manish utpal yogendra

7/31/2019 Manish Utpal Yogendra

1/39

Pollution Control Technologies inPower Plants : Future Prospects

By

Manish Singh (100721)Utpal Tiwari (100720)

Yogendra Gautam

(100723)

MTA Presentation13th feb, 09VSTPP


2/39

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Types of power plants

Power infrastructure in India

Climate Change

Pollution control

CCS

IGCC

Relevant Facts and Figures

Conclusion

05/24/12 2


3/39

TYPES OF POWER PLANTS

RENEWABLE

NON RENEWABLE

3


4/39

RENEWABLE POWERPLANTS

HYDRO

WIND

SOLAR

BIOMASS

TIDAL

THERMAL

GAS

NUCLEAR

DIESEL

NON RENEWABLEPOWER PLANTS

05/24/12 4


5/39

Fuel wise break-up

(MW)

(Excluding captive capacity of 14636 MW connectedto grid)

Thermal 91,907 64.2%

Hydro 35,909 25.1%

Nuclear 4,120 2.8%

Renewable 11,125 7.9%

TOTAL 143,061 100.0%

Sector wise break-up

(MW)

State

Sector

%55

Private

Sector

%55

Central

Sector

%55

Total generation in 2007-08 704.45

BU

(All figures provisional from CEA)

Power Infrastructure in India

05/24/12 5


6/39

SOURCES OF GLOBAL ELECTRICITYGENERATION


7/39

05/24/12 7


8/39

Whats Hot, Whats Not ?

05/24/12 8


9/39

The Futures Orange !

05/24/12 9


10/39

Global Land Temperature is

Rising

05/24/12 10


11/39

05/24/12 11


12/39

Increase in Global CO2

Concentrations

05/24/12 12


13/39

Key to Understanding: POLLUTIONFine Particles Reduce Visibility

Chicago - Summer 2000.

Hazy Day : PM 2.5 > 35 g/m3

Chicago - Summer 2000.

Clear Day : PM 2.5 < 5 g/m305/24/12 13


14/39

POLLUTION CONTROL

OUTPUT CONTROL: pollution controltechnologies, deal with pollutants after

produced

INPUT CONTROL: pollution prevention,

dont make the pollutant

05/24/12 14


15/39

A Journey TowardsZero Emission

05/24/12 15


16/39

Introduction

What is a zero emission plant?

Technology to control PM/SPM

Some technologies for SOX/NOx reduction

Combustion modifications Clean up systems

Technologies for CO2

capture

CO2 sequestration

Zero Emission

05/24/12 16


17/39

CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES(CCTS)

To meet increasing demand of power with minimal environmentalimpact for sustainable development, adoption of clean coaltechnologies with enhanced power plant efficiency, fuel switching,use of washed coal, efficient pollution control systems and properby-product and waste handling & utilization, is necessary.

Classification :

Pre-combustion Technologies : Ash, sulphur and other impurities(coal benefaction) ca n be reduced

from the coal before it is burned

Post combustion technologies : End of pipe treatment (installationpollution control equipments such asESP, De NOx & De SOx systems)

05/24/12 17


18/39

Dealing with CO2 : CCS

Carbon capture and storage

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an approachto mitigating the contribution of fossil fuel emissionsto global warming, based on capturing carbon dioxide (CO2)from large point sources such as fossil fuel power plants. Itcan also be used to describe the scrubbing of CO2 from

ambient air as a geo engineering technique. The carbondioxide can then be permanently stored away from theatmosphere.

Capture

Transport

Storage (Sequestration)

05/24/12 18


19/39

05/24/12 19


20/39

Capture

Transport

Storage

05/24/12 20


21/39

Explaining CCS with an example :

IGCC

An Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle, or IGCC,is a technology that turns coal into gas - synthesis gas

(syngas). It then removes impurities from the coal gasbefore it is combusted. This results in lower emissionsof sulfur dioxide, particulates and mercury. It alsoresults in improved efficiency compared toconventional pulverized coal.

05/24/12 21


22/39

Raw syngas fromgasified coal run a gasturbine and exhaustgases generate steamfor bottoming cycle

As gasifier pressure is

high (30 bar or so)syngas volumes arelow, easy CO2 removal(pre GT combustion)

Carbon conversion andCold Gas Efficiency areimportant for overallcycle efficiency

Syngas CV low- hencespecific GT technology

Gas turbines are hightechnology equipment

IGCC Technology

05/24/12 22


23/39

IGCC without CCS

05/24/12 23


24/39

IGCC with CCS

05/24/12 24


25/39

Carbon capture: Pre combustion

In this technology, the fossil

fuel is partially oxidized, ina gasifier. Theresulting syngas (CO+H2+C

O2+H2O) is shifted into

CO2 and more H2. The

resulting CO2 can be

captured from a relativelypure exhaust stream. TheH2 can now be used as fuel;

the carbon dioxide is

removed before combustiontakes place.

In this process methanol is

produced from which CO2

can be separated easily.95% CO2 is removed from

this process.

05/24/12 25


26/39

Post Combustioncapture

In post-combustion, the CO2 is removed after combustion

of the fossil fuel - this is the scheme that would be appliedto conventional power plants. It captures 90% of CO2.

05/24/12 26


27/39

Transportation

After capture, the CO2 must be

transported to suitable storage sites.This is done by pipeline, which isgenerally the cheapest form oftransport. In 2008, there wereapproximately 5,800 km of CO2

pipelines in the United States.These pipelines are currently used totransport CO2 to oil production

fields where the CO2 is injected in

older fields to produce oil. The

injection of CO2 to produce oil isgenerally called "Enhanced OilRecovery" or EOR.

In addition, there are several pilot programs in various stagesto test the long-term storage of CO2 in non-oil producing

geologic formations.. Conveyor belt system or ships can also beused. These methods are currently used for transporting CO2for other applications.

05/24/12 27


28/39

STORAGE (SEQUESTRATION)

It is a family of methods for capturing andpermanently isolating gases that could contribute toglobal climate change

Stores CO2 removed from the atmosphere orcaptured from emissions and stores it in another formsomewhere else (a carbon sink)

CARBON SEQUESTRATION WILL HAVE TO BE DEPLOYED VERYRAPIDLY AT AN ENORMOUS SCALE FOR SAFE GHGSTABILIZATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE

05/24/12 28


29/39

Carbon Sequestration: General Modes

Ocean Sequestration

Direct, deep-ocean injection

Geological Sequestration Saline Reservoirs Old Oil/Gas fields

Coal Beds

Soil/Plant Sequestration

Chemical Sequestration Creating terrestrial solids Creating hydrates Basalt injection Absorption into amine soln.

05/24/12 29


30/39

05/24/12 30


31/39

Carbon Sequestration: General Modes

Ocean &

Geological modeshave the higheststorage capacity,which would coverfrom 50 to >250

years of currentemission volumes.They also havelong termsequestrationpotential

DOE, Carbon Sequestration Roadmap05/24/12 31


32/39

05/24/12 32


33/39

EXAMPLES of IGCC plants

Wabash IGCC plant (Indiana) Tampa electric IGCC plant(Florida)

The German industrial area of Schwarze Pumpe,about 4 km south of the city of Spremberg, is theworld's first CCS coal plant, which began operation September9, 2008.

05/24/12 33


34/39

Limitations of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) for PowerStations

Limitation Details

Energy penalty. The technology is expected to use between 10 and 40% ofthe energy produced by a power station. .However eventaking the fuel penalty into account overall levels of CO2abatement remain high, at approximately 80-90%compared to a plant without CCS

Permanence It is claimed that safe and permanent storage of CO2 cannotbe guaranteed and that even very low leakage rates couldundermine any climate mitigation effect.

Cost Greenpeace claim that CCS could lead to a doubling ofplant costs. However CCS may still be economicallyattractive in comparison to other forms of low carbonelectricity generation

05/24/12 34


35/39

India took a step further to adopt cleantechnology for power generation with thefoundation stone for an integrated gas combinedcycle power plant being laid recently in AndhraPradesh. The 125-mw IGCC plant proposed inAndhra Pradesh will come up at Vijayawada andwill be developed by Andhra Pradesh Power

Generation Corporation Ltd in association withBharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. The capital cost ofan IGCC is around Rs 8 crore per MW, which twicethat of a conventional combined cycle gas powerplant.Reliance Industries is planning to build India's

first integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)

power station. The company plans to build a pet-coke fed, 1,000-MW generating station in

Jamnagar that will produce electrical power andhydrogen in addition to syngas for petrochemicalproduction. The project is expected to becommissioned in two years.

IGCC Plants in INDIA **

05/24/12 35


36/39

05/24/12 36


37/39

It is obvious from above discussion that thermal

Power plant may cause serious damage to ecologyIf proper eco-considerations are not timelyincorporated. Use of effective pollution controlequipment may Minimize adverse ecological

impact.

CONCLUSION & RECOMENDATION

05/24/12 37


38/39

05/24/12 38

Its for us to observe, accept and tell othersthat we are dwelling on a time bomb.Lets diffuse it together


39/39

manish utpal yogendra

Documents