mangalore - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

27
30/08/2015 Mangalore Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 1/27 Mangalore ಮಂಗಳರು Mangaluru, Kudla, Kodial, Maikala Metropolitan City Mangaluru Town Hall of Mangalore Coordinates: 12.87°N 74.88°E Country India State Karnataka District Dakshina Kannada Named for Mangaladevi Area Mangalore From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Mangalore (disambiguation). Mangalore ( i / ˈmæŋɡәlɔr/) also known as Mangaluru is the chief port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is known as Kudla in Tulu, Maikala in Beary Bashe, Kodial in Konkani and Mangalapuram in Malayalam. It is located about 371 kilometres (230 mi) west of the state capital, Bangalore. Mangalore lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghat mountain ranges, and is the administrative headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada (formerly South Canara) district in south western Karnataka. Mangalore was ranked the 8th cleanest city of India. [4] Mangalore was ranked India's 13th best destination for business. [5] It developed as a port on the Arabian Sea—remaining, to this day, a major port of India. Lying on the backwaters of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers, Mangalore is often used as a staging point for sea traffic along the Malabar Coast. The city has a tropical climate and lies in the path of the Arabian Sea branch of the SouthWest monsoons. Mangalore's port handles 75 per cent of India's coffee exports and the bulk of the nation's cashew exports. [6] Mangalore was ruled by several major powers, including the Kadambas, Alupas, Vijayanagar Empire, Keladi Nayaks, and the Portuguese. The city was a source of contention between the British and the Mysore rulers, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. Eventually annexed by the British in 1799, Mangalore remained part of the Madras Presidency until India's independence in 1947. The city was unified with the state of Mysore (now called Karnataka) in 1956. [7] Mangalore is demographically diverse with several languages, including Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, Urdu, Malayalam,and Beary commonly spoken, and is the largest city in Dakshina Kannada district. Mangalore is one of the most cosmopolitan nonmetro cities of India. It is also the largest city in the Coastal and Malnad regions of Karnataka, besides being a leading commercial, industrial and petrochemical hub on the West Coast. Mangalore city urban agglomeration extends from Ullal in the south to Surathkal in the north, Mangalore Coordinates: 12.87°N 74.88°E

Upload: rithesh-baliga-b

Post on 14-Dec-2015

304 views

Category:

Documents


19 download

DESCRIPTION

mangalore

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 1/27

Mangaloreಮಂಗಳ ⁰ರು

Mangaluru, Kudla, Kodial, Maikala

Metropolitan City

Mangaluru

Town Hall of Mangalore

Coordinates: 12.87°N 74.88°E

Country IndiaState KarnatakaDistrict Dakshina KannadaNamed for Mangaladevi

Area

MangaloreFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Mangalore (disambiguation).

Mangalore ( i/ˈmæŋɡәlɔr/) also known as Mangaluruis the chief port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. Itis known as Kudla in Tulu, Maikala in Beary Bashe,Kodial in Konkani and Mangalapuram in Malayalam. Itis located about 371 kilometres (230 mi) west of thestate capital, Bangalore. Mangalore lies between theArabian Sea and the Western Ghat mountain ranges, andis the administrative headquarters of the DakshinaKannada (formerly South Canara) district in southwestern Karnataka. Mangalore was ranked the 8thcleanest city of India.[4] Mangalore was ranked India's13th best destination for business.[5]

It developed as a port on the Arabian Sea—remaining, tothis day, a major port of India. Lying on the backwatersof the Netravati and Gurupura rivers, Mangalore is oftenused as a staging point for sea traffic along the MalabarCoast. The city has a tropical climate and lies in the pathof the Arabian Sea branch of the South­West monsoons.Mangalore's port handles 75 per cent of India's coffeeexports and the bulk of the nation's cashew exports.[6]

Mangalore was ruled by several major powers, includingthe Kadambas, Alupas, Vijayanagar Empire, KeladiNayaks, and the Portuguese. The city was a source ofcontention between the British and the Mysore rulers,Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. Eventually annexed by theBritish in 1799, Mangalore remained part of the MadrasPresidency until India's independence in 1947. The citywas unified with the state of Mysore (now calledKarnataka) in 1956.[7]

Mangalore is demographically diverse with severallanguages, including Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, Urdu,Malayalam,and Beary commonly spoken, and is thelargest city in Dakshina Kannada district. Mangalore isone of the most cosmopolitan non­metro cities of India.It is also the largest city in the Coastal and Malnadregions of Karnataka, besides being a leadingcommercial, industrial and petrochemical hub on theWest Coast. Mangalore city urban agglomerationextends from Ullal in the south to Surathkal in the north,

Mangalore

Coordinates: 12.87°N 74.88°E

Page 2: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 2/27

• Total 184.45 km2 (71.22 sq mi)

Elevation 22 m (72 ft)

Population (2011)[1]

• Total 774,785 • Density 4,200/km2 (11,000/sq mi)

Demonym(s) Mangalorean / Kudladaru /Mangalurinavaru / Kodialcho

Language • Official Kannada • Regional Tulu, Konkani, Beary bashe

Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)

PIN 575001 to 575030[2]

Telephonecode

+91­(0)824

Vehicleregistration

KA­19,KA­62

Website www.mangalorecity.gov.in(http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in)

covering a distance of over 35 km. The city's landscapeis characterised by rolling hills, coconut palms,freshwater streams and hard red­clay tiled­roofbuildings.[8] With its pristine beaches, broad roads andcalm localities, Mangalore was declared the eleventhcleanest city in India.[9]

Contents

1 Etymology2 History3 Geography and climate4 Economy5 Demographics6 Culture7 Civic administration8 Education9 Transport10 Sports11 Media12 Utility services13 Sister cities14 See also15 Notes16 References17 Further reading18 External links

Etymology

Mangalore was named after the Hindu deity Mangaladevi, the presiding deity of the Mangaladevi temple[10] ora synonym of Tara Bhagvati of the Vajrayana Buddhist sect.[11] According to local legend, a princess fromMalabar named Parimala or Premaladevi renounced her kingdom and became a disciple of Matsyendranath,the founder of the Nath tradition. Having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamedher Mangaladevi. She arrived in the area with Matsyendranath, but had to settle near Bolar in Mangalore asshe fell ill on the way. Eventually she died, and the Mangaladevi temple was consecrated in her honour atBolar by the local people after her death.[12] The city got its name from the temple.[13]

One of the earliest references to the city's name was made in 715 CE by the Pandyan King Chettian, whocalled the city Mangalapuram.[14] According to K.V. Ramesh, President of the Place Names Society of India,Mangaluru was first heard in 1345 CE during the Vijayanagar rule. Many shilashasanas (stones) ofVijayanagar period refer the city as Mangalapura. Even before that, during the Alupas period, it was referredto as Mangalapura. People from Kerala call it as Mangalapuram in Malayalam (Mangala denotes “a blessedland”). The city is well known as Mangaluru in Kannada, a reference to Mangaladevi (the suffix uru meanstown or city). During the British occupation from 1799, Mangalore (anglicised from Mangaluru), stuck as the

Page 3: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 3/27

The local Hindu deityMangaladevi, after which thecity of Mangalore derives itsname

The Sultan Battery in Mangalore,built in 1784 by Tipu Sultan todefend the city from enemy warshipsentering the Gurupura river[25][26]

official appellation.[15] However, according to historian George M. Moraes, theword "Mangalore" is the Portuguese corruption of Mangaluru.[16]:2 The nameof this town also appears in maps as early as the 1652 Sanson Map of India.[17]

Mangalore's diverse communities have different names for the city in theirlanguages. In Tulu, the primary spoken language, the city is called Kudla,meaning "junction", since the city is situated at the confluence of the Netravatiand Gurupura rivers. In Konkani, Mangalore is referred to as Kodial, while theBeary name for the city is Maikala.[18] On the occasion of Suvarna Karnataka(Golden Karnataka) in 2006, the Government of Karnataka stated that the citywould be renamed Mangaluru.[19] The Union government has approved thisrequest on October 2014, and Mangalore has been renamed (along with 12other cities) to Mangaluru on November 1, 2014.[20]

History

Main article: History of Mangalore

Mangalore's historical importance is highlighted by the many references to thecity by foreign travellers. During the first century CE, Pliny the Elder, aRoman historian, made references to a place called Nitrias, as a very

undesirable place for disembarkation, on account of the pirates which frequent its vicinity,[21] while Greekhistorian Ptolemy in the second century CE referred to a place called Nitra. Ptolemy's and Pliny the Elder'sreferences were probably made to the Netravati River, which flows through Mangalore.[22] CosmasIndicopleustes, a Greek monk, in his 6th century work Christian Topography mentions Malabar as the chiefseat of the pepper trade, and Mangarouth (port of Mangalore) as one of the five pepper marts which exportedpepper.[23][24]

Mangalore is the heart of a distinct multilinguistic—cultural region:Tulu Nadu, the homeland of the Tulu­speaking people, which wasnearly coterminous with the modern district of South Canara.[27] In thethird century BCE, the town formed part of the Maurya Empire, ruledby the Buddhist emperor, Ashoka of Magadha.[28]:176 From the thirdcentury CE to sixth century CE, the Kadamba dynasty, whose capitalwas based in Banavasi in North Canara, ruled over the entire Canararegion as independent rulers.[29] From the middle of the seventhcentury to the end of the 14th century, the South Canara region wasruled by its own native Alupa rulers. The Alupas ruled over the regionas feudatories of major regional dynasties like the Chalukyas ofBadami, Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, Chalukyas of Kalyani, andHoysalas of Dwarasamudra.[30]:17 During the reign of the Alupa kingKavi Alupendra (c. 1110 ­ c.1160), the city was visited by the TunisianJewish merchant Abraham Ben Yiju, who travelled between the Middle East and India during the 12thcentury.[31] The Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta, who had visited the town in 1342, referred to it as Manjarur,and stated that the town was situated on a large estuary, called the "estuary of the wolf," and was the greatestestuary in the country of Malabar.[32][33]:30 By 1345, the Vijayanagara rulers brought the region under their

Page 4: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 4/27

A pen and ink drawing of Mangalore Fortmade in 1783, after it had been taken bythe English East India Company

control.[30]:17 During the Vijayanagara period (1345­1550), South Canara was divided into Mangalore andBarkur rajyas (provinces), and two governors were appointed to look after each of them from Mangalore andBarkur. But many times only one governor ruled over both Mangalore and Barkur rajyas, and when theauthority passed into the hands of Keladi rulers (c. 1550­1763), they had a governor at Barkur alone.[30]:19 In1448, Abdur Razzaq, the Persian ambassador of Sultan Shah Rukh of Samarkand, visited Mangalore, en routeto the Vijayanagara court.[33]:31 The Italian traveler, Ludovico di Varthema, who visited India in 1506 saysthat he witnessed nearly sixty ships laden with rice ready for sail in the port of Mangalore.[30]:20

European influence in Mangalore can be traced back to 1498,when the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at St Mary'sIsland near Mangalore.[34] In the 16th century, the Portuguesecame to acquire substantial commercial interests in Canara.Krishnadevaraya (1509 ­ 1529), the then ruler of the Vijaynagaraempire maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese. ThePortuguese trade was gradually gathering momentum and theywere striving to destroy the Arab and Moplah trade along thecoast. In 1524, when Vasco da Gama heard that the Muslimmerchants of Calicut had agents at Mangalore and Basrur, heordered the rivers to be blockaded. In 1526, the Portuguese underthe viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio took possession of

Mangalore. The coastal trade passed out of Muslim hands into Portuguese hands.[30]:20 In 1550, theVijayanagara ruler, Sadashiva Raya, entrusted the work of administering the coastal region of Canara toSadashiv Nayaka of Keladi. By 1554, he was able to establish political authority over South Canara. Thedisintegration of the Vijaynagara Empire in 1565 gave the rulers of Keladi greater power in dealing with thecoastal Canara region.[30]:27 They continued the Vijayanagara administrative system. The two provinces ofMangalore and Barkur continued to exist. The Governor of Mangalore also acted as the Governor of theKeladi army in his province.[30]:30 In 1695, the town was torched by Arabs in retaliation to Portugueserestrictions on Arab trade.[35]

Hyder Ali, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Mangalore in 1763,[36] consequentlybringing the city under his administration until 1767. Mangalore was ruled by the British East India Companyfrom 1767 to 1783,[37] but was subsequently wrested from their control in 1783 by Hyder Ali's son, TipuSultan; who renamed it Jalalabad.[38][39] The Second Anglo–Mysore War ended with the Treaty ofMangalore, signed between Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784.[40] After thedefeat of Tipu at the Fourth Anglo–Mysore War, the city remained in control of the British, headquartering theCanara district under the Madras Presidency.[15][41][42]

According to the Scottish physician Francis Buchanan who visited Mangalore in 1801, Mangalore was a richand prosperous port with flourishing trading activity.[43] Rice was the grand article of export, and wasexported to Muscat, Bombay, Goa and Malabar. Supari or Betel­nut was exported to Bombay, Surat andKutch. Pepper and Sandalwood were exported to Bombay. Turmeric was exported to Muscat, Kutch, Suratand Bombay, along with Cassia Cinnamon, Sugar, Iron, Saltpeter, Ginger, Choir and Timber.[43]

The British colonial government did not support industrialization in the region, and local capital remainedinvested mostly in land and money lending, which led to the later development of banking in the region. Withthe arrival of European missionaries in the early 19th century, the region saw the development of educational

Page 5: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 5/27

The Light House Hill tower in LightHouse Hill, Hampankatta, served as awatchtower for the British Navy.[44]

Sunset at Panambur beach

institutions and a modern industrial base, modeled on European industries. The opening of the Lutheran SwissBasel Mission in 1834 was central to the industrialization process. Printing press, cloth­weaving mills and tilefactories manufacturing the famed Mangalore tiles were set up by the missionaries.[27] When Canara (part ofthe Madras Presidency until this time) was bifurcated into NorthCanara and South Canara in 1859, Mangalore was transferred intoSouth Canara and became its headquarters.[45]:5 South Canararemained under Madras Presidency, while North Canara was detachedfrom Madras Presidency and transferred to Bombay Presidency in1862.[45]:6 The enactment of the Madras Town Improvement Act(1865) mandated the establishment of the Municipal council on 23May 1866, which was responsible for urban planning and providingcivic amenities.[16]:178 The Italian Jesuits, who arrived in Mangalore in1878, played an important role in education, economy, health, andsocial welfare of the city.[46] The linking of Mangalore in 1907 to theSouthern Railway, and the subsequent proliferation of motor vehiclesin India, further increased trade and communication between the cityand the rest of the country.[47] By the early 20th century, Mangalorehad become a major supplier of educated manpower to Bombay,Bangalore, and the Middle East.[27]

As a result of the States Reorganisation Act (1956), Mangalore (part ofthe Madras Presidency until this time) was incorporated into thedominion of the newly created Mysore State (now calledKarnataka).[7][48]:415 Mangalore is the sixth largest city of Karnataka, and ninth largest port of India, providingthe state with access to the Arabian Sea coastline.[27] Mangalore experienced significant growth in the decades1970–80, with the opening of New Mangalore Port in 1974 and commissioning of Mangalore Chemicals &Fertilizers Limited in 1976.[49][50] Today, the Mangalore region is a nationally known higher education hubwith a flourishing service sector, particularly in medical services, a small but growing IT regional hub, and abooming real estate and banking industry, and it remains a diverse place, though communal violence hasincreased than it was before the 1980s.[27]

Geography and climate

Mangalore is located at 12.87°N 74.88°E in the Dakshina Kannadadistrict of Karnataka.[51] It has an average elevation of 22 metres (72 ft)above mean sea level.[52] It is the administrative headquarters of theDakshina Kannada district, the largest urban coastal center ofKarnataka, and the fourth largest city in the state.[53] Mangalore issituated on the west coast of India, and is bounded by the Arabian Seato its west and the Western Ghats to its east. Mangalore city, as amunicipal entity, spans an area of 132.45 km2 (51.14 sq mi).[54]Mangalore experiences moderate to gusty winds during day time andgentle winds at night.[55] The topography of the city is plain up to

30 km (18.64 mi) inside the coast and changes to undulating hilly terrain sharply towards the east in WesternGhats.[56] There are four hilly regions with natural valleys within the city. The geology of the city is

Page 6: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 6/27

Sunset at Ullal Bridge Mangalore

A schematic map showing the touristplaces in and around Mangalore city

characterised by hard laterite in hilly tracts and sandy soil along the seashore.[53] The Geological Survey ofIndia has identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake­prone urban centre and categorised the city in the

Seismic III Zone.[57]

Mangalore lies on thebackwaters of the Netravati andGurupura rivers.[58] Theserivers effectively encircle thecity, with the Gurupura flowingaround the north and theNetravati flowing around thesouth of the city. The riversform an estuary at the south­

western region of the city and subsequently flow into the Arabiansea.[59] The city is often used as a staging point for traffic along theMalabar Coast. The coastline of the city is dotted with several beaches,such as Mukka, Panambur, Tannirbavi, Suratkal, and Someshwara.Coconut trees, palm trees, and Ashoka trees comprise the primaryvegetation of the city.

Under the Köppen climate classification, Mangalore has a tropicalmonsoon climate and is under the direct influence of the Arabian Seabranch of the southwest monsoon. It receives about 95 per cent of itstotal annual rainfall within a period of about six months from May toOctober, while remaining extremely dry from December to March.[60] The average annual precipitation inMangalore is 3,796.9 millimetres (149 in).[61][62] Humidity is approximately 75 per cent on average, and peaksduring May, June and July.[63] The maximum average humidity is 93 per cent in July and average minimumhumidity is 56 per cent in January.[63]

The most pleasant months in Mangalore are from December to February, during which time the humidity andheat are at their lowest.[64] During this period, temperatures during the day stay below 30 °C (86 °F) and dropto about 19 °C (66 °F) at night. The lowest recorded temperature at Panambur is 15.6 °C (60 °F) on January 8,1992, and at Bajpe it is 15.9 °C (61 °F) on November 19, 1974. This season is soon followed by a hot andhumid summer, from March to May. The highest ever recorded temperature in Mangalore is 39.8 °C (104 °F)on March 13, 1985 at Bajpe.[65] The summer gives way to the monsoon season, when the city experiencesmore precipitation than most urban centres in India, due to the Western Ghats.[66] Rainfall up to 4,000millimetres (157 in) could be recorded during the period from June to September. The rains subside inSeptember, with the occasional rainfall in October.[67]

In the year 1994, Mangalore received very heavy rainfall of 5,083.5 millimetres (200 in). This is the highestrecorded annual rainfall for an Indian city.[68]

Page 7: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 7/27

Climate data for Mangalore, IndiaMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecordhigh °C(°F)

36.6(97.9)

38.2(100.8)

39.8(103.6)

37.8(100)

38.0(100.4)

36.4(97.5)

33.3(91.9)

33.3(91.9)

35.4(95.7)

35.2(95.4)

36.6(97.9)

35.8(96.4)

39.8(103.6)

Averagehigh °C(°F)

32.8(91)

33.0(91.4)

33.5(92.3)

34.0(93.2)

33.3(91.9)

29.7(85.5)

28.2(82.8)

28.4(83.1)

29.5(85.1)

30.9(87.6)

32.3(90.1)

32.8(91)

31.5(88.7)

Averagelow °C(°F)

20.8(69.4)

21.8(71.2)

23.6(74.5)

25.0(77)

25.1(77.2)

23.4(74.1)

22.9(73.2)

23.0(73.4)

23.1(73.6)

23.1(73.6)

22.4(72.3)

21.2(70.2)

22.9(73.2)

Recordlow °C(°F)

16.1(61)

17.3(63.1)

18.8(65.8)

19.7(67.5)

20.4(68.7)

20.5(68.9)

19.8(67.6)

19.4(66.9)

20.2(68.4)

19.1(66.4)

15.9(60.6)

16.1(61)

15.9(60.6)

Averagerainfallmm

(inches)

1.1(0.043)

0.2(0.008)

2.9(0.114)

24.4(0.961)

183.2(7.213)

1,027.2(40.441)

1,200.4(47.26)

787.3(30.996)

292.1(11.5)

190.8(7.512)

70.9(2.791)

16.4(0.646)

3,796.9(149.484)

Averagerainydays

0.2 0 0.3 1.6 7 23.5 27.4 24.9 13.7 9.1 3.6 0.6 111.9

Averagerelativehumidity(%)

62 66 68 71 71 87 89 88 85 79 73 65 75.3

Meanmonthlysunshinehours

313 296 299 292 276 119 94 133 178 226 271 292 2,789

Source #1: India Meteorological Department ­ Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall [69][70]

Source #2: Weather­And­Climate (Humidity and Sunshine hours) [71][72]

Climate data for 1994 rainfall in Mangalore, IndiaMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAveragerainfallmm

(inches)

2.5(0.098)

0.0(0)

0.0(0)

97.2(3.827)

66.2(2.606)

1,920.6(75.614)

1,549.3(60.996)

925.2(36.425)

179.9(7.083)

290.9(11.453)

51.7(2.035)

0.0(0)

5,083.5(200.138)

Source #1: India Meteorological Department ­ Mangalore climate summary from 1957­2000http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/mean/MANGALORE.htm [73]

Source #2: TuTiempo ­ Mangalore climate from 1973­2014http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/Mangalore_Bajpe/432840.htm [74]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Mangalore

Page 8: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 8/27

The Infosys campus in Mangalore

A Mangalore tile manufactured by J.H. Morgan & Sons (Mangalore)

Mangalore's economy is dominated by the industrial, commercial, agricultural processing and port­relatedactivities.[75] The New Mangalore Port is India's seventh largest port, in terms of cargo handling. It handles 75per cent of India's coffee exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts.[6]During 2000–01, Mangalore generated a revenue of ₹33.47 crore(US$5.05 million) to the state.[76] The city's major enterprises includeMangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd. (MCF), Kudremukh Iron OreCompany Ltd. (KIOCL), Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd.(MRPL), BASF, Bharati Shipyard Limited and Total Oil India Limited(ELF Gas). The leaf spring industry has an important presence inMangalore, with Canara Workshops Ltd. and Lamina SuspensionProducts Ltd. in the city.[75] The Baikampady and Yeyyadi Industrialareas harbour several small­scale industries. Imports throughMangalore harbour include crude oil, edible oil, LPG, and timber.[77]The city along with Tuticorin is also one of two points for import ofwood to South India.[78]

Major information technology (IT) and outsourcing companies likeInfosys, Cognizant Technology Solutions, MphasiS BPO, ThomsonReuters have established a presence in Mangalore.[6] Plans to createthree dedicated I.T. parks are underway, with two parks (ExportPromotion Industrial park (EPIP) at Ganjimutt and Special EconomicZone (SEZ) near Mangalore University) currently underconstruction.[79] A third IT SEZ is being proposed at Ganjimutt.[80]Another IT SEZ, sponsored by the BA group, is under construction atThumbe and spans 2 million square feet (180,000 m²).[81]

The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) plans to invest over₹35000 crore (US$5.28 billion) in a new 15 million tonne refinery,petrochemical plant and power, as well as LNG plants at theMangalore Special Economic Zone. Indian Strategic PetroleumReserves Ltd, a special purpose vehicle under the Oil IndustryDevelopment Board, is developing strategic crude oil reserves inMangalore and two other places in India.[82][83] Out of the proposed 5 million metric tonnes (MMT) storage,1.5 MMT would be at Mangalore.[84] According to an International edition of India Today (28 November – 4December 2006), Mangalore is the fastest growing non­metro in South India.[85]

Corporation Bank,[86] Canara Bank,[87] and Vijaya Bank[88] were the three nationalised banks established inMangalore during the first half of the 20th century. Karnataka Bank, founded in Mangalore, was one of thelargest banks to have not been taken over by the Government.[89] The Mangalore Catholic Co­operative Bank(MCC Bank) Ltd.[90] and SCDCC Bank[91] were the scheduled banks established in Mangalore.

The boat building and fishing industry have been core businesses in Mangalore for generations. The OldMangalore Port is a fishing port located at Bunder in Mangalore, where a large number of mechanised boatsanchor.[92] The traffic at this port was 122,000 tonnes during the years 2003–04.[93] The fishing industryemploys thousands of people, their products being exported to around the region. Mangalorean firms have amajor presence in the tile, beedi, coffee, and cashew nut industry, although the tile industry has declined due to

Page 9: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 9/27

Gokarnatheshwara Temple in Kudroli

concrete being preferred in modern construction.[6][75] The Albuquerque tile factory in Mangalore is one ofIndia's oldest red roof tile manufacturing factories.[94][95] Cotton industries also flourish in Mangalore. TheUllal suburb of Mangalore produces hosiery and coir yarns, while beedi rolling is an important source ofrevenue to many in the city.[75] The process of making Mangalore City Corporation into ‘Greater Mangalore’has almost begun and steps are being initiated to embrace 33 villages around the MCC. In this regard, themeeting of the Gram Panchayat, Town Municipal council and Gram Panchayat Presidents and Secretaries hasbeen convened.[96]

Demographics

Skyline of Mangalore

Mangalore has a population of 584,785 per the 2011 census ofIndia.[97][98][99] The urban area has a population of 774,787,[100][101]while the Mangalore city metropolitan area has a population of484,785 (2011).[98][102] The number of males was 240,651, constituting50 per cent of the population, while the number of females were244,134.[97] The decadal growth rate was 45.90.[99] Male literacy was96.49 per cent, while female literacy was 91.63 per cent.[97] About 8.5per cent population was under six years of age.[97] Mangalore's literacyrate is 94.03 per cent[97]—significantly higher than the nationalaverage of 59.5 per cent.[101] Birth rate was 13.7 per cent, while deathrate and infant mortality rate were at 3.7 per cent and 1.2 per cent respectively.[103] The Mangalore urban areahad 32 recognised slums, and nearly 22,000 migrant labourers lived in slums within the city limits.[104][105]According to the Crime Review Report (2006) by the Dakshina Kannada Police, Mangalore registered a dropin the crime rate in 2005, compared with 2003.[106]

Page 10: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 10/27

Milagres Church in Hampankatta

Yakshagana, a popular dance drama

The four main languages in Mangalore are Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, and Beary basse; with Tulu being themother tongue of the majority.[15] English, Malayalam, Hindi, and Urdu are also widely spoken in the city. Aresident of Mangalore is known as a Mangalorean in English, Kudladaru in Tulu, Kodialghar in CatholicKonkani, Kodialchi or Manglurchi in Goud Saraswat Brahmin Konkani, Manglurnavaru in Kannada, andMaikaaltanga in Beary basse.

Hinduism is the largest religion in Mangalore, with Devadiga,Mogaveera, Billavas, Ganigas, Bunts, Kota Brahmins, ShivalliBrahmins, Havyaka Brahmins, Sthanika Brahmins, Goud SaraswatBrahmins (GSBs), Chitpavan Brahmins,Kulal's are the majorcommunities in Hindus.

Christians form a sizeable section of Mangalorean society, withKonkani­speaking Catholics accounting for the largest Christiancommunity. Protestants in Mangalore typically speak Kannada.[107]

Mangalore has one of the highest percentage of Muslims as comparedto other cities in Karnataka. Most Muslims in Mangalore are Bearys,who speak a dialect of Malayalam called Beary basse. Majority ofthem follow the Shafi'i school of Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence).

There is also a small community of local Jains, and Gujarati traders.[27]

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Mangalore and Mangalorean cuisineSee also: Tulu Nadu (Culture)

Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised in the city. TheYakshagana, a night­long dance and drama performance, is held inMangalore,[108] while Pilivesha (literally, tiger dance), a folk danceunique to the city, is performed during Dasara and KrishnaJanmashtami.[109] Karadi Vesha (bear dance) is another well knowndance performed during Dasara.[110] Paddanas (Ballad­like epicspassed on through generations by word of mouth) are sung by acommunity of impersonators in Tulu and are usually accompanied bythe rhythmic drum beats.[110] The Bearys' unique traditions arereflected in such folk songs as kolkai (sung during kolata, a valourfolk­dance during which sticks used as props), unjal pat (traditionallullaby), moilanji pat, and oppune pat (sung at weddings).[111] TheEvkaristik Purshanv (Konkani: Eucharistic procession) is an annualCatholic religious procession led on the first Sunday of each NewYear.[110] The Shreemanti Bai Memorial Government Museum in Bejaiis the only museum of Mangalore.[112]

Page 11: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 11/27

Neer dosa, a variant of dosa, andpundi (rice ball), are native toMangalore.

Mangalore City officials[124]

Mayor Jacintha Vijaya AlfredDeputy Mayor Purushottham ChitrapuraCommissioner of Police S. Murugan

Most of the popular Indian festivals are celebrated in the city, the most important being Dasara, Diwali,Christmas, Easter, Eid, and Ganesh Chaturthi. Kodial Theru, also known as Mangaluru Rathotsava(Mangalore Car Festival) is a festival unique to the Goud Saraswat Brahmin community, and is celebrated atthe Sri Venkatramana Temple.[113][114] The Mangalorean Catholics community's unique festivals includeMonti Fest (Mother Mary's feast), which celebrates the Nativity feast and the blessing of new harvests.[115]The Jain Milan, a committee comprising Jain families of Mangalore, organises the Jain food festivalannually,[116] while festivals such as Mosaru Kudike, which is part of Krishna Janmashtami festival, iscelebrated by the whole community.[117] Aati, a festival worshiping Kalanja, a patron spirit of the city, occursduring the Aashaadha month of Hindu calendar. Festivals such as Karavali Utsav and Kudlostava arehighlighted by national and state­level performances in dance, drama and music.[118] Bhuta Kola (spiritworship), is usually performed by the Tuluva community at night. Nagaradhane (snake worship) is performedin the city in praise of Naga Devatha (the serpent king), who is said to be the protector of all snakes.[119] Anancient ritual associated with the 'daivasthanams' (temples) in rural areas, Hindu kori katta,[120][121] a religiousand spiritual cockfight, is held at the temples and also allowed if organised as part of religious or culturalevents.[122]

Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced by the South Indian cuisine,with several cuisines being unique to the diverse communities of thecity. Coconut and curry leaves are common ingredients to mostMangalorean Curry, as are ginger, garlic and chili. Mangalorean FishCurry is a popular dish in Kanara. The Tuluva community's well­known dishes include Kori Rotti (dry rice flakes dipped in gravy),Bangude Pulimunchi (silver­grey mackerels), Beeja­Manoli Upkari,Neer dosa (lacy rice­crêpes), Boothai Gasi, Kadubu, and Patrode. TheKonkani community's specialities include Daali thoy, beebe­upkari(cashew based), val val, avnas ambe sasam, Kadgi chakko, paagilapodi, and chana gashi. Vegetarian cuisine in Mangalore, also known asUdupi cuisine, is known and liked throughout the state and region.Since Mangalore is a coastal town, fish forms the staple diet of mostpeople.[123] Mangalorean Catholics' Sanna­Dukra Maas (Sanna—idlifluffed with toddy or yeast; Dukra Maas—Pork), Pork Bafat, Sorpoteland the Mutton Biryani of the Muslims are well­known dishes. Picklessuch as happala, sandige and puli munchi are unique to Mangalore.

Shendi (toddy), a country liquor prepared from coconut flower sap, is popular.[110]

Civic administration

Main article: Mangalore City Corporation

The Mangalore City Corporation (MCC) is themunicipal corporation in charge of the civic andinfrastructural assets of the city. Municipal limits beginwith Mukka in the north, to Netravati river bridge in thesouth and western sea shore to Vamanjoor in the east.The MCC council comprises 60 elected representatives,

called corporators, one from each of the 60 wards (localities) of the city. Elections to the council are held once

Page 12: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 12/27

Mangalore City Corporationheadquarters at Lalbagh

National Institute of Technology(Karnataka) in Surathkal, which is one ofthe premier institutes of India, is locatednear Mangalore.

every five years, with results being decided by popular vote. A corporator from the majority party is selectedas a Mayor.[125] The headquarters of Mangalore City Corporation is at Lalbagh. Its sub­offices are at Surathkaland Bikarnakatta. As of 2001, the Mangalore municipality covered an area of 73.71 km2 (28.46 sq mi).[76]

Until the revision of Lok Sabha and the legislative constituencies bythe Delimitation commission, Mangalore contributed two members tothe Lok Sabha, one for the southern part of the city which fell underthe Mangalore Lok Sabha Constituency, and another for the northernpart of the city which fell under the Udupi Lok Sabha Constituency.Additionally, Mangalore sent three members to the Karnataka StateLegislative Assembly. With the revision, the entire Mangalore taluknow falls under the Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency,resulting in Mangalore contributing only one Member of Parliament(MP).[126][127]

The Mangalore City Police is responsible for the law and ordermaintenance in Mangalore. The department is headed by aCommissioner of Police. Mangalore is also the headquarters of the Western Range Police, covering thewestern districts of Karnataka, which is headed by an Inspector General of Police (IGP).[128]

Education

Main article: List of educational institutions in Mangalore

Mangalore is an important centre for education with students fromall over India pursuing various professional courses in and aroundthe city adding to its cosmopolitan look and appeal. The pre­collegiate medium of instruction in schools is predominantlyEnglish and Kannada, and medium of instruction in educationalinstitutions after matriculation in colleges is English. Additionally,other media of instruction exist in Mangalore. Recently, acommittee of experts constituted by the Tulu Sahitya Academyrecommended the inclusion of Tulu (in Kannada script) as amedium of instruction in education.[129]

Schools and colleges in Mangalore are either government­run or run by private trusts and individuals. Theschools are affiliated with either the Karnataka State Board, Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE),the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) and the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS)boards. After completing 10 years of schooling in secondary education, students enroll in Higher SecondarySchool, specialising in one of the three streams – Arts, Commerce or Science. Since the 1980s, there havebeen a large number of professional institutions established in a variety of fields including engineering,medicine, homoeopathic medicine, dentistry, business management and hotel management. The earliestschools established in Mangalore were the Canara High School (1891), Basel Evangelical School (1838) andMilagres School (1848). The Kasturba Medical College established in 1953, was India's first private medicalcollege.[130] Popular educational institutions in the city are National Institute of Technology(Karnataka),Srinivas Institute of Technology, Sahyadri Educational Institutions – College of Engineering &Management, Adyar, KS Hegde Medical Academy, A. J. Institute of Medical Science, Father Muller MedicalCollege, Father Muller Homeopathic Medical College, Yenepoya Medical College, Srinivas Medical College

Page 13: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 13/27

Mangalore Airport Terminal [134]

The Netravati railway bridge servesas the gateway to Mangalore.

Mangalore Junction railway station

Mangalore Institute of Technology & Engineering (MITE), Bearys Institute of Technology, St Joseph'sEngineering College, P.A. College of Engineering,St.Agnes, St. Aloysius College, Sharada Vidyalaya, CanaraHigh School, Canara College, Canara Engineering College, KVG College of Engineering [1](http://www.kvgengg.com/) Alvas Education foundation, S.D.M. College,Sri Sathya sai loka Seva EducationalInstitutions,Alike [2] (http://alikeonline.org/) and St. Joseph Engineering College. A public library run by theCorporation Bank, is located at Mannagudda in Mangalore.[131] Mangalore University was established on 10September 1980. It caters to the higher educational needs of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagudistricts[132] and is a National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) accredited four­star levelinstitution.[133]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Mangalore

Mangalore's location makes it accessible via all forms of transport ­Air, Road, Rail and Sea.[135] Transport systems in Mangalore cityinclude private buses, KSRTC buses, trains, taxis and autorickshaws.

Mangalore International Airport (IATA: IXE) is near Bajpe/Kenjar,and is located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) north­east of the city centre.It is the second airport in Karnataka to operate flights to internationaldestinations. It is the second largest and second busiest airport in thestate of Karnataka.Various airline operators including Jet Airways, AirIndia Express, SpiceJet, Etihad Airways, Air India have daily andweekly flights from Mangalore. There are regular flights to all majorcities in India and direct international flights to countries like UnitedArab Emirates, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait. The newterminals and runways at the airport accommodate both cargo andpassenger requirements. Mangalore International Airport recordedphenomenal growth in cargo and passenger handling in the year 2013due to increased capacity and infrastructure development. State rungovernment buses Vajra Volvo ply between the city and theairport.[136]

Four National Highways pass through Mangalore. NH­66 (previouslyknown as NH­17 till April 2011[137]), which runs from Panvel (inMaharashtra) to Edapally Junction (near Cochin in Kerala), passesthrough Mangalore in a north–south direction, while NH­48 (presentlyknown as NH­75[138]) runs eastward to Bangalore. NH­13 (presentlyknown as NH­169[138]) runs north­east from Mangalore toSolapur.[139]NH­234, a 715­km long National Highway connectsMangalore to Villupuram.[140] National Highways Authority of India(NHAI) is upgrading the national highways connecting NewMangalore Port to Surathkal on NH­66 and BC Road junction on NH­48. Under the port connectivity programme of the National HighwaysDevelopment Project (NHDP), a 37.5­kilometre (23.3 mi) stretch ofthese highways will be upgraded from two­lane to four­lane roads.[141]

Page 14: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 14/27

Kambala race at PilikulaNisargadhama (Mangalore)

Mangalore's city bus service is operated by private operators and provides access within city limits andbeyond. Two distinct sets of routes for the buses exist—city routes are covered by city buses, while intercityroutes are covered by service and express buses. Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC)operates long distance bus services from Mangalore to other parts of the state.[142] The other key players whorun bus services from Mangalore are the Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators Association (DKBOA) and theCanara Bus Operators Association (CBOA).[143] These buses usually ply from the Mangalore Bus Station.White coloured taxis also traverse most of the city. Another mode for local transport is the autorickshaw.

Rail connectivity in Mangalore was established in 1907. Mangalore was also the starting point of India'slongest rail route.[47] The city has two railway stations—Mangalore Central (at Hampankatta) and MangaloreJunction (at Kankanadi).[144] A metre gauge railway track, built through the Western Ghats, connectsMangalore with Hassan. The broad gauge track connecting Mangalore to Bangalore via Hassan was opened tofreight traffic in May 2006[145] and passenger traffic in December 2007.[146] Mangalore is also connected toChennai, Trivandrum, Kochi, Kollam(Quilon) through the Southern Railway and to Mumbai via the KonkanRailway.[147][148]

The Mangalore Harbour has shipping, storage, and logistical services, while the New Mangalore Port handlesdry, bulk, and fluid cargoes. The New Mangalore Port is also well equipped to handle petroleum oil lubricants,crude products and LPG containers. It is also the station for the coast guard. This artificial harbour is India'sninth largest port, in terms of cargo handling, and is the only major port in Karnataka.[149][150]

Sports

Traditional sports like Kambala (buffalo race), contested in water filledpaddy fields, and Korikatta (cockfight) are very popular in the city.[151]Cricket is the most popular sport in the city. Dakshina Kannada's onlyfull­fledged cricket stadium, the Mangala Stadium, is inMangalore.[152] The Sports Authority of India (SAI) has also set up asports training centre at the stadium.[153] The Central Maidan inMangalore is another important venue hosting domestic tournamentsand many inter­school and collegiate tournaments.[154] The MangaloreSports Club (MSC) is a popular organisation in the city and has beenelected as the institutional member for the Mangalore Zone of theKarnataka State Cricket Association (KSCA).[155][156] Football is alsoquite popular in the city and is usually played in the maidans(grounds), with the Nehru Maidan being the most popular venue for

domestic tournaments. Chess is also a popular indoor sport in the city. Mangalore is headquarters to the SouthKanara District Chess Association (SKDCA), which has hosted two All India Open Chesstournaments.[157][158][159]

Other sports such as tennis, squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf are played in the numerousclubs and gymkhanas. Pilikula Nisargadhama, an integrated theme park, has a fully functional nine­hole golfcourse at Vamanjoor.[160][161] Lokesh Rahul, commonly known as KL Rahul and Budhi Kunderan, a formerIndian wicket keeper was from Mangalore.[162] Ravi Shastri, who represented India for several years ininternational cricket as an all­rounder and captained the team, is of Mangalorean descent.[163]

Page 15: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 15/27

All India Radio's FM towerat Kadri

Media

Major national English language newspapers such as Times of India, TheHindu, The New Indian Express and Deccan Herald publish localisedMangalore editions. The Madipu, Mogaveera, Samparka (Contact) andSaphala (Fulfillment) are well­known Tulu periodicals in Mangalore.[164]Popular Konkani language periodicals published in the city are Raknno(Guardian), Konknni Dirvem (Konkani Treasure), and Kannik (Offering).Beary periodicals like Jyothi (Light) and Swatantra Bharata (IndependentIndia) are also published from Mangalore. Among Kannada newspapers,Udayavani (Morning Voice), Vijaya Karnataka (Victory of Karnataka),Prajavani (Voice of the People), Kannada Prabha and Varthabharathi (IndianNews) are popular. Evening newspapers such as Karavali Ale (Waves from theCoast), Mangalooru Mitra (Friend of Mangalore), Sanjevani (Evening Voice),and Jayakirana (Rays of Victory) are also published in the city. The Konkanilanguage newspaper kodial Khabbar is released fortnightly.One of the majorMalayalam language newspaper of Kerala The Malayala Manorama have itsown localised Mangalore edition. The first Kannada language newspaperMangalore Samachara (News of Mangalore) was published from Mangalorein 1843.[165]

The state run, nationally broadcast Doordarshan provides both national and localised television coverage.Cable television also provides broadcast cable channels of independently owned private networks. Canara TVtransmits daily video news channels from Mangalore.[166] Mangalore is not covered by the Conditional accesssystem (CAS); however, a proposal to provide CAS to television viewers in Mangalore sometime in the futurehas been initiated by V4 Media, the local cable service provider.[167] Direct­to­Home (DTH) services areavailable in Mangalore via Dish TV, Tata Sky, Sun Direct DTH, Airtel digital TV, Reliance BIG TV andVideocon D2h .[168] All India Radio (AIR) has a studio at Kadri (with frequency 100.3 MHz) that airs programduring scheduled hours. Mangalore's private FM stations include Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM, Big 92.7 FM[169] andRed 93.5 FM.[170]

Mangalore is home to the Tulu Film Industry, which has a catalogue of 31 films, and releases one filmannually, on average. Popular Tulu films include Kadala Mage (Son of the Sea) and Suddha (The CleansingRites). Tulu dramas, mostly played in the Town Hall at Hampankatta, are very popular.[130] In 2006, a Tulufilm festival was organised in Mangalore.[171]

Utility services

Electricity in Mangalore is regulated by the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL)and distributed through Mangalore Electricity Supply Company (MESCOM).[172][173][174] Mangaloreexperiences scheduled and unscheduled power cuts, especially during the summer, due to excess consumptiondemands.[175] Major industries like Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals (MRPL) and MangaloreChemicals & Fertilizers (MCF) operate their own captive power plants.[176][177]

Page 16: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 16/27

The Kadri Park in Kadri

Potable water to the city is supplied by Mangalore CityCorporation.[178] Almost all water is from the vented dam constructedacross the Netravati River at Thumbe, 14 kilometres (9 mi) fromMangalore.[179][180] The Karnataka Urban Development and CoastalEnvironment Management Project (KUDCEMP) aim to improve safewater supply systems and reduce leakage and losses in the distributionsystem in Mangalore.[178] The official garbage dumping ground ofMangalore is in Vamanjoor.[181] The city generates an average of 175tons per day of waste, which is handled by the health department of theMangalore City Corporation.[182] The city has developed and maintainspublic parks such as Pilikula Nisargadhama,[183] Kadri Park at Kadri, Tagore Park at Light House Hill, GandhiPark at Gandhinagar,[184] and Corporation Bank Park at Nehru Maidan.

Fixed Line telecom services are offered alongside GSM and Code division multiple access (CDMA) mobileservices. Mangalore is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada Telecom District, the second largest telecomdistrict in Karnataka.[185] Prominent broadband internet service providers in the city include Tata, Airtel andDataOne by BSNL.[186]

Sister cities

Mangalore is twinned with two Canadian cities:

Hamilton, Ontario (since 1968) [187]

Delta, British Columbia (since 2010) [188]

See also

List of shopping malls in MangaloreList of beaches near MangaloreDakshina Kannada

Notes

1. "Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011" (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011­prov­results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf) (PDF). Government of India. Retrieved2013­01­23.

2. "Pincode Locator Tool" (http://pincode.net.in/KARNATAKA/DAKSHINA_KANNADA/M/MANGALORE).PINcode.Net.In. Retrieved 16 December 2011.

3. "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh andabove" (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011­prov­results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf) (PDF). Office of the RegistrarGeneral & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 March 2012.

4. "Mangalore second cleanest city in State" (http://www.thehindu.com/todays­paper/tp­national/tp­karnataka/mangalore­second­cleanest­city­in­state/article1123227.ece). The Hindu. 25 January 2011. Retrieved17 June 2015.

5. http://coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/58572­bangalore­ranked­indias­top­business­destination­mangalore­at­13th­

Page 17: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 17/27

5. http://coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/58572­bangalore­ranked­indias­top­business­destination­mangalore­at­13th­place

6. "Mangalore takes over as the new SEZ destination" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2FFeatures%2FThe_Sunday_ET%2FProperty%2FMangalore_takes_over_as_the_new_SEZ_destination%2Farticleshow%2F2788712.cms&date=2012­03­15). The EconomicTimes (The Times of India). 17 February 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2008.

7. "States Reorganization Act 1956"(http://web.archive.org/web/20080516123014/http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/).Commonwealth Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original(http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/) on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2008.

8. Babu, Savitha Suresh (17 February 2007). "Tiles for style" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fmp%2F2007%2F02%2F17%2Fstories%2F2007021701030100.htm&date=2012­03­12). The Hindu. Retrieved 5 April 2008.

9. "10 clean cities that make India proud" (http://www.rediff.com/business/report/pix­swachh­bharat­the­cleanest­cities­in­india/20141008.htm). Rediff. Retrieved 15 January 2015.

10. Kameshwar, G. (2004). Tulu tales: a soota chronicle. Rupa & Co. p. 8. ISBN 978­81­291­0427­4.11. Sadasivan, S.N. (2000). A social history of India. New Delhi: APH Pub. Corp. pp. 207–208. ISBN 81­7648­170­X.12. Venkataraya Narayan Kudva (1972). History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats. Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha.

p. 260.13. Temple India. Vivekananda Prakashan Kendra. 1981. p. 160.14. "New names invoke a hoary past" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/New­names­invoke­a­hoary­

past/articleshow/44873377.cms). The Times of India. 2014­10­19. Retrieved 2015­02­23.15. Raghuram, M. (18 July 2007). "Mangaluru: it has come a long way" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?

url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2007%2F07%2F18%2Fstories%2F2007071855190700.htm&date=2012­03­19). The Hindu. Retrieved 27 July 2008.

16. Farias, Kranti K. (1999). The Christian Impact on South Kanara. Church History Association of India.17. "1652 Sanson Map of India" (http://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/India­sanson­1652). Retrieved 19 March

2012.18. "Filled with lore" (http://www.thehindu.com/todays­paper/tp­features/tp­metroplus/filled­with­

lore/article1418239.ece). The Hindu. 2008­06­09. Retrieved 2015­02­23.19. "They will be Belagavi, Mangalooru, Mysuru" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?

url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2005%2F12%2F19%2Fstories%2F2005121916120100.htm&date=2012­02­05). The Hindu. 19 December 2005. Retrieved 3 August 2007.

20. New City, Names to Karnatka. "New name for cities" (http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/from­bangalore­to­bengaluru/article6553314.ece). The Hindu. Retrieved 1 November 2014.

21. Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D26#note­link33). London: Taylor andFrancis.

22. Prasad, Om P. (1989). Decay and Revival of Urban Centres in Medieval South India: (c. A.D. 600­1200). Volume 4of Series in Indian history, art, and culture. Commonwealth Publishers. p. 163. ISBN 9788171690060.

23. Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373(http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Fcosmas_11_book11.htm&date=2012­03­19).

24. Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301.ISBN 9788130704234.

25. "Worst­Case Scenario" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fepaper.timesofindia.com%2FRepository%2Fml.asp%3FRef%3DVE9JQkcvMjAwNi8xMS8zMCNBcjAwNDAy%26Mode%3DHTML%26Locale%3Denglish­skin­custom&date=2012­03­17). The Times ofIndia. 30 November 2006. Retrieved 25 August 2008.

26. Kunal Bhatia (26 February 2008). "Mangalore: Of cultural institutions, tiles and religious spots"(http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mumbaimirror.com%2Findex.aspx%3FPage%3Darticle%26sectname%3DLifestyle%2520­%2520Leisure%26sectid%3D79%26contentid%3D20080226200802261632455073e44f0c1&date=2012­03­19).Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 25 August 2008.

27. Gavin Shatkin (14 August 2013). "Chapter 10 : Planning Mangalore: Garbage Collection in a Small Indian City".

Page 18: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 18/27

27. Gavin Shatkin (14 August 2013). "Chapter 10 : Planning Mangalore: Garbage Collection in a Small Indian City".Contesting the Indian City: Global Visions and the Politics of the Local. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978­1­118­29584­7.

28. Fedrick Sunil Kumar N.I (2006). "Chapter 6 : The Basel Mission in South Canara". The basel mission and socialchange­Malabar and south canara a case study (1830­1956)”(http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/30037/13/13_chapter%206.pdf) (PDF) (Ph.D.).University of Calicut.

29. K. Puttaswamaiah (1980). Economic Development of Karnataka: A Treatise in Continuity and Change. Oxford &IBH. p. 33.

30. Bhat, N. Shyam (1998). South Kanara, 1799–1860: a study in colonial administration and regional response. MittalPublications. ISBN 978­81­7099­586­9.

31. Ghosh 2002, p. 189 (http://books.google.com/books?id=QQHp9wsWaZcC&pg=PA189&dq=&sig=ACfU3U1d2AKJLTdQT1Hs­VurHOe06DStCg#PPA189,M1)

32. Lee 1829, Perils and detours in Malabar (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpritchett%2F00generallinks%2Fibnbatuta%2F07china2.html%23malabar&date=2012­03­19)

33. A. Wahab Doddamane (1993). Muslims in Dakshina Kannada: A Historical Study Upto 1947 and Survey of RecentDevelopments. Green Words Publication.

34. Kamath, J. (16 September 2002). "Where rocks tell a tale" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.in%2Flife%2F2002%2F09%2F16%2Fstories%2F2002091600170300.htm&date=2012­03­01). The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 8 July 2008.

35. Muthanna, I. M. (1977). Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture. Lotus Printers. p. 235.36. South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 6237. Thornton 1859, p. 114 (http://books.google.com/books?

id=GYpCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage&vq=#PPA114,M1)38. Thornton 1859, p. 170 (http://books.google.com/books?

id=GYpCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage&vq=#PPA170,M1)39. Lal 2002, p. 2240. Forrest 1887, pp. 314–31641. Townsend 1867, p. 628 (http://books.google.com/books?id=zLBCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA628&dq=)42. Riddick 2006, p. 28 (http://books.google.com/books?

id=V2nGnWXV7coC&pg=PA28&dq=&sig=ACfU3U1AqhfzPUctT1n1lmbLKqrtzEu7qw#PPA28,M1)43. Prabhu 1999, p. 15244. Raghuram, M. (18 June 2005). "Feeling on top of the world" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?

url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fmp%2F2005%2F06%2F18%2Fstories%2F2005061800910200.htm&date=2012­03­15). The Hindu. Retrieved 22 August 2008.

45. N. Shyam Bhat (2001). Judiciary and Police in Early Colonial South Kanara, 1799­1862. Mittal Publications.ISBN 978­81­7099­820­4.

46. Monteiro, John B (2014­01­08). "Last of Italian Jesuits in Mangalore dies in his homeland"(http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=211432). Daijiworld Media. Retrieved 2015­03­01.

47. "Mangalore was once the starting point of India's longest rail route" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2007%2F10%2F29%2Fstories%2F2007102958510300.htm&date=2012­03­15). The Hindu. 29 October 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2008.

48. South Kanara District Gazetteer. Karnataka State Gazetteer 12. Gazetteer Department (Government of Karnataka).1973.

49. Damodar Panda (1991). Cargo Handling in the Major Ports of India. Minerva Associates (Publications). p. 30.ISBN 978­81­85195­33­9.

50. Sharma, Ravi. "Industrial leap" (http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2419/stories/20071005507310600.htm).Frontline (The Hindu) 24 (19 ( Sep. 22­Oct. 05, 2007)). Retrieved 2015­03­01.

51. "Mangalore, India Page" (http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Mangalore.html). Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.Retrieved 19 March 2008.

52. "Rainfall Stations in India" (http://www.webcitation.org/5tcfc0JvM). Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology(Pune). Archived from the original (http://envis.tropmet.res.in/rainfall_stations.htm) on 2010­10­20. Retrieved27 July 2008.

53. Rao, P. S. N. Urban governance and management: Indian initiatives. Indian Institute of Public Administration inassociation with Kanishka Publishers, Distributors. p. 402. ISBN 978­81­7391­801­8.

Page 19: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 19/27

association with Kanishka Publishers, Distributors. p. 402. ISBN 978­81­7391­801­8.54. "City Statistics" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070701225748/http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/city­statistics.html).

Mangalore City Corporation. Archived from the original (http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/city­statistics.html) on 1July 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2007.

55. Balakrishna, K. M.; Narayana, Y; Kumari, Anitha. "Meteorological Measurements of Mangalore Region forARMEX Programme (Observations and Data Analysis)"(http://web.archive.org/web/20080410145013/http://www.nio.org/past_events/ARMEX/presentations/P2.pdf) (PDF).Department of Physics (Mangalore University). p. 26. Archived from the original(http://www.nio.org/past_events/ARMEX/presentations/P2.pdf) (PDF) on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008.

56. Mausam: quarterly journal of meteorology, hydrology & geophysics, Volume 56, Issue 1. India MeteorologicalDepartment. 2005. p. 76.

57. Seismic zoning map of India (http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_GSI_BHUJ_SEISMIC_ZONES_MAP.html)(Map). Geological Survey of India. Retrieved 20 July 2008.

58. Heitzman 2008, p. 102 (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=hnrjxask­voC&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=false)59. Mangalore City Corporation, p. 3860. Subrahmanyam, V. P. "Some aspects of water balance in the tropical monsoon climates of India"

(http://www.cig.ensmp.fr/~iahs/redbooks/a140/iahs_140_0325.pdf) (PDF). Hydrology of Humid Tropical Regionswith Particular Reference to the Hydrological Effects of Agriculture and Forestry Practice (Proceedings of theHamburg Symposium, August 1983) (International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)) 140: 327–328.Retrieved 8 July 2008.

61. "IMD ­ Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall based upon 1901 ­ 2000 data (Page 42)"(http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf) (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 11 December 2014.

62. "World Weather Information Service ­ Climatological Information for Mangalore, India"(http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1607). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 30 January2015.

63. Shrihari 2007, pp. 5–664. "Mangalore, India" (http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=48234&refer=&units=metric).

Weatherbase. Retrieved 19 March 2008.65. "Ever Recorded Maximum Temperature, Minimum Temperat ure and 24 Hours Heaviest Rainfall upto 2010"

(http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf#33) (PDF). IMD, Inc. Retrieved 24 Dec 2014.66. "Western Ghats (sub cluster nomination)" (http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2103/). UNESCO World Heritage

Centre. Retrieved 27 July 2008.67. Mishra, A. K.; Gnanaseelan, C.; Seetaramayya, P. (25 August 2004). "A study of rainfall along the west coast of

India in relation to low level jet and air–sea interactions over the Arabian Sea"(http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/aug252004/475.pdf) (PDF). Current Science (Current Science Association) 87 (4):483. Retrieved 21 March 2008.

68. "Mangalore Annual Rainfall" (http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/mean/MANGALORE.htm). IMD, Inc. Retrieved10 Dec 2014.

69. "IMD ­ Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall based upon 1901 ­ 2000 data"(http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf#42) (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 24 December2014.

70. "Extremes of India" (http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf#33) (PDF). India MeteorologicalDepartment. Retrieved January 25, 2015.

71. "Average humidity over the year for Mangalore,India" (http://www.weather­and­climate.com/average­monthly­Humidity­perc,Mangalore,India). Weather­And­Climate. Retrieved 11 December 2014.

72. "Average monthly hours of sunshine over the year for Mangalore,India" (http://www.weather­and­climate.com/average­monthly­hours­Sunshine,Mangalore,India). Weather­And­Climate. Retrieved January 30, 2015.

73. "IMD ­ total rainfall summary for Mangalore" (http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/mean/MANGALORE.htm).India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 24 December 2014.

74. "TuTiempo ­ Mangalore climate from 1973­2014"(http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/Mangalore_Bajpe/432840.htm). Tutiempo. Retrieved 27 December 2014.

75. "South Scan (Mangalore, Karnataka)" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crn.in%2FSouthScanNov152007.aspx&date=2012­02­07). CMP Media LLC. Retrieved20 March 2008.

76. Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Karnataka) 2005, p. 177. "Commissionerate of Customs — Mangalore" (http://customsmangalore.gov.in/organization/about­us.htm).

Mangalore Customs. Retrieved 23 July 2008.

Page 20: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 20/27

Mangalore Customs. Retrieved 23 July 2008.78. "Kerala's timber market sustained by imports" (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3­1430496761.html). Hindustan

Times. 17 February 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2008.79. "Study Area around SEZ, Mangalore"

(http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ,%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%203/Fig.%203.5.1.doc) (DOC). Mangalore City Corporation. Retrieved 2 July 2008.

80. Mangalore City Corporation. "Proposed MSEZ Site and Existing Industries"(http://web.archive.org/web/20080410145046/http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ,%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%201/Fig.1.2.doc). Archived from the original(http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ,%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%201/Fig.1.2.doc) (DOC) on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2008.

81. "Two more plans for EPIP cleared" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F08%2F31%2Fstories%2F2006083118290300.htm&date=2012­03­15). The Hindu. 31 August 2006. Retrieved 29 September 2006.

82. "Strategic oil reserves to come directly under Govt" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.in%2F2006%2F04%2F02%2Fstories%2F2006040202220200.htm&date=2012­02­07). The Hindu Business Line. 2 April 2006. Retrieved 20 February 2008.

83. "Strategic crude reserve gets nod" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F01%2F07%2Fstories%2F2006010704081600.htm&date=2012­02­07). The Hindu. 7 January 2006. Retrieved 20 February 2008.

84. " 'India to form crude oil reserve of 5 mmt' " (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2FIndia_to_form_crude_oil_reserve_of_5_mmt%2Farticleshow%2F2137148.cms&date=2012­02­07). The Economic Times. 20 June 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2008.

85. "CNC India Fund Summary" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cncindiafund.com%2FNewsletters%255CCNC_India_Fund_NL_1.pdf&date=2012­03­11) (PDF). CNC India Fund I Periodical (CNC India Group) 1 (1): 2. Retrieved 4 July 2008.

86. "History" (http://www.corpbank.com/asp/0100text.asp?presentID=84&headID=84). Corporation Bank. Retrieved18 April 2008.

87. "Cheque truncation process from April, says Leeladhar" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2005%2F11%2F20%2Fstories%2F2005112015560300.htm&date=2012­03­14). The Hindu. 20 November 2005. Retrieved 18 April 2008.

88. "Inception" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fvijayabank.com%2Fvijaya%2Fvijaya%2Finternet­en%2Fmenus%2Fwe­at­vijaya­bank%2Finception.html&date=2012­03­17). Vijaya Bank. Retrieved 9 July 2008.

89. "History of Karnataka Bank" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karnatakabank.com%2Fktk%2FHistory.jsp&date=2012­03­17). Karnataka Bank.Retrieved 18 April 2008.

90. "Mangalore: Countdown for MCC Bank Election Begins Amid Blame Games" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fnews%2Fnews_disp.asp%3Fn_id%3D44631%26n_tit%3DMangalore%253A%2520Countdown%2520for%2520MCC%2520Bank%2520Election%2520Begins%2520Amid%2520Blame%2520Games&date=2012­03­17). Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. 15 March 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2008.

91. "History of SCDCC Bank" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scdccbank.com%2Fhistory.html&date=2012­03­17). SCDCC Bank. Retrieved 24 June2008.

92. National Council of Applied Economic Research 1961, pp. 6–7393. Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Karnataka) 2004, p. 23394. Somerset & Bond Wright, p. 510 (http://books.google.com/books?id=8WNEcgMr11kC&pg=PA509&lpg=RA1­

PA516&vq=&dq=&sig=ACfU3U1Shfg7Vate1ZGHKqcD_GgO1ZsEnA#PPA516,M1)95. Somerset & Bond Wright, p. 511 (http://books.google.com/books?

id=8WNEcgMr11kC&printsec=frontcover#PPA517,M1)96. http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php/coastal­plus/58793­greater­mangalore­all­set­to­give­new­look­to­mcc97. "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011" (http://censusindia.gov.in/2011­prov­

results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.xls). Deccan Herald. Retrieved 31 October2011.

98. "Karnataka's tier II cities miss out on boom" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F200317%2Fkarnatakas­tier­ii­cities­

Page 21: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 21/27

url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F200317%2Fkarnatakas­tier­ii­cities­miss.html&date=2012­03­01). Deccan Herald. 24 October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2011.

99. "Population of Corporation/CMC/TMC/TP (Population 2001 Census)"(http://municipaladmn.kar.nic.in/AreapopE.htm). Directorate of Municipal Administration, Bangalore. Retrieved16 April 2008.

100. "Provision Population Totals, Census of India 2011" (http://censusindia.gov.in/2011­prov­results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.xls). Census Commission of India.Retrieved 15 December 2011.

101. "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns. (Provisional)"(http://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999). CensusCommission of India. Archived from the original (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/) on 15 December 2006. Retrieved3 September 2007.

102. "City of Mangalore" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mangalorecity.gov.in%2F&date=2012­03­19). Mangalore City Corporation. Retrieved3 August 2007.

103. Mangalore City Corporation, p. 131104. "Growing number of slums in Mangalore a cause for concern" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?

url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F04%2F08%2Fstories%2F2006040818420300.htm&date=2012­03­01). The Hindu. 8 April 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2008.

105. "Slums mushrooming in port city" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F01%2F21%2Fstories%2F2006012111860300.htm&date=2012­03­01). The Hindu. 21 January 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2008.

106. Dayananda, B. (2006). "Crime Review – 2006" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/mngpolice/CrimeReviewDK2004­06.pdf&date=2009­10­26+02:55:41) (PDF).Dakshina Kannada Police. Archived from the original (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/mngpolice/CrimeReviewDK2004­06.pdf&date=2009­10­26+02:55:41) (PDF) on 26October 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2008.

107. South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 93108. Prabhu, Ganesh (10 January 2004). "Enduring art" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?

url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fmp%2F2004%2F06%2F10%2Fstories%2F2004061000340300.htm&date=2012­02­05). The Hindu. Retrieved 20 July 2008.

109. Pinto, Stanley G. (26 October 2001). "Human 'tigers' face threat to health" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2F354160109.cms&date=2012­02­05). TheTimes of India. Retrieved 7 December 2007.

110. D'Souza, Stephen. "Poem: What's in a Name?" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fchan%2Fexclusive_arch.asp%3Fex_id%3D726&date=2012­02­05).Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved 4 March 2008.

111. "Beary Sahitya Academy set up" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2007%2F10%2F13%2Fstories%2F2007101361130300.htm&date=2012­02­05). The Hindu. 13 October 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008.

112. "Srimanthi Bai Museum is in a shambles" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2F2006%2F07%2F07%2Fstories%2F2006070717580300.htm&date=2012­02­05). The Hindu. 7 July 2006. Retrieved 21 January 2008.

113. "Shree Venkatramana Temple (Car Street, Mangalore)" (http://www.svtmangalore.org/jeernodhara/#). ShreeVenkatramana Temple, Mangalore. Retrieved 25 July 2008.

114. Shenoy, Rajanikanth (13 February 2008). "Colourful Kodial Theru" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mangalorean.com%2Fnews.php%3Fnewstype%3Dbroadcast%26broadcastid%3D67248&date=2012­02­05). Mangalorean.com. Retrieved 9 July 2008.

115. Monteiro, John B. "Monti Fest Originated at Farangipet – 240 Years Ago!" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fchan%2Fexclusive_arch.asp%3Fex_id%3D129&date=2012­02­05).Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved 11 January 2008.

116. Nayak, Amrita (24 November 2007). "Food for thought" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fmp%2F2007%2F11%2F24%2Fstories%2F2007112450980400.htm&date=2012­02­05). The Hindu. Retrieved 18 January 2008.

117. " 'Mosaru Kudike' brings in communal harmony" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2005%2F08%2F28%2Fstories%2F2005082812400300.htm&date=2012­

Page 22: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 22/27

url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2005%2F08%2F28%2Fstories%2F2005082812400300.htm&date=2012­02­05). The Hindu. 28 August 2005. Retrieved 22 February 2008.

118. "Objectives of Karavali Utsav" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karavaliutsav.com%2Fdisplay.php%3Fcontent_option%3DSECTION%26ref_id%3D140&date=2012­02­05). Karavli Utsav, Mangalore. Retrieved 9 July 2008.

119. "Nagarapanchami Naadige Doddadu" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmangalorean.com%2Fnews.php%3Fnewstype%3Dbroadcast%26broadcastid%3D50662&date=2012­02­05). Mangalorean.com. 18 August 2007. Retrieved 28 January 2008.

120. "The Hindu" (http://www.thehindu.com/todays­paper/tp­national/tp­kerala/article1175873.ece). thehindu.co.in. 10January 2008.

121. 'Kori Katta' draws maximum crowd (http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=100385)Mangalorean.com 14 November 2008

122. "The Hindu" (http://www.thehindu.com/todays­paper/tp­national/tp­karnataka/article2434611.ece). thehindu.co.in. 8September 2011.

123. "Typically home" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fmp%2F2007%2F08%2F11%2Fstories%2F2007081150880400.htm&date=2012­02­05). The Hindu. 11 August 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2008.

124. "Council Members" (http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/node/84). Mangalore City Corporation. Retrieved 14 October2014.

125. Integrated Solid Waste Management Operation & Maintenance report, p. 7126. "New Assembly constituencies" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?

url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fnews%2Fnews_disp.asp%3Fn_id%3D35701%26n_tit%3DM%2527lore%253A%2BAssembly%2BConstituencies%2BRevised%2B­%2BBye%2BBye%2BUllal%252C%2BSuratkal%2B%2B%2B&date=2012­04­13). Daijiworld Media Pvt LtdMangalore. 14 July 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2007.

127. "Assembly constituencies proposed by Delimitation Commission" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F05%2F05%2Fstories%2F2006050522990400.htm&date=2012­04­13). The Hindu. 5 May 2006. Retrieved 22 September 2007.

128. "The Indian Police Service (Fixation of Cadre Strength) Regulations, 1955"(http://web.archive.org/web/20061216151054/http://persmin.nic.in/ais/Ips_fcsreg.htm). Ministry of Personnel,Public Grievances and Pensions. Archived from the original (http://persmin.nic.in/ais/Ips_fcsreg.htm) on 16December 2006. Retrieved 15 April 2007.

129. " 'Use Kannada script to teach Tulu now' " (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fhindu.com%2F2005%2F06%2F22%2Fstories%2F2005062215310300.htm&date=2012­02­05). The Hindu. 22 June 2005. Retrieved 31 January 2008.

130. Fernandes, Ronald Anil; Naina J. A.; Hegde, Bhakti V.; Raveendran, Aabha; Padmanabha K. V., Sibanthi; Mayya,Sushma P. (15 August 2007). "Sixty and still enterprising ..." (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2FAug152007%2Fdistrict2007081519172.asp&date=2012­02­05). Deccan Herald. Retrieved 1 July 2008.

131. Kamila, Raviprasad (1 April 2006). "It's a treasure of books" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fmp%2F2006%2F04%2F01%2Fstories%2F2006040100730100.htm&date=2012­02­05). The Hindu. Retrieved 31 January 2008.

132. "Details of Mangalore University" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mangaloreuniversity.ac.in%2F&date=2012­02­05). Mangalore University. Retrieved21 March 2008.

133. "UGC recognised Universities in Karnataka with NAAC accreditation status"(http://www.educationobserver.com/resources/universsities/karnataka.htm). Education Observer. Retrieved15 February 2014.

134. "Mangalore International Airport" (http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/mangalore_generalinfo.jsp). Airports Authorityof India (AAI). Retrieved 2 February 2015.

135. "Bank finance for Agribusiness:A case study in Dakshina Kannada district"(http://www.iibf.org.in/documents/reseach­report/Report­27.pdf) (PDF). Dr. G.V. Joshi. Retrieved 18 June 2015.

136. "Intl services begin at Mangalore airport" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.in%2F2006%2F10%2F04%2Fstories%2F2006100403880900.htm&date=2012­03­17). The Hindu Business Line. 4 October 2006. Retrieved 21 February 2008.

137. "Special – New National Highway Numbers" (http://bharathautos.com/special­new­national­highway­numbers.html).Retrieved 10 August 2012.

Page 23: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 23/27

Retrieved 10 August 2012.138. Mangalore: Get Set to be Used to New Numbers of National Highways (http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?

newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=233917) Mangalorean.com 1 May 2011139. "NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI" (http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project­

offer/Highways.pdf) (PDF). National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). Retrieved 4 July 2008.140. "DK's new NH to connect three states" (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010­04­

26/mangalore/28138714_1_nh­48­nhdp­nh­13). The Times of India. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2011.141. "4­lane road project in Mangalore likely to be completed in 30 months"

(http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/10/07/stories/2005100700631900.htm). The Hindu Business Line. 7October 2005. Retrieved 13 October 2006.

142. "Profile of KSRTC" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080703125154/http://ksrtc.in/ksrtc­fecility.htm). Karnataka StateRoad Transport Corporation (KSRTC). Archived from the original (http://ksrtc.in/ksrtc­fecility.htm) on 3 July2008. Retrieved 4 July 2008.

143. "Transport operators in district vie for routes" (http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/06/stories/2006030616460300.htm).The Hindu. 6 March 2006. Retrieved 16 June 2008.

144. "Name changed" (http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/08/stories/2007110854800400.htm). The Hindu. 8 November 2007.Retrieved 5 July 2008.

145. "Mangalore ­Hassan rail line open for freight traffic" (http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays­paper/tp­logistics/mangalorehassan­rail­line­open­for­freight­traffic/article1732937.ece). The Hindu Business Line. 6 May2006. Retrieved 13 October 2006.

146. "Bangalore­Mangalore train service from December 8"(http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/24/stories/2007112461660400.htm). The Hindu. 24 November 2007. Retrieved2 October 2008.

147. "The Beginning" (http://www.konkanrailway.com/node/39). Konkan Railway Corporation Limited. Retrieved16 April 2008.

148. "Southern Railway to operate special trains" (http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2387166.ece). TheHindu. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2011.

149. Integrated Solid Waste Management Operation & Maintenance report, p. 4150. "New Mangalore Port Trust (NMPT)" (http://www.newmangalore­port.com/default.asp?

channelid=2759&city=PORT). New Mangalore Port. Retrieved 13 October 2006.151. "Colours of the season" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?

url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fmp%2F2006%2F12%2F09%2Fstories%2F2006120901650100.htm&date=2012­04­28). The Hindu. 9 December 2006. Retrieved 9 July 2008.

152. "Minister keen on improving sports infrastructure"(http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/07/stories/2006080716740300.htm). The Hindu. 7 August 2006. Retrieved18 February 2008.

153. "Approval granted for sports training centre at Mangala Stadium"(http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/17/stories/2006071717730300.htm). The Hindu. 17 July 2006. Retrieved 25 July2008.

154. "Central Maidan (Mangalore, India)" (http://content­www.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58296.html). Cricinfo.Retrieved 25 July 2008.

155. Vasu, Anand (9 September 2007). "Wadiyar defeats Viswanath in Karnataka elections" (http://content­www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/310173.html). Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 July 2008.

156. "Mixed verdict in KSCA polls" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.deccanherald.com%2FContent%2FSep102007%2Fscroll2007091024510.asp%3Fsection%3Dfrontpagenews&date=2012­02­05). Deccan Herald. 10 September 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2008.

157. "Recent Tournaments" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080508200356/http://www.karnatakachess.com/recent.shtml).United Karnataka Chess Association. Archived from the original (http://www.karnatakachess.com/recent.shtml) on 8May 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2008.

158. "Mangalore: All India Fide Rated Open Chess Tournament takes off" (http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newsid=47176&newstype=local). Mangalorean.Com. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2008.

159. "All India chess tourney in Mangalore from July 19" (http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newsid=81429&newstype=local). Mangalorean.Com. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2008.

160. "Details of Pilikula Nisarga Dhama (Pilikula)" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilikula.com%2Findex.php&date=2012­02­05). Pilikula Nisargadhama. Retrieved25 July 2008.

Page 24: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 24/27

25 July 2008.161. "Pilikula — Perched for higher growth" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?

url=http%3A%2F%2Fmangalorean.com%2Fnews.php%3Fnewsid%3D85522%26newstype%3Dlocal&date=2012­02­05). Mangalorean.com. 20 July 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2008.

162. "Budhi Kunderan (India)" (http://content­usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30178.html). Cricinfo. Retrieved 26 July2008.

163. Vasu, Anand (11 March 2007). "Repaying the faith" (http://content­www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/310173.html). Cricinfo. Retrieved 25 July 2008.

164. " 'Madipu' literary competitions" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.deccanherald.com%2FContent%2FJul192007%2Fdistrict2007071913749.asp&date=2012­02­05). Deccan Herald. 19 July 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2008.

165. "Herr Kannada" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.deccanherald.com%2FDeccanherald%2Fjan182004%2Fartic6.asp&date=2012­02­05).Deccan Herald. 18 January 2004. Retrieved 18 January 2008.

166. "Daily Video News Channels from Mangalore" (http://canaratv.com/). Canara Tv. Retrieved 16 January 2008.167. "Mangalore: Channel V4 to offer Conditional Access System" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?

url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mangalorean.com%2Fnews.php%3Fnewsid%3D61578%26newstype%3Dlocal&date=2012­02­05). Mangalorean.com. 22 December 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2008.

168. "Good response for DTH in Mangalore" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2005%2F03%2F19%2Fstories%2F2005031912050300.htm&date=2012­02­05). The Hindu. 19 March 2005. Retrieved 21 January 2008.

169. "BIG FM Launches Station in Mangalore" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medianewsline.com%2Fnews%2F119%2FARTICLE%2F1796%2F2007­12­05.html&date=2012­02­05). Media Newsline. 5 December 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2008.

170. Belgaumkar, Govind D. (23 November 2007). "It's time to swing to hits from FM channels"(http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2007%2F11%2F23%2Fstories%2F2007112350640200.htm&date=2012­02­05). The Hindu. Retrieved 5 July 2008.

171. "Tulu film festival" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F02%2F23%2Fstories%2F2006022315050300.htm&date=2012­02­05). The Hindu. 23 February 2006. Retrieved 19 January 2008.

172. "About Us" (http://www.kptcl.com/kptclaboutus.htm). Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited(KPTCL). Retrieved 3 July 2008.

173. "About Us" (http://www.mesco.in/aboutus/index.asp). Mangalore Electricity Supply Company (MESCOM).Retrieved 3 April 2008.

174. Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Karnataka) 2004, p. 227175. "Unscheduled load­shedding may be inevitable: Mescom" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?

url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.in%2F2003%2F02%2F05%2Fstories%2F2003020500611700.htm&date=2012­03­17). The Hindu Business Line. 5 February 2003. Retrieved 3 July 2008.

176. "Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd. (A Subsidiary of Oil and Natural gas Corporation Ltd.)"(http://wwpl.co.in/downloads/sep06_06_pmc.pdfw.mr) (PDF). Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals (MRPL).Retrieved 3 July 2008.

177. "Infrastructure"(http://web.archive.org/web/20071011021914/http://www.mangalorechemicals.com/operations_Infrastructure.asp).Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers (MCF). Archived from the original(http://www.mangalorechemicals.com/operations_Infrastructure.asp) on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 3 July 2008.

178. Budhya, Gururaja. " 'Social relevance of decision making' – A case study of water supply and waste watermanagement in Mangalore, Coastal Karnataka, India." (http://www.ihdp.uni­bonn.de/ihdw02/summaries/pdf/Guru%20text1.pdf) (PDF). Asian Educational Services. pp. 1–2. Retrieved18 February 2008.

179. "No funds crunch to tackle water scarcity in Dakshina Kannada" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.in%2F2005%2F04%2F21%2Fstories%2F2005042101271900.htm&date=2012­03­17). The Hindu Business Line. 21 April 2005. Retrieved 5 April 2008.

180. "Karnataka Coastal Project"(http://web.archive.org/web/20060623195715/http://duraline.in/newsletter/Q4+2004+Newsletter.pdf) (PDF) (October–December 2004). Duraline Pipes. p. 1. Archived from the original

Page 25: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 25/27

References

December 2004). Duraline Pipes. p. 1. Archived from the original(http://www.duraline.in/newsletter/Q4%202004%20Newsletter.pdf) (PDF) on 23 June 2006. Retrieved 27 July 2008.

181. "Vamanjoor dumpyard turns killer" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2002­12­08%2Fbangalore%2F27318143_1_bio­medical­waste­dumpyard­disposal&date=2012­02­05). The Times of India. 8 December 2002. Retrieved 16 April2008.

182. Mangalore City Corporation, p. 10183. "About Place" (http://www.pilikula.com/index.php?slno=90&pg=1). PUlikula Nisargadhama. Retrieved 3 July 2008.184. Pinto, Stanly (7 September 2003). "Gandhi Nagar park gets a new lease of life" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?

url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2003­09­07%2Fbangalore%2F27205913_1_corpus­fund­cascade­place&date=2012­03­14). The Times of India. Retrieved 26 March 2008.

185. "South Kannada Telecom District" (http://www.karnataka.bsnl.co.in/mangalore/). Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited(Karnataka Telecom Circle). Retrieved 15 March 2008."Fact Sheet" (http://www.mgl.stpi.in/fact_sheet.html). STPI(Mangalore). Retrieved 18 April 2008.

186. "BSNL launches broadband service" (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fhindu.com%2F2005%2F06%2F17%2Fstories%2F2005061714690300.htm&date=2012­03­13). The Hindu. 17 June 2005. Retrieved 22 February 2008.

187. "Hamilton's Twin Cities" (http://www.mundialization.ca/hamiltons­twin­cities/). The Hamilton MundializationCommittee. Retrieved 19 January 2015.

188. "Mangalore, Delta in sisterly embrace" (http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report­mangalore­delta­in­sisterly­embrace­1451843). DNA India. Retrieved 19 January 2015.

Chopra, P. N. (2003). History of South India (http://books.google.com/?id=4eRx­d821rYC&printsec=frontcover).S.Chand & Company. ISBN 81­219­0153­7. Retrieved 2 July 2008.Census of India, 1971. Office of the Registrar General (Government of India).Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Karnataka) (2004). "Economic Infrastructure". EconomicSurvey of Karnataka 2003–04 (http://des.kar.nic.in/ecosurvey/03­04/Chapter­4­Eng.pdf) (PDF). National InformaticsCentre (Karnataka State). pp. 216–235. Retrieved 25 July 2008.Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Karnataka) (2005). Area, Population, Membership,Revenue, Expenditure & Employment by Municipalities, Karnataka, 2000–2001.(http://des.kar.nic.in/cnl/lbs2000.pdf) (PDF). National Informatics Centre (Karnataka State). Retrieved 26 July 2008.Dodwell, H.H. (1922). The Cambridge History of India (http://books.google.com/?id=KIM8AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover). Cambridge University Press Archive. Retrieved 16 January 2009.Fisher, William Bayne; Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Laurence (1986). The Cambridge history of Iran(http://books.google.com/?id=EF_4AQeOltUC&printsec=frontcover). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978­0­521­20094­3. Retrieved 6 June 2009.Forrest, George W. (1887). Selections from the Letters, Despatches, and Other State Papers Preserved in theBombay Secretariat 2. Bombay: Government Central Press.Ghosh, Amitav (2002). The Imam and the Indian: Prose Pieces (http://books.google.com/?id=QQHp9wsWaZcC&printsec=frontcover). Orient Longman. ISBN 81­7530­047­7. Retrieved 2 July 2008.Heitzman, James (2008). City in South Asia (http://books.google.com/?id=hnrjxask­voC&printsec=frontcover)(illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978­0­415­34355­8. Retrieved 6 June 2009."History". South Kanara District Gazetteer. Karnataka State Gazetteer 12. Gazetteer Department (Government ofKarnataka). 1973. pp. 33–85.International Committee of Historical Sciences (1935). Bulletin of the International Committee of HistoricalSciences 7. Les presses universitaires de France.Kerr, Robert (1812). "Discoveries, Navigations, and Conquests of the Portuguese in India, from 1505 to 1539".General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels(http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/) 6. George Ramsay and Company. Retrieved21 July 2008.

Page 26: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 26/27

Further reading

Bhat, P. Gururaja (1969). Antiquities of South Kanara. Prabhakara Press.Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000). "Mangalore". Students' Britannica India(http://books.google.com/?id=kEj­2a7pmVMC&printsec=frontcover). Popular Prakashan. ISBN 0­85229­760­2. Retrieved 16 June 2008.Venn, T. W. (1945). Mangalore. Mysore: Wesley Press.

External links

DC OFFICE , MANGALORE (http://www.dk.nic.in/)Mangalore City Corporation Website (http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/)Mangalore (https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Karnataka/Localities/Mangalore/) at DMOZ

Mangalore City Corporation. "Description of Environment". Mangalore SEZ Draft (October 2007)(http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ,%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%203/Chap_3Water.doc) (DOC). pp. 31–48. Retrieved 21 March 2008.Mangalore City Corporation. "Description of Environment". Mangalore SEZ Draft (October 2007)(http://web.archive.org/web/20080410145109/http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ,%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%203/Chap_Socio.doc). pp. 111–134. Archived from the original(http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ,%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%203/Chap_Socio.doc) (DOC) on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2008.Lal, K. S. (2002). Return to roots: emancipation of Indian Muslims. Radha Publications. ISBN 978­81­7487­245­6..Lee, Samuel (1829). "On the Malabar Coast". Quoted in "Selections from the Travels of Ibn Batuta"(http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/ibnbatuta/). London: Oriental Translation Committee.Retrieved 29 July 2008.Mangalore City Corporation. Integrated Solid Waste Management Operation & Maintenance report(http://web.archive.org/web/20080410145020/http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/SWM%20Details%20for%20Website.doc). Archived from the original(http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/SWM%20Details%20for%20Website.doc) (DOC) on 10 April 2008.Retrieved 20 June 2008.National Council of Applied Economic Research (1961). Traffic Survey of Mangalore and Malpe Ports: Report.Public Works Department, Government of Mysore.Pinto, Pius Fidelis (1999). "History of Christians in coastal Karnataka, 1500–1763 A.D.". Mangalore: SamanvayaPrakashan..Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. I.J.A. Publications.ISBN 978­81­86778­25­8.."People". South Kanara District Gazetteer. Karnataka State Gazetteer 12. Gazetteer Department (Government ofKarnataka). 1973. pp. 86–125.Riddick, John F. (2006). The History of British India: A Chronology (http://books.google.com/?id=V2nGnWXV7coC&printsec=frontcover). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0­313­32280­5. Retrieved 2 July2008.Shrihari, S. (2007). Environmental Concerns for a Typical Fast Developing Indian City: Mangalore. Faculty ofCivil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal.Somerset, Playne; Bond, E. W.; Wright, Arnold; Wright, Playne (2004). Southern India: Its History, People,Commerce, and Industrial Resources (http://books.google.com/?id=8WNEcgMr11kC&printsec=frontcover). AsianEducational Services. ISBN 81­206­1344­9. Retrieved 18 June 2008.Thornton, Edward (1859). The History of the British Empire in India (http://books.google.com/?id=GYpCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage). Cox and Wyman Printers. Retrieved 5 July 2008.Townsend, George Henry (1867). A Manual of Dates: A Dictionary of Reference to the Most Important Events inthe History of Mankind to be Found in Authentic Records (http://books.google.com/?id=zLBCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage). Warne. Retrieved 19 August 2008.

Page 27: Mangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015 Mangalore ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore 27/27

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangalore&oldid=678335691"

Categories: Mangalore Former Portuguese colonies Indian Ocean Populated coastal places in IndiaPort cities in India

This page was last modified on 28 August 2015, at 19:07.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike License; additional terms mayapply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registeredtrademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non­profit organization.