƒ Db¿∂ tXmXn¬ ]n¥p-W-°p-tºmƒ ]ń-I-h¿§-°m-cpsS ]n¥pW Xmgv∂ tXmXn-em-Wv.

CXn\p t\¿ hn]-co-X-amb tNcp-h-I-fmWv bp.-Un.-F-^n-t‚-Xv. lnµp-hn-`mKw P\-kw-Jy-bn-ep-ff iX-am-\tØ-°mƒ 19% Ipd-hmWv B hn`m-K-Øn¬ \n∂v bp.-Un.-F-^n\v thm´v. F∂m¬ InkvXy≥, ap…ow hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Db¿∂ ]n¥pWe`n-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ ]nt∂m-°-°msc At]-£n®v apt∂m-°-°m-cmWvbp.-Un.-F-^ns\ IqSp-X¬ ]n¥p-W-°p-∂-Xv. ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m¿ P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-X-tØ-°mƒ Ipd-™-tXm-Xnepw ]ń-I-h¿§-°m¿ IqSnb tXmXnepw bp.-Un.-F-^n\v]n¥pW \¬Ip-∂p.

lnµp-°ƒ alm-`q-cn-]£w (97.6%), ap…ow˛InkvXy≥ thm´v hfsc t\cnbtXmXn¬, ]nt∂m-°-Imcpw ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°mcpw Ipd-™-]n-¥p-W, apt∂m°-°mcpw]ń-I-h¿§hpw IqSnb ]n¥pW CXmWv _n.-sP.]n thmńs‚ tNcp-h-bpsS coXn.]tZiw Xncn-®p-ff tNcp-h-bn¬ F¬.-Un.-F^v aq∂v ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Gsd-°ptdHtc tXmXn-em-Wv. bp.-Un.-F-^n-t‚bpw _n.-sP.-]n-bp-tSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ ]mtZ-inIhyXym-k-ßƒ ]k-‡-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. Kma \Kc hyXymkw t\cnb tXmXn¬ amX-amWv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

s]mXpsh "thm´v _m¶v' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ cmjvSob tNcp-h-I-I-fpsS IrXy-amb Hcp NnXw Xs∂-bm-WnXp \¬Ip-∂-Xv. Cu tNcp-h-I-I-fnse hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Xm¬°m-enI ]n¥p-W-tbm-sS-bmWv ap∂-Wn-Iƒ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ hcm-dp-f-f-Xv. Cu tNcph Ign™ 3˛4 Zi-I-ambn tIc-f-Øn¬ thcp-d®p Ign-™n-´p-f-f-Xm-Wv. Cu tNcp-h-bnse t\cnb am‰w t]mepw sXc-s™-Sp∏p êsØ I\ØtXmXn¬ kzm[o-\n-°p-sa∂v C°-gn™ sXc-s™-Sp∏p ImeØv N¿® sNø-s∏-ń-cp∂ Imcyw Hm¿°p-I. (Hindu-CSDS poll survey-2006) C°-gn™ sXc-™-Sp-∏n¬ Cu tNcp-h-bn¬ KWy-amb am‰-ap-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Cß-s\-bp-≠m-Ip∂ an°am‰-ßfpw Xmev°m-enI ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kw`-hn-®n-´p-f-f-h-bm-Wv.

tIc-f-Ønse P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Nn¥-I-fnepw A`n-]m-b-ß-fn-ep-sam-s°-bp≈hyXy-kvX-X-Iƒ ][m-\-ambpw kmº-ØnI tiWn A\p-k-cn-®m-sW∂v \mw I≠p.F∂m¬ cmjvSob ]n¥p-W-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ PmXnaX hyXym-k-ß-fmWv kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-sb-°mƒ Gsd i‡w. kmº-Øn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ cmjvSobh¬°-c-W-amWv F¬.Un.-F- n\v KpWw sNøpI; bp.Un.F^n\v Xncn-®pw.

kΩ-Xn-Zm\ ÿncX

ap≥ kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse Ccp-ap-∂-Wn-Isf amdn amdn A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn-°p∂kΩ-Xn-Zm\ amXr-I-bmWv tIc-f-Øn-te-Xv. im‡nI tNcp-h-bn¬ Ht∂m ct≠miX-am-\-Øns‚ am‰-amWv an°-t∏mgpw A\p-`-hn-°m-dp-f-f-Xv. CØ-h-W(2006) CutNcp-h-bn¬ KWy-amb am‰-ap-≠m-b-Xmbn sXc-s™-Sp∏v ]T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´hnZ-Kv[¿ kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.



CØcw am‰-ßƒ°n-S -bnepwHtc ap∂-Wn-tbmSv ÿnc-ambn B`n-apJyw ]pe¿Øp∂ ÿnc-X-bp-ffHcp thmńßv kaqlw tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠v. ap∂-Wn-I-fnse PmXn ˛ aX ˛kmº-ØnI tNcp-h-I-Iƒ C°m-cy-Øn¬ ]Xn-^-en-°p-∂p-≠m-Imw.

66.8% t]cmWv Htc ap∂-Wn°pXs∂ thm´p sNøm-dp-f-f-Xmbn ]Xn-I-cn-®n- p-f-f-Xv. Zcn-Z-cn¬ (71.2%)\n∂vDb¿∂ CS-Ø-c -°m -cn -te°v(54.1%)hcp-tºmƒ ÿnc-X-bpsS iX-am\w KWy-ambn Ipd-bp-∂p-≠v(]ńI 15). a[y-h¿§-Øns‚ s]mXp\ne-]m-Sp-I-fp-ambn Cu ]h-W-X°v_‘-ap -≠m -Imw. InkvXy≥,ap…ow hn`m-K-ßƒ lnµp hn`m-KsØ At]-£n®pw, apt∂m°PmXn-Iƒ ]nt∂m° PmXn-°mscAt]-£n®pw Ipd™ thmńßvÿncX ImWn-°p-∂p. ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m-cmWv (78.4%) Htc ap∂-Wn°vXs∂ thm´p sNøp-∂-h¿ IqSp-X-ep-

ff hn`m-Kw. thmń-ßns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-ff cmjvSo-bm-`n-apJyw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ F¬.-Un.-F^v thm´¿am¿ Db¿∂ ÿncX ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ sh®v G‰hpw Ipd™ thmńßv ÿncX ]I-Sn-∏n-®n-´p-f-fXv _n.-sP.]nB`n-ap-Jy-ap-f-f-h-cmWv (57%).

ASn-ÿm\ `c-W-\-S-]-Sn-I-tfm-Sp-ff at\m-`mhw

kaq-l-Ønepw P\-Po-hn-X-Ønepw ÿmbn-bmb am‰-ßƒ krjvSn® kp]-[m\`c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. kmaqly ˛ cmjvSob ka-c-ß-fpsSXpS¿®-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu \S-]-Sn-Iƒ. `q]-cn-jv°-c-Ww, km¿∆-XnI s]mXp hnZym-`ym-kw, s]mXp hnX-cW kº-Zm-b-Øns‚ hym]\w F∂nh tIcf hnI-k\amXr-I-bn¬ Pohn-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-ap-b¿Ønb i‡-amb \S-]-Sn-I-fmbn hne-bn-cp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Cu aq∂v taJ-e-Ifpw C∂v ISpØ ]Xn-k‘n t\cn-Sp-∂p-ap-≠v.k¿°m¿ tPmen-I-fnse kwh-cWw, Zp¿_e P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS kmaqly ]ZhnDb¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw PohnX KpW-ta∑ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-bn- p-s≠-¶nepwC∂pw hnhmZ hnjb-am-Wv.

Cu \S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-am-bXpw Xmc-X-tay\ ]pXn-b-Xp-amb c≠p\S-]-Sn-Iƒ ˛ Nmcmb \ntcm-[-\hpw kzmib hnZym-`ym-khpw ˛ ASpØ ImeØvhym]-I-ambn N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ch-tbm-sS-√m-ap-ff P\-ß-fpsS s]mXp-k-ao-]-\hpw hyXykvX hn`m-K-ß-fpsS kao-]-\-ß-fn-ep-ff sshcp-[yhpw sFI-cq-]y-hp-sa√mw ]T-\m¿l-amb \nc-h[n kqN-I-ßƒ Dƒs°m-f-fp-∂p.

]ńI˛15kΩ-Xn-Zm\ÿncX (Htc ap∂-Wn°p Xs∂-

thm´p sNøp-∂-h-cpsS iX-am-\w)

BsI 66.8kmº-ØnI hn`m-KwI 70.8II 71.2III 65.4IV 54.1aX-wlnµp 69.8ap…nw 62.8InkvXy≥ 63.2PmXn]nt∂m-°-PmXn 72.2apt∂m-°-PmXn 59.2]ń-I-PmXn 78.4]ńI h¿§w 74.6cmjvSob B`n-apJywF¬.Un.^v 83.3bp.Un.F^v 68.6_n.sP.]n 57.0



Cu Hmtcm \S-]-Snbpw kaq-l-Øn\v KpW-I-ctam tZmjtam kz¥w IpSpw-_-Øn\v KpWtam tZmjtam F∂ Imcy-amWv ]Xn-I-c-W-Øn-epƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kaq-l-Ønse KpW-tZm-j-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-ff A`n-]m-b-ß-fmWv ChnsS hni-I-e\hnt[-b-am-°p-∂-Xv. KpWw, tZmjw F∂o ]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fpsS A\p-]m-X-amWv\evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

`q]-cn-jv°-cWw tZmjw sNbvXp F∂p Icp-Xp-∂-hsc At]-£n®v 15.5 aSßvt]cmWv AXv KpW-ambn F∂p hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xv. s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ (28 aS-ßv) hfsc hn]p-e-amb AwKo-Im-c-am-Wp-f-f-Xv. F∂m¬ k¿°m¿tPmen-I-fnse PmXn-kw-h-cW Imcy-Øn¬ hfsc t\cnb hyXym-kta ]Xn-I-c-W-ßfn¬ Db¿∂p h∂n-´p-f-fp (]-ńI 16).

Ign™ Zi-I-Øn-ep-≠mb Nmcmb \ntcm-[-\-sØ-°p-dn®pw Zp¿_-e-amb A\p-Iqe ]Xn-I-c-W-ta-bp-f-fp. kzmib hnZym-`ymkw kaq-l-Øn\v tZmj-I-c-amWv

`q]

-cn-j

vI-cW

w

s]

mXp-h

n-X-c-W

w(-t

d-j

≥)

PmX

n k

wh-

cW

w

Nmc

mb\

ntcm-[

\w

kzmi

bh

nZym

-ymk

w

]ńI˛16kp]-[m\ cmjvSo-b-˛-`-cW \b-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

(Aw-Ko-Im-c-Øn-s‚bpw AwKo-Im-c-an-√m-bva-bp-sSbpw A\p-]m-Xw)

BsI 15.5 28.0 1.4 2.2 0.3kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-wI 19.3 17.3 2.0 2.7 0.2II 21.8 28.0 1.6 2.3 0.3III 15.2 22.0 1.2 2.1 0.4IV 7.5 15.2 1.1 2.2 0.6aXwlnµp 14.8 23.3 1.4 1.8 0.3ap…nw 21.9 35.2 2.6 4.3 0.4InkvXy≥ 14.0 17.9 0.9 2.4 0.5PmXn]nt∂m-°-PmXn 18.9 21.9 1.5 1.7 0.2apt∂m-°-PmXn 8.8 14.5 0.5 1.9 0.3]ń-I-PmXn 36.2 15.0 7.3 1.9 0.2]ńI h¿§w 12.7 3.3 7.8 3.7 0.1cmjvSob B`n-apJywF¬.Un.^v 22.4 26.0 1.6 1.6 0.2bp.Un.F^v 14.4 29.4 1.3 3.2 0.5_n.sP.]n 8.4 6.6 0.7 2.1 0.4



F∂v hniz-kn-°p-∂-h-cmWv `qcn-]-£w. (A-\p-]mXw 0.3) P\-ß-fpsS ]Xn-I-cWwCß-s\-bm-sW-¶nepw P\-ß-fpsS samØw kΩXn e`n® Imcy-ß-sf-∂ \ne-bn-emWv \ΩpsS \mń¬ C°m-cy-ßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw N¿®sN-øm-dp-f-f-sX∂v ImWmw.

kmaqly ˛ kmº-ØnI tiWn-b-\p-k-cn®pw PmXn ˛ aX ˛ cmjvSob hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bnepw i‡-amb ho£W hyXym-k-ßƒ C°m-cy-Øn¬ Zriy-am-Wv.`q]-cn-jv°-c-W-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ s]mXp ]Xn-I-c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v hfsc Ipd™A\p-]m-X-Øn-ep-ff A\p-Iqe ]Xn-I-c-W-amWv Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m-cn¬ \n∂pwapt∂m° PmXn-°m-cn¬ \n∂pw _n.-sP.]n A\p-`m-h-ap-f-f-h-cn¬ \n∂p-ap-≠m-b-Xv.F∂m¬ ASn-ÿm\ hn`m-K-ßƒ `q]-cn-jv°-c-WsØ i‡-ambn A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂p. ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m-cp-tSbpw ]ń-I-h¿§-°m-cp-tSbpw ]Xn-I-c-W-Ønse A¥cwit≤-b-am-Wv. `q]-cn-jv°-cWw sIm≠v KpWw e`n-°m-Ø-h-cmWv BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ.

s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn i‡-ambn ]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂Xv Zcn-Z-hn-`m-K-ß-fm-Wv. icm-i-cn-bnepw hfsc Db¿∂ ]Xn-I-cWw ap…o-ß-fp-tS-Xm-sW∂vImWmw. (A-\p-]mXw 35.2) s]mXp-hn-X-cW kº-Zm-b-Øns‚ XI¿®-bmepw hcp-am-\-°p-d-hn-\mepw ]bm-k-ß-f-\p-`-hn-°p∂ ]c-a-Z-cnZ hn`m-K-Øns‚ ]Xn-I-cWwIpd™ tXmXn-em-Wv.

`q]-cn-jv°-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw kwh-c-W-Øn-t‚bpwImcy-Øn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ KpW-tZmj A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ ]Xn-I-cn-°p∂ Db¿∂a[y-h¿§w (EG IV) kzmib tImtf-Pns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Xmc-X-tay\ Db¿∂ A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ ]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. kzmib hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Xmc-X-tay\ Db¿∂ A\p-Iqe at\m-`m-h-ap-f-f-h¿ bp.-Un.-F^v ˛ InkvXy≥ ˛ ap∂m°˛ kº∂ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv. Nmcmb \ntcm-[\ Imcy-Øn¬ Gsd-°psd Htc-t]mse ]Xn-I-cWw Is≠-¶nepw kzmib A\p-Iq-e-amb ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ ]c-a-Z-cn-Z¿ apX¬ Db¿∂ CS-Ø-c-°m¿ hsc-bp-f-f-h-cn¬ A\p-Ia-ambnDb-cp-∂-Xp-Im-Wmw. `q]-cn-jv°-c-Ww, s]mXp-hn-X-c-Ww, kwh-c-Ww, aZy-\n-tcm-[-\w F∂o Imcy-ß-fn-se√mw ap…ow hn`m-K-Øns‚ A\p-Iqe ]Xn-I-cWw i‡-amb tXmXn¬ Db¿∂p \n¬°p-∂p.

PmXn-kw-h-c-W-Øn-t\m-Sp-ff ]nt∂m° hn`m-K-ß-fpsS ]Xn-I-cWw ]tXyIwi≤-bm-I¿jn-°p-∂p. PmXn kwh-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ff ]Xn-I-c-W-Øn¬ Db¿∂CS-Ø-c-°m¿, InkvXy≥, apt∂m° PmXn, _n.-sP.]n thm´¿am¿ F∂n-h¿s]mXpsh Xmgv∂ A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ ]Xn-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ ]nt∂m° PmXn-°m-cpsS]Xn-I-c-W-Ønepw (1.5) henb hyXym-k-an-s√-∂Xv hnkva-b-I-c-am-Wv. AtX-k-abw ]ń-I-PmXn/h¿§ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS ]Xn-I-c-W-Øn¬ kwh-c-WsØ i‡-ambn]n¥p-W-°p-∂p-≠v.

ZcnZ ]£-]m-X-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb ASn-ÿm\ \b-ßƒ°v tIc-f-Øn¬ P\-ß-fpsS AwKo-Im-c-ap-≠v. htc-Wy-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°-\p-Iq-e-amb ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ°p ]n∂n-em-Is´ FÆ-Øn¬ Ipd-sh-¶nepw i‡-amb kzm[o\ap≈ hn`m-K-ß-fm-Wp-f-f-Xv. PmXn-kw-h-cWw t]mep-ff Imcy-ß-fn¬ ]p\-c-t\z-j-W-ßfpw ]p\:Iao-I-c-W-ßfpw Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ak-a-Xzhpw Ac-£n-X-Xzhpw IqSn hcp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ kmaqly \oXn-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\pw s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-



Øn\pw ]m[m\yw \evtI-≠-Xp-≠v. Dev]m-Z\ h¿≤-\-hn-\mbn Im¿jnI taJ-esb i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]In-b-bn¬ `q]-cn-jv°-c-W-Øns‚ hym]vXnbpw ê-]m-]vXnbpw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ°v `qan e`y-am-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bn-te-°mWv Cu ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ ssINq-≠p-∂-Xv.

tkh-\-ta-J-e-bpsS kzIm-cy-h¬°-cWw

s]mXp-tk-h-\-ß-fpsS kzIm-cy-h¬°-cWsØ°p-dn-®p-ff A`n-]m-b-ß-fpsSbYm¿∞ \nebpw kmam-\y-h¬IrX [mc-W-Ifpw XΩn-ep-ff A¥-chpw ]tXyI]cm-a¿i-a¿ln-°p-∂p. sshZyp-Xn, KXm-K-Xw, IpSn-sh-f-fw, X]m¬, sdbn¬sh,_m¶nMv F∂n-h-sb√mw s]mXp-ta-J-e-bn¬ Xs∂-bm-h-W-sa∂v P\-ß-fn¬ alm`qcn-]£w Icp-Xp-∂p. s]mXp-P-\-hn-Imcw Xncn-®m-sW∂ tXm∂-emWv \mń-emsI]N-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. P\-ßƒ F∂ t]cn¬ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-h¿ Hcp sNdp \yq\-]£w amX-am-Wv. alm-`q-cn-]£w P\-ß-fp-tSbpw BK-lm-

t]mÃ¬sshZypXn KXm-KXw IpSn-sh≈w sSentImw sdbn¬sh _m¶nMv

]ńI˛17s]mXp-tk-h-\-ßfpsS kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-WsØ A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂-h-cpsS iX-am\w

BsI 12.4 14.8 9.9 10.3 7.0 6.4 7.8

cmjvSob B`n-apJyw

F¬.Un.^v 8.9 11.6 7.4 7.7 5.5 5.0 6.0bp.Un.F^v 13.8 16.3 11.2 11.6 7.1 6.8 8.5_n.sP.]n 25.8 25.8 18.8 21.0 11.7 8.8 16.9

kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-w

I 6.6 9.6 5.4 5.2 4.2 3.6 4.8II 8.7 12.2 7.0 6.8 4.6 4.6 4.8III 14.1 15.9 11.3 12.5 8.0 7.2 8.8IV 24.6 25.2 19.1 19.0 14.1 11.9 17.0

hn`mKw

`n-em-j-ßƒ°v hncp-≤-amWv C∂sØ kzIm-cy-h¬°-cW \S-]-Sn-Iƒ.

kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-WsØ A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂-h-cpsS kmº-ØnI cmjvSob tNcp-h-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Cu ]N-c-W-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.

ASn-ÿm\ tkh-\-ß-fpsS kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-WsØ A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂-h¿ hfscIpd-hm-Wv. (]-ńI 17) sdbn¬sh, t]mÃ¬ taJ-e-I-fnse kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-W-sØ-bmWv ]T-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿ Xosc A\p-Iq-en-°m-Ø-Xv. KXm-K-X-ta-J-esb kw_-‘n-®mWv Ipd™ tXmXn¬ A\p-Iqe ]Xn-I-c-W-ap-≠m-bXv (14.8%).

cmjvSob B`n-ap-Jy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ F¬.-Un.-F^v ˛ bp.Un.F^v. ˛ _n.-sP.]n Ia-Øn¬ kzIm-cy-h¬°-cW A\p-Iqe A`n-]m-b-ßƒ h¿≤n-®p-h-cp-∂p-≠v (8.9% ˛25.8%). F√m taJ-e-I-fp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-W-Øn\p th≠n Db¿∂ tXmXn¬ hmZn-°p-∂Xv _n.-sP.]nthm´¿am-cm-Wv.



kmº-ØnI \ne-hm-c-a-\p-k-cn®pw CtX amXr-I-bn-ep-ff A`n-]mb cq]o-I-cWcoXn amdp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. AXm-b-Xv, kzImcyh¬°cW A\p-Iqe at\m-`mhwkmº-ØnI ÿn-Xn°v A\p-kr-X-ambn ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn Db-cp-∂p.

s]mXp-tk-h\ taJ-e-IfpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°pw ]cm-Xn-Iƒ°p-an-S-bn-epw P\-ßƒAhsb A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂Xv F¥p-sIm-≠m-sW∂v `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ a\-n-em-°p-Ibpw Ahsb Pt\m-]-Im-c-]-Z-ambn ]p\:kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bp-amWv th≠-Xv.

BNmc˛hn-izm-k-ßƒ

PmXIw t\m°¬, a¥-hm-Zw, tcmK-im¥n ipiq-j, a\p-jy-˛-ssZ-h-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn-sem-s°-bp≈ hnizmkw hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ Fß-s\-bm-sW∂v ]ń-I 18¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. lnµp-°-fn¬ 60% Øn\pw PmX-I-Øn¬ hnizm-k-ap-≠v. hnZym-`ymkw IqSp-X-ep≈ Db¿∂ Kq∏p-I-fn¬ CXv Ipd-bp-∂n-√. ]s£ ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-˛-h¿§-°m-cn¬ a‰p-≈-hsc At]-£n®v Ipd-hm-Wv. AXp-t]mse F¬ Un F^vthm´¿am-cn¬ _n sP ]n thm´¿am-cp-tS-Xn-t\-°mƒ hfsc Ipd™ tXmXn¬amXta CXn-ep≈ hnizmkw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≈p. (bp Un F^v thm´¿am-cn¬PmX-I-hn-izmkw samØ-Øn¬ Ipd-hm-sW-¶nepw bp Un F^v Nm-bvhp≈ lnµp-°-fn¬ F¬ Un F^v Nmbvhp≈ lnµp-°-tf-°mƒ IqSp-X-em-Wv). a¥-hm-Z-Øn-ep≈ hnizmkw kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏- -Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. kmº-ØnItiWn IqSp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v AXp Ipd-bp-∂p-≠v. ]ń-I-h¿§-°m-cn-emWv G‰hpw

PmXIwt\m°¬

Bƒ ssZh-ßƒ

a¥-hmZwtcmK-im¥nipiqj

]ńI 18BNm-c-˛-hn-izm-k-ßƒ (%)

hn`mKw

BsI 36.6 7.3 10.6 6.3kmº-ØnI Kq∏v:I 33.5 11.8 10.7 7.1II 35.8 8.8 10.8 6.7III 38.0 6.1 10.8 5.9IV 37.6 1.7 10.1 5.9aXwlnµp 60.0 7.6 2.8 9.6ap…ow 4.5 12.6 7.3 2.6IrkvXy≥ 3.9 1.1 36.3 1.0PmXn]nt∂m°w 60.4 6.8 2.6 10.3apt∂m°w 69.0 6.2 1.5 9.0Fkv kn 44.8 10.5 4.8 7.6Fkv ‰n 35.0 21.7 6.7 10.0cmjvSob NmbvhvF¬ Un F^v 38.9 6.3 7.3 4.9bp Un F^v 28.1 8.8 16.6 7.3_n sP ]n 69.8 8.0 1.2 16.7



A[n-Iw. ]ns∂ ]´nI PmXn°m-cnepw ap…o-ß-fn-epw. InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ aq∂n-sem∂pw tcmK-im¥n ipiq-j-bn¬ hnizm-k-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv. CXpw F¬ Un F^vInkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ bp Un F v InkvXym-\n-Isf At]-£n®v Ipd-hm-Wv. BƒssZ-h-ß-fn-ep≈ hnizmkw ]Øn-sem-t∂mfw lnµp-°ƒ°m-Wp-≈-Xv. _n sP ]nthm´¿am-cn-emWv G‰-hp-a-[n-Iw. Cu BNm-c-˛-hn-izm-k-ßƒ kaq-l-Øn¬ IqSnhcp-∂pt≠m AtXm Ipd-bp-I-bmtWm F∂v Hcp ]T-\-Øn¬ \n∂v ]d-bm-\m-hn-√.F¶nepw `mhn ]T-\-ßƒ°v Xmc-Xayw sNøm≥ AXv D]-tbm-K-]-Z-am-bn-cn-°pw.

P\-ßƒ Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p F∂ ]T-\-`m-K-Ønse ][m-\-s∏´ Nne hni-I-e-\-ß-fmWv ChnsS Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]k-‡-amb a‰v Ht´sd hnh-c-ß-fp-ap-s≠∂v tNmZym-h-en-bn¬ \n∂v a\-n-em-°mw. Ch-sb√mw ]e tImWp-I-fn¬ \n∂v, ]e Xmc-Xay hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn hni-I-e\w sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kmaqly cmjvSob ]m[m-\y-ap-s≠∂p tXm∂nb GXm\pw hnj-b-ßƒN¿®-°mbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\mWv ChnsS DZy-an-®n-´p-f-f-Xv.

Hcp ]tXyI coXn-bn-ep-ff Xmc-Xay amXrI an° hnj-b-ß-fnepw ]tbm-Kn-®n-´pf-fXv Bh¿Ø-\-ambn A\p-`-h-s∏-Smw. ]t£ Hs´√m Imcy-ß-fnepw ]T\A`n-]m-b-ßƒ Htc Xc-Øn-ep-ff Nne amXr-I-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-s≠∂pt_m[y-s∏-Sp-hm≥ CXp klm-bn-°p-∂p-≠v. kaq-l-Øn¬ kmam-\y-h¬Ir-X-amb]e [mc-W-Ifpw s]mfn-®Sp°n ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ hyXy-kvX -am-\-ß-fp-f-f-XmbnA\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ah-s°√mw Imc-W-amb kmaq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI Imc-W-ßƒAt\z-jn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv ]m[m\yw \¬tI-≠-Xv.

am[y-a-h¬Ir-X-amb C∂sØ temI-Øn¬ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \S-t°-≠XvCØcw ]In-b-I-fm-Wv. kpXm-cy-X-bpsSbpw At\z-jW]c-X-bp-sSbpw henbkm[y-X-I-fmWv C∂v ]tbm-P\s∏SmsX t]mIp-∂-Xv. s]mXp[mc-W-I-fpsS D≈n-te°v CØcw At\z-j-W-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v kmaq-ly-im-kvX-⁄cpw am[y-a-]-h¿Ø-Icpw Hcp ]pXnb Iq´mbva cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-s≠∂v Cu hni-I-e-\-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ ]e-bn-SØpw shfn-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-t]mse alm-`q-cn-]-£-Øns‚ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ Xa-kv°-cn-°-s∏SpIbpw Hcp sNdp \yq\-]-£-Øns‚ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ s]mXp A`n-]m-b-ambn hyh-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂kº-Zm-b-ßƒ ]p\-cm-tem-N-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-°m\pw hyXykvX am\-Øn¬ N¿®sNøm\pw Cu Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa-∂mWv ]Xo-£.



A≤ymbw 13

hnI-k\w B¿°p-th≠n

ka-Im-eo\ tIcf kaq-lsØ a\-n-em-°m-\p≈ imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-j-

Øns‚ Iq´mb At\z-j-W-ambncp∂p tIc-f-]-T-\w. tIcf ]T-\-Ønse Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fn¬ Nneh \ΩpsS ap≥ [mc-W-Iƒ°v imkvXo-b-amb km[pX\¬Ip∂hbm-sW-¶n¬, a‰p Nneh s]mXp kΩnXn-bm¿÷n® Nne [mc-W-IsfXncp-Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv. Xpd∂ a\-tmsS \S-Ønb Cu At\z-j-W-Øn¬ Ah-ew-_n® apJy hni-I-e-\-coXn hnhn[ kmº-ØnI hn`m-K-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ Xmc-X-ay-am-Wv. Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn-ep≈ A¥-cw, hnhn[ kmaqly ]iv\-ß-fn-ep≈\ne-]m-Sp-I-fnse A¥cw F∂o Imcy-ßsf apJy-ambn tIµo-I-cn®p sIm≠mWvCu Xmc-Xayw \S-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. tIcf]T-\-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn® kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-Isf efn-Xhpw Bh¿Ø-\-`-Zhpw ]c-kv]-c-ssh-cp-≤y-ß-fn√m-Ø-Xp-amb Hcp hni-I-e\ D]-I-c-W-ambn (Analytical tool) amX-ta ImtW-≠-Xp-≈p. AXn-\-∏p-d-ap≈B]-am-Zn-Xz-sam∂pw Rßƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.

hcp-am-\-Øn-t‚tbm sNe-hn-t‚tbm Imcy-Øn¬ P\-ßsf Xmsg \n∂v apI-fn-tem´v ]Øp iX-am\w hoX-ambn hn`-Pn® ]Øp Kq∏p-Iƒ (deciles) As√-¶n¬Ccp-]Xp iX-am\w hoX-ap≈ A©p Kq∏p-Iƒ (quintiles), Ccp]Øn-b©p iX-am\w hoX-ap≈ \mep Kq∏p-Iƒ (quartiles) F∂nßs\-sbm-s°-bp≈ h¿§o-I-cWw kmº-Øn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hni-I-e-\-Øn\v km[m-c-W-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v. Ak-aXzw Af-°m\pw kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-Iƒ \n¿W-bn-°m\p≈ IW-°p-Iƒ°pw Rßfpw Cu coXn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn°p∂p. hc-hp-sN-e-hp-I-fpsSXm¬°m-en-I- kz`m-h-amWv Cu hni-I-e-\-co-Xn-bpsS Hcp ]iv\w. Hcp IpSpw_wFs¥-¶nepw Imc-W-Øm¬ Hcp amkw km[m-c-W-bn¬ Ihn™v IqSp-X¬ ]WwsNe-hm-°n-bmepw adn®m-bmepw CØcw h¿§o-I-cWw sX‰m-\p≈ km[y-X-bp-≠v. AXn-\memWv, kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-Iƒ \n¿Æ-bn-°m≥ tIcf]T-\-Øn¬ H∂n-e-[nIw am\-Z-WvU-ß-ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv. hc-hn-t\-°mƒ ]m[m\yw sNe-hn-\v \¬In.IqSmsX hoSns‚ KpW-hn-ti-j-ßfpw Zo¿L-Ime D]-t`m‡r D¬]-∂-ß-fpsS DS-



a-ÿ-Xbpw IW-°n-se-SpØp. ZoL-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒkmº-ØnI ÿnXn-sb-°p-dn®v a\-n-em-°m≥ Ch hc-hp-˛-sN-e-hn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ ÿmbn-bmb kqN-I-ß-fm-Wv.

Hcp kaq-lsØ hni-I-e\w sNøp-tºmƒ kmaq-ly-ambn G‰hpw ]k-‡-amb h¿§o-I-cW coXn D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-n hcpw. C¥y-bn¬ PmXn aX hn`-P-\-ßƒ°v kmaq-lnI Xe-Øn¬ C∂pw ]k-‡n-bp-≠v. F∂m¬ Cu ]k‡n]≠-tØ-Xns\ At]-£n®v Ipd-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-bm-Wv. hnI-knX cmPy-ß-fn¬D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ sXmgn-ens\ Bkv]-Z-am°nbp≈ kmaq-lnI h¿§ hn -P\w ChnsScoXn-im-kvX-]-c-amb ]e ]iv\-ß-fp-ap-b¿Øp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv kmº-ØnILS-I-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ Hcp h¿§o-I-cW coXn tIcf ]T-\-Øn¬Rßƒ kzoI-cn-®-Xv. CX-\p-k-cn®v P\-ßsf AXn-Z-cn-Z¿, Zcn-Z¿, Xmgv∂ a[y-h¿§w, Db¿∂ a[y-h¿§w F∂nßs\bp≈ hnim-e-amb Hcp h¿§o-I-c-W-amWv\S-Øn-bXv. CXn\pw apI-fn¬ AXn-k-º-∂¿ F∂ Hcp hn`mKap-s≠-∂ ImcywRßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p. ]s£ FÆ-Øn¬ hfsc Ipd-hp≈ Cu hn`m-KsØCXp t]mep≈ Hcp kmºnƒ k¿th-bn-eqsS ]Tn-°m≥ _p≤n-ap-´m-Wv.

\mep kmº-ØnI Kq∏p-Isf \n¿Æ-bn-®t∏mƒ Ah-bnepƒs∏-Sp∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-csØ ]‰n- Rßƒ°v Nne ap≥[m-c-W-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.CØcw Hcp A\p-am\w Hgn-hm-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu [mc-W-IsfASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Kq∏p-Isf XΩn¬ th¿Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ I´v-˛-Hm^vkvtImdp-Iƒ \n›-bn-®-Xv. Cu I´v-˛-Hm^v kvtImdp-Isf ]‰n A`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ D≠m-tb-°mw. Ch amdp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v Hmtcm Kq∏n-t‚bpw hep-∏Øn¬sN-dnb am‰-ap≠m-tb-°mw. F¶nepw Ch samØw NnX-tØtbm hni-I-e-\-^-e-ß-sftbm kmc-ambn _m[n-°p-∂n-√. _n ]n F¬ IpSpw-_-ßsf ]tXyIw \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xv t]mep≈ Dt±-i-ß-sfm∂pw Cu h¿§o-I-c-W-Øn\v C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬CXv Hcp hnhm-Z-am-tI≠Xn-√.

am¿Ivkn-b≥ A¿∞-XeØn-ep≈ h¿§-ß-f√ tIc-f-]-T-\-Ønse kmº-ØnIKq∏p-Iƒ. F∂m¬ Imbn-Im-≤zm\w sNøp∂ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ an°-hcpw Kq∏vH∂nepw c≠n-ep-amWv D≠m-bn-cn-°m≥ km≤y-X; henb hyh-km-bn-Ifpw hym]m-cn-I-fp-sams° Kq∏v \menepw. IpSpw-_-amWv Cu ]T-\-Ønse kmº-ØnI h¿§o-I-c-W-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\sa∂-Xn-\m¬ \√ thX-\-ap≈ ^mIvSdn sXmgn-em-fn-IƒH∂n-tesd D≈ Hcp IpSpw_w Kq∏v aq∂ntem IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Kƒ^n¬ tPmen-sb-Sp-°p∂ Hcmƒ IqSn-bp-s≠-¶n¬ Nne-t∏mƒ Kq∏v \mentem Hs° Bhm-\p≈km≤y-X-Ifpw D≠v.

Hcp h¿§o-I-cW ]≤-Xn-bp-sS KpW-˛-tZmjw AXn\v Kq∏p-Iƒ°nS-bnse hyXy-kvX-X-Iƒ ]I-S-am-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂pt≠m F∂-Xns\ Bi-bn-®n-cn-°pw. kaql]Xn-`m-k-ß-fpsS hni-Zo-I-cW tijn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Cu kmº-ØnI h¿Ko-I-cWw ^e-]-Z-am-sW-∂mWv Rß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬.

CXn\v Dt]m-Xv_-e-I-amb as‰mcp Imcyw, Um‰-bpsS B¥-cnI ]c-kv]-cm-\p-bp-‡-X- (internal consistency) bmWv. Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ DS-\ofw \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ ]´n-I-I-fn¬ CXp ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. GXm-s≠√m IW-°p-Ifpw Kq∏vH∂n¬ \n∂v Kq∏v \men-te°v ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn IqSp-Itbm Ipd-bp-Itbm sNøp-∂p.kmº-ØnI tiWn-Isf A\m-h-cWw sNøp-∂-Xnse e-]m-]vXn-bm-WnXp ImWn-°p-∂-Xv.



Zmcn-Zyhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw

Zmcn-Zy-sa-∂Xv Hcp Bt]-£nI k¶¬]-am-Wv. Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Zcn-Z-\mbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ C¥y-bn¬ Aß-s\-bm-IW-sa∂n-√. Hmtcm kaq-l-Ønepw Pohn-X-Øn\v AXym-h-iy-sa∂p Icp-Xp∂ D]m-[n-Iƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ kmº-Øn-I--ambpwkmaq-ly--ambpw Ign-hn-√m-Ø-h-cmWv Zcn-Z¿. Cu A¿∞-Øn-emWv Rßƒ tIcf]T-\-Ønse H∂pw c≠pw Kq∏pIsf samØ-Øn¬ Zcn-Z-cmbn IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.CXn¬ Kq∏v H∂n-s\-∏‰n c≠-`n-]mbw D≠m-Im-\n-S-bn-√. F∂m¬ Kq∏v c≠n-ep-≈-hsc Zcn-Z-cmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xns\ AwKo-I-cn-°m-Ø-h-cp-≠m-Imw. Cu Kq∏n¬s]Sp∂ Hcp icm-icn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ NnXw Rß-fpsS ]T-\-Øn¬ sXfn™phcp-∂Xv Cu hn[-am-Wv.

"At©m Btdm t]¿ AS-ßnb Hcp I¿jI sXmgn-emfn IpSpw_w. F√m Znh-khpw sXmgn-en-√. amk-h-cp-am\w 3700 cq]. GXm-≠X Xs∂ sNe-hv. sNe-hns‚ 56 iX-am\hpw `£-W-Øn-\mbn \o°n-sh-°-Ww. an®w sh°m≥ H∂p-an-√. kaqly kpc£ H∂pw Xs∂-bn-√. HmSn´ knsa‚ v Xd-bp≈ hoSv tdUntbmA√msX as‰m-∂p-an-√. Sn hn hmß-W-sa∂v BK-l-ap-≠v. Bsc-¶nepw Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ InS-t°≠n h∂m¬ Db¿∂ ]en-i°v IS-sa-Sp-°-Ww. aqØ s]Ïp-ń-bpsS hnhm-l-Øn\v ]Ww Is≠-Øm≥ ]pc-bn-S-Øns‚ Hcp `mKw hn¬°p-∂-Xn-s\- ]‰n Btem-Nn-°p-∂p.'

ta¬ hnh-cn® IpSpw_w C∂v HutZym-Kn-I-ambn _n ]n F¬ ]ń-I-bn¬ hcp∂n-√. F∂m¬ C∂-sØ tIcf kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Chsc Zcn-Z-cmbn IW-°m-°-Wtam th≠tbm F∂-Xn¬ aqey--hn-th-N-\-Øns‚ (Value judgement) ]¶v hep-Xm-Wv. CØcw IpSpw-_-ßsf Dƒs∏-Sp-ØmØ ZmcnZy \n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v henb A¿∞-an√ F∂mWv Rß-fpsS ]£w.

ZmcnZy tcJ hc®v AXn\p Xmsg-bp-≈-hsc amXw Zcn-Z-cmbn IW-°m-°p∂coXn-bmWv C¥y-bn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv. _olm-dnepw Hdo-k-bnepw tIc-f-Øn-ep-sams° Htc tcJ-bm-tWm D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-sX∂Xv ]k-‡-amb tNmZy-am-Wv.ZmcnZy tcJ th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv Bsc-bmWv F∂Xpw ]c-a-]-[m-\-am-Wv. C∂p≈Zmcn-Zy-tcJ \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂Xv 1970Ifn-em-Wv. hne-kq-NnI A\p-k-cn®v Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]pXp°n \n¿W-bn-°pI amX-amWv ]n∂oSv sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. tIheZmcnZyw Af-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Cu tcJ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ITn-\-amb C√mbva(extreme deprivation) D≈-hsc amXta Is≠-Øp-∂p-≈q. C∂p \ne-hn-ep≈ ZmcnZy\n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fm-I-s´. \√ coXn-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-®m¬ t]mepw AXn-Z-cn-Zsc "shdpw Zcn-Z¿' B°n am‰pI amXta e£y-an-Sp-∂p-≈p. AXn-\m¬ C∂sØZmcnZy \n¿Æb coXn ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xp-s≠-∂mWv Rß-fpsS A`n-]m-bw.

AXn-Z-cn-Zsc (_n ]n F¬ Zcn-Z¿) amXw e£y-an-Sp∂ \b-ßfpw F√m Zcn-Z-scbpw Ic Ib-‰m≥ th≠ \b-ßfpw hy-Xy-kvX-amWv. BZy-tØ-Xn\v kaq-l-Øns‚ samØw an®-Øn¬ XpO-amb Hcp ]¶v Xmtgm´v ]e Xcw ]cn-]mSnIfn-eqsS C´p-sIm-Sp-Øm¬ aXn. a[y-˛-D-]cn h¿§-ß-fpsS -\-S-∏v Po-hn-X-co-Xnbn¬ Hcpam‰hpw hcp-tØ-≠-Xn-√. c≠m-a-tØ-Xn-\m-I-s´, kº-Øns‚ ]p\¿ hnX-c-W-Øn¬sNdnb tXmXn-se-¶nepw Du∂¬ sImSp-°p∂ \b-ßƒ \S-∏m-°ntb Xocp. kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne \n¬°p∂ Ak-a-Xz-ßƒ Ipd®p sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn\v DX-Ip∂ \b-ß-fm-bn-cn-°Ww Ch.



t£a-˛-s]≥j-\p-Ifpw IpSpw-_io t]mep≈ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw sIm≠p amXwZmcnZyw C√m-Xm-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. Zcn-Z-Ip-Spw-_-ßƒ°v am\y-amb PohnXw \bn-°m\pw Ipd-s®ms° an®w sh°m\pw Ignbpw hn[w Ah-cpsS bmYm¿∞ hcp-am\w Db-c-Ww, c≠v hn[-Øn¬ Cu ]iv\sØ t\cn-Smw.

1. kmaqly kpc£ Dd∏p hcp-Øp-I. am\p-jnI tijn-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n hf¿Øn-sb-Sp°pw hn[w KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw aqey-hp-ap≈ kuP\y hnZym-`ym-khpw Btcm-Ky-c-£bpw \¬Ip-I. anX-amb hnebv°v Ah-iy-km-[-\-ßƒ e`y-am-°p-I. Nne-hp-Iƒ Ipd-bpI hgn bYm¿∞ hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ CXp klm-b-I-am-hp-∂p. H∏w sXmgn¬ tk\-bpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db-cp-∂p.

2.ZcnZ P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ sXmgn¬ taJ-e-I-fn¬ Imtem-Nn-Xhpw`mh-\m-]q¿Æ-hp-amb am‰-ßƒ hcpØn sXmgn-en¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I.

sNe-hns‚ Ak-aXzw G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep-≈ kwÿm-\-ßfnsem-∂mWv tIc-f-sa∂v tZiob kmºnƒ k¿th IW-°p-Iƒ ImWn-°p-∂p. 1990\v tij-amWv CXvIqSp-X¬ ]I-S-am-Ip-∂-Xv. tIcf]T-\-Ønse IW-°p-Iƒ ]Im-chpw sNe-hns‚Ak-aXzw Db¿∂ tXmXn-emWv (Kn\n kqNnI 0.41). CXn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X-emWvhcp-am-\-Ønse Ak-aXzw (Kn\n kqNnI 0.502).

Ak-aXz kqNn-I-Iƒ CØ-c-Øn¬ Db¿∂n-cn-°m-\p≈ ImcWw apI-fn-ep≈]Øp iX-am-\w P\-ß-fpsS Db¿∂ hcp-am-\hpw D]-t`m-K-hp-am-Wv. BsI hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 41.2 iX-am\w Ch-cp-tS-Xm-Wv. adn®v Xmsg-bp≈ ]Øp iX-am-\-Øn\v1.3 iX-am\w amX-ta-bp-≈p. kº-Øns‚ Kn\n kqNnI IW-°m-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬CXnepw A[n-I-am-bn-cn°pw A¥-cw. Ign™ Ccp-]Xp h¿j-ß-f-mbn AJn-te¥ymicm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ Db¿∂ tXmXn-em-bn-cp∂p tIc-f-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI hf¿®m\nc-°v. h¿≤n® ]pdwhcp-am-\hpw A\p-Iq-e-amb P\-kw-Jym-L-S-\bpw aqewbYm¿∞ hcp-am\w CXnepw IqSp-X-em-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu hf¿®-bpsS knwl-`m-Khpw Db¿∂ ]Øp-i-X-am-\-Øns‚ ssII-fn-emWv FØn-bXv F∂p thWwIcp-Xp-hm≥. Gsd-°ptd Rß-fpsS h¿§o-I-cWw A\p-k-cn-®p≈ Db¿∂ a[y-h¿§w (Kq∏v 4) BWn-h¿. Ah-cmWv hkvXp hmßn-°q-´p-∂-Xv. Ah-cm-Wv, tbmKy-X- am\-Z-WvU-am-ImsX t]mepw D∂X hnZym- ym-khpw s]m -j-W¬ _ncp-Z-ßfpwt\Sn kaq-l-Øns‚ ta¬Ø-e-ß-fn¬ ]nSn apdp-°p-∂-Xv. AtX kabw P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 15% hcp∂ ]c-a-Z-cn-Z¿°pw 35% hcp∂ Zcn-Z¿°pw Cu Ah-k-c-ßƒ\ntj-[n-°p-∂-X-c-Øn-ep≈ am‰-ß-fmWv hnZym- ymk cwK-Øp-≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. s]mXp BtcmKy tkh-\-Øns‚ timN-\o-bm-h-ÿ, NnIn-’m-s®-e-hp-IƒAan-X-ambn h¿≤n-°m≥ Imc-W-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. IS-_m-≤y-X-bpsS G‰hpw][m\s∏´ c≠p ImcWß-fn-sem∂v NnIn-’m-sN-e-hm-Wv. CsX√mw ImWn-°p∂Xv ta¬kq-Nn-∏n® Ak-aXzw C\nbpw h¿≤n-°m-\mWp km[yX F∂m-Wv.

1957¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬h∂ IΩyq-WnÃp a¥n-k` XpSßn sh® \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw sa®-s∏´ hnZym- ym-khpw Btcm-Ky-hp-ap≈ Hcp P\-Xbv°pcq]w \¬In. F¨]-Xp-I-fnse B`y-¥c hf¿®°pw ]pdw hcp-am-\-Øn\pw A\p-Iqe P\-kwJym LS-\-bv°p-sams° hgn sXfn-bn®-Xn¬ ]kvXpX kmaqlyam‰-ßƒ hln® ]¶v \ntj-[n-°m-\m-hm-ØXm-Wv. kmaq-lnI Ne-\m-fl-I-XsbXzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Ønb Cu am‰-ß-fpsS KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fmWv C∂sØ a[y-h¿§w.



C∂v tIcf kaq-l-Øn¬ A[n-Imcw ssIbm-fp-∂Xpw A`n-]m-b-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xpw \b-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp-sams° Ch-cm-Wv.

PmXn-˛-a-X-˛-]m-tZ-inI G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ Ds≠-¶nepw F√m hn`m-K-ßƒ°pwCu Kq∏n¬ ]mXn-\n-[y-ap-≠v. tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk irwJ-e-tbbpwGXm≠v kuP-\y-ambn e`n-°p-am-bn-cp∂ D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-tØbpw s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKy kwhn-[m-\-ß-tf-bp-sams° ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-Kn®v hf¿∂p h∂ Cuhn`mKw kaq-l-Øn\v F¥p Xncn®p \¬In F∂ Imcyw Nn¥n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

B[p-\nI tIc-f-Øns\ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te°v \bn® s]mXp-ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v]pXnb a[y-h¿§w AI∂p t]mbn-. kmº-ØnI Kq∏v 4 se 9.2% amX-amWvk¿°m¿ Bip-]-Xn-I-fn¬ t]mIp-∂-Xv. 14.2% amXsa Ip´n-Isf k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-≈p. \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ G‰hpw kzm[o-\-ap≈ Cu hn`mKw]n≥h-en-bp-∂Xv s]mXp-ta-J-esb Xf¿Øp-∂p. AhnsS Ime-Øn-s\m-Ø am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øm-\p≈ \nt£]w D≠m-Ip-∂n-√. Aßs\ c≠p-Xcw hnZym-`ym-khpwNnIn-’bpw \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂p. D∂X hnZym- ymk taJe IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ kzIm-cy-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]W-ap-≈-h¿°v amX-am-bp≈ kzmib hnZym-`ymkwAcßp XI¿°p∂p. `mhn-bnse tUmIvSdpw F≥Pn-\o-bdpw amt\-Pdpw s]m^-kdpsams° a[y-h¿§-Øn¬ \n∂p amX-am-bn-cn°pw F∂v Dd∏p hcpØpw hn[wXmsg-bp-≈-h¿°v Ah-kc kaXzw \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. kmaq-lnI Ne-\m-fl-IXGsd-°psd Cu htcWy h¿§-Øn¬ amXw HXp-ßp-∂p. kaq-l-Ønse Ak-aXzw h¿≤n-°p-∂p. sFIy-tI-c-f-∏n-d-hn°p tij-ap≈ Zi-I-ß-fnepw Ak-aXzwD≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ah-k-c-k-aXz \b-ß-fn-eqsS CXp Ipd-bv°p-hm-\p≈ia-ßfpw C°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ C∂-tØXv ]mh-s∏-´-h\v Ah-k-c-ßƒ \ntj-[n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Ak-a-Xz-am-Wv.

AXn-thKw hfcp∂ Hcp kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬ Ak-aXzw A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂hmZ-ap-≠v. hf¿®-bpsS Hcp \n›nX Xe-Øn¬ FØn-°-gn™m¬ Ahn-S-∂-tßm-´p≈ t\´-ßƒ Xpey-ambn hnX-cWw sNø-W-sa-∂n-s√∂v CØcw hmZ-°m¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]kn-≤-amb Ipkvs\‰vkv hIhpw (Kuznets curve) kam\ hmZ-ß-fp-amWv CXn\p ]n≥_-e-ambn Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°-m-dp-≈-Xv. sska¨ Ipkvs\‰vkvF∂ [\-im-kvX-⁄≥ 1955¬ A`n-]m-b-s∏-´-Xv, B[p-\nI temI-Øn¬ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-Iƒ hf-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v BZyw Ak-aXzw h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw Hcp L´-Øn-seØn ]n∂o-Sv Ipd-bp-sa-∂pamWv. CXv NnXo-I-cn-°p∂ Xe Xncn™ U BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ Km^mWv Ipkvs\‰vkv hIw. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m≠p apX-ep≈ ]ebqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fp-tSbpw Ata-cn-°-bp-tSbpw A\p-`hw tImUo-I-cn-®mWv Cu\nbaw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂v Ht´sd t]¿ IqSp-X¬ hcp-am-\-ap≈ ZznXo-b-˛-Xr-Xob taJ-e-I-fn-te°v amdp-tºmƒ Ak-aXzw h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw]n∂oSv ]mY-anI taJ-e-bn¬ hfsc Ipd-®p-t]¿ amXw Ah-ti-jn-°p-tºmƒ AXpIpd-bp-sa-∂p-amWv Cu ]Xn-`m-k-Øn\v \¬Inb hni-Zo-I-c-Ww. `uXnI aqe-[-\-tØ-°mƒ am\p-jnI aqe-[-\-Øn\v ]m[m\yw ssIh-cn-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-emWvhIw Xmtgm-´p≈ t]m°v XpS-ßp-∂-Xv.

Ipkvs\‰vkv hIhpw kam\hmZßfpw Ncn-X-Ønse A\n-hm-cyX t]mseAh-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv AXv C∂sX he-Xp-]£ kmº-Øn-I-im-kvX-Øn\v km[q-I-cWw \¬Ip-∂Xp sIm≠mWv. CXv Ncn-X-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-X-b-√ F∂mWv



A\p-`hw. t\m¿th, kzoU≥ t]mep≈ kvIm≥Un-t\-hn-b≥ cmPy-ß-fnepw P∏m-\nepw Ing-°≥ Gjy-bnse cmPy-ß-fnepw Ak-aXzw h¿≤n-°p∂ A\p- hw D≠m-bn-ń-√. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse Cw•-≠v, ^m≥kv XpS-ßnb bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fn-tetbm C∂sØ sXt° Ata-cn-°≥ cmPy-ß-fn-tetbm ÿnXn Bh¿Øn-®m¬ amXta hf¿® t\Sm-\m-hp F∂ hmZ-Øn¬ Ig-ºn-√. amX-a-√, hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-tS-Xmb Cu bpK-Øn¬ am\p-jnI aqe-[\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-X-s∂-bmWv kmº-ØnI hf¿®-°p≈ G‰hpw \√ X¥w. Ak-aXzw Ipd-bv°p-I-sb-∂Xv hnI-k-\-a-¥-am-bn-cn-t°≠ Ime-am-Wn-∂tØXv.

tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn¬ \n∂v tIcf hnI-k-\-Øn-te°v

tIcf kaq-l-Øn¬ ]IpXn t]¿ Zcn-Z-cm-Wv. a\p-jy-k-l-P-amb Xß-fpsSIgn-hp-Iƒ ê-]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m\pw AXp-hgn A√-en-√msX PohnXw \bn-°m\pw Ah¿°v Ign-bp-∂n-√. P\-kw-Jy-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-bn-tesd kvXoI-fm-Wv.kmº-ØnI Kq∏v -t`-Z-at\y kvXoI-fpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏SmsX t]mIp-∂p. \ΩpsS hnI-k\ \b-ßƒ e£y-an-tS-≠Xv ][m-\-ambpwZcn-Z-tcbpw kvXoI-tf-bp-am-Wv. hnI-k-\-Øn\v kmº-ØnI hf¿® A\n-hm-cy-am-sW¶nepw hnX-cW \oXn-bn-√mØ hf¿® sIm≠v F√m-h¿°pw KpWap≠m-Ip-sa∂ hmZw kz]v\w amX-am-Wv. F√m-h-tcbpw Dƒs°m-≈-p∂Xmbn-cn-°WwhnI-k\ ]Inb.

hnI-k-\-sØ-∏‰n \oXn-bp-‡-amb Hcp ImgvN-∏mSv cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xnepw CuDƒ°mgvN ][m-\-am-Wv. ]e hnI-k\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv kaq-l-Ønse apIƒ∏m-Xn-bn-ep-≈-h¿°v (EG III, IV) t\cn´v KpWw In´p∂ coXn-bn-em-Wv. Ah-cn-eqsS CXns‚ KpW-^-e-ßƒ Iogv∏m-Xn-bn-te°pw In\n-™n-d-ßp-sa-∂mWv \h-en-_-d¬ kmº-ØnI kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬, A\p-`-h-Øn¬ CXv \S-°m-dn-√. \S-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Xs∂, hfsc aµ-K-Xn-bn-emhpw\S-°p-I. \ne-hn-ep≈ Ak-a-Xz-ßƒ aq¿On-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw AXns‚ ]cn-WnX êw.

ChnsS Rßƒ°v hnI-k-\-sØ-°p-dn®v hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp \ne-]m-SmWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p-≈-Xv. ZcnZ ]£-Øns‚ D∂-a-\-Øn-eq-∂n-s°m-≠p≈ kaK hnI-k-\-Øn\p th≠n-bmWv imkvXkmln-Xy ]cn-£Øv \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. CØcwHcp hnI-k\ kao-]-\-Øns‚ ASn-Ød \ΩpsS DXv]m-Z\ taJ-e-I-fpsS i‡-amb hf¿®-bm-Wv. tateØń-ep≈ Ipd-®p-t]-cpsS kmº-ØnI ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒkrjvSn-°p∂ hf¿®-sIm≠v ÿmbn-bmb hnI-k\w km[ya-√. ZcnZ hn`m-K-ßƒapJy-ambn ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ Im¿jnI hymh-kmbnI taJ-e-I-fnse hcp-am\wh¿≤n-∏n-®p-sIm≠p amXta Ak-a-Xzhpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw AXn¬\n-∂p-≠m-Ip∂ kmaqly kwL¿j-ßfpw C√m-Xm-°m≥ Ign-bq. Cu A¿∞Øn¬ hnI-k\w DXv]m-Z-\m-[n-jvTn-X-am-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. C∂sØ coXn D]-t`m-Km-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv.Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw DXv]m-Zn-∏n®v tIc-f-Øn¬ hn¬°pI F∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn Chn-SpsØ hn`-h-ß-tfbpw A≤zm-\-sØbpw D]-tbm-Kn®v D≠m-°m-hp-∂Xv ChnsS D≠m-°Ww. kwÿm-\sØ DXv]m-Z-\-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS apJykwLm-S-I≥ ]mtZ-inIXew -ap-X¬ tatem-´p≈ k¿°m¿ Bbn-cn-°-Ww. DXv]m-Z\ ]Inb ]Ir-Xn°v tIm´w X´m-ØXpw Bkq-Xn-Xhpw P\-]-¶m-fn-Ø-ap-≈Xpw



Ign-bm-hp-∂X hntI-µo-Ir-X-hp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. hnX-c-W-]-Inb kmaqly \oXn-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. DXv]m-Z\˛hn-X-cW ]In-b-I-fpsS e£yw km[m-cW P\-ß-fpsS AXn-Po-h\Øn\p≈ k¿∆-tXm-∑p-J-amb hf¿®-bm-IWw. F¶n¬amXta tIc-f-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS Zriy-amb, P\-ß-fn¬ ]Ip-Xn-h-cp∂ Zcn-Z-cpsS ]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ign-bq.

Cßs\ Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ ]pXnb Hcp Xe-Øn¬ \n∂p sIm≠p≈ DS-®p-hm¿°¬ tIc-f-Ønse ][m-\-s∏´ F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw Bh-iy-ambn hcp-∂p.]mtbm-Kn-Ihpw bmYm¿∞y-t_m-[-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-Xhp-amb \n¿t±-i-ß-fpsS Hcpk©bw GXp taJ-e-bnepw Dcp-Øn-cn-s®-Sp-°m≥ C∂p ]bm-k-an-√. hn´p-ho-gvN-bn-√mØ \n¿_‘w Nne Imcy-ß-fn¬ th≠-Xp-ap-≠v. Cu \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \h-en-_-d¬ AP-≠°v Hcp Xc-Ønepw t]m’m-l-\-am-I-cp-Xv, adn®v AXn-t\m-Sp≈t]mcm-´-am-I-Ww. c≠m-a-Xmbn t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®-t]m-se, Ah A\n-hm-cy-ambpwAk-aXzw Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw A[:ÿnX-cpsS PohnX ]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ \S-]-Sn-I-fm-h-Ww. Cß-s\-bp≈ Hcp Iq´w \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Xo¿®-bmbpwhfsc IqSp-X¬ ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-am-ImsX \nhr-Øn-bn-√.

P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`m-K-Øns‚˛]-tXy-In®pw Zcn-Z-cpsS apJy D]-Po-h-\-ta-Je C∂pw Irjn-bmWv F∂ H‰-°mcyw Xs∂ B taJ-esb ka-K-ambn ]cn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]n¥p-W-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw km[q-I-cWw \evIp-∂p. q]-cn-jv°-c-W-Øns‚ t]mcm-bva-Iƒ sXm´v ]pXnb hym]m-c-°-cm-dnse hyh-ÿ-Iƒhsc ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ \b-cq-]o-I-c-Whpw AXn-s‚-b-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬s\√v, sXßv, CS-hn-f-Iƒ, \mWy-hn-f-Iƒ, a’yw-˛-ar-K-k-ºØv F∂n-h-bn-se√mwDev]m-Z\ hf¿®bpw kpÿn-c-Xbpw km[n-X-am-°p∂ kmt¶-XnI \ho-I-c-W-ßfpwkwL-S\m kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-amWv ChnsS hnh-£n-°p-∂-Xv. sshhn-[y-h¬°-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw B[p-\o-I-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw ]iv\-ßƒ t\cn-Sp∂ ]c-º-cm-KX taJ-e-Iƒ, Akw-kvIrX hkvXp Zu¿e-`y-a-\p-`-hn-°p∂ Ib¿-˛-I-ip-h≠n taJ-e-IƒXpS-ßn-b-h-bnepw ]pXnb t]mwhgn \n¿t±-i-ßƒ Dcp-Øn-cn-™p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. CutaJ-e-I-fn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cn¬ `qcn-]-£hpw kaq-l-Øns‚ G‰hpw Xmsg-°n-S-bn-ep-≈-hcpw Zpcn-X-a-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h-cp-am-sW-∂Xv \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ap≥KW\°v t]c-I-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

Im¿jn-Im-\p-_-‘, aqey-h¿≤nX Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS h≥irw-J-e-bpsS km[y-X-Iƒ, kl-I-cW taJ-e-bpsS hn]p-e-amb kwL-S-\m-ti-jn, Ch-bvs°√mw A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]m›m-Ø-e-ku-I-cy-ß-fpsS krjvSn XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fnepw NmcwaqSn-°n-S-°p∂ tIc-fob km[y-X-Iƒ Cub-SpØ ImeØv hnI-k\ N¿®-I-fn¬[mcm-f-ambn Db¿∂p h∂n-´p-≠v.

]pØ≥ kmt¶-XnI hnZym-ta-J-e-I-fmb sF Sn, _n Sn cwK-ß-fn¬ \ΩpsShn`-h-ti-jn-bpsS hne-Ip-d™ hmSI D]-tbm-K-a-√, adn-®v hne-Iq-´p∂ D]-tbm-K-amWv tIcfw e£y-an-tS-≠-Xv. B hgn-°p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ Ipd-h√ F∂-Xn\vkao-]-Ime A\p-`-h-ßƒ [mcm-f-ap-≠v. Cu Zni-bn-ep≈ apt∂-‰-ßƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb imkvX-km-t¶-XnI \b-ßfpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. B`y-¥c hn`h kam-l-c-W-Ønepw s]mXp-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ ]p\:kwhn-[m\w sNøp-∂-Xnepw kmaq-ly-kp-c£m \S-]-Sn-I-fn-ep-sa√mw Db¿∂p-h-cp∂ ]pØ≥ Xe-apd ]iv\-ßƒ ap≥Im-eØv kzoI-cn-®Xpw amXr-Im-]-c-ambn Xo¿∂-Xp-amb a\p-jy-Xz-]-c-amb \ne-]m-Sp-



Iƒ Xcnºpw ssIhn-SmsX Xs∂ t\cn-SpI F∂-XmWv tIc-f-Øns‚ ap∂n-ep≈ka-Im-enI sh√p-hn-fn.

C°m-cy-Øn¬ khn-ti-j-amb Zo¿L-Ime am‰-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw \evtI-≠Xvam\-h-tijn hnI-k-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sXmgn¬-˛-hn-Zym-`ymk taJ-e-I-fm-Wv.

]¥-≠p-h¿jsØ kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw Ign-™v, 18 hb-m-Ip∂ Hcp bphm-hn\v/bph-Xn°v kaq-l-Øn-\p KpW-I-c-amb GsX-¶nepw sXmgn-se-SpØp Pohn-°m-\p-X-Ip∂ Adnhpw Ignhpw Bfl-hn-izm-khpw In´-Ww. AXp \¬Ip-I-bm-bn-cn-°Ww kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ [¿Ωw. AtX ka-bw, Hcp hn`mKw bphm-°sf Zo¿L-Imew \o≠p \n¬°p∂ D]-cn-]-T-\-Øn\pw ]pXnb Adn-hns‚ \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\pw ]tbm-K-Øn\pw ]m]vX-cm-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ ss[j-Wn-I-ambpw am\-kn-I-ambpw Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw thWw. CXp c≠pw th≠hn[-Øn¬ C∂p \S-°p-∂n√ F∂-XmWv A`ykvX hnZy-cpsS CS-bnse cq£-amb sXmgn-en-√mbva sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xv.

kvIqƒ Xe-Øn¬ sXmgn-em-`n-apJyw hf¿Øp-Ibpw ]¥≠mw ¢mkv Ign-bp-tºm-tg°pw `qcn-`mKw t]¿°pw sXmgn¬ sshZKv[yw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jv°-cWw ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn \S-∏m-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. kaq-l-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb F√m sXmgn¬ taJ-e-Ifpw hyh-ÿm-]nX ]cn-io-e\ kwhn-[m-\-Øn≥Iogn¬ hc-Ww. CXn-eq-sS-bmWv \ΩpsS ]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn¬ taJ-e-I-fpsS B[p-\nIhXv°-cWw \S-t°-≠Xv; Ah-bpsS PmXo-b-amb sI´p-]m-Sp-Iƒ s]mń-®p-am-t‰-≠Xv; F√m sXmgn-ep-Iƒ°pw am\y-Xbpw \ymb-amb thX-\hpw Int´-≠Xv;F√m-h¿°pw Ah-c-h-cpsS Ignhpw hmk-\bpw A\p-k-cn-®p≈ GXp sXmgnepwsNbvXp Xr]vXnI-c-ambn Pohn-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw D≠m-tI-≠-Xv. DXv]m-Z-\m-[n-jvTnX hnI-k\w F∂ e£y-Øn\v A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-amb ap∂p-]m-[n-bm-Wn-Xv.

D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-cw-KØpw ImX-emb am‰-ßƒ D≠m-tI-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.C∂sØ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ AXv kaq-l-Ønse Zp¿_e hn`m-K-ßƒs°-Xn-cmbn i‡-amb hnth-N-\-Øn-\p≈ D]m-[n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂v tIcf ]T\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p. kh¿W sslµh InkvXob hn`m-K-ßƒ°v Aan-X-amb ap≥Xq°wIn´p∂ Hcp taJ-e-bm-W-Xv. Imay-amb ]Z-hn-Ifpw DtZym-K-ßfpw D∂X hnZym-`ymkw e`n-®-h-cpsS Ah-Im-i-am-bn-cn-°p∂ Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ Cu ÿnXn hntijw\ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂ D®-\o-NXz-ßsf Duń Dd-∏n-°m-\mWv CS-h-cp-ØpI F∂v hy‡-am-Wv.

CXp Xncp-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ kvIqƒ Xe-Ønse s]mXp hnZym-`ymkw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°mt≠ ]‰q. hońse tIm®nßpw ]tXyI Syqj\pw H∂pw IqSmsX¢mknse ]Tn-∏p-sIm≠p amXw kz¥w Ign-hp-Isf hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥ HmtcmIpń°pw Ign-b-Ww. AXn-\-\p-k-cn®v s]mXp hnZym-e-b-ß-sfbpw A≤ym-]-I-scbpwi‡n-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-Øn¬ \n∂p kaq-l-Øn\p Int´-≠-Xmb ]tbm-P-\-ßƒt\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ \ap°p Ign-bp-∂n-√ F∂mWv _ncp-Z-[m-cn-Iƒ°n-S-bnse Db¿∂sXmgn-en-√m-bva(25%) kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. \ne-hn-ep≈ Adn-hns\ hna¿i-\-]-c-ambnDƒs°m-≈m\pw ]tbm-Kn-°m-\pw, ]pXnb Adnhp \n¿Ωn-°m\pw D≈ Ignhvhf¿Øm-\p-XIpw hn[w D∂X hnZym-`ymkw ]cn-jv°-cn-®m¬ amXta _ncp-Z-[m-cn-Iƒ sXmgn¬ tXSp-∂-h-cn¬ \n∂v sXmgn¬ krjvSn-°p-∂-h-cmbn amdq.

hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw BÏp-ń-Iƒs°m-∏tam Hcp-]Sn



ap∂ntem BWv s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ. F∂m¬ sXmgn¬ cwK-sØ-Øp-tºmƒ Ah¿]n∂n-em-Ip∂p F∂v tIcf ]T\w ImWn-°p-∂p. "ho´Ω' F∂p kzbw te_-sem-ń-®n-cn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw ]Ømw ¢mkv˛πkv Sq Ign-™-h-cm-Wv.kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ A]-cym-]vX-Xbpw e£y-t_m-[-an-√m-bva-bp-amWv Hcp]cn-[n-hsc CXn\p Imc-Ww. Xo¿®-bm-bpw, kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂ enwK-]-c-amb Ak-aXzw CXns\ IqSp-X¬ cq£-am-°p-∂p. hnhmlw sXmgn¬ Pohn-X-Øn\p XS--am-Ip-∂Xv F√m-bvt∏mgpw kvXo°p-am-X-am-Wv, Hcn-°epw ]pcp-j-\√ F∂Xpw Hcp hkvXp-X-bmWv.

hnZym-`ym-khpw kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-tbmSp IqSnb hnI-k-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘wAt`-Zy-amWv. sk°-≠dn Xew apX¬ A≤zm-\m-`n-apJyw hf¿Øp∂-∂-Xn\v]mapJyw \¬I-Ww. _lp- q-cn-]-£-Øn\pw Fs¥-¶nepw Hcp sXmgn-en¬ ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e-\hpw A\p-`-hhpw \¬IpI F∂Xv lb¿ sk°-≠dn hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ s]mXp-e-£y-am-IWw. D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ e£yw kaq-l-Øn\vhyXy-kvX-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ Bh-iy-ap≈ sshZ-Kv≤y-Øns‚ krjvSn -bm-Wv.AXnt\msSm∏w kz¥w kaq-l-Øns‚ hf¿®°p th≠n tPmen sNøm-\p≈ k∂-≤-Xbpw ]pXnb ⁄mt\m-ev]m-Z-\-Øn-\p≈ Ignhpw D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\p\¬Im≥ Ign-b-Ww. Npcp-°-Øn¬, +2 Xew hsc km¿h-Xn-Ihpw kuP-\yhpw\n¿_-‘n-X-hp-amb hnZym-`ymkw \¬Ip-Ibpw AXns‚ A¥y-L-´-Øn¬ kaq-l-Øn∂v Bh-iy-ap≈ GsX-¶nepw sXmgn-en¬ G¿s∏ v D]-Po-h\w t\Sp-∂-Xn-∂p≈]mtbm-KnI Adnhpw sXmgn¬ ]cn-N-bhpw Bfl-hn-izm-khpw D≈-h-cm°n Ahscam‰p-Ibpw D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v th≠ ss[j-Wn-I-amb tijnbpw k∂-≤-Xbpw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ASn-Ød ]mIp-Ibpw sNøm≥ hnI-k-t\m-∑pJ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v Ign-b-Ww.

Xpey ]m[m-\y-ap≈ as‰mcp taJe kmaqly kpc-£-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.

kuP-\yhpw KpW\n-e-hm-c-ap-≈-Xp-amb s]mXp-hn-Zym- ym-kw, Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-Ww, anX-amb hnebv°v Ah-iy-km-[-\-ßƒ e`y-am-°¬ F∂n-h-bmWv CXn¬][m-\w. Zcn-Z-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fpsS sNehp Ipdbv°pI hgn bYm¿∞ hcp-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m\pw AtXm--sSm∏w sa®-s∏´ sXmgn¬ tk\sb krjvSn-°m\pw CXp hgnIgn-bpw. CXn-\p≈ ]Ww Is≠-Øp-∂-sX-ßs\ F∂-XmWv apJy ]iv\w. s]mXp-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v AI-∂p-t]mb a[y-h¿§-Øn\v CXns‚ _m[y-X-bn¬ \n∂vamdn-\n¬°m-\m-hn-√. F√m t£a-cm-jvS-ß-fnepw D≈-Xp-t]mse hcp-am-\-Øn\vA\p-kr-X-ambn kmaq-ly-tk-h-\-ßƒ°v th≠n \nIpXn G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v Kuc-h-]q¿∆w BtemNn-t°≠ ka-b-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

tIc-f-Øns‚ `mhn

C∂sØ hnI-k\ ]In-bsb am‰nadn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS amXta Hcp P\-]£hnI-k\ kao-]\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ignbq F∂v t_m[y-s∏-SpØp∂XmWv tIc-f-]-T-\-Øns‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ. D]-t`mK tIµo-Ir-Xhpw tkh-\-ta-J-e-bn-eq-∂n-b-Xp-amb C∂sØ hnI-k\ kao-]-\-Øn\p ]Icw tIc-f-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Irjn-bnepw hyh-km-b-h-f¿®-bnepw Du∂p-∂Xpw kmaqly \oXn D-d-∏m-°p-∂-Xp-amb ]pXn-sbmcp hnI-k\ ]mX hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-I--bmhpw mhn-tI-c-f-Øns‚ap∂n-ep≈ hgn.

C∂sØ D]-t`m-Km-[n-jvTnX hnI-k-\-co-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v DXv]m-Z-\m-[n-jvTnX kao-



]-\-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰w Ffp-∏-am -sW∂v Rßƒ Icp-Xp -∂n-√. BtKmfss^\m≥kv aqe-[\ XmXv]-cy-Øn\v Iogvs∏-´n-cn-°p∂ C∂sØ C¥y≥ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn-t‚-Xm-sbmcp hnI-k\ ]mX km[y-am-tWm F∂ tNmZy-ap-≠v. D]-t`m-Km¿Øn ]q≠ Hcp kaq-l-Øn-emWv \mw Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. AØ-c-samcpkaqlw D]-t`m-KsØ ]cn-an-X-s∏-SpØm-\p≈ km[y-Xbpw Ipd-hm-Wv. CØcw]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ \ne-\n-ev°p-tºmgpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn Nne-sXms° sNøm≥ Ign-™m¬ amXta P\-ß-fpsS ip`m-]vXn-hn-izmkw hos≠-Sp-°m≥ Ignbq F∂pRßƒ Icp-Xp-∂p. AsXmcp A\n-hm-cy-X-bm-sW∂pw Rßƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ]iv\-ßsf \n¿≤cn-°m\pw P\-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ]mtbm-KnI Xe-ß-fn¬ Ah-bpsS hnP-b-˛-]-cm-P-b-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°m\pw Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. AXn-\m-Is´ DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ Hmtcm cwK-hpw ]tXy-I-am-sb-SpØv ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. AØcw ]cn-tim-[-\-I-fn¬ Nne-Xn-s\-¶nepw Hcp \ne-]m-Sp-X-d-bmbn Cu ]T-\-Ønse hnh-c-ßƒ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Rß-fpsS DZyawkm¿∞-I-am-bn.



A\p-_‘w 1

Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Ifn¬ \n∂v

ASpØ hoń¬ Bcm Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv?

""AhnsS amπmcm''

sIm´-s\bvXv D]-Po-h\w \S-Øp∂ ZcnZ IpSpw-_w. Hcp sIm´ saS-™m¬In´p-∂Xv 1 cq] 80 ss]k. A©w-K-ß-fp≈ Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_-Øn\v Hcp Znhkw`£Ww Ign-°m≥ amXw FX Ip´ -sa-S-bWw! ASp-Ø-ho-´p-Im-sc-°p-dn-®p≈Ah-cpsS ]Xn-I-c-W-amWv apI-fn¬ sImSp-Ø-Xv.

Aß-s\... Aß-s\........

k¿th-°mbn ]T\kwLw FØp-tºmƒ ho´p-Im¿ Gsd ka-b-ambn ImØn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. hoń-emsI aq∂p t]¿. apºv tIń-t´-bp-≈p. Hcp bYm¿∞ hr≤`h\w. G‰hpw ]mbw Ipd-™-bmƒ°v ]mbw 72. At±-l-Øns‚ ktlm-Z-c\pw`mcy-bp-amWv a‰p-≈-h¿. aq∂p-t]-cpw s]≥j-\¿am¿, kº-∂¿. \√ tdma≥ ImØ-en°v hnizm-kn-Iƒ. ao\-®n¬ \km-Wn-bpsS X\n-a. F¥nepw hy‡-amb A`n-]m-bw. kzmib ÿm]-\-ßƒ \√-Xm-Wv. ]mh-ßsf ]Tn-∏n-t°≠ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw k¿°m-cn-\m-Wv. aXw cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn¬ sX‰n√. PmXn kwh-cWw th≠. Aßs\.. Aß-s\........

Iqń\p tdUntbm amXw

""tdUntbm NoØ-bm-bn-t∏mbn aq∂m-gvN-bmbn \mSIw tIƒ°msX''

]Xw hmbn-°mØ temI-Im-cy-ßƒ "_m[n-°mØ ho´-Ω-˛-c-a-Wn. ê-hr-£-ßtfm a‰p hcp-am\ am¿§-ßtfm C√. c≠v sk‚n¬ Xm¬°m-enI Iqc. aI≥s]bn‚ v ]Wn°v t]mIp-∂p. hmb-\-bn-√. Pe-tkm-Xv C√. hnt\m-tZm-]m[ntdUntbm amXw. CØcw \nc-h[n IpSpw-_-ßƒ \ΩpsS \mń-ep-≠-t√m.

ISw-t]-Sn-®v....

Ip∂w-Ip-fØv ASp-∏qń Ip∂ns‚ Xmgv-hm-cw. Hcp tImf-\n. Rßƒ k¿t∆°vt]mIp-∂p. _m¶v DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cm-sW∂v Icp-Xn Krl-\m-Y≥ Hfn-®p-I-f-™p.]cn-N-b-°m-c-\mb Hcmƒ IqsS D≠m-bXv `mKyw At±lw CS-s]´v Krl-\m-Ys\



]pd-sØ-Øn-®p. Cu IpSpw-_-Øn\v Hcp e£w cq] IS-ap-≠v. aI-fpsS Ieym-W-Øn\p hmßn-b ISw.

]ńWn InS-∂m¬ Inńb sXmgn-se-Sp°pw

temdn ssUh-dm-bn-cp∂p l-\m¿. 11 t]c-S-ßp∂ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ \mY≥k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-I-fmWv anI-®-sX-∂-t±lw ]d-bp-∂p. ImcWw tbmKy-X-bp≈A[ym-]-I-cm-W-hn-sS. ]t£ "A®-S°w' Ipd-hm-Wv. Kpcp-X-c-amb AkpJw h∂m¬,Pohn-°Wsa∂p-s≠-¶n¬ k¿°m¿ Aip-]-Xn-bn¬ t]mIn-s√∂pw sX‰mb `£-W-coXn ip≤-P-e-Øns‚ A]-cym-]vX-X, aen-\-am-°-s∏´ hmbp F∂n-h-bmWv Btcm-Ky-cw-KsØ apJy ]iv\-ß-sf-∂p-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-]m-bw.

sXmgn-en-√mbva \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv ]ń-Wn-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠m-sW∂pw ]ńWnInS-t°-≠n-h-∂m¬ Inńb sXmgn-se-Sp-°p-sa∂pw At±lw Dd-∏n-®p-]-d-bp-∂p.

tIms´-cp-abpw sU¶n-∏-\nbpw

sh¶n-tS-iz-c≥: Xangv _m“-W≥, IpSpw-_-\m-Y≥, IrXy-amb Bkp-XWwsNbvX PohnX Ia-ßfpw coXn-I-fpw. IpSpw-_-Ønse F√m AwK-ßfpw kw`m-j-W-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp.

""\Ωfv Ign-°n-WXv apgp-h≥ shjm... ]ns∂-ßs\ tcmK-ßfv hcm-Xn-cn°pw''

""sU¶n-∏\n Hcp hntZi tcmK-am-Wv. Cu tcmKw D≠m-°p-∂Xv Cu ASpØImeØv ]Xy-£-s∏´ tImsćpa F∂ Pohn- Im-c-W-am-sW∂pw tIms´-cp-a-bmWvsU¶n-∏\n ]c-Øp-∂-sX∂pw io. sh¶n-tS-iz-c≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

kln-jvWpX!

hońse tPmen-Iƒ ]pcp-j-∑m¿ sNtø-≠-Xpt≠m?

`mcy : ""IpSpw_ tPmen-Iƒ kvXo]p-cp-j-∑m¿ ]¶p-sh-bvt°-≠-Xm-sW-∂mWvFs‚ A`n-]mbw''

`¿Ømhv : (tZ-jy-tØm-sS) ""sNtø-≠-Xpt≠m? F∂p tNmZn-®m¬ sNtø-≠-Xp≠v F∂p-Øcw sImSp-Ø¬ aXn.'' ChnsS Aßs\ \S-°p-∂n-s√-∂ -Imcywa‰p-≈-h¿ Adn-bp-∂Xv tami-a-t√.

bmYm¿∞yw

Kƒ^n¬ kq∏¿am¿°-‰n-emWv IpSpw-_mw-K-Øn\p tPmen.

hoSp-dn-∏-b¿ \S-∂-sX-t∏mgmsW∂v tNmZyw

"hoSp-]Wn ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-´p- tht≠ dn∏-b¿ \S-Øm≥?' F∂p adp-]-Sn.

"G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ CjvS-s∏-Sp∂ Nm\¬ GXmWv?'

Sn hn tbm tdUn-tbmtbm AhnsS C√ F∂ Imcyw k¿s∆ ]h¿Ø-I¿°-dn-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Kƒ^pImcpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Ch-cpw s]Sptam?

Icn-ao≥

a[y-tI-c-f-Øn¬ Hcp kº-∂ `h\w. c≠v Bä-°ƒ tUmIvS¿am¿. HcmƒAta-cn-°-bn¬, as‰m-cmƒ Cw•-≠n¬. ]mc-º-cy-ambn kº∂ IpSpw-_w. dn´-tb¿Uvanen-´dn DtZym-K-ÿ-\mWv IpSpw-_-\m-Y≥. hcp-am\w ]d-bm≥ h√mØ aSn. hntZ-iØv \n∂pw a°ƒ ]W-sam∂pw Ab-°p-∂n-√. ""AsX¥m?'' ""Rßƒ°v Ah-



cpsS ]W-sam∂pw Bh-iy-an-√, AXp-X-s∂.'' sNe-hp-Iƒ Hmtcm-∂mbn ]d-™p.Blm-c-Øns‚ IW-s°-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ a’y-Øn\v henb XpI. Krl-\m-Y≥ ImcWw]d-™p. ""Rßƒ°v F√m Znh-khpw Icn-ao≥ IqSmsX Ign-bn-√.''

k¿s∆-°n-S-bn¬ amtjmSv

\ôk : amtj, s‚ tamƒsS t]cn¬ kvIqfnse k©-bn-I-bn¬ sImd®vss]k-≠m-bn-\p. AXn-s∏m- Int´zm?

amjv : F¥n\m s\ôtk B Npcpßy ss]k C∏w FSv°-WXv? Hmfv Ggmw¢mkn-seØn kvIqfv∂v t]mIpºw FSpØm t]msc AXv. A∏w Ipd-®qSn ss]k-≠m-hqt√?

\ôk : A√ amtj, \n°v sNe-hn\p ss]k-√ym-bv‰. aq∏cv°v Zp_m-bnevAX hey ]sWym-∂p-√m. Hmcv H∂pw c≠pw amkw IqSpºw Bbn-cw dp∏nIAb-®p-Xcpw AXv Hcp amk-tØ-s°zs∂ sXI-bq-em.

HmWw tIdm-aqe

CSp-°n-bnse Zp¿Ka taJ-e-bnse ]©m-b-Øn¬ Rßƒ k¿th sNbvX aq∂vhoSp-I-fn¬ FØn-s∏-Sm≥ _p≤n-ap- m-Wv. ae-\n-c-I-fn-emWv Irjn. IpSn-sh-≈-Øn\pw_p≤n-ap-´v. Cu aq∂p hoSp-I-fnepw sSen-hn-jt\m ]Xtam C√m-bn-cp-∂p. aq∂pho´p-Imcpw h¿j-ß-fmbn Hcp hnt\mZ ]cn-]m-Sn°pw t]mbn- n-√. ]Xn-hmbn t]mIm≥Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ t]mepw ASp-Øn-√. \mev AwK-ß-fp≈ cho-µs‚ IpSpw_wtIcf ]T-\-hp-ambn \∂mbn kl-I-cn-®p. tIc-fØn¬ \S°p∂ ]e Imcy-ßsf°p-dn®pw Ah¿°v tI -dn-hp-t]m-ep-an-√. FtÃ‰v emb-Øn-\-∏pdw Ah¿s°mcptemI-an-√. ÿe-an-√, hoSpw.

AWp-Ip-Spw_w

a[y-tI-c-f-Ønse Hcp ]apJ ]´-W-Ønse hoSv. AXnkº-∂-\mb ho´p-S-a.hn\-bm-\zn-X≥. GXp Imcy-Øn\pw Xpd∂ A`n-]m-bw. AºXv h¿j-Øn\v apºv]WnX hoSv. hoń¬ ap∏-Xn-e-[nIw apdn-Iƒ. c≠mw \ne-bn¬ Im¿t]m¿®v. Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv Hcp sNdnb AWp-Ip-Spw-_-hpw.

hnZym-[\w

Iqen-∏-Wn-°m-c-\mWv tPmk-^v. P\-Io-bm-kq-X-W-Øn¬ e`n® sNdnb ]pc-bn-Shpw hoSpw. ]Wn-Iƒ Xo¿∂n-ń-√. F√p-ap-dnsb ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ kz`mhw.hoń¬ an\naw kuI-cy-ß-fn-√. ImcWw tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ tPmk^v ]d-™p: ""Rm≥ITn-\m-[zm\w sNøp-∂Xv Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymk ]ptcm-K-Xn-°p-th-≠n-bm-Wv._m°n-sbms° AXp Ign-™n-´p- a-Xn.'' hońse ùXnI kuI-cy-ßƒ Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xn\v At±-l-Øns‚ \ymbo-I-cWw i‡-am-bn-cp-∂p.

]mc-kv]cyw

ae-∏pdw Pn√-bnse ]Sn-™m-d≥ taJ-e-bnse Hcp ]©m-bØv. AsXmcp"bØow' IpSpw-_-am-Wv. Ah-cpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°m-h-iy-amb an° km[-\-ßfpw ]≈n-bp-sSbpw Kƒ^p-ImcS°-ap≈ DZm-c-a-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw klm-b-Øm-emWve`n®p t]mcp-∂-Xv. D]-t`m‡r sNehv IrXy-ambn Fgp-Xm≥ km[n-®n-√. Cu hoń¬\S∂ hnhm-l-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ sNehpw ]≈n-°-Ωn-‰n-bmWv \S-Øn-b-Xv.

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