ma malayalamsdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/190051...ma malayalam course code: mal1c01...

390
1 UNIVERSITY OF CALIC SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION MA MALAYALAM (I SEMESTER) Course Code: MAL1C01 പാചീന- മധകാല കവിത (2019 Admission) 190051 CUT N M

Upload: others

Post on 25-Jan-2021

23 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 1

    UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

    SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

    MA MALAYALAM

    (I SEMESTER)

    Course Code: MAL1C01

    �പാചീന- മധകാല കവിത

    (2019 Admission)

    190051

    UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

    SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

    MA MALAYALAM

    കവിത

  • 2

  • 3

    UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

    �പാചീന- മധകാല കവിത

    STUDY MATERIAL

    I Semester

    Course Code: MAL1C01

    MA MALAYALAM

    UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

    SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

    Calicut University P.O. Malappuram,

    Kerala, India – 673635

    UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

    കവിത

    STUDY MATERIAL

    MA MALAYALAM

    SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

  • 4

  • 5

    UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

    Study Material I Semester

    MA MALAYALAM

    Course Code: MAL1C01

    �പാചീന- മധകാല കവിത

    Prepared by:

    Devan.P.K,

    Head Of The Department, Department Of Malayalam,

    Sree Sastha College, Edakkad,

    Elankur (P.O), Malappuram.

    Scrutinized By:

    Prof.K.M.Narayanan Namboothiri,

    Professor (Retd.)

    Department Of Malayalam, Zamorin's Guruvayurappan

    College, Kozhikode

  • 6

    CONTENTS

    UNITS PAGE

    NUMBER

    1111 7777

    2222 55551111

    3333 111130303030

    4.4.4.4. 222233333333

    5.5.5.5. 333328282828

  • 7

    bqbqbqbqWWWWnnnn-- --äv þ äv þ äv þ äv þ 1111

    hmhmhmhm----samsamsamsam----gngngngn----¡¡¡¡----hnhnhnhn----Xm ]mXm ]mXm ]mXm ]m----cccc----¼cyw¼cyw¼cyw¼cyw

    þ ]n. sI tZ-h-³ am-kv-äÀ

    a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-̄ n-se B-Zy-Im-e-L-«-§-fn h-

    c-sam-gn-¡-hn-X-IÄ am-{X-am-Wv ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡-s -̧«n-cp-¶Xv. tZ-io-b-

    hy-h-lm-c-§-fn a-e-bm-f-¯n-\v H-cp {]mm-No-\-L-«-anÃ. H-cp `m-

    jbp-sS ¢m-kn-¡v ]-Z-hn \nÀ-®-bn-¡p-¶-Xn h-msam-gn km-lnXyw

    ]-cn-K-Wn-t¡-−-Xnà F-¶m-Wt{X \n-b-am-h-en-IÄ A-\p-im-kn-

    ¡p¶Xv!. tIh-ew F-gp-]-Xp-I-fn am-{X-am-Wv tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy

    B¡mZ-an hmsamgn -]-T-\-¯n-\v Xp-S-¡-an-«-Xp-Xs¶. \n-Êm-c-sa-

    ¶v tXm-¶p-¶ H-cp hm-sam-gn i-I-e-̄ n t]mepw Hfnªpw sX-

    fnªpw In-S-¡p-¶ Nn-e ‘I-m-hyi-I-e’§Ä Is−-̄ mw. I-Sw-I-

    Y-bp-sS I-Y X-s¶ t\m¡q. X-\n-\m-S³ I-Sw-I-Y-I-fn \n-Xy-]-cn-

    Nn-Xam-b h-kv-X-¡-sf-s¡m−pw {]hÀ-̄ n-I-sf-s¡m−pw `m-h-

    em-h-Wy-§Ä h-cp¯p¶-Xp Im-Wmw. DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\v ssX-cv

    X-S-bp-¶-Xns\ “a-®-¼-e-¯n-se shfn-̈ -¸m-Sm-¡n”. Ie¯n Xn-

    cn-bp-¶ I-S-tIm-en-\v B-ß-ssN-X\yw \Â-Ip¶p. C-{]-Im-cw

    ISwIY-Ifn ]-e-Xnepw \-½p-sS hm-sam-gn-¡-hn-X-bp-sS P-\-pÊn-

    s\ Is−-̄ mw. s]m-Xp-sh hm-sam-gn-¡-hn-X-I-fn-se {][m-\ C-Xn-

    hr¯w ‘ho-c-I-Ym-Km-\’§-fmWv. h-S-¡³-]m-«pIÄ, sX-¡³ ]m-

    «pIÄ, N-§-\p-cm-Xn-sb-t¸m-ep-Å C-S-\m-S³ ]m«pIÄ C-h-bn-

    seÃmw H-tX-\-³, B-tcmaÂ. N-§-\q-cm-Xn Xp-S§n-b ho-c-\m-b-

    I-·m-cp-sS I-Y-I-fm-Wv {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶Xv. F¶m hm-sam-gn-¡-

    hn-X-I-fp-sS Iq«¯n ho-c-Km-\-§Ä am-{Xà D-ÅXv. Po-hn-X-̄ n-

  • 8

    se k-akv-X ta-J-e-I-tfbpw {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶ hm-sam-gn-¡-hn-X-

    IÄ \-½p-sS \m-«n {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-−m-bn-cp¶p. “\m-S³-]m-«p-

    IÄ ]-c-¼-cm-K-Xam-b H-cp kw-kv-¡m-c-̄ n-sâ I-e-h-d-bm-

    sW¶v” tUm. Fw. hn. hn-jv-Wp \¼q-Xn-cn hn-tijn-̧ n -̈Xv sh-dp-

    XbÃ. B-cm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\m-Zn-I-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«v `-{ZIm-fn-̧ m«v,

    th-«-s¡m-cp-a-I³ ]m«v, A-¿-̧ ³ ]m«v, \mK-̧ m-«v Xp-S§n-b hm-

    sam-gn-]m-«pIÄ, tIm-ew XpÅÂ, Xp-¼n Xp-ÅÂ Xp-S§n-b hnhn-

    [ km-aq-ly k-µÀ-̀ -§-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«v H-«-\h-[n \m-S³-]m-«p-

    IÄ a-e-bm-f-¡-c-bn {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-−m-bn-cp¶p. Ncn-{Xhpw ]p-

    cm-Whpw an¯pw Iq-Sn-¡-eÀ-¶ H-cp k-¦oÀ-® ta-J-e-bm-Wv hm-

    sam-gn-¡-hn-I-fp-sS temIw. AXp-sIm-−pX-s¶ hmsam-gn C-Xn-

    lm-k-]T-\w shdpw ]-g-a-bp-sS ]T-\-am-bn F-gp-Xn-X-tÅ-−-XnÃ.

    ]c¼-cm-K-X km-ln-Xy-h-gnI-sf B-kz-Zn-¡m-\pw, hn-h-cn-¡m-\pw, hn-

    e-bn-cp-̄ m\pw \yq-X-\am-b ]T-\-co-Xn-Ifpw L-S-\m-hn-Úm\w,

    ]mT-]T-\w, A-]-\nÀ-½m-Wv XpS§n-b hn-aÀ-i-\-k-cWn-Ifpw D-]-

    tbm-Kn-¡p¶-Xv hm-sam-gn-¡hn-X ]T-\w H-cp _-lp-hn-Úm-\-]T-\-

    ta-J-e-bm-bn D-bÀ-̄ -s -̧Sp-¶-Xn-\v k-lm-bn-¡pw.

    ImÀ-jn-I-hr-̄ n-bp-sS hy-Xy-Ø k-µÀ-̀ -§-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«

    hm-sam-gn-¡hnXIÄ

    IÀ-j-I-Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ B-Ëm-Z-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«-h-bm-Wv Ir-jn-

    ¸m-«pIÄ. ]mS§-fn IÀ-t½m-Õm-l-t¯m-sS tPm-en-sb-Sp-¡p-

    ¶ IÀj-I-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS A-[zm-\-{]-lÀ-jw Xp-Ån-Xp-fp-¼p-

    ¶-h-bmWv Cu ]m-«pIÄ. a-g h-cp-t¼mÄ ]-Wn-bm-fÀ BÀ-̄ pÃ-

    kn-¡p-¶ Nn{Xw Cu h-cn-I-fn Hm-fw sh-«p¶p.

    am-cn-a-g-IÄ \-\-t©... sN-dp

    -h-b-ep-I-tfm-s¡ \-\t©þ

  • 9

    ]q«n-sbm-cp-¡n-̧ -d-t©... sN-dp

    Rm-dp-IÄ sI-«n-sb-dn-t©þ

    kq-£v-a-am-bn ]cn-tim-[n-̈ m \-½p-sS `m-h-Ko-X-I-hn-XI-fp-sS

    XpS-¡w Cu h-cn-Ifn Im-Wmw. Ir-jn-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧« FÃmw,

    I-¶p-]q-«-epw, Rm-dp-\-S-epw, sImbv-Xv -sa-Xn-¡epw FÃmw A-hÀ-

    ¡p-Õ-h-amWv. F´n-s\-td I-f-]-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v t]mepw ]m-«p−v.

    “Im-Sp-I-b-dn-¡n-S-¡p-¶ I-−w C-¶v In-f¨p. C-¶p hnX-̈ p A¶p

    X-s¶ I-f-sb-Sp-̄ p XoÀ¯p-sIm-Sp-¡-W-sa-¶m-Ws{X” X-¼p-

    cm-sâ Iev]\. X¼qcm³ h-b-en h-cp-¶Xpw kq-cy-\p-Zn-¡pw ap-

    t¼ ]-Wn-¡p hn-fn-¡p¶-Xp-saÃmw Ir-jn-̧ m-«p-I-fn-se C-Xn-hr-̄ -

    amWv. sh-Åw tX-hn \\-̈ v Ir-jn-bn-Sw H-cp-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨p

    ]m«v

    tXhn-̄ n-cp-tX-hn-]q-t -́cn¡−w

    ]q-t -́cn-¡-−-̄ n-em-fp-- h-cpt¶

    B-fp h-cp-t¶ Im-fm h-cp-t¶

    Im...fm...... h-cp-t¶ Ie-̧ m h-cpt¶

    A-[zm-\-̄ n-sâ Xm-fhpw kw-Ko-Xhpw Cu ]m-«n X-§n \nÂ-

    Ip¶p. X-¼q-cm³ In¶-cn-¡m³ h-cp-¶Xpw ]q-e-bn-sb kzm-[o-\n-

    ¡pm³ aq¶p Iq-en-Iq-«n-b-f-¡p-¶-Xp-saÃmw ]m-«p-I-fn sX-fn-

    bp¶p. Po-hn-X-̄ n H-fn-bv-¡¶pw a-dbvv-¡m-\pw bmsXm¶p-anÃm-

    ¯ {Km-ao-W-hn-ip²n Cu ]m-«p-I-fn X-§n \nÂ-Ip¶p.

    AAAA----\\\\pppp-- --jvTmjvTmjvTmjvTm----\\\\----hphphphp----amamamam----bn _bn _bn _bn _----ÔÔÔÔ----s¸«hs¸«hs¸«hs¸«h

    A\p-jvTm-\w F-¶ hm-¡v {]-[m-\-am-bpw hy-h-l-cn¨p-t]m-cp¶-Xv

    ssZhn-I k-¦Â-]-̈ n-ep-Å B-Nm-c-§-sfbpw {In-b-I-sfbpw

    kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mWv. B-[n-̀ uXn-I-X-IÄ-¡-¸p-d-̄ mbn B-Xv-a-

  • 10

    im-́ n-¡p-th-−n a-\p-jy³ sN-¿p-¶ a-{ -́hmZw, _mt[m -̈S\w Xp-

    S§n-b IÀ-½-§-sf-bm-Wv A-\p-jvTm-\-IÀ-½-§Ä F-¶v

    hyhlcn-¡p-¶Xv. A-Xn-{]m-No-\am-b H-cp A-\p-jvTm-\-am-Wv ‘I-f-

    sa-gp-̄ pw- ]m«pw’. Ip-dp- -̧·mÀ (\m-b-·m-cn H-cp hn-`mKw) `-{Z-

    Im-fn-bp-sS cq-]w ]-©-hÀ-®-s¸m-Sn-sIm-−v h-c-¡p¶p. kÔy-

    tbm-Sv Iq-Sn ]-©-h-À-®-s¸m-Sn sIm-−v h-c-̈ `-K-h-Xn-bpsS I-fw

    ]qÀ-̄ n-bm-Ipw. Xq-SÀ-¶v I-fw ]q-P, tZ-i-̀ -K-h-Xn-sb hm-gv̄ n-

    sIm−pÅ I-fw ]m-«v sh-fn-̈ -̧ mSv, I-fw am-bv-¡Â Xp-S-§n-b-h

    \-S-̄ -s -̧Sp¶p. Zm-co-Ih-[w ]m-«m-Wv I-f-sa-gp-̄ n Ip-dp-̧ -

    ·mÀ ]m-SpI. “aI-sf \n-s¶ \n\bv¡p-¶-hÀ¡v, k-́ -Xn-k¼-̄ v

    km-b-qPym-Zn-Isf-sIm-−v sIm-Sp-̧ m-b- a-Isf” F-¶-cp-fn sN-bv-

    Xp {io a-lm-tZ-h³ Xn-cphSn [Zm-cn-I-h-[w- ]m-«v þ t^m-¡v-sem-än-

    sâ ssI-h-gn-IÄ hmeyw H-¶v þ t]-Pv 74]

    tXm-äw-]m«v: B-Zn-a-tKm-{X hÀ-¤-hn-̀ m-K-§-fn DÄ-s¸-« ]-e k-ap-

    Zm-b-¡m-cp-sSbpw B-cm[-\m k-{¼-Zm-bw A-\p-jvTm-\-I-em-{]-I-

    S-\§-fpam-bn- _-Ô-s -̧«n-cn-¡p¶p. tXmäw-]m-«v A¯-cw A-\p-

    jvTm-\-I-em-{]-I-S-\-§-fn D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ Km-\-amWv. tI-c-f-

    kw-kv-¡m-c-N-cn-{X-\n-L-−p-hn tPm. Fkv. sI h-k-´³ tXm-äw-

    ]m-«n-s\ \oÀ-h-Nn-¡p¶-Xv C-§-s\-bmWv. “tZ-h-Xm-kv-Xp-Xn-bm-bn

    tXm-äw]m-«v ]m-Sm-dp−v. sX-¿w Xp-S-§p¶-Xv tXm-äw ]m-t«m-sS-bm-

    Wv.” tXm-äw sNmÃÂ Xn-d-sb-¶ A\pjvTm-\-I-e-bn-se B-cm-[y-

    tZ-h-X-bp-sS DÂ-]-̄ nbpw hym-]v-Xnbpw hnhcn¡p¶p.

    ‘]p-e-b-Pm-Xn-bn P-\n-¨ Im-cn-bm-Wv ]p-en-a-dª sXm-−-̈ ³’

    F-¶ t]-cn Bcm-[y-tZ-h-X-bm-bXv. ]p-en a-d-ª Kp-cp-\mY-sâ

  • 11

    sX-¿-̄ n-s\ sNmÃn ]p-e-bÀ ]m-Sp-¶ tXm-äw-]m-«v Im-cn-bp-sS P-

    \-\-t¯bpw A-Ûp-X-N-cn-{X-t¯bpw hn-h-cn-¡p¶p.

    ]tS-\n-̧ m«v: A-½-ssZ-h-k-¦Â-]w {]-_-e-am-bn-cp-¶ {]m-à-cp-sS

    tKm-{X-k-aq-l-t¯m-fw ]g-¡w K-Wn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶ H-¶m-Wv a-²y-Xn-

    cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se A-\p-jvTm-\-Iebm-b ]-tS\n. `-K-h-Xn-t£-{X-

    ¯n-\p ap-¶n A-̀ o-ã-kn-²n¡pw Zp-J-\n-hm-c-W-̄ n-\p-am-bn C-Xv

    A-c-t§-dp¶p. t£-{X-ap-ä v̄ hr-̄ m-Im-c-̄ n \nd-ªp

    \n¡p-¶ t{]-£-I-cp-sS \-Sp-¡v Zn-hk-§-tfm-fw \n-−p-\nÂ-

    ¡p-¶ H¶m-bmWv Cu A\pjvTm\-I-e A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s -̧Sp-¶Xv.

    Hmtcm-tcm-a-eta \n¶-¿-t¿m, A-¿-t¿mm

    Hm-tcmtcm a-dp-X-m h-¶v A-¿ A-¿tbm

    F-¶n-§-s\- X¸p hm-b-\-bp-sS Xm-f-taf-§-tfm-sS Ac-t§-

    dp¶p.

    hnhnhnhn-- --tttt\\\\mmmm----ZZZZ----]]]]----cccc----ambambambamb----hhhh

    P\-\w ap-X ac-Ww h-sc-bp-Å Po-hn-X-k-µÀ-̀ -§-fp-am-bn _-

    Ô-s -̧«v [m-cm-fw ]m«p-IÄ \m-«p-ImÀ-¡n-S-bn {]-Nm-c-¯n-ep−v.

    “Nm-©m-Sp-®n N-cn-ªm-Sp®n, Ipgªm-Sp-®n H-¶m-Sm-Sq”,

    “Nmt©m Nm-t©m Nm-©¡w” Xp-S§n-b Xm-cm-«v-]m«pIÄ,

    DuªmÂ-]m-«pIÄ, Xq-bn-eq-WÀ-̄ p-]m-«pIÄ, Xp-¼n-Xp-ÅÂ-

    ]m-«p-IÄ FÃmw X-s¶ B-Ëm-Z-̀ -cn-Xam-b H-cp k-aq-lm-́ -co£-

    s¯ kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶p. ssI-sIm-«n-¡-fn-̧ m-«pIÄ [bp-h--Xn-IÄ h-

    «-̄ n \n-¶v Np-h-Sp-sh-̈ v aq¶mw Nq-h-«n apt¶m-«v I-bdn,

    \memw Np-h-«n \-S-¶v I-fn-̈ v Ggmw Np-h-«n ]n-d-tIm-«v t]m-cp-

    t¼mÄ Xm-f¯n-s\m-̄ v Ccp-ssI-IÄ sIm-−v Xm-fw sIm-«p-I-

    bpw a\w-I h-cp-¶ Cu-c-Sn-IÄ ]m-Sp-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p.]

    H¶mw Ip-¶nepw Hm-c-Sn-Ip-¶nepw

  • 12

    Hm-c-Sn-I¶n-bmÀ ]m-e \-s« sX-¿w....

    ]m-e-¡-\oÀ-sIm-Sp-ImÀ Ipg-ensX-¿w

    X-¡-an-Sp sX-¿w X-mf-anSpw sX¿w.

    Xp¼n-Xp-ÅÂ ]m-«nepw {]-I-S-am-Ip¶-Xv km-aq-lyhn-t\m-Z-am-Wv.

    AI-̄ -f-̄ n s]¬-Ip-«n-I-fmWv Cu Xp-Å \-S-¯p-¶Xv.

    “F-t´ Xp-¼n XpÅm¯p, Xp-¼n Xp-Åm-̄ p,

    ]q-hp t]m-cm-tªm, ]q¡pe t]m-cmtªm

    B-fp t]m-cmtªm...”

    “H-¶mIpw sIm-̈ p Xp-¼n

    \o Iq-sS t]mcpI t]mcpI

    H¶mw sIm¨n-e ]q-t¯, ]qt¯

    ]q-¡p-e-t]m-se s]m-gn-ªp s]m-gnªp”

    F-¶n§-s\ hn-t\m-Z-]-cam-b Km-\-§-fn A-[n-Ihpw {]-Ir-Xn-

    bp-sS h-k´-s¯ ]m-Sn-̧ p-I-gv-̄ p-¶-h-bmWv.

    {_m-Ò-Wn-̧ m«vv : ]p-jv-]-I-hÀ-¤-̄ nÂ-s -̧« kv-{XoIÄ ({_m-Ò-Wo-

    amÀ) ]m-Sp-¶ ]m-«m-WoXv. `Kh-Xot£-{X-§-fn-epw. \m-bÀ Kr-l-

    §-fn-epw, `-Kh-Xo tk-h kw_-Ôn-̈ pw, Xm-en-sI-«v I-eym-W-̄ n-

    sâ A-h-k-c-̄ nepw ChÀ Cu ]m-«p ]mSp¶p. K-Zyhpw ]-Zyhpw

    C-S-I-eÀ-¶ H-cp Bhn-jv-¡-c-W-co-Xn-bmWv Cu ]m«pIÄ-¡p-

    ÅXv. th-tZm-̈ m-c-W-co-Xn-sb A-\p-I-cn-¨m-W-hÀ ]m-Sp-¶Xv.

    AXp-sIm−m-bn-cn¡-Ww Ch-sc {_m-Ò-Wo-amÀ F-¶v hn-fn-¡p-

    ¶Xv.

    “\o-e-¡mÀ-ap-In am-e-b-sX¶pw

    \n-d-sa-gpa-Rv-P-\-]À-Æ-X-sa¶pw

    \oena tImen\ ssi-h-e-sa¶pw

  • 13

    hnja-i-c³ X³ ]q-́ -g-sb¶pw”

    [a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-kw-{Klwþ t]-Pv 35þ ]n. i-¦-c-\-¼ymÀ-]

    {]mtZ{]mtZ{]mtZ{]mtZ----inininin-- --IIII----kwkwkwkw----kvkvkvkv-- --¡m¡m¡m¡m----cccc----hphphphp----amamamam----bn _bn _bn _bn _----ÔÔÔÔ----s¸s¸s¸s¸----« ]m« ]m« ]m« ]m----«p«p«p«p-- --IÄ IÄ IÄ IÄ ::::

    h-S-¡³-]m«v: h-S-¡³-]m-«n {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶ tN-tIm-·m-cnÂ

    `qcn]-£w \mSphm-gn-I-fp-sSbpw {]-am-Wn h-À¤¯n-sâbpw ‘Iq-

    en-b-¦’¡m-cm-bn-cp-¶p F-¶-XmWv hm-kv-Xhw. F-¶m A-¦-

    ¯n³ sh-«n-ho-c-ac-Ww {]m-]n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv PohnX e£yw F-¶p hn-

    iz-kn-¨n-cp¶p. Cu kw-kv-¡mcn-I X\n-a Cu h-cn-I-fn X-§n-

    \nÂ-¡p¶p.

    tN-tIm-·m-cm-bo P-\n¨p-t]m-bmÂ

    hmÄ-¡-W-bn tNm-dtÃm tN-tIm-·mÀ-¡v

    A-¦w ]n-Sn-¡m-Xn-cp-¶p-Iq-Sm

    A-¦w ]n-Sn¨mte tN-tIm-\m-Iq...

    sX-¡³-]m«v: Xn-cp-h-\-́ -]q-cw ap-XÂ sX-t¡m-«p-Å {]-tZ-i-§-

    fm-Wv sX-¡³-]m«p-I-fp-sS P-·-̀ qan. tNc, tNm-f, ]m-Þy cm-Pm-

    ¡-·m-cp-sS am-dn am-dn-bp-Å imk-\-§Ä-¡v hn-t[-bam-b Cu {]-

    tZi-s¯ `m-j-bn ‘X-an-gv-Np-h’ IqSpXemWv. FÃm I-Ym-Km-\-

    §-fnepw I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä k-©-cn-¡p-¶ Ø-e-§fpsS hn-i-Z-hn-

    h-c-§Ä Im-Wp-¶p−v. A-Xn-\m ]p-cm-X-\-Im-es¯ `q-an-

    imkv{X-]-cam-b h-kv-Xp-XIÄ Cu ]m-«p-I-fn \n-¶v e-̀ n-¡p¶p.

    Rm-sWm-en-IfpsS kw-Ko-X-̄ n ]p-f-I-a-Wn-bp-¶ ho-c-mcm-[-

    Icm-b {]-tZ-i-hm-knIÄ ‘hnÃSn¨m³-]m«v’ F-¶- cq-]-¯n-eqsS-

    bm-Wv ho-c-I-Y-IÄ B-e-]n-¨n-cp-¶Xv. sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS Km-\-

    am-[qcyw hnÃSn-̈ m³ ]m-«n X-§n-\nÂ-¡p¶p. hn-cp¯w, ]Ãhn,

    Nc-Ww F-¶ {Ia-am-Wv hnÃ-Sn-̈ m³ ]m-«p-IÄ¡v

  • 14

    C-S-\m-S³ ]m-«pIÄ: kmw-_-h-k-ap-l-̄ n-sâ kmw-kv-Imcn-I k-

    ¼-̄ m-Wv Ip«\m«nse N-§-\q-cm-Xn-]m-«nepw a-äv B-Xn-̧ m-«nepw

    Im-Wp-¶Xv. N§\q-cmXo--bpsS sNmÂ-h-Snhpw \m-S-Io-b-kw-̀ m-j-

    W-§fpw ]-cn-Øn-Xn hÀ-®-\hpw FS\m«n hn-i-n-jy- Iq-«-\m-

    «n {]-Nm-c-̄ n-en-cp-¶ {]m-tZin-I kw-kv-Ir-Xn-bp-sS t\À-¡m-gv-N-

    bmWv. A-cbpw X-ebpw ap-dp-¡n-bp-Å ]m-ep-hw s]-®n-sâ ]p-d-

    ¸m-Sv aäp hm-sam-gn km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn \n-¶v hy-Xy-kvX-amWv.

    sNm-hSpw N-hn-«n-b-hfpw ]m-ep-hw s]t®,

    sNm-hSpw N-hp«n-b s]-t® ]m-ep-hw s]-t®

    hohohoho-- --cIcIcIcI----Ym kwYm kwYm kwYm kw----____----ÔÔÔÔ----ambhambhambhambh

    \mtSm-Sn-̧ m-«p-I-fn-se H-cp {][m-\ C-Xn-hr-̄ w ho-c-·m-cp-sS Po-hn-

    X-I-Y-bmWv. H-cp k-ap-Zm-b-̄ nt\m hÀ-¤¯nt\m s]m-Xp-hm-bn

    k-am-cm-[y-cm-b-h-cm-Wv ho-c-\m-b-I-·mÀ. k-aq-l-̄ n-se {]-am-Wn-

    hÀ-¤-̄ n-¶p th-−n Po-h³ sh-Sn-bm³ th-−n H-cp-¡n \nÀ-̄ n-b-

    h-cm-bn-cp¶p Cu ho-c-·m-cn ]-e-cpw. A-¦-̄ n i-{Xq-hn-s\ F-

    Xn-cn-«v t\À-¡p-t\-sc-bp-Å bp-²-̄ n a-c-W-s -̧Sp-¶Xp-t]mepw

    B-ßm-̀ n-am-\-am-bn IcpXn-bn-cp¶ A½am-cp-sS ]q-{X-·mÀ. ho-c-

    \m-b-I-·m-c-b-Xn AÛpX-anÃ.

    t\-cn-« sh-«n-a-cn- -̈sX-¦nÂ

    ho-t«-¡v \-sÃm-cp am-\w X-s¶

    ho-cm-fn-̧ m«p-hn-Xm-\-t¯m-sS

    BÀ-̄ p hn-fn-̈ v F-Sp-¸n-t¡−p.

    I-®-̧ -\p-®nsb- bm-{X-bm-¡p-¶ D-Wn-bmÀ-¨ C-{Xbpw Ip-Sn ]-

    dªp \nÀ-̄ p-¶p−v.

    H-fn-hmfp-sIm-−v a-cn-̈ -sX-¦nÂ

  • 15

    ]-t¨m-e-bn sI-«n h-en-̧ n-t¡-−v...

    h-S-¡³ ]m-«p-I-fn {]-[m-\am-b H-¶m-Wv ]p-̄ p-cw]m«v.

    ]p-̄ p-cw]m«v: ]p-̄ p-cw ho-c-KmY-sb C-§n-s\ kw-{K-ln-¡mw.

    ]p-̄ p-cw A-ѳ tN-I-hÀ¡pw `m-cy¡pw aq-¶p a¡Ä. I-®¸³,

    Im-am£n, tI-ihn. aq-̄ ]p-{X³ I-®¸-\v hn-hm-l-{]m-b-am-b-

    t¸mÄ A-ѳ tN-I-hÀ \m-Sp-ap-gp-h³ tX-Sn \S-¶v D¯-abm-b H-

    cp bp-h-Xn-sb I-s−¯n. tI-fn-tI-« A-¼m-Sn-t¨-Ih-sâ G-I-a-

    Ifpw I-®-̧ -t -̈I-hcpw X-½n-ep-Å hn-hm-lw iq-̀ -aq-lpÀ-̄ -

    ¯n X-s¶ \-S¶p. Ime{I-a-̄ n B Zm-¼-Xy-kÃ-cn ]p-jv-]n-

    ¨p. Btcm-aepw A-\pP-¯n D®nbmÀ -̈bpw, D-®n-¡-®\pw ]n-

    d¶p. Xn-I-ª A-̀ ym-kn-I-fm-bn A-hcpw hfÀ¶p. D®n-bmÀ- -̈

    tbm-Sv ]q-Xn tXm-¶nb-Xv a-¨p-\³ N-́ p-hn-\m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw B-

    tc-a A-Xn-\v F-Xn-cv \n¶p- [-\n-I\pw ]-W-̧ -b-äp-Im-c-\pam-b

    B-äp-a-W-t½Â Ip-ªn-cma-sâ `m-cy-bm-bn D-®n-bmÀ-¨. B-tcm-

    a tN-I-hÀ t]-cp-tI-« Xdhm-«n \n¶pw Ip-©p-®p-en-sb hn-

    hm-lw sN-bvXp. A-Xn-\n-sS ]-In-S-I-fn ]Tn¡m³ ‘anIhn an-I-

    t¨cn’ t\-c-½mh-sâ ho-«n-se¯n-b B-tcm-a ]m-Xn-cm-\-£-

    {Xhpw A-©p ]-©-anbpw N-XpÀ-{K-lkw-tbm-Khpw H-̄ aq-

    lpÀ-̄ -̄ n A½mh-sâ aIÄ Xp-t¼m-emÀ-̈ -bp-am-bn A-

    Sp¯p. Im-e-{I-a-̄ n D-®n-bmÀ-¨ B-tcm-a-ep-®n-tbbpw Xp-

    t¼m-emÀ¨ D-®n-¡-®-t\bpw Ip-©p-®p-en I-®- -̧\p-®n-tbbpw

    {]khn-̈ p. aq-hcpw an-I-̈ A-̀ ym-kn-I-fm-bn XoÀ¶p. A-Xn-\n-sS

    AÃn-a-eÀ-¡m-hn Iq-̄ p-Im-Wm³ X-\n-̈ p t]m-b D-®-bmÀ-

    ¨sb sN-\m-Zm-]p-c-̄ -§m-Sn-bn sh-̈ v tPm\-IÀ X-Sªp.

    ]bäp-an-Ihp-sIm-−v A-hÄ tPm-\-I-̧ pf-̧ v AS-¡n. Acn-t§m-S-

    cp-am-bp-Å A-¦-̄ n a-¨p-\³ N-́ p-hn-sâ N-Xn-bm B-tcm-

    a sImÃ-s¸«p. ]nÂ-¡me-̄ v B-tcm-a-ep-®nbpw I-®-̧ -\p-

  • 16

    ®nbpw D-®n-¡-®\pw tNÀ-¶v N-Xn-b³ N-́ phn-t\m-sS-äp-ap«n. N-

    Xnb-sâ X-e-b-dp-̄ v a-S-§n-t¸m¶p.

    X-t¨m-fn-̧ m«v : \m-b-·m-cp-sS H-cp A-hm-́ -c hn-̀ m-K-am-Wv Ip-dp-̧ -

    ·mÀ. X-t¨m-fn-¡pdp-̧ -·mÀ h-S-I-c-¡-Sp-̄ v ]p-Xp-̧ W- v̄ X-t¨m-

    fn am-Wn-t¡m-̄ v X-d-hm-«n-se AwK-§-fm-bn-cp¶p aq-̄ -a-I³

    tIm-a-¡p-dp¸pw A-\p-P³ H-tX-\-\pw. C-hÀ amWnt¡m-̄ v X-d-

    hm-«n-se D-̧ m-«n-b-½-¡pw, Nn-¶w ho-«n X-§Ä F-¶p t]-cp-Å

    hm-gp-¶-hÀ¡pw ]n-d-¶ k-́ -Xn-I-fm-bn-cp¶p. A-hÀ¡v, D-Wn-

    ¯ncp-X F-¶p t]cpÅ H-cp k-tlm-Z-cnbpw D-−m-bn-cp¶p.

    A½tbm-Sv {Iq-c-X-Im«n-b H-cp I-®p-̧ -Ip-dp-̧ n-sâ X-ebdp-̄ v

    H-tX-\³ I-¶nb-¦w Xp-S§n. I-¡m-S³ ap-̄ -Kp-cp-¡fmbncp¶

    H-tX-\-sâ B-Zy-s¯ Kp-cp-\m-Y³. Ccp-ssh-\m-«-¦ I-f-cn-bnÂ

    sh-̈ v Nn-−³ \¼ym-sc tXmÂ-]n- v̈ h-[n-̈ v H-tX-\³ P-\-k-½n-Xn

    t\Sn. X-t¨m-fn Xdhm«n-se H-tX\-sâ k-́ -X-k-l-Nm-cn-bm-bn-cp-

    ¶p Nm-̧ ³. X-−-t¨cn Nm-¸³, HX-tbm-̄ v Nm-̧ ³ F-s¶Ãmw A-

    bmÄ h-S-¡³ ]m-«p-I-fn hn-ti-jn-̧ n-¡s¸Sp¶p−v. X-sâ am-Xm-

    hn-s\ \nÀ-±m-£nWyw D-t]-£n-̈ Nn-¶w-ho-«n hmgp¶hsc t\-

    cn Im-Wm³ \n-Ý-bn-̈ H-tX-\³ Nn-¶w-hn-«n X-§-sf-¶ h-gp-

    ¶-h-cp-sS ap-¶nÂ-s -̈¶v A-t±-l-t¯bpw Ip-Sp-_-t¯bpw B-

    t£-]n-¡p¶p, AhnsS \n-¶v tIm-]n- v̈ C-d-§n-t¸m-cp¶p. X-sâ `-

    à-bm-b D-̧ m-«n-tbbpw Ip-Spw-_-t¯bpw I-ã-s -̧Sp¯n-b hm-

    gp-¶h-sc X-®oÀ-¡m-hn `-Kh-Xn A-h-cp-sS tZl v̄ Ib-dn

    Ah-sc \m-Sp-hn«v Hm-Sn-t¸m-Im³ \nÀ-_-Ôn-¡p¶p. A§n-s\

    HtX\³ ]n-Xm-hn-sâ {Iq-c-X-bv-¡v ]I-cw ho-«p¶p. X-t¨m-fn H-tX-

    \³ B-Nmc-{]Im-cw Xm-en-sI-«n `m-cy-bm-¡nb-Xv Htcsbm-cp kv-

    {Xo-sb-bmWv Im-hnepw Nmt¯m-̄ v No-cp-hns\. No-cp-hn-s\ H-tX-

    \³ kz-́ -am-¡p-¶ I-Y c-k-I-c-am-Wv. Im-hnepw Nm-t¯mS-̄ v

  • 17

    am-tX-bn-b-½ X-sâ Htc-sbm-cp ]q-{Xn-bv-¡v th-−n Xt¨mfn X-d-

    hm-«n-se-̄ n B-tem-N-\ \-S¯n. F-¶m H-tX-\³ H-ä-b-Sn-¡v

    Btem-N-\ \nckn-¡p-Ibpw No-cp-hn-s\ A-[n-t£-]n- v̈ kw-km-cn-

    ¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. F-¶m ]n-¶n-Sv Ah-sf t\-cn I-−-s¸m-

    gm-Wv H-tX-\³ A-¼-c-¶Xv. kqµ-cnbm-b Ahsf kz-́ -am-¡m³

    A-bmÄ {i-aw Xp-S§n. HSp-hn th-j-{]-Ñ-¶-\m-bn ‘Xt¨mf-n-s]m-

    «’-\mbn \-Sn- v̈ A-h-fp-sS A-́ -̧ p-c-̄ n I-b-dn-̧ än No-cp-hnsâ

    a\kp-am-än-sb-Sp-̄ v Ah-sf kz-́ -am¡n. a-ä-t\-Iw kv-{Xn-I-fp-am-

    bn _-Ôw ]peÀ¯p-t¼mgpw H-tX\-sâ a-\-Ên No-cp-hn-\v H-cp

    {]tXy-I -Øm-\w D-−m-bn-cp¶p. H-tX\-sâ kv{Xo k-¼À-¡-s¯-

    ¡p-dn- v̈ Fw. Sn hm-kp-tZ-h³ \m-bÀ A`n{]mbs -̧«n-cn-¡p¶-Xv C-

    §n-s\-bmWv. s]¬ hn-j-b-̄ n-em-sW-¦n HtX\s\-t¸m-se H-

    cp ZpÀ-_e-s\ h-S-¡³-]m-«n th-td I-s−-̄ m-\m-hnÃ. (Fw. Sn

    hm-kp-tZ-h³ \m-bÀþ A-¦-¡-en-bp-sS Im-ewþ t]Pv 1276þ h-S-

    ¡³-]m-«pIÄ- k¼m-Z-I³ tUm. sI. sI {io-Ip-amÀ) Xt¨m-fn-

    IY-I-fn-Â \n-d-ªp-\nÂ-Ip¶-Xv HtX-\\pw Nm-̧ -\p-am-bp-Å A-

    ß-_-Ô-am-Wv. H-tX-\³ P-\n-̈ -Xv 1583 epw a-cn-̈ -Xv 1616 epw B-

    W-s{X. I-Xn-cqÀ Kp-cp-¡-fp-am-bn A-¦w-sh-«n P-bn-¨p a-S-§p-

    t¼mÄ A¦-̄ -«n Npcn-I sh-̈ v a-d-¶ Im-cyw HmÀ-½-bn h-

    ¶Xv. Np-cn-I-sbSp¡m-\m-bn Xn-cn-sI sN-¶ H-tX\-s\ I-Xn-cqÀ-

    Kp-cp-¡-fp-sS in-jy³ am-b³-Iq«n H-fn-̈ n-cp-¶p sh-Sn-sh¨p. s\-än-

    bn sh-Sn-tb-ä H-tX-\³ a-cn¨p. H-tX\\v tPy-jvT\mb tIm-a-Ip-

    dp¸n-t\m-Sv ]n-Xr-Xp-eyam-b kv-t\-l-am-bn-cp¶p. Npcp¡ ¯n X-

    t¨m-fn-̧ m-«p-I-fn {]-Xy-£-s -̧Sp-¶ ho-c-\m-b-I\m-b H-tX-\³

    Hcp hnhmZ ]p-cp-j-\m-bn-cp-¶-sh-¶v hyàw. B-k-¶ a-c-W\m-b

    H-tX-\³ X-sâ kz¯n-sâ ]-Ip-Xnbpw Im-hnepw Nm-t¯m-̄ v Ip-

    ¦n-¡v \Â-Im³ B-h-iy-s¸Sp¶p−v.

  • 18

    C-c-hn-¡p-«n-̧ n-Å-t¸mcv: C-c-hn-¡p-«n-¸n-Å F-¶ ho-c-\m-bI-sâ c-

    à-km-£n-Xzs¯ ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n sX-¡³ {]-tZ-i-§-fn {]-

    N-cn-̈ n-cp-¶ H-cp ]m-«m-Wv CXv. sImÃ-hÀ-jw 788 (AD 1613þÂ)

    em-Wv C-c-hn-Ip-«n-̧ n-Å P-\n-¨Xv. amÀ-̄ mÞ³ C-c-hn-Ip-«n F-¶v

    t]cv. tI-c-f-]p-cw in-h-t£-{X-̄ nsâ (X¡-e) sX¡p-]-Sn-ªm-dp-

    −m-bn-cp-¶ ‘hen-b ho-Sn’em-Wv P-\\w. ]m-«n-se kq-N-\-{]-Imcw

    ‘D-ab-½’ F-¶m-Wv A-½-bp-sS t]cv. C-c-hn-¡p-«n-¸n-Å-bv-¡v H-cp

    tPy-jvT- ktlmZc³ D-Å-Xm-bn ]m-«n {]-kv-Xm-hn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p−v.

    Ip-©-c-t¡m-«p-Im-c³ Im-fn-bm-bn-cp-¶p hn-iz-kv-X\m-b A-\p-

    bm-bn A-t±lw tk\m-\n-bm-bn-cn-t¡-bm-Wv Xn-cp-a-e-\m-bv¡-sâ

    ssk\yw th-Wm-Sm-{I-an¨Xv. cm-a-¸¿-sâ t\-Xr-Xz-̄ n h-¶ tk-

    \-sb 1634þÂ C-c-hn-Ip-«n-¸n-Å I-Wn-bm-¦f-̄ v sh-̈ v t\-cn«p. F-

    ¶m bp²¯n ]-cm-Pn-X-\m-bn. cm-a-̧ ¿³. F-S-̄ -d-t¸män, C-

    f-¼-bn ]-−m-cw F-¶n-h-cp-am-bn KpUm-tem-N-\ \S-¯n C-c-hn-

    ¡p-«n-¸nÅ-sb N-Xn-bn tXmÂ-]n¨p. t]män-bp-sS \m-bÀ aI-sf

    hn-hm-lw sN-¿m³ X-¿m-dm-Im-Xn-cp-¶-Xm-Ws{X t]m-än-bp-sS i-

    {Xp-X-bp-sS tlXp. ]n-d-In \n-¶v B-bp-[-taäp ho-W C-c-hn-Ip-«n-

    ¸nÅbpsS inc-Êv sh-«n-sb-Sp-̄ v Xn-cp-ae-\m-bv¡-\v Im-gv-N-sh-

    ¡m³ cm-a¸¿³ sIm−p- t]mbn. F-¶m ]n-Å-bp-sS hn-izkv-X

    A-\p-bm-bn Im-fn \m-bÀ Xncpae-\m-bv¡-sâ ap-¼n-se-̄ n inc-

    Êv Xn-cn-sI hm-§n D-S-en tNÀ-̄ p kwkv¡-cn¨p. Cu ho-c-ar-Xyp-

    hn-sâ I-Y-bm-Wv Cu-c-hn-¡p-«n-̧ n-Åt¸mcv.

    sN§-\q-cmXn: ]-−p ap-X-te -tIÄ-hn-tI-« I-f-cn-bm-Wv sN-§-

    ¶q-¡-fcn. B Ifcn-bp-sS D-S-a-Ø-cm-bn-cp-¶ sN-§-\q-c-̧ \pw

    A-½-bv¡pw Bäp-t\m-äp−m-b aI\mWv N-§-\q-cmXn. H-cn-

    ¡Â N-§-\q-cm-Xn I-fn-̈ p-sIm-−n-cn-¶-t¸mÄ apä-s¯ h-cn-¡-

    ¹m-hn \n¶pw H-cp I-cn-bm-¯³ ]p-Åp Xm-tg-¡v hnWp. ]-c-n-¡v

  • 19

    ]än-b ]pÅn-s\ B-Xn-ap-dn-hpW-¡n t]m-än h-fÀ¯n. B ]p-Åv

    b-YmÀ-°-̄ n I-cnbmw ]-Wn-¡³ F-¶ A-̀ ymk-kn tem-Iw

    Np-än-¡m-Wm³ ]p-Åp-th-jw [-cn-̈ v h-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p. I-cn-bm-]-Wn-

    ¡³ F-¶ B-im³ X-sâ Po-h³ c-£n-̈ B-Xnsb B-bp-[-hn-Zy-

    IÄ ]Tn-̧ n-̈ v A-̀ ym-kn-bm¡n. A-£-c-hn-Zybpw B-bp-[-hn-Zybpw

    Ah-s\ ]Tn-̧ n-̈ B-im³ hn-S-hm-§p-¶ k-ab-̄ v ]-Xn-s\-«v I-f-

    cn-bnepw \o Pbn¡pw F-¶m ]t¯m-¼-Xma-t¯ I-f-cn-bn \o

    t]mI-cp-Xv A-Xv \n-sâ A-´y-am-bn-cn¡pw F¶v Xm-¡n-Xv sN-bv-Xv

    kz-́ w \m-«n-te-¡v t]mbn. Xp-SÀ-¶v B-Xn ]-e I-f-cn-bnepw sN-¶v

    ]-e B-im-·m-cp-am-bn ]-S-sh-«n Ah-sc h-[n-¡p¶p. ]pen-sam-I-\-

    -̈t\bpw ]m-ephw-tIm-bn-tb-bpw, Ip-¶p-h-\-̈ -t\bpw X-sâ A-

    `ym-k _-e-̄ m N§-\q-cm-Xn sImÃp-¶p−v. aqh¡-t¡m-«bpw

    Ip-¶p-h-³-I-f-cnbpw DÄ- -̧sS ]Xns\-«p I-f-cn-IÄ A-h³ XÃn-

    t¸m-fn¨p. F-¶m hnÃp-h-\ -̈sâ A-kv-{X-hn-Zy-¡p ap³-]n³ A-

    h³ ]-cm-P-b-s¸«p. X-s³ Kp-cp-I-fn-bm-]-Wn-¡-\m-sW-¶v ]-d-

    ªp Xo-cpw ap-t¼ I-cn-bm-]-Wn-¡³ (sN-§-\q-cm-Xn-bp-sS B-Zy

    Kpcp) B-Im-i-̄ n C-Swh-ew ]-d¶p. Nn-e¨p. B-Xn-Kp-cphn-t\m-

    Sv £a sNmÃn Xm-g-̄ v ho-Wp a-cn¨p. Kp-cp-\mY-sâ hne-¡v ew-Ln-

    ¨Xp-sIm-−v B ac-Ww kw-̀ -hn¨p.

    hy-Xykv-X P-\-hÀ-¤-kw-kv-Im-c-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧« ]m-«pIÄ

    B-Zn-hm-kn-̧ m«v: ssi-i-h-̄ n-sâ em-fn-Xyhpw \n-jv-¡-f-¦-X-bp-ap-

    Å-Xm-Wv BZnhm-kp-I-fp-sS ]m-«pIÄ. cm-In-̧ -d-¡p-¶ sN-¼-cp-

    ´n-s\-t¸m-se Zrãn-tKm-Ncamb {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS ]p-Xp-a-I-fm-Wv A-

    h-cn Im-hy-Nn-́ Df-¡n hn-Sp-¶Xv. ]qgnbn \o-cm-Sn \nÂ-¡p-¶

    a-Z-bm-\IÄ, ]q-¡Ä tXmdpw ]m-dn-̧ -d-¡p¶ sIm-̈ p-Xp-¼nIÄ,

    hÀ-®-̀ w-Kn-bp-Å ]q-¼m-ä-IÄ, D-bÀ-¶p ]-d-¡p-¶ I-gp-I-·mÀ

  • 20

    Xp-S-§n-b-h-sbÃmw A-h-cp-sS `m-h\-sb C-f-¡n-hn«p. ]p-cm-X-\-

    Ime-s¯ B-Nm-c-§Ä, hnizm-k-§Ä F-¶n-h-sbÃmw B ]m-«p-

    I-fn {]-Xn- -̂en-¡p-¶p−v. I-Wn-bm-·mcpsS H-cp ]m-«n a-c-W-

    tZ-h-Xbm-b Ime-s\ hÀ-®n-¨n-cn-¡p¶-Xv t\m-¡p-I.

    A-¿t¿m A-t¿m, A-t¿m, A-t¿m,

    C¶-se Cu t\c-̄ v I«pw ta-te

    A-¿t¿m A-t¿m, A-t¿m, At¿m

    H-¶m-Iw -]-mi-̄ m ho-in-\m³ Im-e³

    (tI-c-f-̀ m-jm-Km-\-§Ä þ Ime³-tIm-ew þ t]-Pv 27) B-ß-m¡-

    sf Im-e³ I-b-dn«p-sIm−p-t]m-Ip-¶ `o-I-c-Nn{Xw B-hn-jv-¡-cn-

    ¡p-I-bm-Wv H-cp A-\p-jvTm-\-I-ebm-b tIm-ew-XpÅ-enÂ. th-S-

    ·mÀ Kp-cp-h-µ-\-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv A-\p-jvTm-\w B-cw-̀ n-¡p¶Xv.

    Btbm³ Im-enepw sXm«v-sXm-bv-Xv

    I-fn-Xp-St§y Xm-\Xm-t\m....

    (tI-c-f-̀ m-jm-Km-\§Äþ th-S³-]m-«pIÄþ t]-Pv 133) B-Zn-hm-kn-

    k-aq-l-̄ n-se Pohn-X-̄ n-sâ t\À-¡m-gv-N-I-fm-Wv B Km-\§Ä

    {Km-a-hm-kn-I-fp-sS Km-\§Ä: {Km-a-hm-kn-I-fp-sS B-Ëm-Z-Po-hn-X-

    ¯n-sâ B-th-i-̄ p-Sn-¸p-I-fm-Wv ]q-s¸m-en-̧ m«pI-fn ap-g-§p-

    ¶Xv.

    ]q-cw h-¶-tÃm, ]q-cw h-¶tÃm

    ]qa-c-sam-s¡bpw ]q-h-Wn-ªtÃm

    Xp-S§n-b ]q-̧ m-«p-Ifpw

    I-ä I-ä I-b-dn-«p

    Ibdme-©p a-S-¡o-«p

    s\-än -̧«w sam-«n-«p

    t\-tc hm-Xn-e-¡Â s\-bv sh-̈ p

    s]m-en ]q-th s]m-en-s¡m−m

  • 21

    Xp-S§n-b ]q-s¸m-en-̧ m-«p-Ifpw {Km-a-hm-kn-bp-sS hm-gv-̄ p-̧ m-«p-

    I-fmWv. H-cp am-Xr-I-Km-a-¯n-sâ Nn{Xw ]-IÀ-̄ n-sh-bv-¡p-¶

    Km\w.

    B-em-bm X-d-th-Ww

    A-Sp-s¯m-c¼-ew th-Ww

    B-en-\v tNÀ-s¶m-cp

    Ip-fhpw thWw.

    Ip-f-̄ n sN-´m-a-c th-Ww

    (tI-c-f-̀ m-jm-Km-\§Äþ t]-Pv 329) tI-cfn-b {Km-a-§-fp-sS kzÑ-

    X, \nÀ-½e-X, Bkv-Xn-I-hn-izm-kw C-h-sbÃmw Cu Km-\-̄ nÂ

    Hm-fw sh-«p¶p.

    h-tc-Wy-hÀ-¤-̄ n-sâ ]m-«pIÄ: s]m-Xp-sh ]q-s¸m-en-̧ m-«p-I-

    sfÃmw h-tc-Wy-hÀ-¤-̄ n-sâ kar-²n-bp-sS kq-N-\-I-fmWv.

    A-½m-h³ h¶o-e ]-̄ m-bw Xp-d¶oe

    F-s -́sâ am-then Hm-Ww h-¶q

    A-½m-bn h-¶nà s\-sÃm«pw sh-̈ o-e

    F-s -́sâ am-then Hm-Ww h-¶q

    F-¶n-§s\ Hm-W-¡m-e-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ v th-h-em-Xn-s -̧Sp-¶ a-cp-a-I-

    fp-sS ]-cn-thZ-\w ap-XÂ

    \m-gn-\n-d- -̈§p-hm-cn-Iq--«n

    \m-cm-b-¡q-¼nepw Iq-«n Iq«n

    F-¶n-§-s\ Xp-¼n-Xp-ÅÂ-¸m-«p h-sc B--h-tc-Wy-hÀ-¤-̄ n-sâ

    BÀ-̄ n-bp-sS Nn{Xw ImWmw

    C-«n-cn-¸m³ s]m³-X-Sp-¡v

    C-«p-®m³ s]m³-XfnI

    ssI I-gp-Im³ sIm-̈ p-In-−n

    ssIXp-S-bv-¡m³ ]p-Ån]«v

  • 22

    F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å A-Xn-Yn kÂ-¡m-c-hÀ-®-\-Ifpw h-tc-Wy-h-À-

    ¤-̄ n-sâ k-ar-²n-bp-sS Zr-iy-§Ä hc-̈ v Im-Wn-¡p¶p.

    hmsamhmsamhmsamhmsam----gngngngn-- --¡¡¡¡----hnhnhnhn-- --XXXX----IIII----fpfpfpfp----sS khnsS khnsS khnsS khn-- --tijtijtijtij----XXXX

    Km-\oßI-X: hm-sam-gn-¡-hn-X-I-fp-sS {]m-W³ A-h-bp-sS Km-\m-

    ß-I-X-bmWv. Xeap-d-I-fm-bn hm-bn \n¶pw hm-bn-te-¡v ]-IÀ-

    ¯-s -̧«v A-h \n-e-\nÂ-¡m³ Imc-Ww Xs¶ ImXn \n-¶v Im-

    Xn-te-¡v ]-I-cp¶ (Oral Transmission) Cu {]tXy-I-X-bmWv.

    ]m-«p-Im-cn `pcn]£hpw A-£-cm-̀ ym-k-anÃm-̄ -h-c-bn-cn-¡pw.

    ]m-«n-sâ co-Xn tI-«p ]Tn v̈ HmÀ½-bn kq-£n-¡m³ -k-u-I-cy-ap-

    Å hn-[-̄ n hm¡p-Ifpw h-cn-Ifpw ]et¸m-gpw B-hÀ-̄ n-

    ¡p¶p. hm-¡p-IÄ B-hÀ-¯n-̈ v _ew Iq-«p-¶ H-cp co-Xn C¯-

    cw ]m-«p-I-fn Im-Wmw. D-Zm-l-c-W-̄ n-\v h-S-¡³-]m-«nÂ

    B-äp-a-W-t½-te / D-®n-bmÀ-̈

    Du-Wp-I-g-n-ªp / D-d-¡-ambn

    F-¶v ap³ ]m-«pI-cn ]m-Sp¶p.

    AhÀ Cu h-cn B-hÀ-̄ n-¡p-t¼mÄ ]n³-]m-«p-ImÀ ‘B-äp-a-W-

    t½te’ F-¶p IgntªS-̄ v sh-̈ v H-̧ w Iq-Sp¶p. ‘D-®n-bmÀ-¨

    Du-Wp-I-gn-ªp D-d-¡-am-bn’ F¶v FÃm-hcpw tNÀ-¶v ]m-Sp¶p.

    Cu ]-cn-jv-¡m-cw kw-Ko-X-kp-Jw hÀ-²n-¸n-¡p¶p. \m-S³ kw-Ko-X-

    ¯n F-Sp-̄ p-]-d-tb-− {]-tXy-I-X hm-bv-̄ m-cn{]-tbm-K-amWv.

    A-cb-ctbm............. In-§n-Wn A-cb-ctbm

    \-½-¡-−w.............. Im-cI-−w

    Im-cI−w............... \-«n-Sp-th

    A-cb-ctbm............. In-§n-Wn A-cb-ctbm

  • 23

    A-ev-]-kz-ev-]w hy-Xymk-§-tfm-sS ]-Z-§Ä B-hÀ-¯n-¡p¶-Xv

    Im-Wmw. Cu coXn tI-«p ]Tn-¡m³ k-Zm-bn-¡p-¶-XmWv.

    D-Zm-lc-Ww: Xm-en-]n-en-s]-®pt−m

    sN-dp-Xm-a-c-bm-tf s]-®p-t−m

    Xm-eo-]o-en-s]-®nÃ

    sN-dp-Xm-a-c-bm-sf s]-®nÃ.

    (Xp-¼n-Xp-ÅÂ-]m-«v þ tI-c-f-̀ m-

    jm-Km-\§Ä)

    Po-hn-X_Ôw: “Pohn-X-̄ n-sâ A\-́ -ssh-Nn{Xw {]-Xn- -̂en-¡p-¶-

    hm-bm-Wv \mS³-]m-«p-IÄ” (sX-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ ]mThpw ]T-\-hpw

    þ s{]-̂ -kÀ sP. ]-Zv-a-Ipamcn þ t]-Pv 21). ]q-cm-X-\-co-Xn-Ifpw

    sXm-gnepw Po-hn-X-cn-Xn-I-fp-saÃmw A-Xn hn-iz-k-\n-b-am-bn {]-Xy-

    £-s -̧Sp¶p. Po-hn-X-̄ n-se \nÀ®m-bI-cw-K§Ä, hnPbw, ]-cm-

    Pbw, P-\\w, ac-Ww A-h-sbÃmw A-Xn hn-iz-k\o-b-am-bn {]-

    Xy-£-s¸Sp¶p. I-cp-¼-d-¼n I®-sâ ]-Xn-{h-Xbm-b `m-cy-sb

    ]p-Xp-t¡m-tem-̄ v X¼pcm³ A-h-fp-sS C-ã-̄ n-\p hn-]-co-X-am-

    bn {]m-]n-̈ -Xn-\p ]I-cw X-¼q-cm³ sIm-Sp-̄ k-½m\-§-tfms-S

    X-sâ `À-̄ m-hn-s\ cm-P-sIm-«m-c-̄ n-te-bv-¡-b¡pIbpw X¼q-

    cm-«nsb ]n-g-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xm-Wv BÀ-̈ kw-Xr-]v-Xn--bmS-

    bp¶Xv. X¼qcm³ I®-s\ I-gp-hn-te-äm³ hn-[n-̈ -t¸mÄ A-hÄ

    X-¼q-cm-sâ apJ v̄ t\m¡n- -̧d-bp-I-bmWv.

    BZyw ]n-g-¸n-¨p X-¼q-cm\pw

    ]n-s¶ ]n-g-¸n-¨p I-®-\tÃm

    BZyw ]n-gb-§p XoÀ-¶p X-¶mÂ

    ]n-s¶¸n-g Rm\pw XoÀ-̄ p-Xcmw

    F-¶n§-s\ [oc-X-tbm-sS {]-Jym-]n- v̈ C-d-§n-t¸m-cp¶p. h-S-¡³-

    ]m-«n-se \m-bn-I-am-cn `p-cn-̀ m-Khpw Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ \nÀ®m-bI

  • 24

    \n-an-j§-sf D-®n-bmÀ- -̈sb-t¸mse [oc-X-tbm-sS t\-cn-«-h-cmWv.

    a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS k-ap-l-̄ n-se DÃm-k-th-f-I-fmWv HmWw. Cu

    A-h-k-c-̄ n \-½p-sS h-\n-IÄ ]m-Sp-¶ Km-\-§-fn H-cp

    kwkv¡mcn-I sFIyw sX-fn-ªp-Im-Wmw. ssI-sIm-«n-¡-fn-¸m-«p-

    I-fn a-[y-Xncphn-Xmw-Ip-dn ]m-Sn-h-cp-¶ Cu-c-Sn-IÄ

    H-¶mw-Ip-¶nepw Hm-c-Sn-¡p-¶nepw

    Hm-c-Sn-¡-¶n-bmÀ ]m-e \-t« sX-¿w

    Cu ]m-«v NnÃ-d hy-Xym-k-t¯m-sS a-e-_mÀ ta-J-e-bn-epw Im-

    Wp¶p.

    H¶mw Ip¶pw H-cp a-e-¡p-¶p-ta

    H-¶Ã a-¦-amÀ ]m-e\«p

    F-¶n-§s\. Xp-¼n-Xp-ÅÂ-]m-«p-I-fn k-aq-l-̄ n \n-e-\n-¶n-

    cp¶ s]¬-hmWn`-s¯ ]-cn-l-kn-¡p-¶ h-cn-IÄ I-s−-̄ mw.

    H-cp I-p-Sp-t¡ s]m¶pw X-cmw, s]m-S-thw Xcmw

    s]-®n-s\ X-tczm hmWy-·m-sc

    ]m-h-s -̧«-h-cp-sS Po-hn-X-̄ n-se- AÃepw A-e«pw H-gn-hm-bn In-«m-

    \m-Wv ]-e A\pjvTm-\ IÀ-½-§fpw \-S-̄ p-¶Xv. hnj-bw G-Xm-

    bmepw A-am-\p-jn-I-i-àn-Ifp-sS i-àn k-l-mb-t¯m-sS Po-hn-

    X-̄ n-se hn-j-a-L-«§-sf Xc-Ww sN-¿p-I-bmWv A-h-cp-sS e-

    £yw.

    sXm-gnÂ_-Ôw: P-·n-Ip-Sn-bm³ hy-h-Ø \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ Im-e-L-

    «-̄ n ]m-h-s¸« IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ hen-b Nqj-Ww A-

    \p-̀ hn-t¡-−n h¶p.

    t\cw s]m-sbm-cp t\-c¯pw

    sImÃm-s¡me sImÃn-Wn-bm

    A-c-s¯m-−v I-Åpw X-¶v

    A-c-ap-dn I-cn¡pw X-¶v

  • 25

    sImÃm-s¡me sImÃnWn-b

    Xp-S§n-b ]m-«p-I-fn ta-em-f-·mÀ-¡v F-Xn-cm-b B-ß-tcm-jw

    Xp-fp---¼p¶-Xv ImWmw. A-tX-ka-bw Irjn-tPm-en-bp-am-bn _-Ô-

    s -̧« FÃm {]-hÀ-̄ n-Ifpw Ah-cp-sS IÀ-t½m-Õm-lw h-gn-

    tªm-gp-Ip¶-Xv Im-Wmw.

    am-cn-a-g-IÄ sNm-cn-t©

    sN-dp-h-b-ep-I-tfm-s¡ \-\-t©

    ]q-«-nsbm-cp-¡n- -̧d-t©...

    sN-dp Rm-dp-IÄ sI-«n-sb-dnt©

    IÀj-I-hr-̄ nbp-sS hnhn-[ X-e-§-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v Rm-äp-

    ]m«v, tX-¡p-]m«v, I-f-]-d-¡Â-]m«v, sIm-bv-Xv-]m-«v F-¶n§-s\ hn-

    hn-[-L-«-§-fn ]m-Sp-¶ ]m-«p-I-fp-sS F-®w X-s¶ sXm-gnepw

    Km-\-§-fp-am-bp-Å _Ô-s¯ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶p.

    hn-izm-k]c-X: A-\p-jvTm-\-§-fn ]-e-Xn-epw kz-bw ad-¶v B-th-

    im-hn-ã-cm-Ip-¶ IÀ-½n-I-sf-bm-Wv \mw Im-Wp-¶Xv. A-\p-jvTm-\-

    k-a-b-̄ p-Å Cu kz-bw a-d-¡Â A-h-cp-sS hn-izm-k-hp-am-bn _-

    Ô-s -̧«-XmWv. B-Zn-a-a-\p-jy-cn ]-t©-{µo-b-§fpw a-\Êpw _p-

    ²nbpw H-¶ hn-I-kn-̈ p Xp-S-§n-bn-«nÃm-̄ v Ime- v̄ Po-h-_-

    Ômc-Ww km-[n -̈Xv {]m-Ir-X-hm-k-\-I-fp-sS k-l-Pm-h-t_m[w

    (INSTIET) sIm-−pw am-{X-amWv. {]-Ir-Xn-bn \n-¶v C-¡me-

    v̄ e-̀ n-̈ C-ãm\p`-h-§fpw A-\n-ãm-\p-̀ -h-§fpw a-\p-jy-a-\-

    Ên B-Zn-{]-cq-]-§-fm-bn F-¡m-e¯pw \n-e-\nÂ-¡p¶p.

    At_m-[-a-\-Ên ap-{Zn-X-§-fm-bn-cn-¡p-¶ C¯-cw A-\p-̀ -h-§-

    fm-Wv hn-izm-k-̄ n-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\w. DZm-lc-W-̄ n\v ‘]n-Å-Xo-\n-

    ¡mfn’ F-¶ tZ-h-X-bp-sS tIm-ew D-−m-¡n I-cn-th-jw A-Wn-

    ªv \n-W-̄ n (Kp-cp-Xn-bnÂ) ap-¡n-b H-cp in-ip-cq-]w ]m-f-bn-

    se-Sp-̄ v {]-th-in-¡p-¶ ]n-Å-Xn-\n-t¡m-ew KÀ-̀ -Ñn{Zw H-gn-hm-¡m-

  • 26

    \p-Å H-cp B-̀ n-Nm-c-IÀ-½-amWv. C-§n-s\ sI-«n-bm-Sn-bm _m-

    [ H-gn-ªp t]m-Ip-sa-¶m-Wv A-h-cp-sS hn-izmkw.

    B-Nm-c_²-X: A-\p-jvTm-\w F-¶ hm-¡n \n-¶m-Wv B-Nc-

    Ww D-−m-Ip-¶Xv. Hmtcm B-Nm-c-̄ nepw I-e-bp-sS Aw-iw DÄ-

    t¨À-¡-s¸Sp¶p. IÀ-½-̄ n-se t¢-iw e-Lp-I-cn-¡-em-Wv C-Xn-sâ

    e-£yw. Np-cp-¡-̄ n B-Nm-c-§-fn-seÃmw H-cp I-em-kv-]À-i-

    ap−v. sX¿wX-s¶ C-Xn-sâ aIp-tSm-Zm-lc-Ww Im-hnsâtbm

    tIm-«-̄ nsâtbm Xn-cp-apä- v̄ sIm-−m-S-s -̧Sp-¶ sX-¿-̄ n-sâ

    XpS-¡w ap-XÂ H-Sp-¡w h-sc-bp-Å FÃm N-S-§p-I-fn-epw B-Nm-

    c_-²-X Im-Wmw. apSn-sbm-cp-¡p-¶-XnÂ. apJ¯v Fgp-Xp-¶-

    XnÂ, Nm-bneyw Iq-«p-¶-XnÂ, D-Sp-̄ v sI-«v i-cn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶XnÂ

    ,BSbm-̀ -c-W-§Ä X-¿m-dm-¡p-¶-Xn F-¶v th-−-tXm-äw D-d-

    bp-¶-Xnepw I-em-iw-sI-m«n B-Sp-¶-Xn-ep-saÃmw Iem-Nm-XpcX

    \n-d-ªp-\nÂ-¡p¶p. aq-¯-̧ ³ hS-s¡ ae-¼m-dn-se H-cp \m-bm-

    «p ssZhamWv. ap-̄ ¸-sâ tXm-äw-]m-«n BZya a\p-jy-cp-sS {]-

    Ir-Xn-bp-sS ]o-U-\-§Ä GÂ-t¡-−n-h-cp-¶ \n-Ê-lm-bm-h-

    Øbpw {Ita-W kz-̄ _-ew sIm-−v A-Xn-s\ P-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-

    sâbpw B-hn-j-v-¡c-Ww tIÄ-¡mw. Cu ]p-cm-hr¯-s¯ {I-nbm-

    cq-]-̄ n- A-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶-Xv H-cp tX-§-bn A-s¼-bv-Xp

    sIm-Ån¨p-sIm-−mWv. C¯-cw B-Nm-c-§-fn-eq-sS hw-i-kv-ar-Xn-

    bn \n-¶v DuÀ-Öw kw-̀ -cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv sN-¿p-¶Xv. tXm-äw-]m-«p-

    IÄ FÃmw Xs¶ tKm-{X-Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ B-Nm-c-_ÔnXam-b

    B-hn-jv-¡m-c-§-fmWv.

    `m`m`m`m----jmjmjmjm----]]]]----camb ssPcamb ssPcamb ssPcamb ssP----hnIhnIhnIhnI----XXXX

    \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS ku-µcyw a-[p-cam-b Cu-W-§-fnepw N-Sp-eam-

    b kw-̀ m-j-W-§fn-ep-amWv. hm-sam-gn-bmb-Xp sIm-−pX-s¶

  • 27

    A-h-bv-¡v A-Xn-tâXm-b Nn-«-h-«-§fp−v. {]mtb-W Xm-fþe-b-

    s¸m-cp-̄ -§Ä Km-\-̄ n-sâ au-en-I-[À-½-ambn IW-¡m-¡n-bn-

    cp¶p, B-Zn-hÀ-®-s]m-cp-¯w kq-Nn-¸n¡p¶ ‘tam-\’bpw c−mw

    hÀ®-s¸m-cp-̄ w kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶p. ‘FXp-I’bpw (Zzn-Xo-b-£-c-

    {]mkw) Km-\-§fnepw Zo-£n-̈ n-cp-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw, tXm-äw-]m-«p-

    IÄ-¡v k-hn-ti-jam-b Hcp Cu-W-ap−v. H-tc AÀ-°-w h-cp-¶ ]-

    Z-§Ä A-Sp-̄ -Sp-̄ v B-hÀ-̄ n-̈ v ]-Z-̀ wKnbpw {]m-k-̀ w-Knbpw

    Iq-«p-¶ {]-tbm-K-§Ä h-S-¡³ ]m-«p-I-fn Im-Wmw.

    DZm: Hm-So«pw a-−o«pw t]m-b-h\pw

    H-̈ D-cp-hm-«w tI-«-t\-cw

    I-®m-se I-−qSmtem

    I-®m-se I-−tÃm s]-®-hfpw

    sX-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ hnÃ-Sn-̈ m³ ]m-«q-I-fm-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.hn-cp-

    ¯w, ]Ãhn, NcWw F-¶-{I-a-am-Wv km-[m-c-W D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-

    ¶Xv. B-kzm-Z-I-k-aq-l-̄ n ho−pw ho−pw hn-kv-X-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-

    ¶Xp-sIm−pw {]-tbm-K-]-cnk-cw am-dn am-dn hcp¶Xp-sIm−pw

    hm-sam-gn-¡-hn-X-I-Ä-¡v h-fÀ-̈ -bp-−m-Ip¶p. sN§-\q-cm-Xn-bp-

    sS ssP-hn-I-h-fÀ-̈ -tb-¡p-dn-̈ v tUm. k-¡dn-b \S-̄ n \n-co-£-W-

    §Ä G-Xp hmsam-gn-Ir-Xn¡pw _m-[-I-amWv. “`q-an-¡-Sn-bn C-

    ©n h-fcp¶p. C-©n-bpsS GXp-̀ mK-̄ p \n¶pw ap-f-s¸m«pw

    A-{]-h-No-\am-b co-Xn-bn ap-f-s]m-«n-h-f-cp-¶ C-©n-am-Xr-I-bn-

    epÅ ssP-h ]-cn-Wm-a-am-Wv hm-sam-gn-Ir-Xn-IÄ¡pw kw-̀ -hn-

    ¡p¶Xv” (sN-§-\o-dm-Xnþho-c-I-Ym-Km-\wþt]-Pv 10).

    {]{]{]{]----tZtZtZtZ----inininin-- --IIII----kzkzkzkz----`mhw`mhw`mhw`mhw

  • 28

    \-½p-sS hmsam-gn-kmln-Xy-s¯ h-S-¡³-]m-«pIÄ, sX-¡³-]m-

    «pIÄ, C-S-\m-S³-]m«p-IÄ F-¶v thÀ-Xn-cn-̈ -XpX-s¶ A-h-bp-sS

    {]-tZ-in-I-kz-̀ mh-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bm-W-tÃm. sX-¡³ ]m-

    «p-I-fn sX-¡³ Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn {]-N-cn-¡p-¶ \mtSm-Sn-X-an-

    gm-Wv `m-j. “h-S-¡³ ]m-«n D-̄ -c-tI-c-f-̄ n-se `m-j-ssi-en-

    bpw” (tUm. Fw. eo-em-hXnþ A-h-Xmcn-I ]m-«p-I-hn-X-I-fp-sS km-

    aq-ly-{]-k-àn). ae_m-dn-se IS¯-\mSpw ]-cn-k-c-hp-am-Wv h-S-

    ¡³-]m-«p-I-fpsS Cu-änÃw. h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS k-hn-ti-jam-b

    Cu-Ww {]-N-cn-¸n-̈ Xpw Cu \m-«p-ImÀ Xs¶. Hm-tX-\³ ]-d-bp-¶

    hm-¡p-I-fpsS Cu-Ww {i-²n-¡p-I.

    X-t¨mfn-tbm-a-\ Ip-tªm-tX-\³

    ]-d-bp-¶-tÃm-a-\-Ip-tªm-tX-\³

    X-t¨m-fn tIm-a-¡p-d-s -̧sâ G-«m

    ]-d-¼n-se sX-−v-¡v t]m-sW-\n¡v

    A-tXm-sS-̧ w C-S-\m-S³ ]m-«n-epÄ-s¸-« sN-§-\q-cm-Xn-bn sN-

    §-\q-cm-Xn A-½-tbm-Sv B-h-iy-s -̧Sp-¶ cw-Kw t\m-¡pI.

    F¶mepw tI-¡-th-Wa-t½ s]-täm-cp X-tÅ

    F-\n-¡v Zmcn-{Zhpw sh-̈ p X-tÅ s]-tämcp X-tÅ

    H-t¶m-fw H-cp-h-t\m-fw {]m-b-am-bn

    ]-Xn-s\-«p I-f-cn-sb-¶mW-t½ tI-«-d-n-thm-tÅ

    \m-Sp-\S-¶v Im-W-W-sa-¶n-bv-¡p-t½ s]-ä X-tÅ

    (sN-§-\q-cm-Xn -t]-Pv 66)

    a-säm-cp {]-tXy-I-X h-S-¡³-]m-«p-If-n D-®n-bmÀ¨sb-t]m-ep-Å

    ho-cmw-K-\-am-cp-sS km-¶n-²y-ap−v. N-§-\qcm-Xn-sb t]m-ep-Å

    Ip-«-\m-S³ ]m-«nepw ]m-ep-hw s]-®n-s\-t¸m-ep-Å [o-c-\m-bn-I-am-

    sc Im-Wmw. sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fn t{]-aw hn-j-b-amIp¶nÃ. ho-cm-

    cm-cm-[-\bpw tZ-h-tXmÂ-]-¯n-bp-am-Wv A-hÀ-¡v {]n-b-s -̧«Xv.

  • 29

    D-̄ -c-tI-c-f-̄ nse {]-kn-²cmb \m-Sp-hm-gnIÄ, ]p-¯p-cw hn-«n-

    sebpw X-t¨m-fn am-Wn-t¡m- v̄ X-d-hm-«n-te-bpw B-Nm-c-co-XnIÄ,

    `-£-W-k-{µ-Zm-b§Ä, tem-I-\mÀ-Imhn-sebpw X-®nÀ-¡m-«v I-m-

    hn-sebpw B-−p-hn-ti-j-§Ä C-h-sbÃmw B ]m«n {]-Xy-£-

    s -̧Sp¶p.

    ]]]]----cncncncn-- --WmWmWmWm----amamamam----ßßßß----IIII----kzkzkzkz----`mhw`mhw`mhw`mhw::::

    CâÀ-\m-j-\ t^mÂ-¡v ayq-kn-¡v Iu¬-kn \m-S³-]m-«pI-sf

    \nÀ-h-Nn-¡p-¶ k-a-b-̄ pX-s¶ A-h-bp-sS ]-cn-Wm-am-ßI-kz-̀ m-

    hw sh-fn-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bn-«p−v. \m-S³-]m-«p-IÄ A-Xn-sâ kzm-̀ m-hn-I-

    X-e-̄ n X-s¶ I-hn-Xbpw kw-Ko-Xhpw Iq-Sn IeÀ-¶m-Wv {]-N-cn-

    ¨Xv. F-gp-̄ n-ep-sS-bà hm-sam-gn-bn-eq-sS A-Xn-\m X-s¶ kaq-

    l-a-\-ÊpI-tf Xr-]v-Xn-s -̧Sp¯p-¶ ]-e am-ä-§fpw A-Xn kw-

    `hn-̈ n-«p-−m-Ipw. HmÀ-½n-¡m-\m-h-iyam-b Iq-«n-t¨À-¡-ep-Ifpw \-

    S-¶n-«p-−m-hpw. hy-àn-Ifpw k-aq-lhpw X-½n s]m-cp-¯-s -̧Sp-

    ¶-Xn\pw am-ä-§Ä h-cp¯nbn«p-−mhpw ‘F³-ssk-t¢m-̧ nUn-b

    Hm-̂ v {_o-«m-\n-¡’ Nq-−n-¡m-«p-¶Xp-t]m-se {]-No-\-Im-e-̄ p-Å

    \m-S³-]m-«p-IÄ k-ap-lw am-dp-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-̈ v am-dn-s¡m-−n-cn-

    ¡p¶-Xv A-h-bp-sS kq-£v-a-]-cn-tim-[-\bn hy-à-amIw. D-Zm-

    l-c-W-̄ n-\v h-S-¡³-]m-«n-eqÄ-s -̧« ]p-̄ p-cw-]m-«p-IÄ-¡v X-t¨m-

    fn-̧ m-«p-I-sf-¡mÄ ]-g-¡-ap−v. “`m-j-bp-sS ]-cn-hÀ¯\-L-«-

    ¯nse ]-g-¡-̈ p-hbpw ]p-¯p-cw-]m-«p-IÄ-¡p-Xs¶. ]m«p-I-fnÂ

    ]cmaÀ-in-¡p¶ B-bp-[-§fpw h-kv-{X-§fpw C-Xn-te-¡v hn-cÂ

    Nq-−p-¶p−v” (t]-Pv 65þ hS-¡³-]m-«pIÄþ tUm. sI. {io-Ip-

    amÀ) B-bp-[-§-fn B-tcm-a tN-I-h-cpw D-®n-bmÀ-̈ bpw

  • 30

    aäpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv hmfpw ]-cn-N-bp-am-sW-¦n Xt¨m-fn-̧ m-

    «p-I-fn tXm¡pw ]o-c-¦nbp-sam-s¡ I-S-¶p-h-cp¶p.

    t_mt_mt_mt_m----[[[[----\\\\----kzkzkzkz----`mhw`mhw`mhw`mhw::::

    tI-cfn-b P-\Xsb ‘aq-¶p-ap-dnbm-b H-Sn-ª hnÃmbn’ tI-c-fw

    In-S-¶n-cp-¶ Ime v̄ t]mepw G-Io-̀ -hn-̧ n-̈ ssN-X-\y-am-Wv hm-

    sam-gn-¡-hn-XIÄ. tI-c-f-¯nse kmw-kv-¡mcn-I- sFIyw \n-e-\nÀ-

    ¯m³ kl-m-bn-¡p-¶ Nn-e B-i-b-§Ä ssI-sIm-«n-¡-fn-̧ m-

    Sn Im-Wmw. a[y-Xo-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn ]m-«p-¡-fn-¡p-¶ Cu-c-Sn-

    Ifn \n-¶v

    H-¶mw-Ip-¶nepw Hm-c-Sn-¡p-¶nepw

    Hm-c-Sn-¡-¶n-bmÀ ]m-e-\-t«-sX-¿w

    (AÂ-]-kzÂ-]w hy-Xym-k-t¯m-sS a-e-_mÀ ta-J-e-bnepw Im-Wp-

    ¶p)

    H¶mw Ip-¶nepw H-cp a-e-¡p-¶p-taepw

    H-cp \Ã a-¦-·mÀ ]m-e \«p

    F-¶n-§s\, Du-ªmÂ-̧ m-«p-I-fn {]-kn-²-am-b

    Ht¶-s\m-t¶w-t]mÂ,

    Hm-a-\-bm-bn ]n-d-¶m-\p-®n

    c-t−Â ct−-t]mÂ,

    Cu c-−p ho-«n h-fÀ-¶m-\p®n

    F-¶n§-s\ Ip-«nI-sf F-®w ]-Tn-̧ n-¡p-¶ ]m-«v t_m-[-\ amÀ-¤-

    ¯n k©cn¡p¶p. tbm-²m-hn-sâ B-ß-hocyw D-WÀ-̄ n-

    Ah-s\ A-¦-̄ -«n-te-bv-¡v \bn-¡m³ k-lm-bn-¡p-¶ Nn-e- h-cn-

    IÄ h-S-¡³ ]m-«n Im-Wmw.

    tN-tIm-·m-cm-bn P-\n-̈ p t]m-bmÂ

    hmÄ-I-W-bn tNm-dtÃm tN-tIm-·mÀ-¡v

  • 31

    A-¦w ]n-Sn-¡m-Xn-cp-¶p-Iq-Sm

    A-¦w ]n-Sn¨mte tNm-Im-\mIq!

    \-½p-sS {]-kn-Ôam-b Hm-W-̧ m-«p-I-fn H¶m-b “am-th-en-\m-Sp-

    hm-WoSpw Imew” k-a-Xz-kp-µ-cam-b H-cp Im-e-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ

    t_m-[-ap-−À-̄ -em-s¯-tÃm. IŸdbpw sN-dp-\m-gnbpw I-Å-

    ¯-c-§Ä a-säm-¶p-anÃm-¯ \m-Sv F-¶ k-tµ-iw DZvt_m-[n-̧ n-

    ¡p-I-bm-WtÃm B hm-sam-gn-¡-hnX.

    {]-Xo-ImßI-X: \m-K-̧ m-«p- tIÄ-¡p-t¼mÄ Xm-f¯n-s\m-̄ v \m-

    K-¡-f-§-fn-Â Dd§p-Xp-Åp-¶ kv-{Xo-IÄ {]-Xn-Im-ß-I-am-bn \m-

    K-ssZ-h§-sf B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡p-I-bm-W.v A-hÀ A-t_m-[-a-\-

    Ên kzbw \mK-§-fm-bn am-dp-Ibpw ]-e-t¸mgpw \mK¯n-sâ

    tN-ã-IÄ A-\p-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. _-en-IÀ-a-¯n-sâ ]-

    Ým-̄ e-hpw C¯-cw H-cp {]-Xn-Im-ß-I-k-¦Â-]-amWv. {]-Ir-Xn-

    bn-se k-ky-Pm-e-IÄ D−m-Ip-Ibpw \-i-n-¡p-Ibpw ho−pw D-

    −m-Ip-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ A-\p`-h-w B-Zn-a-a\p-jy-cp-sS A-t_m-[-

    a-\-Ên-ep-−m¡n-b {]-Xn-Im-ß-I-Nn- -́bn \n-¶v DÀ-Æ-c-X¡p-th-

    −n (Ferlility) ar-K-§-tfbpw a-\p-jy-sc-̄ -s¶bpw _en-

    sIm-Sp-¡p-¶ ‘IcpXn’ k-¦Â-]-̄ n-ep-ÅXv. H-cp sX-¿-¡m-c³

    sX-¿-am-bn am-dp-¶-Xn-sâ hnhn-[ L-«-§-fn tXm-äw-]m-«p-Ifpw

    ap-J-s¯-gp-̄ p-I-fp-saÃmw Xm³ {]-Xn-\m[w sN¿p¶ aqÀ-̄ n-

    bp-sS kz-̀ m-h-̄ n-te-¡v A-bm-sf B-\-bn-¡p¶p. tXm-äw-]m-

    «pIÄ Cu {]-Xo-I-hÂ-¡-cW-s¯ K-Wy-am-bn k-lm-bn-¡p¶p.

    sh-«-̄ p-\m-«n {]-Nm-c-̄ n-ep-Å `-K-h-Xn-bm-«n `-K-h-Xn-sb hn-

    fn-̈ p-WÀ-̄ p¶-Xv tXm-äw sIm-−m-Wv. 'sh-fn-̈ -¸mSv' F-¶ hm-

    ¡n X-s¶ ssZ-h-̄ n-sâ km-¶n²yw {]-Xy-£-am-Ip-¶p F-¶v {]-

    X-o-Im-ß-I B-i-b-am-Wv ap-¶n-«p - \n¡p-¶Xv.

  • 32

    hmsamhmsamhmsamhmsam----gngngngn-- -- IIII----hnhnhnhn-- --XXXX----IIII----fnfnfnfn-- --se kmse kmse kmse km----lnlnlnln-- --XobXXobXXobXXobX::::

    ]ZtbmP-\: hn-Zy-m-k-¼-\cm-b B-fp-IfÃ. \m-tSm-Sn-]m-«p-I-fp-sS

    \nÀ-½m-Xm¡Ä. A-Xn-\m X-s¶ hm-¡pIÄ, h-cnIÄ, hÀ-®-\-

    IÄ C-h-sbÃmw ]-e-t¸mgpw BhÀ-̄ n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. tI-

    «p ]Tn-¡p-¶ co-Xn-bm-b-Xn-\mÂ, HmÀ-̄ p-sh¡m-\p-Å ku-I-cy-

    ¯n-\p-th-−n ]-Z-§Ä A-ev-]-kz-ev-]w hy-Xym-k-t¯m-sS BhÀ-

    ¯n-¡p¶-Xv Im-Wmw.

    Xm-eo-]o-en-s]-®p-t−m?

    sN-dp-Xm-a-c-bm-tf s]-®pt−m

    Xm-en ]o-en s]-®nÃm

    sN-dp-Xm-a-c-bm-sf s]-®nÃm... (Xp-¼n-Xp-ÅÂ-]m«v)

    \m-S³-]m-«n ]-Zm-´y-̄ n ‘Cu-W-hpw’ D-̄ -c-]-Zm-́ y-̄ nÂ

    Xm§pw Nn-e \mS³-]m-«p-I-fn Im-Wmw.

    am-tXiz-c P-b am-tX-iz-cm...... (CuWw)

    am-tXiz-c P-b am-tXiz-c Hm-tlm...(Xm§v)

    {]m-tb-W-AÀ-° hy-à-X-bnÃm-̄ hm-bv-̄ m-cn-I-fp-sS {]tbm-

    Kw \m-S³-]m-«p-Ifn [m-cm-fw Im-Wmw.

    A-cb-c-tbm.... In-§n-Wnb-c-bctbm....

    \-½-I-−w....... Im-cI-−w

    Im-c-I-−w...... \-«n-Sp-th

    A-cb-c-tbm.... In-§n-Wnb-c-bctbm....

    Cu-W-̄ n-\v {]m-[m\yw \Â-Ip-¶-Xn-\m ]-e-t¸mgpw ]-Z-§Ä

    Ip-dp-¡epw hen¨p- \o-«epw km-[m-c-W-amWv.

    kq-cy-\p-Zn-̈ p I-t−..... Xm-cn-Xn-́ -tXmw

    t\-cw ]p-eÀ¶p-t]m-tb..... Xm-cn-Xn-́ -tXmw

    H-cp ]n-Sn-ªm-sd-Sp-t¯...... Xm-cn-Xn- -́tXmw

  • 33

    kw-Jym-hn-ti-j-W-§Ä tNÀ-¡p-¶ coXnIfpw ]m-«n Im-Wm-hp-

    ¶-XmWv.

    ]-Xn-\m-dm-bn-cw s]m-¶p ]m\

    ]-Xn-\m-dm-bn-cw ]m-\ sh-Ån]m\ (]m-\-̧ m«v)

    F-¶n§s\

    Ae¦m-c-IÂ-]-\: C-Xn-lm-k-Im-h-§-fn-sebpw ]p-cm-hr-̄ -§-fn-

    sebpw A-e-¦m-c-IÂ-]-\-I-fn ]-eXpw \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fn X-

    s¶ _o-P-cq-]-̄ n B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡-s -̧«-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. h-S-¡³-

    ]m-«n-se lr-Zyam-b hÀ-®-\-Ifn-sem-¶v B-tcm-a tN-I-h-sc-Ip-dn-

    v̈ D-Å-XmWv.

    Im-cn-cpÄ-s¡m-̄ ap-Sn-bg-Iv

    ]-©-an-N{µ-t\m-sSm-̄ s\-än

    F-¶p Xp-S-§p-¶ B tI-im-Zn-]m-Z-hÀ-®-\ hf-sc a-t\m-l-c-

    amWv. kp-µ-c-̀ m-h-§Ä Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw, Po-hn-X-̄ n-se

    \nÀ®m-b cw-K-§Ä Nn-{Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw \m-S³-I-hn-X-I-fnÂ

    k-Zr-i-IÂ-]-\-IÄ kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw.

    Ip-¶-̄ v sh-̈ hn-f¡p-t]m-se

    h-b-\m-S³ a-ªÄ ap-dn-̈ -t]mse

    i-co-c-̀ w-Kn-bp-Å-h-cm-Ws{X h-S-¡³-]m-«n-se ho-c-\m-bn-I-amÀ. Ir-

    jn-h-e-·m-cp-sS Hcp ]m-«n kq-cy N-{µ-·m-sc D-gp-Ip-¶ C-cp Im-

    f-I-fp-am-bn k-¦Â-]n¨p-sIm−pÅ H-cp k-Zr-i-IÂ-]-\ A-h-cp-

    sS kzXzw sh-fn-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶p.

    BXn-̈ ³ Im-tf he-̄ v sh¨pw

    N-́ n-c³ Im-tf C-S-̄ p sh¨pw

    ap-̈ m-ep -]q-«n a-dp-̈ m-ep-gph-¼w

    tN-dp-I-«bp-sam-Sbpw ]-cp-h-¯nÂ

  • 34

    C¯-cw A-e-¦-mc-I-Â-]-\-IÄ h-S-¡³-]m-«n [m-cm-fw {]-Xy-£-

    s -̧Sp-¶p−v. {]amWn k-aq-l-̄ n-sâ kzm-[o-\w A-Xn {]-Xn-̂ -en-

    ¡p-¶p-−m-hmw.

    Xmfw: Xm-f-hm-Zy-hm-Z-\-̄ n h-cp-¶ ]-Z-§-fm-Wv hÃn-\hpw saÃn-

    \-hpw. hÃn-\-̄ n \m-Zw X-Sn-̈ -XmWv. saÃn-\-̄ n t\À-̄ -Xpw.

    kw-Ko-X-im-kv-{X-̄ n-se cmKm-h-X-c-W-̄ n-\p-Å Xm-gv-Nbpw D-bÀ-

    ¨bpw hÃn-\-saÃn-\-§-fm-bn hy-h-l-cn-¡mw. hÃn-\-saÃn-\-t -̈cp-h-

    bnÃm-̄ G-Xp cm-Km-h-X-c-W-\-̄ n\pw `w-Kn-Ip-dbpw {]-]m-©n-

    I-hy-h-lm-c-§-fn-seÃmw C-u -hn-]-cn-X-Zz-µ-§-fp-sS kzm-[o-\w Im-

    Wmw. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn H-cp Iq-«w tNÀ-¶v B-e-]n-¡p-I-bm-Wv

    \m-S³-]m-«pIÄ.

    DZm: B-äpa-W-t½-te.... D-Wn-bmÀ¨

    Du-Wp I-gn-ªp.... D-d-¡-ambn

    F-¶v ap³-]m-«p-Im-cn ]m-Sp¶p. ho−pw aq³-]m-«p-Im-cn X-s¶ B-

    hÀ-̄ n-¡p¶p. ho−pw “B-äpw-a-W-t½-te” F-¶v A-h-km-\n-¡p-

    t¶S-̄ v sh-̈ v ]n³-]m-«p-ImÀ IqSp¶p. hm-bv̄ m-cn-bp-sS {]-

    tbm-Kw h-©n-̧ m-«nepw a-äp \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fnepw ImWmw.

    hmsam-gn-¡-hn-X-I-fn-se km-aq-ly-cm-{ão-b k-µÀ-̀ -§fpw hn-h-£-

    Ifpw

    Pm-Xob-X: hm-sam-gn-¡-hn-X-I-fn-se H-cp k-hn-ti-j-X, tI-c-f-̄ n-

    se Pm-Xn kaql¯n Hm-tcm-¶o-epw hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b B-Nm-c-

    §fpw kv-t{Xm-{X-co-Xn-Ifpw ImWs -̧Sp¶p F¶XmWv. ]m-W-

    ·mÀ. th-e-·mÀ, Ip-dhÀ, I-Wn-bm·mÀ, ]-dbÀ, kmw-_-hÀ

    XpS§n hy-Xykv-X hn-̀ m-K-§Ä-¡v am-{X-am-bn K-W-]-Xn-kv-XpXn, `-

    {Z-Imfn-kv-Xp-Xn Xp-S§n-b kv-Xp-Xn-Ifpw AÂ-]-kzÂ-]w hy-Xym-

    k-t¯m-sS cmam-b-Wm-Zn ]p-cm-W-§fpw Im-W-s¸-Sp¶p. DZm-l-

  • 35

    c-W-̄ n-\v th-e³ {]-hr-̄ n-sb-¡pdn¨p kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶ th-e-·m-cp-

    sS H-cp ]m-«n a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-\v A-kp-c-·mcn \n-¶p−m-b

    i{Xp-tZm-jw Xo-À-¡p-¶-Xn-\v th-e-\m-bn F-̄ nb-Xv a-tlm-iz-c-

    \mb-n-cp-¶-s{X. ]mWcp-sS ]m-«p-I-fn `q-cn-̀ m-Khpw ]q-cm-W-IY-

    Isf B-kv-]-Z-am-¡n-bp-Å-XmWv. B-Zn{Zm hn-U hw-i-P-cm-Wv

    ]mWÀ. C-hÀ hn-Sp-IÄ tXmdpw ]m-Sn \S-¶v D-]-Poh-\w I-gn-¨n-cp-

    ¶ H-cp {]-tXy-I-hn-̀ m-K-am-sW-¶v {]m-No-\-Ir-Xn-I-fn Im-Wp-¶p.

    ]mW-·m-cp-sS H-cp {]-[m-\am-b B-Nm-c-am-Wv Xp-bn-ep-WÀ-̄ ³

    Xp-bn F-¶m \n{Z F-¶m-WÀ°w. IÀ-¡n-S-I¯n-se D-Z-b-th-

    f-I-fn ]m-W-\pw ]m«n-bpw ({ioaXn) D-Sp¡p-sIm-«n {io `-K-h-Xn-

    tbbpw {io-\m-cm-b-tW-t\bpw ]-Ån-bp-WÀ-̄ p-I-bm-Wv F-¶m-

    Wv k-¦Â-]w. Xn-cp-h-c¦- v̄ ]m-W-\m-cpsS ({iocmKw) ]c¼-c-bm-

    sW-¶mWv ]m-W-·m-cp-sS hn-izmkw. {Xn-cp-¸m¬ B-gv-hÀ F-¶

    t]-cn Xan-gv-\m-«p-IÀ A-]-c-a`à-s\ B-Z-cn-¡p¶p. h-S-¡³-

    ]m-«p-I-fn ]-e k-µÀ-̀ -¯nepw ‘Pm-Xnb-X’ ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡-s -̧Sp-

    ¶p−v. Xo-¿-̄ nbm-b BÀ -̈sb ]pXp- tImew X-¼p-cm³ ]n-g-̧ n-

    ¨ I-Ybpw A-Xn-\v A-hÄ sNbv-X {]-Xn-Im-chpw I-cpw-]\-d-¼³

    I-®-s\-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]m-«n hn-kv-X-cn-¡p-¶p−v. ]mW-s\ Xp-W-

    Iq-«n t]m-Im³ ]-d-bp-t¼mÄ D-®n-bmÀ-̈ {]-Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-

    §s\.

    ]-−p-ta-R-§-fn tN-tIm-·m-cv

    A-½-tbm-tc-S-̄ v t]mIpw t\-cw

    AÑ-s\ Xp-W-Iq-«n t]m-bn-«p-Åp

    ]mW-s\ Np-W-Iq-«n t]m-bn-«nÃ.

    Cu hn-[-̄ n k-aq-l-̄ n \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ D-̈ þ\n-N-Xz-§-fpw

    P-Xy-̀ n-am-\hpw hm-sam-gn-¡-hn-X-I-fn {]-Xy-£-s -̧Sp-¶p−v.

  • 36

    A-[n-Imcw: km-¼-̄ n-Ihpw cm{ão-b-hp-am-bn A-[n-Im-c-ap-Å hn-

    `m-K-̄ n-sâ kzm[o-\w kzm-̀ m-hn-I-ambpw Io-gm-f-hn-̀ m-K-¯n-sâ Po-

    hn-X-co-Xn-I-fnepw B-Nm-c-§fnepw hn-izm-k-§-fnepw {]-Xn-̂ -en-

    ¡pw. \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS c-N-bn-Xm-¡-fpw Bkzm-Z-Icpw Xm-sg

    X-«n-ep-Å-h-cm-bn-cp¶p. A-Xm-Xp-Ime-s¯ {]-am-Wn-hÀ-¤-̄ nsâ

    kzm-[o-\-am-Wv \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fn {]-Xy-£-s -̧Sp-I. C-c-hn-¡p-«n-̧ n-

    Å-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]m-«n A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ a-c-W-̄ n-\v Imc-Ww

    C-S-̄ -d-t¸m-än F-¶ {]`p-hn-sâ hn-tZz-j-am-sW-¶v Im-Wmw. sX-

    ¡³-]m-«p-I-fn {]-kn-²am-b h-enb X¼n þ Ip-©p-X-¼n-¡-Y-

    bn amÀ-̄ m-Þ-hÀ-½-bp-am-bp-Å A-[n-Im-c-a-Õ-c-am-Wv B

    Zp-c- -́̄ n-\v Imc-Ww F-¶v Im-Wmw. N-cn-{X-̄ n Øm\w ]nSn-

    ¡m-̄ amÀ¯-Þ-hÀ-½bp-sS A-[n-Im-c-s¡m-Xn-bp-sS Nn-{X-

    amWv B ]m-«n sX-fn-bp¶Xv. A-Sn-bm-f-hn-̀ m-K-̄ n-\p ta X-

    ¼p-cm³ þ P-·n þ \-S-̧ n-em-¡p-¶ A-[n-Imc-KÀ-Æv ]-e \m-S³-]m-«p-

    I-fnepw kq-Nn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p−v. kq-tcym-Z-b-̄ n-\p ap-¼v X-¼p-

    cm³ h-¶v ]-Wn-bm-fpI-sf hn-fn-̈ n-d-¡p-¶ Hc-p ]m-«v A-[n-Im-c-i-

    àn-bp-sS ZpÀ-hn\n-tbm-Kw hy-à-am-¡p¶p.

    t\-cw h-f-sc-̧ p-ecpw ap-t¼

    X-¼p-cm³ h-¶p hn-fn-¡p-t¶

    Nn-¶-sIm-Sbpw I-d-¡n-̧ n-Sn-̈ v

    X-¼p-cm³ h-¶p-hn-fn-¡pt¶

    AXp-t]m-se X-s¶ ta-em-f³ hm-cw A-f-¡m³ h-cp-¶XpI-−v

    hnf-hv Ip-d-ª IÀj-IÀ ]-cn-{`-an-¡p¶p. A-[n-Im-c-tIm-bv-a-sb-

    ¡p-dn-¨p-Å `-bw A-Xn X-§n-\nÂ-¡p¶p.

    B-e¯-d-t]m-äo-s¶m-cp t]m-än-h-c-tW-bv

    Cu-sX-§n-S-I-−-̄ n-se hm-c-̄ n-\v h-c-tWbv

  • 37

    B-Nmcw: A-\p-jvTm-\w F-¶ hm¡p-sIm-−v kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶-Xv

    B-N-c-W-s¯bmWv. \mw \n-Xy-Po-hn-X-̄ n sN-¿p-¶ IÀ-½-§-

    fnÂ-]-eXpw B-Nm-c-amWv. PohnX-̄ n-sâ Xm-f-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-

    «p In-S-¡p-¶ B-Nm-c-§-fn ]-eXn-epw Gdnbpw Ip-dªpw I-

    em-wiw Im-W-s -̧Sp¶p. A-\p-ãm-\-{]-[m-\-am-Wv sX-¿-̄ nsâ

    Hmtcm N-e-\hpw apSn-sbm-cp-¡p-¶-XnÂ, ap-J-s¯-gp-¯nÂ, D-Sp-

    s¯m-cp-§enÂ, F¶p th− tXm-äp ap-d-bp-¶-Xnepw I-em-iw

    N-hn-«p-¶-Xn-ep-saÃmw {]tXy-Iam-b B-Nm-cw \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶p−v.

    “sX-¿-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v A-t\-Iw B-Nm-c-§fpw {h-X-N-cy-I-

    fp-ap−v” F-¶p tUm. Fw. hn hn-jv-Wp \-¼p-Xn-cn sX-¿-s¯-¡p-

    dn-̈ p-Å H-cp D-]-\ym-k-̄ n hn-h-cn-¡p¶p. sX-¿w D-d-bp-¶-Xn-\v

    ap¼v ‘I®m-Sn-bn t\m¡p-I’ F-¶ H-cp N-S-§p−v. tZ-h-X-bp-

    sS {]-Xo-Iam-b th-jwþ tIm-ew þ cq]w þ tIm-e-¡m-c³ t\-cnÂ

    I-−v X-·-bn-̀ mhw sIm-Åp-hm³ k-lm-bn-¡p-¶ H-cp N-S-§m-

    WnXv. tI-c-f-̄ n-se ]-e ]-e Pm-Xn-IÄ-¡n-S-bnepw \n-e-\n-¶-cp-¶

    H-cp BNm-c-am-Wv Xm-en-sI-«p-IÃymWw. ]-Ån-̧ m-\-bp-am-bn _-

    Ô-s -̧«v ‘Ipgn¼en’ F¶ H-cm-Nm-cw D-−m-bn-cp¶p. H-cp the-s\

    ]-t¨m-e-bn s]mXnªp sI-«n ap¶Sn Xm-gv-N-bp-Å H-cp Ip-gn-

    bn-Â Cd-¡n ]e-I-sIm-−v aq-Sn ao-sX a-®n-«v aqSp¶p. aqt¶-ap-

    ¡m \mgn-I I-gn-bp-t¼mÄ A-\p-{K-ln-¡-s¸-«v the³ ]-e-I

    X«n ]pd-̄ v h-cp-¶p. C-§n-s\ hn-Nn-{Xam-b ]-e B-Nm-c-§fpw

    I-Wn-bm-·mÀ, ]pe-bÀ Xp-S§n-b Pm-Xn-hn-̀ m-K-§-fnepw Im-Wmw.

    {]-Ir-Xn-bm-cm[-\: DÀ-Æ-c-]p-P-bp-sS H-cp `m-K-am-Wv {]-Ir-Xn-bm-

    cm[-\. tN-X-\Xzw B-tcm-]n-¡s -̧Sp-¶ `pan, shÅw, Imäv, A-án,

    B-Im-iw Xp-S-§n-b-h-sbÃmw Bcm-[y-§-fmWv.

    ta-em-I-m-iw Io-gv-̀ q-an-tbbpw

  • 38

    Rm-t\ D-Ån \n-d-̈ v

    ta-em-I-m-iw Io-g]q-an-tbbpw

    Rm-t\ h-W-§p¶p.

    s]m-¦m-e, s]m¦Â, D-̈ m-c-th-e, I-ewI-cn C-h-sbÃmw {]-Ir-Xym-cm-

    [-\-bn DÄs -̧Sp¶p. {]-Ir-Xym-cm-[-\-bn {]msb-W `uXn-I Zm-

    cnZyw kq-Nn-¸n-¡-s¸-«p-¶p−v. {]m-No-\amb H-cp B-cm[-\m co-Xn-

    bm-Wv hr-£m-cm[-\. _p²þssP-\-aX¡mcpw hr-£§-sf B-

    cm-[n-̈ n-cp¶p. hr-£§-sf tZ-h-Xm-ßm-hm-bn I-cp-Xn-t¸m-cp¶p.

    t_m-[n-hr-£w _p-²-a-X-̄ n-se H-cp k-¦Â-̧ -amWv. {]-Ir-Xym-cm-[-

    \-bn \n-¶m-Wv a-\p-jy-sâ _nw-_-IÂ-̧ -\-bpw cq-]-s -̧«-sX-¶v

    \-c-hw-i -im-kv-{X-ÚÀ hn-iz-kn-¡p¶p. _nw-_-§-fn G-ä-hpw

    ]g-¡w ar-K-_nw-_-§Ä-¡mWv. Imf, ]-ip Xp-S-§n-bh-sb ]-e a-

    X-§-fnepw B-cm-[n-¡p¶p. Nn-d-Ip-Å Ip-Xn-c-Isf-¡p-dn-¨p-Å

    k-¦Â-]w ]e tKm-{X-hn-̀ m-K-§Ä-¡n-S-bnepw Im-Wmw. `m-c-X-

    ¯n \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ A-iz-ta-[w H-cp kq-cym-cm-[\--cq-]-a-m-bn-

    cp¶p- kq-cy-s\ IpXn-c-bp-sS cq-]-̄ n-Â ImÀ-jn-I-tZ-h-X-bm-bn

    k-¦Â-]n-̈ n-cp¶p. C-́ y-bn-se Gähpw {]-kn-²am-b kq-cym-cm-[-\

    a-{´-am-WtÃm Km-b-{Xn.

    a-XmßI-X: H-cp k-aq-l-¯n-sâ a-Xm-ß-I-X, B A-h-cp-sS B-

    cm[m-\ hn-izm-k-§-fn-te-¡v DZv-{K-Yn-¡-s -̧« L-SI-§-tfm-Sp-IqSn-

    b A-\p-jvTm-\-§-fp-sSbpw Bßnb-X-bp-sS-bpw k-©-b-amWv.

    {]-No-\-k-a-q-l-̄ n \n-e-\n-¶n-cp¶ tIm-ew Xp-Å-epw, tIm-a-cw-

    Xp-Å-epw, B-̀ n-Nm-c-IÀ-½-§fp-sam-s¡ a-X-k¯-¡v shfnbnem-

    sW-¦nepw P-\-§-fp-sS a-X-Po-hn-X-hp-am-bn A-t`-Zy-_-Ô-am-Wp-

    ÅXv. B-Zy-Im-e-k-ap-Zm-b-§-fn tKm-{X-_-Ôhpw c-à-_-

    Ôhpw i-à-am-bn-cp¶p. IpSp_-§sfbpw `qKm-{X-§-tfbpw

    X-½n-en-W-¡p-¶ {]-[m-\-LS-Iw s]m-Xp Bcm[\bmbn-cp¶p.

  • 39

    hnhn[ tKm-{X-§-fp-sS B-cm-[-\m-co-Xn-IÄ ]cn-tim-[n-̈ mÂ

    Ahs¡Ãmw s]m-Xphm-b Nn-e [À-½-§-fp-s−-¶p Im-Wmw. B-

    Xy-́ n-I-am-bn a\pjy-\v B-ß-hn-izm-kw \Â-Ip-Ibpw FÃm

    ssNX-\y k-¦Â-]-§fpw H-Sp-hn A-ssZz-X-̄ n-tebv-¡mWv -Du-

    ¶Â sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-sX¶pw Im-Wmw. “aqe¡n-g-§n-\p aq-¶tÃm

    h-Ån, aq-e¯n-sem-s¡ ]SÀ-¶p-Å h-Ån” F-¶p \m-S³ Km-\w

    B²ymßn-I Nn-́ -bp-sS kmc-kÀ-Æ-kz¯nse-Im-Wv \-s½-

    F¯n-¡p¶Xv. ln-µp-¡Ä-¡n-S-bn am-{X-aà {In-kv-Xp-aX¯nÂ-

    s -̧«- hn-izm-kn-Ifpw tI-c-f-¡-c-bn ]−p-ap-X X-s¶ a-X-

    hntij§fpam-bn _-Ô-s -̧« ]-eX-cw Km-\-§Ä ]mSmdp−v.

    ‘amÀ-¤w Ifn¸m«v’ amÀ-t¯m-a C-´y-bn h-¶Xpw ln-µp-IÄ

    {InkvXpa-Xw kzo-I-cn-¨Xpw aäpw hÀ-®n-¡p¶p.

    hnhnhnhn-- --iiii----ZZZZ----]T]T]T]T----\\\\----¯n¯n¯n¯n\\\\vvvv

    1. Ip-d¯n-tXmäw: h-S-¡³ tI-c-f-̄ n-se ]p-e-b-cp-sS Ip-d¯n-

    tXm-äw \n-gÂ- Ip-̄ p-I-Y {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶p. ]m-Þh-sc \-in-̧ n-

    ¡m³ \n-gÂ-Iq-̄ v F-¶ B-̀ n-Nm-c-IÀ½w sN-¿-W-sa-¶v Zp-tcym-

    [-\³ Ip-d-h·m-tcm-Sv B-h-iy-s -̧Sp-Ibpw A-Xn \n¶v H-gn-

    ªp-am-dm³ AhÀ {i-an- -̈t¸mÄ Zp-tcym-[-\³ B- ZpÀ-a-{´-hm-Zn-

    sb h[n¡m-s\m-cp-§p-Ibpw H-Sp-hn \n-gÂ-Iq-̄ n ]m-Þh-

    sc tam-l-e-ky-s -̧Sp-̄ p-Ibpw Imcyw {K-ln-̈ Ip-d-¯n A-Xn-\v

    {]-Xn-{In-b sN-bv-Xv \n-gÂ-Ip-̄ v am-äp-Ibpw ]m-Þ-h-·m-sc ]p-\-

    cp-Önhn-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶-Xpam-b ]p-X-hr¯w \m-S³- ]mc-

    ¼-cy-̄ n {]-Jym-X-amWv. alm-̀ mc-Xw I-Y-bp-sS A-]-{`w-i-cq-]-

    §Ä C¯-cw \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fn ]e-Xnepw C-Xn-hr-¯-am-bn kzo-

    I-cn-¡-s -̧«n-«p−v. ]p-e-b-cp-sS tk-hm aqÀ-̄ n-I-fn H-¶m-Wv Ip-

  • 40

    d-̄ n. Cu tk-hm aqÀ-̄ -nsb A-[o-\-̄ n-em-¡n X-sâ B-Úm-

    \-hÀ-̄ n-bm-¡m³ I-gn-ª Im-cn-bm-Wv ]p-en-a-dª sXm-−-

    ¨³ F¶ t]-cn B-cm-[n-¡-s -̧Sp-¶Xv. a-{X-aqÀ-̄ n-I-fnepw B-

    `n-Nm-c-IÀ-½-§-fnepw hn-izm-k-ap-Å-h-cm-bn-cp-¶ D-¯-c-tI-c-f-

    ¯n-se ]p-e-b-À A-Xyq-¶-c tI-c-f-̄ n-sâ kmw-kv-¡m-cn-Ihpw

    km-aq-ln-Ihpw km-ap-Zm-bn-I-hpam-b Im-cy-§Ä {K-ln-¡-hm³

    sX-¿-tXm-ä-§Ä k-lm-b-§-fmWv. {]-à-\ Ime-s¯ P-\-§-

    fp-sS B-Nm-c§Ä. B-cm[-\m ssh-hn-[y§Ä, A-\p-jvTm-\-

    §Ä Xp-S-§n-b-h-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å hnhc§Ä A-h \Â-Ip¶p.

    2. I-cn-bm ]-Wn¡-sâ Nn-jy¯wþ sN-§-ap-cm-Xn-bn-se B-ZyJ-

    Þwþ am-Wn¡w s]®v þ B-th-ZI þ a-dn-b½ tPm¬ þ I-gn-

    ª H-cp Z-i-I-̄ n-\p-Ån-em-Wv Ip-«-\m-«n-se Io-gm-f-hÀ-¤-̄ n-sâ

    C-S-bn k-Pn-h-am-bn \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶ ho-tc-Xn-lm-k-§Ä ]-eXpw

    P-\-{i-²-bn-se-̄ n-bXv. kmw-¼-cp-sS ]m-«p-I-sfÃmw X-s¶

    ]S¸m«p-I-fmWv. Ah-bn G-ähpw hen-b I-Ym-Km-\-am-Wv N-§-

    \q-cm-Xn-̧ m-«v Ip«\m-«n-se ]m-«p-ImÀ Gsd XÂ-]-cy-t¯m-sS ]m-Sn

    tIÄ-̧ n-¡m-dpÅ-Xv Ip¶-hw s]-®n-s\bpw ]m-ep-hw s]-®n-

    t\bpw sIm-−p-h-¶ I-Y-I-fmWv. I-Ym-\m-b-I\m-b B--Xn-¡v

    Gäpap-t«-−n h¶-Xv k-aq-l-̄ n-se A-\n-Xn-I-tfmSpw a-äp-Å-h-cp-

    sS Al½Xn-tbmSp-am-Wv. B-b-Xn-\m k-aq-l-Pnhn-X-̄ n \n-

    ¶v am-än \nÂ-̄ m-hp-¶ H¶Ã BXnbp-sS kw-̀ -h-_-lp-eam-b Pn-

    hnXw. \m«p-sam-gn-bn-ep-Å Cu ho-c-I-Ym-Km-\-̄ n {]-[m-\-ambpw

    aq-¶p `m-K-§-fp−v. ]m«v, ho-c-N-cnXw, I-Ym-Jym-\w F-¶n-h. C-h aq-

    ¶n-sâ-bpw a-t\m-l-cam-b tNcp-h N-§-\q-co-Xn-bn Im-Wmw.

    ]m«v: ]m-«n-sâ ku-µ-cyw, N-Sp-eam-b kw-̀ m-j-W-§-fnepw a-[p-c-am-

    b Cu-W-§fnep-amWv. ]-−p-Im-e-§-fn N-cn-{Xhpw im-kv-{X-hp-

    saÃmw hm-sam-gnbn-em-bXp-sIm-−pX-s¶ A-Xn-sâ Nn-«-h-«-§Ä

  • 41

    ]m-en¨p-sIm-t− F´pw ]-IÀ-¶p \Â-Im³ I-gnbq. h-àm-hn-

    sâ CuWw, B-Jym-\-ssien, t{im-Xm-hn-sâ B-Jym-\-]-cnN-bw

    FÃmw hm-sam-gn C-Xnlm-k hn-\n-a-b-̄ n {]-[m-\-amWv. sNmÂ

    h-Sn-hn-sâ NmcpX-bm-Wv \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS {][m-\ B-IÀ-

    jWw. Ip«-\m-«n-se ]m-«p-Iq«mbvabp-sS ]-cn-Nn-X-hr-¯-am-Wv N-

    §-\q-cm-Xn-bn Im-Wp-¶Xv. I-gn-ª H-cp \päm-−m-bn tI-c-f-

    ¯n-se hm-sam-gn-¡-hn-X-I-sf-¡p-dn-̈ v [m-cm-fw NÀ-̈ -IÄ \-S-¶n-«p-

    s−¦nepw N-§-\q-cm-Xn-bp-sS X\n-a k-an-]-Im-e-̄ m-Wv ]T-\-hn-

    t[-b-am-Ip-¶Xv. hmsam-gn-km-Zn-Xy-̄ n h-en-̧ w sIm−pw km-ln-

    Xy-̀ wKn -sIm−pw ap-¶n-«p \n¡p-¶-Xm-Wv N-§-\q-cm-Xn-bmWv.

    Np-cp-¡w Nn-e hm-sam-gn-km-ln-Xy-IrXnIÄ¡v am{X-ta C-{Xbpw

    th-tcm-«w Im-Wp-I-bpÅq. N-§-\q-cm-Xn-bp-sS ssPh-h-fÀ¨sb

    C-©n am-Xr-I-sb-¶m-Wv tUm-ÎÀ k-¡dn-b A-̀ n-{]m-b-s -̧«p-¶Xv.

    `q-an-¡-Sn-bn C©n-h-fÀ¶p. C-©n-bp-sS G-Xv `mK- v̄ \n¶pw

    ap-f-s]m-«mw. ‘C©n-am-Xr-I’bpsS Cu ssP-h- ]-cn-Wm-a-am-Wv C-

    Xn-sâ {]-tXyI-X. hy-Xy-kv-Xcmb B th-Z-I-cn-eq-sS hy-Xykv-X

    ]mT-§Ä kzo-I-cn¨p-sIm-−v A-Xp h-fÀ¶p.

    I-Ym-Jym\w: N-cn-{X-hpw an¯pw ]p-cm-Whpw Iq-Sn I-eÀ-¶ H-cp

    k-¦oÀ-®-ta-J-e-bm-WXv. I-Ym-km-cw C-§n-s\ ]-−v ]-−p X-s¶

    tIÄ-hn tI-« I-f-cn-bm-Wv sN§-\qÀ-¡-fcn. sN§-\q-c-¸\pw A-

    ½¡pw H-cp a-I-\p-−mbn. Ah-s\ sN-§-¶q-¡p-sª-¶v hn-

    fn¨p. A-h³ H-cp Znh-kw apä-s¯ ap-−-h-cn-¹m-hn-sâ Np-h-«nÂ

    Ifn¨p-sIm-−n-cp¶p. A-½bpw A-̧ \pw ‘]-Sn-h-gn-Ip-Sn-h-gn’ (X-

    ¼p-cm-·m-cp-sS ho-«p-]-Sn¡Â) t]m-bn-cn-¡p-I-bmWv. A-§n-s\

    sN-§-\q-cm-Xn I-fn¨p-sIm-−n-cp-¶-t¸mÄ H-cp I-cn-bm-̄ ³ ]p-

    Åp Xmg-̄ v ho-Wp. (hn-Zybpw ]T-\-̄ nepw acp¶n\pw a-{´-

    ¯n\pw hn-cp-X\m-b I-Wn-bm-]-Wn-¡-\m-bn-cp-¶p ]p-Ån-sâ th-

  • 42

    jw [-cn-̈ p h-¶-Xv. \m-«p-Np-än-¡m-Wm³ Xm³ ]Tn-¨ hn-Zybn-

    sem¶m-b BÄam-dm-«w \S¯n I-cn-bm-W³ ]pÅn-sâ th-jw [-

    cn-̈ p. hn-i¸pw Zm-lhpw sIm-−v £o-Wn-Xm-\m-b-Xn-\m sN§-

    \qÀ ap-−-¡-̧ mS-̄ v sIm-bv-̄ v I-gn-ª h-c-¼n-sâ a-d-hn-encp-

    ¶p hn-«n-en-t\bpw ]p-gp-hn-t\bpw sIm-̄ n-Xn¶p. I-cn-bm-̄ ³

    ]p-Åp ]d-¶-t]m-Ip¶-Xp I−n-cp-¶ sN-dn-bm-̄ ³ ]p-Åp ]pd-

    sI Iq-Sn I-cn-bm¯-s\ \m-©n-sb-Sp-̄ v sIm¯n Xn-¶m³ h-

    epXm-b h·-cw t\m-¡n sN-§-\q-s]-cp-apä-̄ v ap-−-h-cn-¡-

    ¹mhn sIm-−p-sh-̈ v N-hn-«n-̧ n-Sn-̈ v sIm-̄ n-Xn-¶m³ Xp-S§-th

    ]n-Sn ]ng¨p Xmsg ho-W-Xm-Wv B-Xn-bp-sS A-Sp-¡Â ho-WI-cn-

    bm-̄ ³ ]pÅv) Hm-Sn-sN-t¶-Sp-̄ v sN-§-¶q-cm-Xn A-̧ -s\-bpw

    A-½-bp-sSbpw A-Sp-¡Â sIm-−p-h¶p. \ob-Xn-s\ I-f-bp-I,

    ]m-]w ssI-t¿-s¡-sÃ-¶v A-½ ]-dªp. C-Xp tI-«v A-h³ I-c-

    bp¶-Xv I-−-t¸mÄ A-̧ ³ \o-b-Xn-s\ h-fÀ-̄ -W-sa-¶v ]-

    dªp. am-{X-aà hnSn-en-t\bpw ]p-gp-hn-t\bpw Xo-ä -sIm-Sp-¡-W-

    sa¶pw Ip-̧ -¡p-Sn-aª-fp ]dn¨p-sIm-−v Ac-̈ v ap-dn-hn ]pc-«n

    ap-dn-hp-W-¡-W-sa¶pw ]-dªp. A-̧ ³ ]£n-¡ncn¡m³ IqSpw

    h-f-̈ p-sIm-Sp¯p. A-̧ ³ ]-d-ªXp-t]m-se B-Xn sNbvXp

    \m-fp-IÄ I-gn-ª-t¸mÄ A-̧ ³ a-cn¨p. H-cn-¡Â A-½-

    bp-sS A-Sp-̄ v h-¶v I-cn-bm³ ]-Wn-¡³ F-¶ I-cn-bm-¯³ ]p-

    Åv ]-dªp. “Rm³ C-hn-sS h-¶n-«v Im-ew ]e-Xp I-gnªp. F-

    s¶ c-£n-̈ -Xn-\p ]-I-c-am-bn Rm³ ]Tn-̈ hn-Zy-IÄ apgp-h³ sN-

    §-\p-¡p-ªn-s\ ]Tn-̧ n-¡Ww. F-¶n-s«-\n-s¡-sâ \m-«n¶p-

    t]mIWw. I-f-cn-sI«-−. H-ä-]p-̄ ³, Z£n-W Xc-−. B-im³

    ]Sn -̧Ww X-cn-Ibpw th-−. a-sämcpw A-dn-b-cp-sX-¶v am-{Xw.”

    sN-§-\q-cm-Xnbpw A-½bpw A-Xv k-½-Xn¨p. B-Xn Z£n-W

    h¨p. I-f-cn-]-c-tZh-sc {]mÀ-°n-̈ p ]T\w B-cw-̀ n¨p. A-£-c-hn-

  • 43

    Zybpw B-bp-[-hn-Zybpw a-cp¶pw a{´hpw FÃmw ]Tn¨p. B-Xn-

    bp-sS Kp-cp Z-£n-W-kwb- v̄ B-im³ H-cp {]-tXy-I-Imcyw ]-

    dªp. “]-Xn-s\-«p-I-f-cnbpw \o P-bn-¡pw, ]-s¯m-¼-Xma-s¯

    I-f-cn-bn \o-sâ A-́ y-ambn-cn-¡pw. AXp-sIm−v A-hn-sS \o

    t]m-I-cpXv. H-cp I-f-cn-bnepw F-sâ t]-cp sNmÃ-cpXv. A-Xv \n-sâ

    A-́ y-̄ n-\v Im-c-W-am-Ipw. A-¦-̄ n-\v F-s¶ a-\-Ên hn-Nm-cn-

    ¨m ]Xnäms-f-Icn-̄ n (]-̄ mÄ s]m-¡-̄ nÂ) Rm³ D-−m-

    Ipw.” C§s\ ]d-ªv Bim³ Kpcp-Øm-\hpw \mÂ-In kz-

    ´w \m-«n\p-t]mbn.

    \m-SIo-b kw-̀ m-j-W-§Ä I-Ym-Jym-\-̄ n-\v \Â-Ip-¶ N-

    Sp-e-X F-Sp-̄ p ]d-tb-−-XmWv. I-cn-bm-̄ ]p-Ån-sâ th-jw [-

    cn-̈ I-cnbmw ]-Wn-¡³ sN-§-¶q-cm-Xn-bp-sS A-½-tbm-Sv X-sâ

    Po-hnX-I-Y hn-kv-X-cn-¡p-¶ `m-Kw {i-²n-¡p-I.

    A-s½-sb-s¶-b-dntªm A-t½ sN-§-¶pA-t½

    A-½-sb-s¶-b-dn-ªnÃ-t½ sN-§-¶pA-t½

    Rm³ H-cp \m-em-sf-t¸m-se \-S-¶-h-\m-tW

    \n-§-sf-t¸m-se Rm\pw \-S-¶-h-\mtW

    XpSÀ-¶v I-cn-bmhp-tIm-«-bn X-\n-¡v I-fn-cn-bp-t−-¶pw. Xm\pw

    a-¡fpw a-cp-a¡fpw Ip-Spw-_-§-fp-am-bn Po-hn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶pw sh-

    fn-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶p. H-cp \m-sSm-Sn-bmb hmMva-b-̄ n-sâ Nmcp-X \n-d-

    ªp-\nÂ-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv ]-e ]-e k-µÀ-̀ -§-fpw. sN§-\q-c-̧ ³

    sIm-̈ p-]I-s\ B-iz-kn-̧ n-¡p-¶ hm-¡p-I-fn hm-Õeyw X-§n

    \nÂ-¡p¶p.

    F-́ p ]nW-ªp F-sâ s]m³ aI-s\

    C-sXt´m F-́ m-Wp-tb-Sm s]m-¶p-aI-s\

    CsX-s´m-cp ]£n-]n-dm-sh-Sm s]m³-aI-s\

    C-sX-s´m-cp ]-£n-]n-dm-th-Sm s]m³-aIs\

  • 44

    \n-tj-[hpw A-Xn-sâ hn-e-¡w {]mtb-W FÃm hm-sam-gn-¡-Y-I-

    tfbpw kzm-[n-\n-¡p-¶p−v. X-t¨m-fn-H-tX-\³ I-−À ta-\h-sâ

    tIm-« Im-Wm³ ]p-d-s -̧Sp-t¼mÄ tIm-a- -̧Ip-dp- v̧ X-Sbp¶-¶p−v

    C-hn-sS I-cnbmw ]-Wn¡³- ]-Xn-s\-«p-I-f-cn-bnepw \o P-bn¡pw F-

    ¶m ]-s¯m-¼-Xma-s¯ I-f-cn-bn t]m-I-cp-sX-¶v hn-e-

    ¡p¶p. B hn-e-¡n-s\ \n-tj-[n-̈ -Xm-Wv B-Xn-bp-sS Zp-c- -́Im-

    cWw. I-Ym-\m-bI-sâ Pbhpw tXmÂ-hn-bp-saÃmw \n-Ý-bn-¡p¶-

    Xv Kp-cp-I-Sm-£-am-sW-¶v C-Xn-lm-k-hyJym-\-amWv C-hn-sS Im-

    Wp-¶Xv.

    ho-c-N-cnXw: s]m-Xp-sh sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnepw ho-cmcm-[m-\bpw Zp-

    c-́ -hp-am-Wv {][m-\ C-Xn-hr¯w, N-§-\q-cm-Xn-bp-sS c-N-\m-inÂ-

    ]-̄ nepw B ho-c-]-cn-th-jw Im-Wmw. A-am-\p-j-i-àn-bp-sS k-

    lm-b-t¯m-sS A-sÃ-¦n ho-cm-w-K-\-§-fp-sS B-ßmÀ-°am-b

    ]n³-Xp-W-tbm-sS Po-hn-X-¯n-se hn-j-a-L-«§-sf Xc-Ww

    sN¿p¶ B-Jym-\ hn-ti-j-§-fm-Wv \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fn Im-Wp-

    ¶Xv. ]-g-b\m-tSm-Sn-Km-\-§-fnepw I-em-{]-I-S-\-§-fnepw A-

    ct§dn-b ho-c-\m-b-I-·m-cm-Wv ]nÂ-¡me¯v {io-cm-a-\pw, `o-a-

    t\bp-sam-s¡-bm-bn C-Xn-lm-k-§-fn Øm-\w ]n-Sn -̈Xv F-¶v H-

    cp hm-Z-ap−v. sN-§-\q-cm-Xn-sb-t¸m-se Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ H-cp {]-

    [m-\-̀ m-Kw cWm-¦-W-§-fn I-gn-¨p-Iq-«n-b-h-cm-Wv \-½p-sS ]qÀ-

    Æ-kq-cnIÄ, AXp-sIm-−p Xs¶ I-f-cn A-¦-§fpw tXmÂ-

    hnbpw hn-P-b-hp-saÃmw B B-Jym-\-̄ n-sâ {][m\-̀ m-K-am-bn

    Xo˦p.

    3. X-¼p-cm\pw ]p-e-bnbpw : IÀj-I-Po-hn-X-̄ n-sâ B-Ëm-Zhpw

    B-i-ss\-cm-iy-§fpw th-Z-\-Ifpw hn-j-a-§fpw Xp-Sn-̈ p \nÂ-

    Ip-¶-h-bm-Wv Ir-jn-̧ m-«pIÄ. ]-̄ p-]d¡W-̄ n-sâ X-e-̧ p-e-

    bnbm-b H-cp ‘s]-®msf’ Xp-dn-¨p t\m-¡n-\nÂ-Ip-¶ X¼qcm-sâ

  • 45

    e¼-S-kz-̀ mh-s¯ ]-tcm-£-am-bn ]-cn-lm-kn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv Cu

    Km\w. Xs¶ t\m-¡n \nÂ-¡m-sX k-a-b-sa-´m-bn F-¶v t\m-¡n-

    \n-Ý-bn-¡-W-sa-¶m-Wv X-¼p-cm-sâ hÃm¯ t\m-«-̄ n A-k-

    l-\o-b-X A-\p-̀ -h-s¸-Sp-¶ X-e-¸pe-bn Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. t\-cw

    G-I-tZiw C-cp-«m-bn Xp-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. A-hÄ-¡v tPm-en A-

    h-km-\n-̧ n-̈ v am-S-̄ n-te-bv-¡v t]m-Im-\p-Å-Xn-Sp-¡-ambn. X-s¶ X-

    s¶ t\m-¡n-\nÂ-¡m-sX t\tc-tNm-tÆ- Zr-ãn-bp-d-¸n-¡m-\m-Wv A-

    hÄ B-h-iy-s¸Sp¶Xv. F-¶m ‘\b-\-t`m-K’-̄ n Xr-]v-Xn-h-

    cm¯ B sIm-̈ p-X-¼q-cmI-s« \n\¡v F-́ m-Wn-{X [r-Xn F-¶m-

    Wv tNm-Zn-¡p-¶Xv. ]-̄ p-]-d-¡-W-̄ n-sâ Xe¸p-e-bn-bmb- X-\n-

    ¡p t\-cw ssh-Ip-I-bmWv. I-fn-X-am-i-IÄ ]-d-ªp \nÂ-¡m³

    kabanÃ. tam-Sn-bp-Å Xn-cp-h-\-́ -]p-cw I-{Xn-I-sIm-−v ]p-Ibn-e

    A-cn-ªv ckn¡p-bm-Wv B sIm-̈ p-X-¼p-cm³. F¶m i-co-cw

    ap-gp-hm³ tN-cn I-fn-̈ p \nÂIp-¶ A-h-tfm-Sv tN-dp-If-ªv,

    s\Ãp-Ip¯n, I-ªn-sh-̈ p X-cm-\m-Wm-h-iy-s -̧Sp-¶Xv. IÂ-]n-̈ v

    Iq-«n Ah-sf X-sâ k-ao-]- v̄ \nÀ-̄ n kÃ-]n-¡m-\m-Wv X¼q-cm-

    sâ B-{Klw. F-¶m X-¼q-cm-sâ A[oImc-taml-s¯ t\-cn-

    s«-XnÀ¡m³ I-gn-bm¯ B ]p-e-bn-s¸-®v t\-cw Ip-sd-bm-tb-¶

    Imc-Ww ]d-ªv Hgn-ªp amdpI-bmWv. ^yq-UÂ ]-cm-¼-cy-

    ¯n -can-¨p \nÂ-Ip-¶ H-cp sIm¨pX¼q-cm-sâ Im-am-k-àn-¡v

    h-gn-s¸-Sm-sX X-tâ-S-t¯m-sS A-Xn-s\ FXnÀ¯p \nÂ-¡p¶p.

    Hcp-X-e-̧ p-e-bn-bp-sS Nn-{Xn-I-c-W-am-Wv Cu Km\w. ]Ie´n-tbm-

    fw ]-Wn-sb-Sp-̧ n-̈ v I-ã-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn-\v ]pd-sa X-¼pcm-·m-cp-sS

    amwk-Zm-l-̄ n-sâ ap³-]n ]-X-dn-\nÂ-t¡-−n h-cp-¶ A-Sn-a-hÀ-

    ¤-̄ n-sâ t\À¡m-gv-N-bm-Wv \m-an-hn-sS Im-Wp-¶Xv.

  • 46

    Bäp-a-W-t½Â D-®n-bmÀ-¨ AÃn-a-eÀ Im-hn Iq-̄ v Im-Wm³

    t]m-Ip-¶ I-Yþ ]q-̄ p-cw ]m-«n \n-¶v k-¼m-Z-I³ tUm. sI.

    {io-Ip-amÀ

    H-cp Znh-kw cm-{Xn, D-®n-bmÀ-̈ `À-̄ r-hoSm-b B-äp-a-W-

    t½Â, A-̄ m-gw Ign-ªv D-d-§m³ In-S¶p. A-t¸m-gm-Wv AÃn-

    a-eÀ-¡m-hn-se Iq-̄ n-s\-¡p-dn¨pw A-¿-¸³ Im-hn-se-hn-f-¡n-s\-

    Ip-dn¨pw kz-]v-\w Im-Wp-¶Xv. A-Sp-̄ Znh-kw {]`mX-¯n ]p-

    eÀ-s¨ F-gp-t¶-äv A-Sn-X-fn-sbÃmw I-gn-ªv- \mep-sI-«n-\I-̄ v

    Ib-dn G-cp-Zm-l-I-ªn-¡m-bn Ip-dnb-cn I-gp-In A-Sp-̧ -̄ n«p.

    ]n-s¶ Ip-ªn-cmasâ ]n-Xmhm-b A-ѳ In-S-¡p-¶ ap-dn-bp-sS

    ap³-]n sN-¶v AÑ-s\ hn-fn-̈ p-WÀ-̄ n Imcyw [-cn-¸n-¡p¶p.

    B-äp-a-W-t½-en-te-¡v hn-hm-lw I-gn-̈ p sIm-−p-h¶-Xn-\p-ti-jw

    C-Xph-sc A-hÄ ]p-c-hn-«v ]p-d-t¯-¡n-d-§n-bn-«nÃ. C-¶v AÃn-

    aeÀ-¡m-hn Iq-̄ v Im-Wm\pw A-¿-̧ ³ Im-hn-se hnf-¡v Im-

    Wm\pw A-hÄ-¡v t]m-IWw. \o B-sc Iq-«n XpW-¡v s]m-Ipw?

    A-ѳ F-XnÀ-hm-Z-sa-Sp-̄ n«p. `À¯mhm-b Ip-ªn-cma-\p ]p-

    Xp-tÈ-cn-bn ]-W-]-b-än-\v t]m-IWw, B-bn-cw ]W-¯n ]b-äv

    XpS-§n \nÀ-̄ p-t¼mÄ B-bn-c-s¯m-¶v ]-Ww In-«pw. AXp-

    sIm−v Ah-\p Xp-W-bv-¡v t]m-Im³ ]-änÃ. am-{X-aà tPm-\-IÀ

    ]pf-̈ v \-S-¡p-¶ \m-K-]p-c-¯-§m-Sn-bn Iq-Sn t]m-Ip¶-Xv B-]-

    ¯mWv. hn-ti-j¨pw \n-s¶-t¸m-se kp-µ-cn-Ifm-b kv-{XoI-sf I-

    −m A-hÀ tI-dn-̧ n-Sn-̈ v aq -̧sâ am-fn-Ibn-se¯n¡pw. A-Xv

    tI-«-dn-ªv A-¦-̄ n-\p h-cp-¶ Ip-ªn-cma-s\ A-hÀ h-[n-¡pw.

    A-§n-s\ F-\n-s¡-sâ aI-s\ \-ã-s -̧Spw. DS-s\ D-®n-bmÀ-̈ Xp-

    d-¶-Sn-¡p-¶p ]p¯p-cw-ho-«n-se s]-®p-§Ä-¡v A-§n-s\ s]m-cp-

    ]m-c-¼-cy-anÃ! Xq-SÀ-¶v A-hÄ A-½ In-S-¡p-¶ ap-dn-bp-sS ap-

    ¶nepw sN-¶v bm-{Xm-\pa-Xn tX-Sp¶p. A-hn-sSbpw \n-cm-i-bm-bn-

  • 47

    cp-¶p ^ew. A-½-bp-sSbpw A-Ñ-sâbpw hn-e-¡p-IÄ h-I sh-

    ¡m-sX A-hÄ Ip-ªn-cma-s\ hn-fn-̈ p-WÀ¯n. ]Ãp-tX-̧ n-̈ v F-

    cpZm-l I-ªn Ip-Sn-̧ n-¡p¶p. `À-̄ mhn-t\mSpw kz-]v-\-s¯-¡p-

    dn-̈ v ]d-ªv A-\p-\-b-kz-c-̄ n bm{Xm\pa-Xn tX-Sp-¶p.

    Abmfpw H-gn-ªp-amdn.

    Xp-SÀ-¶v D-®n-bmÀ-̈ c−pw IÂ-]n-̈ v I-fn-s¨m-cp-§n ]p-

    d-s -̧Sp-I-bmWv. ChnsS D-®n-bmÀ- -̈bp-sS \o-cm-«p hÀ-®-\ hf-sc

    a-t\m-lc-amWv. No-sä-Ån-sâ F® X-e-bn tX-̈ v C-©n-bpw C-

    ©-]p-fn-©n-¡ Xm-fn-bp-sa-Sp-̄ v A-hÄ Ip-f-¡Shn-se¯n. Xm-fn-

    tX-̈ v sa-gp-¡nf-¡n C-© tX-̈ v hn-kv-X-cn-s¨m-cp Ipfn. Ip-fn

    Ignªv, N-µ-\Ipdn-sXm-«v I-®m-Sn-bn t\m-¡n Xne-Iw sXm«v,

    A-RvP-\w sIm−v I-s®-gpXn, I-kv-Xq-cnbpw I-f-̀ hpw ta-\n-

    bn ]qin, ]-«ptNesªdn-ªpSp v̄, ap-̄ p-am-ebpw s]m-·m-

    ebpw I-gp-̄ n-e-Wnªv, cm-am-b-W-h-f I¿nen«v, D-dp-an A-c-bnÂ

    Np-än A-hÄ bm-{X-¡p X-¿m-dmbn. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ ]-e XS-Ê-

    §fpw ]d-ªv Ah-sf hn-e¡n-t\m¡n. Nq-cÂ-t¡mep- sIm-−v

    XÃpw F-¶p h-sc `o-j-Wn-s -̧Sp¯n-t\m¡n. H¶pw A-hÄ hI

    sh-̈ nÃ. ]-Snbpw ]-Sn-¸p-cbpw I-S¶v, B-\-\-Sbpw I-S¶v, B-äp-a-

    W-̧ p-dw C-Sbpw IS-¶v A-c-bmÂ-̄ -d-bn sN¶p-I-bdn. (C-hn-

    sS h-S-¡³ ]m-«p-I-fn-se t]m-Xphm-b L-S-\-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å Nne

    k-¦Â-]§Ä HmÀ-½n-t¡-−-Xp-−v. B-{K-lwþhn-e-¡vþewL-\w

    F-¶ co-Xn-bn-em-bn-cn¡pw {]m-tb-W-I-Ym-KXn. C-hn-sS D-®n-bmÀ- -̈

    bp-sS kz-]v-\hpw Xp-SÀ-¶pÅ Xn-cp-am-\hpw B-{K-l-amWv. A-½-

    b-Ñ-·mcpw `À-̄ mhpw B bm-{X-sb hne¡p¶-Xv I-Ym-K-Xn-sb

    _m-[n-¡p¶p. Xq-SÀ-¶v A-h-cp-sS hm-¡p-I-sfÃmw ewLn-̈ v D-®n-

    bmÀ-̈ ]p-d-s -̧«v t]m-Ip¶-Xp hn-e-¡n-sâ ew-L-\-hpw) AÂ-]w

    Ignª-t¸mÄ B-tcm-a-en-sâ in-jy-·mÀ A-hn-sS F-̄ n Imc-

  • 48

    Ww Xn-c¡n. Xm³ AÃn-a-eÀ-Im-hn-se Iq-̄ pw, A-¿-̧ ³-Im-hn-se

    hn-f-¡pw, A-Rv-P-\-¡m-hn-se ]qchpw Im-Wm³ H-cp-§n-bn-d-§n-

    b-Xm-sW¶pw B-tcm-a-en-s\ Im-̄ n-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶pw a-dp]-Sn

    \ÂIn. tPm-\-I-̧ p-fÀ-̧ pÅ B \m-«n C-cn-¡p¶-Xv B-]-̄ m-

    sW-¶pw, B-tcm-a tN-I-hÀ I-f-cn-bn \n-¶v Xn-cn-s -̈̄ m³

    ssh-Ip-sa¶pw AhÀ A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. A-hÀ D-®n-bmÀ-̈ -bp-sS

    Xn-cpap-¼n A-¿m-bn-cw ]-Ww s]m-en-̈ v bm-{Xm-\pa-Xn hm-§n ]n-

    cnªp-t]m-Ip¶p. A-Xn-\n-S-bn B-äp-a-W-t½te Ip-ªn-cm-

    a\pw A-½p-sSbpw A-Ñ-sâbpw A-\pa-Xn hm-§n D-®n-bmÀ¨-

    sb A\p-K-an-¡p-hm³ X-¿m-dm-bn A-hn-sS F-̄ p¶p. tPm-\-I-

    ¸p-f-¸p-Å \m-K-]p-cw A§m-Sn-bn-eq-sS-bp-Å bm-{X A-bmfpw `-

    b-s -̧Sp-¶p−v. G-Xm-bmepw \mSpw tZihpw ]n-¶n-«v A-hÀ \m-K-

    ]p-c-s¯¯n. Iq¶-̄ v ]q-̄ - Ip-¶v t]m-se B-ZnXy-tim-̀ bp-

    Å D-®n-bmÀ¨-sb t\-cn I-−v tPm-\-IÀ A-¼-c¶p. aq -̧\p

    tNÀ-¶-s]®m-sW¶pw Ah-sf C-\n BÀ¡pw hn«p-sIm-Sp-̄ p-

    Iq-Sm F-¶p-d-̧ n-̈ v A-hÀ aq -̧s\ hn-h-c-a-dn-bn-̈ p. aq-̧ -\mI-s« B

    hn-in-ã-kp-µ-cn-¡v s]m³ ]-Whpw s]m³ hn-f¡pw sh-̈ v cm-P-Io-

    bam-b H-cp kzo-Ic-Ww \Â-Im³ Ah-sc Np-a-X-e-s¸Sp¯n. D-

    ®n-bmÀ-¨bpw B-äp-a-W-t½-se Ip-ªn-cm-a\pw A-Xn-enS-¡v Xm-

    \p-c-§m-Snbpw F-S-h-«-̄ -§m-Snbpw I-b-dn-bnd-§n Xn-cn- v̈ BÂ-

    ¯-d-bn-se¯n. At¸mtg¡pw tPm-\-I-Iq-«w A-hn-sS \n-e-bp-d-̧ n-

    ¨n-cp¶p. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ ]-c-h-i-\mbn I-f-cn-]c-¼c ssZ-h§-sf

    hn-fn-̈ v Bi-¦-tbm-sS \nÂ-]mbn. D-®n-bmÀ-̈ h¶p I-b-dn-b-

    t¸mÄ hn-\-b-t¯m-sS tPm-\-IÀ A-h-cp-sS B-{K-l-a-dn-bn-̈ p.

    aq -̧\v tNÀ-¶ s]®m-b \n-s¶ R-§Ä sIm−p-t]m-Ip¶p. D-

    ®n-bmÀ-¨ A-h-cp-sS s]m³-X-fn-¡-̄ nepw s]m³-Im-gv-N-bnepw a-

    b-§m-sX A-h-cp-sS B-{K-lw \-S-¡n-sÃ-¶-d-nbn¨p. am-{X-aà X-

  • 49

    sâ i-co-c-̄ n B-sc-¦nepw ssI sh-̈ m Ah-sc shdp-sX

    hn-Sp-I-bn-sÃ-¶v Xm-¡nXpw sN-bvXp. ]n-Sn-̈ ]n-Sn-bm-te D-®n-bmÀ¨-

    sb sIm−p-t]m-Ip-sa-¶v A-hÀ ]n-s¶bpw `oj-Wn ap-g-¡n-b-

    t¸mÄ D-®n-bmÀ-¨ Acbpw X-ebpw ap-dp-¡n H-c-¦-¯n-\v X-¿m-

    dmbn. BWpw s]-®p-aÃm-¯ I¿·mcm-b \n-§-fp-sS tPm-\-

    ¸pf-̧ v C-tXm-sS A-S-¡p-sa-¶v A-hÄ i]-Yw sNbvXp. A-¦¡-

    en ]q-−v A-Sn- ap-XÂ ap-Sn h-sc hnd-̈ v D-®n-bmÀ-̈ H-c-¦-̄ n-\v

    tPm-\I-sc shÃp-hn-fn¨p. ]-In-cn-Xn-cn-ªv \-\-ap-s−m-¶p hn-in

    A-hÄ Ip-Xn-c-̧ m-Ãn ]m-ª-t¸mÄ A-ªp-dp ap-¶qdpw ho-Wp

    t]mbn. c−m-sam-sXm-¶v Xn-cn-ªv ]-Xn-s\-«m-fp-b-c-̄ n D-bÀ-

    ¶p s]m-§n C-§n-s\ A-«-l-kn¨p. ‘F-sâ A-§-f B-tcm-a-em-

    sW-¦n C-¶v tPm-t\mÀ-̧ pf-̧ v s]m-Sn-̈ v sXÅpw Rm³’ B-tcm-

    a-en-sâ t]-cp-tI-«-tXm-sS tPm-\-IÀ `bs¸«v Hm-Sn-s¨-¶v tPm-\-I-

    aq -̧s\ hn-h-c-adnbn¨p. B-tcm-a-ensâ t\À-s]-§fm-b D-®n-bmÀ-

    -̈sb-bm-Wv Xm³ kz- -́am¡m³ {i-an-t -̈X-¶-dn-ªv aq-̧ ³ t_m-

    [w \-in-̈ v Xm-sg hoWp. aq -̧̄ n sh-Åw Xfn-̈ v A-bm-fp-sS t_m-

    [-ap-WÀ¯n. A-bmÄ aq-̧ ¯n-tbm-Sv D-®n-bmÀ¨-sb sN-¶v I-−v

    k-am-[m-\n-¸n-¡m³ B-h-iy-s¸«p. A-hÄ s]m-¶n³ X-fn-I-bn ho-

    cm-fn -̧«v hn-cn-̈ v sh-än-ebpw aäpw Imgv-N h-kv-Xp-I-fp-sa-Sp-̄ v

    BÂ-̄ -d-bn sN-¶v D-®n-bmÀ¨-sb sXm-gp-Xp-Iq-̧ n FÃmw

    £-an-¡-sW-¶v B-h-iy-s¸«p. F-¶m tPm-\-I-¡p-dp-¼v Ipd-t¨

    Xm-\-S-§p-I-bp-Å F-¶m-bn D-®n-bmÀ-¨. Xp-SÀ-¶v tPm-\-I-aq-

    ¸³ B-tcm-a-en-sâ t\À N-§m-Xnbm-b \m-K-̧ ³ sN-«n-bm-sc a-

    ²y-Ø-\m-¡n H-̄ p-XoÀ-¸n-\p {i-an¨p. D-®n-bmÀ- -̈tbm-Sv t\-cn-«v G-

    äp-ap-«m³ \m-K-̧ ³ sN-«n-bmÀ H-cp-¡-ambn-cp-¶nÃ. A-bmÄ AÃn-

    a-eÀ-¡m-hn-se-̄ nb B-tcm-a-ep-sS A-Sp-¡-te-bv¡ tPm-\Isc

    Hm-ebpw sIm-Sp-̄ v hn«p. A-Xn-\n-S-bv-¡v sN-«n-bmÀ D-®n-bmÀ- -̈

  • 50

    bp-sS ap-¼n-se-̄ n ho-cm-fn-̧ -«n s]m-¶m-̀ -c-W-§Ä Im-gv-N-

    sh¨p. tPm-\-IÀ-¡v A-dn-bm-sX ]än-b ]n-g-bm-sW¶pw A-h-tcm-

    Sv £-an-¡-W-sa¶pw A-t]-£n¨p. Xm-a-kn-¡m-sX B-tcm-aepw

    tPm-\-I-aq-̧ \pw BÂ-̄ -d-bn-se¯n. aq-̧ ³ D-®n-bmÀ-̈ -bp-sS

    ImÂ-I-Â- ho-Wv £-a-bm-Nn¨p. H-Sp-hn D-®n-bmÀ-̈ A-h-fp-sS

    ap-¼n sh-¨ ImgvN-h-kv-Xp-IÄ k-t´m-j-t¯m-sS kzo-I-cn-̈ v A-

    §-f-bp-sS ssI-]n-Sn-̈ v BÂ-̄ -d-bn \n-¶n-d§n. AÃn-a-eÀ-¡m-

    hn sN-¶v Iq¯pw A-¿-¸³ Im-hn-se hnf¡pw A-Rv-P-\-¡m-

    hn-se th-ebpw I-−v `À-¯m-hn-sâ Iq-sS B-äp-a-W-ta-te-¡v a-

    S§n. aI-s\ A-½-bp-sS k-hn-[-̄ n \nÀ-̄ n X-\n-¡v In«nb

    s]m-Xn-IÄ A½-sb GÂ-]n-¡p¶p. ]n-s¶ \m-ep-sI-«n IS-¶v

    X-sâ ap-dn-bn sN-¶v sa-¿m-̀ -c-W-§Ä A-gn-̈ v sh¨p. ]-«p-h-

    fbpw A-½-bv-¡v k-½m-\n¨p. s]¬-hn-P-b-̄ nsâ a-e-bm-f-̄ n-

    se B-Zy-B-Jym-\-sa-¶ \n-e-bn D-®n-bmÀ- -̈bpsS Cu Ncn-X-

    ¯n-\p N-cn-{X- {]m-[m-\y-ap−v.

  • 51

    bqWnbqWnbqWnbqWn----äväväväv þþþþ 2222

    hhhh----cccc----samsamsamsam----gngngngn----¡¡¡¡----hnhnhnhn----XXXX----bpbpbpbp----sS {]msS {]msS {]msS {]m----cw`wcw`wcw`wcw`w

    H-cp hy-h-lmc-̀ mj F-¶ \n-e-bn-Â a-e-bm-fw kw-L-Ime-̄ v X-

    s¶ \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶p F-¶p kq-N-\ kw-L-I-hn-I-fp-sS sam-gn-s]-

    bÀ-tZ-iw F-¶p kq-N-\-bn \n¶pX-s¶ e-̀ n-¡p-¶p−v. sNmÂ

    s]-bÀ-tZ-iw F-¶v A-hÀ hy-h-tÑ-Zn-¡p-¶-Xn \n-¶pX-s¶ A-Xn-

    s\ tI-c-f-X-an-sgt¶m tI-c-f-̀ m-j-sbt¶m hn-fn-bv-¡mw. sam-gn-s]-

    bÀ-tZ-iw \¶-sâ Io-gn-en-cp-¶ ]-Ýn-a-Xo-c-am-Im-\m-Wv km-²y-X.

    km-ao-]-Ime v̄ sh-fn¨-̄ p h-¶ N-cn-{X-h-kv-Xp-X-IÄ ]cn-tim-[n-

    ¨m (“a-e-bm-f-¡-c-bpsS a-dbv-¡-s¸-« N-cn-{Xw” F-¶ ]p-kv-X-I-

    ¯nÂ) \¶-sâ {]-tZi-̄ v kw-km-cn-¨n-cp-¶ ‘sNmÂ’ a-e-bm-f-̀ m-

    j-bp-sS {]m-IrX-am-Im-\m-Wv km²y-X F-¶v h-cp¶p. \¶-sâ \m-

    «n-se `m-j-sb-¡p-dn-̈ v s]-cpw-Xsse Nm-̄ -\mÀ \Ã `mjm-ssh-Z-

    Kv-[y-ap-Å-hÀ t]mepw A-hn-sS {]-th-i-\-anà F-¶v ]p-d-\m-\q-dn-se

    151þmw ]m-«n hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p−v.

    ]-e X-cw hyh-lm-c-̀ m-j-bn \n-¶v a-e-bm-fw km-h-[m-\-

    ¯n cq-]-s -̧«p- hcp-¶-Xn-s\-bmhpw C-hn-sS kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv. ]-

    g-w-Im-e-§-fn h³-]n-¨ tXm-Xn {]m-tZ-in-I-̀ m-jm hy-Xym-k-

    §Ä `m-j-¡p-−m-Im-Xn-cn-¡m³ X-c-anÃ. (a-e-bm-f-IhnXm km-ln-

    Xy-N-cn{Xw þ Fw. eo-em-hXn, t]-Pvþ]-Xn-\m-ev). tI-c-f-N-cn-{Xhpw

    kmaqly-cq-]n-I-c-Whpw F-¶ {K-Ù-̄ n-Â (t]-Pvþ129) {io-am³

    sI. sI sIm-̈ v C§n-s\ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p−v. sam-gn-s]-bÀ-

    tZ-iw F-¶v kw-L-Io-e-I-hn-IÄ kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶, hy-Xym-kv-Xam-b

  • 52

    hm-sam-gn \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ {]-tZ-i-§-fn tIcfhpw DÄ-s]-«n-cn-

    ¡mw. hm-sam-gn-bn hy-Xy-kv-X-X \n-e-\n-¶n-cp¶ B {]-tZ-i-§-

    fn \n-¶p-Å-h-cn ]-e-cp-sS-bpw I-hn-X-IÄ \-½p-¡v A-I-\m-

    \p-dnepw ]p-d-\m\p-dnepw Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw. G-Xm-bmepw kw-L-

    Im-ew I-gn-ªv H-cp \q-äm-−n-\p ti-jw G-I-tZiw AD 405

    t\m-S-Sp-̄ v {Xohn-{I-a-tZ-h³ F¶ sIm-§p-tZ-i-cmPmhv ‘tI-c-

    fþ]m-Þy a-ebm-f’\m-Sp-IÄ B-{I-an- -̈Xm-bn “sIm-§p-tZ-i-

    Ncn{Xw” hy-à-am-¡p¶p. AXmb-Xv ‘a-e-bmfw’ F-¶v {]-tXy-Iw

    hn-h-cn-¡p-¶ H-cp tZihpw a-e-bm-fw F-¶ H-cp hy-h-lm-c-`m-jbpw

    A-¡m-e-am-b-t¸m-tg¡pw cq-]-s¸«n-cn-¡Ww. AD \memw i-X-I-

    ¯n-em-Wv sX-ep-¦vþI-¶-U-§Ä {_-an-en-]n-bn \n-¶v kz-́ w en-

    ]n k-¼m-Zn-¨Xv. (tI-c-f-̄ -\n-a, t]-Pvþ467) Cu ]Ã-hn-en-]n-bn \n-

    ¶m-Wv ‘B-cy-F-gp¯v’ F-¶ t]-cn B-[p-\n-I- a-e-bm-f- A-£-

    c-am-ebpw hfÀ¶p h-¶Xv. a-e-\m-Sv X-an-gv a-e-bm-×-bm-bn h-fÀ-¶v

    a-e-bm-f-am-bn ]-cn-W-an-̈ p F-¶v tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\na-Xw G-sd-¡p-td

    FÃm ]-Þn-X-·mcpw i-cn-sh-bv-¡p-¶p−v. F-¶m hm-sam-gn-bm-

    bn X-e-ap-d-bm-bn {]-N-cn-¡-s¸-« `m-j-bn-se G-sXm-s¡

    AwK§Ä hn-ti-j-hy-h-lm-c-̀ m-j-bm-bn h-c-sam-gn-bm-bn F-̄ n-

    t¨À-¶p F-¶ Imcyw Ir-Xy-am-bn ]-dbp-I h¿. AD 800 apXÂ

    1325 h-sc-bp-Å Im-e-L-«-¯n-\nS-¡mWv ‘I-cn-́ -angv’ tI-c-f-̀ m-j-

    bm-bn D-cp-̄ n-cnª-Xv F-¶v A-S-bm-f-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p−v. G-Xm-

    bmepw `mj-¡v en-Jn-X-cq-]w kr-ãn-¡¯¡ Nn-e t{]-c-WIÄ Cu-

    ¡m-e-̄ p-−m-bn-cn-¡Ww. B \-thm-°m-\-̄ n-sâ au-en-I-LS-

    Iw {_m-Ò-Wm-[n-\n-thihpw {_m-Ò-W- kw-kv-Im-c-̄ n-sâ {]-Xn-I-

    hpam-b a-Wn-{]-hm-f-hp-am-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶-Xn XÀ-¡-anÃ. a-Wn-{]-hm-

    f-sa-¶ Cu `m-jm-an-{i-Ww B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbmKn¨p Im-Wp¶Xv

  • 53

    AD 9þmw \q-äm-−n-ep−m-b ‘P-b-[h-f’ F¶ ssP-\-{KÙ¯n-

    emWv. ]Xn-s\m¶mw \q-äm-−n-se ‘ho-c-tNm-gn-bw’ F-¶ X-an-gv

    {KÙhpw Cu co-Xn-sb -̧än ]-d-bp-¶p−v. eo-em- Xn-e-I-Imc-sâ a-

    Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-t\bpw ]m-«n-t\bpw Ip-dn-̈ p-Å hy-Xy-Ø \nÀ-hN-

    \w kq-Nn-̧ n-¡p¶-Xv ]m-«pw aWn-{]-hm-fhpw c-−p km-ln-Xy-im-J-

    I-fm-bn B-¡m-e--am-b-t¸m-tg¡pw \nehn h-¶p I-gn-ªp F-

    ¶XmWv. {Z-an-U-kw-Ln-Xm-£-c-an-_-Ô-taXpI tam-\-hr-̄ hn-ti-

    j-bp-àw ]m-«v F-¶ Ir-Xyamb B \nÀ-h-N-\-̄ n X-s¶ ]m-«v

    F¶ km-ln-Xy-cq-]-̄ n-sâ FÃm {]-tXy-I-X-Ifpw kq-Nn-̧ n-¡-s¸-

    «p I-gn-ªp.

    ]m-«p {]-Øm-\w AXp-sIm-−v X-s¶ ]m-«p-{]-Øm-\-s¯-¡p-dn-

    ¨p-Å hn-i-Z NÀ-̈ B-cw-̀ n-t¡−-Xv eo-em-Xne-Iw ]m-«n-\p \ÂIn-

    b \nÀ-ÆN-\w kÀÆ-Ym tbmPn-¡p¶p. cm-a-N-cn-X-̄ n \n-¶m-Wv.

    104 ]-S-e-§-fn-embn 1614 ]Se-§-fpÅ ]m-«p-Im-hy-amWv cm-a-N-cn-

    Xw {Zm-hn-U-̀ m-j-I-fp-sS s]m-Xp-kz-̄ m-Wv ]m«v. X-an-gv a-e-bm-f-

    §fn ]m-«v F¶pw sX-ep-¦n ]m-Sp, I-¶-U-̄ n lSv, ]-Sv

    F¶pw G-td-¡p-sd k-Zr-iam-b H-cp kw-Úm-\maw Cu km-ln-

    Xy-imJ-¡v FÃm {Zm-hn-U-̀ m-j-Ifnepap−v. eo-em-Xn-e-I-¯n-se e-

    £-W-anÀ-h-N-\-a-\p-k-cn-̈ v {Zan-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£c- \n-_Ô-am-bn-

    cn¡-Ww ]m«v. {Zan-U-kw-Lm-X-sa-¶v ]-d-ªm 12 kz-c-§fpw 18

    hy-Rv-P-\-§fpw tNÀ-¶ {Zm-hn-U-̄ n-sâ am-Xr-Im-£-cam-e ]m-

    «n kw-kv-Ir-X-ap-]tbm-Kn-¡mw. ]-t£ A-Xv X-Õ-a-am-bnt«m

    XÂ-̀ -h-am-bnt«m am{Xw F-Xp-Ibpw tam-\bpw X-an-gv co-Xn-bv-¡p-

    Å i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§-fmWv. FXp-I H-cÀ-°-̄ n Zzn-Xn-bm-£-c-

    {]m-k-am-sW-¦nepw H-cp ]m-«n-se \m-ep-]m-Z-̄ n-sebpw {]-Y-am-£-

    c-§-fp-sS am-{X - H-̄ p-hc-Ww -tam-\-]m--ZmÀ-²m-Zn- {]m-k-amWv.

    A, B, sF, Hu F-¶n-h-bv¡pw N-X X-½nepw R-\-X-½nepw a-h

  • 54

    X-½nepw ]-c-kv]cw tam-\-bm-Imw. cm-a-N-cn-{X-̄ n A-́ m-Zn-{]-

    mkm-hp-ap−v. ]m-«n-sâ A-h-km-\-̄ n-ep-Å ]-Z-§Ä tImt−m

    ]m-Z-§Ä tImt−m A-Sp-̄ ]m-«v B-cw-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv A-́ m-

    Zn {]mkw. X-an-gv hncp-̄ -§-fm-Wv a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bn-se ]m-«p-IÄ

    c-Nn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. ]m-«p-I-fn ]mÞy-̀ m-j-km-cq]yw Iq-Sp-X-

    emWv. A-Xn-\m sN-́ -an-gv Im-hy-§-fn-se-t¸m-se sN-¿pÂ-hn-Im-

    c§Äþ h-en-̄ Âþsa-en¯Âþ F¶n-h ]m-«nepw Im-Wmw. ]m-«p

    {]Øm-\-̄ n-se {][m-\ Im-hy-§Ä cm-a-N-cnXw. Xn-cp-\n-gÂ-am-e,

    I-®-È-cm-am-bWw, I-®-È-`m-cXw, `m-c-X-am-e, `m-jm-̀ -Kh-Zv Ko-X,

    in-h-cm{Xn a-lm-ßyw, cm-a-IYm-]m«v, a-lm-̀ mc-Xw ]m«v, Ir-jv-WKm-

    Y F-¶n-h-bmWv.

    ]m]m]m]m----«n«n«n«n-- --\\\\v eov eov eov eo-- --emememem----XneXneXneXne----Iw Iw Iw Iw \\\\ÂÂÂÂ----IpIpIpIp----¶ e£Ww¶ e£Ww¶ e£Ww¶ e£Ww

    a-Wn-{]-hm-fw F-¶ Im-hy-{]-Øm-\-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ v kw-kv-Ir-X-̀ m-j-

    bn c-Nn-¡s¸«n«p-Å e-£-W-{K-Ù-am-Wv eo-em-Xn-eIw. kq-{X-

    §fpw Ah-sb tk-Zm-lc-Ww hn-h-cn-¡p-¶ hr-̄ n-amÀ-¤hpw A-

    S-§n-b-XmWv Cu IrXn. e-£-Ww, i-co-c-\ncp]Ww `m-jm-k-Ôn-hn-

    hc-Ww tZmjm-tem-N\w, Kp-W-\n-cq-]Ww, i-Ðm-e¦m-c hn-th-N\w,

    AÀ-°m-e-¦m-c-hn-h-cWw, c-k-{]-Ic-Ww F-¶o F-«p in-ev-]-§Ä

    BWv Ir-Xn-bn-ep-ÅXv.

    “`m-jm-kw-kv-Ir-Xtbm Ku-a-Wn-{]-hmfw” F-¶ kq-{X-¯n-

    sâ hym-Jym-\-amWv H¶mw in-ev-]-̄ nÂ. Nn-e i-Ð-§Ä C-X-c-̀ m-

    jm-k-Zr-i-§-fm-sW-¶Ãm-sX CX-c-̀ m-jm-i-Ð-§Ä B-sW-¶v

    I-cp-Xp¶-Xv i-cnbÃ. A-t -́hn-Ir-Xw kwkvIrXw, kw-kv-Ir-X cq-

    ]w F-¶ kq-{X-̄ n-sâ hn-h-c-W-̄ n Ip-¦paw, ImcWw, C-Xym-

    Zn-i-Ð-§-fn Im-Wp-¶ A-́ yam-b a-Im-cw `m-jm-h-im h-

    ¶Xm-sW-¶ A-t±-lw Øm-]n-¡p¶p. `m-j-bn-se FÃm i-Ð-

  • 55

    §Ä¡pw kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n ‘{]-Ir-Xn’ Du-ln-¡p¶-Xv i-cn-b-sÃ-

    ¶p-Å A-̀ n-{]mb-̄ n-\v D-Zm-l-Wam-bn hb-dv F-¶ `m-jm-i-Ð-

    ¯n-sâ D¸¯n ‘sshcn’ F-¶ kw-k-Ir-X-i-Ð-̄ n \n¶m-

    sW-¶ B-ib-s¯ A-t±lw XÅn-¡-f-bp¶p. `m-jm-i-Ð-§-

    fpsS ‘{]IrXn’ \nÀ-®-bn-¡p-¶-Xn kw-kv-Ir-Xw t]m-se X-s¶

    {]-mIr-Xhpw \o-co-£n-¡-s -̧tS-−-Xm-sW-¶-t±-lw A-̀ n-{]m-b-s¸-

    Sp¶p. hn-̀ -àn-I-sf-Ip-dn- v̈ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶ A²ym-b-¯n A-h-

    bp-sS AÀ-°-hn-Nm-cw sN-¿p-t¼mÄ `m-j-bp-sS kz-̀ m-h-̄ n-\v

    tbm-Pn-¡m-̄ {]-Ir-XnI-sf Xo-sc H-gn-hm-¡-W-sa-¶v \nÀ-t±-in-

    ¡p¶p. “]pen-bn¦Â \n-¶p t]-Sn-̈ p.” C-Xym-Zn hne-£-W {]-tbm-

    K§-sf Xo-sc H-gn-hm-¡p-W-sa¶v B-h-iy-s¸-Sp¶p. kw-kv-Ir-X-

    \ym-b§-sf Xym-Py-{Km-ly- hn-th-N-\-t¯m-sS am-{X-sa `m-j-bnÂ

    B-Z-cn-¡m-hp F¶pw A-t±-lw ]-d-bp¶p. “\-J-ep-kw-kv-Ir-X-\ym-

    bx kÀ-tÆ-]n `mjmbmw {]-hÀ-̄ -tX”. A-t±-lw hy-à-am-¡p¶p

    “XZp¯-aw `m-jm-c-k-{]-[m-t\y” F-¶ kq-{X-̄ n `m-jm-]-Z-§-

    fp-sS B-[n-Ir-am-Wv D-̄ -a aWn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-sâ e£-Ww F¶pw

    A-t±-lw ]-d-ªp-sh-bv-¡p-¶p−v. kw-kv-IrX-̄ n-se {]m-amWn-

    I {K-Ù-§-sfÃmw A-t±-l-̄ n-\v kp-]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v

    {]-kvXp-X Ir-Xn-bn-se e-£-W-hm-Iy-§fpw D-Zm-l-c-W-§fpw hy-

    à-amIp¶p. {K-Ù-Im-c³ a-²y-tI-c-fo-b-\m-sW-¶v kw-i-bn-¡-

    s -̧Sp¶p. kw-kv-Ir-X-̄ n IrjvW-eo-em-hn-hm-Z-sa-¶ t]-cn hym-

    I-c-W-Imhyw \nÀ-½n- v̈ Ir-jv-W-eoem-ipI-sâ Ir-Xn-bn-Im\pw hn-

    tcm-[-anÃ. (AD 13þmw \q-äm−v) 1220 þ 1300 F¶v D-ÅqÀ A-̀ n-

    {]m-b-s -̧Sp¶p. ]m-«p `m-j-bp-sS ]-cn-Wm-ahpw en-]n-N-cn-{X-hp-

    ambp-Å _Ôw, a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bn-se B-Zy-Ir-Xn-bm-b cm-a-N-cn-Xw

    eo-em-Xn-e-I-̄ nse e-£-W-\nÀ-h-N-\-t¯m-Sv ]qÀ-®-ambpw tbm-

  • 56

    Pn-¡p-¶-XmWv. kw-kv-Ir-X-¯nse, sN-́ -angntem ]m-Þn-Xy-anÃm-

    ¯, ‘Du-gn-bn sN-dn-b-hÀ-¡p’ th-−n-bmWv Imhyw c-Nn-̈ -cn-¡p-

    ¶-sX-¶v I-hn-bp-sS {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bn \n-¶pX-s¶ cm-a-N-cn-Xw

    km-[m-c-W-¡m-sc e-£y-am-¡n-bp-Å Im-hy-am-sW-¶v hy-àw.

    F-¶m eo-em-Xn-e-Im-c\pw cm-a-N-cn-Xw F-¶ IrXn I-

    −Xm-bn kqN\bnÃ. Np-cp-¡-̄ n cm-a-N-cn-X-Ime-s¯ km-am-

    \y-hyh-lm-c`m-j {Z-hn-U-kw--Lm-Xm-£-c \n-_n-U-amWv. “X-c-X-ew-

    Xm-\-f-́ m-]n-f´m” F-¶p Xp-S-§p-¶ ]m«m-Wv en-em-XneIw ]m-«n-

    \p e-£-W-am-bn sIm-Sp-¯n-«p-ÅXv. A-Xn \n¶pw Xs¶

    kam\amb c-N-\-IÄ A-¡me-̄ v {]-N-cn-̈ ncp-¶p-sh-¶v hyàw.

    F-¶m cm-a-NcnXw Xs¶ e-£-W-bp-àam-b H-cp ]m-«p-Im-hy-

    am-sW-¦n IqSn A-¡me v̄ Xs¶ a-e-bm-f-̀ m-j-bn kw-kv-Ir-

    X-kzm-[n-\w h-fÀ-¶p h-cp-¶-Xm-bn ImWmw. {][m-\-ambpw {Z-hn-U-

    kw-Lm-X-£-c-\n-_-Ô-Xbpw ]m-Þy-̀ m-jym-km-cq-]y-hp-am-Wv ]m-

    «p-̀ m-j-bp-sS {]-tXy-I-XIÄ. F-¶m a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se ]m-«p-̀ m-j-

    bv-¡v B \n-e-bn X-s¶ A-[n-I-Im-ew Xp-S-cm³ I-gn-bm-̄ hn-

    [w a-Wn-{]-hm-f`m-j kz-[o-\w sNe¯p-¶p-−m-bn-cp¶p. “cm-a-N-cn-

    X-̄ n-se `m-jbpw a-Wn-{]-hm-fw X-s¶ F¶mWv F-sâ ]£w”

    F-¶v F³. hn Ir-jv-W-hm-cn-bÀ A-̀ n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-¶p. (t]Pv 169,

    kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[n-\w {Z-hn-U-̀ m-j-I-fnÂ) hn-̀ -ày-́ kw-kv-Ir-X-

    ]Z§Ä hn`-àn s]m-cp-¯w Zn-£n-̈ {]-tbm-Kn-¨ hn-ti-j-W-hn-

    ti-jy-§fpw AXn I-s−-̄ mw. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-̄ n-\pw ]m-«n\pw

    C-S-bv-¡p-Å `m-jm-]-cam. sshPmXyw I-gn-bp-¶Xpw CÃm-Xm-¡-

    \m-Wv \nc-Ww I-hnI-sf t]m-ep-Å I-hn-IÄ {i-an-̈ Xv. AhÀ ‘\o-

    P-̀ m-j’bn-se-gpXn-b Ir-XnIsf “`m-jm an-{i-an-sXsân IgmsX”

    F-¶p ]-d-bp¶-Xv {i-t²-b-amWv. F-gp-̄ -Ñ-sâ-Xm-bn tI-c-f-]m-

  • 57

    Wn-\n ]oTn-Ibn F-®n-¸d-bp-¶ \m-ep-Im-cy§Ä; 1) kw-kv-Ir-X-

    hn-̀ -àn-I-fp-sS {]tbmKw 2) B-cy- F-gp-̄ v \-S-¸m¡Â 3) kw-kv-

    Ir-X-hn-̀ -àn-IÄ-¡v a-e-bm-f-hn`àn-¡p-d-n -tNÀ¡Â 4) hÀ-®-am-

    {Xm-\n-b-ahn-t[-b-am-¡n In-fn-̧ m-«p-hr-̄ -§Ä krãn-¡Â C-h-

    sbÃmw X-s¶ I-®-È-·mÀ A-h-cp-sS ]m-«p-I-fn ap³-]pX-s¶

    \S-̧ m-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. tUm. ]p-Xp-tÈ-cn cm-a-N-{µ³ A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ

    I-®-È cm-a-b-W-]T-\-̄ n kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶p. cm-a-N-cn-̄ n-se

    `mj tUm. Kp-−À-«v H-cn-¡Â Np-−n-¡m-Wn¨ t]m-se X-an-gv þ a-e-

    bm-f-§-fp-sS A-XnÀ-̄ n tc-J-s -̧Sp¯p-I {]-bm-k-ambn-cp-s¶-

    ¦n I-®-È cm-am-b-W-am-b-t¸m-sg¡pw `mj-¡v hen-b ]-cn-W-aw-

    kw`hn-̈ p I-gn-ªn-cp¶p. A-Xmb-Xv I-®È-sâ Im-e-am-b-t¸m-

    tg¡pw Xm-e-hym-tZiw, kz-c-kw-h-cWw, A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]k-cw

    F-¶n-hbn-eq-sS ]m-«p-̀ m-j-bv-¡v Im-Xem-b am-äw kw-̀ -hn-̈ n-cp¶p.

    a-e-bm-f-̀ m-jm-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-¯n F-gp-̄ -ѳ sNbv-X kw`m-h\

    ]pXn-sbm-cp Im-hy`m-j \n-e-hm-c-s -̧Sp-̄ p-I-bmWv. (Standard

    is Salion) sX-¡p-̀ m-K-¯p-Å I-®-È-·m-cp-sS h-S-¡p-̀ m-K-

    ¯p-Å sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bpsSbpw Im-hy`m-jI-sf a-[y-tI-c-f-̄ n-ep-

    Å h-Åp-h-\m-S³ `m-j-bp-am-bn GtIm]n-̧ n¨p.

    ]m]m]m]m----«p«p«p«p-- --`m`m`m`m----jjjj----bpbpbpbp----sS ]sS ]sS ]sS ]----cncncncn-- --WmWmWmWm----ahpwahpwahpwahpw enenenen-- --]n]n]n]n-- --NNNN----cncncncn-- --{X{X{X{X----hphphphp----amamamam----bpbpbpbp----Å _Å _Å _Å _----ÔhpwÔhpwÔhpwÔhpw

    tI-c-f-̄ n H³-]-Xp- ap-X ]-{ -́−p h-sc-bp-Å i-X-

    I-§-fn {Zm-hn-U-hÀ