malayala sahithya padanam study material 21feb2015

School of Distance Education

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w þ 1 1

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w þ 1

Common course in Malayalam

for

BCom/BBA

I SEMESTER

CUCBCSS - 2014 Admision

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCALICUT UNIVERSITY P.O., MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635

508



UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Study Material

COMMON COURSE IN MALAYALAM

I SEMESTER

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w þ 1

Prepared by :

tUm.-cm[ ]n.-sF.Atkm.-s{]m-̂ -kÀ,

sI.-F.-F-̈ v.-Fw.-bq-Wnän hna³kv tImtfPv, at©cn

Scrutinized by

tUm. sI.-Fw. \koÀAtkm.-s{]m-̂ -kÀ,

ae-bm-f- ]T\ hn-̀ mKw,^mdqJv tImtfPv

Type settings & Lay outComputer Section, SDE

©Reserved



DffS-¡-w

samUyqÄ-þ1 KZyw 5

samUyqÄ þ 2 hnhÀ¯\w 17

samUyqÄ þ ---3 t\mhÂ 22

samUyqÄ þ 4 bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw 32



samUyqÄ-þ1KZyw

kmlnXyw-, kmaq-ln-Iw, kmwkvIm-cnIw F¶o Xe-§-fnse teJ-\-§-fmWv Cu samUyq-fnÂ DÄs¡mÅn-̈ n-«p-Å-Xv. Fń-s\-gp-Xp-¶p, Fgp-̄ nsâ ]Wn-̧ p-c-bnÂ cN\ F§s\ cq]wsImÅp¶p F¶o hnj-b-§-sf-̧ än {]ikvX IYm-Ir-̄ mb Fw.-Sn.bpw Ih-bn{Xn kpK-X-Ip-am-cnbpw Fgp-Xnb teJ-\-§Ä CXn-ep-v. kz -́amb ZpxJ§fpw BËm-Z-§fpw hnlz-e-X-Ifpwkz]v\-§fpw Iog-S-¡p-t¼mÄ Fgp-Xnsb ]äq. Fgp¯v kzmX-{ý-amWv , BËm-Z-am-Wv, \ne-\n-ev]p-amWv. CXmWv Fw.-Sn. ‘Fń-s\-gp-Xp¶p’ F¶ teJ-\-̄ nÂ hniZo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A\-iz-c-X-bn-te-¡pÅ a\p-jysâ ssI\o-«-emWv kmlnXy cN-\-sb¶v kpK-X-Ip-amcn Is-̄ p¶p. Bscm-s¡tbm ]dªp Ign-ª-Xv, ]dªp sImn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv, C\nbpw ]d-bm-\p-ÅXv þ CXmWv Ihn-X.Ae-dn-̈ p-g-¶-Sn-¡p¶ kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-bpsS sImSp-¦m-änÂ Xtâ-Xmb {]mW-hmbp IqSn þ CXmWvIh-bn-{Xn-bpsS ]£w.

‘Im«nse Infn-¡q«w’ F¶ F³. F. \ko-dnsâ teJ\w h\-tem-I-t¯-¡pÅ Hcp IqSn-¡m-gvNbv¡v hI-sbm-cp-¡p-¶p. \n_-Ô-\-Ifpw D]m-[n-I-fp-an-ÃmsX ImSn-s\, AXnsâ FÃm {]Wnk¼-s¯Spw at\m-lm-cn-X-tbmSpw IqSn BtÇ-jn-¡p¶ kÀÆ hym]n-bmb ZÀi\w Cu teJ-\-¯n-ep-v. ]£n-tem-I-t¯mSpw ImSn-t\m-Sp-apÅ a\p-jysâ lrZ-b-Im-Tn-\y-̄ nsâ ImgvN-IfpwChnsS ImWmw. Fw.-Sn.-bpsS IYm temI¯nsâ khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv ‘]cn-Xy-à-cpsS cmjv{Sobw’F¶ teJ-\-̄ nÂ NÀ¨-sN-¿p-¶-Xv. Øqe-cm-jv{Sobw At±-l-̄ nsâ cN-\-I-fn-en-Ã. IY GXp]Ým-̄ -e-̄ nÂ \S-¶mepw X\n¡p kp]-cn-Nn-X-amb IqS-Ãq-cmWv Fw.-Sn. Bcq-V-ambn Icp-Xp-¶-Xv. ]e Xc-̄ n-epÅ GIm-In-X-IÄ A\p-̀ -hn-¡p-¶-hcpw s]mXp-hmbn kaq-ltam IpSpw-_tam]cn-Xy-Pn-̈ -h-cp-amWv At±-l-̄ nsâ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä F¶v teJ-I³ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. Ihn-X-tbm-S-Sp-̄ p-h-cp¶ Cu `mh-§Ä Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡m-\mbn Fgp-̄ p-Im-csâ `mj `mh-Ko-Xm-ß-I-am-bn.Fw.-Sn.-bpsS ka-Im-en-I-cmb ̀ mc-Xob kmln-Xy-Im-c³amÀ CtX coXn ]n³Xp-SÀ¶-Xmbn ImWmw.

kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf Bkv]-Z-am¡n kn\na \nÀ½n-¡p¶ coXn ae-bm-f-̄ nÂ Ipd-ªp-h-cp-¶-Xnsâ Nn{X-amWv ‘ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS kmln-Xy-_Ôw’ F¶ teJ-\-̄ nÂ a[p Cd-h-¦c Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS IYm-]-c-amb DÄ¡-cp-̄ n-s\bpw BJym-\-ssi-en-tbbpw\½psS kmlnXyw hf-sc-tbsd kzm[o-\n-̈ n-«p-v. Ne-̈ n-{X-am-[y-a-t¯mSv kmlnXyw Iqdp ]peÀ¯n.A\p-hÀ -̄\-§Ä {]tXy-I-kr-jvSn-I-fmbn ]e-t¸mgpw amdn. Ne-̈ n{Xw F¶ am[y-a-̄ n-\-\p-cq-]-ambn BJym\w F{X-t¯mfw kuµ-cym-ß-I-ambn F¶Xv C\nbpw ]Tn-t¡ taJ-e-bm-Wv.

hnNm-cs¯ ac-hn-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw hnIm-cs¯ Cf-¡n-hnSp-Ibpw sNbvXv A[n-Im-c-Øm-\-§Äa\p-jy-cm-in¡v hcp-̄ n-sh¨ hn\-I-fmWv ‘^mkn-k-̄ nsâ a\x-Èmkv{Xw’ F¶ teJ\w NÀ¨sN¿p-¶-Xv. \mkn XS-¦Â ]mf-b-§-fnse Zpc-́ -Zr-iy-§sf Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶ bqsP³ tImtKm-Wnsâ ‘Xnbdn Bâ v {]mIvSokv Hm^v slÂ’ F¶ ]pkvXIw ̂ mkn-k-̄ nsâ ̀ oI-cX Xpd¶pIm«p-¶p. Hcp htc-Wy-hÀ¤-s¯ ]cn-io-e\w sNbvXp hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-I, hÀ¤-þ-ssP-h-]-c-ambnXmgv¶-hsc D·q-e\w sN¿pI F¶ X¯z-imkv{Xw BZÀi-ambn Icp-Xp-¶-XmWv AXnse {]Xn-tcm-[-tk-\-bmb Cu akvXn-jv¡-{]-£m-f-\-taäv ItTm-c-lr-Z-b-ap-Å-h-cm-Ip-¶p. Ic-Sn-IÄ¡v XS-hp-]p-Ån-Isf Fdn-ªp-sIm-Sp¯v AXp-Ip ckn-¡p-I, ISp¯ NqSnepw XWp-̧ nepw XS-hp-Imscamdn-am-dn-bp«pw ]«n-Wn-¡n«pw sImÃpI F¶n-§s\ k¦-ev]n-¡m-\m-Im¯ ImTn-\y-§Ä ZrIvkm£nhnh-c-W-ambn ]pkvXIw Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. t{Im[-̄ nepw hntZz-j-̄ nepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb XXz-im-kv{X-§Ä {]Ñ-¶-ambn B[p-\n-I-Im-e¯pw \ne-\nÂ¡p¶p F¶v teJ\w \nco-£n-¡p-¶p.



Fgp-¯p-Im-c-s\-¡p-dn¨v :Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ

{]apJ IYm-Ir-̄ v, t\mh-en-Ìv, Xnc-¡-Ym-Ir-̄ v, kn\n-am-kw-hn-[m-b-I³cN\-IÄ :

(t\m-hÂ)\mep-sI-«v, aªv, Imew, Akp-c-hn-̄ v, cm-aq-gw, Ad-_n-s¸m-¶v, ]mXn-cmhpw ]IÂ shfn-̈ hpw

(I-Y-IÄ)_Ô-\w, \nsâ HmÀ½-bv¡v, Ccp-«nsâ Bßm-hv, Ifn-ho-Sv, Fsâ {]nb-s¸« IY-IÄ, Fw.-

Sn.-bpsS sXc-sª-Sp¯ IY-IÄ(te-J-\-§Ä)

ImYn-Isâ Ie, ImYn-Isâ ]Wn-̧ p-c, Infn-hm-Xn-en-eq-sS, GIm-In-I-fpsS i_vZw(_m-e-km-ln-Xyw)

amWn-Iy-¡-Ãv, X{ -́¡m-cn, Zb F¶ s]¬Ip«n(Xn-c-¡-Y)

Fw.-Sn.-bpsS Xnc-¡-Y-IÄ, Hcp sNdp-]p-©ncn

\Ã Xnc-¡-Y-bv¡pÅ \mj-\Â ^nenw AhmÀUvHcp h-S-¡³ hoc-KmY 1989IShv 1991kZbw 1992]cn-Wbw 1994Úm\-]oTw 1995]ß-̀ q-j¬ 2005sP.-kn.-Um-\n-bÂ AhmÀUv 2013

k¨n-Zm-\-µ³

{]apJ aebm-f-I-hn, \ncq-]-I³, hnhÀ¯-I³cN-\-IÄ (I-hn-X)

A©p kqcy³, Bß-Ko-X, Ihn-X, C´y³ kvsI¨p-IÄ, Fgp-̄ -Ñ-s\-gp-Xp-t¼mÄ, ]qR-\-Im-ew, tkm{I-«okpw tImgn-bpw, Ch-s\-¡q-Sn, hoSp-amäw, Ib-äw, Ihn-_p-²³, tZim-S-\w, sXc-sª-Sp¯ Ihn-X-IÄ, hn¡v, km£y-§Ä, ad-¶p-sh¨ hkvXp-¡Ä, _lp-cq-]n, XYm-KXw\mS-I-§Ä

ià³ X¼p-cm³, KmÔnKZy-te-J-\-§Ä

Ipcp-t£-{Xw, kwhm-Z-§Ä, kao-]-\-§Ä, kwkv¡m-c-̄ nsâ cmjv{So-bw, kw`m-j-W-§Ä,s{_lvXnsâ Ieae-bm-I-hn-Xm-]T-\-§ÄAt\z-j-W-§Ä, ]S-hp-IÄ, kuµ-cyhpw A[n-Im-chpw aplqÀ¯-§Ä, kmln-Xyhpw {]Xn-tcm-[hpw



a[p Cd-h-¦ckn\n-am-K-th-j-I³, kwhn-[m-b-I³, Pqdn, \ncq-]-I-kw-L-S-\-I-fnse apJymw-Kw, tIc-f-tÌäv

^nenw sUh-e-̧ vsaâ v tImÀ¸-td-jsâ ]m\Â Ub-d-IvSÀ, kn\nam kmln-Xy-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ ]T-\-§Ä¡v {]tXyI AwKo-Im-cw.

cN-\-IÄ :kv\m\-L-«-§Ä (I-Y-IÄ), ae-bmf kn\n-abpw kmln-Xy-hpw, Aen-hnsâ aµm-c-§Ä (kn-

\n-am-]-T-\-§Ä), ie-̀ -bm-{X-IÄ (bm-{X), kwkvIm-cw, bpàn, kaqlw (A-aÀXy-sk³ hnhÀ¯-\w), ae-bmf kn\n-a-bnse Ahn-kva-c-Wo-bÀ, Ime-̄ nsâ AS-cp-IÄ (kn-\n-am-N-cn-{Xw), temI-kn-\n-a-bpsS aq¶mw I®v, \¦qcw (^o-̈ À ̂ nenw), \njmZw (Xn-c-¡-Y)

hotc-{µ-Ip-amÀ{]apJ Nn -́I-\pw, Fgp-̄ p-Im-c\pw cmjv{So-b-{]-hÀ -̄I-\pw, hb-emÀ AhmÀUv, kmlnXy

A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv, HmS-¡p-gÂ AhmÀUv, \me-̧ m-S³ ]pc-kvImcw XpS§n \nc-h[n AwKo-Im-c-§Ä e`n-̈ n-«pv.

ka-\z-b-̄ nsâ hk-́ w, _p²sâ Nncn, Km«pw ImWm-̈ -c-Sp-I-fpw, Bßm-hn-tes¡mcpXoÀ°-bm{X, {]Xn-̀ -bpsS thcp-IÄ tXSn, N§-¼pg : hn[n-bpsS th«-arKw, Xncn-ªp-t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ, tcmj-̄ nsâ hn¯p-IÄ, A[n-\n-th-i-̄ nsâ ASn-sbm-gp-¡p-IÄ, cmasâ ZpxJw, ssla-h-X-̀ q-hnÂ (h-b-emÀ AhmÀUv), Ba-tkmWpw Ipsd hymIp-e-X-Ifpw.

kpK-X-Ip-amcn{]kn-²-I-h-bn-{Xn, kmaq-ly-{]-hÀ¯-I, ]cn-ØnXn {]hÀ¯-I, {]Ir-Xn-kw-c-£W kan-Xn-

bp-sSbpw A`-bm-bp-tSbpw Øm]I sk{I-«dn

cN-\-IÄ :ap¯p-̈ n¸n kmaq-ly-tk-h-\-̄ n-\pÅ ̀ m«nb AhmÀUv, tk{I«v tkmÄ A´À tZiob

]pc-kvImcw, hr£-an{X AhmÀUv, ]ß{io F¶o AwKo-Im-c-§Ä In«n-bn-«p-v.

kz]v\-̀ p-an, CcpÄ¨n-d-Ip-IÄ]mXn-cm-̧ q-¡Ä (km-lnXy {]hÀ¯I AhmÀUv)A¼-e-aWn (h-b-emÀ AhmÀUv)Ipdn-ªn-̧ q-¡Ä , Xpem-hÀj-̧ ¨ (hniz-Zo]w AhmÀUv), cm[-sb-hnsS (A-_p-Zm_n ae-bmfkamPw AhmÀUv), IrjvW-I-hn-X-IÄ (P-·m-jvSan ]pc-kvI-Im-cw), tZh-Zm-kn, aW-se-gp¯v

F³.-F.-\-koÀ{]apJ h\y-Pohn t^mt«m-{Km-̂ À, ]cn-Øn-Xn-kw-c-£-W-{]-hÀ -̄I³, t_mws_ \mNz-dÂ

lnÌdn skmssk-än-bpsS Øncmw-Kw, Sanctury Asia, Frontline, Outlook TravellerXpS-§nb {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fnÂ t^mt«m-k-lnXw Fgp-Xp-¶p. \oe-Kncn amÀ«n-s\-¡p-dn¨pw \nc-h[n A]qÀÆkky-P-́ p-hÀ¤-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw Poh³ XpSn-¡p¶ Nn{X-§-tfmsS lrZ-b-kv]Àin-bmbn Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-v. amXr-̀ qan BgvN-̧ -Xn-̧ nÂ ]c-¼-c-bmbn h¶ teJ-\-§Ä ImSnsâ at\m-l-c-amb Bhn-jv¡-c-W-§-fm-Wv. ImSns\ sN¶p sXmSp-t¼mÄ F¶ t]cnÂ AXv ]pkvX-I-am-bn.



bp.-sI.-Ip-am-c³IYm-Ir v̄, t\mh-en-Ìv, ]{X-{]-hÀ -̄I³.cN-\-IÄ (t\m-hÂ)

he-bw, Hcn-S¯pw F¯m-̄ -hÀ, t]meo-kp-Im-csâ s]¬a-¡Ä, X£³Ip¶v kzcq-]w,Bk-àn, Fgp-X-s¸-«-Xv, Hä-hm-¡nÂ Hcp Pohn-Xw, ImWp-¶-XÃ ImgvN-IÄ

IY]pXnb Ccn-̧ n-S-§Ä, ]mhw IÅ³, sdbnÂ¸m-f-̄ nÂ Hcp IpSpw_w [ym\n-¡p-¶p. Hä-

bvs¡mcp kv{Xo HmSp-¶-Xnsâ cl-ky-sa´v? hoSp kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p, Hcm-sf-t¯Sn HcmÄ, aXn-{`-a-§-fpsS Imew, k©-cn-¡p¶ tKmh-Wn, hfª ImepÅ IpS

Fkv.-sI.-s]m-ä-¡mSv (i-¦-c³Ip«n s]mä-¡m-Sv) (1913-þ1982){]ikvX IYm-Ir-̄ v, t\mh-en-Ìv, k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-c-N-\-bnÂ Gsd {]i-kvX³

cN-\-IÄ (t\m-hÂ)\mS³t{]-aw, hnj-I-\y-I, Hcp tZi-̄ nsâ IY

IYbh-\n-Ibv¡p ]n¶nÂ

aIs\ sIm¶ aZyw (I-hn-X).Fkv.sI.s]msä¡m-Snsâ k©m-c-km-lnXyw

tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv (hn-j-I-\y-I-þ1962)tI{µ kmlnXy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv (Hcp tZi-̄ nsâ IY) (1972)kmln-Xy-{]-hÀ¯I kl-I-c-W-kwLw AhmÀUv (1977)Úm\-]oT ]pc-kvImcw 1980

Fń-s\-gp-Xp¶p þ Fw.-Sn.1. Fgp-̄ p-Im-c\v Xm³ Pohn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶ Ime¯v In«p¶ Bcm-[-\bpw {]kn-²nbpw Pohn-X-

¯nsâ aäp ]e aÞ-e-§-fnepw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-h-tcmSv Xmc-X-ay-s¸-Sp-̄ p-t¼mÄ hfsc\nÊm-camWv. hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

Fń-s\-gp-Xp¶p F¶p Nnń-¡p-I-bmWv Fw.-Sn. Fgp¯v BZm-b-I-c-amb sXmgn-em-sW¶p sh¨n-«-Ã, al-̄ mb Imcy-§Ä temI-t¯mSp ]d-bm-tam¶p Icp-Xn-bn-«Ã {]kn-²nbpw Ipd-hp-X-s¶. Hcp ̂ pSvt_mÄ Ifn-¡m-c-\v, cmjv{So-b-¡m-c-\v AsÃ-¦nÂ kn\n-am-\-S\v In«p¶ ssIb-Snbpw A\p-tamZ-\-§fpw BÄ¡q-«hpw Hcn-¡epw Fgp-̄ p-Im-c\v In«n-bn-«n-Ã In«m-\n-S-bp-an-Ã. F¦nepw Fgp-̄ p-Im-c\v Ahym-tJy-b-amb Hcp {]tNm-Z-\-̄ n-\-Sn-s¸«v Fgp-tXn hcp-I-Xs¶ sN¿p-¶p.

2. ‘CsXmcp {]IrXn \nb-a-am-bn-cn¡mw’ Fw.-Sn. kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶-sX v́?F´p-sImv Fgp-̄ p-Im-c-\mbn F¶ tNmZy-̄ n\v IrXy-amb D¯cw Akm-²y-am-

Wv. ss__n-fnse Irjn-¡m-c³ Fdn-bp¶ hn¯p-Isf HmÀ¡mw. ]te-S¯pw hoWhn¯p-I-fpse hn[n ]e Xc-̄ n-em-Wv. NneÀ hn[n himÂ ]«m-f-¡mcpw I¨-h-S-¡mcpwHs¡ Bhp-¶-Xp-t]mse aäp NneÀ Fgp-̄ p-Imcpw Bhp-¶p. Fw.-Sn.-]-d-bp¶ \nK-a\wCXm-Wv. ‘BZyw apXÂt¡ Rm³ asäm-¶p-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ’ F¶v.



3. Fw.-Sn.-F¶ Fgp-̄ p-Im-csâ _meyw]mS-̄ nsâ Ic-bnse XIÀ¶ Xd-hm-Snsâ apI-fnÂ Ac shfn-̈ -̄ nÂ Fgp-Xn-

bh hopw Ab-hn-d¡n, Fgp-Xm-\p-t±-in-¡p-¶-h-sb-¡p-dn v̈ kz]v\-§Ä Iv _me-\mbFw.-Sn. Ign-ªp. kmlnXyw sXmgn-em-¡m-sat¶m Fgp-̄ n\p {]Xn-̂ -e-ap-st¶m Adn-hn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. Bcpw ImWmsX, t\m«p-]p-kvX-I-§-fnÂ \n¶p Iodn-sb-Sp¯ Xmfp-I-fnÂAh³ Fgp-Xn-¡q-«n. kmln-Xy-̄ nÂ IpSpw-_-]m-c-¼-cy-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. Hmtcm ]pXnb hmb-\-bnepw kz´w temIs¯ hn]p-e-am-¡n-s¡mv kÀ¤-th-Z-\-b-dnª _mey-am-bn-cp¶pAXv.

4. Fgp-Xp-¶Xv Hcp Is-̄ Â IqSn-bm-Wv. hni-Z-am-¡pI?Fgp-Xp-t¼mÄ Xsâ ap¼nÂ ]{X-¡mcpw {]km-[-Icpw hmb-\-¡m-cp-an-sÃ¶v Fw.-Sn.

]d-bp-¶p. IY-bpsS Bßo-b-Po-hnXw X¶nÂ -̄s¶-bm-Wv. ZpxJ-§fpw BËm-Z-§-fpw-kz-]v\-§fpw a\-Êns\ Iog-S-¡p-t¼mÄ Fgp-XmsX h¿. Fgp-Xp-¶Xv B\-µm-t\z-j-W-̄ nseIs-̄ -em-Wv. B\-µ-̄ nsâ A\-́ -amb At\z-j-W-amWv Pohn-Xw. Hmtcm hyàn-¡p-apv Hc-t\z-j-W-]-Yw. Xsâ taJe Fgp-̄ n-tâ-Xm-sW¶v Fw.-Sn. Adn-bp-¶p.

5. Fgp-̄ nse kzmX{ýwcp ]pXnb IY Bß-kw-Xr-]vXn-tbmsS Fgp-Xn-¡-gn-ªmÂ Fgp-̄ p-Im-c³

B\µw A\p-̀ -hn-¡p-¶p. a[p-tcm-Zm-c-amb B A\p-̀ -h-̄ n-\p-thn Xm³ F{X thZ-\bpwkln-¡p-sa¶v Fw.-Sn.-]-d-bp-¶p. Pohn-X-̄ nsâ bmsXmcp taJ-ebpw Xcm¯ kzmX-{ý-amWv Fgp v̄ Xcp-¶-Xv. ho«nepw tPmen-Ø-e¯pw kaq-l-̄ nepw ]c-X-{ -́\mb Fgp-̄ p-Im-c³, Fgp-̄ nsâ temIs¯ {]Pbpw cmPm-hp-am-Wv. B kzmX-{ý-amWv \ne-\n-ev]v.Akw-Xr-]vX-amb Bßm-hn\p hoWp-In-«p¶ BËm-Z-̄ nsâ Akp-e-̀ -\n-an-j-§Ä¡pw kzmX-{ý-̄ n\pw thn-bmWv Fw.-Sn.-F-gp-Xp-¶-Xv.

]cn-Xy-à-cpsS cmjv{Sobw þ k¨n-Zm-\-µ³1. Fw.-Sn.-bpsS cN-\m-tem-Is¯ apgp-h³ D·n-j-̄ m-¡p¶ kq£va-cm-jv{So-b-̄ n-te-¡pÅ

Infn-hm-Xn-emWv Cu {]kvXmhw þ GXv?NneXp ]d-bm³ tXm¶p-¶-Xp-sIm-mWv HcmÄ Fgp-Xp-¶-Xv. Nne tNmZy-§Ä a\-

Ên-ep-ÅXp sImpw. tNmZy-§Ä Xt¶m-Sp-X-s¶-bm-hmw. kaq-l-t¯m-tSm, Ime-L-«-t¯m-tSm, a\p-jy-cm-in-tbmtSm {]Ir-Xn-tbm-tSm, Cuiz-c-t\mtSm Bhmw. Ihn-Xbpw IYbpw\mS-I-hp-saÃmw ]nd-¡p-¶Xv C§-s\-bm-sW¶v ‘ImYn-Isâ Ie’ bnÂ Fw.-Sn.-F-gp-Xp-¶p.

2. sshbàn-I-amWv Fw.-Sn.-bpsS cmjv{Sobw þ hni-Z-am-¡pIcmjv{S-§-fp-sSbpw ̀ c-W-Iq-S-§-fp-sSbpw hn[n \nÀ®-bn-¡p¶ Øqe-cm-jv{So-b-̄ nÂ

Fw.-Sn.-bpsS IY-IÄ {]tNm-Z\w Is-̄ p-¶n-Ã. kp]-cn-Nn-X-amb {Kmaw, a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn-bnse sshNn-{X-b-§Ä þ CsX-Ãm-am-W-t±-l-̄ nsâ \nXy-{]-tNm-Z-\w. \·-bpsS \nd-Ip-S-amb hyàn òI-c\pw sImSpw-{Iq-c³ arZp-e-lr-Z-b-\p-am-Ip¶ EXp-t`-Z-§Ä At±-ls¯\nc-́ cw BI-Àjn-¡p¶p.

3. ‘Cu anÊn-Ên-̧ n-¡m-cn-bpsS hm¡p-IÄ Xsâ-bm-WtÃm F¶v Fw.-Sn.-A-Zv`p-X-s¸-Sp-¶p-v.’hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

Ata-cn-¡³ Fgp-̄ p-Im-cn-bmb bqtUm\ shÂän Hcp {]mtZ-inI Fgp-̄ p-Im-cn-bmbn Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-XnÂ {]iv\-an-Ãm-̄ -h-fm-Wv. FXp {]tZ-is¯-̧ än Fgp-X-W-sa¶vFgp-̄ p-Im-c-t\mSv \ncq-]-I³ ]d-tb--Xn-Ã. X\n-¡-dn-bm-hp¶ {]tZ-i-s¯bpw a\p-jy-scbpw ]än Xm³ Fgp-Xn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶p F¶v bqtUm\ A`n-am-\-]qÀÆw ]d-bp-¶p. Cuhm¡p-IÄ XtâXp Xs¶-bm-WtÃm F¶v Fw.-Sn. AZv`p-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ata-cn-¡-bp-tSbpwhmcm-W-kn-bp-tSbpw ]Ým-̄ -e-̄ nÂ IY-I-sf-gp-Xp-t¼mgpw At±-l-̄ nsâ BcqVw IqS-ÃqÀ Xs¶-bm-Wv.



4. Fw.-Sn.-bpsS IYm-tem-I-̄ nsâ ASn-Øm-\-§Ä\mep-sI-«p-I-fpsS XIÀ¨, km¼-̄ nI {]Xn-k-Ôn-IÄ, Ah a\p-jy-a-\-ÊnÂ krjvSn-¡p¶A\y-Xm-t_m-[w, GIm-In-X, ]I, {]Xn-Imcw Bß \nµ CsXÃmw Fw.-Sn.-bpsS IYm-tem-I-¯n-se§pw ]SÀ¶p-Im-Wmw. apJy IYm-]m-{X-§Ä PoÀ®n¨ Xd-hm-Sp-I-fp-tSbpw Zcn{Z]Ým-̄ -e-§-fp-tSbpw Akz-Ø-X-IÄ t]dp-¶-h-cm-Wv. kzmÀ°n-bmb Imc-W-hcpw \nÊ-lm-b-\mb Cf-ap-d-¡m-c\pw A¶s¯ hen-sbmcp bmYmÀ°y-ambncp¶p. Zpc-tZ-i-§-fn-tebv¡v c£-s¸«p t]mb-h-cmWv ]e IYm-]m-{X-§-fpw.

5. Cu coXn-bnÂ AhÀ ap³Km-an-I-fnÂ \n¶v hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cns¡ ]n³Km-an-I-sf {]h-Nn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p þ hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

Fw.-Sn-bpsS ka-Im-en-I-cmb C´y³ Fgp-̄ p-Im-cpsS temI-̄ nsâ sshIm-cn-I-L-S-\-IÄ At±lw Xsâ kz´w coXn-bnÂ ]¦n-Sp-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. Ch-cpsS IYm-]m-{X-§Äkz´w tZi-Ime _Ô-§-fnÂ thcp-Å-h-cm-Wv. Ah-cpsS GIm-́ -Xbv¡pw A\y-Xm-ssh-[-¯n\pw kaq-l-̄ nÂ thcp-I-fpv; X§-sfbpw kaq-l-s¯bpw H¶n-̈ p-\nÀ¯n hnNm-c-W-sN-¿p-¶-XnÂ \n¶p-f-hm-Ip-¶-XmWv Ah-cpsS Bß-\n-µ. Cu coXn-bnÂ ]gb Fgp-̄ p-Im-cnÂ\n¶v AhÀ hyXy-kvX-cm-Ip-¶p; ]n³Km-an-I-fn--te-bv¡v hgn Xpd-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

6. GtX-Xp-X-c-̄ n-epÅ GIm-In-X-I-fmWv Fw.-Sn.-bpsSbpw kam-\-cmb Fgp-̄ p-Im-cp-tSbpwIYm-]m-{X-§Ä A\p-̀ -hn-¡p-¶Xv?

]gb {Kma-̄ n-\m-bpÅ Krlm-Xp-c-Xzw, ]pXnb kaq-l-̄ nsâ `mK-am-Im-\m-Im-̄ -Xn-epÅ ss\cmiyw, kz´w ico-c-̄ nsâ sshIr-X-s -̄¡p-dn-̈ pÅ Bß-]o-U-I-amb Nncw-t_m-[w, ]nXr-ta-[m-hn-̄ -]-c-amb kap-Zm-b-̄ nsâ hne-¡p-I-fnÂ ]nS-bp¶ cXn-hmRvOw,]nd¶ \mSp-hn-Sm³ t{]cn-̧ n-¡p¶ Zmcn-{Zyw, t{]a-]-cm-P-bw, km£m-Â¡m-c-̄ nsâ aqc-lqÀ¯w Xs¶ hyÀ°Xm t_m[-̄ nsâ aplqÀ¯hp-am-Ip¶ {]Xn-Im-c-tamlw þ C{XXo{h-amb Hcp sshIm-cnI aÞew Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡m³ Ihn-X-tbm-S-Sp-̄ p-h-cp¶ Hcp ̀ mjbpwAhÀ Is-̄ n. Cu`m-h-§Ä ̀ mc-Xob ̀ mj-I-fnse ]e IYm-Ir-̄ p-¡-fnepw kam-\-am-sW¶p ImWmw.

7. Fw.-Sn.¡p tij-apÅ Fgp-̄ p-Im-cpsS \ne-]mSvFw.-Sn. Xsâ {Kma-̄ nÂ Is-̄ nb ]mÀiz-hÀ¯n-I-fmb a\p-jy-cpsS Ah-Ø-

Isf kmÀÆ-P-\o-\-am-¡p-Ibpw AhnsS At±-l-̄ nsâ {]ta-b-̀ m-h-§sf ]pXnb IYmhyh-lm-c-̄ nsâ A\n-hm-cy-amb ]cn-k-c-§-fmbn \ne-hm-c-s -̧Sp-̄ p-I-bpamWv ]n³X-e-apdsNbvX-Xv. tIh-e-̀ m-hm-hn-jv¡m-c-̄ n-te-¡pÅ Cu \o¡w am[-hn-¡p-«n-bnepw Sn.-]-Zva-\m-̀ -\nepw Bcw-̀ n¨ Im¡-\m-S³, tkXp, k¡-dnbamcnÂ XpS-cp-¶Xv ImWmw. bYmÀ° kµÀ -̀§Ä ]n³hm-§p-Ibpw a\p-jym-h-Ø-bpsS \ne-\n-ev]n-sâbpw ]pXnb ImgvN-̧ m-Sp-IÄ cq]wsImÅp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-amWv k¡-dn-b-bpsS ‘Hcn-S v̄’ t]msemcp IY.

8. B[p-\n-I-X-sb-¡p-dn¨v Fw.-Sn.-bpsS ImgvN-̧ mSvB[p-\n-IX Hcp Pqhn-X-ssN-X-\y-̄ n-\m-bpÅ Zml-am-Wv, {]Xo-£-bm-Wv. kz´w

sI«p-]m-Sp-I-fnÂ\n¶v tamN\w t\Sm-\pÅ sh¼-em-Wv. Bß-ssN-X-\y-am-W-Xv. am\-h-cm-insb apgp-h³ IW-¡n-se-Sp¯v sImpÅ Hcp X¯z-im-kv{X-̄ nsâ t_m[-t{]-c-W-I-fpsS klm-b-t¯msS t\Sp¶ hnim-e-amb ImgvN-̧ m-Sm-Wv. Imcq-cnsâ ‘ac-̧ m-h-IÄ’ C -̄c-̄ n-epÅ Hcm-[p-\n-I-I-Y-bm-sW¶v Fw.-Sn.-k-aÀ°n-¡p-¶p.



9.- \m-b-I\pw {]Xn-\m-b-I-\p-am-Im³ `mKy-an-Ãm-sX-t]mb CS-̄ -c-¡m-c-s\-¡p-dn¨v Fw.-Sn.-]-d-bp¶ hm¡p-IÄ

CS-̄ -c-¡m-cs\ kw_-Ôn-̈ n-S-t¯mfw Pohn-¡pI F¶-Xp-Xs¶ Hcp alm-Xym-K-am-Wv. AXXp Imes¯ Nn«-h-«-§Äs¡m-̧ n v̈ \ne-\nÂ¡m³ _m[y-Ø-\m-W-bmÄ. Ah\vt]td ̀ mc-§Ä cm-Wvþ Pohn-¡pI F¶-Xm-sW-¶m-sWm-¶v. asäm¶v Ahsâ s]cp-am-ä-̈ -«-§sf BsI kzm-[o-\n¨ aqey-t_m-[w. apI-fn-tebv¡p t\m¡n-bmepw Xmtg¡p t\m¡n-bmepw s\Sp-hoÀ¸n-Smt\ Ah\v hgn-bp-Åq. Cu CS-̄ -c-¡m-c-\mWv Fw.-Sn.-bpsS F¶-t¯bpw IYm-]m-{Xw.

10. Fw.-Sn.-I-Y-I-fnse Xnc-kvIr-X-cp-am-bp-Å-X-·-bo-̀ mhwFw.-Sn.-bpsS BZys¯ {]i-kvX-I-Y-bmb hfÀ¯p-ar-K-§Ä apXÂt¡ Xnc-kvIr-

Xcpw ]oUn-X-cp-amb IYm-]m-{X-§sf ImWmw. ]e-hn-[-̄ nÂ NqjWw sN¿-s¸-Sp-IbpwD]-tbm-Kn¨p hen-s¨-dn-b-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ FÃm apjy-cp-tSbpw {]Xn-\n-[n-bmWv Pm\-½. ‘Ccp-«nsâ Bßm-hnse’ them-bp-[\pw ‘Ipt«y-S¯n’ bnse Ipt«y-S-̄ nbpw ‘Hmt¸mfn’se Hmt¸mfpw \mep-sI-«nse A¸p-®nbpw t]mse At\-Iw. IYm-]m-{X-§Ä A]-am-\hpwGIm-́ -Xbpw sImv hoÀ¸p-ap-«p-¶-h-cm-Wv.

11. hni¸v Fw.-Sn. IY-I--fnÂImcq-cn-sâbpw _jo-dn-sâbpw (hn-i-̧ v, ssSKÀ, P·-Zn\w (_-joÀ) Ime-N{Iw s]mXn-

t¨mdv (Im-cqÀ)) IY-I-fnÂ hni-̧ nsâ Xo£vW-{]-Im-i-\-§Ä \mw In-«p-v. Fw.-Sn.-I-Y-I-fnepw AXv Xo{hhpw k¦oÀ®-hp-amb Hcp hnIm-c-am-Wv. ̀ qX-Im-e-a-lna ]d-ªn-cp¶ Xd-hm-Sp-Isf AXv ITn-\-ambn _m[n-̈ p. \mSp-hm-gn¯w _m¡n-sh¨ Zpc-̀ n-am-\hpw hÀ¯-am\ bmYmÀ°y-amb hni¸pw X½n-epÅ kwLÀjw A¡m-es¯ IY-I-fnÂ s]mXp-hm-bn-cp-¶p. Fw.-Sn-.bn-eXv A]-IÀj-Xm-t_m-[hpw A]-am-\hpw IqSn-¡-eÀ¶ H¶m-bn-̄ o-cp-¶p. Ipdp-¡sâ Ieym-W-̄ nse Ip«nbpw ‘kzÀ¤w Xpd-¡p¶ kab’ ¯nse Ip«n-\m-cm-b-W\pw ‘IÀ¡nS-I’ -̄ nse D®nbpw ‘-Hcp ]nd-¶m-fnsâ HmÀ½’-- bnse Ip«nbpw ‘]Ån-hmfn’-se tIma-chpw hni-̧ nsâ At\Iw am\-§fpw kµÀ`-§fpw Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p.

12. ‘]cn-Xy-à-cpsS cmjv{So-b-amWv Fw.-Sn.-bpsS cN-\-I-fnse cmjv{Sobw’-hni-Z-am-¡pI (D-]-\ymk amXr-I)

(te-J-\-̄ nsâ kw{Klw þ eLp-]-\ym-k-§fpw Ipdn-̧ p-Ifpw DZm-l-cn-̈ h IqSn-t¨À¶mÂ D¯-c-ambn þ Ah-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«-hcpw GIm-In-Ifpw A\y-Xm-t_m[w t]dp-¶-h-cp-amb IYm-]m-{X-§sf DZm-l-cn-¡-Ww)

ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS kmln-Xy-_Ôwa[p Cd-h-¦c

1. ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bnse kmln-Xy-_-Ô-̄ nsâ Bcw-̀ -Im-e-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Ipdn-s¸-gp-Xp-I.kn.-hn.-cm-a³]n-Å-bpsS Ncn-{Xm-Jym-bn-I-bmb ‘amÀ¯m-Þ-hÀ½’-tbmsS-bmWv ae-

bmf kn\n-a-bnse kmln-Xy-_Ôw Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xv. \nÀ`m-Ky-h-imÂ Cu kn\na {]ZÀin-¸n-¡m-\m-bn-Ã. BZys¯ i_vZ-Nn-{X-amb _me\pw ASp-̄ -Xmbn h¶ Úm\mw-_n-IbpwbYm-{Iaw IY-sbbpw t\mh-en-s\bpw B{i-bn-̈ p-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. 1928 apXÂ 50 hscbp{]kn² kmln-Xy-Im-c-·mÀ IYbpw Xnc-¡-Y-bp-sa-gpXn kn\n-asb k¼-¶-am-¡n. kn\n-a-bpsS t]cp-IÄ BZy-Ime ae-bm-f-t\m-h-ep-I-fpsS kzm[o-\-ap-Åh Bbn-cp-¶p.



2. BZy-Im-e-kn-\n-a-I-fnÂ ‘\oe-¡p-bnen’-\pÅ {]mamWyw\oe-¡p-bnÂ (1954) ae-bmf kn\n-abv¡v kz -́amb apJ-Ñmb \ÂIn. bYmÀ°

]Ým-̄ -e-̄ n-epÅ Hcp IY-bm-bn-cp¶p Cu kn\n-a-bp-tS-Xv. kmaqly bmYmÀ°y-§sfDÄs¡m-Åm³ {ian¨ BZy-kn-\n-abpw CXm-bn-cp-¶p. {]ikvX kmln-Xy-Im-c-\mb Ddq_vIY-sb-gpXn ]n.-̀ m-kv¡-c\pw cmap-Im-cym«pw IqSn kwhn-[m\w sNbvX-XmWv ‘\oe-¡p-bnÂ’-]pd-̄ n-d-§n-b-Xv.

3. ae-bmf kn\n-a-bnse A\p-hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS kphÀ®-Imew GXm-bn-cp¶p?Adp-]-Xp-I-fm-bn-cp¶p \½psS kn\n-a-bnse A\p-hÀ -̄\-§-fpsS kphÀ®-Im-ew.

sI.-F-kv.-tk-Xp-am-[-h-\mWv Cu Ime¯v Gähpw IqSp-XÂ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ kn\n-a-bm-¡n-b-Xv. Ct±lw ssIImcyw sNbvX {]ta-b-§Ä¡v {it²-b-amb sshhn-²y-ap-v. t\mh-ep-Ifpw IY-Ifpw \mS-I-§fpw Xsâ kn\n-a-IÄ¡v Ah-ew-_-ambn At±lw kzoI-cn-̈ p.XIgn, tIi-h-tZ-hv, {ioIp-am-c³ \mbÀ, ap«-̄ p-hÀ¡n, Fkv.sI s]mä-¡m-Sv, ae-bm-äqÀcma-Ir-jvW³, sI.-Sn.-ap-l-½-Zv, tXm¸nÂ `mkn F¶n-h-cp-tS-sbÃmw cN-\-Isf B{i-bn¨vtkXp-am-[-h³ kn\n-a-IÄ \nÀ½n-̈ p. Úm\ kpµ-cn, Hma-\-¡p-«³, HmS-bnÂ \n¶v, AÀ -̈\, duUn, Øm\mÀ°n kmdm½, \mS³s]-®v, b£n, ASn-a-IÄ, Iq«p-Ip-Spw-_w, ISÂ¸mewF¶nh At±-l-̄ nsâ {]kn-²-amb A\p-hÀ¯-\-§-fm-Wv.

4. kmln-Xy-_-Ô-̄ n\v \ndw a§p¶ F¬]-Xp-Ifpw XpSÀ¨bpw Npcp¡n hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.F¬]-Xp-I-fnse Nn{X-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-̈ m-e-dnbmw þ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-tf-¡mÄ

t_mIvtkm-̂ okv hnPbw sIm¿p¶ IY-I-fmWv kn\na cq]-s¸-Sp-̄ m³ kwhn-[m-b-IÀkzoI-cn-̈ -sX-¶v. ASqÀ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvWsâ kzsb-h-c-amWv ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bnÂ \h-X-cw-K-̄ n\v XpS¡w Ipdn-̈ -Xv. Iem-kn-\n-a, hmWn-Py-kn-\n-a, H¯p-XoÀ¸p-kn-\na F¶n-§s\\½psS kn\na Xcw-Xn-cn-¡-s -̧«Xpw C¡m-e-̄ m-Wv. hmWn-Py-kn-\n-am-cw-K¯v A\p-hÀ -̄\-§-fp-m-bn-Ã.

Hmt¸mÄ, tIme-§Ä, Hcn-S-s¯mcp ̂ bÂhm³, hmcn-¡p-gn, NnZw-_-cw, ]pcp-jmÀ°w,cpIvanWn F¶n-h Cu Zi-I-§-fnse Gähpw ià-amb A\p-hÀ¯-\-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.

sXm®q-dp-I-fn-se-̄ n-b-t¸m-tg¡pw hfsc Ipd-̈ p-c-N-\-IÄ am{X-amWv Ne-̈ n-{X-cq-]-¯n-se¯nbXv. aXn-ep-IÄ, hmkvXp-lm-c, C¶-se, s]m´³am-S, Hä-b-Sn-̧ m-X-IÄ, ssZh-¯nsâ hnIr-Xn-IÄ, Aán-km£n F¶o Nn{X-§Ä A\p-hÀ¯-\-§-sf¶ \ne-bnÂ D¶-X-\n-e-hmcw ]peÀ¯p-¶-h-bm-Wv. ImWn-Isf ckn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ]pXnb t^mÀap-e-I-fp-ambn kn\na At\z-jWw XpS-cp-t¼mÄ kmln-Xy-̄ n\v Øm\-an-Ãm-Xm-Ip¶p F¶-XmWvkXyw.

ae-bmf kn\na {]I-Sn-̧ n¨ kmaq-lym-h-t_m-[hpw bYm-XY Pohn-X-Nn-{Xo-I-c-Whpwkmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw kzmwio-I-cn¨ KpW-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. kn\n-asb Kuc-h-X-c-am-bn-I kwhn-[m-b-I-scÃmw sNdp-I-Y-I-tftbm t\mh-se-äp-I-tftbm Ah-ew-_n v̈ Ne-̈ n{XcN-\bv¡p apXnÀ¶p. A\p-hÀ -̄\-§-fpsS Xnc-Èo-e-bn-te¡v ]IÀ¯p-¶-Xn-e-Ã. am[y-a-¯nsâ kt¦-X-§fpw kuµ-cy-in-£-W-hp-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨v BJym\w F{X-t¯mfw Ne-̈ n-{X-]-c-am¡n F¶-Xn-em-sW¶v \nco-£n-t¡--Xp-v.



^mkn-k-̄ n-sâ a\x-Èmkv{XwFw.-]n.-ho-tc-{µ-Ip-amÀ

1.- ^m-kn-k-̄ nsâ ̀ oI-c-ap-J-§sf teJ-I³ hnh-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?PÀ½-\n-bnse \mkn XS-¦Â ]mf-b-§-fpsS Nn{X-§Ä ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-XmWv

^mkn-k-̄ nsâ a\x-Èmkv{Xw F¶ teJ-\w. ]pcm-X\ {Koknse knän tÌäp-I-fpsS amXr-I-bnÂ Hcp ̀ c-W-Iq-S-amWv Fkv.-F-kv.-F¶ \mknÌv kwL-S\ hn`m-h\w sN¿p-¶-Xv. P\-kw-Jy-bpsS A©p iX-am-\-̄ nÂ \n¶v Ah-cpsS Gähpw \Ã ]pjv]-§Ä ̀ cWw \S-̄ p-Ibpw aäp-Å-hÀ A\p-k-cn-¡p-Ibpw A²zm-\n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-I. CXmWv Hcp hiw. asäm-cp-h-i-am-Is« hÀ¤-ssU-h-]-c-ambn Xmgv¶-hsc D·q-e\w sN¿-em-Wv. Fkv.-F-kv.-F¶k¶² kwL-S\ Hcp h[-b-{ -́am-bn-cp-¶p; tImSn-¡-W-¡n\v a\p-jysc ]oUn-̧ n-¡p-Ibpwkwl-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿m-\pÅ Hcp b{´w. ISp¯ NqSnepw ISp¯ XWp-̧ nepw XS-hp-Imsc InS-̄ p-I, ]«n-Wn-¡n«p sImÃp-I, kl-X-S-hp-Imsc ]oU-\-ap-dbv¡v km£n-I-fm-¡p-I, arK-im-e-bnse Ic-Sn-I-fpsS CS-bn-tebv¡v XS-hp-Imsc Fdn-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡pI þ C¯cwss]im-NnI IrXy-§-fm-bn-cp¶p ta[m-hn-IÄ \nÀÆ-ln-̈ p-sIm-n-cp-¶-Xv. hnth-N-\hpw]oU-\hpw bqWn-th-gvkn-än-I-sf-hsc _m[n-̈ n-cp-¶p. hnip² càw, ]pWy-̀ q-an, hnip²bp²w F¶n-hbv¡v hnIm-c-]-cn-thjw \ÂIp-Ibpw AtXm-sSm¸w D·q-e\w sNt¿-p¶i{Xp-k-aq-ls¯ k¦-ev]n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. CXv FÃm Ime¯pw temI¯pw ImW-s -̧Sp-¶p-s¶v teJ-I³ hne-bn-cp-̄ p-¶p.

2. akvXnjvI {]£m-f\w \mkn-k-̄ nsâ {][m\ amÀ¤-am-bn-cp-¶p. F´p-sImv ?hniz-kn-¡m-\pÅ a\p-jy-sâ {]h-W-Xsb D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bmWv ^mknkw

kmwkvIm-I-cn-Ihpw ̀ uXn-I-hp-amb taJ-e-Isf Iog-S-¡p-¶-Xv. a\p-jy-cpsS akvXn-jvI-{]-£m-f\w A\m-bm-k-amsW¶v FtUzÀUv HmhnÂk¬ At±-l¯nsâ ‘tkmtjym-h-tbm-fPn’- F¶ {KÙ-̄ nÂ ]d-bp-¶p-v. Adn-bm³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xn-te-sd-hn-iz-kn-¡m-\mWv a\p-jy\v XmÂ¸-cyw. ‘tZiob’- imkv{X-Ú-·mÀ tZio-b-c-Ãm-̄ -hsc ]oUn-̧ n-¡pI F¶kmwkvIm-cnI ̂ mknkw D¶-X-]m-c-¼-cy-apÅ tKm«n³ bqWn-th-gvkn-än-bnÂIqSn {]I-S-am-bn-cp-¶p. FÃm tkzÑm ̀ c-W-Iq-S-§fpw kzX-{ -́a-\-Êp-Isf ASn-̈ -aÀ¯p-¶p. X¶n-jvS-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn¨v kwlm-cm-ß-I-amb X¯z-im-kv{X-§Ä \nÀ½n-s¨Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.\ymb-hm-Z-§Ät¡m [À½-̄ nt\m CS-bn-Ãm-̄ -hn[w GIm-[n-]-Xy-§Ä akvXnjv¡ {]£m-f-\-§-fn-eqsS Imcyw t\Sp-¶p.

3. \mknkw hnizm-k-§-fn-te¡pw kzmX-{´y-̄ n-te¡pw IS¶p Ib-dnb tkzÑm-[n-]Xy {]h-W-X-bm-bn-cp¶p þ hnh-cn-¡pI (D-]-\ym-k-am-Xr-I)

(\mkn XS-¦Â ]mf-b-§-fnse Zpc-́ -Zr-iy-§-fpsS ZrIvkm£n hnh-c-W-amb tImtKm-Wnsâ ]pkvXIw þ Fkv.-F-kv.-̀ -Ssâ k¦Â¸w þ ]pXn-b-̀ -c-W-{Iaw þ \Ã ]pjv]-§-fpsS`c-Whpw þcm-jv{S-̄ nsâ sI«n-̧ -Sp-¡Âþ Hcp ]pXnb a\p-jy-kr-jvSnbpw AXns\ FXnÀ¡p-¶-h-cpsS D·q-e-\-hpw-þ-ar-Zp-kz-̀ m-h-IÄ ]oU-I-I-cm-hp-¶p. þ a\p-jysc (X-S-hp-Im-sc) sh¨p-sIm-pÅ \nÀ±-b-amb ]co-£-W-§Ä-þ-tKm-«n³ bqWn-th-gvkn-än-bnse kmkvIm-cnI ̂ mkn-kw-þ-kz´w cmjv{S-t¯tbm tZi-s -̄tbm, hwi-s¯tbm am{Xw hniz-kn-¡p¶ ̂ mknÌpw]nim-Np-ambn a\p-jy³ amdp¶ X{´w-þ-t{Im-[-̄ nepw hntZz-j-̄ nepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb X¯z-im-kv{X-§-sfÃmw \mi-̄ n-te¡p \bn-¡p-¶p)



Fsâ Ihn-X-sb-̧ änþkp-K-X-Ip-amcn

1. Hcp IhnX P\n-¡p¶ {]{In-bsb kpK-X-Ip-amcn F§-s\-bmWv hÀ®n-¡p-¶Xv ?]qtam-«p-hn-cn-bpw-t]m-se, Xnc-ame Db-cpw-t]mse A{X-taÂ kzm`m-hn-ambmWv Xsâ

Ihn-X-sb-gp-s¯¶v kqK-X-Ip-amcn ]d-bp-¶p. ap³Iq«n Nn´n-̈ p-d-̧ n¨ hnj-btam cq]-tc-Jtbm ]Xn-hn-Ã. B -́cn-I-amb GtXm Hc-kw-Xr-]vXn-bpsS k½À±-amWv Fgp-Xn-¡p-¶-Xv.hm¡p-IÄ Bi-b-§-fmbn cq]w sImÅp-Ibpw hnjbw \nÀ®-bn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Hmtcm ]cnbpw ASp¯ hcnbv¡v cq]w \ÂIp-¶p. A§s\ IhnX P\n-¡p-¶p.

2. kqK-X-Ip-amcn Xsâ cN-\-I-fpsS ]Ým-̄ ew HmÀ¡p-¶-hn[wPnhn-X-̄ nse thZ-\m-I-chpw AkzmØyP\-I-hp-amb Ime-L-«-am-bn-cp¶p AXv.

Fs -́¦nepw Fgp-Xntb Xocq F¶p tXm¶n-b-Im-ew. I®-S-̈ -t¸mÄ DÅnÂ IXv IS-em-Wv. ]¨-̄ n-c-am-e-I-fm-Wv. Gen-b-«nsâ hcn-I-fpsS HmÀ½-bnÂ

IpXn-̈ p-s]m§pw Xnc-am-e-I-fpsS]pd-̄ p-tI-dn-t¸m-Ip-t¼mÄ

Fs¶-gpXnQWÂ QWÂ QW \mZ-ap-XnÀ¡pwaWn-̈ n-e¦ apg-§p-t¼mÄ

F¶ cm-as¯ CucSn BZy-t¯-Xn-t\mSv s]mcp-̄ -s¸-«n-Ã. BZys¯ CucSnsh«n hopw Fgp-Xn-b-t¸mÄ s]s«¶p cq]-ap-m-bn. \r¯-am-Sp¶ I®sâ ]mZ-§-tfÂ¡p¶ Imfn-b-\mbn ]oUn-X-\mb a\p-jym-ßm-hv. thZ-\-Isf Cuiz-cm-\p-{K-l-ambnkzoI-cn-¡p¶ Ip\n-bm¯ inc-ÊpÅ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-̄ nsâ ImgvN ]n¶o-Sp-h¶ hcn-IÄapgp-an-̧ n-̈ p. t_m[-a-\-Ên-s\-¡m-tfsd At_m-[-a-\-ÊmWv cN-\-bn-se¶v Ih-bn-{Xn¡ptXm¶p-¶p. ]cn-Nn-X-amb hcn-Ifpw aX-hn-izm-k-§fpw kaq-l-a-\-Ênsâ t{]c-W-I-fp-saÃmwCu {]{In-b-bn-ep-v. Hcp ià-amb hn-Imcw sImÅ-enÂ Ch-sbÃmw Hcp at\m-l-c-Nn-{X-ambn, Ihn-X-bmbn cq]w sImÅp-¶p. asäm¶v ‘kÔy’- F¶ Ihn-X-bpsS ]Ým-̄ -e-am-Wv.sImSpw-Nq-SpÅ Hcp Znhkw ITn-\-amb Xe-th-Z-\-bp-ambn ]IÂ apgp-h³ Ih-bn{Xn Ign-̈ p-Iq«n kqcy-\-kvX-an-̈ -t¸mÄ sXÃm-izmkw tXm¶n. sNdnb Pohn-X-̄ nsâ \nc-́ -c-t¢-i-§Ä D¨-̀ m-jn-Wn-bn-se-¶-t]mse apg-§n-s¡m-n-cp-¶Xv AS-§n. ]pds¯ kÔy-bpsS{]im-́ X lrZy-am-bn.

F´p shbn-em-bn-cp¶q! ]Xp-¡thA´n hs¶-̄ p-I-bm-bo.......

F¶pwa\-Ênsâ Nmª NnÃ-s¡m-¼nþemZy \£-{X-ap-WÀ¶p aW-¡p-I-bmbo

F¶pwIhn-X-bpsS Icp-Wm-io-X-f-amb amdn-S-̄ nÂ a\Êv A`bw tXSn. Ccp-«nsâ ]£nþ

X\n-¡p-taÂ s]mcp-¶-bn-cn-¡p-¶-X-dn-ªp. FgpXn XoÀ¶-t¸mÄ Bizmkw A\-ev]-am-bn-cp-¶p. t¢i-amb PohnXw [ochpw Biz-kvX-hp-am-Ip¶ Hcp ]cn-Wmaw an¡ Ihn-X-I-fn-ep-ap-m-bn.



3. kqK-X-Ip-am-cn-bpsS Imhy Pohn-X-̄ nse {][m-\-s¸« Nne hyàn-IÄ

Ihn-Xsb kvt\ln-¡p-hm³ ]Tn-̧ n-̈ Xv ]nXmhpw Ihn-bp-amb t_mt[-iz-c-\m-Wv.hnh[ `mjm kmln-Xy-§-en-eqsS ssI]n-Sn¨p \S-̄ n-̈ Xv A½-bm-Wv. Ccp hÀj-k-Ôy-I-fnÂ IpSpw-_-k-Z-Êp-I-fnÂ AÑ³ Xsâ apg-§p¶ i_vZ-̄ nÂ tIc-f-Km-\hpw HmW-¸m«pw sNmÃp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Hfn-hnÂ Ihn-X-b-b¨v ]cn-{`-an-̈ p-\n¶ Xs¶ amXr-̀ q-an-bn-te¡pwIhn-X-bpsS cmP-ho-Yn-bn-te#vIpw kzmKXw sNbvX F³.-hn.-IrjvW hmcn-b-cmWv asäm-cmÄ. B t{]mÕm-l-\-amWv Xs¶ Ih-bn-{Xn-bm-¡n-bXv F¶v kpK-X-Ip-amcn Icp-Xp-¶p.alm-I-hnPn. s{]m^.-F³.-tKm-]m-e-]n-Å, _mem-a-Wn-b-½, sshtem-̧ nÅn apX-emb Kpcp-P-\-§sf AhÀ IrX-Ú-X-tbmsS kvacn-¡p-¶p.

4. Imhy Pohn-X-̄ nÂ Ih-bn{Xn ]peÀ¯n-t¸m-cp¶ ImgvN-̧ mSv

PohnX kwKo-X-̄ nsâ ASn-Øm-\-{ipXn hnjm-Z-̄ n-tâ-Xm-Wv. sh¼p¶ HmtcmlrZ-b-_-Ôhpw ZpxJ-̄ nsâ \ndw amd-ep-I-fm-Wv. a²yw Aev]-ap-bÀ¶ he-bm-Im-c-amWv{]]-©-̄ n\pw AXnse kÀÆ-Im-cy-§Ä¡pw F¶v teJn-Ibv¡p tXm¶p-¶p. \nÊ-lm-b-X-bn-em-cw-̀ n v̈ AXnÂ¯s¶ Ah-km-\n-¡p¶ a\pjy ico-cm-h-Ø-IÄ, Zo]-\m-fs¯ Npg-ep¶ ie-̀ -§Ä. kqcys\ hew shbv¡p¶ ̀ pan, \nXy-\q-X-\-amb Pohn-X-N-{Iwþ F¦nepwFÃm {]mkz-Ø-X-Ifpw Hgp-In-hoWp ebn-¡p-¶Xv im´n-bpsS alm-k-ap-{Z-̄ n-em-sW¶vhniz-kn-t¡-p-h-cp-¶p. \½psS ssIbnÂ, Adn-hnÂ Cu hÀ¯-am\ \nan-j-ta-bp-Åq.AXns\ kvt\lw sImpw shfn¨w sImpw \nd-bv¡pI þ A{Xsb sN¿m-\pÅq F¶vIh-bn{Xn Icp-Xp-¶p.

5. A\-iz-c-X-bn-te¡v \o«p¶ ssIbmWv Ihn-Xbpw þ hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

Pohn-X-Nn-{X-§Ä \iz-c-X-bp-tS-Xm-Wv. ]pÂs¡m-Sn-̄ p-¼nse aªp-Xp-Ån, hogp¶]qhv, Ipanf FÃmw £Wn-I-am-Wv. ad-hn-bpsS alm-Ô-Im-c-¯n-em-gm-Xn-cn-¡m³sh¼ÂsImv a\p-jy³ inem-kvXw-̀ -§epw XmPva-l-ep-Ifpw IpSo-c-§fpw krjvSn-¡p-¶p. kmln-Xy-c-N-\bpw A\-iz-c-X-bn-te-¡pÅ ssI\o-«-em-Wv.

Hsc-gp-̄ p-Im-ct\m Fgp-̄ p-Im-cntbm Fgp-Xp-¶Xv kzµw hm¡p-IÄ am{X-a-Ã. Bscm-s¡tbm ]d-bm³ {ian-̈ -Xv, ]dªp Ign-ª-Xv, C\nbpw BÀs¡m-s¡tbm ]d-bm-\p-ÅXvkmlnXyw ]d-ªp-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p. A\p-̀ q-Xn-IÄ hm¡p-I-fn-sem-Xp-§p-¶n-Ã. ]d-bp¶hm¡p-Ifpw tIÄ¡p¶ ImXp-Ifpw kzoI-cn-¡m³ k¶-²-amb a\-Êp-Ifpw tNÀ¶mtekm^-ey-ap-Åq. B Adn-thmsS ̀ bm-Ëm-Z-§fpw hn\-bhpw B\-µhpw DÄs¡mv kpK-X-Ip-amcn Fgp-Xp-¶p. D.#n-cnÂ Hcp Km\-k-ap{Zw Cc-¼p¶XnÂ BËm-Zn-̈ p-sIm-mWv BFgp-̄ v.



Im«nse Infn-¡q«wþ F³.-F.-\-koÀ

1. Im«nse Infn-¡q-«-ambn \koÀ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ p¶ ]£n-Ifpw Ah-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-IfpwIen-́ -e-̈ n-¡m-fn, amS-̄ , In¶-cn-ssa-\, sIm¼³Ip-bnÂ, \oÀ¸-£n-IÄ þ Hmtcm-

¶n-sâbpw Hm\-a-̄ -amÀ¶ cq]w, BIÀj-I-amb tNjvS-IÄ

2. ]£n-Ifpw {]Ir-Xnbpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw teJ-\-̄ nÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?]£n-I-fpsS Ne-\-§fpw AwK-hn-t£-]-§fpw a\p-jy-tâ-sX-¶-t]mse IuXp-I-I-

c-am-Wv. amXr-Xz-̄ nsâ at\m-l-c-amb Bhn-jv¡m-c-§Ä, {]Ir-Xnsb sXÃpw Atem-k-c-s¸-Sp-̄ m-sX-bpÅ PohnXw FÃmw hfsc lrZy-ambn Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.

3. \ko-dnsâ _mey-Ime kvac-W-I-fnÂ hoSp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶ Infn-IÄsXm¸n-̄ -e-̈ n, I\ym-kv{Xo-¡n-fn, Xp¶m-c³ ]£n

4. ‘Fsâ FÃm hgn-Ifpw Im«n-te-¡m-bn-cp¶p’- hni-Zo-I-cn-¡pI_mey-Ime IuXp-I-§Ä {]Ir-Xn-bn-tebv¡v IqSp-XÂ {i² ]Xn-̧ n-¡m³ t{]cn-̧ n-

¨p. Hmtcm Nnd-I-Sn-\m-Zhpw ]q¼m-ä-bpsS hÀ®m-̀ -amb ]d-¡epw ImSnsâ hiy-̀ w-Kn-bp-te-¡pÅ £W-ambn A\p-̀ -h-s¸-«p.

5. ]£n-\n-co-£-W-K-th-j-W-cw-K-§Ä BÀ¯n-]n-Sn-̈ -Xmbn F¶p ]d-bm³ Imc-W-sa v́?C¶v ]£n-\n-co-£Ww aÕ-cm-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. HcmÄ Hcp ]£nsb ]pXp-Xmbn Is-

¯n-bmÂ BZyw HmSn I¼yq-«-dnsâ ap¼n-se¯n AXv kz´w t]cnÂ Ah-Im-i-s -̧Sm-\mWv{ian-¡p-¶-Xv. aäp-Å-h-cpsS Ip-]n-Sp-̄ -§Ä X§-fp-Xm-¡p-¶-hcpw [mcm-f-ap-v.

6. ‘ap³s]-gp-Xn-bXv Hcn-¡ÂIqSn Fgp-Xn-t¸m-Ip¶p’- þ F´m-WXv? Imc-W-sa v́?‘]£n-Ifpw ]q¼m-ä-Ifpw Ip«n-IÄ¡v {]Ir-Xn-bn-te-¡pÅ Nhn-«p-]-Sn-I-fm-Wv. Ahsc

Ahn-sS-̄ s¶ Xf-̈ n-SmsX ImSnsâ hnim-e-X-bn-tebv¡v Xpd¶p hnSp-I. Ah-cpsS hgn-IÄ AhÀXs¶ Is-̄ n-s¡mÅpw’- CXm#v hop-sa-gp-Xp-¶-Xv. Im«nÂ ]£n-IÄ am{X-sa- DÅq F¶ Ah-Ø-bn-tebv¡v ]pXnb Xe-apdsb hgn \S-̄ p¶ kml-N-cy-̄ n-emWvCu hm¡p-IÄ Fgp-Xn-t¸m-Ip-¶-Xv.

7. imkv{X-tK-hjW§Ä ]e-t¸mgpw ]£n-Isf hwi-t¯msS CÃm-Xm¡n þ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.kvs]kn-sa³ tiJ-c-W-§Ä Kth-j-W-̄ n\v D]-I-cn-t¨-¡mw. F¶mÂ ]£n-I-

fpsS F®w KWy-ambn Ipd-¡p-¶-Xn\pw CXp Imc-W-am-hmw.

8. ]£n-IÄ t^mt«m-{Km-̂ Àamsc ̀ b-s -̧Sm-\n-S-bm-b-sX-́ p-sImv ?

Hfn-̈ p-sh¨ ]£n-¡q-Sp-IÄ ‘hr¯n-bm¡n’- t^mt«m-sb-Sp-¡p-I, ASp¯ t^mt«m-{Km-̂ ÀamÀ¡v Nn{Xw In«m-Xn-cn-¡m-\mbn IqSv \in-̧ n-¡p-I, ]£n-IÄ tNt¡-dp¶ NnÃsh«n-¡-f-bp-I, ]£n-¡qSv s]mfn v̈ Iymad shbv¡p-I, IqSv XpWn-I-fn«v ad-̈ p-sh v̈ B¬In-fn-bp-sSbpw s]-In-fn-bp-sSbpw ]cn-{`aw Iyma-d-bn-em-¡p-I, Nnd-Ip-ap-f-bv¡m¯ Ipªp-§sf Iq«nÂ \n¶v amän-sh v̈ t^mt«m FSp-¡pI XpS-§nb {Iqc-X-IÄ ImcWw ]£n-IÄt^mt«m-{Km-̂ Àamsc ̀ b-s -̧Sm-\n-S-bm-bn.



samUyqÄ þ 2hnhÀ¯\w

hnhÀ -̄\-̄ nsâ apJymw-i-§-sf-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ eLp-hmb ]cn-N-b-amWv samUyqÄ sImp-t±-in-¡p-¶-Xv.

1. hnhÀ¯\w F¶m-se´v ?aqe-Ir-Xnsb asämcp IrXn-bn-tebv¡v kw{I-an-̧ n-¡pI F¶mWv hnhÀ¯\w sImp-

t±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. {]kvXpX ]Z-̄ n\p ]pd-sa, ]cn-̀ mj ̀ mjm-́ -cw, XÀÖa F¶o ]Z-§fpwAtX AÀ°-̄ nÂ {]N-cn-¡p-¶p. s]mcpÄ \jvS-s -̧SmsX Hcm-ibw Hcp ̀ mj-bnÂ \n¶pwasämcp ̀ mj-bn-tebv¡v amäp¶ {]{In-b-bm-W-Xv.

2. hnhÀ¯-\wþ {][m\ \nÀÆ-N-\-§ÄHcp ̀ mj-bnse ]mTy-h-kvXp-sImv BtZsi sN¿pI F¶-XmWv hnhÀ¯\w (sP.-

kn.-Iymäv t^mÀUv) BZy-ambn AÀ°-̄ nepw cm-a-Xmbn ssien-bnepw aqe-̀ m-j-bnsektµ-i-t¯mSv Gähpw ASp-̧ -apÅ XpÃy-]mTw e£y-̀ m-j-bnÂ krjvSn-¡-emWv hnhÀ -̄\w. (bq-Pn-³ss\-U)

AÀ°w ap³\nÀ¯n-sImv asämcp ̀ mj-bn-tebv¡v amäp-¶-XmWv hnhÀ -̄\w. (km-ap-hÂ tPm¬k¬)

3. t{kmX-̀ mj (Source Language) F¶m-se v́ ?GXp-̀ m-j-bnÂ \n¶mtWm hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶Xv AXmWv t{kmX-̀ mj AYhm

aqe-̀ m-j. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Xan-gnÂ \n¶v ae-bm-f-̄ n-tebv¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-t¼mÄXangv t{kmX-̀ m-jbpw ae-bmfw e£y-̀ m-j-bp-am-Wv.

4. e£y-̀ mj (Target Language) F¶m-se v́ ?GXp ̀ mj-bn-te-bv¡mtWm hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶Xv AXmWv e£y-̀ m-j.

5. hnhÀ -̄\-̄ n-eq-sS-bpÅ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bw.hnhÀ¯-\-̄ n\v Ccp-̀ m-j-I-fnepw {]mhoWyw Bh-iy-am-Wv. cp `mj-I-fnepw

icn-bmb Adnhpw kzm[o-\hpw DÅ BÄ¡p-am-{Xta D¯a hnhÀ¯-I-\m-Im³ Ign-bq.t{kmX-̀ m-j-bn-epÅ ]cn-Úm-\-t -̄¡mÄ e£y-̀ m-j-bn-epÅ kzm[o-\-̄ n\v hnhÀ¯-\-¯nÂ {]m[m\yw IqSpw. kµÀ`-a-\p-k-cn¨v Imcyw {Kln-¡m\pw AXn\p ]änb coXn-bnÂhnhÀ¯\w \S-̄ m\pw Ign-b-Ww. \o km[-\bpw A\p-̀ -hhpw hym]-I-amb hmb-\bpw Ds-¦nte ]Z-k-¼-̄ p-m-hq. Hcp inev]w sa\-sª-Sp-¡pw-t]mse F{X ]cn-{i-an-¡mtam A{Xbpw ̀ wKn-h-cp¶ Hcp {]hr-̄ n-bmWv hnhÀ -̄\w.

6. hnhÀ -̄t\m-]-I-c-W-§Ä Gh?_rl-̄ mb t{kmX-̀ mjm \nL-p, Zzn`mjm \nL-p, ]cym-b-]-Z-tIm-iw, sYkm-

dkv (Hcp tI{µo-Ir-Xm-i-b-̄ nsâ hnhn-[-cq-]-§Ä {]I-S-am-¡p¶ ]Z-§-fpsS kw{KlwHcp ]Z-̄ nsâ IognÂ sImSp-¡p¶ coXn. DZm :-þ kvt\lw, hmÕ-eyw, {]W-bw, CjvSwetc.) D¨m-cW \nL-p, {]mtZ-inI i_vZ-t_m-[n\n, Awi-t_m-[n\n F¶n-h-bmWv apJy-amb hnhÀ¯-t\m-]-I-c-W-§Ä



7. {]kw-K-]-cn-̀ mj{]kw-K-̄ nsâ ]cn-̀ mj XÕ-a-b-am-tbm, {]mkw-Kn-I³ sXÃp-\nÀ¯p-t¼mtgm sN¿m-

dp-v. {]kw-K-̄ nsâ Aý-̄ n-tem, \nÝn-X-amb CS-th-f-I-fntem ]cn-̀ m-j-I³ AXp-hsc ]d-ª-Xnsâ Hcp kw{Klw sImSp-¡m-dp-v. C§s\ A{]-k-à-am-bXp hn«v {]k-à-am-bXp ]cn-̀ m-j-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn\v khn-cm-a-hn-hÀ¯\w F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. {]kwKw hnc-an-¡p-t¼mÄ sN¿p-¶-Xm-Wn-Xv. H«pw hyXym-k-an-ÃmsX BZy´w hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶-XmWv Ahn-cm-a-hn-hÀ¯-\w. A¸-t¸mÄ sN¿p¶ hnhÀ¯\w Xs¶ Nne-t¸mÄ khn-cm-ahpw aäp Nne-t¸mÄ Ahn-cm-ahpw BImw.

8. b{ -́hn-hÀ¯\w F¶m-se v́ ?I¼yq-«-dnsâ klm-b-t¯msS hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-emWv b{ -́hn-hÀ¯\w. CXn\v

t\cs¯ I¼yq-«-dns\ kÖ-am-t¡--Xp-v. hnhÀ¯-\-̄ n-\m-h-iy-amb Zzn`m-jm-\n-L-p, hymI-c-W- \nba§Ä, XpS-§n-bh t\c-s¯- tkm^väv shbdnÂ X¿m-dm¡n I¼yq-«-dnÂ ̂ oUv sN¿-Ww. t{]m{Km-anMv hnZ-Kv²\pw ̀ mjm-]-Þn-X\pw Hcp-an-̈ n-cp¶v t{]m{KmwX¿m-dm-¡-Ww. I¼yq-«-dn\v kzbw Nnń-¡mt\m ̀ mh-\m-tem-I-̄ p-\n¶v ]pXnb Imcy-§ÄsImp-h-cmt\m km[n-¡p-I-bn-Ãm-̄ -Xp-sImv a\p-jy-b-Xv\-amWv apJyw. ‘The spirit is will-ing but the flesh is weak’ F¶ Cw¥ojv hmIyw I¼yq-«À djy-\n-tebv¡v hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX-t¸mÄ ‘The Vodka is agreeable but the meat has gone bad’F¶ AÀ°-̄ n-epÅ djy³ hmIy-amWv In«n-b-Xv. C¯cw A_-²-§Ä Hgn-hm-¡m³ e£y-̀ mjm hnZvKv²-cpsS CS-s]-SÂthn-h-cpw.

9. hnhÀ¯-\- ]p-\x-krjvSn F¶m-se´v ?kzX-{ -́ambn hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p¶ coXn-bmWv hnhÀ¯\ ]p\x-kr-jvSn. Bi-

bs¯ kzoI-cn-̈ p-sImv hnhÀ¯-I³ ChnsS kzmX{ý]qÀÆw s]cp-am-dp-¶p. I®-È-·m-scbpw aqe-̀ m-j-tbbpw B{i-bn-̈ p-sh-¦nepw Fgp-̄ -Ñsâ cmam-bW alm-̀ m-c-X-§Ä]p\x-kr-jvSn-I-fm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]ÀÆ-§-fnepw Iev]-\-I-fnepw hÀ®-\-I-fnepw kzX-{ -́am-bmWv Fgp-̄ -Ñsâ ̀ mh\ hÀ¯n-̈ -Xv.

10. en]y-́ -cWw F¶m-se´v ?Hcp ̀ mj asämcp ̀ mj-bpsS en]n-bnÂ Fgp-Xp¶ {]{In-b-bmWv en]y-́ -cWw AYhm

Translation. ‘How old are you?’F¶Xv lu HmÄUv BÀ bq? F¶m-¡p-¶Xv en]y-́ -c-W-am-Wv. CXnÂ en]n am{Xsa amdp-¶p-Åq. ̀ mj amdp-¶n-Ã.

Ing-h\pw ISepw GIm-́ -X-bpsS \qdv hÀj-§Ä, ]mtYÀ ]m©m-en, Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cm-cpsS ]cn-̀ m-j-IÄ F¶n-h-bpsS ̀ mK-§Ä {]tbm-K-am-Xr-I-I-sf¶ \nebv¡v hmbn¨p]cn-N-b-s -̧tS--Xm-Wv.

ssien-IÄ, ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ, \ntXym-]-tbmKw thn-h-cp¶ ]Z-§Ä F¶n-h-bpsSCwK-¥o-jv-þ-a-e-bmf hnhÀ -̄\-§Ä kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s¸-S-Ww.



XÀÖ-a-bnÂ hcm-hp¶ A]m-I-X-IÄþ hnjvWp \mcm-b-W³ \¼q-Xncn

1. Hcp amXrIm hnhÀ¯-\-̄ n\v Dm-tI KpW-§Ä

kmc-fyw, IrXy-X, hnhÀ -̄\-̀ m-j-bpsS Po\n-b-Êp-ambn CW¡w F¶nh Hcp amXr-Im-hn-hÀ -̄\-̄ n\p th KpW-§-fm-Wv. (Ch Hmtcm¶pw eLp-hmbn hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I)

2. hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-s¸« ]pkvXIw Xsâ `mj-bn-epÅ IrXn F¶ \nebv¡v hmb-\-¡m-c-t\mSv kwhmZw sN¿p-¶-sX-t¸mÄ

`mj-bnÂ Ir{Xn-a-ap-m-h-cpXv. hmIy-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hmIy-§-fn-tebv¡pw JÞn-IIfnÂ \n¶v JÞnIIfn-tebv¡pw A²ym-b-\-̄ nÂ \n¶v A[ym-b-̄ n-te¡pw {Ia-am-bpÅ hfÀ¨ Dm-bmte ̀ mj-bpsS Po\n-b-Êp-ambn CW-¡-ap-m-hq. At¸mtg ]pkvXIwkz`m-j-bn-epÅ IrXn-sb¶ \nebv¡v hmb-\-¡m-c-t\mSv kwhmZw sN¿q.

3. imkv{X-{KÙ hnhÀ¯-\-̄ nÂ {]tXy-I-ambn {i²n-t¡ Imcy-§ÄIrXy-X-bmWv A`n-Im-ayw. ̀ mj kc-f-am-h-Ww. GXp imkv{X-hn-j-b-amsW XÀÖa

sNt¿-Xv B hnj-b-̄ nÂ hnhÀ¯-I\v \Ã Adn-hp-m-bn-cn-t¡--Xm-Wv. aqe-{K-Ù-Im-c³ Dt±-in-̈ -sXt´m AXns\ icn-bmb Xq¡-̄ nepw Af-hnepw DÄs¡m-Åm³ hnhÀ -̄I\v km[n-¡-Ww. ̀ n¶ imkv{X-im-J-I-fnÂ kmt¦-XnI kwÚ-IÄ¡v ̀ n¶ hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä thWw. ]Zm-\p-]Z XÀÖa ̀ mjsb k¦oÀ®-am-¡pw. thj-̄ n-se-¶-t]mse ̀ mj-bnepw BÀ`mSw s]mÅ-̄ -c-̄ nsâ e£Wat{X þ hnhÀ -̄\-hn-j-b-̄ nÂ CXnsâ {]k-àn-sb´v ?

hnhÀ¯-I³ Xsâ ]mÞnXyw apgp-h³ shfn-hm-¡m-s\¶ a«nÂ FSp-̄ mÂ

s]m´m¯ hmN-I-§Ä \nc-̄ p-Ibpw ‘kmlnXyw’- Ip¯n-\n-d-bv¡m³ {ian-¡p-Ibpw Xtâ-Xmb {]I-S-\-hy-{K-X-IÄ apgp-h³ ImWn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xv aqe-{K-Ù-̄ nsâ kmc-s¯-¯-s¶bpw amän-a-dn-¡pw. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ hm¡p-IÄ sImpÅ BÀ`mSw hnhÀ¯-IÀ Hgn-hm-t¡--Xm-Wv.

4. hnhÀ¯-Isâ ]mÞn-Xy-̄ nsâ ]e apJ-§Ähnj-b-t_m-[w, aqe-̀ m-jm-]-cn-Nbw, kz`m-jm-]-Z-t_m-[w, kz`mjm ssieo-]-cn-Nbw C§s\hnhÀ¯-Isâ ]mÞn-Xy-̄ n\v ]e apJ-§Ä Dv.

5. hnj-b-t_m[w F¶-Xp-sImv Dt±-in-¡p-¶-sX´v ?GXp hnj-b-̄ nÂs¸« {KÙ-amtWm hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶Xv B hnj-b-̄ nÂ

Dm-bn-cn-t¡ ASn-Øm-\-]-c-amb Adn-hmWv hnj-b-t_m-[w. ]qÀ®-amb Adnhv hnhÀ -̄I\v Dm-h-W-sa-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ aqe-{K-Ù-̄ nse hm¡p-IÄ¡v XÀÖ-a-bnÂ AÀ°-tem-]-tam, AÀ°-t`-Ztam hcm-Xn-cn-¡m³ hnhÀ -̄I\v hnj-b-t_m[w A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. sIan-kv{Sn-bnse Hcp {KÙw XÀÖa sN¿p¶ HcmÄ¡v cmk-hn-Im-cw, aqe-I-§Ä XpS-§nbauen-I-Im-cy-§-fnÂ Dd¨ Adn-hp-m-I-Ww.



6. `n¶-im-kv{X-im-J-I-fnÂ ]Z-§Ä¡v ̀ n¶ AÀ°-amWv þ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡pIkmt¦-XnI kwÚ-IÄ¡v hyXykvX imkv{X-im-J-I-fnÂ hyXykvX AÀ°-am-Wp-

Å-Xv. AXn-\mÂ ̀ n¶ hnhÀ¯\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-̄ n\v abnormal F¶ ]Z¯n\v

‘At[m-ew_w’-F¶m-Wv KWn-X-imkv{X XÀÖ-a. F¶mÂ abnormal temperature F¶

]Zw ‘At[m-ew-_-amb ]\n’ -F¶v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿m-dn-Ã. ‘Akm-[mcWw’- F¶mWv ChnsSAÀ°w Iev]n-t¡--Xv. Standard, Unit, Force, Fuction, Objectives XpS-§nb kmt¦-XnIkwÚ-IÄ¡v hyXykvX imkv{X-im-J-I-fnÂ hyXy-kvXmÀ°-§Ä {]tbm-Kn-t¡n hcpw.

7. Cw¥o-jnse ssien, AtX-]Sn ae-bm-f-̄ n-em-¡p-¶Xv Atcm-N-I-am-Wv. þ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.Cw¥o-jn-sebpw ae-bm-f-̄ n-sebpw ssien-IÄ XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. AXp-

sIm-p-Xs¶ hm¡n\p hm¡v \nc-̄ n-bpÅ XÀÖa Atcm-N-I-am-Ipw. Cw¥o-jnse BibwhnhÀ¯\w sNt¿-n-h-cp-t¼mÄ thn-S v̄ tg Du¶Â sImSp¯v XpÃy-amb hmIy-

§-fnÂ ]I-cp-I-bmWv th-Xv. hymI-c-W-]-c-amb kXy-k-Ô-X-bm-I-cpXv e£yw. ‘Poh-

Pm-e-§Ä InW-änÂ hf-cp-¶Xv \ntcm-[n-¡Ww’-F¶ {]tbmKw Atcm-N-I-am-Wv. Prevent

F¶ hm¡n\v ‘XS-bWw’-F¶ {]tbm-K-amWv ‘\ntcm-[n-¡Ww’-F¶Ã XÀÖa sNt¿-n-bn-cp-¶Xv.

8. XÀÖ-a-bnÂ hcm-hp¶ A]m-I-X-IÄ GsX-Ãm-am-sW-¶mWv teJ-Isâ ]£w(D-]-\ym-k-am-XrI þ hnhÀ¯\ \nÀÆ-N\w þ hnhÀ -̄Isâ tbmKy-X-IÄ þ Atcm-

N-I-amb coXn-IÄ þ DZm-c-l-W-§Ä)

hmWnPy imkv{Xw

þ Fw. Fw. hmkp-tZ-h³ \¼q-Xn-cn-¸mS v

1. hmWn-Py-im-kv{X-̄ n\v C¡m-e-̄ p-ff {]m[m-\yw.

hyh-km-b-̄ nsâbpw hmWn-Py-̄ n-sâbpw hfÀ¨ atä-Xp-Im-e-s¯-¡mfpw IqSp-X-em-Wv.

AXpsImp-Xs¶ ]mTy-hn-j-b-sa¶ \nebv¡v Gä-hp-a-[nIw {]m[m\yw hmWn-Py-im-kv{X-̄ n-

\pv. DtZym-K-k-¼m-Z-\-Im-cy-̄ nepw CXp-X-s¶-bm-W--h-Ø.

2. hmWn-Py-im-kv{X-̄ nÂ DÄs¸-Sp-̄ m-hp¶ hnj-b-§Ä.

h m W n -P y -i m -k v{ X w F ¶ h m ¡ n s â ] c n -[ n -b n Â h m W n P y w (commerce)am{X-aÃ Df-f-Xv.

I¨hSt¯bpw AXns\ klm-bn-¡p¶ _m¦n-§v, C³jp-d³kv, KXm-K-Xw, ]c-kyw, hnem-]\

F¶nh hmWn-Py-̄ n-epÄs -̧Sp-¶p.

hyh-km-b-kw-Lm-S\w (Business Organisation),AIu-n§v, ØnXn hnh-c-¡-W-¡v, _m¦n-

§v, hyh-km-b-am-t\-Pvsaâ v, sk{I-t«-dn-bÂ {]mIvSo-kv, Fgp-̄ p-Ip-̄ p-IÄ, hyh-kmb hmWnPy

cwK v̄ h¶p-tN-cp¶ {]iv\-§-tfbpw ]cn-lm-c-amÀ¤-§-tfbpw hyh-km-b-\-S-̄ n-̧ nsâ coXn-tbbpw

]cn-K-Wn-t¡--Xp-v.



3. Ìmän-Ìn-Ivkv, sImtagvkv XpS-§nb ]Z-§Ä XÀÖa sN¿p-t¼mÄ {]Xy-£-am-hp¶ {]iv\-

§Ä

]pXp-Xmbn ]e kmt¦-XnI]Z-§fpw Cu hnj-b-§-fnÂ thn-h-cpw. ]e hm¡p-IÄ¡pw

ae-bm-f-̄ nÂ kam-\-amb hyXykvX]Z-§-fnÃ. DZm-l-c-W-ambn "Ìmän-ÌnIvkv' F¶ hm¡v

cp Imcy-§sf kqNn-̧ n¡mw (1) Ìmän-Ìn-¡Â kb³kv, (2) ØnXn hnh-c-¡-W-¡p-IÄ.

ae-bm-f-̄ nÂ ØnXn hnh-c-¡-W-¡p-IÄ F¶p ]d-ªmÂ CXnÂ GXmWv Dt±in¡p-¶-

sX¶v a\-Ên-em-hn-Ã. sImtagvkv F¶ ]Zw hmWnPyw F¶ AÀ°-̄ nepw hmWn-Py-imkv{Xw

F¶ AÀ°-̄ nepw hcmw. s]mXp-km-t¦-XnI]Zm-hen hyh-Ø-tbmsS Dm-¡p-I, D]-tbm-Kn-

¡pI F¶n-h-bmWv hmWnPy imkv{X-hn-hÀ¯\w t\cn-Sp¶ shÃp-hn-fn.

4. A¡u-n§vt]mep-ff hnj-b-§Ä hn-hÀ¯-̄ n-ep-m-¡p¶ {]iv\-§Ä.

hmWnPy imkv{Xkw_-Ôn-bmb hnj-b-§-fnÂ ae-bm-f-̄ n-e-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡m³ Gähpw _p²n-

ap-«p-f-fXv A¡u-³kn-bm-Wv. CS-]m-Spsâ IS-þ[-\-h-i-§Ä kqNn-̧ n-¡p¶ U¼nÄ F³{Sn ae-

bm-f-̄ n\v A\y-am-Wv. hyXy-kvX-Xcw A¡u-p-IÄ,se-UvP-dp-IÄ, k¼vkn-Unbdn ]pkvXI-

§Ä, tPÀWep-IÄ F¶n-h-sbÃmw s]mXp-km-t¦-XnI ]Z-§Ä D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-̄ -Ww. {Ko¡v

C w ¥ o j v s \ m t « j ³ k v (X, Y, Z, Q, π)XpS-§nbh AtX-]Sn XpS-cp-¶-XmWv \Ã-Xv. Bh-iy-am-bn-S v̄

Cw¥ojv ]Z-§-fmhmw; XÀÖa DNn-X-am-bn-S¯v AXp-amhmw F¶mhWw \bw.

kÀ¤m-ßI kmln-Xy-̄ n-sâbpw imkv{X kmln-Xy-̄ n-sâbpw hnhÀ¯\w t\cn-Sp¶ {]iv\-

§Ä eLp-hmbn Adn-ªn-cn¡-Ww.

IqSp-XÂ hmb-\bv¡v

1. hnhÀ¯\w þ ̀ mjm C³Ìn-äy«v

2. hnhÀ¯-\-hn-Nmcw þ F³. C. hniz-\m-Y-¿À



samUyqÄ 3 þ t\mhÂ

ImWp-¶-XÃ ImgvN-IÄ þ bp. sI. Ipam-c³

Hmtcm hyàn Pohn-X-̄ nhpw h¶p-tN-cm-hp¶ amdn-a-dn-bp¶ ImgvN-Ifpw A\p`-h-§fpw

ImenI {]k-àn-tbmsS Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-I-bmWv Cu t\mh-enÂ Hcp sdbnÂth-Ì-j³]-cn-k-cs¯

]p-kvX-I-hn-ev]-\-¡m-c\mWv \µ³; ]qkvX-I-§sf kvt\ln¨pw Bhp-¶{X aäp-f-f-hÀ¡v D]-I-

cp¨p efn-X-Po-hnXw \bn-¡p¶ HcmÄ, aIÄ amf-hnI Abm-fpsS A`n-am-\-am-Wv. \¶mbn ]Tn-¡p-

Ibpw _p²n-bnepw Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw ap¶n-«p-\n-ev¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ amf-hn-I-bpsS AÑ³

F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sm³ AbmÄ CjvS-s¸-«p. F¶mÂ Pohn-X-s¯-¡p-dp v̈ AbmÄ¡p-m-Ip¶ [mc-W-

Isf anYy-bm¡ns¡mv amf-hnI Hcp-\mÄ sImÃ-s¸-Sp-¶p. AhÄ ama-s\¶p hnfn-̈ n-cp¶

kpKp-W³ Ahsf ]oUn-̧ n¨p sImÃp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. \µsâ hnhm-l-̄ n\pw amf-hn-I-bpsS ]nd-

hn-¡p-saÃmw km£nbpw Abm-fpsS Dä-kp-lr-̄ p-am-bn-cp¶ kpKp-W³ C§s\ sNbvX-tXmsS

\µsâ Pohn-X-̄ nsâ e£yw- F-́ n-\n-§s\ sNbvXp F¶v Abm-tfmSp tNmZn-¡pI am{X-am-bn.

Pohn-X-̄ nsâ kpK-a-amb Hgp¡v \ne-̈ p-t]m-bn«pw X¶m-em-hpw-]Sn aäp-f-f-hÀ¡v D]-Imcw sNbvXp-

sImv \µ³ PohnXw hen-̈ p-\o-«n. saÀen³, tPmk-̂ v, X\qP XpS§n IYm]m-{X-§-fp-tSbpw

PohnXw A{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn amdn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶p. C¶s¯ ImgvN-bÃ \msf F¶-XnÂ Pohn-X-

¯nsâ A\n-Ýn-X-Xzhpw ̀ oI-c-Xbpw hnjm-Z-hp-ap-v. {]Xn-Im-c-\nÀÆ-lWw \nÊm-chpw {]Xn-I-c-

W-te-i-an-Ãm-̄ -Xp-ambn A\p-̀ -h-s¸« \µ³ PohnXw aXn-bm-¡p-¶p. \ne-\n-ev]n\v AtXmsS AÀ°-

an-Ãm-Xm-hp-¶p. F¦nepw AbmÄ¡p-In-«nb CS-thf AbmÄ kvt\lw-sImp \nd¨p F¶Xv

{it²-b-am-Wv.

ImWp-¶-XÃ ImgvN-IÄ

1. "AsX-Ãm-amWv s]s«-s¶m-cp-\mÄ CÃm-Xm-bXv ' þ GsXÃmw?

aIÄ \jvS-s¸-«-tXmsS FÃmw \jvS-s¸« \µ³ þ amf-hn-I-bpsS AÑ³ F¶ {]n-b-s¸«taÂhn-emkw amdp¶p þ thZ-\m-I-c-amb ]pXnb taÂhn-em-kw.

2. \µ\v ]pkvX-I-hn-ev]\ Hcp D]-Po-h-\-amÀ¤w am{X-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ þ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

]pkvX-I-§sf kvt\ln-̈ n-cp¶ \µ³ \Ã ]pkvXIw FÃm-hm-b-\-¡m-cnepw F¯n-¡m-\mWv {ian-̈ p-sIm-n-cp-¶Xv þ ]pkvX-I-§fpw IYm-]m-{X-§fpw \Ã-hm-b-\-¡mcpw \µsâ {]nb-an-{X-§-fm-bn-cp¶p þ icn-bmb t_m[y-ap-ff ]pkvX-I-§Ä þ hmb-\-¡msc \ncm-i-s¸-Sp-̄ m-̄ -hn[w F¯n-¡m³ \µ\v Ign-ªp.

3. ""aZy-s¯-¡mÄ Bg-ta-dnb kulr-Z-amWv hmb-\-bnÂ \n¶pw Dm-Ip-¶-Xv. hmb-\-Xs¶bmWv Gähpw henb elcn'' þ \µ³ Cu \nK-a-\-̄ nÂ F¯n-b-sX-§s\?

]pkvX-I-§fpw IYm-]m-{X-§fpsa¶t]mse ]pkvX-Im-kzm-Z-Icpw \µsâ Dä-Iq-«p-Im-cm-bn.GXv BÄ¡q-«-̄ nepw B hmb-\m-kplr¯p¡Ä \µs\ Xncn-̈ -dn-ªp. ]pXnb ]pkvX-I-§ÄAhÀ¡v Bthiw ]IÀ¶p. Bg-ta-dnb kulr-Z-§Ä¡v ]pkvX-I-§Ä hgnXpd-¶p.



4. aIÄ¡p-thn \µ³ \nd-̈ p-sIm-n-cn-¡p¶ IY-bpsS Ad-IÄ.

ssZ\w-Zn-\m-\p-̀ -h-§Ä IY-I-fm¡n \µ³ amf-hn-I-bpsS ap¼nÂ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ p-sIm-n-cp-¶p. I®p-s]m-«\pw apS-́ -\p-sams¡ Xoh-n-bnÂ \n¶n-d§n sshX-ey-§-fn-ÃmsX s]cp-am-̂ p¶AÛpXw \µ³ A`n-\-bn¨p ̂ en-̧ n-̈ p. amf-hnI B thj-§Ä A`n-\-bn¨v \µs\bpw tcWp-I-tbbpw Nncn-̧ n-̈ p. AhÄ t]mb-tXmsS Abm-fpsS IY-bpsS Ad-IÄ Ft¶-bv¡p-ambn Hgn-ªp.

5. aIÄ t]mb-Xn-\p-ti-j-ap-ff tcWp-I-bpsS Ah-Ø.

aIÄ t]mb-tXmsS I®ocnsâ alm-k-ap-{Z-̄ n-te¡v tcWpI \jvS-s¸-«p. Ft¸mgpw InS-¸m-bn. AhÄ GXp-\n-an-jhpw FÃm Ah-km-\n-̧ n-t¨-¡p-sa¶v \µ\v tXm¶n. Ah-fpsS t\m«-¯nepw Ne-\-̄ n-ep-saÃmw Hcp hncàn IpSn-tb-dn. aI-fn-ÃmsX X\n¡v Pohn-¡m-\m-hn-sÃ¶vtcWpI ]e-̧ gpw HmÀ½n-̈ p.. ac-W-̄ n-\p-ap¼v amf-hnI kln¨ sImSpw-th-Z\ ico-c-̄ nepw a\-Ênepw Bhm-ln v̈ tcWpI XIÀ¶-Sn-ªpsIm-bn-cp-¶p.

6. saÀen³ \µsâ kplr-̄ m-b-sX-§s\?

Hcp I\-̄ -a-g-bnÂ Hä-s¸-«p-t]mb saÀens\ \µ³ kz´w IpS-bn-te¡v Iq«p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. A{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn ag-bpa ià-amb Imäpw F¯n-b-t¸mÄ saÀensâ \nhÀ¯nb sIm¨p-IpS shdp-samcp ioe-¡q-¼m-c-am-bn. taÂ¡q-c-bn-Ãm¯ HmhÀ{_n-UvPnÂ BsI \\ªpw ]I¨pw\n¶p-t]mb saÀen\v \µ³ klm-bn-bm-bn. sImta-gvkyÂ ¢À¡mb saÀen³ tPmk v̂ A§-s\-\-µsâ Dä-kp-lr-̄ m-bn. at\m-hn-j-a-§Ä Cd-¡n-sh-¡m-\p-ff A¯m-Wn-bmbn saÀen\v \µ³]n¶o-Sv.

7. \µ³ "\jvS-s¸« e£m-[n-]Xn' Bb-sX-§s\?

K^qÀ Hcn-¡Â ̀ mKy-\-¼-dp-ffsX¶p hnti-jn-̧ n¨v Hcp tem«dn Sn¡äv \µ\v sImSp-̄ p.tem«-dn-sb-Sp-¡pI ioe-a-Ãm-̄ -Xp-sImv \µ³ AXp kvt\l-]qÀÆw \nc-kn-̈ p. ]ntä¶v BSn¡-än-\mWv A¼-Xp-e£w In«n-b-Xv. ̀ mKyw ssIbnÂsh-̈ p-X-¶mepw hm§n-ÃtÃm F¶v K^qÀ]cn-̀ -hn-̈ p. ho«nÂh¶v C¡Y ]d-ª-t¸m-gmWv \µsâ {]nb-]p-{Xn-bmb amf-hnI "\jvS-s¸«e£m-[n-]-Xn-sb¶v' \µs\ hnfn-̈ -Xv.

28. Imdp-I-tfmSv amf-hn-I-bv¡p-m-bn-cp¶ hnNn-{X-amb _Ôhpw BIÀj-W-hpw.

amf-hn-I-bpsS ho«nÂ Imdn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. AÑt\m A½bvt¡m Imdp-I-sf-̧ än Imcy-am-sbm¶pwAdn-ªp-Iq-Sm. F¶n«pw A©p-h-b-Êp- apXÂt¡ amf-anI Imdnsâ Ifn-̧ m-«-§-fn-jvS-s -̧«p. hgn-bnÂ IqSn-t]m-Ip¶ Imdp-Isf Xncn-̈ -dn-ªp. AXoh _p²n-bp-ff Ip«n-IÄ Nne hkvXp-¡-tfmSv{]tXyI aaX kq£n¡psa-¶m-bn-cp¶p \µ³ CXn-s\-s¨mÃn Dm-¡n-sb-Sp¯ \nK-a-\w. k¦oÀ®-{]-iv\-§Ä¡v ]cn-lmcw ImWm\pw Imcy-§Ä a\-Ên-em-¡m\pw AXoh kaÀ°-bm-bn-cp¶pamf-hnI.

9. Xoh-n-̧ pI \ndª BIm-i-̄ nsâ taÂ¡qc Xmtgm-t«-bv¡p-sa-¶-Xmbn \µ\v tXm¶n-b-sX-t¸mÄ.

]oU-\-̄ nÂ sImÃ-s¸« s]¬Ip-«n-bp-sS- A-Ñ³ F¶ hnti-jWw Fcn-Xo-bnÂ F®-sbm-gn-̈ -Xp-t]mse \µsâ Zp:Js¯ Bfn-¡-̄ n-̈ p. temIs¯ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡msX \nhr-̄ n-


bn-Ãm-Xm-b-Xp-sImv ]pd-̄ n-d-§nb \µ\v At\z-j-W-§-fnse kl-Xm-]w-t]mepw kln-¡m-\m-hp-¶n-Ã. \jvS-t_m-[-̄ mÂ sRcp-¡-s¸« \µ\v BIm-i-̄ nsâ taÂ¡qc Xmtgm-«-aÀ¶-XmbntXm¶n.

10. saÀensâ Zm¼-Xy-̄ nse kwLÀjhpw tPmk-̂ nsâ Pohn-X-ssi-en-bpw.

saÀen³ tPmk-̂ ns\ {]W-bn¨p hnhmlw Ign-̈ -Xm-Wv. BZy-L-«-̄ nÂ Abm-fpsS BÀ{Z-Xbpw {]iv\-§Ä¡pt\À¡p-t]m-ep-ap-ff sNdp-]p-©n-cnbpw Ahsf Hcp-]mSv BIÀjn-̈ n-cp-¶p.F¶mÂ tPmk-̂ v {ItaW Ae-k-\m-bn. tPmen sN¿msX In«p¶ e£-§sf Im¯v tem«-dn-Sn-¡-äp-IÄ hm§n-¡q-«n. saÀensâ hmKvZm-\-̄ mÂ apS-¡p-ap-XÂ sImSp¯ N{µ-lm-k\v Ah-sf-¯s¶ hnev¡m\pw AbmÄ aSn-¡n-sÃ¶v ]ns¶-̧ ns¶ AhÄ Xncn-̈ -dn-ªp.

11. Ct¸mÄ taÂ¸m-e-̄ nsâ ssZÀLyw Ipd-ªn-cn-¡p¶p F¶v \µ\v tXm¶m³ ImcWw?

saÀensâ XIÀ¶ IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw \µsâ Akz-Ø-X-bm-bn-cp-¶p. GXp-\n-an-jhpw AhÄBß-l-Xy-sN-bvtX¡mw F¶v Abm-fpsS a\-Êp-]-d-ªp. F¶mÂ hopw Ip-ap-«n-b-t¸mÄAh-fpsS \nÝ-b-ZmÀVy-ap-ff a\Êv \µ³ Is-̄ n. AhÄ Aß-lXy sN¿n-sÃ¶pw t]mcmSnPohn-¡p-sa¶pw kwkm-c-̄ nÂ \n¶v t_m[y-s -̧«-t¸mÄ AbmÄ Biz-kn-̈ p. a\Êv Akz-Ø-am-b-t¸mÄ taÂ¸m-e-̄ n\v ssZÀLyw hfsc IqSp-X-em-sW¶pw Xm\-Xp-\-S-s¶-̄ m³ IjvS-s¸-Sp-sa¶pw AbmÄ¡v tXm¶n-bn-cp-¶p. saÀen³ {]iv\-§sf AXn-Po-hn-¡p-sa¶pw hnizmkw h¶-t¸mÄ taÂ¸m-e-̄ nsâ ssZÀLyw Ipd-ªn-cn-¡p¶p F¶-bmÄ¡p tXm¶n.

312. siÂhsâ Zp:Jw.

CS-Xp-Im-en\v kzm[o-\-¡p-d-hp-ff siÂh\v sdbnÂth tÌj-\nÂ Hcp XmÂ¡m-enI tPmenDm-bn-cp-¶p. ]Ww sImSp¯v I¡q-kp-]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ hcp-¶-h-cpsS ssIbnÂ \n¶pw \mW-b-¯p-«p-IÄ hm§n-sh-bv¡-em-bn-cp¶p AXv. HmSn-\-S-t¡ ]Wn-sbm¶pw Ah\v sN¿m-\m-hn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. Hcp Znhkw \mW-b-̄ p-«p-IÄ Ipd-ªmÂ siÂhsâ B tPmen-t]mepw ]ncn-̈ p-hn-SÂ`oj-Wn-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p.

13. "Hcp ]mSp-\m-fs¯ CS-s]-S-en-eqsS A -̄c-¡msc Xncn-̈ -dn-bm³ Ign-bp¶ Hcp kn²n \µ³cq]-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-cp¶p' þ F -̄c-¡msc ?

]pkvX-I-hm-b-\-bnÂ Xmev]-cy-ap-ff a\p-jysc A]-cn-Nn-X-cm-bmepw Xncn-̈ -dn-bm³ \µ\pIgnªncn-¶p. a\p-jy-cp-am-bp-ff \nc-́ -c-k-¼À¡w sImv AbmÄ hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-̄ -Xm-bn-cp-¶p B kn²n. AhÀ¡v ]pkvXIw ImWn-̈ p-sIm-Sp-̄ p-I-gn-ªmÂ AbmÄ¡v hÃm-sX-sbm¶pwkwkm-cn-t¡n h¶n-cp-¶n-Ã. hmb-\-tbm-sS-¶-t]mse hmb-\-¡m-tcmSpw lrZy-amb Hc-Sp¸w \µ-\p-m-bn-cp-¶p.

14. hnhn[ {]iv\-§-tfm-Sp-ff \µsâ CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ.

IpSpw_ _Ôw inYn-e-amb saÀen³ {]iv\-§Ä ]d-ªn-cp-¶Xv \µ-t\m-Sm-bn-cp-¶p. \µsâ\nÀt±-i-§Ä AhÄ¡v hne-s¸-«-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. ]pkvX-I-hnÂ¸-\-bv¡n-S-bnÂ Xoh-n-bnÂ IBtd-gp-h-b-Êp-ff Xan-gv_m-es\ t]meo-kn-te-ev]n-¡m³ \µ³ k·-\-Êp-Im-«n. ]n¶o-sSm-cn-¡ÂAh\v AÑ-\-½-amsc Xncn-̈ p-In-«n-b-X-dnªv \µ³ kt´m-jn-¡m\pw CS-bm-bn. A]-cn-Nn-XÀ¡p-th-n-bm-bmepw X¶mÂ Ign-bp¶ D]-Imcw sN¿m³ \µ³ Ft¸mgpw Hcp-¡-am-bn-cp-¶p.



v

415. ap¼v ho«nÂ h¶-h-cnÂ ]ecpw Gähpw HSp-hn-embn tNmZn-¡p¶ tNmZyhpw AXm-bn-ep¶pGXv?

\¶mbn ]T-\-̄ nÂ anIhp ]peÀ¯p-Ibpw IS-¦-Y-I-fp-sSbpw KWn-X-̄ n-sâbpw \qem-am-e-IÄ \njv{]-bmkw Agn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ anSp-¡n-bmb amf-hnI F§s\ kpKp-Wsâ NXn-¡p-gn-bn-e-I-̧ «p F¶v ]ecpw kwi-b-̄ n-e-I-s¸-«p. tcWp-I-bpsS a\-Ên-se-̄ p-¶Xv Ip«n-¡m-et¯ amf-hn-I-bv¡p-m-bn-cp¶ Imdp-I-tfm-Sp-ff {àw Ahsf NXn-¡p-gn-bn-e-I-s¸-Sp-̄ p-sa¶vap³Iq«n ImWm³ X\n¡p Ign-ªn-ÃtÃm F¶m-Wv. F´p-sIm-mWv kpKp-Wsâ ASp¯vAhÄ¡v A{Xbpw kzmX{ýw sImSn-̄ Xv F¶ tNmZyw hcp-¶-h-cp-sS-sbÃmw At\z-j-W-am-bn.

16. amf-hn-I-bpsS IY

"]d¡pw t]SIw' F¶m-bn-cp¶p amf-hn-I-bpsS IY-bpsS t]cv. AXv Hcp s]¬Ip-«n-sb-¡p-dn-̈ m-bn-cp-¶p. IuXpIw \nd-ªtemI-̄ n-eqsS X\nsb k©-cn-¡m³ CjvS-s¸« AhÄ ]pXnbImgvN-IÄ Ip-sIm-n-cp-¶p. Hä \nd-ap-ff ag-hnÃpw, s]«¶v Xe-Io-gmbn \S-¡m³ XpS-§nbhyànbpw Ah-fpsS am{Xw ImgvN-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AÑ³ am{X-am-W-hsf hniz-kn-̈ -Xv. Hcn-¡ÂXsâ ap¶n-se-̄ nb ]d¡pw t]S-I-̄ nÂ Ib-dn-b-t¸m-gmWv AXp \nb-{ń-¡p¶ hyàn¡v apJ-an-sÃ¶v Ah-f-dn-ª-Xv. AhÄ t]Sn-̈ p-\n-e-hn-fn-s¨-¦nepw t]SIw Ah-sfbpw sImv apI-fn-te-bv¡p-bÀ¶p. AXn-\p-tijw B s]¬Ip-«nsb Bcpw In-«nÃ F¶m-bn-cp¶p IY Ah-km-\n-

-̈Xv.

517. "Hcn-¡epw kzm`m-hn-I-amb Hcp s]cp-amäw Abm-fnÂ ImWm-dnÃ' þ BcnÂ? hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

saÀensâ ̀ À¯mhv tPmk v̂ Hcp kz]v\-tem-I-̄ n-emWv Pohn-¡p-¶-Xv. AbmÄ Ft¸mgpwXs¶ tXSn-h-cp¶ ̀ mKys¯ {]Xo-£n-̈ p-sIm-n-cp-¶p. tem«dn Sn¡-äp-I-fn-em-bn-cp¶p Abm-fpsShenb {]Xo-£-IÄ. k½m\w \jvS-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ s]m«n-¡-c-bp-I, \nÊm-c-amb Hcp k½m\w In«n-bmÂ s]m«n¨ncn-¡pI XpS§n Akzm-̀ m-hn-I-ambn Hcp]mSp s]cp-am-ä-§Ä AbmÄ¡p-m-bn-cp-¶p. In«nb XpIbv¡p apgp-h³ tem«-dn-Sn-¡-sä-Sp-¡p-I-bmWp ]Xn-hv. Hcp km[m-cW IpSpw-_-\m-Ysâ kzm`m-hn-I-amb s]cp-amäw Abm-fnÂ ImWm-dn-Ãm-bp-cp-¶p.

18. cXo-jn-t\bpw tkmWn-b-tbbpw \µ³ ]cn-N-b-s¸« hn[w.

taÂ¸m-e-̄ nsâ ̀ mK-t¯¡v \S-¡p-t¼m-gmWv \µ³ Hä-a-c-̄ nsâ Nph-«n-ep-ff knaâpws_©nÂ ASp-̄ -Sp-̄ n-cn-¡p¶ bphm-hn-t\bpw bph-Xn-sbbpw I-Xv. sNdp-̧ -¡m-c³ ]pkvX-I-hn-ev]-\-¡m-c-s\¶v \µs\ kwt_m-[\ sNbvX-t¸mÄ AbmÄ Ah-cpsS ASp-s¯-̄ n. Ah-cpsS kw`m-j-W-§-fnÂ \n¶v t]cp-Ifpw Ah-cpsS XÂ¡mes¯ CS-]mSpw \µ\v ]nSn-In-«n. Xnc-¡Y Fgp-X-emWv cXo-jnsâ tPmen. tkmWn F³Pn-\o-b-dn-§n\p ]Tn-¡p-¶p. \Ã ]pkvX-I-§sf kvt\ln-¡p-¶-h-cm-bn-cp¶p AhÀ.



619. "AXp-a-Xn-bm-bn-cp¶p \µs\ XfÀ¯m³' þ kml-N-cy-taXv ?

AÑsâ kplr-̄ mb kpKp-Ws\ hniz-kn-̈ -Xn-\mÂ PohnXw \jvS-amb amf-hn-I-sb-¡p-dn¨v \nc-h[n {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fpsS kNn-{X-̂ o-̈ -dp-IÄ e`y-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]e ]{X-§fpw hmb-\¡mcpsS I¯p-IÄ \µsâ A{U-Ên-e-b-̈ psImSp-̄ p. Ah aI-fpsS ac-W-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ p-ffkaql¯nsâ ImgvN-̧ mSv \µ\p t_m[y-s¸-Sp-̄ n-s¡m-Sp-̄ p. ]ecpw I¯p-I-fn-eqsS \µs\kam-[m-\n-̧ n-¡-I-tbm Zp:J¯nÂ ]¦p-tN-cp-Itbm sNbvXp. F¶mÂ Hcp I¯p-am{Xw \µsâD¯c-hm-Zn-̄ -an-Ãmbvasb tNmZyw sN¿p-Ibpw amf-hn-I-bpsS ZpÀhn[n¡p ImcWw Ah-fpsS]nXm-hmb \µ³ am{X-am-sW¶p ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbp-Xp. B I¯v Abmsf XfÀ¯n. aqÀ¨-tb-dnb hmÄt]mse, Np«p-s]m-f-fp¶ I\Â¡-«-t]mse AXv \µs\ ]nfÀ¯p-Itbm s]mf-fn-¡p-Itbm sNbvXp.

20. Xm³ Ip-ap-«p¶ FÃm-hcpw A¯cw tNmZy-§fpambn Xs¶ hf-bp-Itbm ]n´p-S-cp-Itbm sN¿p-sa¶v AbmÄ ̀ b-¶p. AtXm-sS-bmWv \µ³ F§pw t]mIm-Xm-bXv þ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

AÑsâ D¯-c-hm-Zn-̄ -an-Ãm-bva-bmWv aI-fpsS ZpÀÆn-[n¡p Imc-W-sa¶v kaq-l-̄ nse]ecpw hn[n-sb-gp-Xn. ImcWw F´p-sImv kplr-̄ nsâ ZpÊz-̀ m-h-a-dnªv aIsf c£n-̈ nÃF¶n-§s\ t\cn-tS-n-h-t¶-¡m-hp¶ tNmZy-§Ä Abmsf ̀ b-s¸-Sp-̄ n. X\n-¡p-h¶ptNÀ¶`oI-c-amb \jvS-t¯m-tSm-̧ w, {]Xn-¡q-«n-se-¶-t]mse Xm³ t\cn-tS tNmZy-§Ä Abmsf ZoÀ\m-f-t¯¡v ho«nÂ¯s¶ X§p-¶-h-\m-¡n.

21. kpKp-W-\p-am-bp-ff \µsâ ap³]-cnNbw.

hÀj-§Ä¡p-ap¼v \K-c-̄ nÂ tPmen-tX-Sn-h¶ kpKp-Ws\ \µ³ ]cn-N-b-s¸-«Xv bmZr-Ñn-I-am-bn-«m-bn-cp-¶p. \nc-́ -c-amb CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ Ahsc kplr-̄ p-¡-fm-¡n. ]n¶o-Sp-ffXv kpKp-Wsâ hfÀ¨-bpsS Ime-am-bn-cp-¶p. AbmÄ SmIvkn-ss{U-hdpw ImÀt{_m-¡dpw \K-c-̄ nse]W¡mcnÂ Hcm-fp-ambn hfÀ¶p. \µsâ Pohn-X-̄ nse {][m\-kw-̀ -h-§-fn-seÃmw kpKp-W-\p-m-bn. Abm-fpsS hnhm-l-̄ n\pw tcWp-I-bpsS {]k-h-k-a-b¯pw amf-hn-I-bpsS tNmdq-Wn\pwAh-fpsS \r¯ Ac-t§-ä-̄ n\pw Icp-X-temsS kpKp-W³ IqsS-bp-m-bn. amf-hnI Hcp apXnÀ¶Ip«n-bm-b-t¸mÄ k½m-\-hp-ambn kpKp-W-\p-m-bn-cp-¶p. AhÄ¡p-Ãm-kw-]-I-cp¶ bm{X-IÄFt¸mgpw AbmÄ Dm-¡n-s¡m-n-cp-¶p.

22. lns¸m-t¸m-«m-a-Êns\ amf-hn-Ibv¡pw henb CjvS-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXnsâ `wKn-bn-Ãm-bva-bmWv AhÄ {i²n-̈ -Xv. ̀ wKn-bn-Ãm-̄ -hsc kvt\ln-¡m\pw Bsc-¦nepw tht F¶m-bn-cp¶pAhÄ Btem-Nn-̈ -Xv. Ah-fpsS kz -́amb ImgvN-̧ m-Sp-Ifpw {]tXyI Xmev]-cy-§fpw amf-hn-Isb \µ\v H¶p-IqSn {]nb-s¸-«-h-fm-¡n.

723. kÀ¡kv amt\-PÀ \µ-t\m-Sm-h-iy-s¸« Imcyw.

\Ã ]pkvX-I-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv \µ³ kÀ¡kv amt\-P-cpsS kulrZw ]nSn-̈ p-]-än-b-Xv. ]pkvX-I§Ä¡v \µn ]d-ªp. AbmÄ Hcp {]tXy-I-Imcyw kwkm-cn-¡m-\mbn \µs\ ImW-W-sa-¶m-h-iy-s¸-«p. X\qP F¶ kÀ¡Êv Iem-Im-cnbpsS Zp:Jam-bn-cp-¶p. AbmÄ¡v ]d-bm-\p-m-bn-cp-



¶-Xv. Bkmtam _wKmtfm BWv Ah-fpsS \mSv. F¶mÂ AÑ³ tIc-fo-b-\m-bn-cp-¶p. BtdmGtgm hb-Êp-hsc AhÄ I AÑ-t\bpw Xd-hm-Sn-t\bpw Is-̄ -W-sa¶v X\qP Xo{h-ambnB{K-ln-¡p-¶p. aäp _Ôp-an-{Xm-Zn-I-sfm¶pw CÃm¯ X\q-Psb AÑs\ Is-̄ m³ klm-bn-¡-W-sa-¶mWv \µ-t\mSv amt\-PÀ Bh-iy-s -̧«-Xv.

24. amt\-PÀ kqNn-̧ n¨ ]nSn-h-ffn F´m-bn-cp¶p ?

cp-amkw ap¼v X\qP tjm¸n-§n-\mbn ]pd-̄ p-t]m-b-t¸mÄ sabn³tdmUv t»m¡m-b-Xn-\mÂ Hmt«m-dn£ Hcn-S-h-gn-bn-eqsS t]mbn. CS-bv¡-hÄ Xm³ Ip-a-d¶ HcnSw hopw ImWm-\n-S-bm-bn. ]Sn-̧ p-c-bp-ff hoSpw Ipfhpw Ah-fpsS Ip«n-¡m-e-t¯-Xp-X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂAhnsS Xma-kn-̈ n-cp-¶-hÀ A]-cn-Nn-X-cm-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-fpsS AÑ³ Fhn-sS-bm-sWt¶m AbmÄs¡-´p-kw-̀ -hn¨p Ft¶m Bho-«p-ImÀ¡pw Adn-bn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. F¦nepw hoSp-I-s-̄ nb ØnXn¡vAÑs\ tXSm³ ]nSn-h-f-fn-bm-sb¶v amt\-PÀ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.

25. cm{Xn-bnÂ Btem-Nn¨p InSt¡ s]s«-¶mWv kÀ¡kv amt\-PÀ Hcp-¡nb cmh-W³tIm-«-bnÂ \n¶pw ]pd-t¯-¡p-ff hgn \µsâ a\-ÊnÂ sXfn-ªXv þ F´m-bn-cp¶p AXv?

amf-hn-Isb F¶pw kvt\l-]qÀÆw A\z-jn-̈ p-sIm-n-cp¶ I®³amjv¡v X\qPbpsShoSn-t\bpw ]cn-k-c-t¯bpw Ipdn¨v IrXy-ambn Adn-bm-am-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶v \µ³ Duln-s¨-Sp-̄ p.hSt¡ C´y-bn-em-bn-cp¶ amf-hn-Ibpw AÑ\pw Ah-fpsS A½ acn-̈ -tXmsS \m«n-te¡v hcp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. B Xdhm«nÂ bmsXmcp Ah-Im-i-hp-an-ÃmsX AbmÄ¡v bm{X-bm-tI-n-h-¶-Xm-sW¶ hnhcw I®³ amjv ssIamdn. CXv At\z-j-W-̄ nse hgn-̄ n-cn-hm-bn-cp-¶p.

826. tPmk-̂ nsâ ]pXnb kml-N-cy-§Ä.

]c-kv]cw {]W-bn¨p hnhmlw Ign¨ tPmk-̂ n-tâbpw saÀen-tâbpw Zm¼-Xy-̄ n\v at\m-lm-cn-X-bpsS ]cn-th-j-§-sfÃmw \jvS-s -̧«n-cp-¶p. saÀen³ {ItaW shdp-samcp ]W-b-h-kvXp-hm-bn. N{µ-lm-k³ F¶ sImf-f-̧ -en-i-¡m-c-\nÂ \n¶pw tPmk v̂ h³XpI ssI -̧än-bXv saÀensâPohn-X-̄ nsâ Dd-̧ n-em-Wv. _nkn-\Êv XpS-§m-s\¶ hymtP\ hm§nb ]Ww tPmk^v F¶-t -̄bpa t]mse Xpe-̈ p. tem«-dn-Sn-¡äp hm§nbpw BUw-_-c-bm-{X-IÄ \S-̄ nbpw ]pXnb t^m¬taSn¨pw ISw hm§nb XpI XoÀ¡p-¶Xv saÀen³ \nÊ-l-bmbn Ip-\nÂ¡p-¶p. ]Ww X¶pXoÀ¡p-¶Xp hsc saÀen³ N{µ-lm-ksâXmbn-cn-¡p-¶-Xnepw {]iv\-an-Ãm¯ Xc-̄ nÂ tPmk-^nsâ _p²nbpw hnIm-c-§fpw apc-Sn¨p t]mbn-cp-¶p.

27. cXo-jnsâ sNdnb AÔ-hn-izm-k-§Ä.

a\p-jysâ Nne AÔ-hn-izm-k-§Ä¡pw \nan-̄ -§Ä¡pw AÀ°-ap-s¶v cXojv Icp-Xp-¶p. Abm-fpsS Pohn-X-̄ nse \Ã Imcy-§Äs¡Ãmw AI-¼-Sn-bmbn NmäÂag Dm-bn-cp-¶p.AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ tkmWn-bp-am-bp-ff hnhm-l-Xo-cp-am-\-̄ n\pw NmäÂag AXym-h-iy-am-sW¶vAbmÄ Icp-Xn.

28. cp {]iv\-§-fmWv \µs\ BbnsS Ae-«n-s¡m-n-cp-¶-Xv. Gh ?

sNd-̧ -̄ nÂ¯s¶ \jvS-̧ « AÑ-s\-t -̄Sn-bp-ff X\q-P-bpsS Ae-̈ nepw IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ kzØ-X-bn-Ãm-Xmb saÀenhv F¶ ho«-½-bpsS KXn-tISpw \µsâ ]pXnb {]iv\-§-fmbn.X\q-Pbv¡v AÑs\ Is-̄ m-\p-ff ̀ mKy-ap-m-Imw. F¶mÂ saÀensâ PohnXw Zpcn-X-̄ nsâIb-̄ n-te-¡m-p-t]m-hp-I-bm-hm-sa¶v AbmÄ Zp:Jn¡p-¶p.



929. "Ft§m-t«bv¡pw t\m¡m³ Ign-bmsX \µ³ Xe-Ip-\n-̈ n-cp¶p' þ \µs\ kvX_v[-\m-¡nb kw`-hw.

sdbnÂth tÌjsâ Ing¡v `mK¯v \µ³ Hcp IpSpw-_s¯ ImWm-\n-S-bm-bn. AXnÂsFizcyw Xpfp-¼p¶ apJ-ap-ff ho«-½sb AbmÄ {]tXyIw {i²n-̈ p. Iq«-̄ nse Ip«n-I-tfmSvNncn¨p kwkm-cn-̈ p-sIm-n-cp¶ AhÀ bm{X-bpsS Xnc-¡p-I-sfm¶pw ImWn-̈ n-Ã. ]Xn-hn³]Sn\µ³ IuXp-I-t¯msS AhÀ¡p-tN-cp¶ Hcp t]cp k¦-ev]n¨p þ D½p-¡p-ep-kp. hS-t¡m-«p-ffhn h¶p-t]m-Im-dm-b-t¸m-gmWv AhÀ ]nS-sª-Wo-ä-Xv. HmSn-̄ p-S-§nb Xoh-n-bnÂ Ib-dn-̧ -äm³ \µ³ Ahsc klm-bn-̈ p. apJw sImpw a\-Êp-sImpw \ndsb Nncn-¡m³ Ign-bpI Hcp`mKy-am-sW¶v AbmÄ HmÀ¯p. ssIhoin AI-ep¶ Ah-cpsS lrZy-amb cq]w \µ³ ]n¶o-Sp-Im-Wp-¶Xv Xohn¨{I§Ä¡nS-bnÂs¸«p IjvW-§-fm-bm-Wv. \µ-t\mSv \µn-]-d-bm³ ]pd-t -̄bv¡m-ª-t¸m-gmWv AhÀ sXdn-̈ p-ho-WXv F¶-dn-ª-tXmsS \µ³ XfÀ¶p-t]m-bn.

30. atämcp Zp:J¯nsâ HmÀ½-I-fn-te¡v AXv Xs¶ F¯n-¡ptam F¶v \µ³ ̀ b¶p þ hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

Xoh-n-bnÂ A\m-Y-\mbn Is-̄ nb B¬Ip-«nsb \µ³ t]meokv tÌj-\n-se-̄ n¨ncp-¶p. Ip«nsb Ip-In-«nb hnhcw Xsâ \¼Àsh¨v hmÀ¯-bmbn \evIm\pw AbmÄ HmÀ½n-̈ p.t]meokpw ssNÂUvsse³ {]hÀ¯-Icpw Hcp-an¨p \S-̄ nb At\z-j-W-̄ nsâ ̂ e-ambn BIp«n--bpsS c£nXm-¡sf I-̄ m³ Ign-ªp. tImb-¼-̄ q-cnse {]i-kvX-cmb tUmIvSÀ Z¼-Xn-am-cpsS GI aI-\m-bn-cp¶p Ah³. Ip«nsb Xncn-̈ p-In-«nb amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä B Iq«n-ap-«-en\p Imc-W-¡m-c-amb \µs\ ImW-W-sa¶v hmin-]n-Sn-̈ p. B\µ-̄ n-sâbpw \µn-bp-sSbpw I®oÀ s]mgn-¨p-sIm-mWv AhÀ \µs\ t\cn-«-Xv. aIsf Hcn-¡epw Xncn-̈ p-In-«m-\m-hm-̄ -hn[w \jvS-s¸«\µ³, Ah-cpsS km¶n-²yhpw hm¡p-Ifpw Xs¶ B Zp:J¯nsâ Bg-§-fn-te-s¡-̄ n-¡ptamF¶p Nn´n-¡p-¶p.

1031. ]ckyw Ip-h¶ kvXo \µ-t\mSv CS-s]-«-hn-[w.

X\qP AÑs\ tXSp¶p F¶-dnªv Xe-Øm\ el-cn-bnÂ \ns¶-̄ nb kvXo ]W-̄ nsâ{]uVnbpw Al-¦m-chpw {]I-Sn-̧ n¨p sImmWv CS-s]-«-Xv. IÀ¡-i-¡m-cnbmb B kv{XobpsS`À¯mhv tImSo-iz-c\pw kaq-l-̄ nÂ D¶X Øm\-ap-f-f-h\pw Bbn-cp-¶p. AbmÄ¡v am\-lm-\n-bp-m-¡p-¶-XmWv {]kvXpX ]ckysa¶v kvXo Btcm-]n-̈ p. Xsâ ̀ À¯m-hn\v A§-s\-sbmcpaI-fn-sÃ¶p kv{Xo Xd-̧ n¨p ]d-ªp.

32. {Iu¬ kq¸ÀamÀ¡-änÂ saÀens\ Im¯n-cp¶ A]-am-\w.

sdbnÂth tPmen-¡nsS \nÀº-Ô-ambn kq¸ÀamÀ¡äv A[n-Ir-XÀ saÀens\ hnfn¨p hcp-¯p-Ibmbn-cp-¶p. tPmk v̂ Ahn-S¶v ]e XhW tamjWw \S¯n HSp-hnÂ ]nSn-¡-s -̧Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. km[-\-§fpsS hne-sIm-Sp-¡m³ AbmÄ¡v Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. \nµ-tbmsS t\m¡p¶BÄ¡q-«-̄ n-\n-S-bnÂ Ipä-t_m-[tam BÀ{Z-Xtbm CÃmsX tPmk^v \n¶p. ]c-ky-ambn \á-am¡pw hn[-ap-ff A]-am-\-am-bn-cp¶p saÀen\v AXv.



1133. cXo-jn-sâbpw tkmWn-bp-tSbpw ̀ mhn \nan-̄ -§Ä \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\ ?

Pohn-X-̄ nÂ Nne Xocp-am-\-§Ä FSp-¡p-¶-Xn\v \nan-̄ -§sf B{i-bn-¡m-sa¶v cXojvDd¨p hniz-kn-̈ n-cp-¶p. {][m-\-s¸« aplqÀ¯-§-fnepw Xocp-am-\-§-fnepw NmäÂag ]n´pSÀ¶p-sIm-n-cp-¶Xv Hcp \nan-̄ -ambn AbmÄ Icp-Xn. P\n-̈ -t¸mgpw hnZym-cw-̀ -k-a-b¯pw tNmdq-Wn\pwhnZym-e-b-{]-th-i-\-̄ n-\p-saÃmw ag-bpsS BioÀÆmZw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. tkmWn-bp-am-bp-ff hnhmlwX\n-¡p-hn-[n-̈ -Xm-sW-¦nÂ ag s]¿p-sa-¶p-Xs¶ cXojv hniz-kn-̈ p. \µ-s\bpw tkmWn-tbbpwBiz-kn-̧ n-̈ p-sImpw cXo-jnsâ Xocp-am-\-̄ n\v t{]c-W-bmbpw ag s]¿p-I-Xs¶ sNbvXp.

1234. tPmk-̂ n-s\-¡p-dn v̈ saÀen\pw aäp-f-f-hÀ¡pw Dm-bn-cp¶ A_-²-[m-c-W-IÄ, ]pXp-XmbnDmb Xncn-̈ -dn-hp-IÄ.

tPmk-̂ ns\ e`n-̈ -XnÂ Xm³ ̀ mKy-h-Xn-bm-sW¶v saÀen³ BZy-Im-e¯v Nnń-̈ n-cp-¶p.GXp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bnepw tPmk v̂ {]tIm-]n-X-\m-bn-Ã. ip²-Xbpw \njv¡-f-¦-Xbpw \ndª]p©n-cnbpw BÀ{Z-amb apJhpw BWv Abm-fn-te¡v saÀens\ ASp-̧ n-̈ -Xv. ]gb KmV-amb {]W-bs¯ HmÀs¯-¦nepw tPmk-̂ n\v amdm³I-gn-bp-sa-¶p-Xs¶ AhÄ hniz-kn¨p sImn-cp-¶p.F¶mÂ H¶n-t\mSpw {]Xn-I-cn-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ \nÊw-K-X-bmWv Abm-fpsS Ømbn-bmb kz`m-h-sa¶v saÀen³ sshIn-bm-W-dn-ª-Xv. If-f-\mb tPmk-^nsâ `mcy F¶ hnti-j-W-amWvkq¸ÀamÀ¡-äp-ImÀ saÀen\v k½m-\n-̈ -Xv. N{µ-lm-k-s\¶ sImf-f-̧ -en-i-¡m-c\v saÀens\ ssIam-dm³]äpw-hn[w \nÊw-K-Xbpw {Iqc-Xbpw Abm-fpsS apJ-ap-{Z-bmbn¡gn-ª-cp-¶p.

35. a\-Ên\v im´X Xcp¶ cp-Im-cy-§tf Dffq F¶v saÀen³ Ipc-Xp-¶p. GXm-Wh ?

Hmô-kn-en-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw \µ-t\mSv kwkm-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw am{X-amWv saÀen³ im´X Adn-ª-Xv. Hmô-knse Xnc-¡p-I-fnÂ AhÄ FÃm thh-em-Xn-Ifpw ad-¶p. XohnIÄ a\-Ên\vlrZy-amb Xmfw-]-IÀ¶p. \µ-s\¶ \Ã kplr-̄ n-t\mSv {]iv\-§Ä ]¦p-sh-bv¡p-t¼mÄ a\-Ênsâ ̀ mc-§-sfm-gn-bp-¶Xv Ah-f-dpªp.

36. Hcp {]iv\-hp-an-sÃ-¦nÂ AbmÄ Hcp {]iv\-ap-m¡n AXnsâ ]ndsI HmSpw þ kµÀ`-taXv?

N{µ-lm-k³ X\n-¡mWv hne-]-d-ª-sX¶ ̀ bw saÀens\ Akz-Ø-\m-¡n. Bizm-k-̄ n-\mbn AhÄ \µs\ At\z-jn¨p Xs¶ Ae-«p¶ {]iv\-§Ä¡v \µ³ ]cnlmcw Itbv¡pw.AsÃ-¦nÂ kam-[m-\-hm-¡p-Isf¦nepw ]d-bpw. F¶mÂ \µ³ Øe-̄ n-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. sdbnÂthtÌj-\nse sskXmen ]dª hm¡p-I-fm-Wnh . \µ³ aäp-f-f-h-cpsS {]iv\-§-tf-sä-Sp v̄ HmSn-s¡m-n-cn-¡pw. H¶-sÃ-¦nÂ asäm¶v Abmsf At\z-jn-̈ p-h-cpw. ]cn-Nn-XÀ¡pw A]-cn-Nn-XÀ¡p-saÃmw AbmÄ XWÂa-c-am-bn. Hcp {]iv\-hp-an-sÃ-¦nÂ Dm-¡m\pw AbmÄ sa\-s¡-Sp-sa-¶m-bn-cp-¶p sskXm-en-bpsS ]£w. tkmWnsb Biz-kn-̧ n v̈ kok¬ Sn¡-änsâ ]cn-[nbpw Ignªvbm{X-sNbvX \µ³ kvIzmUnsâ ]nSn-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p. C§s\ {]iv\-̄ nÂ AbmÄ Nne-t¸m-sgms¡ kzbw AI-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.



37. tPmk-̂ nsâ ioe-§sf kw_-Ôn¨v saÀens\ AÛp-X-s¸-Sp-̄ nb amäw.

tPmk v̂ samss_Â t^mWp-IÄ CjvS-s -̧«n-h-cp-¶n-Ã. AXp-IqsS sImp-\-S-¡p-I, AXn-eqsSbpff hnfn¡v ImtXmÀ¡pI CsXÃmw hfsc _p²n-ap«pff H¶mbn AbmÄ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p.F¶mÂ saÀens\ AÛp-X-s¸-Sp-̄ n-s¡mv AbmÄ hne-]n-Sn-̧ p-ff samss_-ep-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ XpS-§n. N{µ-lm-ksâ ]Ww ]e-X-c-̄ nÂ Abmsf amän-a-dn-̈ p.

38. ]Ww Xncn-̈ p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xns\ kw_-Ôn¨v N{µ-lm-k³ \nÀt±-in¨ ]cn-lmcw?

saÀensâ Dd-̧ nÂ tPmk-̂ n\v ]Ww \ÂInbt¸mÄ¯s¶ N{µ-lm-k\v IW-¡p-Iq-«-ep-I-fp-m-bn-cp-¶p. saÀent\m tPmk-̂ nt\m ]Ww Xncn-̈ p-X-cm-\m-In-sÃ¶pw AbmÄ¡-dn-bmw. ]WwXcp-¶-Xp-hsc saÀen³ Xsâ IÌ-Un-bn-en-cn-¡p-sa-¶mWv AbmÄ HmÀ½n-̧ n-̈ -Xv.

1339. X\q-Pbv¡v ]nXm-hns\ Xncn-̈ p-In-«m-\n-S-bmb kml-N-cyw.

Akn-Ìâ v I½o-j-WÀ cmPvtam-l-\p-am-bp-ff \µsâ _Ôw X\q-P-bpsS AÑ-\n-te¡vFfp-̧ -hgnbpm-¡n. At±lw Xe-Øm-\-\-K-cn-bnse t]meokv ta[m-hn-bpsS klm-b-̄ mÂX\q-P-bpsS AÑs\ Ip kwkm-cn¨p At¸m-gmWv {]Xm-]³\m-bÀ F¶ AÑ³ Xsâ aIÄXs¶ tXSp-¶p-s-¶-dn-ª-Xv. A§s\ At±lw \µt\bpw kÀ¡kv amt\-P-tcbpw Xsâ henbtlm«-en-te¡v hnfn-̧ n-̈ p. tImSo-iz-c-\mb At±-l-̄ nsâ Ffna \µs\ AÛp-X-s¸-Sp-̄ n. Ccp-h-tcmSpw At±lw AI-a-gnªv \µn ]d-ªp. \nhr-̄ n-bn-Ãm-Xmb kml-N-cy-̄ n-emWv aIsfkÀ¡-ÊnÂ tNÀ -̄Xv. Pohn-¡p-hm³ Ign-bp¶ \ne-bn-em-b-t¸mÄ At±lw aI-sf-Xn-cn-̈ p-In-«m³{ian-̈ psh¦nepw ^ew \ncm-i-bm-bn-cp-¶p. \µ³ hgn¡v Ahsf Xncn-̈ p-In-«p-sa¶ tXm¶ÂAt±-ls¯ hfsc kt´m-jn-̧ n-̈ p. kÀ¡Êv amt\-P-cpsS \nÀt±-i-{]-Imcw XnI¨pw \mS-Io-b-am-bmWv B Ip-ap-«Â ]²-Xn-bn-«-Xv. Bdp-h-b-Êp-f-f-t¸mÄ ]ncnª aIÄ bph-Xn-bmbn F¦nepwXncn-̈ -dnªv Xs¶ AÑm F¶p hnfn¨ Akp-e-̀ -ap-lqÀ¯w {]Xm-]³\m-bÀ A\p-̀ -hn-̈ -Xn\pkm£n-bm-b-t¸mÄ kÀ¡kv IqSmcw apgp-h-\p-ap-m-bn. \µ\pw AXv IrXmÀ°-bm-bn.

1440. \µ-t\m-Sp-ff kpKp-Wsâ \ne-]mSv

]Xn-hn\p hn]-co-X-ambn kpKp-W-s\¶ sIme-bmfn ̀ b-s -̧Sp-¶h\m-bn-cp-¶p. \µ³ ]n´p-S-cp-¶p-sh¶ tXm¶Â Imc-W-amhmw AbmÄ Ign-bp-¶{X thKw Hmtcm cwK-̄ p-\n¶pw A{]-Xy-£-\m-bn-s¡m-n-cp-¶p.

41. aI-fpsS A{]-X-y-£-am-IÂ \µsâ HmÀ½-I-fnÂ

Imdp-I-tfmSv Akm-am-\-y-amb {`a-apÅ amf-hn-I-bpw ImÀt{_m-¡-dmb kpKp-W\pw X½nÂN§m-̄ -̄ n-emhpI kzm-̀ m-hn-I-am-bn-cp-¶p. ama-s\¶v AhÄ hnfn-̈ n-cp¶ kpKp-W³ amf-hn-Isb ]p¯³Im-dp-I-fnÂ Npän-b-Sn-¡m³sIm-p-t]mbn, sFkv{Iow hm§n-s¡m-Sp-̄ p. CsXÃmw]Xn-hpIfmbncp¶XpsImv \µ\v A¶pw {]tX-y-Iam-sbm¶pw tXm¶n-bn-Ã. kv¡qÄhn«v Bªn-en-a-c-t¯m-f-sa-̄ nb amf-hn-Isb ImWm-Xn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ Nph-¶-a-®nÂ Imdnsâ Sb-d-S-bmfw \µs\Bizkn¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wp-sN-bvX-Xv. aIÄ hcm³ sshIn-b-t¸mÄ \µ³ At\-z-jn-̈ n-d-§n. ]XnhvsFkv{Iow _mdnÂ \n¶v SqdnÌv tlm-an-te¡v AhÄ t]msb¶v IS-bn-ep-Å-hÀ ]d-ª-t¸mgpw\µ\v kpKpW\nÂ hni-zm-k-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. cm-bn-c-̄ n-aq¶mw \¼À apdn-bnÂ s_Ã-Sn-̈ n«pwXpd-¡m-Xn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ \µsâ DÅnÂ Hcm-f-ep-bÀ¶p. D -̄̈ nÂ kpKp-Ws\ hnfn-̈ -t¸mÄ AbmÄ



s]s«¶v hmXnÂXpd¶v ]pd-t -̄t¡mSn. AI v̄ I«n-enÂ C«-bq-\n-t^m-tamsS NpnÂ sFkv{Iow-]m-S-bnÂ IpXnÀ¶c-à-̧ m-tSmsS amf-hnI acn-̈ p-In-S-¡p-¶Xv \µ³ Ip. AhÄ acn¨pF¶bmYmÀ°-y-t¯mSv s]mcp-̄ -s¸Sp-hm³ AbmÄ hfsc _p-²n-ap-«n.

42. kpKp-W³ Hcp ISw-I-Y-bmbn amdp¶p F¶v \µ\v tXm¶m-\n-S-bm-b-sX--§s\?

amf-hn-I-bpsS sIme-]m-X-I-̄ n-\p-tijw Pbn-enÂ\n¶v Pmayw In«n Cd-§nb kpKp-W³ as-ämcp ]cn-{`m-́ -h-y-àn-bm-bn. IÅp-Ip-Sn-¡m¯ AbmÄ _mdnÂ ]e-t¸mgpw {]X-y-£-s¸«p. \ncoiz-c-\mb AbmÄ Zqsc henb A¼-e-§-fnÂ sXmgm³ XpS-§n. \µsâ t\m«-¯nÂ\n¶v AbmÄ hnZ-Kv²ambn sX¶n-am-dn-s¡m-n-cp-¶p.

1543. Xsâ FÃm-Zp-cn-X-§-sfbpw XÂ¡m-e-t¯¡v hnkva-y-Xn-bn-te¡v XÅp¶ Hcp-̀ m-h-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

kpKp-Ws\ tXSn-bpÅ Ae-̈ n-enÂ \µ³ \m«nÂ\n¶pw Zqsc-bpÅ t£{X-̄ n-se¯n.FÃm-bn-S¯pw kÔ-y-bm-Ipw-h-sc-Xn-c-ªn«pw \µ\v kpKp-Wsâ Hcp an¶-em«w am{XtaImWm³ Ign-ªp-Åq. s]s«¶mWv \µn-]-dªv Hcp kv{Xobpw Ip«nbpw ]pcp-j\pw \µsâa p ¶ n -s e -̄ n -b -X v. Z n h -k -§ Ä ¡ p -a p ¼ v Xohn-bnÂ A\m-Y-\mbn I _mes\ t]meokpw]-{X-§fpw hgn c£n-Xm-¡sf I¯n Gev]n-̈ Xv \µ-\m-bn-cp-¶p. A¶vI Ip«n c£n-Xm-¡-fpsS km¶n-[-y-̄ nÂ anSpanS¡\pw {]k-¶-h-Z-\\pw Bbn-am-dn-bn-cp-¶p. AÑ-\-½-am-cnepwIp«n-bnepw I B\µw \µs\ asäÃmw hnkva-cn-̧ n-¡m³ ]c-ym-]vX-ambncp¶p. Xsâ CS-s]-SÂ sImv ]dn¨p-\-S-s¸« Pohn-X-amWv Ah-cp-tS-sX¶v \µ³ Iy-Xm-°-X-tbmsS HmÀ¯p.

44. "AbmÄ¡v Ipä-t_m[w tXm¶n. AXv Hcp hngp-̧ p-I-Ws¡ Xs¶ s]mXn-bpIbmsW¶pwAdnªp' þ \µsâ HSp-hn-es¯ Nn´IÄ \ncq-]-Wm-ß-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-̄ p-I.

(\-µsâbpw tcWp-I-bp-sSbpw tamfp-sSbpw PohnXw þ kpl-y-Zv_-Ô-§Ä þ kpKp-Wsâkml-N-c-y-§Ä þ A{]-Xo-£n-X-amb ]c-y-]-km\w þ kpKp-Wsâ Pma-y-̄ n-en-d-§Â þ \µsâPohn-X-e-£yw þ t£{Xw þ Gkn I¼mÀ«vsaâ v þ ]mew þ hn[n tNmZn-̈ p-hm-§p¶ kpKp-W³þ tXm«-Sp¯ \nanjw Xt¶mSpXs¶ \oXn]peÀ¯m-\m-hmsX FÃm-e-£-y§fpw \jvS-s¸« ]pg-bpsS e£-y-̄ n-te¡v IpXn-¡p¶ \µ³.)

45. \µsâ kz-̀ m-h-Nn-{Xo-I-c-Ww.

(t\m-h-enÌv þ t\mhÂ þ CXn-h-y¯w þ a\p-j-y-kvt\-ln-bmb \µsâ kwX-y-]vX-ambIpSpw-_m-́ -co£w þ kvt\lh-ebw þ kpl-y-̄ p-¡Ä þ ]tcm-]-Imc {]h-WX þ aI-fpsS ac-W-̄ n-\p-tijw GI-e-£yw þ AXnsâ ]qÀ¯o-I-cWw þ \·-bpsS ]£¯v \ne-bp-d-̧ n-̈ -hsâ kz-̀ m-hnI Zpc-́ w.)

46. "ImWp-¶-XÃ ImgvN-IÄ' þ ioÀj-I-̄ nsâ {]kàn

(am-dp¶ a\p-j-y-Xzw þ \µ-s\m-gnsI asä-Ã-h-cp-sSbpw Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-Ifpw ImgvN-̧ m-Sp-Ifpw amdn-a-dn-bn¶p þ saÀen³, tPmk-̂ v, tc-Wp-I, \µ³ FÃm-hcpw I ImgvN-Isf Imew

s]mSp-¶s\ amän-a-dn-¡p¶p þ amdp¶ ImgvN-IÄ amf-hnI Xncn-̈ -dn-ªn-cn¡mw F¶ kqN\fpsS IY-bnÂ)



samUyqÄ 4

bm{Xm-hn-h-cWwIbvtdm- I-̄ p-IÄ

kpUm-\n-sebpw CuPn-]vXn-sebpw ]pcm-X-\-\-K-c-§-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-§-fn-eq-sSþ apJy-ambpwss\Â \Zo-Xo-c-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-cw-K-§-fn-eq-sSþ Fkv. sI \S-̄ nb ]T-\-]-cy-S-\-̄ nse \nco-£-W-§-fmWv Ibvtdm-I-̄ p-IÄ. kpUm-s\bpw CuPn-]vXn-s\bpw kw_-Ôn¨ {KÙ-§fpw ]{X-am-kn-Im-te-J-\-§fpw teJ-I³ tiJ-cn¨pw ]Tn-̈ p-amWv Cu bm{X-bvs¡m-cp-s¼-«-Xv. A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t¡ A¿m-bncw hÀj-§-fpsS Ncn-{X-tamÀ¡p-t¼mÄ Xsâ ]T\w ]qÀ¯n-bm-bnt« CsÃ¶pwHcn-¡epw ]qÀ¯n-bm-hp-I-bn-sÃ¶pw Fkv.-sI. ]d-bp-¶p. ]nÂ¡m-e¯v ImWm-\m-hm-̄ -hn[wAhn-Ss¯ ]e amÀ¤-§fpw aµn-c-§fpw Fs¶-t¶-¡p-ambn A{]-Xy-£-am-bn. ss\Â shÅ-¯nÂ NneXv ap§n-t¸m-bn. aäp NneXv Ata-cn-¡-bn-sebpw bqtdm-̧ n-sebpw \K-c-§-fnepw ImgvN-_w-¥m-hp-I-fnepw tijn-¡p-¶p. Cu bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-̄ nÂ A`nkwt_m-[\ sN¿-s¸« kplr v̄hmb-\-¡m-c³ Xs¶-bm-Wv.

1. JmÀ¯q-anÂ Fkv.sI kzoI-cn-¡-s¸« hn[wJmÀ¯q-anÂ sNe-h-gn¨ H¼-Xp-Zn-h-k-§Ä Fkv. sI. sb kw_-Ôn-̈ n-S-t¯mfw DWÀhpw

Dt·-jhpw ]pXp-abpw \nd-ª-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. hnZq-c-amb C´y-bnÂ\n¶v BZy-ambn Ahn-sS-h¶ptNÀ¶ ]{X-{]-hÀ -̄Isâ \ne-bv¡mWv JmÀ¯q-anse Ad-_n-{]-am-Wn-IÄ At±-ls¯ kzoI-cn-

-̈Xv. "kpUm-\nse ØnXn-K-Xn-I-sf-¡p-dn¨p ]Tn-¡p-hm³h¶ ]{X-{]-hÀ -̄I-s\-¡p-dn v̈ ]{X-§ÄFgp-Xn. cmjv{So-b-I-£n-Ifpw t\Xm-¡-·mcpw ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-Icpw X§-fpsS \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ hyà-am¡m³ At±-ls¯ £Wn-̈ p-sIm-n-cp-¶p. kzX-{ -́\m-sbmcp ]{X-{]-hÀ -̄Isâ thjw sIt«-n-h-¶-XnÂ Fkv.-sI. kt´m-jn-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.

2. kpUmsâ kzcw ]pdw-\m-Sp-I-fnÂ sNs¶-̄ p-¶n-Ã. Imc-W-sa´v?kpUmsâ InS¸pw ̀ q{]-Ir-Xnbpw AXns\ ]pdw-\m-Sp-I-fnÂ\n¶v thÀXn-cn-̈ p. am{X-aÃ ̀ c-

W-̄ nse Iq«p-I-£n-bmb {_n«³ Chn-Ss¯ cl-ky-§-sf-̧ än A\yÀ Adn-bm-Xn-cn-¡m³ kI-e-ap³I-cp-X-ep-Ifpw sNbvXp-sh-̈ n-«p-ap-v.

3. JmÀ¯qw \K-c-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Ipdn-s¸-gp-Xp-I.kuµ-cy-t_m-[-t¯msS kwhn-[m\w sN¿-s¸« Hcp ]cn-jvIr-X-\-K-c-amWv hmÀ¯qw. \oe-

ss\epw shÅ-ss\epw ChnsS kt½-fn-¡p-¶p. X½nÂ Ie-cmsX Ccp-\n-d-§-fmbn Ah cp-ssa-temfw Hgp-Ip-¶p-v. CuPn-]vXn\p sImSp-¡m³ hf-¡q-dpÅ a®pw sNfnbpw tiJ-cn-̈ pÅ hc-hmWv \oe-ss\-en\v \ndw sImSp-̄ -Xv. {_n«\pw CuPn]vXpw Iq«q`cWw \S-̄ n-h-cp¶ kpUmsâXe-Øm-\-amWv JmÀ¯qw. bqtdm-]y³a-«nÂ Ah-\yq-Ifpw ]mÀ¡p-Ifpw ]p¯³ amXr-I-I-fn-eqÅ Iqä³ sh×m-S-§fpw aZy-im-e-Ifpw \nim-¢-ºp-Ifpw \ndª \Ã tamSnbpw hr¯n-bp-apÅ\ho\ \K-c-am-W-Xv. CÉm-an-I-kw-kvIm-c-̄ nsâ F¶-Xn-s\-¡mÄ ]mÝm-Xy-]-cn-jvIm-c-̄ nsâ{]ZÀi-\-im-e-bmWv JmÀ¯pw knän.



hnkvXr-X-ho-Yn-Ifpw ]mÀ¡p-Ifpw ssaXm-\-§fpw CS-I-eÀ¶ Cu \Kew BIm-i-̄ p-\n-¶p-t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ bqWn-b³Pm¡v hncn-̈ n-«-t]mse tXm¶pw. {_n«sâ ]Xm-I-ap-{Z-bm-W-Xv.

\oe-ss\-ensâ Ccp-]mÀiz-§-fn-ep-am-bmWv JmÀ¯qw \ne-sIm-Åp-¶-Xv. at\m-l-c-am-sbmcp]mew \oe-ss\-ensâ Ccp-I-c-I-sfbpw tbmPn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. \oe-ss\Â¡-csb kv]Àin-̈ p-sImvaq¶p ssaÂ \of-̄ nÂ InS-¡p¶ "Fw_m-¦vsaâm'Wv JmÀ¯q-anse {][m\hoYn.

Ønc-Xm-a-k-¡m-cmb Cä-en-¡mcpw {Ko¡p-Imcpw ChnsS [mcm-f-ap-v. \K-c-̄ nse hym]mcwan¡-hmdpw Ch-cpsS ssIbn-em-Wv. SmIvkn-¡m-dp-IÄ HmSn-¡p-¶-hÀ kpUm³Im-cm-Wv.

\K-c-̄ nsâ ]Sn-ªm-dp-̀ mKw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. \mS³ tlm«-ep-Ifpw Im¸n-¡-S-Ifpw hnt\m-Z-̈ Ífpw _l-f-§fpw hr¯n-tI-Sp-Ifpw ChnsS ASn-ªp-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. aZy-]m-\hpw NqXm-«hpw hy`n-Nm-chpw Hfnªp sXfn-ªp-apÅ Cu {]tZiw "\m«p-Im-cpsS aqe' F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.F´pw sN¿m³ aSn-¡m¯ sX½m-Sn-I-fpsS kt¦Xw IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv. AÀ²-cm-{Xn-hsc Xpd-¶n-cn-¡p¶ tlm«-ep-I-fnepw Im¸n-¡-S-I-fn-epw Xo\pw IpSnbpw _l-f-a-b-ambn Ign-¡m³ Chn-Ss¯Ad-_n-IÄ CjvS-s -̧Sp-¶p.

4. Hmw ZpÀam³ \K-c-s -̄¡p-dn v̈ Ipdn-s -̧gp-Xp-I.

kpUm-\n-I-fpsS tZio-b-]-«-W-amWv Hmw ZpÀam³. ss\ensâ ]Sn-ªm-sd-¡-c-bnÂ ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ Cu \Kcw ]pcm-X-\hpw Ncn-{X-{]-kn-²-hp-am-Wv. Ign-ªp-t]mb temI-a-lm-bp-²-Im-e v̄ChnSw anen-«-dn-̄ m-h-f-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-sImv I¼n-th-en-I-fmÂ Npä-s¸« ]«m-f-]-cn-io-e-\-Iym-¼p-I-fp-sSbpw bp²-km-a-{Kn-I-fpsS kw`-c-W-im-e-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-in-jvS-§Ä Ahn-Ss¯ hctaSp-IÄtXmdpw X§n-¡m-Wmw.

Npänhf-ªp-t]m-Ip¶ ]mX-bpsS Ccp-h-i¯pw Ad-_n-I-fpsS a¬tIm-«-{Km-a-§-fm-Wv. hnNn-{Xm-Ir-Xn-bpÅ Iqä³Nn-XÂ¸p-äp-IÄt]mse \ndsb a¬Ip-Sn-ep-I-fp-v. JmÀ¯q-anÂ\n¶v {_n«ojvkwkvIm-c-̄ nsâ NnÓ-§-fmb {Smw, tamt«mÀ ImÀ, kn\n-a, sSen-t^m¬ apX-em-bh ]IÀ¶p-h-¶n-«p-s-¦nepw ]uc-kvXy-amb ]gb CÉm-an-I-kw-kvIm-c-]m-c-¼-cy-am-Wv Hmw ZpÀam\nÂ GsdbpwImWm-hp-¶-Xv.

kpUm-\nse Cý³hym-]m-cn-I-fnÂ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw HmwZpÀam-\n-em-Wv. Cý³ k©m-cn-IÄ ChnsS Xosc A]qÀÆ-am-b-Xp-sImv Chn-Ss¯ hym]m-cn-IÄ Fkv.sI sb kvt\lm-Z-c-§-tfmsS kÂ¡-cn-¡m³ aÕ-cn-̈ p.

]Ån-bpsS ap¼nse hnkvXr-X-amb NXz-c-amWv \K-c-tI-{µw. Chn-sS-bmWv P\-§Ä ap³Im-e-§-fnÂ Iq«-{]mÀ°-\bv¡v kt½-fn-̈ n-cp-¶-Xv.

5. dn -̧_vfn¡v Zn\m-tLm-j-s -̄¡p-dn-̈ pÅ Imcym-tem-N-\m-tbmKw Ae-kn-̧ n-cn-ª-sX-§-s\?

Cý-¡m-cpsS dn -̧»n¡v Zn\m-tLm-j-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn-̈ pÅ hncp-¶p-kÂ¡m-c-̄ nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡m-sa¶v kpUm³ KhÀ®À Gän-«p-m-bn-cp-¶p. HmwZpÀam-\nse Cý³ hwi-P-scÃmw bmsXmcpt`Z-I-ev]-\-bp-an-ÃmsX KhÀ®À¡p ssIsIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw At±-l-t¯m-sSm-¶n-̈ n-cp¶p ̀ £Ww Ign-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Imcyw apX-em-fn-amÀ¡p ]Yy-am-bn-Ã. X§-fpsS the-¡mÀ X§-tfm-sSm¸wKhÀ®À kmbn-̧ n\p ssIsIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv A]-am-\-I-c-am-sW¶v AhÀ Icp-Xn. Xpey-\n-e-bnÂ]s¦-Sp-̄ mte Cý-¡m-cp-tS-Xmb BtLmjw ̂ e-h-̄ mhq F¶v asämcp ]£w hmZn-̈ p. C§s\NÀ¨ F§psa¯msX ]ncn-ªp.



6. {_n«\pw CuPn-]vXp-ambn 1899 P\p-h-cn-bn-teÀs¸« Icm-dnse \n_-Ô-\-IÄ.{_n«³ kpUmsâ taÂ C¶pw ]nSn-ap-dp-¡n-bn-cp-¡p-¶Xv Cu Icm-dnse {][m\ \nÝ-b§Ä{]-Im-c-am-Wv.

1. {_n«-sâbpw CuPn-]vXn-sâbpw ]Xm-I-IÄ Htc-k-a-b v̄ kpUm-\nse shÅ-̄ nepwIc-bnepw D]-tbm-Kn-t¡--Xm-Wv..

2. kpUm-\nse KhÀ®ÀP-\-dÂ Øm\w {_n«ojv alm-dm-Wn-bpsS ip]mÀisb ASn-Øm-\-am¡n Bbn-cn-¡pw. KhÀ®À P\-d-ens\ \o¡w-sN-¿p-¶Xpw dmWn-bpsS A\p-a-Xn-tbmsSBbn-cn-¡pw. \nb-a-\nÀ½m-W-Im-cy-̄ nÂ KhÀ®ÀP-\-d-en\v ]cn-]qÀ®m-[n-Im-chpw Icm-dnÂ hyh-Ø-sN-bvXn-cp-¶p.

7. {_n«sâ ̀ c-W-\bw kpUm-\nÂ.B[n-]Xyw \o«n-s¡m-p-t]m-hm³ {_n«³ Cý-bnÂ FSp-̄ p-]-tbm-Kn¨ "`n¶n-̧ n¨p ̀ cn-

¡pI' F¶ AS-hp-X-s¶-bmWv kpUm-\nepw {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp GIo-IrX kpUm³ Dm-hm-Xn-cn-¡m-\pÅ kIe ap³I-cp-X-ep-Ifpw {_n«³ sNbvXp-sh-̈ n-«p-v. aX-]-c-amb hn`m-Ko-bXDm-¡p-I-bmWv apJy-amb coXn. kpUmsâ DÄ\m-Sp-I-fn-epÅ A]-cn-jvIr-X-hÀ¤-¡msc {InkvXp-a-X-̄ n-te-¡m-IÀjn v̈ kpUm-\nse apÉnw iàn-s¡-Xnsc {InkvXo-b-iàn sI«n-̧ -Sp-¡m\pw {_n«³{ian-̈ p-sIm-n-cp-¶p. (e-Lp-]-\ymk tNmZy-̄ n\v {_n«sâ AS-hp-IÄ F¶ ̀ mKw (]pdw 54-þ55)IqSn DÄs -̧Sp-̄ -Ww).

8. kpUm\v Cý-tbm-SpÅ at\m-̀ m-hw.kpUm-\nse cmjv{So-b-t\-Xm-¡Ä¡v amÀ¤-ZÀi\w \evIp-¶Xv Cý-bpsS tZio-b-k-a-c-N-

cn-{X-am-Wv. kz´w kzmX-{ý-hn-jbw sFIy-cm-jv{S-k-̀ -bn-epw _mly-tem-I-̄ nsâ {i²-bnepwsImp-h-cm³ kpUm³ t\Xm-¡-·mÀ Gjy-bnse al-Ñ-àn-bmb Cý-bpsS t\À¡mWv Däp-t\m-¡p-¶-Xv. CýbpsS Ncn-{Xhpw cmjv{So-bhpw AhÀ¡v Bg-̄ n-e-dn-bm-sa-¶Xv s]msä-¡m-Sns\ AÛp-X-s -̧Sp-̄ n. Cý³ \mj-WÂ tIm¬{K-Êns\ A\p-I-cn-̈ p-sImv AhnsS "kpUm³\mj-WÂ tIm¬{Kkv' Dv. JmÀ¯q-anse ]e hoSp-I-fnepw "t\cp' F¶v AhÀ hnfn¨ s\lvdp-hnsâ ]Sw Xq§n-bn-cp-¶p.

9. kpUm-\nse cmjv{So-b-\neH¼-tXmfw cmjv{So-b-̧ mÀ«n-IÄ kpUm-\n-ep-v. CÉm-anse cp-a-X-hn-̀ m-K-§-fmb A³kmÀ,

Jm¯vanbm F¶n-h-bnÂ GsX-¦n-ep-sam-¶n-t\mSp _Ô-s¸-«-h-bmWv Cu ]mÀ«n-IÄ. CÉm-anIkn²m-́ -§sf hymJym-\n-¡p-¶-Xn-epÅ hyXym-k-amWv Cu cp {]_-e-hn-̀ m-K-§sf krjvSn-̈ n-«p-Å-Xv. D½m-]mÀ«n, Ajn-¤m-]mÀ«n, bqWn-b-\nÌv ]mÀ«n, bqWnän Hm^v Zn ss\Âhm-en, \mj-WÂ {^v ]mÀ«n, en_-dÂ, t]m¸p-eÀ, dn¸-»n-¡³ F¶o I£n-IÄs¡-Ãmw-IqSn 14 ]{X-§-fp-v.

(e-Lp-]-\ym-k-am-Xr-Ibv¡v Hmtcm ]mÀ«n-bp-sSbpw Dt±-iy-e-£y-§fpw {_n«³, CuPn-]vXv,kpUm-\p-I-fpsS ImgvN-̧ mSpw IqSn (]pdw 57, 60) Npcp-¡n-sb-gp-Xp-I.)



10. kpUm-\nse kzmX-{ý-Nn-́ -I-sf-̧ än kÀ amÄ¡qw A`n-{]m-b-s -̧«-sX´v?

kzmX-{ý-e-_v[n-¡p-ap¼v Cý-bnÂ, ]©m-_nÂ kl-I-c-W-Øm-]-\-§-fpsS ta[m-hn-bm-bn-cp¶p kÀ amÄ¡qw. {_n«³ kpUm³ hn«p-t]m-I-W-sa-¶mWv FÃm cmjv{So-b-I-£n-I-fp-sSbpwB{K-l-sa¶v s]msä-¡mSv ]d-ª-t¸mÄ At±lw {_n«sâ hàm-hmbn C§s\ ]dªp: "Iznän-ým-hmZw krjvSn v̈ Imcyw t\Snb KmÔn-sb-t¸mse Iznäv kpUm³ hmZ-̄ n-\p-]n-¶nÂ Hcp KmÔn-bpsS Dd¨ t\Xr-Xz-iàn CÃ; Dm-hp-I-bp-anÃ' kpUm\nse cmjv{So-b-I-£n-I-sf-¡p-dn v̈ XnIªAdn-thm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp¶p Cu ]cm-aÀiw.

11. A_p-knw-_Ât£-{X-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Ipdn-s -̧gp-Xp-I.

{]mNo-\-Im-es¯ Iqä³in-em-t£-{X-§-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-§Ä ss\ensâ aWÂ¡-c-bnÂASn-ªp-In-S-̧ p-m-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-bn-sem-¶mWv A_p-knw-_Ât£-{Xw. {In. ap. 1265 Â sN¦Â¸m-d-bnÂ \nÀ½n¨ AÛp-X-kr-jvSn-bm-Wn-Xv. dmwskkv ZznXo-b³ F¶ ̂ mdmthm N{I-hÀ¯n-bmWvA_p-knw-_Â \nÀ½n-̈ -Xv. Iqä³ sN¦Â¡p-¶nÂ sh«n-bp-m-¡nb cp-t£-{X-§-fp-v.sNdpXpw at\m-lchpam-bXv N{I-hÀ¯n Xsâ ]Xv\n¡v kaÀ¸n-̈ -Xm-Wv. ]pdw ̀ n n̄-I-fnÂ dmwskkvZznXo-bsâ \mep ̀ oam-Im-c-{]-Xn-a-I-fp-v. Ch-cpsS CS¯pw he¯pw ]mZ-§Ä¡n-S-bnepw cmP-Ip-Spw-_mw-K-§-fpsS sIm¨p-{]-Xn-a-I-fp-v. ]qap-J-̀ n-̄ n-bnÂ Ata³-þ-dm-tZ-h-sâbpw lmdsà tZh-sâbpw cq]-§-fp-v. kqcy-tZ-h-\mWv Cu cp-cq-]-§-fp-sSbpw k¦-ev]w. ]pcm-X\ CuPn-]vXnsâinev] sshZ-Kv²yhpw ambm¯ Nmb-¡q-«pÅ Nn{X-§fpw N{I-hÀ¯n-bpsS Pohn-X-k-µÀ`-§-fpsS Bhn-jv¡-c-W-hp-saÃmw A_p-knw-_Ât£{Xs¯ Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-am-¡n. {]`m-X-kq-cysâcivan{]-k-c-̄ nÂ t£{X-im-e-bnse {]Xn-a-Ifpw DÅd`n¯n-I-fnse Nn{X-IemcXv\-§fpw sXfn-ªp-Im-W-̄ ¡ \ne-bn-emWv t£{Xhpw Kpl-Ifpw Ad-Ifpw kwhn-[m\w sNbvXp-sh-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A_p-knw-_-ense kqcy-hn-{Klw At¸mÄ Poh³sh-̈ -t]mse {]Im-in-¡pw.

]Xn-\-©p-hÀj-t¯mfw ka-b-sa-Sp-̄ mWv A_p-knw-_Â t£{X-̧ Wn ]qÀ¯n-bm-b-Xv. \qäm-p-I-tfmfw a®nÂ Hfn-̈ p-In-S¶ Cu alm-Ûp-Xs¯ Is-̄ n-bXv _mÂtkmWn F¶ Cä-en-¡m-c-\m-Wv.

12. sjÃm-fnÂ Fkv. sI. bpsS kl-bm-{Xn-I³ t\cn« {]iv\w.

CuPn-]vXp-ImÀ¡v {_n«o-jp-Im-tcmSv {]tXy-In¨pw hntcm-[-ap-v. Fkv. sI bpsS Bwt¥-b-kp-lr¯v anÌÀ tkÂknsâ ]mkvt]mÀ«v AhÀ kkq£vaw ]cn-tim-[n-̈ p. XpSÀ¶v aª-̧ -\n-¡pÅ Ct¶m-¡p-te-j³ Ign-̈ -Xnsâ kÀ«n-̂ n-¡äv Bh-iy-s -̧«p. kpUm³ aª-̧ -\n-bpsS tI{µ-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ Ahn-S-¶p-h-cp-¶-hÀ Ip¯n-sh¸v FSp¯ kÀ«n-̂ n-¡äp ImWn-̈ mteCuPn-]vXnsâ a®n-en-d-§m³ A\p-h-Zn-̈ n-cp-¶p-Åq. Akm-[m-c-W-ambn Im -́i-àn-bpÅ tZl-¯nÂ kqNn-Ip-̄ m³ tkÂkn\p ̀ b-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cu hkvXpX At±lw shfn-s -̧Sp-̄ n-b-Xp-an-Ã.kÀ«n-̂ n-¡äv CÃm-̄ -Xn-\mÂ At±lw Ggp-Zn-h-ks¯ XS-hp-Im-c-\mbn t]mtI-n-h-¶p. Xma-k-¯n\pw ̀ £-W-̄ n\pw acp-¶n-\p-apÅ XpI Abm-fnÂ\n-¶p-Xs¶ ]nSn-s¨-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw.

13. epIvkÀt£-{X-s -̄¡p-dn¨v eLp-hmbn Fgp-Xp-I.

Ata³tlm-s«ºv F¶ ̂ mdmthm {In. ap. 2140 Â ]WnX tZhm-e-b-amWv epIvkÀt£-{Xw.aäp ]e ]pcm-X\ tZhm-e-b-§-fp-sa-¶-t]mse epIvkÀt£-{Xhpw a®paqSn Ipsd-¡mew InS-¶p.Agp-¡p-sh-Å-̄ nsâ IpgÂ Øm]n-¡m³ Ipgn¨ ho«p-ImÀ Hcp IÂ¯q¬ Is-̄ n-b-Xn-s\-¯p-SÀ¶mWv ]pcm-h-kvXp-h-Ip v̧ ChnSw Gsä-Sp-̄ -Xv. cp-sIm-Ãs¯ ITn-\m-²zm\w epIvkÀt£-{Xs¯ ]pd-̄ p-sIm-p-h-¶p.



inem-kvXw-̀ -]-c-¼-c-I-fpsS {]ZÀi-\-cw-K-amWv t£{X-̄ n-te-bv¡pÅ ]mX. a[p-c-ao-\m-£n-t£-{X-̄ nse Bbncw ImÂa-Þ-]s¯ t\m¡pw-t]mse Fkv. sI bv¡v tXm¶n. Icn-¦Â¯q-Wp-IÄ¡p]-Icw sN¦Â¯q-Wp-I-fm-sW¶ hyXym-k-ta-bp-Åq.

epIvkÀt£-{X-̄ nÂ Xo_vknse {XnaqÀ¯n-I-fmWv {]Xn-jvT-IÄ. Aam³-þ-dm, Aam³-þ-dm-bpsS ]Xv\n ap«v, Ah-cpsS ]p{X³ tJm¬kp F¶n-h-cmWv {XnaqÀ¯n-IÄ. kvXw`-§fpw Ah-bnse Nn{X]c-¼-c-Ifpw Ah-bpsS Nmb-¡q-«p-Ifpw Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v hÀj-§sf AXn-Po-hn¨vsXfn-ªp-\n-ev¡p-¶p.

Ccp-h-i¯pw kv̂ nMvkv {]Xn-a-IÄ {]Xn-jvTn¨ cmP-]mX Chn-S-¶m-cw-̀ n v̈ IÀ®m¡v t£{Xwhsc \ofp-¶p. tdmUm-bn-̄ oÀ¶n«pw ]gb kv̂ nMvkv {]Xn-a-I-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-§Ä Ccp-h-i¯pwImWmw.

Ata³ tlms«-ºnsâ "Znhy-amb P\\w' tcJ-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶ Nn{X-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb PmX-I-im-e-bmWv bm{Xn-Isc BIÀjn-¡p¶ asämcp aµn-cw. t]c-dn-bm-̄ -hbpw s]mfn-ªp-am-ªp-t]m-b-h-bp-amb \nc-h[n ime-Ifpw aµn-c-§fpw Ahn-sS-bp-v. tdmam-¡mÀ Ah-cpsS tZhm-e-b-ambnCXns\ CS-¡m-e¯v amän-bn-cp-¶p. Ae-Ivkm-À N{I-hÀ¯n ]pXp-¡n-̧ -WnX "]pXnb DÅ-¼e'hpw Zriy-am-Wv.

Nn{X-§-fpsS Iem-̀ w-Kn-sb-¡mfpw Aaq-ey-amWv Ah-bnse Ncn-{X-e-£y-§Ä. 4000 sImÃ-§Ä¡p-ap-¼pÅ CuPn-]vjy³ P\-X-bpsS \nXy-Po-hn-X-cw-K-§-fmWv ]te-S¯pw ]IÀ¯n-sh-̈ n-«p-Å-Xv. P\-§-fpsS hkv{X-[m-c-W-co-Xn, ̀ £-Ww, BS-bm-̀ -c-W-§Ä, A\p-jvTm-\-§Ä, DÕ-hm-tLm-j-§Ä FÃmw ]IÀ¶p-X-cp¶ Ncn-{X-hn-Úm\w hne-s -̧«-Xm-Wv.

14. ^dmthm BNmc{]Im-c-apÅ cmPym-h-Im-iw.^dmthm coXn-b-\p-k-cn¨v ]p{X-\-Ã, aq¯-]p-{Xn-bpsS ̀ À¯m-hn-\m-bn-cp¶p ]n´p-SÀ¨m-h-

Im-iw. kz¯pw A[n-Im-chpw ]pd-̄ p-t]m-Im-Xn-cn-¡m-\mbn kz´w ktlm-Z-cn-Isf hnhmlwsN¿p¶ BNm-c-̄ nsâ DÛhw A§-s\-bm-Wv.

15. lm«v sj]vkp«v cmÚn-bpsS ̀ c-W-Im-ew.temI-N-cn-{X-̄ n-se-̄ s¶ Adn-b-s -̧Sp¶ BZys¯ cmÚn-bmWv lmSv sj]vkq-«v. AhÀ

Xo_vkv Xe-Øm-\-am¡n CuPn-]vXnÂ `c-W-ta-sä-Sp-̄ p. ^mdmthm BNm-c-a-\p-k-cn¨v AhÄkz´w ktlm-Z-c-\mb Xq«vtamkv ZznXo-bs\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. At±-l-̄ nsâ ac-W-tijw cmPy-`mcw cmÚn-bpsS Npa-X-e-bn-em-bn. _me-\mb ASp¯ A\-́ -cm-h-Im-in. AhÄ¡v ktlm-Z-c-]p-{X\pw ]nd-¡m¯ aI\pw ̀ À¯mhpw FÃm-am-bn. Xp«vtam-kvXr-Xn-b³ F¶ Cbmsf ]c-am-h[ncmPy-Im-cy-§-fnÂ\n¶v cmÚn AI-än-\nÀ¯n. {]iw-k-\o-b-amb Xc-̄ nÂ AhÄ cmPys¯ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te¡p \bn-̈ p. Xs¶bpw Xsâ ̀ c-W-Im-e-s¯bpw A\-iz-c-am-¡m-\mbn AhÄ ssZÂ-þ-FÂ-þ-_-lm-cn-¡p-¶nsâ sNcn-hnÂ \nc-h[n kvXw`-]-c-¼-I-c-IÄ ]Wn-I-gn-̧ n-̈ p. F¶mÂ AXn-\n-]p-W-amb Cu `c-W-Im-e-̄ n-\p-tijw cmPy-̀ mcw Gsä-Sp¯ Xp«vtamkv XrXo-b³ Xsâ Cf-b½ ]Wn-I-gn-̧ n¨ t£{X-§fpw kvXw`-§fpw kvamc-I-§fpw XIÀ¯p-I-f-ªp.

16. saavt\m¬ {]Xn-a-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v Ipdn-s¸-gp-XpI/D]-\y-kn-¡p-I.ss\Â¡-c-bnÂ\n¶v ap¡mÂ ssaÂ k©-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ ImWm-hp¶ cp Iqä³ {]Xn-a-I-

fmWv saavt\m-Wp-IÄ. BwK-te-b-I-hn-bmb Ioävkv Ch-sb-¡p-dn v̈ Ihn-X-bnÂ ]cm-aÀin-̈ n-«p-v.hnim-e-am-sbmcp hb-enÂ Ime-̄ nsâ ImhÂ¡m-sc-t¸m-se B Ipä³ {]Xn-a-IÄ ImW-s¸-«p.



A{I-an-Ifpw {]Ir-Xn-t£m`§fpw Ahbv¡v ]cn-t¡-ev]n-̈ n-«p-v. B {]Xn-a-I-fpsS ]pd v̄ Ah-sb-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ hni-Z-hn-h-c-§-fp-v. inev]n Xsâ alm-cm-Pm-hn-\p-thn At±-l-̄ nsâ BIm-c-km-Zr-iyapÅ cp _rlZv cq]-§Ä NmW-¡-Ãp-IÄsImv \nÀ½n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. IÃp-IÄsImp-h-cm³ F«p-I-̧ -ep-IÄ thn-h-¶p. lm¸p-hnsâ ]p{X-\mb Bsa³ tlms« v̧ (B-sa-täm-^o-kv) BWv inev]n. ̂ dmthm cmPm-hnsâ t]cpw Bsa³tlm-s« v̧ F¶m-bn-cp-¶p. cmPm-hnsâarX-tZlw AS-¡w-sN-¿m³ ap³Iq«n ]Wn-XoÀ¯ alm-t£-{X-̄ nsâ ]Sn-¡Â Øm]n¨ {]Xn-a-I-fm-bn-cp¶p Ch. 1200 S®n-e-[nIw Xq¡w-h-cp¶ Cu cp-I-Ãp-IÄ \Zn-bn-eqsS \m\q-dn-e-[nIw\mgn-Ibpw Ic-bn-eqsS Hcp \mgn-Ibpw k©-cn-̈ mWv AhnsS F¯n-b-Xv. (]pdw 108-þ112)17. bht\Xn-lm-k-§-fnse saavt\m¬.

ssSt -̄\-kvtZ-h\v Dj-ÊnÂ P\n¨ ]p{X\pw FtXym-]y-bnse cmPm-hp-am-bn-cp¶p ]cm-{I-an-bm-bn-cp¶ saavt\m¬. B¡n-Ãkv F¶ hoc³ Ct±-ls¯ h[n-̈ p. DjvÊv lrZ-bw-s]m«n hne-]n-̈ -t¸mÄ bh-\-cpsS Gähpw henb ssZh-amb k]vXÊv tZh³ saavt\m-Wn\v Aa-cXzw \ÂIn.saavt\m-Wnsâ hn[n-sb-s¨mÃn amXm-hmb DjÊv \nXyhpw s]mgn-¡m-dpÅ I®oÀ¡-W-§-fmWvaªp-Xp-Ån-I-sf¶v bh\³ Icp-Xp-¶p. A½-bpsS BK-a-\-th-f-I-fnÂ saavt\m¬ timIm-ß-IKm\w s]mgn¨p hne-]n-¡p-¶-Xmbn k¦-ev]n-̈ mWv {]Xn-a¡v AhÀ B t]cv \ÂIn-b-Xv.

18. epIvkÀ t£{X-s¯-¡p-dn v̈ D]-\y-kn-¡p-I.(A-ta³ tlms«ºv F¶ ^mdmthm {In. ap. 2140 Â ]WnX tZhm-e-bwþ a®p-aq-Sn-t¸mb

t£{Xwþ ]pcm-h-kvXp-h-Ip¸v cp-hÀjw sImv ]pd-s¯-Sp-̄ pþ Xo_vknse {XnaqÀ¯n-IÄþa§m¯ Nmb-¡q-«p-IÄþ DÕ-h-im-eþ _en-a-Þ-]wþ Nn{X-§Ä ]pdw 95-þ101 kw{K-lw)

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malayala sahithya padanam study material 21feb2015

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