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Jambusia, Jayshri G., 2009, ગજરાતી િવષયમા િવ ાથીરઓની િસિ ધ અન વલણ પર વકરકાડર અન ક યટર સહાિયત અ યયનની અસરકારકતા, thesis PhD, Saurashtra University

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g&jrit) (vOiymi> (vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Û an[ vlN pr vk<kiD< g&jrit) (vOiymi> (vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Û an[ vlN pr vk<kiD< g&jrit) (vOiymi> (vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Û an[ vlN pr vk<kiD< g&jrit) (vOiymi> (vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Û an[ vlN pr vk<kiD< an[ kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yynn) asrkirktian[ kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yynn) asrkirktian[ kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yynn) asrkirktian[ kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yynn) asrkirkti

Effectiveness of Work Card and Computer Aided Learning

(CAL) on Achievement and Attitude of Students in Gujarati Subject

p\yi[jk

jy~) J. ji>jy~) J. ji>jy~) J. ji>jy~) J. ji>b&(syib&(syib&(syib&(syi

a[m.a[., si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), 2003 a[m.(fl., si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), 2004 a[m.a[D`., si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), 2006

DiˆkTr ai[f (fli[si[f) {(SxN}n) upi(F miT[ni (nymi[ aºvy[ rj* krvimi> aiv[l

mhi(nb>Fmhi(nb>Fmhi(nb>Fmhi(nb>F drbir gi[piLdis (SxN mhi(vwily, a(lyibiDi

si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T) rijkirijkirijkirijki[T[T[T[T

s¼T[Àbr 2009

STATEMENT UNDER UNIVERSITY Ph. D. RULES

ORDI. Ph. D. 7

I here by declare that,

(1) The research work embodied in this thesis on ‘Effectiveness of

Work Card and Computer Aided Learning (CAL) on Achievement

an Attitude of Students in Gujarati Subject.’ Submitted for Ph. D.

degree has not been submitted for my other degree of this or any

other University on any previous occasion.

(2) To the best of my knowledge no work of this type has been

reported on the above subject. Since I have discovered new

relations of facts, this work can be considered to be contributory

to the advancement of knowledge on psychology and education;

and

(3) All the work presented in the thesis is original and wherever

references have been made to the work of others; it has been

clearly indicated as such and sources of information are included

in the bibliography.

Counter signed by Signature of the The Guiding Teacher Research Student Date : Date :

CERITIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This thesis is directed and supervised by the canididate’s guide

has been accepted by the Darbar Gopaldas Shikshan Mahavidhyalay,

Aliabada, Saurashtra University, Rajkot in fulfillment of the

requirement for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY [EDUCATION]

g&jrit) (vOiymi> (g&jrit) (vOiymi> (g&jrit) (vOiymi> (g&jrit) (vOiymi> (vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Û an[ vlN pr vk<kiD< an[ vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Û an[ vlN pr vk<kiD< an[ vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Û an[ vlN pr vk<kiD< an[ vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Û an[ vlN pr vk<kiD< an[

kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yynn) asrkirktikÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yynn) asrkirktikÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yynn) asrkirktikÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yynn) asrkirkti

Effectiveness of Work Card and Computer Aided Learning (CAL) on Achievement and Attitude of

Students in Gujarati Subject

Candidate : JAYSHRI G. JAMBUSIA

Guide Principal (Dr.J.L.Makwana) (Dr.J.L.Makwana) Principal Darbar Gopaldas Shikshan

Darbar Gopaldas Shikshan Mahavidhyalaya, Mahavidhyalaya, Aliabada, Saurashtra University

Aliabada, Saurashtra University Rajkot – 360 005 Rajkot – 360 005

Date : Date :

IV

äN Av)kiräN Av)kiräN Av)kiräN Av)kir

ki[epN s>Si[Fn a[ s(hyiri[ p&r&OiiY< C[. mig<dS<k~), a¹yipkgN, (vOiy(nONiti[,

S]x(Nk s>AYiai[ an[ s>Si[Fkni s(hyiri p&r&OiiY<Y) hiY Friy[l&> a[k s>Si[Fnkiy<

p(r[p*N<ti pim[ C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnkiy<ni miri mig<dS<k~) (p\. Diˆ.j[.a[l. mkviNi sih[b tYi

s>Si[Fnni p\ir>BY) a>t s&F) viRsÃyp*N< p\[rNi an[ p\i[Rsihn p*r&> piDnir, miri kiy<mi>

U>Di[ rs len[ stt ãdyp*v<kn&> mig<dS<n aipnir aidrN)y sh-mig<dS<k ~)

Diˆ.k[.v).riqi[D sih[bn[ h&> sidr v>dn kr) a>t:krNp*v<k aiBir min&> C>&.

s>Si[Fnni (v(vF tbÊ[ mn[ shiy$p Ynir Diˆ. pi$l dv[, Diˆ. (DÀpl riqi[D t[m j

aiRm)y (m#ii[ rxi upi¹yiy, (hmi>S& pT[l, (vjy GiT(lyi, (r(Û d[sie t[m j amir) v)

T)>. ci[ks) b). a[D`. ki[l[jni (p\. Diˆ.v).J. pT[l sih[b an[ sh-a¹yipki[a[ mn[ stt

aigL vFvi miT[ p\i[Rsihn p*r&> piDy&>. smg\ s>Si[Fn kiy< dr(myin Dgl[ n[ pgl[ h*>f an[

dr[k p\kirni[ shkir aipnir p*. miti-(pti, b>n[ Bie an[ (m#i j[vi p(t ySv>t p\Ry[

ãdyn) ligN) Äykt kr&> C&>.

miri s>Si[Fn kiy<n[ m*t< Av$p aipvi miT[ p\yi[gmi> l[viy[l) s&rtn) SiLiai[ ~)

aK>D ain>d (vwiBvn t[m j ~) biliJ gÃs< hieAk*lni (p\ºs)pil~), SiLini (Sxki[

an[ j[mn) mdd oiri an[ j[mni pr p\yi[g kr) Sk) C&> t[vi> miri (vwiY)<ai[ni[ shOi<

aiBir min&> C&>>.

p\At&t s>Si[Fn kiy<ni vk<kiD<, kiy<k|mn) AliED`s t[m j smg\ s>Si[Fn ah[vil

kÀ¼y*Triez`D kr) aipnir an&k|m[ ~) rij&Bie ji[S), ~) Fm[<S d*Fi#ii tYi ~) r(Æmki>t

pT[ln) pN äN) C&>.

miri kiy<n[ p*N< krvimi> p\Ryx k[ pri[x r)t[ mdd$p Ynir dr[k p\Ry[ aiBir

Äykt kr&> C&>.

s&rt

s¼T[Àbr, 2009 jy~) J. ji>b&(syi

V

an&k|m(Nkian&k|m(Nkian&k|m(Nkian&k|m(Nki

k|m n>brk|m n>brk|m n>brk|m n>br (vgt(vgt(vgt(vgt pZOq k|mi>kpZOq k|mi>kpZOq k|mi>kpZOq k|mi>k

1. s>Si[Fkn&> a[krirnim& II 2. Av)kZ(t p\miNp\#i III 3. äN Av)kir IV 4. an&k|m(Nki V 5. p(r(SOT VIII 6. sirN) s*(c IX

pppp\\\\krNkrNkrNkrN pppp\\\\krNn&> nimkrNn&> nimkrNn&> nimkrNn&> nim pZOq k|mi>kpZOq k|mi>kpZOq k|mi>kpZOq k|mi>k 1. 1. 1. 1. s>Si[Fn smAyini[ p(rcys>Si[Fn smAyini[ p(rcys>Si[Fn smAyini[ p(rcys>Si[Fn smAyini[ p(rcy 1111----12121212

1.1 p\Ati(vk 1 1.2 smAyi kYn 2 1.3 s>Si[Fnni h[t&ai[ 2 1.4 uRkÃpniai[ 3 1.5 s>Si[Fnmi> smi(vOT cli[ 4 1.6 s>Si[Fnni cli[n) (c#iiRmk rj*ait 6 1.7 S¾di[n) Äyivhi(rk Äyi²yi 7 1.8 s>Si[Fn x[#i 8 1.9 s>Si[Fnni[ p\kir 9 1.10 s>Si[Fnn&> mh_v 9 1.11 s>Si[Fnni[ Äyip 10 1.12 s>Si[Fnn&> s)mi>kn 10 1.13 s>Si[Fnn) kiy<$pr[Ki 11 1.14 hv[ pC)ni p\krNi[n) $pr[Ki 12

2. 2. 2. 2. s>b>(Ft si(hRyn) sm)xis>b>(Ft si(hRyn) sm)xis>b>(Ft si(hRyn) sm)xis>b>(Ft si(hRyn) sm)xi 11113333----44444444

2.1 sm)xin) agRy 13 2.2 s]Ûi>(tk aiFir 14

2.2.1 Av a¹yyn si(hRy 14 2.2.2 vk<kiD< si(hRy 15 2.2.3 S]x(Nk T[k`ni[l(j 18 2.2.4 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m 19 2.2.5 Äyi²yin pÛ(t 21

2.3 p*v[< Yy[li s>b>(Ft s>Si[Gni[ni siri>S 22 2.4 Äyvhir& aiFiri[ 41

2.4.1 vk<kiD< s>>b>(Ft s>Si[Fni[ 41 2.4.2 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m s>b>(Ft s>Si[Fni[ 42 2.4.3 vlN (vOiyk s>Si[Fni[ 43

2.5 p\At&t s>Si[Fnn) (vS[Oiti 44

VI

3333. s>Si[Fn yi[jni an[ t[n) aiFir(Sliai[s>Si[Fn yi[jni an[ t[n) aiFir(Sliai[s>Si[Fn yi[jni an[ t[n) aiFir(Sliai[s>Si[Fn yi[jni an[ t[n) aiFir(Sliai[ 45454545----68686868 3.1 p\Ati(vk 45 3.2 Äyip(vÅv 45 3.3 nm*ni ps>dg) 45

3.3.1 SiLi ps>dg). 46 3.3.2 j*Y ps>dg). 46

3.4 s>Si[Fn pÛ(t 48 3.4.1 p\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fnn) lix(Nktiai[. 48 3.4.2 p\yi[g yi[jnin) p\miNB*tti 50 3.4.3 p\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fnn) yi[jniai[ 53 3.4.4 p\At&t s>Si[Fnn) p\iyi[(gk yi[jni 54

3.5 kiy<k|m mivjt 55 3.6 upkrN s>rcni 56

3.6.1 vlN mipd>D 56 3.6.2 (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)n) s>rcni 56

3.7 p\yi[gn&> aml)krN 59 3.8 p\yi[g dr(myin l[viy[l kiLJ 65 3.9 upkrN s>ciln an[ mi(ht)n&> a[k#i)krN 66 3.10 upkrN prni p\(tciri[n&> g&Ni>kn 66 3.11 p\i¼t mi(ht) 67 3.12 mi(ht) pZYÊrN p\(v(F 67 4. 4. 4. 4. kiy<kkiy<kkiy<kkiy<k\\\\mn) s>rcni an[ vg<K>Dmi> (v(nyi[gmn) s>rcni an[ vg<K>Dmi> (v(nyi[gmn) s>rcni an[ vg<K>Dmi> (v(nyi[gmn) s>rcni an[ vg<K>Dmi> (v(nyi[g 69696969----90909090

4.1 p\Ati(vk 69 4.2 (vOiyvAt&n) ps>dg) 69 4.3 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m {CAL}n) ps>dg) an[ s>rcni 70

4.3.1 algi[(rFm 71 4.3.2 fli[ciT< 72 4.3.3 kiy<k|m aiyi[jn an[ (nmi<N 73 4.3.4 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mni upyi[g a>g[ mig<dS<k s*cni[.

81

4.4 Av-a¹yyn p\y&(kt tr)k[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) ps>dg) an[ s>rcni 82 4.4.1 vk<kiD< si(hRy s>rcnini si[pini[ 82

4.5 Äyi²yin pÛ(t miT[ni piq aiyi[jni[ 89 4.5.1 piq aiyi[jnni> GTki[. 89 4.5.2 piq aiyi[jnn&> simiºy Av$p 90

5.5.5.5. mi(ht)n) rj&ait, mi(ht)n) rj&ait, mi(ht)n) rj&ait, mi(ht)n) rj&ait, pZYÊrN an[ aY<GTnpZYÊrN an[ aY<GTnpZYÊrN an[ aY<GTnpZYÊrN an[ aY<GTn 91919191----103103103103

5.1 p\Ati(vk 91 5.2 mi(ht)n) rj*ait 91 5.3 mi(ht)n&> Av$p 92 5.4 s>Si[Fnni cli[ 92 5.5 mi(ht)n&> pZYÊrN an[ aY<GTn 92

VII

5.5.1 k&miri[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m{CAL}ni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ aml)krN bidni vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN.

92 5.5.2 k&miri[mi> vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ aml)krN bidni vlNi>ki[ pZYÊrN.

93

5.5.3 k&miri[mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(tni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ aml)krN bidni vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN

94

5.5.4 kºyiai[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m{CAL}ni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ aml)krN bidni vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN.

95 5.5.5 kºyiai[mi> vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ aml)krN bidni vlNi>ki[ pZYÊrN.

96 5.5.6 kºyiai[mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ aml)krN bidni vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN

96 5.5.7 k&miri[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ oiri a¹yipn bid mL[li> g&jrit) (vOiyni (s(Û p\i¼ti>ki[n&> pZYÊrN

97

5.5.8 kºyiai[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ oiri a¹yipn bid mL[li> g&jrit) (vOiyni (s(Û p\i¼ti>ki[n&> pZYÊrN

99

5.5.9 k&miri[mi> j&d) j&d) pÛ(tni pÛ(tai[ oiri a¹yipn bid mL[li g&jrit) (vOiyni> vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN

101

5.5.10 kºyiai[mi> j&d) j&d) pÛ(tai[ni a¹yipn bid mL[li g&jrit) (vOiyni> vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN

102

6. 6. 6. 6. siri>S, tirNi[, f(ltiYi[< an[ Bi(v s>Si[Fni[siri>S, tirNi[, f(ltiYi[< an[ Bi(v s>Si[Fni[siri>S, tirNi[, f(ltiYi[< an[ Bi(v s>Si[Fni[siri>S, tirNi[, f(ltiYi[< an[ Bi(v s>Si[Fni[ 104104104104----114114114114

6.1 p\iAti(vk 104 6.2 s>Si[Fn siri>S 104 6.3 uRkÃpnini s>dB<mi> aY<GTn 104 6.4 s>Si[Fnni tirNi[ 109 6.5 s>Si[Fnn) aºy n)pji[ 110

6.5.1 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m 110 6.5.2 vk<kiD< si(hRy 110 6.5.3 (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T) 110

6.6 p\i¼t p(rNimi[ pr sm)xi 110 6.7 s>Si[Fnni f(ltiYi[< 112 6.8 Bi(v s>Si[Fni[ a>g[n) BlimNi[ 114

s>dB< s*(cs>dB< s*(cs>dB< s*(cs>dB< s*(c 115115115115----122122122122

VIII

p(r(SOTi[p(r(SOTi[p(r(SOTi[p(r(SOTi[ (vgt(vgt(vgt(vgt 123123123123----218218218218 1. vlN mipd>D 2. kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mn) s)D) an[ AlieD`s 3. vk<kiD< si(hRy 4. Äyi²yin pÛ(t miT[ni piq aiyi[jni[ 5. {1} (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)

{2} ¾Ãy* (p\ºT {3} g&Ni>kn yi[jni 6. ps>(dt a¹yipn)y a[kmi[ - ‘ (c>tniRmk g)t kiÄyi[’ - Fi[rN 9

IX

sirN) s*(csirN) s*(csirN) s*(csirN) s*(c

k|m sirN) k|mk|m sirN) k|mk|m sirN) k|mk|m sirN) k|m (vgt(vgt(vgt(vgt pZOq k|mi>kpZOq k|mi>kpZOq k|mi>kpZOq k|mi>k 1. 2.1 a[m.a[D`. kxia[ Yy[li> p*ri[gim) s>Si[Fni[ni[ siri>S 24 2. 2.2 p\i[j[k`T, a[m.(fl. an[ p)a[c.D). kxia[ Yy[li p*ri[gim) s>Si[Fni[ni[ siri>S

31

3. 2.3 jn<l an[ eºTrn[T prY) l[viy[l (vd[Smi> Yy[li r)sc< p[pr an[ p)a[c.D). s>Si[Fni[ni[ siri>S

36

4. 3.1 p\yi[g-1 ni aml miT[ni[ nm*ni[ 47 5. 3.2 p\yi[g-2 ni aml miT[ni[ nm*ni[ 48 6. 3.3 s>Si[Fnn) yi[jnin&> Av$p 55 7. 3.4 k&miri[ prni p\yi[gni aml)krNn&> smyp#ik 61 8. 3.5 kºyiai[ prni p\yi[gni aml)krNn&> smyp#ik 64 9. 4.1 (vOiyvAt& ps>dg) miT[ni tj`Xi[n) yid) 69 10. 4.2 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m {CAL} miT[ni tj`Xi[n) yid) 71 11. 4.3 vk<kiD< si(hRy {WC} miT[ni tj`Xi[n) yid) 85 12. 5.1 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m{CAL}ni a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidni k&miri[ni g&jrit) vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN

93

13. 5.2 vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidni k&miri[ni g&jrit) vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN

93

14. 5.3 Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidni k&miri[ni g&jrit) vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN

94

15. 5.4 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m{CAL}ni a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidni kºyiai[ni g&jrit) vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN

95

16. 5.5 vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidni> kºyiai[ni g&jrit) vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN

96

17. 5.6 Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnni ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidni kºyiai[ni g&jrit) vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN

97

18. 5.7 k&miri[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ p\Ry[ni g&jrit) (s(Û p\i¼ti>ki[n&> pZYÊrN 98 19. 5.8 (vcrN pZYÊrN bid t-m*Ãy 98 20. 5.9 kºyiai[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[[ p\Ry[ni g&jrit) (s(Û p\i¼ti>ki[n&> pZYÊrN

100

21. 5.10 (vcrN pZYÊrN bid t-m*Ãy 100 22. 5.11 k&miri[ni g&jrit) vlN mipd>D prni> p\i¼ti>ki[n&> pZYÊrN 102 23. 5.12 kºyiai[ni g&jrit) vlN mipd>D prni> p\i¼ti>ki[n&> pZYÊrN 103

1

pppp\\\\krN krN krN krN –––– 1111

s>Si[Fn smAyini[ p(rcys>Si[Fn smAyini[ p(rcys>Si[Fn smAyini[ p(rcys>Si[Fn smAyini[ p(rcy

1.11.11.11.1 pppp\\\\iAti(vkiAti(vkiAti(vkiAti(vk

(Sxk hi[v&> a[ a[k sd`Bi³y C[, kirN k[ (Sxk_v a[ Kri aY<mi> ti[ uµctm nig(rkFm< C[.

ai m*Ãyn[ p\ic)n kiLY) j Av)kirvimi> aiÄy&> C[. an[ t[Y) j vg<K>Dmi> (Sxkk[ºW) a¹yipn

pÛ(t aipN) (SxN ÄyvAYin&> a[k a>g rh) C[. Xinni s)miDi jyir[ myi<(dt hti an[

a¹y[tin) s>²yi ai[C) ht) Ryi> s&F) vg<K>Dn) cir d)vilmi> p\Nil)gt r)trsmi[Y) (SxNkiy< Ye

Sky&>. pr>t& aijni mi(ht)ni (vAfi[Tni ai aiF&(nk smymi> j*n) p\Nil)gt (SxNkiy<n)

asrkirkti a>g[, t[n) sfLti a>g[ p\Åni[ ud`BÄyi C[ an[ an[kin[k s>Si[Fni[ pN Yyi> C[.

(n(Åvt smymyi<dini miLKimi> rh) (n(Vt a¿yisk|m p*N< krvi miT[ aRyir s&F) Äyi²yin

pÛ(tni[ mh_im upyi[g Yti[ aiÄyi[ C[, pr>t& ai pÛ(tmi> (vwiY)< (n(Ok|y ~i[ti j bn) rh[ C[. ai

myi<din[ d*r krvi gi>F)J, j`hi[n Dy*e, $si[ vg[r[a[ (k|yi Úiri (SxNn) (hmiyt kr), ai a>g[

kh[viy&> C[ k[,

I hear, I forget → s>k[t Úiri (SxN

I see, I remember → avli[kn Úiri (SxN

I do, I understand → (k|yi Úiri (SxN

‘ (k|yi Úiri (SxN’ni[ (sÛi>t (vwiY)<n) s(k|yti pr Bir m*k[ C[. an[ ai miT[ Av-

a¹yynni[ nv(vcir (SxNjgtmi> AYin piÀyi[ C[. Av-a¹yynn) j&d) j&d) p\y&(ktai[

(vwiY)<ai[mi> rh[li> v]y(ktk tfivti[n[ ¹yinmi> riK)n[ Av-g(ta[ aigL vFvin) p\[rNi p*r) piD[

C[. td&pri>t, mi(ht)ni (vAtrNn) siY[-siY[ (vks) rh[l) T[k`ni[l(j g\iÀy (vAtirni d)vinK>D

s&F) phi[>c) c*k) C[, Ryir[ (Sxki[ pr>prigt (SxN ÄyvAYin[ j vLg) rh[, t[ k[m cil[? aij[

aipNi> vg<K>Di[mi> T).v)., kÀ¼y*Tr j[vi> el[k`Ti[(nk`s y>#ii[ p\v[S) c*kyi> C[ Ryir[ aipN[ a[ni mh_im

upyi[g Úiri a¹yyn-a¹yipn kiy<n[ vF& sGn, s(k|y an[ rsp\d bniv) Sk)a[ C)a[.

ai (vcirY) p\[rien[ s>Si[Fk[ b[ Av-a¹yyn pÚ(tai[ - vk<kiD< an[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt

a¹yyn {CAL} kiy<k|mn) ps>dg) kr). s>Si[Fk g&jrit) pÚ(tni a¹yipk hi[vini nit[ g&jrit)

(vOiyni ps>(dt (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ni a¹yyn miT[ upri[kt b>n[ pÚ(tai[ miT[ kiy<k|mn)

s>rcni kr) t[n) asrkirkti (s(Ú an[ vlNni s>dB<mi> ckisvi p\At&t s>Si[Fn hiY Fy&< ht&>.

2

1.21.21.21.2 smAyi kYnsmAyi kYnsmAyi kYnsmAyi kYn

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> smAyin&> S)Oi<k ai p\miN[ ht&>.

''''g&jrit) (vOiymi> (vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Û an[ vg&jrit) (vOiymi> (vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Û an[ vg&jrit) (vOiymi> (vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Û an[ vg&jrit) (vOiymi> (vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Û an[ vlN pr vk<kiD< an[ kÀ¼y&Tr shi(ytlN pr vk<kiD< an[ kÀ¼y&Tr shi(ytlN pr vk<kiD< an[ kÀ¼y&Tr shi(ytlN pr vk<kiD< an[ kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt

aaaa¹yynn) asrkirkti¹yynn) asrkirkti¹yynn) asrkirkti¹yynn) asrkirkti’

Av-a¹yynn) p\y&(kt tr)k[ vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mn)

asrkirkti ckisvi Fi[rN-nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni C (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[n) ps>dg) krvimi>

aiv) ht)>. ps>d kr[li a[kmi[ miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mn)

s>rcni krvimi> aiv) ht). kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin

pÛ(tn) asrkirkti (vwiY)<ai[n) (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T) pr S]x(Nk (s(Û an[ vlNni s>dB<mi>

ckisvimi> aiv) ht).

1.3 s>Si[Fnni h[t&ai[1.3 s>Si[Fnni h[t&ai[1.3 s>Si[Fnni h[t&ai[1.3 s>Si[Fnni h[t&ai[

p\At&t s>Si[Fnni h[t&ai[ s>Si[Fn h[qLn) a¹yipn pÛ(tai[n[ ¹yinmi> riK)n[ n)c[ m&jb

rcvimi> aiv[l hti.

1. Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni (c>>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ni a¹yipn miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt

a¹yyn kiy<k|mn) s>rcni krv).

2. Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni (c>>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ni a¹yipn miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn)

rcni krv).

3. Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni (c>>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ni pr>prigt a¹yipn miT[ piq

aiyi[jni[ t]yir krvi.

4. Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni (c>>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ miT[ (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)n) s>rcni

krv).

5. Fi[rN nvni k&miri[ni g&jrit) (vOiyni (c>>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[n) a¹yipn pÛ(tni

aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn p(Ûtni aml)krN bidni vlNni s>dB<mi> t&lni

krv).

6. Fi[rN nvn) kºyiai[n) g&jrit) (vOiyni (c>>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[n) a¹yipn pÛ(tni

aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn pÛ(tni aml)krN bidni vlNni s>dB<mi> t&lni

krv).

3

7. Fi[rN nvni k&miri[ni g&jrit) (vOiyni (c>>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[n) kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yy

kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tn) g&jrit) (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> t&lni krv).

8. Fi[rN nvn) kºyiai[n) g&jrit) (vOiyni (c>>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[n) kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt

a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tn) g&jrit) (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> t&lni

krv).

9. Fi[rN nvni k&miri[n) g&jrit) (vOiyni (c>>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[n) kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tni aml)krN bid vlNni s>dB<mi> t&lni

krv).

10. Fi[rN nvn) kºyiai[n) g&jrit) (vOiyni (c>>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[n) kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt

a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tni aml)krN bid vlNni s>dB<mi>

t&lni krv).

1.4 uRkÃpniai[1.4 uRkÃpniai[1.4 uRkÃpniai[1.4 uRkÃpniai[

s>Si[Fn S$ krti ph[li> s>Si[Fk s>Si[Fnn[ a>t[ p\i¼t Ynir p(rNimi[ a>g[ aigih) Äykt

krti> (vFini[ rc[ C[. j[n[ uRkÃpni {Hypothesis} tr)k[ ai[LKvimi> aiv[ C[.

“s>Si[Fn uRkÃpniai[n[ s>Bivni mi[D[lni aiFir[ a>kSiA#i)y r)t[ ckis) Skiy t[ h[t&Y)

t[n[ ‘tfivt nh)>> hi[y’ k[ ‘s>b>F nh)>> hi[y’ t[vi> (vFinmi> f[rvvimi> aiv[ C[. t[n[ S*ºy uRkÃpni

tr)k[ ai[LKvimi> aiv[ C[.” 1

p\At&t s>Si[Fnn) S*ºy uRkÃpniai[ ai p\miN[ ht).

1. k&miri[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt

a¹yyn kiy<k|mni aml)krN bidni sr[riS g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[

siY<k tfivt nh)> hi[y.

2. k&miri[mi> vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri

a¹yipnni aml)krN bidni sr[riS g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k

tfivt nh)> hi[y.

3. k&miri[mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri

a¹yipnni aml)krN bidni sr[riS g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k

tfivt nh)> hi[y.

1. D). a[. uciT, s>Si[Fs>Si[Fs>Si[Fs>Si[Fn smAyi ps>dg)ni s]¹Fi>(tk an[ Äyvhir& aiFirin smAyi ps>dg)ni s]¹Fi>(tk an[ Äyvhir& aiFirin smAyi ps>dg)ni s]¹Fi>(tk an[ Äyvhir& aiFirin smAyi ps>dg)ni s]¹Fi>(tk an[ Äyvhir& aiFiri[. {p\.ai.}

rijki[T: pirs p\kiSn, 1997, pZ 22

4

4. kºyiai[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt

a¹yyn kiy<k|mni aml)krN bidni sr[riS g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[

siY<k tfivt nh)> hi[y.

5. kºyiai[mi> vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy

oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN bidni sr[riS g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k

tfivt nh)> hi[y.

6. kºyiai[mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t

oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN bidni sr[riS g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k

tfivt nh)> hi[y.

7. k&miri[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tni

aml)krN bid g&jrit) (s(Û sr[riSi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt nh)>>> hi[y.

8. kºyiai[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tni

aml)krN bid g&jrit) (s(Û sr[riSi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt nh)>>> hi[y.

9. k&miri[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tni

aml)krN bid g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt nh)>>> hi[y.

10. kºyiai[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tni

aml)krN bid g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt nh)>>> hi[y.

1.5 s>Si[Fnmi> smi(vOT cli[1.5 s>Si[Fnmi> smi(vOT cli[1.5 s>Si[Fnmi> smi(vOT cli[1.5 s>Si[Fnmi> smi(vOT cli[

“cl a[Tl[ a[vi[ g&N aYvi lxN k[ j[n) (k>mtmi> f[rfir Ye Sk[ C[.” 2

p\iyi[(gk k[ kirN t&lniRmk a¿yisi[mi> cli[ni prApr s>b>F tpisvimi> aiv[ C[. p\At&t

s>Si[Fnmi> smi(vOT cli[ ai p\miN[ hti.

1.5.1 Avt>#i cl1.5.1 Avt>#i cl1.5.1 Avt>#i cl1.5.1 Avt>#i cl. . . . ai a[vi[ cl C[ k[ j[n[ s>Si[Fk ki[e aºy clmi> f[rfir livvi miT[ lig& piD[ C[

k[ t[mi> f[rfir kr[ C[. p\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fnmi> p\yi[g dr(myin j[ p(rbL k[ lxNn) asr tpisvin)

hi[y aYvi j[n) asr prt>#i cl pr Yt) hi[y t[n[ Avt>#i cl kh[ C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> a¹yyn-a¹yipn pÛ(tn) asr (vwiY)<ai[n) S]x(Nk (s(Û an[ vlN

pr S) Yiy C[ t[ ckisvin) ht). t[Y), p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> a¹yipn pÛ(t a[ Avt>#i cl hti[. j[n)

#iN kxiai[ ai p\miN[ nÊ) krvimi> aiv) ht).

2. D). a[. uciT, s>Si[Fnn) (v(SOT pÛ(tais>Si[Fnn) (v(SOT pÛ(tais>Si[Fnn) (v(SOT pÛ(tais>Si[Fnn) (v(SOT pÛ(tai[. {p\.ai.} rijki[T: pirs p\kiSn, 2000, pZ 73

5

kxi-1 vk<kiD< si(hRy vD[ Av-a¹yyn {WC}

kxi-2 kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m {CAL}

kxi-3 Äyi²yin pÛ(t {LM}

1.5.2 prt>#i cl1.5.2 prt>#i cl1.5.2 prt>#i cl1.5.2 prt>#i cl. . . . Avt>#i clni[ aml krviY) j[ clmi> p(rvt<n aiv[ k[ asr pim[ t[ asr

pimnir cln[ prt>#i cl tr)k[ ai[LKvimi> aiv[ C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> smiviy[li prt>#i cli[ ai p\miN[ hti.

1. g&jrit) (vOiyn) (s(Û

2. g&jrit) (vOiyni vlNi>ki[

1.5.3 a>k&(St 1.5.3 a>k&(St 1.5.3 a>k&(St 1.5.3 a>k&(St clclclcl.... p\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fn yi[jnimi> s>Si[Gk Avt>#i cl (sviyni aºy cli[n) asr

prt>#i cl pr n Yiy t[ miT[ am&k cli[ pr (ny>#iN riK[ C[. t[n[ a>k&(St cli[ kh[ C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> a>k&(St cli[ ai m&jb hti: {1} Fi[rN, {2} (vOiy, {3} a[km,

{4} mi¹ym, {5} (vwiY)<n) kxi, {6} SiLini[ smy, {7} SiLi pyi<vrN, {8} (vAtir

1.5.4 p(rvt<k cl1.5.4 p(rvt<k cl1.5.4 p(rvt<k cl1.5.4 p(rvt<k cl. . . . p(rvt<k cl a[ a[vi[ cl C[ k[ j[ Avt>#i clni prt>#i cl siY[ni s>b>Fmi>

f[rfir oiri ps>d kriy C[ t[m j lig& pDiy C[. a[Tl[ k[ Avt>#i cl an[ prt>#i cl vµc[ni s>b>F

pr asr krniri cln[ p(rvt<k cl tr)k[ ai[LKvimi> aiv[ C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> ps>d kriy[l p(rvt<k cl an[ t[n) kxiai[ ai p\miN[ ht).

prt>#i cl – jit)yti

t[n) b[ kxiai[ -

{1} k&mir

{2} kºyi

1.5.5. ai>trvt)< cl1.5.5. ai>trvt)< cl1.5.5. ai>trvt)< cl1.5.5. ai>trvt)< cl. . . . j[ cli[ p\yi[g dr(myin prt>#i cl pr asr krti> hi[y pr>t& p\yi[g

dr(myin t[n[ (ny>(#it krvi Sky n hi[y Ryir[ p\yi[gkir t[n[ ai[LK) t[ni[ Av)kir kr[ C[. aivi

cln[ ai>trvt)< cl kh[ C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> ai>trvt)< cli[ ai p\miN[ hti: {1} p\yi[gn&> niv)ºy, {2} bi](Ûk kxi,

{3} j*Yi[ vµc[n) ai>tr(k|yi, {4} aºy oiri mLt) mdd

6

1.6 s>Si[Fnni cli[n) (c#iiRmk rj*ait1.6 s>Si[Fnni cli[n) (c#iiRmk rj*ait1.6 s>Si[Fnni cli[n) (c#iiRmk rj*ait1.6 s>Si[Fnni cli[n) (c#iiRmk rj*ait

kxi-1

p\yi[g-1 Avt>#i cl kxi-2

prt>#i cl

kxi-3

p(rvt<k cl

kxi-1

p\yi[g-2 Avt>#i cl kxi-2

prt>#i cl

kxi-3

k&miri[k&miri[k&miri[k&miri[ a¹yipn a¹yipn a¹yipn a¹yipn pÛ(tpÛ(tpÛ(tpÛ(t

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m a¹yyn kiy<k|m a¹yyn kiy<k|m a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yipnoiri a¹yipnoiri a¹yipnoiri a¹yipn

vk<kiD< si(hRy vk<kiD< si(hRy vk<kiD< si(hRy vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnoiri a¹yipnoiri a¹yipnoiri a¹yipn

jit)ytjit)ytjit)ytjit)ytiiii

kºyiaikºyiaikºyiaikºyiai [[ [[ a¹yipn a¹yipn a¹yipn a¹yipn pÛ(tpÛ(tpÛ(tpÛ(t

Äyi²yin pÛ(t Äyi²yin pÛ(t Äyi²yin pÛ(t Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnoiri a¹yipnoiri a¹yipnoiri a¹yipn

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m a¹yyn kiy<k|m a¹yyn kiy<k|m a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yipnoiri a¹yipnoiri a¹yipnoiri a¹yipn

vk<kiD< si(hRy vk<kiD< si(hRy vk<kiD< si(hRy vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnoiri a¹yipnoiri a¹yipnoiri a¹yipn

Äyi²yinÄyi²yinÄyi²yinÄyi²yin pÛ(t pÛ(t pÛ(t pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnoiri a¹yipnoiri a¹yipnoiri a¹yipn

1. g&jrit)1. g&jrit)1. g&jrit)1. g&jrit) vlNi>kivlNi>kivlNi>kivlNi>ki [[ [[ 2. g&jrit)2. g&jrit)2. g&jrit)2. g&jrit) (vOiyn) (vOiyn) (vOiyn) (vOiyn) S]x(Nk S]x(Nk S]x(Nk S]x(Nk (s(Û(s(Û(s(Û(s(Û

1. g&jrit)1. g&jrit)1. g&jrit)1. g&jrit) vlNi>kivlNi>kivlNi>kivlNi>ki [[ [[ 2. g&jrit)2. g&jrit)2. g&jrit)2. g&jrit) (vOiyn) (vOiyn) (vOiyn) (vOiyn) S]x(Nk S]x(Nk S]x(Nk S]x(Nk (s(Û(s(Û(s(Û(s(Û

7

1.7 S¾di[n)1.7 S¾di[n)1.7 S¾di[n)1.7 S¾di[n) Äyivhi(rkÄyivhi(rkÄyivhi(rkÄyivhi(rk Äyi²yiÄyi²yiÄyi²yiÄyi²yi

s>Si[Fk pi[tini s>Si[Fnmi> avriy[li cli[ t[m j m&²y pdi[ni> mipnmi> s>dB<mi> j[ aY< aip[

C[ t[n[ S¾di[n) Äyivhi(rk Äyi²yi kh[ C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> rj* Yy[li k[Tlik S¾di[n) Äyivhi(rk Äyi²yiai[ ai p\miN[ C[.

1.7.11.7.11.7.11.7.1 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yynkÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yynkÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yynkÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn. . . . kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn {Computer Assisted k[ Aided

Learning - CAL} a[ a[vi p\kirni[ kiy<k|m C[ k[ j[ni oiri (Sxk kÀ¼y&Tr kiy<k|mn) mddY)

a¹yipn kriv[ C[ an[ (vwiY)< kÀ¼y&Trni[ upyi[g kr) pi[tin) r)t[ Avg(tY) a¹yyn kr) Sk[.

Juergen Hassni mtin&sir,

“Computer Assisted Instruction is a teaching process in which computer is used to

enhance the education of a student from Glossary of Distance education and Internet

Techology.” 3

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|m a[Tl[ ps>d kr[l S]x(Nk a[km miT[ a[m.a[s.

ai[(fsmi>Y) pivr pi[eºT pi[g\im ps>d kr) t[mi> (vOiyvAt& miT[ AlieD t]yir kr) rcvimi> aiv[li[

kiy<k|m, j[n[ kÀ¼y*Tr aiFi(rt kiy<k|m kh[vimi> aiv[ C[. T*>kmi>, ‘pivr pi[eºTni[ upyi[g kr)n[

t]yir kr[li[ AlieD Si[.’ p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> t]yir krvimi> aiv[l CAL kiy<k|m r](Kk a(Bk|m

Av$p[ hti[.

smg\ kiy<k|mn[ t]yir krvi Fi[rN nvni g&jrit)ni (vOiyvAt&ni ps>(dt C (c>tniRmk

g)tkiÄyi[n[ nini nini frmimi> vh[>c) d[vimi> aiÄyi hti. (vwiY)<ni a¹yyn miT[ a[k smy[ a[k

frmin) (vgt a[k pC) a[k kÀ¼y*Trni Ak|)n pr rj* Yiy t[v) gi[qvN krvimi> aiv) ht). dr[k

frmin) n)c[ a[k p\Ån p*Cvimi> aiv[li[ hti[ an[ t[ni jvib miT[ n)c[ (vkÃpi[ aipvimi> aiÄyi

hti>. dr[k kiÄyni a>t[ aºy a[k-a[k m*Ãyi>kn ksi[T) pN m*kvimi> aiv) ht). ai r)t[ k|mS:

a¿yis kr) (vwiY)< smg\ kiy<k|m p*ri[ kr) Skti[.

1.7.2 vk<kiD< si(hRy1.7.2 vk<kiD< si(hRy1.7.2 vk<kiD< si(hRy1.7.2 vk<kiD< si(hRy. . . . Av-a¹yynn) a[k p\y&(kt miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRy t]yir krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>.

ai si(hRy l[(Kt Av$pn&> ht&>. (vwiY)<ai[ (Sxkn) mdd vgr aipm[L[ Avg(ta[ a¹yyn kr)

Sk[ a[ bibtn[ ¹yinmi> riK) ai si(hRyn) rcni krvimi> aiv) ht). ai si(hRyn) rcni krvi

miT[ si]p\Ym ps>(dt a[kmni bFi> kiÄyi[n[ nini-nini p[Ti a[kmmi> vh[>c) d[vimi> aiÄyi bid p\Ry[k

p[Tia[km miT[ a[k vk<kiD<n) rcni krvimi> aiv) ht).

3. J. Hass, Computer Assisted Instructon In Defination Details. Retrived from

http://linux.about.com/cs/linux101/8/Computer Assisted.htm

8

p\Ry[k vk<kiD<n) S$aitmi> a¿yisni h[t&ai[ (vwiY)<ai[mi> ap[(xt vt<n-p(rvt<nni

Av$p[ ApOT kr[li hti. m¹yBigmi> kiÄyni a>S siY[ S¾diY< an[ p[Tia[kmn) j$r) smj*t)

aip[l) ht) an[ a>tmi> j[-t[ p[Tia[kmni s>dB<mi> Av-m*Ãyi>knni p\Åni[ (v(vF Av$p[ aipvimi>

aiÄyi hti. (vwiY)<n) kxin[ ¹yinmi> riK) tmim rj*ait srL BiOiimi> krvimi> aiv) ht).

1.7.3 Äyi²yin pÛ(t1.7.3 Äyi²yin pÛ(t1.7.3 Äyi²yin pÛ(t1.7.3 Äyi²yin pÛ(t. . . . ri[jbri[jni a¹yipn kiy< dr(myin apnivit) (Sxkk[ºÙ) pÛ(tn[

Äyi²yin pÛ(t tr)k[ Av)kirie C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> a[k a¹yipn pÛ(t tr)k[ ai Äyi²yin pÛ(tni[ smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[

hti[. j[mi> mhd>S[ kYn ki]SÃyni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. siY[-siY[ ciƒk-bi[D< kiy< an[

mi](Kk p\Åni[ni[ pN smiv[S kriyi[ hti[. aim, Äyi²yin pÛ(t a[ simiºy vg< (SxN pÛ(t ht).

1.7.4 g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Û1.7.4 g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Û1.7.4 g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Û1.7.4 g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Û. . . . Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni ps>(dt C (c>tniRmk

g)tkiÄyi[ni a[kmi[ miT[ (Sxk (n(m<t 50 g&Nn) ksi[T) pr (vwiY)<a[ m[Lv[l p\i¼ti>kn[ g&jrit)n)

S]x(Nk (s(Û tr)k[ Av)kir[li hti>.

1.7.5 vlN1.7.5 vlN1.7.5 vlN1.7.5 vlN. . . . p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p\v)Nib[n b&Ûd[v {1988} r(ct p\mi(Nt vlN mipd>Dni[ upyi[g

kr)n[ mipvimi> aiv[l lxNni[ vlN tr)k[ Av)kir krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

1.7.6 p1.7.6 p1.7.6 p1.7.6 p\\\\iyi[(gk j*Yi[iyi[(gk j*Yi[iyi[(gk j*Yi[iyi[(gk j*Yi[. . . . ps>d kr[l nm*nini #iN j*Yi[ p]k) a[k j*Yn[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

kiy<k|m oiri a¹yipn kriv[l&> an[ b)ji j*Yn[[ vk<kiD< si(hRy Ûiri a¹yipn kriv[l&>. ai b>n[

j*Yi[n[ an&k|m[ p\iyi[(gk j*Y-1 an[ p\iyi[(gk j*Y-2 tr)k[ Av)kir[li hti.

1.7.7 (ny>(#it j*Y1.7.7 (ny>(#it j*Y1.7.7 (ny>(#it j*Y1.7.7 (ny>(#it j*Y. . . . p\iyi[(gk j*Yi[ (sviyni #i)ji j*Yn[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn krivvimi>

aiv[l, j[n[ (ny>(#it j*Y tr)k[ Av)kir[l&> ht&>.

1.7.8 p*v< S]x(Nk (s(Û1.7.8 p*v< S]x(Nk (s(Û1.7.8 p*v< S]x(Nk (s(Û1.7.8 p*v< S]x(Nk (s(Û. . . . p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p\yi[g pi#ii[a[ Fi[rN aiqn) pr)ximi> m[Lv[l k&l

g&Nn[ p*v< S]x(Nk (s(Û tr)k[ Av)kir[l ht).

1.8 s>Si[Fn x[#i1.8 s>Si[Fn x[#i1.8 s>Si[Fn x[#i1.8 s>Si[Fn x[#i

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> Äyi²yin pÛ(t {LM}, vk<kiD< si(hRy {WC}, an[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt

a¹yyn kiy<k|m {CAL} ni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

p\yi[g miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mn&> (nmi<N krvimi> aiÄy&>

ht&>. j[n) asrkirkti p\iyi[(gk yi[jnini aml)krNY) ckisvimi> aiv) ht). ai Ø(OTa[

s>Si[Fnn&> x[#i S]x(Nk Tƒkni[l(j ht&>.

9

1.9 s>Si[Fn1.9 s>Si[Fn1.9 s>Si[Fn1.9 s>Si[Fnni[ni[ni[ni[ pppp\\\\kirkirkirkir

s>Si[Fnni m&²y_v[ #iN p\kiri[ piDvimi> aiv[ C[. j[mi>, {i} m*lgt, {ii } Äyivhi(rk an[

{iii } (k|yiRmk s>Si[Fnni[ smiv[S Yiy C[.

1.9.1 m*lgt s>Si[Fn1.9.1 m*lgt s>Si[Fn1.9.1 m*lgt s>Si[Fn1.9.1 m*lgt s>Si[Fn....4444 m*lgt s>Si[Fn a[Tl[ b&(nyid) s>Si[Fn, j[mi> piyini m*Ãyi[ k[ snitn

sRyi[n) Ki[j krvimi> aiv[ C[, (sÛi>ti[ (vksivvimi> aiv[ C[, (nymi[ upjivvimi> aiv[ C[.

1.9.2 Äyivhi(rk s>Si[Fn1.9.2 Äyivhi(rk s>Si[Fn1.9.2 Äyivhi(rk s>Si[Fn1.9.2 Äyivhi(rk s>Si[Fn. . . . Äyivhi(rk s>Si[Fn a[ (sÛi>ti[, (nymi[ vg[r[n[ Äyvhirmi> upyi[g)

bnivvi miT[ hiY Frvimi> aiv[ C[.

1.9.3 (k|yiRmk s>Si[Fn1.9.3 (k|yiRmk s>Si[Fn1.9.3 (k|yiRmk s>Si[Fn1.9.3 (k|yiRmk s>Si[Fn. . . . (k|yiRmk s>Si[Fn a[ SiLik)y Äyvhiri[n[ s&Firvi miT[ hiY Frvimi>

aiv[ C[. ai s>Si[Fn AYi(nk p\Ånni> tiRki(lk uk[l miT[ a[k k[ vF& (Sxki[ k[ s>cilki[ Ûiri hiY

Frvimi> aivt&> hi[y C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fn s]Ûi>(tk Xinni Äyivhi(rk upyi[g pr aiFi(rt C[. aiY) p\At&t

s>Si[Fnni[ p\kir Äyivhi(rk s>Si[Fn gNiv) Skiy. s>Si[Fk[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) t[m j kÀ¼y*Tr

shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mn) arkirkti ckisvini s>dB<mi> ai s>Si[Fn hiY Fr[l&> ht&.

1.10 s>Si[Fnn&> mh_v1.10 s>Si[Fnn&> mh_v1.10 s>Si[Fnn&> mh_v1.10 s>Si[Fnn&> mh_v

aiF&(nk smymi> (SxNmi> aim*l p(rvt<nni bNgi> f*kiy C[, Ryir[ (SxN x[#i[ (vks)t

Ye c*k[l T[k`ni[l(jni smymi> c)licil& $(Qgt pÛ(tai[ oiri (SxN aipvin[ bdl[, nv)ntm

ØÆy-~iÄy siFni[ vD[ biLki[n[ asrkirk k[LvN) p*r) piDvini[ h[t& (sÛ Ye SkS[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk[ Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni C (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ni a[kmi[

pr kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m an[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) rcni kr) ht).

ai s>Si[Fnn&> mh_v ai p\miN[ gNiv) Skiy.

1. p\At&t s>Si[Fnni p(rNimi[n[ ¹yinmi> le aiciy< an[ (Sxki[ nv)n a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ni[

vg<K>Dmi> aml krvi a>g[ (nN<yi[ le SkS[.

2. g&jrit) (vOiyn&> a¹yipn mh_im a>S[ c)licil& Äyi²yin pÛ(tY) j Yt&> aiÄy&> C[, t[n[

bdl[ Av-a¹yyn p\y&(ktai[ni[ pN vg<K>Dmi> (v(nyi[g krvi (dSi p\i¼t YS[.

3. (Sxkn) g[rhijr) k[ ap*rt) s>²yini s>ji[gi[mi> (vwiY)<ai[n[ Av-a¹yyn krivvi miT[

p\At&t s>Si[Fnn) n)pji[ a[vi> vk<>kiD< si(hRy an[ kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mni[

(Sxkn) av[J k[ shiyk tr)k[ upyi[g kr) SkiS[.

4. h(rBie g&. d[sie an[ d[sie kZ.gi[., s>Si[Fnn) s>Si[Fnn) s>Si[Fnn) s>Si[Fnn) pÛ(tai[ an[ ppÛ(tai[ an[ ppÛ(tai[ an[ ppÛ(tai[ an[ p\\\\(v(Fai[.(v(Fai[.(v(Fai[.(v(Fai[. {5m)

aivZ(t}, amdivid: y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y (nmi<N bi[D<, g&jrit rijy, 1992, pZ 18

10

4. (vwiY)< pi[t[ pi[tin) g(t m&jb p\g(t kr) SkS[.

5. (Sxki[n[ pi[tini (vOiymi> kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mn&> (nmi<N krvi miT[n)

T[k`(nkl mi(ht) an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy s>rcni miT[n) s]Ûi>(tk mi(ht) p\i¼t YS[.

6. p\At&t s>Si[Fnni tirNi[n[ ¹yinmi> le Bi(v s>Si[Fki[ t[ a>g[ aºy s>Si[Fni[ hiY Fr)

SkS[.

7. p\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fn S) r)t[ hiY Fr) Skiy t[ a>g[ (Sxki[ an[ Bi(v s>Si[Fki[n[

a>g&(l(nd[<S kr) SkiS[.

8. kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|m oiri k(qn a[kmn[ srL an[ rsp\d r)t[ p\At&t kr) SkiS[.

9. (vwiY)<ai[mi> kS&>k nv&>, kS)k nv) pÛ(ta[ S)Kvin) uRk>qi UB) kr) SkiS[ an[ vg<K>D

vF& s(k|y bniv) SkiS[.

ai bF) bibtn[ ¹yinmi> len[ kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|mni upyi[g oiri (SxN x[#i[ nv)n (dSi

trf p\g(t kr) SkiS[ an[ g&jrit) j[vi> (vOiymi>, jyi> nvi> p\yi[gi[ p\miNmi> ai[Ci Yiy C[, t[mi>

BiOii-(SxN siY[ T[kniƒl(jn[ si>kLviY) ‘ciƒk a[ºD Tiƒk’n) (SxN p\(k|yiY) k>TiL[li (vwiY)<ai[n[

(vS[Oi rsX bniv) SkiS[.

1.11 s>Si[Fnni[ Äyip1.11 s>Si[Fnni[ Äyip1.11 s>Si[Fnni[ Äyip1.11 s>Si[Fnni[ Äyip

ki[epN s>Si[Fnni p(rNimi[ smg\pN[ bFin[ lig& piD) Skiti nY). t[ j r)t[ j&d) j&d)

p(r(AY(tai[mi> pN lig& piD) Skiti nY). Ryir[ s>Si[Fnni[ Äyip jiNvi[ j$r) bn[ C[.

s>Si[Fk[ p\At&t s>Si[Fn miT[ni p\yi[gi[ s&rt Sh[rmi> kyi< hti. ai s>Si[Fn g&jrit) mi¹ym

miT[ ht&>. ai s>Si[Fn Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni ps>(dt C (c>tniRmk kiÄyi[ni a[kmi[ miT[

ht&>. p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p\yi[gi[ni[ aml s&rt Sh[rn) b[ alg-alg SiLiai[ni k&miri[ an[

kºyiai[ pr hiY Frvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. p\At&t s>Si[Fn 2008-2009ni S]x(Nk vOi< dr(myin hiY

Fyi[< hti[. smy bdlti t[ni p(rNimi[mi> tfivt aiv) Sk[.

1.12 s>Si[Fnn&> s)mi>kn1.12 s>Si[Fnn&> s)mi>kn1.12 s>Si[Fnn&> s)mi>kn1.12 s>Si[Fnn&> s)mi>kn

ki[epN s>Si[Fn svi†g s>p*N< bn) Sk[ nh)>>. t[m j s>Si[Fnni p(rNimi[ dr[k p(r(AY(tmi>

lig& piD) Skiy nh)>. aiY) s>Si[Fk[ s>Si[Fnn&> s)mi>kn ApOT krv&> ji[ea[. p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi>

s>Si[Fk[ n)c[ni s)mi>kni[ni[ Av)kir kyi[< hti[.

1. s&rt Sh[rn) SiLiai[mi>Y) p\yi[g hiY Frvi miT[ SiLin) ps>dg) miT[ sh[t&k nm*ni

ps>dg) pÛ(tni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

11

2. kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yynni kiy<k|m an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy g&jrit) mi¹ymmi> t]yir krvimi>

aiÄy&> hi[e, p\At&t s>Si[Fn g&jrit rijyn) k[ g&jrit) BiOii jiNti-S)Kti (vwiY)<ai[

p*rt>& j s)(mt rh[ C[.

3. p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni pw (vBigni C a[kmi[ j l[vimi> aiÄyi

hti k[ j[n[ kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m an[ vk<kiD<mi> smiv[(St kr) Skiy.

4. a¹yyn-a¹yipn simg\) miT[ #iN mi¹ymi[ni[ j upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. j[mi> {1}

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn simg\) {2} vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ {3} Äyi²yin pÛ(tni[ smiv[S

Yti[ hti[.

5. kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m a(Bk|(mt a¹yynni frmi Av$p[ t]yir krvimi>

aiÄyi[ hti[. j[mi> mi#i ØÆy mi¹ymni[ j upyi[g kr[l hti[, ~iÄy {avij k[ s>g)t} ni[

(v(nyi[g krvimi> aiv[l n hti[.

6. a¹yyn simg\)mi> ps>(dt pw a[kmi[ ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY< t[m j BiviY<n) smj*t)ni[

j smiv[S kr[l hti[, ÄyikrN (vOiyk mi(ht) m*kvimi> aiv) n ht).

1.13 s>Si[Fnn) kiy<$pr[Ki1.13 s>Si[Fnn) kiy<$pr[Ki1.13 s>Si[Fnn) kiy<$pr[Ki1.13 s>Si[Fnn) kiy<$pr[Ki

p\At&t s>Si[Fnni[ h[t&& kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m {CAL} an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy

{WC} t[mj Äyi²yin pÛ(tn) asrkirkti (vwiY)<ai[n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni

s>dB<mi> ckisvini[ hti[. ai miT[ n)c[ m&jbni si[pini[ an&srvimi> aiÄyi hti.

1. Fi[rN nvni g&&jrit) (vOiyni (n(Vt (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[n) ps>dg).

2. h[t&ai[n[ an&$p uRkÃpai[n) rcni krv).

3. tj`Xi[, (vOiy (nONi>t an[ (vwiY)<ai[ni shkir oiri kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m

an[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni.

4. ps>(dt a[kmni s>dB<n) (vOiyvAt&n[ ¹yinmi> riK) tis aiyi[jn t]yir krv&>.

5. S]x(Nk (s(Ûni mipn miT[ 50 g&Nn) (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)n) s>rcni.

6. g&jrit) (vOiyni vlNn) ckisN) miT[ni vlN-mipd>Dn) ps>dg).

7. p\yi[gni h[t&ai[[n[ an&$p SiLiai[n) ps>dg) an[ ‘ #iN j*Y yiØ(µCk pi#ii[, mi#i

u_irksi[T) yi[jni’ a>tg<t p\yi[gi[n&> aml)krN.

8. p\yi[gni aml bid g&jrit) (s(Û an[ vlNi>kn&> mipn s>b>(Ft upkrNi[ vD[ krv&>.

9. a>kSiA#i)y p\y&(kt tr)k[ T)-ksi[T), a[f-g&Ni[_irni[ upyi[g kr)n[ p\yi[gni s>dB<mi>

pZYÊrN krv&>.

12

10. pZYÊrN oiri p\i¼t a>kSiA#i)y m*Ãyi[ prY) S*ºy uRkÃpnin) ckisN) krv). Ryirbid

u(ct aY<GTni[ an[ t[ni prY) tirNi[ an[ f(ltiYi[< t]yir krvi.

1.14 hv[ pC)ni p1.14 hv[ pC)ni p1.14 hv[ pC)ni p1.14 hv[ pC)ni p\\\\krNi[n) $pr[KikrNi[n) $pr[KikrNi[n) $pr[KikrNi[n) $pr[Ki

s>Si[Fnkiy<ni[ hv[ pC)ni[ ah[vil k|mS: n)c[ dSi<Äyi p\miN[ rj* krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[.

p\krN-b[mi> p\At&t s>Si[Fnn[ an&$p s]Ûi>(tk aiFiri[ an[ s>b>(Ft a[vi> B*tkiLmi> hiY

Friy[li> s>Si[Fni[n[ T*>kmi> rj* krvimi> aiÄyi C[. Ryirbid ai s>Si[Fni[n) sm)xi pN dSi<vvimi>

aiv) C[. C[vT[ p\At&t s>Si[Fnni a¿yisn) (vS[Oiti rj* krvmi> aiv) C[.

p\krN-#iNmi> s>Si[Fn yi[jni a>g[n) (vgti[ rj* krvimi> aiv) C[. j[mi> Äyip(vÅv, nm*ni

ps>dg), s>Si[Fn pÛ(t, upkrNi[, p\yi[gkiy<n&> aiyi[jn an[ aml)krN, mi(ht)n&> a[k#i)krN

t[m j mi(ht) pZYÊrN a>g[n) (vgti[ dSi<vvimi> aiv) C[.

p\krN-cirmi> s>Si[Fnmi> upyi[gmi> l[viy[l vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

{CAL} kiy<k|mni (nmi<N a>g[n) mi(ht) dSi<vvimi> aiv) C[.

p\krN-pi>cmi> s>Si[Fnmi> smi(vOT p\yi[gn[ aiFir[ p\i¼t mi(ht)n) rj*ait, pZYÊrN an[

aY<GTni[ rj* krvimi> aiÄyi> C[.

p\krN-Cmi> s>Si[Fnn[ a>t[ p\i¼t Yy[li> tirNi[, f(ltiYi[< an[ s*cvvimi> aiv[li> Bi(v

s>Si[Fn a>g[n) (vgti[ dSi<vvimi> aiv) C[.

aim, p\At&t s>Si[Fnni[ smg\ ah[vil k&l C p\krNmi> rj* krvimi> aiÄyi[ C[.

13


s>s>s>s>bbbb>(Ft si(hRyn) sm)xi>(Ft si(hRyn) sm)xi>(Ft si(hRyn) sm)xi>(Ft si(hRyn) sm)xi

2.1 sm)xin) agRy2.1 sm)xin) agRy2.1 sm)xin) agRy2.1 sm)xin) agRy

s>Si[Fn S$ krti> ph[li> s>Si[Fn smAyin&> ApOT)krN m[Lvv&> s>Si[Fk miT[ j$r) C[. ai

miT[ s>b>(Ft si(hRyn&> vicn an[ sm)xiRmk ni[>F upyi[g) bn[ C[. s>dB< p&Atki[, sim(yki[,

lF&Si[F(nb>Fi[, mhi(nb>Fi[ vg[r[ni[ a¿yis krviY) s>Si[Fk smAyini (vOiyvAt&n) an[ s]Ûi>(tk

mi(ht) p\i¼t kr) Sk[ C[.

s>Si[Fk[ smAyini (nrikrN miT[ an[ ps>d kr[li (vOiymi> aigL vFvin) (dSis*z mL[, t[

h[t&Y) s>b>(Ft si(hRyni[ U>DiNp*v<kni[ a¿yis kyi[< hti[.

DbÃy& air. bi[j[ s>b>(Ft si(hRyni mh_v (vS[ jNiv[ C[ k[,

“ki[epN x[#in&> si(hRy aiFirS)li smin C[. j[ni pr aiK&> Bi(v kiy< aiFi(rt hi[y C[.

ji[ s>b>(Ft si(hRyni sv[<xN oiri piyi[ ØQ n kr)a[ ti[ kiy< p\Bivh)n an[ mh_vh)n bn[

aYvi p&nrivt<n Yiy. s>b>(Ft si(hRyni[ a¿yis a[ Bi(v a¿yiskiy<n) emirtni[ piyi[ gN)

Skiy.” 1

s>b>(Ft si(hRyni a¿yisY) n)c[ni fiydiai[ Yiy C[.

1. s>>Si[Fnkiy< b[vDit&> hi[y ti[ TiL) Skiy C[.

2. pi[tini a¿yismi> kyi cli[ l[vi t[n) smj pD[ C[.

3. smAyin[ an&$p yi[³y uRkÃpni/a¿yis p\Åni[ rc) Skvin&> mig<dS<n mL[ C[.

4. a¿yis miT[n&> upkrN t]yir krvi yi[³y (dSis*cn mL[ C[.

5. mi(ht) a[k#i)krN krvimi> srLti rh[ C[.

6. Yy[l) B*li[n&> p&nrivt<n TiL) Skiy C[.

7. agiuni Yy[li s>Si[Fnkiyi[< siY[ srKiv) Skiy C[.

8. s>Si[Fn pÛ(t an[ pZYÊrN p\(v(Fn) ApOTti Yiy C[.

9. pi[tini s>Si[Fnkiy< miT[ aiRm(vÅvis uRpºn Yiy C[.

aim, s>b>(Ft si(hRyni a¿yisY) s>Si[Fkn[ hv[ pC) pi[t[ hiY Frvini s>Si[Fnn) smg\

kiy<yi[jni vF& ApOT bn[ C[. an[ s>Si[Fn miT[ j$r) p\[rNi mL[ C[.

1. pirsniY riy, an&s>Fin p(rcyan&s>Fin p(rcyan&s>Fin p(rcyan&s>Fin p(rcy. aig\i : lÈm)niriyN ag\vil, pZ.103

14

p\At&t s>Si[Fnni> kiy< miT[ b[ p\kirni si(hRyni[ aiFir l[vimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

1. s]Ûi>(tk aiFir miT[n&> si(hRy

2. Äyvhir& aiFir miT[n&> si(hRy

s>Si[Fk[ ah) si]p\Ym s]Ûi>(tk aiFir miT[ni s>b>(Ft si(hRyn) sm)xi kr[l C[.

2.2 s]Ûi>(tk aiFir2.2 s]Ûi>(tk aiFir2.2 s]Ûi>(tk aiFir2.2 s]Ûi>(tk aiFir

s>Si[Fk[ ah)> Av-a¹yyn si(hRy, t[n&> mh_v, p\kiri[ an[ vk<kiD< t[m j kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt

a¹yyn {CAL} simg\) oiri a¹yyn pÛ(tni kiy<k|mn) s]Ûi>(tk B*(mki (vS[ (vgt[ rj*ait

kr) C[.

2.2.1 Av2.2.1 Av2.2.1 Av2.2.1 Av----a¹yyn si(hRya¹yyn si(hRya¹yyn si(hRya¹yyn si(hRy.... Av-a¹yyn si(hRy a[Tl[, “The presentation of contents in such

that one can understand without the help of teacher is called self instruction.” 2

m[Dm mi[ºT[sr)ni S¾di[mi> ji[ea[ ti[, ‘Self education is the best education method by

which the child learn in his own way and at his own rate.’ 3

uprn) Äyi²yiai[ prY) kh) Skiy k[ Av-a¹yyn si(hRy a[ (vwiY)<n[ (Sxkn)

g[rhijr)mi> pi[tin) an&k*Ltia[ a¿yis krvi miT[ t]yir kr[l&> si(hRy C[. t[mi> (vOiyvAt&n)

rj*ait nini-nini m&d`iai[mi>, udihrN siY[ an[ srL BiOiimi> krvimi> aiv[ C[. (vwiY)<<ai[ni

v]y(ktk tfivti[ni s>dB[< a¹yyn miT[ ai pÛ(tn&> mh_v aij[ GN&> ji[vi mL[ C[.

AvAvAvAv----a¹yyn sia¹yyn sia¹yyn sia¹yyn si(hRyn&> mh_v(hRyn&> mh_v(hRyn&> mh_v(hRyn&> mh_v....4444

vt<min smymi> an[k SiLiai[mi> Av-a¹yyn si(hRy oiri (vwiY)<ai[n[ (SxN aipvimi>

aiv[ C[. t[ t[ni m&jbni mh_vni[ Av)kir dSiv[< C[.

1. t[ p\Ryx (SxN an[ piqyp&Atk a[m b[vD) B*(mki Bjv[ C[.

2. (vwiY)<n[ a¿yis p\Ry[ a(Bm&K kr[ C[.

3. (vwiY)<n[ pi[tin) p\g(tni[ ²yil tiRki(lk aip[ C[. j[ Avp\(tp&(OT p*r) piD[ C[.

2. R. C. Das, Educational Technology. New Delhi : A Basic Text Stearling Publishers

Private Limited, 1993, p. 5

3. K. L. Kumar, Programme Learning in Education Technology. New Delhi : New

Age International (P) Ltd., p. 22

4. a[n. a[s. di[>gi, a¹yipn mni[(vXina¹yipn mni[(vXina¹yipn mni[(vXina¹yipn mni[(vXin. {p\.aivZ(_i} rijki[T : (n(jjn siyki[ s[ºTr,

1995, pZ. 271

15

4. a¹yynvAt& ci[Ês k|mmi> gi[qviy[l hi[viY) bi[FiRmk s>rcnimi> a¹yi(yt vAt& vFir[

(AYrti p\i¼t kr[ C[.

5. a¹yyn vAt&n&> a¹yyn S$ krti> ph[li> t[n&> a¹yyn k[m krv&> t[n&> (vwiY)<n[ S$aitmi>

j mig<dS<n mLt>& hi[viY) (vwiY)< (vni avri[F[ aigL vF) Sk[ C[.

6. a¹y[tin[ pi[tin) zDp[ an[ pi[tin) an&k*Ltia[ a¹yyn krvin) tk aip[ C[.

7. t[jAv) (vwiY)<ai[n[ pi[tin) S(ktai[ni[ mh_im upyi[g krvini[ avkiS hi[y C[.

AvAvAvAv----a¹yyn si(hRyni pa¹yyn si(hRyni pa¹yyn si(hRyni pa¹yyn si(hRyni p\\\\kiri[.kiri[.kiri[.kiri[.

Av-a¹yyn si(hRyn) GN) p\y&(ktai[ C[. t[ p]k)n) k[Tl)k ai p\miN[ C[.

{1} a(Bk|(mt a¹yyn {2} Avi¹yiy pÛ(t {3} vk<kiD< pÛ(t {4} srL a¹yyn

si(hRy an[ {5} mi[Dy&l.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni kr) t[n) ajmiyS krvimi> aiv[l) ht).

2.2.2 vk<kiD< si(hRy2.2.2 vk<kiD< si(hRy2.2.2 vk<kiD< si(hRy2.2.2 vk<kiD< si(hRy.... vk<kiD< a[ (vwiY)< miT[ pi[tin) g(B<t xmtiai[ni[ (vkis krvi miT[ an[

Avt>#i r)t[ S)Kvi miT[n) tk p*r) piDt&> agRyn&> a¹yyn si(hRy C[.

Dn r)Ti an[ Dn k[n[Yni mt[, ‘A Carriculam work card is a single unit or topic

initially out lined by the teacher and selected from a predermined course of study. It is

expended or restricted for use based on the teacher’s diagnosis of each child’s academic

strengths, weakness and learning style.’5

D[r[k ri[ÄnT^)ni mt p\miN[, ‘Each work card would represent the minimum amount of

material a leaner might usefully tackle at a single study session. This mation is useful both to

learners in scheduling their leaner sessions and to the developer of materials in planning their

teaching.’6

vk<kiD< Av(SxN aipt) mig<d(S<ki kh) Skiy.

vk<kiD< a[ a¿yisn&> Avy> b>Fiy[l&> miLK&> C[ k[ j[ (vwiY)<ai[n[ n)c[ m&jb ApOT (nd[<S kr[

C[.

1. (vwiY)<ai[n[ S&> S)Kvin) j$r C[.

5. Rita Dunn and Dunn Kenneth, Practice Approach to Indivisualizing

Instruction. New York : Parker Publishing Co. Ltd., 1972, p. 79

6. Towntree Darek, Teaching Through Self Instruction. New York : Nichols

Publishing Company, 1986, p. 37

16

2. j[ S)Kvin) j$r hi[y t[ p&Atki[, simi(yki[ k[ upkrNi[ oiri S)K) Sk[ C[.

3. t[ j[ni vD[ S)²yi[ C[ t[ni[ sj<niRmk r)t[ upyi[g kr) Sk[ an[ p(rNim[ t[n) S(kt ØQ

bn[.

4. pi[t[ j[ S)²y&> k[ sj<n ky†& C[ t[ni (vOi[ aºy Äy(kt siY[ cci< kr) Sk[.

lix(Nkti. lix(Nkti. lix(Nkti. lix(Nkti.

vk<kiD<n) lix(Nkti ai m&jb C[.

- (vwiY)<n) kxi p\miN[ srLBiOiimi> t]yir Yy[l&> si(hRy C[.

- p\Ry[k m&dì miT[ a[k vk<kiD< hi[y C[.

- (vOiyvAt&ni[ h[t& ApOT krvimi> aiv[ C[.

- (vOiyvAt&n[ a>t[ srL BiOiimi> p\Åni[ aip[li hi[y C[.

- p\Åni[ni jvib p\Ånp#in) a>dr p\Ånn) n)c[ aYvi aºy u_irpi[Y)mi> aipvini hi[y

C[.

- Ava¹yyn si(hRy hi[viY) (Sxk j$r pD[ ti[ j mig<dS<n aip[ C[.

vk<kiD< rcnini svk<kiD< rcnini svk<kiD< rcnini svk<kiD< rcnini si[pin.i[pin.i[pin.i[pin.7

vk<kiD< rcnini si[pini[ ai r)t[ dSi<v) Skiy.

si[pinsi[pinsi[pinsi[pin----1 (vOiyvAt&n) ps>dg). 1 (vOiyvAt&n) ps>dg). 1 (vOiyvAt&n) ps>dg). 1 (vOiyvAt&n) ps>dg). vk<kiD< miT[ j[ t[ (vOiy miT[ j[ a[kmi[n&> (SxNkiy< krvin&>

hi[y C[ t[ni ci[kks a[kmi[ ps>d krvi a[ agRyn) bibt C[. (vwiY)<ai[n) kxin[ ¹yinmi> riK)n[

ai ps>dg) krvimi> aiv[ C[.

si[pinsi[pinsi[pinsi[pin----2 (vOiyvAt&n&> pZYÊrN. 2 (vOiyvAt&n&> pZYÊrN. 2 (vOiyvAt&n&> pZYÊrN. 2 (vOiyvAt&n&> pZYÊrN. ps>d kriy[[li a[kmi[n[ nini nini m&dìai[mi> (vBi(jt krvimi>

aiv[ C[. (vOiyvAt&n[ K*b j srL r)t[ (vwiY)<ai[ smJ Sk[ t[v) BiOiimi> nini nini m&dìai[mi>

vh[>cvimi> aiv[ C[. j$r jNiy Ryi> aikZ(t oiri pN (vOiyvARi& vF& ApOT kr) Skiy C[. aim,

a[kmn) smg\ (vOiyvAt& (vwiY)<ai[ smx vk<kiD<mi> srL BiOiimi> rj* krvimi> aiv[ C[. Ryir bid

(vwiY)< ai (vOiyvAt& bribr smjyi[ C[ k[ nh)> t[ jiNvi miT[ t[n) n)c[ m*Ãyi>kn miT[ nini nini

p\Åni[ m*kvimi> aiv[ C[. dr[k p\Ånni jvib S)K[l) (vOiyvAt&n[ aiFir[ aip) Sk[ t[vi p\Åni[ hi[vi

ji[ea[. ai[Ci S¾di[mi> jvib aip) Sk[ t[ miT[ aniRmlx) an[ lG&jvib) p\Åni[ni[ aiFir l[vi[.

jvib lKvi miT[ alg jvibp#i aipvin) ÄyvAYi (vcir) l[v). p\Åni[n) s>²yi a[Tl) riKv) k[

j[Y) (vOiy vAt& p*ri p\miNmi> aivr) Skiy.

7. D). a[. uciT, srL a¹yyn simgsrL a¹yyn simgsrL a¹yyn simgsrL a¹yyn simg\\\\)n) rcni an[ ajmiyS)n) rcni an[ ajmiyS)n) rcni an[ ajmiyS)n) rcni an[ ajmiyS. gi>F)ngr : mi¹y(mk

(SxN an[ p\(SxN {sim(yk}, g&jrit mi¹y(mk (SxN bi[D<, a>k 11

17

si[pinsi[pinsi[pinsi[pin----3 tj`Xi[ni a(Bp3 tj`Xi[ni a(Bp3 tj`Xi[ni a(Bp3 tj`Xi[ni a(Bp\\\\iy. iy. iy. iy. t]yir Yy[l&> vk<kiD< (vOiyvAt& (SxNni (nONit[ini a(Bp\iy

miT[ mi[klv&>. an&k*Lti hi[y ti[ tj`Xi[n) $b$ m&likitY) GN) bibti[ vF& ApOT Ye Sk[ C[.

tj`Xi[mi> an&Bv) (Sxki[, a¹yipki[ an[ aiciyi[<ni[ smiv[S krvi[. tj`X (vOiyvAt&ni[ (nONit

hi[y t[ j$r) C[. tj`Xi[ni a(Bp\iyni aiFir[ vk<kiD<n&> Av$p, t[mi> vpriy[l) BiOii, (vOiyvAt&n&>

p\miN an[ p\Åni[ni m*Ãyi>kn (vBigmi> j$r) f[rfiri[ krvi[ an[ nini sm*hn[ p*v<p\iY(mk

ajmiyS miT[ aipv>&.

si[pinsi[pinsi[pinsi[pin----4 p*v<p4 p*v<p4 p*v<p4 p*v<p\\\\iY(mk ajmiyS. iY(mk ajmiyS. iY(mk ajmiyS. iY(mk ajmiyS. (vwiY)<ai[ni nini j*Yn[ ajmiyS miT[ vk<kiD< oiri

a¹yipnkiy< krivv&>. k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[ b>n[ni[ smiv[S krvi[. (vwiY)<ai[ vk<kiD<ni[ upyi[g ke

r)t[ kr[ t[n) ApOT s*cni aipv). vk<kiD<ni[ upyi[g kr)n[ (SxNkiy< Yiy ti[ t[mi> upyi[g krt)

vKt[ ke m&Æk[l)ai[ pD[ C[ t[ni[ ²yil aiv[ C[ an[ dr[k vk<kiD< d)q k[Tli[ smy ji[ea[ t[ nÊ)

kr) Skiy C[. aini aiFir[ vk<kiD<n&> a>(tm Av$p t]yir krvimi> aiv[ C[.

si[pinsi[pinsi[pinsi[pin----5 a>(tm Av$pn) rcni. 5 a>(tm Av$pn) rcni. 5 a>(tm Av$pn) rcni. 5 a>(tm Av$pn) rcni. tj`Xi[ni a(Bp\iy an[ p*v<p\iY(mk ajmiySni aiFir[

vk<kiD<n&> a>(tm Av$p t]yir krvimi> aiv[ C[. t[mi> m&²y #iN Big hi[y C[. s*cni, (vOiyvAt&n&>

pZYÊrN an[ m*Ãyi>kn. m*Ãyi>kn oiri (vwiY)<n[ smg\ a[kmn) (vOiyvAt& smjvimi> kyi> tkl)f

pD[ C[ t[ jiN) Skiy C[. S&¹F ji[DN)mi> (vwiY)<ai[ miT[ a>(tm Av$p t]yir kr)n[ pC) upyi[g miT[

aip) Skiy C[. vL), aiKi[ a[km S)Kvvi miT[ k[Tli vk<kiD< t]yir krvi pDS[ t[ni[ ²yil aiv[

C[. bn) Sk[ ti[ vk<kiD<n) s>²yi p*rti p\miNmi> riKv).

¹yinmi> riKvin) bib¹yinmi> riKvin) bib¹yinmi> riKvin) bib¹yinmi> riKvin) bibti[. ti[. ti[. ti[. vk<kiD< s>rcnimi> n)c[n) bibti[ ¹yinmi> riKv).

1. (vOiyvAt&ni m&d`iai[n) s>²yi p*rt) nÊ) krv).

2. (vOiyvAt& piqyp&Atk aiFi(rt t]yir krv&>.

3. a[k vk<kiD< p*r&> krvi miT[ k[Tli[ smy ligS[ t[ nÊ) kr) l[vi[.

4. vk<kiD< S$ krti ph[li> s*cniai[ ApOT r)t[ smjivv).

5. (vOiy(Sxk[ pi[t[ vk<kiD< oiri a¹yipn krv&>.

6. BiOiin) ji[DN) S&¹F hi[v) ji[ea[.

7. vk<kiD<n) BiOii srL riKv) j[Y) (vwiY)<ai[ sh[lieY) smJ Sk[.

8. vk<kiD<n) (vOiyvAt& a>g[ni p\\Åni[n) s>²yi dr[k (vOiy vAt& aivr) l[viy t[Tl) riKv).

9. jvib ke r)t[ aipvini[ C[ t[n) ApOTti krv).

10. a[k vk<kiD<n&> a¹yipn p*r&> Yyi pC) j b)j&> vk<kiD< viprv&>.

18

vk<kiD< simgvk<kiD< simgvk<kiD< simgvk<kiD< simg\\\\).).).). vk<kiD< simg\) vg<K>Dmi> (vwiY)<ai[n[ (SxNp*rk bnv) ji[ea[. t[ni oiri

a¹yipn krivvin&> ki]SÃy (Sxkmi> hi[v&> ji[ea[. vk<kiD< simg\) sir) r)t[ Cpiy[l) hi[v) ji[ea[.

(vwiY)< srL r)t[ (vOiyvAt& smJ Sk[ t[v) gi[qvN t[mi> hi[v) ji[ea[. dr[k vk<kiD<n[ alg alg

n>br aip)n[ pC) k|m p\miN[ vk<kiD< simg\)ni[ upyi[g krvi[ ji[ea[. p\Åni[ni jvib ApOT r)t[

aip) Sk[ t[n) ÄyvAYi krv) ji[ea[.

mh_v.mh_v.mh_v.mh_v.(vwiY)<n[ vk<kiD< simg\) pi[tin) m[L[ a¹yyn krvimi> K*bj upyi[g) Yy[l) C[. t[n&> mh_v

dSi<vti m&dìai[ ai p\miN[ aip) Skiy.

1. (vwiY)< pi[tin) m[L[ a¹yyn kr) Sk[ C[.

2. j$r pD[ Ryir[ j (Sxkn&> mig<dS<n m[Lv) pi[tin) g(tY) aigL vF) Sk[ C[.

3. (Sxkn) av[[Jmi> (vwiY)< jit[ a¹yyn kr) Sk[ C[.

4. f*rsdni smymi> pN (vwiY)< vk<kiD< oiri a¹yyn kr) Sk[ C[.

5. pi[tini Gr[ rh)n[ pN vk<kiD<ni[ upyi[g kr) Skiy C[.

6. Avm*Ãyi>kn oiri (vwiY)< pi[tin) jit[ m*Ãyi>kn kr) B*li[ s&Fir) Sk[ C[.

7. vk<kiD<mi> aip[l) p\vZ(_iai[ an[ p\yi[gi[ (vwiY)< pi[tin) m[L[ kr) Sk[ C[.

8. pi[tin) m[L[ kiy< kyi<ni[ (vwiY)<n[ ain>d aiv[ C[.

9. nv&> vk<kiD< S$ krti> ph[li> kyi m&dì nbLi rh) gyi C[ t[ni[ (vwiY)<n[ ²yil aiv[ C[.

aiY) Avs&FirNi Ye Sk[ C[.

2.2.3 S]x(Nk T[k`ni[l(j2.2.3 S]x(Nk T[k`ni[l(j2.2.3 S]x(Nk T[k`ni[l(j2.2.3 S]x(Nk T[k`ni[l(j

S]x(Nk T[k`ni[l(j S¾dni[ p\yi[g p\Ym vKt e.s. 1950 mi> e³l[ºDmi> b\ienmr[ kyi[< hti[.

Birtmi> 1961mi> NCTE oiri t[n) (vAtZt Äyi²yi Ye.

‘Technology’ S¾d g\)kni ‘Tech’ prY) ‘Technicos’ prY) aiÄyi[ C[. t[ni[ aY< “a[k

kli” a[vi[ C[. a[n&> l[(Tn Av$p ‘Texture’ {T[kÀyr} C[, j[ni[ aY< “vNv&>” {To wave} “ (nmi<N

krv&>” a[vi[ Yiy C[. T[k`ni[l(jni[ g&jrit) aY< ‘tk(nk)’ k[ ‘p\i[wi](gk)’ Yiy C[. t[ni[ pyi<y S¾d

‘p\(vFi’ C[.

(SxNx[#i[ kÀ¼y*Trni[ (v(nyi[g(SxNx[#i[ kÀ¼y*Trni[ (v(nyi[g(SxNx[#i[ kÀ¼y*Trni[ (v(nyi[g(SxNx[#i[ kÀ¼y*Trni[ (v(nyi[g. . . .

kÀ¼y*Tr Tƒkni[l(jni[ d*rvt)< (SxNmi> t[mj vg<<K>D (SxNmi> (dvs[ (dvs[[ upyi[g vFti[

jiy C[. kÀ¼y*Trni[ (SxNmi> upyi[g a¹yyn a¹yipn x[#i[, ØQ)krN an[ mhivri x[#i[, an&$pN

miT[, m*Ãyi>kn miT[ (vS[Oi p\miNmi> Ye rHi[ C[.

19

{1} a¹yyn a¹yipn miT[{1} a¹yyn a¹yipn miT[{1} a¹yyn a¹yipn miT[{1} a¹yyn a¹yipn miT[

Av-a¹yynni a[k Av$p tr)k[ ah)>> (vOiyvAt&n[ nini nini frmi Av$p[ vh[>c) d[vimi>

aiv[ C[. (vwiY)<n) p\g(tn) jiNkir) miT[ dr[k frmin[ a>t[ p\Ån p*Cvimi> aiv[ C[. yi[³y u_ir miT[

p\(tpi[OiN an[ Ki[Ti u_irn) s&FirNi krvin) ÄyvAYi hi[y C[.kÀ¼y*Trmi> pN r](Kk a(Bk|mi[ an[

p\SiKi a(Bk|mi[ Av$pni p\i[g\im bniv) Skiy C[.

{2} ØQ)krN an[ mhivri miT[{2} ØQ)krN an[ mhivri miT[{2} ØQ)krN an[ mhivri miT[{2} ØQ)krN an[ mhivri miT[

(vwiY)<a[ S)K[li m&d`i, (sÛi>t (nymn[ an&$p an[k udihrNi[ p*ri piDvimi> aiv[ C[.

Ryirbid (vwiY)<a[ m[Lv[l Xinn) ckisN) krvimi> aiv[ C[. p\(tp&(OT k[ upcir oiri k|mS:

(vwiY)<n[ p\B&Rv a¹yynn) kxi s&F) phi[>ciDvimi> aiv[ C[.

{3} an&$pN miT[{3} an&$pN miT[{3} an&$pN miT[{3} an&$pN miT[

(vXin j[vi (vOiyni a¹yipnmi> GN)vir g(tni (nymi[, prmiN& (vK>Dnn) p\(k|yi,

g&r&RvikOi<Nni (sÛi>ti[ vg[r[n) smj*t) kYn oiri aipv) aGr) hi[y C[. kÀ¼y*Tr oiri tiØÆy

rj*ait an[ udihrNi[ btiv) s>kÃpniai[ ApOT kr) Skiy C[.

{4} m*Ãyi>kn miT[{4} m*Ãyi>kn miT[{4} m*Ãyi>kn miT[{4} m*Ãyi>kn miT[

(vOiy an&$p p\Åni[ni[ s>g\h kr) ci[Ês miLKin[ an&lx)n[ srK) k(qnti m*Ãyi[ni>

p\Ånp#ii[ kÀ¼y*Tr oiri m[Lv) Skiy C[.

{5} g&Ni>kn an[ pZYÊrN miT[{5} g&Ni>kn an[ pZYÊrN miT[{5} g&Ni>kn an[ pZYÊrN miT[{5} g&Ni>kn an[ pZYÊrN miT[

(vwiY)<ai[ni p\(tcir g&Ni>kn kriv) Skiy C[. ai g&Ni>knn[ aiFir[ ksi[T) klmi[n&>

pZYÊrN Ye Sk[ C[. (vwiY)<ai[n) xmtin&> pZYÊrN kriv) Skiy C[.

2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.4444 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mkÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mkÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mkÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m....8

kÀ¼y*Trni (SxNmi> p\v[Sn[ kirN[ b>n[n[ si>kLti GNi> pi(rBi(Oik pdi[ni[ ud`Bv Yyi[ C[.

j[m k[, Computer Assisted k[ Aided Learning (CAL), Computer Aided Instraction

(CAI), Computer Based Training (CBT), Computer Managed Education (CME) vg[r[.

pi(rBi(Oik S¾di[n&> v](v¹y kÀ¼y*Tr T[k`ni[l(jn) (SxNmi> upyi[jn xmtiai[, (Bºnti

p\d(S<t kr[ C[. kÀ¼y*Tr ai(sAT[D/a[ED[D eºAT^kSn {CAI} ni[ s>b>F a[v) p(r(AY(t siY[ C[,

jyi> kÀ¼y*Ts< (vOiyvAt&, a¹y[ti an[ a¹yipkn) sim[lg)r)ni[ s>dB< Friv[ C[. sir) a¹yipn

yi[jinini (v(vF pi>siai[n[ ¹yinmi> le ji[ mÃT)(mD)yi a(BgmY) rj*ait krvimi> aiv[, ti[

8. Anil Ambasana, Computer in Research and Education. Rajkot :

Saurashtra University, 1998. p. 16

20

asrkirk S]x(Nk si[fTv[r t]yir YE Sk[. aivi si[fTv[rn[ CAI {kÀ¼y*Tr ai(sAT[D

eºAT^kSn} p[k[j kh[ C[. ai r)t[ t]yir Yy[l si[fTv[r a[k siri S]x(Nk Ty&Trn) B*(mki Bjv[

C[. albt, a[ siri (Sxkni[ (vkÃpn nY), pr>t& asrkirk (SxNni[ shiyk C[.

CALL a[ BiOii (SxN miT[ni[ algY) (vksiviy[l CAI ni[ j a[k p[Ti kiy<k|m C[.

2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.4444....1111 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yynni fiydikÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yynni fiydikÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yynni fiydikÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yynni fiydi. . . . 9

(SxNni (v(vF x[#ii[mi> kÀ¼y*Trni[ (v(nyi[g aij[ vF) rHi[ C[ Ryir[ Av-a¹yynn) a[k

pÛ(t tr)k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mn) (vS[Oitiai[ ai m&jb vN<v) Skiy.

1. (vwiY)< Avg(ta[ a¿yis kr) p\g(t kr) Sk[ C[.

2. Av-a¹yyn dr(myin (vwiY)<n[ stt p\(tcir mLviY) (SxNkiy<mi> t[ rsp*v<k

ji[Diy C[.

3. (vwiY)< kÀ¼y*Tr oiri pi[tini an&k*L AYL[ an[ smy[ a¿yis kr) Sk[ C[.

4. kÀ¼y*Trn) mddY) ØÆy-~iÄy an&Bvi[ asrkirk r)t[ aip) Skiy C[.

5. k|mS: nini nini pglimi> aigL vFvin&> hi[viY) yi[³y a¿yis Ye Sk[ C[.

6. p&nrivt<n, ØQ)krN an[ mhivri miT[ ai[Ci smymi> vF& kiy< Ye Sk[ C[.

7. (vwiY)<a[ aip[li p\(tciri[n[ an&$p p\(tpi[OiN m[Lv) Sk[ C[.

8. mÃT)m)(Dyi p\[zºT[Sn oiri (v(vF ap\Ryx an&Bvi[ p*ri piD) Skiy C[.

2.2.2.2.2.2.2.2.4444....2222 CALn) lix(Nktin) lix(Nktin) lix(Nktin) lix(Nkti....10101010

CAL an[ CAI si[fTv[rmi> n)c[ni j[v) lix(Nkti ji[vi mL[ C[.

1. ApOT r)t[ a¹yipn)y h[t&ai[ dSi<v[li hi[y C[.

2. p*v<Xinn) ckisN) krvimi> aiv[.

3. (vOiyvAt&ni ti(k<>k r)t[ (vBigi[ piD[li hi[y C[.

4. (vOiyvAt&n) rj*ait nini-nini pgliai[ Av$p[ kr[l) hi[y C[.

5. a(Bk|(mt a¹yynni k[Tli>k si[pini[n[ an&sr[ C[.

9. A. Rose, Effectiveness of Computer Assisted Instruction with Special

Reference to Underachievers. New Delhi : M. B. Buch, (Ed.) (Fifth Survey of

Educational Researches), 2000, p. 1388

10. a(nl a>bisNi, kÀ¼y&Trni[ (SxNmi> (v(nyi[gkÀ¼y&Trni[ (SxNmi> (v(nyi[gkÀ¼y&Trni[ (SxNmi> (v(nyi[gkÀ¼y&Trni[ (SxNmi> (v(nyi[g, rijki[T: (SxNSiA#i Bvn, si]riOT

y&(nv(s<T), 2005.

21

6. (vOiyvAt& rj*aitmi> XitY) aXit, srLY) kq)n, m*t<Y) am*t<ni (sÛi>ti[ni[ upyi[g

kr[li[ hi[y C[.

7. a¹y[ti pi[t[ pi[tin) Avg(ta[ a¹yyn kr) Sk[ C[.

8. (vOiyvAt&n) mi(ht)n) rj*aitmi> a[k krti> vF& mi¹ymi[ j[vi k[, ØÆy, ~iÄy t[m j ØÆy-

~iÄy b>n[ni[ smºvy Ye Sk[. s>g)t, a[(nm[Sn, (vD)yi[ (fÃm/(kl(p>³sni[ (v(nyi[g pN

Ye Sk[ C[.

9. a[k AlieD/frmimi> p\miNsr lKiN m*k[l&> hi[y C[. lKiNn[ a>t[ s>b>(Ft (vOiyvAt&n[

an&$p p\Ån m*kvimi> aiv[ C[.

2.2.52.2.52.2.52.2.5 Äyi²yin pÛ(tÄyi²yin pÛ(tÄyi²yin pÛ(tÄyi²yin pÛ(t

Äyi²yin pÛ(tni[ aY<, ¹yinmi> riKvin) bibti[ an[ mh_v ai m&jb C[.

aY<.aY<.aY<.aY<. (vOiyvAt&n[ Äyi²yin Av$p[ rj* krvin) pÛ(t a[Tl[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t. ah)>> (Sxk

(vOiyvAt&n[ mgjmi> yid riK) vg<mi> rj*ait kr[ C[. ai si]Y) j*n), c)licil& pÛ(t C[. t[n[

p\vcn pÛ(t k[ kYn pÛ(t pN kh[ C[. j[Às ni mt p\miN[ “ Äyi²yin pÛ(t a[k (SxNpÛ(t C[.

j[mi> kiLJ p*v<k aiyi[(jt kr[l&> BiOiN-Äyi²yin ai]pci(rk r)t[ rj* krvimi> aiv[ C[.” 11

¹yinmi> riKvin) bibti[. ¹yinmi> riKvin) bibti[. ¹yinmi> riKvin) bibti[. ¹yinmi> riKvin) bibti[. Äyi²yin pÛ(tn[ asrkirk bnivvi miT[ ¹yinmi> riKv) ji[et)

bibti[ n)c[ p\miN[ C[.

1. s>dB< p&Atki[mi>Y) yi[³y mi(ht) m[Lv)n[ (vwiY)<ai[n[ nv) mi(ht) aipvini[ p\yis krvi[

ji[ea[.

2. yi[³y S¾di[, (vOiyvAt&n&> p\miNBin, p\BivSiL) avij, yi[³y g(t, yi[³y airi[h-

avri[h, yi[³y hivBiv an[ asrkirk viN)n) CTi oiri aip[l&> Äyi²yin asrkirk

n)vD[ C[.

3. kYn T*k&>, srL an[ ApOT hi[v&> ji[ea[. t[mi> (bnj$r) l>biN k[ p&nrivt<n TiLv&> ji[ea[.

4. Äyi²yin dr(myin (vciri[n) k|(mkti, tk<b¹Fti an[ sRyti scvivi ji[ea[.

5. (vwiY)<ai[n[ k[ºÙmi> riK) t[mn) kxi p\miN[ Äyi²yin hi[v&> ji[ea[.

6. Äyi²yin drÀyin udihrNi[, S]x(Nk siFni[n&> (ndS<n, p\Åni[_ir an[ cci< miT[ smy

fiLvvi[ ji[ea[.

11. rivl, piqk, viG[li an[ (#iv[d), g&jrit)n&> a(Bng&jrit)n&> a(Bng&jrit)n&> a(Bng&jrit)n&> a(Bnv a¹yipn.v a¹yipn.v a¹yipn.v a¹yipn. amdivid: (nrv p\kiSn,

2002, pZ. 284-286.

22

7. Äyi²yin ApOT avijmi> bFi> (vwiY)<ai[ smJ Sk[ t[v) S]l)mi> hi[v&> ji[ea[.

8. Äyi²yin siY[ (vwiY)<ai[n[ ni[>F t]yir krvin) til)m aipv).

9. Äyi²yin a>t[ p\Åni[_ir) miT[ smy fiLvvi[.

mh_v.mh_v.mh_v.mh_v.Äyi²yin pÛ(tn&> mh_v ai r)t[ dSi<v) Skiy.

1. (vOiyvAt&n) mi(ht) t]yir kr) rj*ait krvin&> kiy< (Sxk miT[ srL bn) rh[ C[.

2. agRyn) (vgti[, m&dìai[, p(r(AY(tai[n[ ApOT kr) Skiy C[.

3. a¿yisk|mni m&dìai[mi>Y) (bnj$r) m&dìai[ kiQ) Skiy C[.

4. (vOiyvAt&ni s>dB<mi> (vS[Oi (vciri[ vg<mi> rj* kr) (vwiY)<ai[n) (vcirS(ktn[ (vksiv)

Skiy.

5. (vwiY)<ai[n) xmtiai[, p*v<Xin an[ j$(ryitn[ ¹yinmi> riK) Äyi²yini[ amlmi> m*k)

Skiy.

6. (vwiY)<ai[n[ BNvini[ s>ti[Oi Yiy C[.

7. (Sxkn[ BNivvini[ s>ti[Oi Yiy C[.

8. (vS[Oi siFni[n) Bi³y[ j j$r pD[ C[.

9. li>bi a¿yisk|mn[ phi[>c) vLiy C[.

10. ki[epN (vOiymi> an[ gm[ t[ a[kmmi> vipr) Skiy C[.

11. li>bi a¿yisk|m (nFi<(rt smymi> p*ri> kr) Skiy C[.

12. (nONiti[ oiri apiti p\\vcni[ t[jAv) (vwiY)<ai[n[ a¿yismi> p\[rNidiy) Yiy C[.

2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 p*v[< Yp*v[< Yp*v[< Yp*v[< Yy[li s>b>(Ft s>Si[Fni[ni siri>Sy[li s>b>(Ft s>Si[Fni[ni siri>Sy[li s>b>(Ft s>Si[Fni[ni siri>Sy[li s>b>(Ft s>Si[Fni[ni siri>S

p\At&t s>Si[Fn kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mn) an[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) asrkirkti

Äyi²yin pÛ(tn) t&lnimi> jiNvi a>g[ni[ hti[. ai miT[ s>Si[Fk[ pi[tin) smAyin[ s>b>(Ft p\i[j[kT

kiy<, p)a[c.D). kxia[ t[m j a[m.a[D`. kxia[ Yy[li s>Si[Fni[, s>dB< p&Atki[, s>Si[Fn s>cy,

sim(yki[ vg[r[ni[> a¿yis kr) s]Ûi>(tk t[m j miLKik)y bibti[n&> mig<dS<n m[LÄy&> ht&>. p*v[<

Yy[li s>Si[Fni[n) sm)xini (vÅl[OiN miT[ p\i¼t s>Si[Fni[n[ b[ (vBigmi> vh[>cvimi> aiv[li hti.

{1} a[m.a[D`. kxia[ Yy[li> p*ri[gim) s>Si[Fni[

{2} p\i[j[kT kiy<, a[m.(fl. tYi p)a[c.D). kxia[ Yy[li> p*ri[gim) s>Si[Fni[

23

ai b>n[ (vBigi[mi>ni s>Si[Fni[n) mi(ht) si]riOT y&(nv(s<T), v)r nm<>d d(xN g&jrit

y&(nv(s<T), a[m.a[s.y&(nv(s<T)mi>Y) t[m j Birt) dS<n y&(nv(s<T) {ki[eÀbt&r} an[ (vd[Sni

s>Si[Fni[ a>g[n) mi(ht) eºTrn[T prY) m[Lvvimi> aiv) ht)>. j[mi> 1991 Y) 2008 s&F)ni

s>Si[Fni[ni[ a¿yis krvimi> aiv[li[ hti[. mi(ht) tr)k[ s>Si[Fkn&> nim, vOi<, a¿yiskxi, h[t&ai[,

~[N), (vOiy, a[km, p\iyi[(gk yi[jni, nm*ni[, Avt>#i cl, pZYÊrN pÛ(t an[ p(rNimn[ ¹yinmi>

l)Fi hti.

a[m.a[D`. kxia[ Yy[li> p*ri[gim) s>Si[Fni[n) ai p\kirn) mi(ht) sirN) 2.1 mi> dSi<v[l)

C[. jyir[ a[m.(fl, p)a[c.D). t[m j p\i[j[k`T kxia[ Yy[li> p*ri[gim) s>Si[Fni[ni siri>Sn) mi(ht)

sirN) 2.2 mi> dSi<v[l) C[.

24

sirN) 2.1sirN) 2.1sirN) 2.1sirN) 2.1 a[m.a[D`. kxia[ Yy[lia[m.a[D`. kxia[ Yy[lia[m.a[D`. kxia[ Yy[lia[m.a[D`. kxia[ Yy[li>>>> p*ri[gim) s>Si[Fni[ni[ siri>Sp*ri[gim) s>Si[Fni[ni[ siri>Sp*ri[gim) s>Si[Fni[ni[ siri>Sp*ri[gim) s>Si[Fni[ni[ siri>S

k|mk|mk|mk|m pppp\\\\yi[jkn&> nimyi[jkn&> nimyi[jkn&> nimyi[jkn&> nim

vOi<, y&(nv(s<T)vOi<, y&(nv(s<T)vOi<, y&(nv(s<T)vOi<, y&(nv(s<T) m&²y h[t&ai[m&²y h[t&ai[m&²y h[t&ai[m&²y h[t&ai[ ~[N)~[N)~[N)~[N)

(vOiy(vOiy(vOiy(vOiy {{{{a[kma[kma[kma[km}}}}

pppp\\\\iyi[(gkiyi[(gkiyi[(gkiyi[(gk yi[jniyi[jniyi[jniyi[jni

nm*ni[nm*ni[nm*ni[nm*ni[ Avt>#i clAvt>#i clAvt>#i clAvt>#i cl pZYÊrNpZYÊrNpZYÊrNpZYÊrN pÛ(tpÛ(tpÛ(tpÛ(t

p(rNimp(rNimp(rNimp(rNim

1. mili k&>D(lyi 1996, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T

(vXinni a¹yipn miT[ vk<kiD< an[ a(Bk|(mt a¹yynn) asrkirkti ckisv).

Fi[. 11 Jv(vXin

{ki[Oi(vBijn}

b[ j*Y aik(Amk pi#ii[, mi#i u_ir ksi[T) yi[jni

52 -vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yyn -a(Bk|(mt a¹yyn pÛ(t

sh(vcrN pZYÊrN

m&²y t[mj p*rk a¹yipn pÛ(t tr)k[ k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[mi> b>n[ pÛ(t smin asrkirk ji[vi mL[l.

2. Elik&mir) zili, 1997, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T

ai>kDiSiA#ini a¹yipn miT[ vk<kiD<n) s>rcni an[ asrkirkti ckisv).

Fi[. 10 g(Nt

{ai>kDiSiA#i}


174 -vk<kiD< si(hRy -Äyi²yin pÛ(t

T) ksi[T) vk<kiD< oiri an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri Yt&> a¹yipn k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[mi> smin asrkirk ht&>.

3. D[Di(Nyi k)(t<, 1997, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T

g(Ntni a¹yipnmi> vk<kiD< an[ pr>prigt a¹yipn pÛ(tni s>dB<mi> asrkirkti ckisv).

Fi[. 10 g(Nt

{(#iki[N(m(t}

b[ j*Y, p*v<ksi[T) u_irksi[T) yi[jni

64 -vk<kiD< si(hRy -pr>prigt pÛ(t

-T) ksi[T), sh(vcrN pZYÊrN

-k&miri[mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(t an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy smin asrkirk -kºyiai[mi> si(hRy vF& asrkirk mil*m pDy&>.

25

4. tZ(¼t s&riN), 1999, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T

g(Ntni a¹yipn miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) asrkirkti ckisv).

Fi[. 9 g(Nt

{gN(k|yiai[}



T) ksi[T) -k&miri[ miT[ b>n[ pÛ(tai[ smin asrkirk -kºyiai[mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(tn) t&lnimi> vk<kiD< si(hRy vF& asrkirk

5 rm[S s(Kyi, 2001, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T

a>g\[J ÄyikrNni a¹yipn miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) asrkirkti ckisv)

Fi[. 8 Y) 12 a>g[\J

(Active and passive voice)



T) ksi[T) -k&miri[mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(tn) krti> vk<kiD< si(hRy vF& asrkirk -uµc (s(Û an[ m¹ym (s(Û Frivt) kºyiai[mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(tn) t&lnimi> vk><kiD< si(hRy vF& asrkirk -(nÀn (s(Û Frivt) kºyiai[mi> b>n[ pÛ(tai[ smin asrkirk ht).

6. (vk|m pT[l, 2001, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T

s>AkZt ÄyikrNni a¹yipn miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) asrkirkti ckisv)>

Fi[. 9 s>AkZt {s>(F}



T) ksi[T) -vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri Yt&> (SxN kiy< smin asrkirk

26

7. n)ti a[s. prmir,2000, g&jrit (vwip)q, amdivid.

-s*Èm a¹yipn kiy<k|m p\Ry[ p$SxNiY)<ai[ an[ a¹yipki[ni vlNi[n) ckisN)

P.T.C. -

{miek|i[- T)>(c>g}

- 50 a¹yipki[ an[ 200

til)miY)<

-vlN mipn T) ksi[T) -p&r&Oi a¹yipki[ an[ til)miY)<ai[ni vlN vF& hkiriRmk -Sh[r) krti g\iÀy (vAtirni a¹yipki[ an[ til)miY)<ai[ni vlNi[ vF& hkiriRmk hti>.

8. jy>t)lil air. pT[l, 2000, g&jrit (vwip)q, amdivid.

-til)miY)<ai[ni (SxNni Äyvsiy p\Ry[ni vlNni[ a¿yis

a¹yipn m>(dri[ - -

- 409 til)miY)<

-vlN mipn T) ksi[T) -A#i) til)miY)<ai[ni vlN vF& hkiriRmk -Sh[r) krti g\iÀy (vAtirni til)miY)<ai[ni vlN vF& hkiriRmk

9 k[. j[. gi[Avim), 2001, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T.

k(vtiai[ni a¹yipnmi> Av-a¹yyn simg$, (c#i simg\) an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tn) asrkirkti an[ vlN mipnni[ a¿yis

Fi[. 12 (hºd)

{ps>(dt kiÄyi[}

b[ j*Y aik(Amk pi#ii[, p*v< ksi[T) u_irksi[T) yi[jni

75 -Av a¹yyn simg\) -(c#i simg\) -Äyi²yin pÛ(t -vlN mipn

a[f ksi[T) -#iN[ pÛ(tai[ni p(rNimi[mi> tfivt. -p\Ym AYin Ava¹yyn simg\\), (ot)y AYin Äyi²yin pÛ(t an[ tZt)y AYin (c#i simg\) oiri a¹yipnn&> ht&>.

27

10 pir&l s). dv[, 2002, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T.

nimini m*Lt_vi[ (vOiymi> vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni an[ t[n) jit)ytini s>dB<mi> S]x(Nk (s(Û an[ (vOiy prRv[ni vlN prn) asrkirkti

Fi[. 11 nimini m*Lt_vi[ {vi(Oi<k (hsibi[}

b[ j*Y, aik(Amk pi#ii[, mi#i u_ir ksi[T) yi[jni


T) ksi[T) -k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[n) vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t smin r)t[ asrkirk ht). -k&miri[ krti kºyiai[n) S]x(Nk (s(Û an[ (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[[ U>ci aiÄyi hti.

11 aÃki p>Dyi, 2002, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T.

a>g\[J ÄyikrNni a¹yipn miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) asrkirkti ckisv)

Fi[. 8 Y) 12 a>g\[J

(Direct Indirect speech)

b[ j*Y, ai pi#ii[ mi#i u_irksi[T) yi[jni


T) ksi[T) -k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[ b>>n[mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(t an[ vk<>kiD< pÛ(t S]x(Nk (s(Û an[ (vOiy prRv[ni vlNni s>dB<mi> smin asrkirk ht).

12 d)pk viQ[r, 2002, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T.

s>AkZt ÄyikrNni a¹yyn miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) asrkirkti ckisv)

Fi[. 8 Y) 12 s>AkZt

{al>kir}

b[ j*Y, aik(Amk pi#ii[, mi#i u_ir ksi[T) yi[jni


T) ksi[T) -k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[ b>n[mi> vk<kiD< pÛ(t Äyi²yin pÛ(t krti vF& asrkirk ht)

28

13 b). J. Di>gr, 2003, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T.

p\iY(mk SiLi kxia[ a>g[\J (vOiyni a¹yipn miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr a[eD[D eºAT^kSn {CAI} kiy<k|mn) asrkirkti an[ a(Bp\iyi[n) ckisN)

Fi[. 7 a>g\[J

(Sassa Rana)

b[ j*Y, mi#i u_ir ksi[T) yi[jni

112 -CAI kiy<k|m -pr>prigt pÛ(t

T) ksi[T) -p\iY(mk kxia[ kÀ¼y*Tr a[eD[D eºAT^kSn {CAI} kiy<k|m an[ pr>prigt pÛ(t b>n[ smin r)t[ asrkirk hti. -CAI kiy<k|m p\Ry[ (vwiY)<ai[ni a(Bp\iyi[ hkiriRmk hti.

14 a[m. ci]hiN, 2003, d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T), s&rt.

vi(Njy g(Nt (vOiymi> kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|mn) rcni an[ asrkirktin) ckisN)

Fi[. 11 vi(Njy g(Nt {Jvnv)mi[}

b[ j*Y, sh[t&k nm*ni ps>dg), mi#i u_ir ksi[T) yi[jni

80 -kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|m oiri a¹yyn - pr>prigt pÛ(t

T) ksi[T) -p\Nil)gt pÛ(t krti kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|m vF& asrkirk an[ FirNS(kt vFir[ ji[vi mL) ht)

15 k[. pT[l, 2004, d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T), s&rt.

Bi](tkSiA#ini a¹yipn CAI kiy<k|mn) asrkirktini[ a¿yis krvi[

Fi[. 12 Bi](tkSiA#i {p\kiSn)

el[kT^i[n an[ kN p\kZ(t}

b[ j*Y, sh[t&k nm*ni ps>dg), p*v<ksi[T) u_irksi[T) yi[jni


T) ksi[T) -kºyiai[ an[ k&miri[ b>n[ j*Yi[ miT[ CAI ni[ upyi[g smin r)t[ asrkirk ji[vi mÇyi[

29

16 l)li a[l. grcr, 2006, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T.

-smij(vwi (vOiyni a¹yipnmi> pivr pi[eºT p\[zºT[Sn Av$p CAI kiy<k|mn) rcni asrkirkti

Fi[. 6 smij(vwi

{si]r p(rvir}

b[ j*Y, sh[t&k nm*� iot� >dg), mi#i u_ir ksi[T) yi[jni


T) ksi[T) - CAI kiy<k|m pr>prigt pÛ(t krti vFir[ asrkirk rHi[ hti[.

17 rxi a[c. upi¹yiy, 2006, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T

(vXin an[ T[kni[l(j (vOiyni a¹yipn miT[ CAI kiy<k|mn) s>rcni an[ t[n) asrkirkti

Fi[. 9 (vXin an[ T[kni[l(j {p\iN)

vg)<krN}


116 -kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yipn kiy<k|m -Äyi²yin pÛ(t

T) ksi[T) kie vg<

-kºyiai[ an[ k&miri[ni b>n[ j*Y miT[ CAI ni[ upyi[g smin asrkirk ji[vi mÇyi[.

18 (ht[S a[m. si[l>k), 2006, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T

p\iY(mk SiLi kxia[ (vXin an[ T[kni[l(j (vOiyni a¹yipn miT[ CAI kiy<k|mn) s>rcni asrkirkti ckisN)

Fi[. 7 (vXin

{a[s)D b[ez an[ xir}


120 -kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yipn kiy<k|m -Äyi²yin pÛ(t

T) ksi[T) kie vg<

-kºyiai[ an[ k&miri[ni b>n[ j*Y miT[ CAI ni[ upyi[g smin asrkirk ji[vi mÇyi[.

30

19 air. j[. (s>F, 2007, d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T), s&rt.

a>g\[J (vOiyni a¹yipnmi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m {CALL}n) asrkirkti ckisv).

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32 -kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|m -pr>prigt pÛ(t

-p\miN (vcln -T) ksi[T)

-kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m vF& asrkirk rHi[.

20 si[nl j[. B>Dir), 2008, d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T), s&rt

aY<SiA#i (vOiyni (SxN miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|mn) rcni an[ asrkirkti ckisN)

Fi[. 11 aY<SiA#i {niN&> an[ b[(k>g}

b[ j*Y, p*v<ksi[T) u_irksi[T) yi[jni


s>y&kt p\miN (vcln, T) ksi[T)

-kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|m oiri apiy[l (SxNn) asrkirkti FN) Uc) ji[vi mL) ht).

31

sirN) 2.2sirN) 2.2sirN) 2.2sirN) 2.2

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k|mk|mk|mk|m pppp\\\\yi[jkn&> nimyi[jkn&> nimyi[jkn&> nimyi[jkn&> nim vOi<, y&(nv(s<T)vOi<, y&(nv(s<T)vOi<, y&(nv(s<T)vOi<, y&(nv(s<T)

m&²y h[t&ai[m&²y h[t&ai[m&²y h[t&ai[m&²y h[t&ai[ ~[N)~[N)~[N)~[N) (vOiy(vOiy(vOiy(vOiy

{{{{a[kma[kma[kma[km}}}}

pppp\\\\iyi[(gkiyi[(gkiyi[(gkiyi[(gk yi[jniyi[jniyi[jniyi[jni

nm*ni[nm*ni[nm*ni[nm*ni[ Avt>#i clAvt>#i clAvt>#i clAvt>#i cl pZYÊrpZYÊrpZYÊrpZYÊrNNNN

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p(rNimp(rNimp(rNimp(rNim

1 air. D). s)>g, a[s. b). aih&vil)yi an[ a[s. k[. vmi<, 1991, {p\i[j[kT vk<, NCERT}

g(Ntni a¹yipnmi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mn) pr>prigt a¹yipn pÛ(tni s>dB<mi> asrkirkti ckisv)

uµc_ir mi¹y(mk kxi g(Nt

{ps>(dt a[kmi[}

aivy(vk yi[jni

220 -kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m -pr>prigt pÛ(t

(vcrN pZYÊrN an[ T) ksi[T)

- kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri kriy[l a¹yipn vF& asrkirk ht&> - p\i¼t (s(Û pr jit)ytin) asr ji[vi mLt) n ht)

2 p). jyimN), 1991, {a[m.(fl.} Birt) dS<n y&(nv(s<T), ki[eÀbt&r

-kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn oiri a¹yipn kiy<mi> an&$pN p\(tminn) arkirkti ckisv).

Fi[. 11 Bi](tk (vXin {ps>(dt a[kmi[}

b[ j*Yi[, p*v<ksi[T) u_irksi[T) yi[jni


T) ksi[T)

-p\iyi[(gk j*Yni sr[riSi>ki[ (ny>(#it j*Yni sr[riSi>ki[ krti U>ci hti. -S]x(Nk (s(Û pr jit)ytin) an[ a¹yipn mi¹ymn) siY<k asr n ht).

32

3 a[. ri[z, 1992, Birt) dS<n y&(nv(s<T), ki[eÀbt&r {p)a[c.D).}

(vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Ûni s>dB[< kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|mn) asrkirkti ckisv).

Fi[. 11 g(Nt

{ps>(dt a[kmi[}



-sh(vcrN pZYÊrN, T) ksi[T), kie vg<

-p\Nil)gt pÛ(t krti kÀ¼y*Tr shiyk kiy<k|m vF& asrkirk si(bt Yyi[. -b&(Ûkxi an[ g(Nt p\Ry[ni vlNn[ (s(Û siY[ hkiriRmk s>b>F hti[

4 Bin&Bie pT[l, 1993, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T {p)a[c.D).}

g(Ntni a¹yipn miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) arkirkti ckisv)

Fi[. 11 g(Nt

{ps>(dt a[kmi[}

b[ j*Yi[, aik(Amk pi#ii[, mi#i u_irksi[T) yi[jni


T) ksi[T)

-vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri kriy[l a¹yipn vF& asrkirk ht&>.

5 (kr)T j[. d[sie, 1994, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T {p)a[c.D).}

g&jrit) (vOiyn) si(hRykZ(tai[ni a¹yipnkiy<mi> niTy)krN an[ (v(Dyi[l[Sn pÛ(tn) asrkirkti ni[ a¿yis krvi[

Fi[. 8,9 an[ 10 g&jrit)

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u_irksi[T) yi[jni

375 -niTy)krN pÛ(t -vlN mipn -Äyi²yin pÛ(t

T) ksi[T)

-Sh[r) (vAtirni k&miri[ni (SxN miT[ simiºy pÛ(t krti> niTy)krN an[ (v(Dyi[l[Sn a¹yyn yi[jni siY<k r)t[ asrkirk (sÛ Ye ht).

33

6 a[m. b). drJ, 1997, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T {p)a[c.D).}

(vXin (vOiymi> sj<niRmkti (vOiy p\Ry[n&> vln an[ S]x(Nk (s(Û vµc[ni s>b>Fni[ a¿yis krvi[

uµc_ir mi¹y(mk (vXin

{ps>(dt a[kmi[}


3180 -sj<niRmk ksi[T) -vlN mipd>D

-sh(vcrN pZYÊrN

-(vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Û an[ vlN vµc[ni[ shs>b>F Fn an[ siY<k hti[. -k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[ni vlNmi> tfivt n hti[.

7 a[l. a[c. kir)ai, 2001, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T {p)a[c.D).}

Av-a¹yyn p\y&(kt tr)k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yynn) asrkirkti ckisv)

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{gN p(rcy}

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u_irksi[T) yi[jni

108 -kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m -pr>prigt pÛ(t -a(Bk|(mt a¹yyn

sh(vcrN pZYÊrN

-k&miri[ miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn an[ pr>prigt a¹yipn smin r)t[ asrkirk hti. -kºyiai[ miT[ pr>prigt pÛ(t, kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m krti vFir[ asrkirk rh) ht)

8 a[. air. K)rvirkr, 2001, g&jrit (vwip)q, amdivid {p)a[c.D).}

rsiyN(vXini a¹yipn miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yynn) asrkirkti ckisv)

Fi[. 11 rsiyN (vXin

{#iN ps>(dt a[kmi[}

b[ j*Y, mi#i u_irksi[T) yi[jni


T) ksi[T)

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34

9 hr[S p). B*Tk, 2003, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T {p)a[c.D).}

(vXinni (v(vF a[kmi[ni a¹yipn miT[ bh&mi¹ym s>p*Tn) s>rcni an[ t[n) asrkirkti ckisv)

Fi[. 9 (vXin

{ps>(dt a[kmi[}

j*Y #iN, mi#i

u_irksi[T) yi[jni

132 -AliED Si[ OHP an[ kÀ¼y*Tr oiri (SxN - pr>prigt pÛ(t

T) ksi[T)

-AlieD Si[ oiri a¹yyn krti> Ava¹yyn si(hRyni a¹yynmi> U>c) (s(Û ji[vi mL) ht). -T^iºsprºs) oiri a¹yipn pim[l krti> AliEd Si[ oiri a¹yipn pim[l k&miri[n) (s(Û U>c) ht).

10 pi$l s). dv[, 2005, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T {p)a[c.D).}

nimini m*Lt_vi[ a¹yipn miT[ vk<kiD< an[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn p\y&(ktai[n) asrkirkti ckisv)

Fi[. 11 nimini m*Lt_vi[ {aimni[>F}

#iN j*Y, yiØ(µCk pi#ii[, mi#i u_ir ksi[T)


T) ksi[T)

-k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt kiy<k|m an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy smin asrkirk hti>. -Äyi²yin pÛ(t krti> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn vF& arkirk hti[. -a¹yipn pÛ(t an[ nimini m*Lt_vi[ S]x(Nk (s(Û vµc[ni s>b>F pr (vwiY)<ai[n) jit)ytin) asr n ht).

11 k[. d[sie, 2005, d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T), s&rt. {p)a[c.D).}

rsiyN (vXin (vOiymi> kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|mn) s>rcni an[ p\Nil)gt pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnni[ t&lniRmk a¿yis krvi[.

Fi[. 11 rsiyN (vXin

{pyi<vrN)y rsiyN (vXin}

b[ j*Y, yiØ(µCk nm*ni ps>dg)


T) ksi[T)

-p\Nil)gt pÛ(t krti kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<km vF& asrkirk rHi[.

35

12 D). pT[l, 2006, d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T), s&rt. {p)a[c.D).}

aY<SiA#i (vOiyni a¹yip miT[ bh&mi¹ym s>p&Tn) rcni an[ asrkirkti an[ vlN ckisN)

Fi[. 11 an[ 12 aY<SiA#i

{ps>(dt a[kmi[}

b[ j*Y, mi#i u_irksi[T) yi[jni

140 -bh&mi¹ym s>p&T -$(Qgt (SxN -vlN mipn

T) ksi[T)

-$(Qgt pÛ(t krti> bh&mi¹ym s>p&T aiFi(rt pÛ(tY) a¹yipn pim[l (vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Û U>c) ht).

13 D)Àpl k[ riqi[D, 2006, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T {p)a[c.D).}

-s>AkZt a¹yipn miT[ (c#i simg\), gin pÛ(t an[ vk<kiD<n) (s(Û an[ vlN prn) asrkirkti ckisv).

Fi[. 8 s>AkZt

p>s(dt a[kmi[

cir j*Y, yiØ(µCk pi#ii[

mi#i u_ir ksi[T) yi[jni

100 k&mir[i120 kºyiai[

-(c#i simg\) -gin pÛ(t -vk<>kiD<< -Äyi²yin pÛ(t

p\miN (vcln, T) ksi[T)

-(c#i simg\), gin pÛ(t an[ vk<>kiD< oiri kºyiai[ an[ k&miri[mi> s>AkZt prRv[ni vlNmi> vFiri[ Yyi[ hti[. - Äyi²yin pÛ(t krti bik)n) #iN[y pÛ(tai[mi> s>AkZt (s(Û U>c) ji[vi mL) ht).

14 Fr, 2007 d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T), s&rt. {p)a[c.D).}

z*ai[li[Jni (SxN miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr aiFi(rt kiy<k|mn) asrkirkti ckisv)

F.Y. B.Sc. z*ai[li[J

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b[ j*Y, p*v< ksi[T) u_ir ksi[T) yi[jni


T) ksi[T)

-kÀ¼y*Tr aiFi(rt kiy<k|m (vOiyvAt&ni FirNmi> asrkirk rHi[. -upciriRmk (SxN miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr aiFi(rt kiy<k|m asrkirk rHi[.

36

sirN) sirN) sirN) sirN) 2.2.2.2.3333

jn<l an[ eºTrn[T prY) l[viy[l (jn<l an[ eºTrn[T prY) l[viy[l (jn<l an[ eºTrn[T prY) l[viy[l (jn<l an[ eºTrn[T prY) l[viy[l (vd[Smi> Yy[li r)sc< p[pr an[ p)vd[Smi> Yy[li r)sc< p[pr an[ p)vd[Smi> Yy[li r)sc< p[pr an[ p)vd[Smi> Yy[li r)sc< p[pr an[ p)a[c.D). s>Si[Fni[ni[ siri>Sa[c.D). s>Si[Fni[ni[ siri>Sa[c.D). s>Si[Fni[ni[ siri>Sa[c.D). s>Si[Fni[ni[ siri>S

k|mk|mk|mk|m pppp\\\\yi[jkn&> nimyi[jkn&> nimyi[jkn&> nimyi[jkn&> nim vOi<, y&(nv(s<T)vOi<, y&(nv(s<T)vOi<, y&(nv(s<T)vOi<, y&(nv(s<T)

s>Si[Fnni[ (vOiys>Si[Fnni[ (vOiys>Si[Fnni[ (vOiys>Si[Fnni[ (vOiy m&²y h[t&ai[m&²y h[t&ai[m&²y h[t&ai[m&²y h[t&ai[ nm*ni[nm*ni[nm*ni[nm*ni[ upkrNupkrNupkrNupkrN m&²y tirNm&²y tirNm&²y tirNm&²y tirN jn<l/EºTrn[T jn<l/EºTrn[T jn<l/EºTrn[T jn<l/EºTrn[T siEsiEsiEsiETTTTn) (vgtn) (vgtn) (vgtn) (vgt

1 R. Shiah etal, 1994, Exceptionality jn<lmi> p\ki(St r)sc< p[pr

The effect of computer Assisted Instruction on the Mathematical problem solving of students with learning Disabilities.

g(Nt (vOiymi> ai[C) a¹yyn xmti Frivti> (vwiY)<ai[n) g(Ntn) smAyini (nvirN miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|mn) asrkirkti ckisv).

30 (vwiY)<ai[, yiØ(µCk nm*ni ps>dg)

-CAI -lÈy ksi[T)

-kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|m oiri (vwiY)<ai[n) g(Ntn) smAyimi s&Firi[ jNiyi[ hti[. - (vwiY)<ai[n&> kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|m a>g[n&> vlN hkiriRmk rH&> ht&>

http://www.learnline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s/532703sex0503.2?cookieSet-1

2 M. Judan, 1996, y&(nv(s<T) ai[f kibi[ºDli[ {p)a[c.D).}

A study of relationship between computer programmed Learning and traditional Classroom learning in Biology

kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|m an[ Äyvhir& pÛ(t vµc[ni[ s>b>F tpisvi[.

1035 p\iyi[(gk j*Y, 1035 (ny>(#it j*Y

-kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|m -lÈy ksi[T)

-Äyvhir& pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn krti (vwiY)<ai[ni p\i¼ti>ki[ an[ kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|m oiri a¿yis krti (vwiY)<ai[ni p\i¼ti>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt nY)

Dissertation Abstracts International 65. 6 april 1999. P. 546.A

37

3 K. Soyibo, A. Hudson, 2000, Research in Science and Technology jn><lmi> p\ki(St r)sc< p[pr

Effects of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) on 11th Gradeus Attitudes and CAI in Plants and Animals

kYn pÛ(t, j*Y cci< pÛ(t tYi CAI pÛ(tni (m~N oiri biyi[li[Jni p\iyi[(gk j*Yni (vwiY)<ai[n) vlN tYi smjNmi> s&Firin) Si[F krv)

b[ SiLini Fi[rN-11 n) 77 (vwiY)<n)ai[

-CAI -biyi[li[Jn) p\Ånivl) -(s(Û ksi[T)

-(ny>(#it j*Yn[ kYn pÛ(t tYi j*Ycci< pÛ(t oiri a¿yis krivvimi> aiÄyi[, t[ni krti p\iyi[(gk j*Yn[ CAI oiri a¿yis krivvimi> aiÄyi[, t[ vF& asrkirk rHi[.

http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICwebportal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/cletailmin

4 J. Rivert, 2001, d(xN k[(lfi[(n<yi y&(nv(s<T), {p)a[c.D).}

Secondary School Student’s Achievement in maths subjects:CAI against Traditional Education

CAI an[ $(Qgt (SxN pÛ(t a[ b[ (SxN pÛ(tai[ vD[ mi¹y(mk SiLini g(Nt (vOiyni “ap*Ni>k a[km”mi> (vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Ûmi> Yti f[rfiri[ni[ a¿yis krvi[.

Fi[rN-6ni cir vgi[<ni 200 (vwiY)<ai[

-CAI -lÈy ksi[T)

-$(Qgt (SxN pÛ(tn) srKimN)mi CAI oiri (SxN aipviY) (vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Ûai[mi> vFiri[ Yiy C[. - smg\ “ap*Ni>k a[km”ni (s(Û p\i¼ti>ki[ $(Qgt (SxN pÛ(tni p\i¼ti>ki[ krti> CAI pÛ(tni p\i¼ti>ki[ vF& mÇyi hti.

Dissertation Abstracts Internanational 63,9, November, 2002, p. 3164.A

38

5 S. Lori, 2002, y&(nv(s<T) ai[f siuY fli[(rDi, {p)a[c.D).}

Effects of Computer mediated learning instrucation on commuting college intermediate algebra student’s attitudes & achievement

(vwiY)<ai[n[ b)jg(Nt (vOiy S)Kvvi miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr p\i[g\imn) asrkirkti tpisv) t[mj g(Ntn&> Xin ckisvi (v(vF ksi[T)ai[ l[v)

100 (vwiY)<ai[n[ kÀ¼y*Tr (SxN an[ 46 (vwiY)<ai[n[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t miT[

-kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|m CD - p\Ånivl)

Äyi²yin pÛ(t krti kÀ¼y*Tr oiri (SxN m[Lv[l (vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Û U>c) ji[vi mL) ht).

Dissertation Abstracts International, 63, 11 May 2003, p. 416.A

6 Y. Jafer 2003, U_iih AT[T y&(nv(s<T), {p)a[c.D).}

Effect of CAI on the higher or lower results of student’s achievement attitude in Std.4

ci[Yi Fi[rNni> (vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Û an[ vlNi[ni> s>b>Fmi> siri-nrsi p(rNimi[ upr CAI n) asr ckisv)

g\iÀy (vAtirn) b[ SiLini 181 (vwiY)<ai[

-CAI -lÈy ksi[T)

-(vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Û an[ hkiriRmk vlNi[ni> s>b>F[ siri-nrsi p(rNimi[ pr CAI s&Firi[ kr) Sky&> n(h

Dissertation Abstracts International, 64, 13 April, 2004 p. 846.A

39

7 C. Sauthong, 2003, Master Degree King Mongkut’s Inst. Of Tech. North Bangkok

The Development and efficiency validation of a CAI programme in teaching mathematics for artistic students

mi¹y(mk SiLini (vwiY)<ai[ miT[ s>g)t S)Kvvi miT[ CAI kiy<kmn) rcni an[ asrkirkti tpisv)

s>g)tni p\Ym vOi<ni b[ vg<>ni 50 (vwiY)<ai[

-CAI -lÈy ksi[T) -a(Bp\iyiv(l

CAI kiy<k|m asrkirk rHi[ hti[.

“Technical Education Technology, 29” 1 Sept, 2004 p. 648. A

8 R. Tabassum, 2004, y&(nv(s<T) ai[f a[(rD a[(g\kÃcr {p)a[c.D).}

Effects of CAI on the Secondat School Students Achievement in Science

(vXinn) S]x(Nk (s(Ûmi> kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|mn) asrkirkti jiNv) an[ jit)ytin) Ø(OTa[ t&lni krv)

eAlimibidn) s)T) Ak*ln) Fi[rN-9ni 40 (vwiY)<ai[

-CAI -(Sxk r(ct ksi[T)

-(vwiY)<ai[n) (vXinn) S]x(Nk (s(Û miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|m vF& asrkirk si(bt Yyi[ -k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[n) S]x(Nk (s(Û smin ji[vi mL) ht)

Pakista Reseach Repository. http://eprints.hec./gov.pk./350

40

9 P. Fazelian, 2005, p\ki(St r)sc< p[pr

Effects of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) on high School Girls Students in Learning English as a Secondary language.

a>g\[Jn[[ (ot)y BiOii tr)k[ a¿yis krvi f[rm[n hieAk*lni (vwiY)<ai[ pr CAI n) asrkirktini[ a¿yis krvi[

40 (vwiY)<ai[n&> p\iyi[(gk an[ 40 (vwiY)<ai[n&> (ny>(#it j*Y

-CAI -lÈy ksi[T)

kÀ¼y*Tr shiyY) a¹yipn krivviY) a¹yipnn) (s(Ûn&> p(rNim U>c&> aiÄy&> ht&>

“World Conference on Education Multimedia ypermedia (ED. MEDIA) & Telecommunication” pp.2277-2279

10 S. Cepni, T.Erol & S. Kose, 2006, p\ki(St r)sc< p[pr

The Effects of Computer Assisted Material on students cognitive levels, misconceptions and attitudes to words science

Fi[rN-11ni (vXin (vOiyni> “fi[Ti[ (sºY[s)s” p\krN miT[ (vwiY)<ai[ni aApOT ²yili[ an[ vlN s>dB[< CAM n) asr tpisv)

t&k)<ni T^[lzi[n Sh[rn) hieAk*lni Fi[rN-11 ni pr (vwiY)<ai[

- CAM -(vXin vlN mipd>D -lÈy ksi[T)

- kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|m (vwiY)<ai[ni vlN s>dB<mi> asrkirk rHi[ hti[. -p\krNni aApOT ²yili[ni s>dB<mi> mh_vni s&Firi ji[vi mÇyi n hti

Computer & Education archive, 46” http://portal.acm.org/citation

41

2.2.2.2.4444 Äyvhir& aiFiri[ Äyvhir& aiFiri[ Äyvhir& aiFiri[ Äyvhir& aiFiri[

s>Si[Fk[ pi[tini s>Si[Fn miT[ Av-a¹yyn si(hRy {vk<kiD<} an[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt

a¹yyn kiy<k|m a>g[ smg\ kxia[ Yy[li s>Si[Fni[ni[ a¿yis kyi[< hti[. ai a¿yis miT[ sn

1991 Y) 2008 s&F)ni j&d) j&d) y&(nv(s<T)ai[ni s>Si[Fni[ni[ a¿yis kr[l hti[.

j[n) (vgt ai m&jb C[.

k|mk|mk|mk|m s>AYi/s>AYi/s>AYi/s>AYi/

y&(nv(s<T)y&(nv(s<T)y&(nv(s<T)y&(nv(s<T)

vk<kiD<vk<kiD<vk<kiD<vk<kiD< kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yynkÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yynkÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yynkÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn vlNmipnvlNmipnvlNmipnvlNmipn k&lk&lk&lk&l

1* 2* 3* 1* 2* 3* 1* 2* 3*

1 si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T),

rijki[T

- 08 03 - 04 02 - 01 03 21

2 g&jrit (vwip)q,

amdivid

- - - - - 01 - 02 - 03

3 d(xN g&jrit

y&(nv(s<T), s&rt

- - - - 04 02 - - 01 07

4 Birt) dS<n

y&(nv(s<T),

ki[eÀbt&r

- - - - - 02 - - - 02

5 NCERT, Bi[pil - - - 01 - - - - - 01

6 (vd[S - - - 04 01 05 - - - 10

k&l 11 26 07 44

ni[>F :-

{ah)> 1 = p\i[j[k`T k[ r)sc< p[pr oiri Yy[li s>Si[Fni[

2 = a[m.a[D`. kxia[ Yy[li s>Si[Fni[

3 = a[m.(fl. an[ p)a[c.D) kxia[ Yy[li s>Si[Fni[}

2.42.42.42.4.1 .1 .1 .1 vk<kiD< s>>b>(Ft s>Si[Fni[vk<kiD< s>>b>(Ft s>Si[Fni[vk<kiD< s>>b>(Ft s>Si[Fni[vk<kiD< s>>b>(Ft s>Si[Fni[

p&ri[gim) s>Si[Fnmi> vk<kiD< s>b>(Ft s>Si[Fni[n) s>²yi a(gyir ht). j[mi> 8 s>Si[Fni[

si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T)mi> a[m.a[D`. kxia[ an[ 3 s>Si[Fni[ p)a[c.D). kxia[ Yy[li a¿yis a>g[ni>

hti>. j[mi> fkt vk<kiD< pÛ(tni[ j upyi[g Yy[l hi[y t[v&> a[kpN s>Si[Fn nY).

a[m.a[D`. kxia[ Yy[li> s>Si[Fni[mi> pi#ii[ tr)k[ ai[Cimi> ai[Ci pr pi#ii[ an[ vF&mi> vF& 174

pi#ii[ni[ smiv[S Yyi[ hti[, jyir[ p).a[c.D). kxia[ Yy[li vk<kiD< s>b>(Ft #iN s>Si[Fni[mi> ai[Cimi>

ai[Ci 60 pi#ii[ an[ vF&mi> vF& 120 pi#ii[ni[ smiv[S Yti[ hti[.

42

mi(ht) pZYÊrN miT[ a[m.a[D`. kxia[ Yy[li aiq s>Si[Fni[mi>Y) C s>Si[Fnkiy<mi> T)-

ksi[T)ni[ an[ b[ s>Si[Fni[mi> sh(vcrN pZYÊrN p\(v(Fni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. jyir[

p)a[c.D). kxia[ Yy[li> #iN s>Si[Fni[ p]k) b[ s>Si[Fni[mi> T)-ksi[T) an[ p\miN(vcln an[ a[k

s>Si[Fnmi> a[f-ksi[T)ni[ upyi[g mi(ht) pZYÊrN miT[ krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

vk<kiD< s>b>(Ft sm)(xt a(gyir s>Si[Fni[mi> #iN g(Nt (vOiymi>, a[k Jv(vXin

(vOiymi>, a[k (hºd) (vOiymi> an[ a[k nimini m*Lt_vi[ (vOiymi> Yy[li> s>Si[Fni[ hti. j[mi> Fi[rN 8

Y) 12 s&F)ni[ smiv[S Yti[ hti[.

2.42.42.42.4.2 .2 .2 .2 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yynkÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yynkÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yynkÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mkiy<k|mkiy<k|mkiy<k|m s>b>(Ft s>Si[Fni[s>b>(Ft s>Si[Fni[s>b>(Ft s>Si[Fni[s>b>(Ft s>Si[Fni[

p*ri[gim) s>Si[Fni[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m s>b>(Ft s>Si[Fni[n) s>²yi CÄv)s

{26} ht). j[mi> ds (vd[Smi> Yy[li s>Si[Fni[ni[ smiv[S krvimi> aiv[li[ hti[. Birtmi> Yy[li 16

s>Si[Fnmi> a[k NCERT ni r)sc< p\i[j[k`T, aiq a[m.a[D`. kxia[ Yy[l si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T),

g&jrit (vwip)q, d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T) an[ Birt)dS<n y&(nv(s<T)ni s>Si[Fni[ hti. j[mi>

aiq s>Si[Fni[ a[m.a[D`. kxia[ krvimi> aiv[li> hti an[ sit s>Si[Fni[ p)a[c.D). an[ a[k

a[m.f)l. kxia[ Yy[l s>Si[Fnni[ smiv[S Yti[ hti[.

(vd[Smi> Yy[li> s>Si[Fni[ p]k) cir s>Si[Fni[ eºTrn[Snl jn<Ãsmi> p\ki(St Yy[li> r)cs<

p[ps<, a[k miATr (Dg\) miT[ krvimi> aiv[l s>Si[Fn an[ pi>c p)a[c.D). kxia[ krvimi> aiv[l

s>Si[Fni[ni[ smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m miT[ a[m.a[D`. kxia[ Yy[li s>Si[Fni[mi> si]Y) ai[Ci 50

pi#ii[ an[ vF&mi> vF& 112 pi#ii[ni[ smiv[S Yti[ hti[. j[mi> Fi[rN sit Y) uµc_ir mi¹y(mk kxini

(vwiY)<ai[ni[ smiv[S Yti[ hti[. jyir[ p).a[c.D). kxia[ Yy[li s>Si[Fni[mi> si]Y) ai[Ci 70 pi#ii[

an[ vF&mi> vF& 325 pi#ii[ni[ smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

p\i¼t mi(ht)ni pZYÊrN miT[ ci]d s>Si[Fni[mi> T)-ksi[T), #iN s>Si[Fni[mi> sh(vcrN

pZYÊrN t[m j b[ s>Si[Fni[mi> s>y&kt p\miN(vcln an[ kievg<n) r)t[ mi(ht) pZYÊrN krvimi>

aiÄy&> ht&>.

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m a>g[ Birtmi> Yy[li> s>Si[Fni[[ni sm)(xt si[L s>Si[Fni[

p]k) cir g(Nt (vOiymi>, Bi](tk(vXin, rsiyN(vXin, (vXin, nimini m*Lt_vi[, aY<SiA#i an[

z*li[J (vOiyni> a[k a[k s>Si[Fnni[ smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

43

(vd[Smi> Yy[li(vd[Smi> Yy[li(vd[Smi> Yy[li(vd[Smi> Yy[li>>>> s>Si[Fni[s>Si[Fni[s>Si[Fni[s>Si[Fni[

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m a>tg<t (vd[Smi> Yy[li ds s>Si[Fni[n) (vgti[ eºTrn[T

prY) l[vimi> aiv) ht). j[ p]k)ni[ #iN s>Si[Fni[ g(Nt (vOiyni, b[ biyi[li[J, b[ (vXin, a[k

s>g)t an[ a[k a>g\[J (vOiymi> smiv[S Yti[ hti[. j[mi> r)sc< p[pr a>tg<t Yy[li a¿yisi[mi>

lG&_im nm*nin) s>²yi 30 an[ mh_im nm*nin) s>²yi 80 ht). jyir[ p)a[c.D). kxia[ Yy[li

s>Si[Fni[mi> nm*nin) lG&_im s>²yi 40 an[ mh_im s>²yi 2070 ht). j[mi> Fi[rN cirY) len[

Fi[rN a(gyir s&F)ni (vwiY)<ai[ni[ smiv[S Yti[ hti[.

(vd[Smi> Yy[li> bFi s>Si[Fni[ e.s. 1994 Y) 2006 s&F)ni smygiLi dr(myin hiY

Frvimi> aiÄyi C[. ai s>Si[Fni[n) s>Si[Fn pÛ(tai[ni s>dB[< bFi> s>Si[Fni[ j&dij&di (vOiyn[

an&lx)n[ p\iyi[(gk kiy< hiY Fr) tirNi[ m[Lviyi hti. s>Si[Fn miT[ (vÅvsn)y mi(ht) m[Lvvi

miT[ yi[³y upkrNi[ j[m k[,kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|m, p\Ånivl), lÈyksi[T), a(Bp\iyiv(l an[ vlN

mipd>D j[vi upkrNi[ni[ aiSri[ l)Fi[ hti[.

ai s>Si[Fni[ni tirNi[ kÀ¼y*Tr tk`(nk) an[ S]x(Nk upyi[gi[ (vS[ (dSidS<n p*r&> piDniri

hti>.

Birtmi> Yy[li> s>Si[Fni[n) siY[ (vd[Smi> Yy[li s>Si[Fni[n) srKimN) krti jNiy C[ k[

(vd[Smi> Yy[li> s>Si[Fni[ kÀ¼y*Tr tk`(nk) pr vF& Bir m*k[ C[.

2.42.42.42.4.3 .3 .3 .3 vlN (vOiyk s>Si[Fni[vlN (vOiyk s>Si[Fni[vlN (vOiyk s>Si[Fni[vlN (vOiyk s>Si[Fni[

p*ri[gim) s>Si[Fni[mi> vlN (vOiyk sm)(xt s>Si[Fni[ sit hti. j[mi> cir s>Si[Fni[ si]riOT

y&(nv(s<T), b[ s>Si[Fni[ g&jrit (vwip)q an[ a[k s>Si[Fn d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T)mi> Yy[l&> ht&>.

ai s>Si[Fni[mi> #iN s>Si[Fni[ a[m.a[D`. kxia[ Yy[li s>Si[Fni[ t[m j cir s>Si[Fni[ p)a[c.D).

kxia[ Yy[li> hti.

vlN a>g[ni sitmi>Y) b[ s>Si[Fni[ p).T).s). ni til)miY)<ai[ an[ a¹yipki[ ni vlNi[

a>g[, b[ s>Si[Fni[ mi¹y(mk SiLi kxini (vwiY)<ai[ni, b[ (vXin (vOiyni an[ a[k (hºd) (vOiyni

(vwiY)<ai[ni vlNn) tpis a>g[ hti. j[mi>Y) b[ s>Si[Fki[a[ pi[tini vlN mipd>Dn) rcni kr) ht)

jyir[ pi>c s>Si[Fki[a[ aºy oiri kriy[l t]yir vlN mipd>Dni[ upyi[g kyi[< hti[.

g&jrit) (vOiymi> mi¹y(mk SiLini (vwiY)<ai[ni g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi[ jiNvi

p\yRn kriyi[ hti[.

44

vlN mipn a>g[ni sit s>Si[Fni[ p]k) #iN s>Si[Fni[ni mi(ht) pZYÊrN miT[ T)-ksi[T)ni[,

b[ s>Si[Fni[mi> sh(vcrN pZYÊrN p$v(Fni[ an[ a[k s>Si[Fnmi> mi(ht)n&> pZYÊrN a[f-ksi[T)

oiri krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>.

2.52.52.52.5 pppp\\\\At&t s>Si[Fnn) (vS[OitiAt&t s>Si[Fnn) (vS[OitiAt&t s>Si[Fnn) (vS[OitiAt&t s>Si[Fnn) (vS[Oiti

s>Si[Fk[ pi[tin) s>Si[Fn smAyin[ an&$p c&mi>l)s j[Tli> s>Si[Fni[ni[ a¿yis kyi[< hti[.

t[mni s>dB[< p\At&t s>Si[Fn n)c[n) bibtmi> alg pD[ C[.

sm)xi miT[ ps>(dt cir p\kiSn s>Si[Fn p[pr, a[k p\i[j[k`T kxia[ Yy[l s>Si[Fn, a[kv)s

a[m.a[D`. kxia[ Yy[l s>Si[Fn an[ ai[gN)s p).a[c.D). kxia[ s>Si[Fn Yy[l&> ht&>, j[ p]k) mi#i

a[k s>Si[Fn g&jrit) (vOiymi> vlN mipn a>g[n&> ht>&>. aºy ki[e s>Si[Fni[ g&jrit) (vOiyni pw

pr hiY Friy[l n ht&>. jyir[ p\At&t s>Si[Fn g&jrit) (vOiyni pw pr hiY Friy[l ht&>.

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m a>g[ni CÄv)s s>Si[Fni[ p]k) pN a[kpN s>Si[Fn

g&jrit) (vOiy pr Yy[l nY). a[ r)t[ g&jrit) (vOiyni kiÄyi[ni a¹yipn miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt

a¹yyn kiy<k|m a>g[n&> ai p\Ym s>Si[Fn C[.

BiOii-(SxN aºvy[ Yy[li s>Si[Fni[mi> kiÄy (SxN miT[ (c#i simg$, (vD)yi[-l[Sn, gin

pÛ(t aiFi(rt hti>, jyir[ CAL pÛ(t Yy[l kiÄy-(SxNni[ ai p\Ym p\yi[g C[.

a[k k[ b[ j&d)-j&d) a¹yipn pÛ(tn) Äyi²yin k[ pr>prigt pÛ(t siY[n) t&lni aºvy[

vlN mipn an[ (s(Û mipn b>n[n) ckisN) krt&> pN ai (v(SOT s>Si[Fn gNiv) Skiy.

g&jrit) BiOii-(SxNmi> pr>prigt r)t[ upyi[gmi> l[vit) bF) j pÛ(t-p\(v(F krti> ai

s>Si[Fnmi> T[k`ni[l(jni[ awtn upyi[g kr) aigv&> s)mi(ch`n a>(kt krvini[ p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi>

p\yis kriyi[ hti[.

aim, agiuni s>Si[Fni[ krti> p\At&t s>Si[Fn k[Tl)k aigv) (vS[Oiti Friv[ C[.

hv[ pC)ni p\krNmi> s>Si[Fn yi[jni an[ t[n) aiFir(Sliai[n) (vgt[ rj*ait krvimi>

aiv) C[.

45


s>Si[Fn yi[jni an[ t[ns>Si[Fn yi[jni an[ t[ns>Si[Fn yi[jni an[ t[ns>Si[Fn yi[jni an[ t[n)))) aiFiraiFiraiFiraiFir(Slia(Slia(Slia(Slia[[[[iiii

3.1 p3.1 p3.1 p3.1 p\\\\iAti(vkiAti(vkiAti(vkiAti(vk

aiF&(nk (vÅvmi> Xin an[ mi(ht) j[ g(tY) vF) rHi> C[, t[ ji[ti> aivniri y&gmi> (vXin

an[ Tƒk`ni[l(j vgrn&> ki[e j x[#i rh[S[ nh)>>. aijni[ y&g a[Tl[ j ti[ ‘mi(ht)ni[ y&g’ kh[viy C[.

j[mi> aij[ p\i¼t mi(ht) aivt) kil[ j*n) pN bn) jiy C[. j[ (vXin an[ T[k`ni[l(jni p\cir an[

p\sirn[ s*cv[ C[. (v(vF s>AYiai[ an[ (nONiti[ oiri (SxN miT[ j&di j&di si[fTv[r an[ hiD<v[rni

upyi[gn) BlimN krvimi> aiv[ C[. (vwiY)< pi[t[ pi[tin) jit[ t[ni pr a¹yyn kr[, t[ miT[ (Sxki[

an[ (vwiY)<ai[n[ til)m apiy C[. ai upri>t, d*rvt)< (SxNmi> pN T[k`ni[l(jni upyi[gni

Big$p[ Av-a¹yyn si(hRyni[ t[m j kÀ¼y*Trni[ mi[Ti p\miNmi> upyi[g Yiy C[.

s>Si[Fk pi[tini S]x(Nk an&Bvn[ aiFir[ a[vi tirN pr aiv[l C[ k[ mi#i $(Qgt

pÛ(ta[ j Yt&> BiOii-(SxN vF& k>TiLijnk bn) jiy C[. ai p(r(AY(tmi> g&jrit) BiOii-(SxN

kiy<n[ k>ek nv)n_im r)t[ aipvi Av-a¹yyn si(hRy tr)k[ vk<kiD< an[ kÀ¼y*Tr aiFi(rt

kiy<k|m rcvin&> nÊ) ky&<.

3.2 Äyip(vÅv3.2 Äyip(vÅv3.2 Äyip(vÅv3.2 Äyip(vÅv

“ Äyip(vÅv a[Tl[ p\yi[gkti>< p\yi[[g miT[ni[ nm*ni[ j[ sm*hmi>Y) ps>d kr[ C[, t[ pi#ii[ni[

m*LB*t sm*h.” s>Si[Fk pi[tini s>Si[Fnni tirNi[ ki[n[ lig& piDS[ t[ Äyip(vÅv kh[viy. t[ni

aiFir[ p\yi[g miT[ni[ nm*ni[ ps>d krvimi> aiv[ C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fn mi¹y(mk kxia[ vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mn)

asrkirkti ckisvi a>g[n&> ht&>. j[ miT[ Fi[rN-nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni C kiÄyi[n) ps>dg)

krvimi> aiv) ht).

t[Y) s>Si[Fnni Äyip(vÅvmi> g&jrit rijyn) g&jrit) mi¹ymn) mi¹y(mk SiLini Fi[rN-

nvmi> a¿yis krti> (vwiY)<ai[ni[ smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

3.3 nm*ni ps>dg)3.3 nm*ni ps>dg)3.3 nm*ni ps>dg)3.3 nm*ni ps>dg)

nm*ni[ a[Tl[ Äyip(vÅvmi>Y) p\yi[g miT[ ps>d kr[li pi#ii[n&> p\(t(n(F$p j*Y. nm*ni[ smg\

Äyip(vÅvn&> p\(t(n(F_v krti[ hi[vi[ ji[ea[ an[ p*v<g\hm&kt hi[vi[ ji[ea[. nm*ni ps>dg)ni[ aiFir

a¿yisni cl, m[Lvvi Fir[l p(rNimn) ci[ksie, Äyip(vÅvn) (vSiLti, (vOimti, a(ny>(#it

cli[n) s>²yi, mi(ht) pZYÊrNn) pÛ(t t[m j a¿yisn) pÛ(t pr rh[li[ C[. nm*ni ps>dg)Y)

46

smy, S(kt an[ ~mn) bct Yti> t[ #iN[yni[ vF& siri[ upyi[g kr) Skiy C[. p(rNimi[ pr

a>k&Si[ riK) U>>>DiNp*v<k (vSd` a¿yis Ye Sk[ C[.

p\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fnmi> vN<niRmk s>Si[Fnn) t&lnimi> nini[ nm*ni[ ps>d kr) p\yi[g krvimi>

aiv[ C[. aiY) p\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fnmi> Äyip(vÅvn&> s>>p*N< p\(t(n(F_v krti[ hi[y t[vi[ nm*ni[ m[Lvvi[

m&Æk[l C[. p\iyi[[(gk s>Si[Fnmi> Avt>#i clni[ li>bi smy s&F) aml krvini[ hi[e s>Si[Fk nm*nini

pi#ii[ siY[ li>bi smy s&F) kiy< kr[ C[. t[Y) sv[<xN k[ aºy p\kirni s>Si[Fnn) t&lnimi> ah)>

nm*ni[ nini[ ps>d kriy C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fn p\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fn ht&>. aiY) nm*nini pi#ii[n&> kd nin&> riKvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>>.

3.3.1 SiLi ps>dg)3.3.1 SiLi ps>dg)3.3.1 SiLi ps>dg)3.3.1 SiLi ps>dg). . . . p\yi[gkiy<mi> an&k*Lti rh[ t[ miT[ t[m j p\yi[gni an&s>Fin[ SiLini

s>cilki[, aiciyi[<, (Sxki[ tYi (vwiY)<ai[ni[ shkir mL) rh[, t[ miT[ s>Si[Fk oiri km<B*(m s&rt

Sh[rn) b[ mi¹y(mk SiLiai[n) ps>dg) krvimi> aiv) ht). j[mi> a[k kºyi SiLi an[ a[k mh_im

k&miri[n) s>²yi Frivt) SiLini[ smiv[S Yti[ hti[.

aim, sh[t&k nm*ni ps>dg)n[ an&$p jyi> vF& shkir mL) rh[ t[v) SiLiai[ ps>d krvimi>

aiv) ht). ai SiLiai[ n)c[ m&jb ht).

1. aK>D ain>d (vwiBvn, s&rt

2. biliJ gÃs< hieAk*l{k[. a[l. a[s. Ki>Dvili gÃs< hieAk*l}, s&rt

3.3.2 j*Y ps>dg)3.3.2 j*Y ps>dg)3.3.2 j*Y ps>dg)3.3.2 j*Y ps>dg). . . . p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> upri[kt SiLiai[ni ps>dg) Yyi bid p\yi[gni[ aml krvi

miT[ j*Yi[n) ps>dg) krvimi> aiv) ht). j[mi> p\yi[g-1 an[ p\yi[g-2 miT[ni nm*ni ps>dg) a>g[n)

mi(ht) ai m&jb C[.

pppp\\\\yi[gyi[gyi[gyi[g----1111 ni aml)krN miT[ni[ nm*ni[ni aml)krN miT[ni[ nm*ni[ni aml)krN miT[ni[ nm*ni[ni aml)krN miT[ni[ nm*ni[

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p\yi[g-1 ni aml)krN miT[ SiLi, (vwiY)<ai[ an[ p\yi[gn) an&k*Lti

t[m j ÄyvAYipnn[ ¹yinmi> le s&rt Sh[rn) SiLi aK>D ain>d (vwiBvnn) ps>dg) krvimi>

aiv) ht). ai SiLimi> mi¹y(mk kxia[ g&jrit) mi¹ymni Fi[rN-nvni k&miri[ni a[k vg<n)

ps>dg) krvimi> aiv) ht). vg<ni 60 k&miri[ni[ nm*ni[mi> smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

vg<ni tmim (vwiY)<ai[ni t[mni Fi[rN-8ni k&l g&Nni aiFir[ #iN j*Y bnivvimi> aiÄyi>

hti>. dr[k j*Ymi> pi#ii[n) s>²yi v)s ht). kyi j*Yn[ ke pÛ(tY) (SxNkiy< krivv&> t[ miT[ #iN

(cÎ)ai[ niKvimi> aiv[l) ht). t[ prY) a[k n>brviLi j*Yn[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m

oiri, b[ n>brviLi j*Yn[ vk<>kiD< si(hRy oiri an[ #iN n>brviLi j*Yn[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri

a¹yipnkiy< krivvimi> aiv[l&> ht&>. kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy

47

oiri a¹yipn krivvimi> aiv[li j*Yi[n[ an&k|m[ p\yi[(gk j*Y-1 an[ p\yi[(gk j*Y-2 tr)k[

Av)kirvimi> aiv[li hti. jyir[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn kriv[l j*Yn[ (ny>(#it j*Y tr)k[[

Av)kir[l&> ht&>. j[n) rj*ait sirN) 3.1mi> krvimi> aiv) C[.

sirN) 3.1sirN) 3.1sirN) 3.1sirN) 3.1 pppp\\\\yi[gyi[gyi[gyi[g----1 ni aml miT1 ni aml miT1 ni aml miT1 ni aml miT[[[[ni[ nm*ni[ni[ nm*ni[ni[ nm*ni[ni[ nm*ni[

j*Yj*Yj*Yj*Y a¹yipn pÛ(ta¹yipn pÛ(ta¹yipn pÛ(ta¹yipn pÛ(t pppp\\\\yi[gn) S$aitmi> yi[gn) S$aitmi> yi[gn) S$aitmi> yi[gn) S$aitmi> pi#ii[n) s>²yipi#ii[n) s>²yipi#ii[n) s>²yipi#ii[n) s>²yi

pppp\\\\yi[gni a>tyi[gni a>tyi[gni a>tyi[gni a>t[ pi#ii[n) [ pi#ii[n) [ pi#ii[n) [ pi#ii[n) s>²yis>²yis>²yis>²yi

1 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m pÛ(t {p\iyi[(gk j*Y}

20 20

2 vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t {p\iyi[(gk j*Y}

20 20

3 Äyi²yin pÛ(t {(ny>(#it j*Y}

20 20

k&l 60 60

pppp\\\\yi[gyi[gyi[gyi[g----2 ni aml)krN miT[ni[ nm*ni[2 ni aml)krN miT[ni[ nm*ni[2 ni aml)krN miT[ni[ nm*ni[2 ni aml)krN miT[ni[ nm*ni[

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p\yi[g-2 ni aml)krN miT[ SiLi, (vwiY)<ai[ an[ p\yi[gn) an&k*Lti

t[m j ÄyvAYipnn[ ¹yinmi> le s&rt Sh[rn) ~) biliJ gÃs< hieAk&l ps>d krvimi> aiv) ht).

ai SiLimi> mi¹y(mk kxia[ g&jrit) mi¹ymni Fi[rN-9 ni a[k vg<n) ps>dg) krvimi> aiv) ht).

ai kºyiai[ni vg<n) 60 kºyiai[ni[ nm*ni[mi> smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

vg<n) tmim (vwi(Y<n)ai[ni t[mni Fi[rN-aiqni k&l g&Nni aiFir[ #iN j*Y bnivvimi>

aiÄyi hti. dr[k j*Ymi> pi#ii[n) s>²yi 20 ht). kyi j*Yn[ ke pÛ(tY) (SxNkiy< krivv&> t[ miT[

#iN (cÎ)ai[ niKvimi> aiv[l) ht). t[ prY) a[k n>brviLi j*Yn[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

kiy<k|m oiri, b[ n>brviLi j*Yn[ vk<>kiD< si(hRy oiri an[ #iN n>brviLi j*Yn[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t

oiri a¹yipnkiy< krivvimi> aiv[l&> ht&>. kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri an[ vk<kiD<

si(hRy oiri a¹yipn krivvimi> aiv[li j*Yi[n[ an&k|m[ p\yi[(gk j*Y-1 an[ p\yi[(gk j*Y-2 tr)k[

Av)kirvimi> aiv[li hti. jyir[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn kriv[l j*Yn[ (ny>(#it j*Y tr)k[[

Av)kir[l&> ht&>. j[n) rj*ait sirN) 3.2 mi> krvimi> aiv) C[.

48

sirN) 3.sirN) 3.sirN) 3.sirN) 3.2222

pppp\\\\yi[gyi[gyi[gyi[g----2222 ni aml miTni aml miTni aml miTni aml miT[[[[ni[ nm*ni[ni[ nm*ni[ni[ nm*ni[ni[ nm*ni[

j*Yj*Yj*Yj*Y a¹yipn pÛ(ta¹yipn pÛ(ta¹yipn pÛ(ta¹yipn pÛ(t pppp\\\\yi[gn) S$aitmi> yi[gn) S$aitmi> yi[gn) S$aitmi> yi[gn) S$aitmi> pi#ii[n) s>²yipi#ii[n) s>²yipi#ii[n) s>²yipi#ii[n) s>²yi

pppp\\\\yi[gni a>t[ pi#ii[n) yi[gni a>t[ pi#ii[n) yi[gni a>t[ pi#ii[n) yi[gni a>t[ pi#ii[n) s>²yis>²yis>²yis>²yi

1 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m pÛ(t {p\iyi[(gk j*Y}

20 20

2 vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t {p\iyi[(gk j*Y}

20 20

3 Äyi²yin pÛ(t {(ny>(#it j*Y}

20 20

k&l 60 60

3.4 s>Si[Fn pÛ(t3.4 s>Si[Fn pÛ(t3.4 s>Si[Fn pÛ(t3.4 s>Si[Fn pÛ(t

s>Si[Fn pÛ(t a[ s>Si[Fn p\(k|yini[ a[k aivÆyk Big C[. D).a[.uciT {2000}1 ni mt[

“s>Si[Fn smAyin&> ci[ksiep*v<k ApOT)krN Ye gyi bid s>Si[Gk a¿yisni h[t&ai[n[[ an&$p

mi(ht) m[Lvvini s>dB[< (v(SOT kiyi[< kr[ C[, t[n[ s>Si[Fn pÛ(t kh[vimi> aiv[ C[.”

p\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fn pÛ(t a[ ci[Ês miLK&> Frivt), ti(k<k an[ pÛ(tsrn) p\(k|yi C[.

j[mi> s>Si[Fk Kis p(r(AY(t rc[ C[. j[ h[qL (nFi<(rt smy s&F) (ny>(#it an[ (ny(mt r)t[ ki[e

ApOT kiy<k|m k[ mivjt lig& piD[ C[. kiy<k|mni aml bid t[n) asr tpis[ C[.

p\iyi[(gk s>Si[[Fn a[Tl[ Avt>#i clni[ upyi[g Yti[ hi[y Ryir[ aºy cln) asr prt>#i cl

pr n Yiy, t[n) kiLJ l[vimi> aiv[ C[. Avt>#i clni aml vKt[ a>k&(St cli[ upr (ny>#iN

riK)n[ prt>#i cln&> mipn krvimi> aiv[ C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin

pÛ(tn) asrkirkti g&jrit) (vOiyn) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> ckisvin) ht). ai h[t&n[

¹yinmi> riK) p\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fn pÛ(t oiri s>Si[Fn hiY Frvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>.

3.4.1 p3.4.1 p3.4.1 p3.4.1 p\\\\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fnn) lix(Nktiai[. iyi[(gk s>Si[Fnn) lix(Nktiai[. iyi[(gk s>Si[Fnn) lix(Nktiai[. iyi[(gk s>Si[Fnn) lix(Nktiai[. p\iyi[(gk yi[jnimi> Avt>#i clni aml dr(myin prt>#i

cl pr Avt>#i cl (sviyni aºy cli[n) asr n Yiy, t[ miT[ Kis p\kirn) kiLJ riKvimi> aiv[

C[. ai kiLJ a[ p\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fnn) lix(Nktiai[ C[. p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p\iyi[(g± yi[jnin)

lix(Nktiai[ ai m&jb C[.

1. D).a[.uciT, s>Si[Fnn) (v(SOT pÛ(tai[.s>Si[Fnn) (v(SOT pÛ(tai[.s>Si[Fnn) (v(SOT pÛ(tai[.s>Si[Fnn) (v(SOT pÛ(tai[. rijki[T : si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), 2000, pZ. 10

49

1. aºy cli[ pr a>k&S

2. Avt>#i clni[ aml

3. prt>#i cln&> mipn

4. p\yi[gn&> p&nrivt<n

1111.... aºy cli[ pr a>k&Saºy cli[ pr a>k&Saºy cli[ pr a>k&Saºy cli[ pr a>k&S. . . . p\yi[g dr(myin prt>#i cl pr Avt>#i cl (sviyni aºy cli[n) asr

pN aipm[L[ Ye Sk[ C[. j[Y) s>Si[Fnni p(rNimi[ d*(Oit Yvini[ By rh[ C[. t[Y) prt>#i cl pr

asr krti aºy cli[n[ ai[LK) s>Si[Fk t[ni pr (v(vF pÛ(tai[ oiri a>k&S m[Lvvini[ p\yRn

kr[ C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> Avt>#i cln) asrni mipn miT[ prt>#i cl pr asr krti aºy

cli[mi>Y) n)c[ m&jbni cli[n[ a>k&(St krvimi> aiÄyi hti.

{1} (vOiy {2} a[km {3} tisni[ smy {4} mi¹ym {5} ~[N)

p\yi[gni aml dr(myin Avt>#i cl (sviÂni prt>#i cl pr asr krti hi[y, Cti>

(ny>(#it krvi Sky n hi[y t[vi cli[n[ s>Si[Fk[ ai>trvt)< cli[ tr)k[ Av)kir[li>. j[ n)c[ m&jb

hti.

{1} p\yign&> niv)ºy {2} j*Yi[ vµc[n) ai>tr(k|yi {3} v]y(ktk tfivti[ {4} aºy oiri

mLt) mdd

2222.... Avt>#i clni[ amlAvt>#i clni[ amlAvt>#i clni[ amlAvt>#i clni[ aml. . . . p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> a¹yipn pÛ(t a[ Avt>#i cl hti[. Avt>#i clni[ aml

a[Tl[ nm*nini> pi#ii[ pr Avt>#i cln) (Bºn kxiai[ lig& piDv).


pÛ(tn) asrkirkti ckisvimi> aiv) ht). a[Tl[ k[ Avt>#i cln) kxiai[ tr)k[ #iN a¹yipn

pÛ(tai[ni[ aml krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

kxi-1 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yyn

kxi-2 vk<kiD< si(hRy {WC} oiri a¹yyn kxi-3 Äyi²yin pÛ(t a¹yyn {LM} oiri a¹yipn 3333.... prt>#i cln&> mipnprt>#i cln&> mipnprt>#i cln&> mipnprt>#i cln&> mipn. . . . p\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fnmi> Avt>#i cln) asrkirkti ckisvi Avt>#i clni

aml bid prt>#i cln&> mipn krvimi> aiv[ C[.

a¹yipn pÛ(ta¹yipn pÛ(ta¹yipn pÛ(ta¹yipn pÛ(t

{Avt>#i cl}{Avt>#i cl}{Avt>#i cl}{Avt>#i cl}

50

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> #iN alg-alg j*Yn[ alg-alg a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ vD[ a¹yipn

kriÄyi> bid t[n) S]x(Nk (s(Û an[ vlNi[ upr Yy[l asr mipvin) ht). S]x(Nk (s(Ûn)

mi(ht) m[Lvvi miT[ p\Ry[k j*Yn[ p\yi[gn[ a>t[ (Sxk (n(m<t u_ir ksi[T) aipvimi> aiv) ht). ai

u_irksi[T) 50 g&Nn) ht). t[mi> h[t&lx), T*>kjvib) an[ (nb>F a[m #iN[ p\kirni p\Åni[ni[ smiv[S

krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. vlN mipn miT[ b&Ûd[v r(ct vlN mipd>Dni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

aim, s>Si[Fnmi> prt>#i cl a[ (vwiY)<ai[a[ u_irksi[T) pr m[Lv[li p\i¼ti>ki[ an[ vlN mipd>D pr

m[Lv[li vlNi>ki[ hti.

4444.... pppp\\\\yi[gn&> p&nrivt<nyi[gn&> p&nrivt<nyi[gn&> p&nrivt<nyi[gn&> p&nrivt<n. . . . s>Si[Fk p\yi[g hiY Fr[ C[ Ryir[ k[Tl)kvir t[ t[ni a[k p\yi[gn[ aiFir[

aiKr) p(rNim tirv[ C[. pr>t& ai an&minn) yYiY<ti S>kiApd bn[ C[. aiY) mL[li p(rNimi[n)

sci[Tti vF[ t[ miT[ p\yi[gn&> p&nrivt<n krvimi> aiv[ C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk[ a¹yipn pÛ(tai[n) asrkirkti S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi>

ckisvi p\Ym p\yi[g s&rt Sh[rn) SiLi aK>D ain>d (vwiBvnni k&miri[ pr hiY Fr[l hti[. ai

p\yi[gni Av$p j[v&> j p\yi[gn&> p&nrivt<n s&rt Sh[rn) SiLi ~) biliJ gÃs< hieAk*ln) kºyiai[

pr hiY Fr[l&> ht&>. p\yi[gni p&nrivt<n smy[ aml, avli[kn an[ ÄyivAYipn j[v) bibti[

¹yinmi> riKvimi> aiv[l ht).

3.3.3.3.4.2 p4.2 p4.2 p4.2 p\\\\yi[g yi[jnin) pyi[g yi[jnin) pyi[g yi[jnin) pyi[g yi[jnin) p\\\\miNB*ttimiNB*ttimiNB*ttimiNB*tti. . . . p\yi[gn[ a>t[ p\i¼t p(rNimi[n[ t[n) p\miNB*tti oiri

ckisvimi> aiv[ C[. k[Àpb[l an[ AT[nl) {1965}2 ni mt m&jb b[ p\kirn) p\yi[g yi[jnin)

p\miNB*ttini[ smiv[S Yiy C[.

1.1.1.1. ai>t(rk pai>t(rk pai>t(rk pai>t(rk p\\\\miNB*ttimiNB*ttimiNB*ttimiNB*tti

{a} smkil)n bnivi[ k[ e(this {b} p(rpkvn

{c} p*v< ksi[T) {d} mipn siFni[mi> m>dti

{e} a>kSiA#i)y prig(t {f} pi#i ps>dg)mi> tfivt

{g} p\yi[gpi#imi> FTiDi[ {h} cli[n) pirAp(rk ai>tr(k|yi

{i} (AYrti

2. h(rBie g&. d[sie an[ d[sie kZ.gi[., s>Si[Fnn) pÛ(tai[ an[ ps>Si[Fnn) pÛ(tai[ an[ ps>Si[Fnn) pÛ(tai[ an[ ps>Si[Fnn) pÛ(tai[ an[ p\\\\(v(Fai(v(Fai(v(Fai(v(Fai[. {5m) aivZ(t}

amdivid : y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y (nmi<N bi[D<, g&jrit rijy, 1992, pZ. 185

51

2. biH p2. biH p2. biH p2. biH p\\\\miNB*tti miNB*tti miNB*tti miNB*tti

{a} p*v<ksi[T) an[ Avt>#i cl vµc[n) ai>tr(k|yi

{b} pi#i ps>dg) an[ Avt>#i cl vµc[n) ai>tr(k|yi

{c} p\yi[g(v(Fai[n) pirAp(rk p\(t(k|yiai[

{d} p\yi[g(v(Fai[ni[ avri[F

1 ai>t(rk p1 ai>t(rk p1 ai>t(rk p1 ai>t(rk p\\\\miNB*ttimiNB*ttimiNB*ttimiNB*tti. . . . p\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fnn[ a>t[ p\i¼t Yti p(rNimi[ Kr[Kr Avt>#i cln) asrn[

kirN[ ud`BÄyi C[[ an[ bhirni ki[e cln) asrn[ kirN[ ud`BÄyi nY), t[n) ckisN) krv)

a[Tl[ ai>t(rk p\miNB*tti. j[ n)c[n) bibti[ni s>dB<mi> ckis) ht).

{{{{a} smkil)n bniv} smkil)n bniv} smkil)n bniv} smkil)n bnivi[i[i[i[ k[ e(thisk[ e(thisk[ e(thisk[ e(this. . . . p\yi[g cilti[ hi[y t[ dr(myi Avt>#i cln) siY[ siY[

ki[e (v(SOT bnivi[ j[vi k[ ät& f[rfir, y&Ûni smicir, k&drt) aifti[, hDtili[ vg[r[

ud`Bv[ ti[ t[ prt>#i cl pr asr krti hi[y C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p\yi[g miT[ s>Si[Fk oiri #iN j*Yi[ni[ upyi[g Yy[li hti[. p\yi[gni[ aml

#iN[ j*Y pr a[k j smy[ kr[li[ hti[. t[Y) j*Yi[ pr smkil)n GTniai[n) asr smin Ye hS[.

{{{{b) p(rpkvnp(rpkvnp(rpkvnp(rpkvn. . . . p\yi[gni[ smygiLi[ ji[ li>bi[ hi[y ti[ t[ dr(myin p\yi[gpi#ii[n) u>mrmi>

vFiri[ Yiy C[ an[ t[mn[ vF& an&Bvi[ mLviY) t[mn) p(rpkvti vF[ C[. aiY) b&(Û, vlNi[,

a(Byi[³yitiai[, rsi[ an[ Äy(ktRvni k[Tlik a>Si[ li>bi smygiLimi> p(rvt<n pim[ C[.

p(rpkvnmi> Yti f[rfir asr prt>#i cl pr Yiy C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnni[ smygiLi[ 22 (dvsni[ hti[. simiºy r)t[ aiTli T*>kigiLimi> ai p\kirni

f[rfir ji[vi mL[ nh)>>. t[mj #iN[ j*Yni pi#ii[ smin vykxini hi[viY) p(rpkvnn) asr dr[k

j*Yn[ smin Yiy.

{{{{c} p*v< ksi[T)} p*v< ksi[T)} p*v< ksi[T)} p*v< ksi[T). . . . ji[ p\yi[gni aml p*v[< p*v<ksi[T) aipvimi> aiv[ ti[ p*v<ksi[T)n) p\(k|yi an[

t[n&> (vOiyvAt& b>n[ p\yi[gpi#ii[n[ u_irksi[T) aipvini[ an&Bv p*ri[ piD[ C[. t[Y) p*v<ksi[T)ni

an&Bvn) asr u_irksi[T)ni p\i¼ti>ki[ pr Yiy C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p*v<ksi[T) tr)k[ Fi[rN aiqni vi(Oi<k pr)xini g&Nn[ ¹yinmi> l)Fi hti.

t[Y) p*v<ksi[T)n) a(nµCn)y asr d*r kr) Skie ht).

{{{{d} mipn siFni[mi> m>dti} mipn siFni[mi> m>dti} mipn siFni[mi> m>dti} mipn siFni[mi> m>dti. . . . p\yi[g dr(myin mipn siFni[mi> k[ avli[kn pÛ(tmi>

ud`Bvti f[rfirn) asr p(rNim pr Yt) hi[y C[. mni[v]Xi(nk avli[kni[mi> avli[knkirni[

an&Bv j[m vF[ t[m t[n&> kim s&Fr[ C[, pr>t& siY[ t[n[ k>TiLi[ aiv[ t[m t[n&> kim utrt) kxin&> Yiy

C[.

52

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p\yi[gpi#in) S]x(Nk (s(Ûn&> mipn mi#i p\yi[gn[ a>t[ l[vimi> aiv[l

(Sxk (n(m<t u_irksi[T) oiri j krvimi> aiv[l&> ht&>. t[Y) ai p(rbL pr (ny>#iN liv) Skiy&>

ht>&.

{{{{e} a>kSiA#i)y prig(t} a>kSiA#i)y prig(t} a>kSiA#i)y prig(t} a>kSiA#i)y prig(t. . . . s>Si[Fn miT[ni j*Yi[n[ ki[e clni s>dB<mi> C[Di prni p\i¼ti>ki[n[

aiFir[ ps>d krvimi> aiv[ Ryir[ p\Ym vKtni C[Di prni p\i¼ti>ki[n) b)J vKtni mipn smy[

simiºy srisr) trf QLvin) vZ(_in[ a>kSiA#i)y prig(t kh[ C[. j[ p(rNimn[ d*(Oit kr[ C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> j*Yi[n[ j[mni t[m l)F[li hti. t[Y) a>kSiA#i)y prig(tn) asr Yvini[

s>Bv n hti[.

{{{{f} pi#i ps>dg)mi> tfivt} pi#i ps>dg)mi> tfivt} pi#i ps>dg)mi> tfivt} pi#i ps>dg)mi> tfivt. . . . p\iyi[(gk j*Y an[ (ny>(#it j*Y ji[ S$aitY) j prt>#i cl

tYi prt>#i cl siY[ s>b>(Ft agRyni cli[ni s>dB<mi> siY<k r)t[ j&di pDti> hi[y ti[ t[n) asr

prt>#i cl pr Yiy C[. j[Y) a>(tm ksi[T)mi> B[d aiv[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p\yi[g p*v[<n) srisr) ckis[l). j[mi> #iN[y j*Yi[mi> tfivt ji[vi mÇyi[

hti[. pr>t& a>kSiA#i)y pZYÊrNmi> sh(vcrN pZYÊrNni[ upyi[g kr) ai asr d*r krvimi>

aiv) ht).

{{{{g} p} p} p} p\\\\yi[gpi#imi> yi[gpi#imi> yi[gpi#imi> yi[gpi#imi> GGGGTiDi[TiDi[TiDi[TiDi[. . . . p\yi[g dr(myin p\iyi(gk j*Y k[ (ny>(#it j*Ymi>Y) pi#ii[mi> GTiDi[

Yiy Ryir[ t[ p(rNimi[ pr asr kr[ C[. p\iyi[(gk j*Ymi>Y) si]Y) ai[Ci g&N livnir pi#ii[ vµc[Y)

d*r Yiy ti[ p(rNim aipm[L[ s&Fr[ C[. an[ (v(SOT p\kirni pi#ii[ GT[ Ryir[ Avt>#i cln[ bdl[ ai

GTnin[ kirN[ p(rNimmi> f[r pD[ C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[ prni p\yi[gni dr(myin #iN j*Yi[ p]k) dr[k j*Ymi>

pi#ii[n) s>²yi smg\ p\yi[g an[ u_irksi[T) dr[k smy[ acL jLviy rh) ht).

{{{{h} cli[n) pirAp(rk ai>tr(k|yi} cli[n) pirAp(rk ai>tr(k|yi} cli[n) pirAp(rk ai>tr(k|yi} cli[n) pirAp(rk ai>tr(k|yi. . . . p\iyi[(gk j*Y an[ (ny>(#it j*Yni pi#ii[ prt>#i clni

s>dB<[ smin hi[y pr>t& pi#ii[mi> aºy cli[ni s>dB<mi> tfivti[ hi[y ti[ cli[n) ai>tr(k|yin) asr

u_irksi[T)ni p\i¼ti>ki[ pr Yiy C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> #iN[ j*Yi[ yiØ(µCk r)t[ ps>d kr[li hti. t[Y) ai p(rbL pr (ny>#iN

aiv) Sk[.

{{{{i} (AYrti} (AYrti} (AYrti} (AYrti. . . . p\Ym p\yi[gn&> p(rNim k[Tl&> (vÅvsn)y C[ t[ kh[v&> m&Æk[l hi[y C[. a[Tl[ k[

p\i¼t p(rNim aivvin) Skyti a[kvir hi[y pr>t& b)Jvir t[v&> p(rNim n pN aiv[. j[ ai>t(rk

p\miNB*tti ji[Kmiv[ C[.

53

s>Si[Fk[ p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> k&miri[ pr kr[li p\yi[g j[vi j Av$pn&> p&nrivt<n kºyiai[ pr

kr) p(rNimn[ vF& (vÅvsn)y bnivvini[ p\yRn kr[li hti[.

2. 2. 2. 2. biH pbiH pbiH pbiH p\\\\miNB*ttimiNB*ttimiNB*ttimiNB*tti. . . . Avt>#i cln) asr nm*ni upri>t Äyip(vÅvn[ k[Tli p\miNmi> lig& piD)

Skiy? kyi cln[ an&lx)n[ lig& piD) Skiy? kyi s>ji[gi[mi> lig& piD) Skiy? t[ ckisv&> t[n[

biH p\miNB*tti kh[ C[.

{{{{a} p*v} p*v} p*v} p*v<ksi[T) an[ Avt>#i cl vµc[n) ai>tr(k|yi<ksi[T) an[ Avt>#i cl vµc[n) ai>tr(k|yi<ksi[T) an[ Avt>#i cl vµc[n) ai>tr(k|yi<ksi[T) an[ Avt>#i cl vµc[n) ai>tr(k|yi.... p*v<ksi[T) aipvini[ an&Bv GN)vir

p\yi[gpi#ii[n[ lgiDvimi> aivt) mivjt p\Ry[ sjig bniv[ C[. aiY) ai p\kirni p\yi[gn[ a>t[ p\i¼t

Yti> p(rNimi[ p*v<ksi[T) l)F) n hi[y t[vi pi#ii[n[ lig& n piD) Skiy.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p*v<ksi[T) tr)k[ p\yi[g pi#ii[a[ Fi[rN aiq vi(Oi<k pr)ximi> m[Lv[l k&l

g&N an[ vlN mipd>Dni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. j[Y) p*v<ksi[T) an[ Avt>#i cl vµc[n)

ai>tr(k|yini[ p\Ån ud`Bv[l n hti[.

{{{{b} pi#i ps>dg) an[ Avt>#i cl vµc[n) ai>tr(k|yi} pi#i ps>dg) an[ Avt>#i cl vµc[n) ai>tr(k|yi} pi#i ps>dg) an[ Avt>#i cl vµc[n) ai>tr(k|yi} pi#i ps>dg) an[ Avt>#i cl vµc[n) ai>tr(k|yi. . . . s>Si[Fn miT[ ps>d Yy[li pi#ii[ ji[

Äyip(vÅvn&> p\(t(n(F_v Frivti j hi[y ti[ p\yi[gn[ a>t[ mLti p(rNimi[ smg\ Äyip(vÅvn[ lig& n

piD) Skiy.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk[ j*Yi[ yiØ(µCk r)t[ ps>d kr[li hti. pr>t& SiLi sh[t&k ps>>d

kriy[l ht). t[Tli p\miNmi> myi<di rh[l) ht).

{{{{c} p} p} p} p\\\\yi[g(v(Fai[n) pirAp(rk pyi[g(v(Fai[n) pirAp(rk pyi[g(v(Fai[n) pirAp(rk pyi[g(v(Fai[n) pirAp(rk p\\\\(t(k|yiai[(t(k|yiai[(t(k|yiai[(t(k|yiai[. . . . k[Tl)k p\yi[g yi[jniai[ simiºy krti j&d)

hi[[y C[. t[ni j&dipNin[ kirN[ pi#ii[ t[ni trf s(vS[Oi ¹yin aip[ C[. aiY) p(rNimi[n) Äyipkti

myi<(dt bn[ C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> Äyi²yin pÛ(tY) (Bºn a[v) kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m an[

vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yyn pÛ(tni[ aml Yyi[ hti[. t[Y) p\yi[g(v(Fai[ pr a>k&S m[Lvvi[

Sky n hti[.

{{{{d} p} p} p} p\\\\yi[g(v(Fai[ni[ avri[Fyi[g(v(Fai[ni[ avri[Fyi[g(v(Fai[ni[ avri[Fyi[g(v(Fai[ni[ avri[F. . . . jyir[ a[kni a[k pi#ii[ pr virifrt) mivjti[ {X1, X2,

X3} lgiDvimi> aiv[ Ryir[ p\Ym mivjt { X1} n) asr b)J mivjt {X2} pr Yt) hi[y C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> #iN (Bºn a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD<

si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t[ miT[ #iN (Bºn j*Yi[n) rcni kr[l) ht). t[Y) p\yi[g(v(Fai[ni[

avri[F Yyi[ n hti[.

3.4.3 p3.4.3 p3.4.3 p3.4.3 p\\\\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fnn) yi[jniai[iyi[(gk s>Si[Fnn) yi[jniai[iyi[(gk s>Si[Fnn) yi[jniai[iyi[(gk s>Si[Fnn) yi[jniai[. . . . p\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fnmi> p\yi[g yi[jni a[ agRyn&> pis&>

C[. an[k p\kirn) p\yi[g yi[jniai[ a(AtRv Friv[ C[. p\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fnmi> p\yi[gn) S$aitmi> j

54

p\yi[g yi[jni nÊ) kr) l[vimi> aiv[ C[. s>Si[Fk pi[tini s>Si[Fnn[ an&$p u(ct p\yi[g yi[jni

ps>d kr[ C[. p\yi[g yi[jnin[ aiFir[ s>Si[Fkn[ s>Si[Fnkiy< miT[ mig<dS<n mL[ C[. j[m k[, kiy<ni[

smy, r)t, yYiY<ti an[ kiy<$pr[Ki (vS[n) mi(ht) mL[ C[. kyi p\kirn) p\yi[(gk yi[jni

apnivv), t[ni[ aiFir p\yi[gni h[t&ai[ pr C[. p\iyi[(gk yi[jnini m&²y #iN pkiri[ an[ t[n) h[qL

aivt) p\iyi[(gk yi[jniai[ ai m&jb C[.

pppp\\\\iyi[(gk yi[jniai[iyi[(gk yi[jniai[iyi[(gk yi[jniai[iyi[(gk yi[jniai[

p*v< p\iyi[(gk p*N< p\iyi[(gk a>St: p\iyi[(gk yi[jni yi[jni yi[jni

1. a[k j*Y, mi#i 1.b[ j*Y aik(Amk pi#ii[ 1. (bn aik(AmkrN u_irksi[T) yi[jni mi#i u_irksi[T) yi[jni (nymn j*Y, 2. a[k j*Y, p*v<ksi[T) 2.b[ j*Y, ji[Dki> pi#ii[, u_irksi[T) yi[jni u_irksi[T) yi[jni mi#i u_irksi[T) yi[jni 2. smt&(lt j*Yi[n) yi[jni 3. b[ (AYr j*Y yi[jni 3.si[li[mn aik(AmkZt 3. a[k smy ~[(Nk yi[jni

cir j*Y yi[jni 4. (nymn j*Y smy 4.f[kTi[(ryl yi[jni ~[(Nk yi[jni 5.aik(Amk j*Yi[, p*v<ksi[T) u_irksi[T) yi[jni

3.4.4 p3.4.4 p3.4.4 p3.4.4 p\\\\At&t At&t At&t At&t s>Si[Fns>Si[Fns>Si[Fns>Si[Fnn) pn) pn) pn) p\\\\iyi[(gk yi[jniiyi[(gk yi[jniiyi[(gk yi[jniiyi[(gk yi[jni

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p\yi[gn) yYiY<ti jiLvvi miT[ prt>#i cl pr asr krti Avt>#i cl

(sviyni aºy cli[ pr a>k&S m[Lvvi[ K*b j j$r) hti[. Avt>#i cln) j&d) j&d) kxiai[n)

asrkirkti ckisvi a[n) prt>#i cl pr Yt) asr srKivvin) ht). aiY) p*N< p\iyi[(gk

yi[jnini[ aml krvimi> aiv[li[ hti[. ah)>> j*Yi[[n) rcni yiØ(µCk r)t[ kr[l) ht).

aim, p\yi[g yi[jni tr)k[ #iN j*Y, yiØ(µCk pi#ii[, mi#i u_irksi[T) yi[jni ps>d

krvimi> aiv[l) ht). j*Yi[n[ p*v<ksi[T) aipvimi> aiv) n ht).

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> Avt>#i cln) #iN kxiai[ ht). ai bibtn[ ¹yinmi> riK)n[

(vwiY)<ai[ni t[mni Fi[rN aiqni vi(Oi<k pr)xini k&l g&Nn[ aiFir[ #iN j*Yn) rcni krvimi>

aiv[l) ht). ai #iN j*Yi[ p]k) a[k j*Yn[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri, b)ji j*Yn[

vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri an[ #i)ji j*Yn[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn krivvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. p\yi[g

55

p*N< Yyi bid #iN[y j*Yn[ (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T) aip) t[mn) S]x(Nk (s(Ûn&> mipn krvimi> aiÄy&>

ht&>.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> yi[jnin&> $pi>t(rt Av$p ai p\miN[ ht&>.


s>Si[Fnn) yi[jnin&> Av$ps>Si[Fnn) yi[jnin&> Av$ps>Si[Fnn) yi[jnin&> Av$ps>Si[Fnn) yi[jnin&> Av$p

#iN j*Y, yiØ(µCk pi#ii[, mi#i u_irksi[T) yi[jni#iN j*Y, yiØ(µCk pi#ii[, mi#i u_irksi[T) yi[jni#iN j*Y, yiØ(µCk pi#ii[, mi#i u_irksi[T) yi[jni#iN j*Y, yiØ(µCk pi#ii[, mi#i u_irksi[T) yi[jni

j*Yj*Yj*Yj*Y p*v<ksi[T)p*v<ksi[T)p*v<ksi[T)p*v<ksi[T) Avt>#i clAvt>#i clAvt>#i clAvt>#i cl u_irksi[T)u_irksi[T)u_irksi[T)u_irksi[T)

p\iyi[(gk j*Y-1 ER1 - X1 T2E1

p\iyi[(gk j*Y-1 ER2 - X2 T2E2

(ny>(#it j*Y CR - X3 T2C

ER1 = kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yipn pim[l p\iyi[(gk j*Y

ER2 = vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipn pim[l p\iyi[(gk j*Y

CR = Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn pim[l (ny>(#it j*Y

X1 = kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yipn

X2 = vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipn

X3 = Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn

T2 = ‘(c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[’ a[kmn) (Sxk (n(m<t u_irksi[T)

R = yiØµC)krN

T2E1 = kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m {CAL} prni u_irksi[T)ni p\i¼ti>ki[

T2E2 = vk<kiD< si(hRy {WC} prni u_irksi[T)ni p\i¼ti>ki[

T2C = Äyi²yin pÛ(t prni u_irksi[T)ni p\i¼ti>ki[

3.5 kiy<k|m mivjt3.5 kiy<k|m mivjt3.5 kiy<k|m mivjt3.5 kiy<k|m mivjt

p\At&t s>Si[Fn miT[ s>Si[Fk[ g&jrit) (vOiyni Fi[rN nvni (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ miT[

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mn) t[mj vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni kr[l) ht). j[n) (vAtZt

(vgt hv[ pC)ni p\krNmi> aipvimi> aiv[l) C[. kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mn) CD

p(r(SOT-2 mi> t[mj vk<kiD< si(hRy p(r(SOT-3 mi> aip[l C[. t[mj Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn

miT[ni piq aiyi[jni[ p(r(SOT-4 mi> aip[l C[.

56

3.6 upkrN s>rcni3.6 upkrN s>rcni3.6 upkrN s>rcni3.6 upkrN s>rcni

p\At&t s>Si[Fnni[ h[t& kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri, vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t oiri

an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnn) asrkirkti g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi>

ckisvini[ an[ g&jrit)ni vlNni mipnni[ hti[. vlN mipd>D p(r(SOT-1 mi> rj** kr[l C[. ai

vlN mipd>Dni[ p(rcy n)c[ m&jb C[.

3.6.1 vlN mipd>D3.6.1 vlN mipd>D3.6.1 vlN mipd>D3.6.1 vlN mipd>D. . . . vlN miT[ b&Ûd[v {1988} oiri t]yir kr[l g&jrit) vlN mipd>Dni[ upyi[g

krvimi> aiv[l hti[.

b&Ûd[v 1988mi> si]riOT y&(nv(s<T)mi> p)a[c.D).n&> s>Si[Fn kiy< kr[l&> ht&>. ai miT[ t[N[

p\miNB*t Avr(ct vlN mipd>Dn) rcni kr) ht). ai s>Si[Fnmi> g&jrit), g(Nt, (hºd),

(vXin, a>g[\J, smij(vwi an[ s>AkZt (vOiyi[ p\Ry[ mi¹y(mk SiLini (vwiY)<<ai[ni vlNi[n&> mipn

kr[l&> ht&>. dr[k (vOiymi> t[rn) s>²yimi> klmi[ ps>d kr[l ht). vlN mipd>Dmi> t[r (vS[OiNi[n) (Ù-

F&\\\v) ji[D l[vimi> aiv) ht). s>Si[Fk[ 2295 (vwiY)<ai[ni[ nm*ni[ l)Fi[ hti[. vlN mipd>Dn)

(vÅvn)yti ksi[T)-p&n:ksi[T) oiri Si[Fvimi> aiv) ht). gNtr) krti> jNiy&> k[ shs>b>Fik 0.01

kxia[ siY<k hti[. a[Tl[ k[[ vlN mipd>D a¿yisni nm*ni miT[ (vÅvsn)y hti[.

upkrNn) yYiY<ti #iN r)t[ Si[Fvimi> aiv) ht).

1. (vOiy (Sxki[ni a(Bp\iy oiri yYiY<ti

2. d[sie g(Nt vlN mipd>D oiri yYiY<ti

3. avyv yYiY<ti

(vOiy (Sxki[ni a(Bp\iyi[ aiFir[ (vOiy (Sxki[ oiri p>c(bd& pr k|mi>kn Yy[l ht&>. 98

(vwiY)< pr k|mi>kn kr) Si[Fvimi> aiv[li[ shs>b>Fik (vXinni (vOiymi> 0.05 kxia[ an[ bik)ni

(vOiyi[mi> 0.01 kxia[ siY<k hti[.

si]riOT^ni mi¹y(mk SiLini (vwiY)<ai[ni g(Nt p\Ry[ni vlN d[sie a[c.J.a[ (lkT< pÛ(t

oiri Si[F[l hti>. t[n) siY[ p\At&t vlN mipd>Dni[ shs>b>Fi>k 0.30 mÇyi[ j[ 0.01 kxia[ siY<k

hti[.

(v(vF (vOiyi[ p\Ry[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ni[ shs>b>Fi>k ckisti> jNiy&> k[ j&di j&di sit (vOiyi[

p]k) p\Ry[k b[ (vOiyi[n) 21 ji[Dmi>Y) 19 ji[Dmi> b[ (vOiyi[ p\Ry[ni vlNi>k vµc[ni[ shs>b>Gi>k Fn

an[ 0.01 kxia[ siY<k hti[.

3.6.2 (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)n) s>rcni3.6.2 (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)n) s>rcni3.6.2 (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)n) s>rcni3.6.2 (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)n) s>rcni. . . . (vwiY)<ai[n) g&jrit) (vOiyn) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni mipn miT[

u_ir ksi[T) t]yir krvi s>Si[Fk[ n)c[ p\miN[ni m&d`iai[ ¹yinmi> l)Fi hti>.

57

{1} (vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN{1} (vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN{1} (vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN{1} (vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN

1. ‘yicni’kiÄyni k(vni[ p(rcy, ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<, kiÄyi[ni[ BiviY<,

kiÄyp>(ktai[ni[ rsiAvid.

2. ‘adni aidm)n&> g)t’ kiÄyni k(vni[ p(rcy, ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<, kiÄyni[

BiviY<,kiÄyp>(ktai[ni[ rsiAvid

3. ‘aipNi> d&&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r?’ kiÄyni k(vni[ p(rcy, ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<, kiÄyni[

BiviY<, kiÄyp>(ktai[ni[ rsiAvid

4. ‘ (ctiri[’ kiÄyni k(vni[ p(rcy, ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<, kiÄyni[ BiviY<,

kiÄyp>(ktai[ni[ rsiAvid

5. ‘aipN[’ kiÄyni k(vni[ p(rcy, ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<, kiÄyni[ BiviY<,


6. ‘kºyi(vdiy’ kiÄyni k(vni[ p(rcy, ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<, kiÄyni[ BiviY<,


{2} ksi[T)ni[ h[t&{2} ksi[T)ni[ h[t&{2} ksi[T)ni[ h[t&{2} ksi[T)ni[ h[t&

(SxNmi> p\(k|yimi> (v(vF tbÊ[ (v(vF ksi[T)ai[ni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiv[ C[. kyi smy[

kyi p\kirn) ksi[T)ni[ upyi[g krvi[ t[ni[ aiFir kyi h[t& miT[ ksi[T) l[vin) C[ t[ni pr rh[ C[.

ksi[T)n) rcni krti ph[li kyi h[t& miT[ ksi[T) rcvin) C[. t[ a>g[ ApOT bnv&> ji[ea[.

(Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)ni[ upyi[g m&²y_v[ n)c[n) bibti[ miT[ krvimi> aiv[ C[.

- (vwiY)<n&> p*v<Xin jiNvi

- (vwiY)<n&> (vOiyni ci[Ês a[km prn&> p\B&Rv jiNvi.

- S]x(Nk (s(Ûni sv[<xN miT[

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fkni[ ksi[T) rcvi piCLni[ h[t& kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt kiy<k|m, vk<kiD<

si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tni aml bid Fi[rN-nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni C (c>tniRmk

g)tkiÄyi[ni a[km pr (vwiY)<ai[n) S]x(Nk (s(Û jiNvini[ hti[.

{3} ksi[T) aiyi[jn{3} ksi[T) aiyi[jn{3} ksi[T) aiyi[jn{3} ksi[T) aiyi[jn

ksi[T) rc(yti ksi[T)ni aiyi[jn miT[ n)c[n) bibti[ lxmi> l[ C[.

1. a¿yisk|mni m&d`iai[n&> p\(t(n(FRv

2. a¿yisk|mni m&d`iai[n) a¹yyn (nOp(_i

58

3. ksi[T) p\Åni[ a>g[ k[Tlik (nN<yi[

p\At&t s>Si[Fn miT[ (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)n) rcni krt) vKt[ s>Si[Fk[ (c>tniRmk

g)tkiÄyi[ a[kmni tmim p[Ti m&dìai[n[ ¹yinmi> riK) mi[Ti Bigni m&dìai[ni[ smiv[S Ye Sk[ a[

r)t[ ksi[T)n) rcni kr[l ht).

a¿yisk|mni m&dìai[n) m&²y a¹yyn (nOp(_iai[ Xin, smj, upyi[jn an[ ki]SÃyni

s>dB<mi> S]x(Nk (s(Û ckisvi miT[ tmim (nOp(_iai[ aiFi(rt p\Åni[ni[ ksi[T)mi> smiv[S kr[li[

hti[.

ai upri>t ksi[T)p#imi> p\Åns>²yi, g&NBir an[ p\Ån Av$p j[vi ksi[T) p\Åni[ a>g[ni

(nN<yi[ (vOiy (nONit siY[ cci< kyi< bid l)F[l hti.

{4} ksi[T) p{4} ksi[T) p{4} ksi[T) p{4} ksi[T) p\\\\Åni[n&> l[KnÅni[n&> l[KnÅni[n&> l[KnÅni[n&> l[Kn

ksi[T) klm l[Kn kiy<mi> #iN bibti[n[ ¹yinmi> l[viy C[.

1. ksi[T) p\Åni[n) ps>dg)

2. p\Åni[n) BiOii an[ SiA#i)ypN&>

3. p\Åni[n&> AYin an[ (vkÃpi[

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk[ (v(vF pÛ(tai[ni[ upyi[g kr) kriv[l a¹yipn kiy<n[ ¹yinmi>

riK) aniRmlx), T*>k jvib) an[ (nb>F a[m tmim p\kirni p\Åni[ Frivt) ksi[T)n) rcni kr)

ht).

p\Ry[k p\Ånn) BiOii tYi p\Åni[n) S$aitmi> apiy[l) s*cni srL t[mj ApOT bnivvini[

p\yis kyi[< hti[.

t]yir kr[l ksi[T) BiOii (SxNni (vOiyni an&Bv) (Sxk (m#ii[n[ t[mj g&jrit) BiOiini

tj`Xn[ aip) t[mni s*cni[ m[LÄyi hti. t[ m&jb p\Åni[n) s*cnimi> t[mj Kil) j³yiai[n)

vikyrcnimi> j$r) f[rfir kyi< hti.

{5} {5} {5} {5} ksi[T)n) biH bibti[ a>g[ k[Tlik (nN<yi[ksi[T)n) biH bibti[ a>g[ k[Tlik (nN<yi[ksi[T)n) biH bibti[ a>g[ k[Tlik (nN<yi[ksi[T)n) biH bibti[ a>g[ k[Tlik (nN<yi[

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk[ ksi[T)n) p*v< ajmiyS kr) ht). j[ni aiFir[ (nb>Flx)

p\Åni[mi> vF& ApOT)krN krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&> an[ p*v[<xN prY) ksi[T)ni[ smygiLi[ nÊ) krvimi>

aiÄyi[ hti[. ksi[T)n) p*v< ajmiyS kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri an[ j[ (vwiY)<ai[a[

vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yyn kr[l&> ht&> t[mn[ a¹yynni a>t[ ksi[T) aip) ht). p*v< ajmiySni

a>t[ ksi[T)ni[ smygiLi[ a[k klikni[ nÊ) kyi[< hti[. a[km ksi[T)ni m*Ãyi>kn miT[ (vOiy

59

(nONitn) mdd l[vimi> aiv) ht). ksi[T)ni[ nm*ni[ p(r(SOT-5{1} mi> aip[l C[. ksi[T) miT[n)

g&Ni>kn yi[jni p(r(SOT 5{2}mi> an[ ¾Ãy* (p\ºT p(r(SOT 5{3} mi> aip[l C[.

3.7 p3.7 p3.7 p3.7 p\\\\yi[gn&> aml)kryi[gn&> aml)kryi[gn&> aml)kryi[gn&> aml)krNNNN

s>Si[Fk[ p\At&t s>Si[Fnkiy< b[ p\yi[gi[mi> vh[c[l&> ht&>. j[mi> k&miri[ pr p\yi[g-1 an[

kºyiai[ pr p\yi[g-2 hiY Fr[li hti. p\Ry[k p\yi[gmi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD<

si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tn) asrkirkti S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> ckisvimi> aiv)

ht). p\yi[g miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, t[m j vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni kr[l) ht)

an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tni piq aiyi[jni[ t]yir kyi>< hti. b>n[ p\yi[gi[n&> aml)krN ai p\miN[

krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>.

pppp\\\\yi[gyi[gyi[gyi[g----1111 k&miri[ pr kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri, vk<kk&miri[ pr kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri, vk<kk&miri[ pr kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri, vk<kk&miri[ pr kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri, vk<kiD<iD<iD<iD< si(hRysi(hRysi(hRysi(hRy oiri an[ Äyi²yin oiri an[ Äyi²yin oiri an[ Äyi²yin oiri an[ Äyi²yin

pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnn) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> asrkirktipÛ(t oiri a¹yipnn) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> asrkirktipÛ(t oiri a¹yipnn) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> asrkirktipÛ(t oiri a¹yipnn) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> asrkirkti

{1} p\yi[g-1ni aml miT[ SiLin) an&k*Lti,a¿yisk|m, Bi](tk s&(vFiai[, (SxkgN

tYi (vwiY)<ai[ni[ shkir ai dr[k bibti[n[ ¹yinmi> aiciy<~)ni[ $b$ s>pk< kyi[< hti[.

t[mn[ p\At&t s>Si[Fnn) mi(ht) aip) p\yi[gkiy< miT[ an&m(t m[Lv[l) ht).

{2} SiLimi>ni Fi[rN-nvni a[k vg<n) yiØ(µCk r)t[ ps>dg) kr) Fi[rN-aiqni vi(Oi<k

pr)xini k&l g&Nn[ aiFir[ (vwiY)<ai[ni #iN j*Y piDvimi> aiÄyi hti. kyi j*Yn[ ke

pÛ(tY) a¹yipn krivv&> t[ nÊ) krvi miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD<

si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t lK[l) #iN (cÎ)ai[ bnivvimi> aiv) ht). t[ni aiFir[

ai m&jb (nN<y l)F[li[ hti[.

j*Y-1 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m {CAL} oiri a¹yyn,

j*Y-2 vk<kiD< si(hRy {WC} oiri a¹yyn

j*Y-3 Äyi²yin pÛ(t {LM} oiri a¹yyn

{3} (vwiY)<ai[n&> g&jrit) (vOiyn&> vlN k[v&> C[ t[ mipn miT[ dr[k j*Yn[ vlN mipd>D p\yi[g

ph[li aipvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

{4} #iN[y j*Y pr a[k j smy[ p\iyi[(gk kiy<ni[ aml krvimi> aiv[li[ hti[.kÀ¼y*Tr

shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri tYi vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnn) S$aitmi> s>Si[Fk

oiri a¹yyn miT[n) j$r) s*cniai[ tYi mig<dS<n aipvimi> aiÄyi hti.

{5} kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yyn krti p\Ry[k (vwiY)<n[ drri[j vG&mi>

vF& sit frmi s&F) a¿yis krvi d[vimi> aivti[ hti[. vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yyn krti

60

p\Ry[k (vwiY)<n[ drri[j vF&mi> vF& b[ vk<kiD< aipvimi> aivti hti. vk<kiD< si(hRymi>

aip[l m*Ãyi>knni p\Åni[ni u_iri[ (vwiY)<ai[ t[mn) ni[>Fpi[Y)mi> ni[>Fti hti. dr[k tisn[ a>t[

vk<kiD< si(hRy prt m[Lv) l[vimi> aivt&>. Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn krti j*Y miT[

piq aiyi[jn t]yir kr[li hti. t[ m&jb s>Si[Fk oiri t[mn[ a¹yipn krivvimi> aivt&>

ht>&>. ai piq aiyi[jni[ (vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN an[ j[ t[ a[kmni (v(SOT h[t&ai[n[ aiFir[

t]yir kr[li hti.

{6} smyn) asr TiLvi #iN[y j*Yn[ SiLini #i)ji tismi> j a¹yipnkiy< krivvimi>

aiÄy&> ht&>.

{7} a¹y[ti tismi> hijr) aip[ t[ miT[ aig\h riKvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

{8} a¹yipnkiy< dr(myin (vwiY)<n[ apiti gZhkiy<n) ckisN) krvimi> aiv) ht).

{9} g&jrit) (vOiy prni vlN mipn miT[ p\yi[g bid b)ji (dvs[ vlN mipd>D aipvimi>

aiÄyi[ hti[.

{10} S]x(Nk (s(Ûni mipn miT[ (Sxk r(ct g&jrit) a[km ksi[T) p\yi[g p*N< Yyi bid

#i)ji (dvs[ l[vimi> aiv) ht).

{11} ksi[T) dr(myin ki[e a¹y[ti g[rr)(t n aicr[ t[ miT[n) ÄyvAYi krvimi> aiv) ht).

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p\Ym p\yi[g k&miri[ upr an[ b)ji[ p\yi[g kºyiai[ upr hiY Frvimi>

aiv[l hti[.

k&miri[ prni p\yi[gn&> smyp#ik sirN) 3.4mi> dSi<v[l C[.

sirN) 3.4 mi> dSi<Äyi p\miN[ #iN[ j*Y aml)krN aK>D ain>d (vwiBvnni k&miri[ pr

krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. j[ni[ smygiLi[ sRyiv)s (dvsni[ hti[. j[mi> pi>c (dvs rjini bid krti

p\yi[gni[ smygiLi[ biv)s (dvsni[ gN) Skiy.

p\Ym (dvs[ (vwiY)><ai[n[ #iN j*Ymi> vh[>c) niKvimi> aiÄyi> hti. an[ b)ji (dvs[ #iN[y

j*Yni> bFi j (vwiY)<ai[n[ g&jrit)ni[ vlN mipd>D aipvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. jyir[ C[Ãli b>n[

(dvsi[mi> 21 mi (dvs[ g&jrit)ni[ vlN mipd>D an[ 22mi (dvs[ #iN[y j*Yni (vwiY)<ai[n[

g&jrit)n) (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T) aipvimi> aiv) ht).

61

sirN) 3.4sirN) 3.4sirN) 3.4sirN) 3.4 k&miri[ prni pk&miri[ prni pk&miri[ prni pk&miri[ prni p\\\\yi[gni aml)krNn&> smyp#ikyi[gni aml)krNn&> smyp#ikyi[gni aml)krNn&> smyp#ikyi[gni aml)krNn&> smyp#ik

k|mk|mk|mk|m tir)K/virtir)K/virtir)K/virtir)K/vir a[kma[kma[kma[km j*Yj*Yj*Yj*Y----aaaa CAI

j*Yj*Yj*Yj*Y----bbbb vk<kiD<vk<kiD<vk<kiD<vk<kiD<

j*Yj*Yj*Yj*Y----kkkk Äyi²yin pÛ(tÄyi²yin pÛ(tÄyi²yin pÛ(tÄyi²yin pÛ(t

1 15-9-08 {si[mvir}

- j*Y vh[cN) j*Y vh[cN) j*Y vh[cN)

2 16-9-08 {m>gLvir}

- g&jrit) vlN mipd>D

g&jrit) vlN mipd>D

g&jrit) vlN mipd>D

3 17-9-08 {b&Fvir}

'yicni" 05 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ p*vi<F<

4 18-9-08 {g&$vir}

'yicni" 05 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD kiÄyni[ m¹yi>S

5 19-9-08 {S&k|vir}

'yicni" 05 AliED`s 2 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ u_iriF<

6 20-9-08 {S(nvir}

'adni aidm)n&> g)t"

06 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ p*vi<F<

7 22-9-08 {si[mvir}

'adni aidm)n&> g)t"

05 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ m¹yi>S

8 23-9-08 {m>gLvir}

'adni aidm)n&> g)t"

06 AliED`s 2 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ u_iriF<

9 24-9-08 {b&Fvir}

'aipNi d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r? "


10 25-9-08 {g&$vir}



11 26-9-08 {S&k|vir}



12 27-9-08 {S(nvir}

' (ctiri[" 05 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ p*vi<F<

13 29-9-08 {si[mvir}

' (ctiri[" 05 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ m¹yi>S

14 30-9-08 {m>gLvir}

' (ctiri[" 05 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ u_iriF<

15 01-10-08 {b&Fvir}

' aipN[" 06 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ p*vi<F<

16 03-10-08 {S&k|vir}

' aipN[" 07 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ m¹yi>S

17 04-10-08 {S(nvir}

' aipN[" 07 AliED`s 2 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ u_iriF<

18 06-10-08 {si[mvir}

'kºyi(vdiy" 06 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ p*vi<F<

19 07-10-08 {m>gLvir}

'kºyi(vdiy" 06 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ m¹yi>S

20 08-10-08 {b&Fvir}

'kºyi(vdiy" 06 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ u_iriF<

21 10-10-08 {S&k|vir}


g&jrit) vlN mipd>D

g&jrit) vlN mipd>D

22 11-10-08 {S(nvir}

- (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)

(Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)

(Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)

62

pppp\\\\yi[gyi[gyi[gyi[g----2 kºyiai[ pr 2 kºyiai[ pr 2 kºyiai[ pr 2 kºyiai[ pr kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri, vk<kiD< oiri an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri, vk<kiD< oiri an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri, vk<kiD< oiri an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri, vk<kiD< oiri an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t

oiri a¹yipnn) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> asrkirktioiri a¹yipnn) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> asrkirktioiri a¹yipnn) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> asrkirktioiri a¹yipnn) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> asrkirkti

{1} p\yi[g-2 ni aml miT[ SiLin) an&k*Lti, a¿yisk|m, Bi](tk s&(vFiai[, (SxkgN

tYi (vwiY)<ai[ni[ shkir ai dr[k bibti[n[ ¹yinmi> riK)n[ si] p\Ym aiciy<~)ni[ $b$

s>pk< kyi[< hti[. t[mn[ p\At&t s>Si[Fnn) mi(ht) aip) p\yi[gkiy< miT[ an&m(t m[Lv[l) ht).

{2} ai SiLimi>ni Fi[rN-nvni a[k vg<n) yiØ(µCk r)t[ ps>dg) krvimi> aiv) ht).

t[mi>Y) Fi[rN-aiqni vi(Oi<k pr)xini k&lg&Nn[ aiFir[ (vwiY)<ai[ni #iN j*Y piDvimi>

aiÄyi hyi. kyi j*Yn[ ke pÛ(tY) a¹yipn krivv&> t[ nÊ) krvi miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt

a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t lK[l) #iN (cÎ)ai[

bnivvimi> aiv) ht). t[ni aiFir[ ai m&jb (nN<y l)F[li[ hti[.

j*Y-1 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m {CAL} oiri a¹yyn,

j*Y-2 vk<kiD< si(hRy {WC} oiri a¹yyn

j*Y-3 Äyi²yin pÛ(t {LM} oiri a¹yyn

{3} (vwiY)<ai[n&> g&jrit) (vOiyn&> vlN k[v&> C[ t[ mipn miT[ dr[k j*Yn[ vlN mipd>D

p\yi[g ph[li aipvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

{4} #iN[y j*Y pr a[k j smy[ p\iyi[(gk kiy<ni[ aml krvimi> aiv[li[ hti[. kÀ¼y*Tr

shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri tYi vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnn) S$aitmi> s>Si[Fk

oiri a¹yyn miT[n) j$r) s*cniai[ tYi mig<dS<n aipvimi> aiÄyi hti.

{5} kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yyn krti p\Ry[k (vwi(Y<n[ drri[j vG&mi>

vF& sit frmi s&F) a¿yis krvi d[vimi> aivti[ hti[. vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yyn

krti p\Ry[k (vwi(Y<n)n[ drri[j vF&mi> vF& b[ vk<kiD< aipvimi> aivti hti. vk<kiD<

si(hRymi> aip[l Avm*Ãyi>knni p\Åni[ni u_iri[ (vwiY)<ai[ t[mn) ni[>Fpi[Y)mi> ni[>Ft) ht).

dr[k tisn[ a>t[ vk<kiD< si(hRy prt m[Lv) l[vimi> aivt&>. Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn

krti j*Y miT[ piq aiyi[jn t]yir kr[li hti. t[ m&jb s>Si[Fk oiri t[mn[ a¹yipn

krvvimi> aivt&> ht>&>. ai piq aiyi[jni[ (vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN an[ j[ t[ a[kmni (v(SOT

h[t&ai[n[ aiFir[ t]yir kr[li hti.

{6} smyn) asr TiLvi #iN[y j*Yn[ SiLini #i)ji tismi> j a¹yipnkiy< krivvimi>

aiÄy&> ht&>.

{7} a¹y[ti tismi> hijr) aip[ t[ miT[ aig\h riKvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

63

{8} a¹yipnkiy< dr(myin (vwiY)<n[ apiti gZhkiy<n) ckisN) krvimi> aiv) ht).

{9} g&jrit) (vOiy prni vlN mipn miT[ p\yi[g bid b)ji (dvs[ vlN mipd>D aipvimi>

aiÄyi[ hti[.

{10} S]x(Nk (s(Ûni mipn miT[ (Sxk r(ct g&jrit) a[km ksi[T) p\yi[g p*N< Yyi bid

#i)ji (dvs[ l[vimi> aiv) ht).

{11} ksi[T) dr(myin ki[e a¹y[ti g[rr)(t n aicr[ t[ miT[n) ÄyvAYi krvimi> aiv)

ht).

sirN) 3.5 mi> dSi<Äyi p\miN[ #iN[ j*Y aml)krN ~) biliJ gÃs< hieAk*ln)

(vwi(<Y<n)ai[ pr krvimi> aiÄi[l hti[. j[ni[ smygiLi[ pc)s (dvsni[ hti[. j[mi> #iN (dvs rjini

bid krti p\yi[gni[ smygiLi[ biv)s (dvsni[ gN) Skiy.

p\Ym (dvs[ (vwi(Y<n)ai[n[ #iN j*Ymi> vh[>µyi bid an[ b)ji (dvs[ #iN[y j*Yn) bF) j

(vwi(Y<ai[n) g&jrit)ni[ vlN mipd>D aipvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. jyir[ C[Ãli b>n[ (dvsi[mi> 21mi (dvs[

g&jrit)ni[ vlN mipd>D an[ 22mi (dvs[ #iN[y j*Yn) (vwi(Y<n)ai[n[ g&jrit)n) (Sxk (n(m<t

ksi[T) aipvimi> aiv) ht).

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> (vwi(Y<n)ai[ pr hiY Frvimi> aiv[l p\yi[gn&> smyp#ik sirN) 3.5mi>

dSi<v[l C[.

64


kºyiai[ prni pkºyiai[ prni pkºyiai[ prni pkºyiai[ prni p\\\\yi[gni aml)krNn&> smyp#ikyi[gni aml)krNn&> smyp#ikyi[gni aml)krNn&> smyp#ikyi[gni aml)krNn&> smyp#ik

k|mk|mk|mk|m tir)K/virtir)K/virtir)K/virtir)K/vir a[kma[kma[kma[km j*Yj*Yj*Yj*Y----aaaa CAI

j*Yj*Yj*Yj*Y----bbbb vk<kiD<vk<kiD<vk<kiD<vk<kiD<

j*Yj*Yj*Yj*Y----kkkk Äyi²yin pÛ(tÄyi²yin pÛ(tÄyi²yin pÛ(tÄyi²yin pÛ(t

1 24-11-08 {si[mvir}

- j*Y vh[cN) j*Y vh[cN) j*Y vh[cN)

2 25-11-08 {m>gLvir}


g&jrit) vlN mipd>D

g&jrit) vlN mipd>D

3 26-11-08 {b&Fvir}

'yicni" 05 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ p*vi<F<

4 27-11-08 {g&$vir}

'yicni" 05 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD kiÄyni[ m¹yi>S

5 28-11-08 {S&k|vir}

'yicni" 05 AliED`s 2 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ u_iriF<

6 29-11-08 {S(nvir}

'adni aidm)n&> g)t"


7 01-12-08 {si[mvir}

'adni aidm)n&> g)t"


8 02-12-08 {m>gLvir}

'adni aidm)n&> g)t"


9 03-12-08 {b&Fvir}



10 04-12-08 {g&$vir}



11 05-12-08 {S&k|vir}



12 06-12-08 {S(nvir}

' (ctiri[" 05 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ p*vi<F<

13 08-12-08 {si[mvir}

' (ctiri[" 05 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ m¹yi>S

14 09-12-08 {m>gLvir}

' (ctiri[" 05 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ u_iriF<

15 10-12-08 {b&Fvir}

' aipN[" 06 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ p*vi<F<

16 11-12-08 {g&$vir}

' aipN[" 07 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ m¹yi>S

17 13-12-08 {S&k|vir}

' aipN[" 07 AliED`s 2 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ u_iriF<

18 14-12-08 {S(nvir}

'kºyi(vdiy" 06 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ p*vi<F<

19 15-12-08 {si[mvir}

'kºyi(vdiy" 06 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ m¹yi>S

20 16-12-08 {m>gLvir }

'kºyi(vdiy" 06 AliED`s 1 vk<kiD< kiÄyni[ u_iriF<

21 17-12-08 {b&Fvir}


g&jrit) vlN mipd>D

g&jrit) vlN mipd>D

22 18-12-08 {g&$vir}

- (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)

(Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)

(Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)

65

3.8 p3.8 p3.8 p3.8 p\\\\yi[g dr(myin l[viy[l kiLJyi[g dr(myin l[viy[l kiLJyi[g dr(myin l[viy[l kiLJyi[g dr(myin l[viy[l kiLJ

p\yi[g dr(myin k[Tl)k kiLJ l[vimi> aiv[ C[. ai a>g[n) (vgt a#i[ dSi<v) C[.

1. p\yi[gpi#ii[ siY[ yi[³y siy&jy AYipvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>.

2. p\yi[g S$ krti> ph[li> p\iyi[(gk j*Yni (vwiY)<ai[n[ p\yi[g (vS[ jiNkir) aipvimi> aiv) ht).

3. tmim p\yi[gpi#ii[n[ t[mn) p\yi[g dr(myinn) hijr) a>g[ stk< krvimi> aiÄyi hti. t[ai[

ki[epN s>ji[gi[mi> g[rhijr n rh[ t[m s*cvvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>.

4. (v(SOT s>ji[gi[mi> apvid$p ki[e (vwiY)< g[rhijr hi[y ti[ t[n[ t[n) g[rhijr)ni a[ (dvsn)

mivjt a>tg<t mi(ht) alg b[[siD)n[ Äyv(AYt r)t[ smjivvimi> aiv) ht).

5. p\yi[g j*Yni pi#ii[ an[ (ny>(#it j*Yni> pi#ii[ vµc[ ki[e ai>tr(k|yi n Yiy t[ miT[ b>n[ p\kirni

j*Yi[n) kiLJ l[vi p\yRn krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

6. a¹yipn dr(myin (vwiY)<ai[n[ Sky t[Tli s(k|y riKvini[ p\yRn kyi[< hti[.

7. a¹yipn dr(myin (vwiY)<ai[n[ smj*t) aipt) vKt[ pDt) m&Æk[l)ai[n[ (nvirvi p\yRn kyi[<

hti[.

8. dr[k (vwiY)<n[ m&kt p\(tBiv aipvin) C*T apie ht).

9. (vwiY)<ni u_irn) ni[>F l[vie ht).

10. vg<mi> cci<n[ p&rt&> AYin apiy&> ht&>.

11. (vwiY)<n) rj*aitn) ki[e T)ki n kr[ t[ a>g[ ¹yin apiy&> ht&>.

12. (vwiY)<ai[n[ p*rt&> u_i[jn, p\(tp&(OT an[ p\i[Rsihn apiyi hti>.

13. j*Ymi> kiy< krt) vKt[ pN (vwiY)<n[ Avt>#i a(Bp\iy rj* krvin) C*T apie ht).

14. j*Ykiy< vKt[ (vwiY)<ai[n[ shkir an[ shyi[gY) kiy< krvi miT[ h*>fiL&> vitivrN p*r&>

piDvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>.

15. (vwiY)<ai[n) mi](lk rj*ait pN uRsihp*v<k Av)kirvimi> aiv) ht).

16. (vwiY)<ai[n) Ki[Ti p\(tBivi[ pN AvAYtip*v<k Av)kir) t[mn[ mqirvimi> aiÄyi hti.

17. a¹yyn vAt& p\t Av$p[ hi[y Ryir[ dr[k (vwiY)<n[ mL) rh[ t[v) ÄyvAYi krie ht).

18. a¹yyn vAt&n) vg<mi> sim*(hk rj*ait krt) vKt[ dr[k (vwiY)< Äyv(AYt r)t[ (vgt ji[e

Sk[ t[v) ÄyvAYi krvimi> aiv) ht).

19. ki[e (vgt aApOT n rh[ t[n&> ¹yin rKiy&> ht&>. a[k kiÄyi>Sn) p*rt) smj ai¼yi bid

(vwiY)<ai[n) xmti an[ tRprtin[ aiFir[ RyirpC) mi](Kk m*Ãyi>kn krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>.

66

20. smg\ kiy<k|m dr(myin bFi j (vFiY)<ai[n[ smin an[ yi[³y mivjt mL[ t[n&> stt ¹yin

rKiy&> ht&>. (ny>(#it j*Yni (vwiY)<ai[n[ aiv) ki[e Kis mivjt n mL[ t[ a>g[n) pN p\yi[jk[

stk<tip*v<k ni[>F l)F) ht).

3.9 upkrN s>ciln an[ mi(ht)n&> a[k#i)krN3.9 upkrN s>ciln an[ mi(ht)n&> a[k#i)krN3.9 upkrN s>ciln an[ mi(ht)n&> a[k#i)krN3.9 upkrN s>ciln an[ mi(ht)n&> a[k#i)krN

p\At&t s>Si[Fnni[ h[t& a¹yipn pÛ(tai[n) asrkirkti S]x(Nk (s(Û an[ vlNni

s>dB<mi> ckisvini[ hti[. ai h[t&n[ an&$p hiY Friy[l p\yi[gi[mi> #iN alg alg j*Yn[ kÀ¼y*Tr

shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri, vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t oiri an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn

krivvimi> aiv[l&> ht&>.

aQir tisni p\iyi[(gk kiy<n[ a>t[ #iN[ j*Yni (vwiY)<ai[n) g&jrit) (vOiyni (c>tniRmk

kiÄyi[n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûn&> mipn krvi miT[ smin u_irksi[T) aipvimi> aiv) ht). (Sxk (n(m<t

u_irksi[T) k&l pcis g&Nn) ht). ai ksi[T)mi> h[t&lx), T*>kjvib) t[mj (nb>F p\kirni p\Åni[

hti. ksi[T)ni[ smy cil)s (m(nTni[ hti[. #iN[ j*Yn[ a[k j smy[ ksi[T) aip) g&jrit)n)

S]x(Nk (s(Ûn&> mipn krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. t[m j p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk[ g&jrit) vlNni mipn

miT[ b&Ûd[v {1988} r(ct g&jrit) vlN mipd>Dni[ upyi[g kyi[< hti[.

3.10 upkrN prni p3.10 upkrN prni p3.10 upkrN prni p3.10 upkrN prni p\\\\(tciri[n&> g&Ni>kn(tciri[n&> g&Ni>kn(tciri[n&> g&Ni>kn(tciri[n&> g&Ni>kn

s>Si[Fk mi(ht) a[k#i krvi miT[ p\mi(Nt k[ Avr(ct upkrNi[n&> pi#ii[ pr s>ciln kr[

C[. Ryirbid upkrN pr pi#ini mL[li p\(tciri[n&> g&Ni>kn kr) s>²yiRmk Av$p aipvimi> aiv[ C[.

Ryir[ pZYÊrN miT[ upyi[gmi> l[vi yi[³y mi(ht) p\i¼t Yiy C[.

vlN mipd>D prni pvlN mipd>D prni pvlN mipd>D prni pvlN mipd>D prni p\\\\(tciri[n&> g&Ni>kn(tciri[n&> g&Ni>kn(tciri[n&> g&Ni>kn(tciri[n&> g&Ni>kn

s>Si[Fk[ p\At&t s>SiFnmi> g&jrit) (vOiyni vlNni mipn miT[ b&Ûd[v {1988} r(ct

g&jrit) vlN mipd>Dni[ upyi[g kyi[[< hti[. ai vlN mipd>Dmi> (vS[OiNi[n) 13 (oF&\v) ji[D ht).

dr[k ji[Dmi> sit (b>d&ai[ hti. ai sit (b>d&ai[ uprni p\(tcirn[ aiFir[ vF&mi> vF& 91 g&N an[

ai[Cimi> ai[Ci 13 g&N mL) Sk[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnni[ m&²y h[t& a¹yipn pÛ(tai[n) asrkirkti S]x(Nk (s(Û an[

vlNni s>dB<mi> ckisvini[ hti[. ai h[t&n[ an&$p mi(ht) p\i¼t krvi miT[ s>Si[Fk[ p\At&t

s>Si[Fnmi> upkrN tr)k[ (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T) an[ p\mi(Nt vlN mipd>Dni[ upyi[g kr[l hti[.

t[ni pr p\i¼t p\(tciri[n&> g&Ni>kn S) r)t[ ky<&> t[ rj* kr[l&> C[.

67

(Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T) prni p(Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T) prni p(Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T) prni p(Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T) prni p\\\\(tciri[n&> g&Ni>kn(tciri[n&> g&Ni>kn(tciri[n&> g&Ni>kn(tciri[n&> g&Ni>kn

g&jrit) (vOiyn) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[n) asrkirkti ckisvi

miT[ s>Si[Fk[ Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ a[[km miT[ u_irksi[T)n) rcni

kr[l) ht). ai ksi[T) k&l 50 g&Nn) ht). p\(tciri[n&> g&Ni>kn krvi miT[ (vOiy (nONit (Sxk

(m#in) shiy l[vimi> aiv) ht).

3.11 p3.11 p3.11 p3.11 p\\\\i¼t mi(ht)i¼t mi(ht)i¼t mi(ht)i¼t mi(ht)

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fkni[ h[t& a¹yipn pÛ(tai[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Û an[

vlN prn) asrkirkti (vwiY)<ai[n) jit)ytini s>dB<mi> ckisvini[ hti[. ai miT[ s>Si[Fk[ b[

p\yi[gi[ hiY Fyi< hti. p\yi[g-1 k&miri[ pr hiY Fr[li[ hti[. jyir[ p\yi[g-2 kºyiai[ pr hiY Fr[li[

hti[. ai b>n[ p\yi[gi[n[ a>t[ p\i¼t mi(ht) ai m&jbn) ht) –

Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ a[km pr (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T) pr

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yipn pim[li j*Y, vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipn

pim[li j*Y an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn pim[li j*Yni k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[a[ mL[li

g&jrit)ni S]x(Nk (s(Ûni p\i¼ti>ki[ an[ vlN mipd>D prni vlNi>ki[.

3.12 mi(ht3.12 mi(ht3.12 mi(ht3.12 mi(ht) pZYÊrN p) pZYÊrN p) pZYÊrN p) pZYÊrN p\\\\(v(F(v(F(v(F(v(F


pÛ(tn) asrkirkti ckisvimi> aiv) ht). ai miT[ j[ b[ p\yi[gi[ hiY Friyi hti. t[mi> dr[kmi> b[

p\iyi[(gk j*Yi[ an[ a[k (ny>(#it j*Y hti. j[mi> p\iyi[(gk j*Y-1 n[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

kiy<k|m oiri, p\iyi[(gk j*Y-2 n[ vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri an[ (ny>(#it j*Yn[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri

a¹yipn kriv[l&> ht&>. p\yi[gni a>t[ ai #iN[y a¹yipn pÛ(tai[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni

s>dB<mi> t&lni krvin) ht).

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> shcl tr)k[ p*v< S]x(Nk (s(Û l[vimi> aiv) ht). aiY) a>kSiA#i)y

p\y&(kt tr)k[ sh(vcrN pZYÊrNni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

kÀ¼y*Tr oiri kiy<k|mn) mddY) ai pZYÊrN p\(v(F hiY Frvimi> aiv) ht). j[mi> p*v<

S]x(Nk (s(Û tr)k[ #iN[y j*Yi[ni Fi[rN aiqni vi(Oi<k pr)xini k&l g&N an[ p\yi[gn[ a>t[

(Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T) pr #iN[y j*Yi[a[ m[Lv[li g&jrit) (vOiyni (s(Û p\i¼ti>ki[n[ aiFir[ yi[³y

a>kSiA#i)y gNtr) krvimi> aiv) ht).

g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûmi> ji[vi mLti[ #iN[ j*Yi[n) srisr)ai[ni[ tfivt siY<k C[ k[ k[m

t[ tpisvi miT[ a[f m*Ãy m[Lvvimi> aiÄy&> ht>&. Ryirbid kyi kyi sr[riSi>ki[ vµc[ tfivt siY<k

68

C[ aYvi bFi j sr[riSi>ki[ vµc[ tfivt siY<k C[ k[ k[m t[ jiNvi miT[ T)-m*Ãyi[n) gNtr)

krvimi> aiv) ht). b>n[ p\yi[gi[ oiri mi(ht) miT[ smin pZYÊrN p\(v(Fni[ upyi[g kr[li[ hti[.

p\i¼t mi(ht) an[ t[n&> a>kSiA#i)y pZYÊrN a>g[n) (vgt[ rj*ait p\krN-pi>c mi> krvimi> aiv)

C[.

hv[ pC)ni p\krNmi> S]x(Nk kiy<k|mni[ (vkis tYi vg<K>Dmi> (v(nyi[gn) (vgt[ cci<

krvimi> aiv) C[.

69

pppp \\\\ krN krN krN krN –––– 4 4 4 4

kiy <k|mn) s>rcni a n[ vg<K>D mi> (v(nyi [gkiy <k|mn) s>rcni a n[ vg<K>D mi> (v(nyi [gkiy <k|mn) s>rcni a n[ vg<K>D mi> (v(nyi [gkiy <k|mn) s>rcni a n[ vg<K>D mi> (v(nyi [g

4 .1 p4 .1 p4 .1 p4 .1 p \\ \\ iAt i(vkiAt i(vkiAt i(vkiAt i(vk

p\At&t s>Si[Fn Avt>#i cln) prt>#i cl pr Yt) asr mipvi a>g[n&> ht>&. a¹yipn

pÛ(tai[n) asrkirkti S]x(Nk (s(Û an[ vlNni s>dB[< ckisvini h[t&n[ an&$p Avt>#i cln)

b[ kxiai[ {1} kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m {CAL} an[ {2} vk<kiD< nÊ) krvimi> aiv)

ht). b[ prt>#i cli[ {1} g&jrit) (s(Û an[ {2} vlNi>ki[ nÊ) krvimi> aiÄyi hti. ai h[t&n[

an&$p Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni ps>(dt C (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ni a¹yipn miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr

shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m {CAL}, vk<kiD< si(hRy {WC} an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tni piq aiyi[jni[

{LM }n) rcni kr) ht).

ai p\krNmi> Fi[rN nvni ps>(dt C g)tkiÄyi[ pr kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m an[

vk<kiD< si(hRyni (nmi<N tYi vg<K>Dmi> (v(nyi[g a>g[n) cci< krvimi> aiv) C[.

4.2 (vOiyvAt&n) ps>dg)4.2 (vOiyvAt&n) ps>dg)4.2 (vOiyvAt&n) ps>dg)4.2 (vOiyvAt&n) ps>dg)

p\At&t s>Si[Fn a>tg<t vk<kiD< an[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn pÛ(tn[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t

siY[ ckisvi a>g[n&> ht&>. ai miT[ (vOiyvAt&n) ps>dg) krvin) ht). s>Si[Fk T[k`ni[l(j an[

g&jrit) pÛ(t SiA#ini Äyi²yiti hi[e, pi[tini an&Bv an[ mig<dS<k siY[n) cci<n[ a>t[ g&jrit)

pw an[ T[k`ni[l(jni[ smºvy Yiy, t[v&> kiy< krvin&> nÊ) ky&><. a[kmi[n) ps>dg) krvi miT[

s>Si[Fk[ mig<dS<k an[ tj`Xi[n) siY[ b[s)n[ cci< kr) ht). ai tj`Xi[n) yid) sirN) 4.1 mi>

dSi<v[l C[.


(vOiyvAt& ps>dg) miT[ni tj`Xi[n) yid)(vOiyvAt& ps>dg) miT[ni tj`Xi[n) yid)(vOiyvAt& ps>dg) miT[ni tj`Xi[n) yid)(vOiyvAt& ps>dg) miT[ni tj`Xi[n) yid)

k|mk|mk|mk|m tj`Xi[n&> nimtj`Xi[n&> nimtj`Xi[n&> nimtj`Xi[n&> nim hi[dì[ an[ s>hi[dì[ an[ s>hi[dì[ an[ s>hi[dì[ an[ s> AYin&> nimAYin&> nimAYin&> nimAYin&> nim

1 Diˆ. n)(tn vDgimi r)Dr, g&jrit) Bvn, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T

2 Diˆ. k[. v). riqi[D p\i¹yipk,~)mt) j[.j[.k&>D(lyi b)>.a[D`.ki[l[j, rijki[T

3 Diˆ. (DÀpl k[. riqi[D mi¹y(mk (Sxk, ~) ki[Tk kºyi (vnym>(dr, rijki[T

4 p\i. mh[ºÙ gi[Avim) a¹yipk, T). a[n. riv.b)>.a[D`. ki[l[j, rijki[T

5 p\i. p\Xib[n b). Fim[ci a¹yipk, p>cS)l b)>.a[D`. ki[l[j, rijki[T

70

sirN) 4.1 n&> avli[kn krti> jNiy C[ k[ a[k tj`X g&jrit) Bvnni r)Dr, #iN

b)>.a[D`. ki[l[jni a¹yipki[ an[ a[k mi¹y(mk SiLini (Sxkni[ (vOiyvAt&n) ps>dg)ni tj`Xi[mi>

smiv[S Yy[l hti[.

ai tj`Xi[ni s*cÄyi p\miN[ Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni C (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ pr kiy<

krvin&> nÊ) ky&>< ht&>. j[mi> n)c[ni g)tkiÄyi[ni[ smiv[S Yti[ hti[.

{1} ‘ yicni’ - zv[rc>d m[GiN)

{2} ‘ adni aidm)n&> g)t’ – p\h`lid pir[K

{3} ‘ aipNi> d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r?’ – rij[ºÙ Sih

{4} ‘ (ctiri[’ - jy>t piqk

{5} ‘ aipN[’ - h(st b*c

{6} ‘ kºyi(vdiy’ – a(nl ji[S)

4 .3 k À¼y* Tr shi (yt a¹ yyn k iy<k| m {4 .3 k À¼y* Tr shi (yt a¹ yyn k iy<k| m {4 .3 k À¼y* Tr shi (yt a¹ yyn k iy<k| m {4 .3 k À¼y* Tr shi (yt a¹ yyn k iy<k| m {CAL}n) ps>d g) an[ s>rcn i}n) ps>d g) an[ s>rcn i}n) ps>d g) an[ s>rcn i}n) ps>d g) an[ s>rcn i

p\At&t s>Si[Fnni Big$p[ Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni C (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ni

a¹yipn miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m {CAL} si[f`Tv[r (vksivvini[ hti[. si[f`Tv[r a[

krvini kiyi[< {Task} miT[n) kÀ¼y*Trn[ aipvimi> aivt) mi(ht) an[ s*cniai[ni[ sm*h C[. j[

ti(k<>k an[ k|mb¹F hi[y C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m miT[ Microsoft office Toolsmi>Y)

Power Point Presentation package ps>d kr) mÃT) AlieD` Si[ t]yir krvini[ hti[. ai Power

Point AliED` Si[ni fiydi-myi<di n)c[ m&jb jNivvimi> aiÄyi C[.

Power Point Slide Show ni fiydini fiydini fiydini fiydi 1111

{1} Power Point AlieD` Si[n) mddY) rsp\d piq aiyi[jn kr) Skiy C[.

{2} ai AlieD` Si[n) mddY) (vwiY)<ai[n[ aiF&(nk p\vihi[Y) mi(htgir kr) Skiy C[. an[

(vOiyvAt& p\Ry[ a(Bp\[(rt kr) Skiy C[.

{3} g[rhijr (vwiY)<ai[n) j$(ryit m&jb t[mn[ p&n:(SxNkiy< srLtiY) kriv) Skiy C[.

{4} (vwiY)< pi[t[ pi[tin) jit[ pN g(t m&jb p\g(t kr) Sk[ C[.

{5} Power Point AlieD Si[n) mddY) (vwiY)><ai[n) j$(ryit m&jb kiy<k|m bniv) Skiy C[.

{6} (vwiY)<ai[ (SxNkiy< li>bi smy s&F) yid riK) Sk[ C[.

1. 1. 1. 1. Anil Ambasana, Multimedia Presentation Slide Show. Rajkot : Saurastra

University,1998. p.14

71

{7} ai kiy<k|mn[ ai[nlien pN m*k) Skiy C[.

Power Point AlieD`s Si[n) myi<diAlieD`s Si[n) myi<diAlieD`s Si[n) myi<diAlieD`s Si[n) myi<di

{1} Power Point AliED Si[ miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr p\yi[gSiLi aYvi L.C.D. Projectorn) j$r pDt) hi[y

C[. an[ ai(Y<k myi<din[ kirN[ dr[k SiLi pis[ ai s&(vFi upl¾F hi[t) nY).

{2} Power Point AliED Si[ bnivt) vKt[ ji[ v)jL) n hi[y ti[ kiy<k|mn) upyi[g)ti s>dB[<

m&Æk[l) UB) Yiy C[.

k[Tl)k myi<diai[n[ bid krti> kÀ¼y*Tr aiFi(rt a¹yyn-a¹yipnni (vS[Oi fiydiai[n[

¹yinmi> le p\At&t s>Si[Fn miT[ CAL kiy<k|mn) ps>dg) krvimi> aiv) ht).

ai miT[ si]p\Ym algi[(rFm an[ fli[ciT< t]yir krvimi> aiÄyi hti. ai POWER POINT

PRESENTATIONni (nmi<N miT[ s>Si[Fk[ pÛ(tSiA#i an[ kÀ¼y*Tr T[k`ni[l(jni tj`Xi[n) mdd l)F)

ht). ai tj`Xi[n) yid) sirN) 4.2 mi> rj* kr[l C[.

sirN) 4.sirN) 4.sirN) 4.sirN) 4. 2222

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<kkÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<kkÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<kkÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k | m {| m {| m {| m {CAL} miT [ni tj} miT [ni tj} miT [ni tj} miT [ni tj `` `` Xi[n) yid)Xi[n) yid)Xi[n) yid)Xi[n) yid)

k|mk|mk|mk|m tj`Xi[n&> nimtj`Xi[n&> nimtj`Xi[n&> nimtj`Xi[n&> nim hi[dì[ an[ s>AYin&> nimhi[dì[ an[ s>AYin&> nimhi[dì[ an[ s>AYin&> nimhi[dì[ an[ s>AYin&> nim

1. Diˆ. a(nl a>bisNi p\i[f[sr, (SxNSiA#i Bvn, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T

2. Diˆ. v). k[. s[vk p\i¹yipk, v).T). ci[ks) siv<. ki[l[j ai[f a[jy&k[Sn, s&rt

3. Diˆ. pi$l dv[ p\i¹yi(pki, {a[m.a[D`. (vBig} T).a[n.riv b). a[D`.ki[l[j, rijki[T

4. p\i. p\Si>t a>bisNi a¹yipk, {a[m.a[D`. (vBig},T).a[n.riv b). a[D`.ki[l[j, rijki[T

5. p\i. rxi upi¹yiy p\i¹yi(pki, p>cS)l b).a[D`. ki[l[j, rijki[T

6. ~) Fm[<S d&Fi#ii kÀ¼y*Tr p\i[g\imr, rijki[T

p\ir>(Bk Av$pni AliED` Si[n) rcni p*v[< algi[(rFm an[ fli[ciT<n) rcni krvimi> aiv)

ht).

4.3.4.3.4.3.4.3. 1111 al gi[(rFmal gi[(rFmal gi[(rFmal gi[(rFm .... 2222 t[ smAyini uk[l m[Lvi miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr oiri an&srvin) tk<bÛ k|(mk

pgliai[ t[m j s*cniai[n) a[k yi[jni C[.

2. pi$l s). dv[, Fi[rN 11ni nimini m*L t_viFi[rN 11ni nimini m*L t_viFi[rN 11ni nimini m*L t_viFi[rN 11ni nimini m*L t_vi [ (vPyni vi(P<k (hsibi[ a[km prni [ (vPyni vi(P<k (hsibi[ a[km prni [ (vPyni vi(P<k (hsibi[ a[km prni [ (vPyni vi(P<k (hsibi[ a[km prni

vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni a n[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) ji(tytini s>dB<mi> S]x(Nk (s(¹F an[ (vPy vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni a n[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) ji(tytini s>dB<mi> S]x(Nk (s(¹F an[ (vPy vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni a n[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) ji(tytini s>dB<mi> S]x(Nk (s(¹F an[ (vPy vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni a n[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) ji(tytini s>dB<mi> S]x(Nk (s(¹F an[ (vPy

p rRv[ni vlN prn) asrkirkti. p rRv[ni vlN prn) asrkirkti. p rRv[ni vlN prn) asrkirkti. p rRv[ni vlN prn) asrkirkti. rijki[T : ap\ki(St a[m.a[D`. lG&Si[F (nb>F, si]riOT

y&(nv(s<T), 2002. pZ. 14

72

siri agli[(rFmn) rcni krt) vKt[ k[Tl)k bibti[n[ lxmi> riKvimi> aiv[ C[.

- t[ ci[kks, ApOT an[ uk[llx) hi[v&> ji[ea[.

- ki[epN Äy(kt srLtiY) smJ Sk[ t[v&> hi[v&> ji[ea[.

- p\i[g\imni p\Ry[k tbÊin) ApOT mi(ht) aipt&> hi[v&> ji[ea[.

- t[ni p\Ry[k pgli yi[³y k|mmi> hi[vi ji[ea[.

- t[ t]yir Ye gyi bid j$r pD[ ti[ t[mi> s&Firi vFirini[ avkiS hi[vi[ ji[ea[.

- t[ sv< simiºytini[ g&N Frivt&> hi[v&> ji[ea[ a[Tl[ k[ ki[e ci[Ês kÀ¼y*Tr BiOii miT[ k[

kÀ¼y*Tr miT[ t]yir kr[l&> n hi[v>& ji[ea[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fn miT[ j[ algi[(rFm t]yir krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>, t[ ai p\miN[n&> ht&>.

1. kiy<k|mni[ p(rcy rj* kri[.

2. a¿yis krvin) r)t miT[n) s*cni aipi[.

3. (vOiyvAt&ni[ m&d`i[ frmi Av$p[ rj* kri[.

4. frmimi>ni p\Åni[ni sici[ u_ir (vkÃpi[mi>Y) ps>d kri[.

5. p\Åni[ni sici u_irn) jiN bid aigLni frmi pr le jiai[.

6. aiBir mini[ an[ kiy<k|m p*ri[ kri[.

4.3.4.3.4.3.4.3. 2222 fli[ciT<fli[ciT<fli[ciT<fli[ciT<

fli[ciT< algi[(rFmn) (vgtp*N< rj*ait C[. p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> algi[(rFmn) rcni kyi<

bid t[n) fli[ciT< Av$p[ rj*ait krvimi> aiv) ht), j[Y) p\i[g\im srLtiY) lK) Skiy.

fli[ciT< rct) vKt[ k[Tlik s>k[ti[ ci[Ês aY<mi> p\yi[jvimi> aiv[ C[. j[ ai p\miN[ C[.

k|m k|m k|m k|m s>k[ts>k[ts>k[ts>k[t aY< an[ upyi[gaY< an[ upyi[gaY< an[ upyi[gaY< an[ upyi[g

1. p\ir>B/a>t miT[

2. p\(k|yi dSi<vvi miT[

3 (nN<y l[vini[ hi[y Ryir[, hi k[ ni mi> u_ir aiv[ Ryir[

4. fli[n) (dSi btivvi miT[

5. enp&T/aiuTp&T (vgti[

73

p\At&t p\i[g\imni[ fli[ciT< n)c[ m&jb C[.

4.3.4.3.4.3.4.3. 3333 kiy<k|m aiyi[jn an[ (nmi<Nkiy<k|m aiyi[jn an[ (nmi<Nkiy<k|m aiyi[jn an[ (nmi<Nkiy<k|m aiyi[jn an[ (nmi<N

a>bisNi {2002}3 a[ s*cv[li AliED Si[ kiy<k|m s>rcnini si[pini[n[ mhd>S[ an&srvimi>

aiÄyi> hti>. j[ ai p\miN[ni hti>.

3. 3. 3. 3. Anil Ambasana, Multimedia Presentation Slide Show. Rajkot : Saurastra

University,1998. p. 26

pppp \\ \\ i r>Bi r>Bi r>Bi r>B

k iy<k|mni[ p (r cy a ip i[k iy<k|mni[ p (r cy a ip i[k iy<k|mni[ p (r cy a ip i[k iy<k|mni[ p (r cy a ip i[

a ¿yi s k rv i a >g[n) s*cni a ip i[a ¿yi s k rv i a >g[n) s*cni a ip i[a ¿yi s k rv i a >g[n) s*cni a ip i[a ¿yi s k rv i a >g[n) s*cni a ip i[

(((( vOiyvA t&ni m&dìni[ f rm i[ rj* k ri[vOiyvA t&ni m&dìni[ f rm i[ rj* k ri[vOiyvA t&ni m&dìni[ f rm i[ rj* k ri[vOiyvA t&ni m&dìni[ f rm i[ rj* k ri[

t [ j f rmi[ f r)Y ) t [ j f rmi[ f r)Y ) t [ j f rmi[ f r)Y ) t [ j f rmi[ f r)Y ) vi >cv i k hi[vi >cv i k hi[vi >cv i k hi[vi >cv i k hi[

a i gLni fr mi p r a i gLni fr mi p r a i gLni fr mi p r a i gLni fr mi p r jia i[jia i[jia i[jia i[

S &>S &>S &>S &> f rm i[ C[ Ãl i[ f rm i[ C[ Ãl i[ f rm i[ C[ Ãl i[ f rm i[ C[ Ãl i[

ffff rm i[ C[?rm i[ C[?rm i[ C[?rm i[ C[?

a i Bi r Äyk t k ri[a i Bi r Äyk t k ri[a i Bi r Äyk t k ri[a i Bi r Äyk t k ri[

f rm ini pf rm ini pf rm ini pf rm ini p \\ \\ Å nni Å nni Å nni Å nni u _i ru _i ru _i ru _i r a ip i[a ip i[a ip i[a ip i[

h ih ih ih i

nininini

nininini

h ih ih ih i

a >ta >ta >ta >t

74

a.a.a.a. tbÊi[ ph[li[ : a¹yipn kiy<k| mn&> aiyi[jntbÊi[ ph[li[ : a¹yipn kiy<k| mn&> aiyi[jntbÊi[ ph[li[ : a¹yipn kiy<k| mn&> aiyi[jntbÊi[ ph[li[ : a¹yipn kiy<k| mn&> aiyi[jn

1.1.1.1. (vOiy an[ a[k mn) ps>dg)(vOiy an[ a[k mn) ps>dg)(vOiy an[ a[k mn) ps>dg)(vOiy an[ a[k mn) ps>dg) . ai si[pin h[qL a¹yipn miT[ni (vOiyn) t[mj a[kmn)

ps>dg) krvimi> aiv[ C[. ail[(Kti[n[ AYin hi[y t[v&> (vOiyvAt& ps>d krv&> ji[ea[. ai

upri>t ah)>> a¿yis ~[N) an[ a¹yipnni mi¹ymn[ ¹yinmi> l[viy C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> Fi[rN-nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[n) ps>dg)

krvimi> aiv) ht). j[mi> siri p\miNmi> ail[(Kti[[n[ AYin ht&>. s>Si[Fnn&> mi¹ym g&jrit)

BiOii ht&>.

2.2.2.2. a¹yipn)y h[t&ai[n&> (nFi<rN. a¹yipn)y h[t&ai[n&> (nFi<rN. a¹yipn)y h[t&ai[n&> (nFi<rN. a¹yipn)y h[t&ai[n&> (nFi<rN. (vOiy an[ a[km nÊ) kyi< bid a[ a[kmni a¹yipn

miT[ni a¹yipn)y h[t&ai[ nÊ) krvimi> aiv[ C[. h[t&ai[ ApOT an[ srL BiOiimi> lKvi

ji[ea[. h[t&ai[ ap[(xt vt<n p(rvt<n s>dB<mi> lKiy t[ mh_vn&> C[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyni a¹yipn miT[ni h[t&ai[ (nFi<(rt krvimi>

aiÄyi hti. ai miT[ Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni a¿yisk|m an[ piqyp&Atki[ni[ shiri[

l[vimi> aiÄyi[. nÊ) kr[li h[t&ai[ ai p\miN[ hti.

(vwiY)<ai[...

1. ‘ yicni’ kiÄyni k(vni[ p(rcy m[Lv[.

2. ‘ yicni’ kiÄyn&> vicn kr[.

3. ‘ yicni’ kiÄyni m¹yvt)< (vcir a>g[ jiN[.

4. ‘ yicni’ kiÄyn) p\ir>(Bk p>(ktni[ aY< smj[.

5. ‘ yicni’ kiÄyni m¹yBigni[ aY< an[ smj*t) m[Lv[.

6. ‘ yicni’ kiÄyni u_irBign) smj*t) m[Lv[.

7. ‘ adni aidm)n>& g)t’ kiÄyni k(vni[ p(rcy m[Lv[.

8. ‘ adni aidm)n>& g)t’ kiÄyn&> vicn kr[.

9. ‘ adni aidm)n>& g)t’ kiÄyni m¹yvt)< (vcirY) p(r(ct Yiy.

10. ‘ adni aidm)n>& g)t’ kiÄyn) p\ir>(Bk p>(ktni[ aY< smj[.

11. ‘ adni aidm)n>& g)t’ kiÄyni m¹yBigni[ aY< an[ smj*t) m[Lv[.

12. ‘ adni aidm)n>& g)t’ kiÄyni u_irBign) smj*t) m[Lv[.

13. ‘ aipNi d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r?’ kiÄyni k(vni[ p(rcy m[Lv[.

14. ‘ aipNi d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r?’ kiÄyn&> vicn kr[.

75

15. ‘ aipNi d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r?’ kiÄyni m¹yvt)< (vcirY) p(r(ct Yiy.

16. ‘ aipNi d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r?’ kiÄyn) p\ir>(Bk p>(ktni[ aY< smj[.

17. ‘ aipNi d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r?’ kiÄyni m¹yBigni[ aY< an[ smj*t) m[Lv[.

18. ‘ aipNi d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r?’ kiÄyni u_irBign) smj*t) m[Lv[.

19. ‘ (ctiri[’ kiÄyni k(vni[ p(rcy m[Lv[.

20. ‘ (ctiri[’ kiÄyn&> vicn kr[.

21. ‘ (ctiri[’ kiÄyni m¹yvt)< (vcirY) p(r(ct Yiy.

22. ‘ (ctiri[’ kiÄyn) p\ir>(Bk p>(ktni[ aY< smj[.

23. ‘ (ctiri[’ kiÄyni m¹yBigni[ aY< an[ smj*t) m[Lv[.

24. ‘ (ctiri[’ kiÄyni u_irBign) smj*t) m[Lv[.

25. ‘ aipN[’ kiÄyni k(vni[ p(rcy m[Lv[.

26. ‘ aipN[ ’ kiÄyn&> vicn kr[.

27. ‘ aipN[’ kiÄyni m¹yvt)< (vcirY) p(r(ct Yiy.

28. ‘ aipN[ ’ kiÄyn) p\ir>(Bk p>(ktni[ aY< smj[.

29. ‘ aipN[’ kiÄyni m¹yBigni[ aY< an[ smj*t) m[Lv[.

30. ‘ aipN[’ kiÄyni u_irBign) smj*t) m[Lv[.

31. ‘ kºyi (vdiy’ kiÄyni k(vY) p(rcy Yiy.

32. ‘ kºyi (vdiy’ kiÄyn&> vicn kr[.

33. ‘ kºyi (vdiy’ kiÄyni sirtRvY) mi(htgir Yiy.

34. ‘ kºyi (vdiy’ kiÄyn) p\ir>(Bk Bigni[ p(rcy m[Lv[.

35. ‘ kºyi (vdiy’ kiÄyni m¹yBigni[ smj*t) p\i¼t kr[.

36. ‘ kºyi (vdiy’ kiÄyn) a>(tm p>(ktai[ni[ aY< smj[.

b.b.b.b. tbÊi[ b)jitbÊi[ b)jitbÊi[ b)jitbÊi[ b)ji [[ [[ : g: g: g: g \\ \\ i(fks {i(fks {i(fks {i(fks {Graphics} miT[n) fieln&> (nmi<N} miT[n) fieln&> (nmi<N} miT[n) fieln&> (nmi<N} miT[n) fieln&> (nmi<N

a¹yipn dr(myin (vOiyvAt&n) rj*ait krt) vKt[ Si(¾dk mi(ht)Y) siY[ aSi(¾dk

mi(ht) pN rj* krvin) Yt) hi[y C[. ai aSi(¾dk mi(ht) (c#ii[, ail[Ki[, aikZ(Riai[, kiT<&ºs,

s>k[ti[ k[ fi[Ti[g\ifs ki[epN Av$p[ hi[y Sk[. ai aSi(¾dk mi(ht) j[n[ g\i(fks k[ ail[(Kt kh[ t[

m[Lv) l[v) pD[. ai miT[ piqyp&Atki[, s>dB<g\>Yi[, dAtiv[ji[, aKbiri[, aiÃbm, pi[ATs<, m[g[z)ni[

76

j[vi Cip[li si(hRyni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiv[ C[. hv[ aiv) mi(ht) (D(jTl Av$p[ CD pr pN p\i¼y

C[. a[Tl&> j nh)> eºTrn[T prY) pN aiv) mi(ht) m[Lv) Skiy.

ki[epN p\kir[ m[Lv[l) aSi(¾dk mi(ht)-g\i(fksn) kliRmk g&Nv_ii U>c) hi[v) ji[ea[.

a[Tl&> j nh)>>, t[n) yYiY<ti-sRyti pN a[Tl) j mh_vn) C[. Sky hi[y ti[ p\Ry[k (vOiyvAt&ni

m&d`iai[ miT[ a[k krti> vF& g\i(fks m[Lvvi an[ m*lvvi Ryirbid Ak[nrn) mddY) Ak[>(ng krvi.

Ak[n kr[li aivi g\i(fksn&> s>pidn pN krv&> pD[. t[mi> j$r) f[rfiri[ j[m k[ a>g[\J nimkrN k[

nim(nd[<S kr[li hi[y ti[ t[n&> g&jrit)mi> $pi>tr krv&> pD[. kyir[k k[T lik Big um[rvi k[ d*r krvi

pD[. ai miT[ kÀ¼y*Trni> ki[e fi[Ti[ a[(DTr k[ g\i(fk T&lni[ upyi[g kr) Skiy. MS-PAINT,

PHOTOSHOP, COREL DRAW vg[r[ j[vi a[(DT)>g miT[ni upyi[g) T*Ãs C[.

k[Tl)kvir t]yir g\i(fks upl¾F n hi[y Ryir[ s>Si[Fk[ jit[ k[ ki[e klikirn) mddY)

g\i(fks t]yir krvi pD[. aivi g\i(fks kÀ¼y*Tr pr s)Fi j bniv) Skiy aYvi kigL pr

t]yir kyi< bid Ak[n)>>>>>g kr) Skiy aYvi upl¾F fi[Tin[ Ak[n kr) m*k) Skiy.

g\i(fksn) yi[³y ps>dg) k[ sj<n pC) t[n[ fiel Av$p[ ki[e fi[ÃDrmi> SAVE krvi

ji[ea[. fiel SAVE krt) vKt[ g\i(fks k[Tl) j³yi ri[k[ C[ a[Tl[ k[ t[n&> kd k[Tl&> C[ t[ pN

tpis) l[v>&.

‘ (c>tniRmk’ g)tkiÄyi[ a>tg<t (vOiyvAt&n[ an&$p (c#ii[ m*kvimi> aiÄyi hti. t]yir

(c#ii[ miT[ p\yi[jk[ eºTrn[[T pr www.google.com pr je sc< kr) p\Ym b\iu(z>g kr[l&>, k[Tli>k

fi[Ti[g\if an[ (c#ii[ Ak[n kr)n[ m*kyi> hti, j[mi>Y) s>Si[Fnni h[t&ai[n[ ¹yinmi> le (c#ii[ni[ upyi[g

kyi<[ hti[.

k . tbÊi[ #i)ji[ : AliED Si[ (nmi<Nk . tbÊi[ #i)ji[ : AliED Si[ (nmi<Nk . tbÊi[ #i)ji[ : AliED Si[ (nmi<Nk . tbÊi[ #i)ji[ : AliED Si[ (nmi<N

mÃT)(m(Dyi p\[zºT[Sn miT[ni[ AlieD Si[ MS-OFFICEni> POWERPOINT p[zºT[Sn

g\i(fk p[k[j oiri t]yir kr) Skiy C[. ai miT[ ATi[r) bi[D< an[ g\i(fk fieli[n) j$r pD[.

n)c[ s*cv[li> k|(mk si[pini[ an&sr) AliED Si[n&> (nmi<N kr) Skiy.

si[pinsi[pinsi[pinsi[pin ---- 1 : pivr pi1 : pivr pi1 : pivr pi1 : pivr pi [[ [[ EºT S$ krv &>EºT S$ krv &>EºT S$ krv &>EºT S$ krv &>

• ATiT</p\i[gim/miek|i[si[fT pivr pi[eºT k(lk kri[.

• ¾l[ºk p\[zºT[Sn (klk kri[.

• AliED l[-aiuTmi>Y) TieTl AliED ps>d kr) (klk kri[.

si[pinsi[pinsi[pinsi[pin ---- 2 : T &lbir 2 : T &lbir 2 : T &lbir 2 : T &lbir –––– m[n&bir gi[qvvim[n&bir gi[qvvim[n&bir gi[qvvim[n&bir gi[qvvi

77

• Äy& m[n&ni> T&lbir ps>d kr) t[ni ATiºDD< an[ fi[m[<(T>g (vkÃpi[mi> aip[li Check Boxmi>

(klk kri[.

si[pinsi[pinsi[pinsi[pin ---- 3 : aiuT lien/ $p r[Kin&> (nmi<N3 : aiuT lien/ $p r[Kin&> (nmi<N3 : aiuT lien/ $p r[Kin&> (nmi<N3 : aiuT lien/ $p r[Kin&> (nmi<N

• (klk T& a[D TieTl bi[ksmi> (klk kri[ an[ a¹yipn miT[ni a[kmn&> S)Oi<k/ nim Tiep

kri[. p\At&t s>Si[Fn miT[ “ g)tkiÄyi[” S)Oi<k Tiep krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. ai miT[ g&jrit)

BiOiini T[rifi[ºT eºÙni[ upyi[g kr[li[.

• (klk T& a[D sbTieTl bi[ksmi> p\yi[jk an[ mig<dS<kn&> nim Tiep krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>.

• tmiri (vOiyvAt&n[ k|(mk r)t[ nv) AlieDmi> Tiep krvi miT[ m[n&birni eºsT<-ºy* AliED

(klk kri[ aYvi Crtl+N k)z dbivi[ aYvi a[ºTr aipi[. aiY) nv) AliED Ak|)n pr

aivS[.

• (vOiyvAt&n) gi[qvN) miT[ l[-aiuT T[Àpl[Tni[ upyi[g kri[. j[ (vOiyvAt&n) gi[qvN miT[

(v(vF (vkÃpi[ s*cvS[. yi[³y l[[-aiuT ps>d kr) (klk kr) t[mi> T[kAT Tiep kri[. a[ºTr

k) dbivviY) nvi[ m&d`i[ b&l[T aieTmY) S$ kri[.

• p\[zºT[Sn p\Ym vKt s[v krvi fiel-n[mmi> s[v a[z kmiºD pr (klk kri[. K&Ãli

Diyli[g bi[ksmi> ps>\(dt D^iev pr, e(µCt nimn&> fi[ÃDr bniv), fiel n[em Tiep kr)

s[v pr (klk kri[.

p\yi[jk[ D:\Ph.D.\Kavyo Y) fiel s[v kr) ht).

• lKiNni axri[/fi[ºTn) siez an[ klr bdlivvi hi[y k[ axri[ GiTi, #i>isi k[ r[K>i(kt

krvi hi[y t[ (vkÃp ps>d kri[. riET, l[fT, s[ºTr k[ jAT)fieD, a[liem[ºT miT[ fi[m[<T)>g

T&lbirni> yi[³y bTnni[ upyi[g kri[.

• ji[ bF) j AliEDni fi[ºT an[ klrmi>> f[rfir krvi[ hi[y an[ a[ksrK&> riKv&> hi[y ti[

miATr AliEDni fi[ºT an[ klr bdli[. miATr AliEDmi>Y) bhir aivvi miT[ kli[z bTn

pr (klk kri[. p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> T[rifi[ºT eºÙni[ ni[m<l an[ bi[ÃD b>n[ fi[ºTni[ upyi[g

krvimi> aiv[l hti[. fi[ºT siez j&d) j&d) k[T[gr)ni TiETl m&jb riKvimi> aiv) ht).

• p\Ry[k kiÄy m&jb AliED n)c[ m&jb ht):

{1} ‘ yicni’ - 15 AliED`s

{2} ‘ adni aidm)n&> g)t’ - 17 AliED`s

{3} ‘ aipNi> d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r?’ - 21 AliED`s

78

{4} ‘ (ctiri[’ - 15 AliED`s

{5} ‘ aipN[’ - 20 AliED`s

{6} ‘ kºyi(vdiy’ – 18 AliED`s

si[pin si[pin si[pin si[pin –––– 4 : g4 : g4 : g4 : g \\ \\ i(fks um[rvi> i(fks um[rvi> i(fks um[rvi> i(fks um[rvi>

• eºsT< m[n&ni p)kcr ai[¼sn pr (klk kri[ an[ j[ AliEDmi> g\i(fks m*kv&> hi[y Ryi> Dbl

(klk kri[.

• E(µCt (c#i ps>d kr) (klk kri[. Ak|)n pr aivti m[n&ni si]Y) uprni bTn EºsT< em[j

pr (klk kri[.

• eºTrn[T prn) sieT www.google.com sc< a[(ºjnn) mddY) j$r) fi[Ti[g\ifs/(c#ii[

m[Lv) Skiy C[.

• ai fi[Ti[g\ifs/(c#ii[ni p\[zºT[Sn an&sir r>gmi> f[rfir kr) Skiy C[ t[mj t[mi> j$r

p\miN[ nim(nd[<S pN kr) Skiy C[. p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> (klp aiT<ni t]yir g\i(fksni[

upyi[g kr[l n hti[.

• ah)> g\i(fks um[rvi miT[ g\i(fkn) ki[p) krvi T&lbirni ki[p) bTn pr (klk kri[

aYvi Crtl+C k)z siY[ dbivi[. j[ AliEDmi> g\i(fk m*kv&> hi[y t[ AliED Ak|)n pr livi[.

p[AT bTn (klk kri[ aYvi Crtl+V k)z siY[ dbivi[. g\i(fk p[AT YE jS[.

• ai g\i(fkni K*Nini kiLi ci[rsn) mddY) t[n) siez nin)-mi[T) kr) Skiy.

• p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p\yi[jk[ fi[Ti[g\if an[ aikZ(tai[ni ail[(Kti[ni[ upyi[g kr[li[. t[ni> kd

nini>-mi[Ti> kr[li>. ai miT[ MS-Paint p\i[g\im vipr[li[.

si[pin si[pin si[pin si[pin –––– 5 : p5 : p5 : p5 : p \\ \\ [zºT[Snn[ asrkirk bnivv&>[zºT[Snn[ asrkirk bnivv&>[zºT[Snn[ asrkirk bnivv&>[zºT[Snn[ asrkirk bnivv&>

p\[zºT[Snn[ a[(DT, D[vlp an[ fi[m[<T kyi< bid t[n[ asrkirk an[ p\BivSiL) bniv)

Skiy C[. a[(nm[Sn um[rvi a[(nm[Sn ef[kTY) lKiN{text}, aviji[{sounds},

ail[(Kti[{graphics}k[ (fÃm{movies}n[ a[(nm[T kr) Skiy. j[ni> kirN[ m&²y m&dìai[ trf ¹yin

k[(ºÙt Yiy C[. a[(nm[SnY) p\[zºT[Sn r&(ckr bniv) Skiy C[.

p\yi[jk[ a[(nm[Snmi>Y) ef[kT ap)yrn) mddY) lKiNn[ vF& asrkirk bniÄy&> ht&>.

j[Y) a[k m&d`ì[ aiv[ Ryir[ agiuni m&dìn&> lKiN Dim Yt&> ht&>. j[Y) lKiN vF& aikOi<k ligt&> ht&>.

79

si[pin si[pin si[pin si[pin –––– 6 : AliED Si[n) rj*ait6 : AliED Si[n) rj*ait6 : AliED Si[n) rj*ait6 : AliED Si[n) rj*ait

• p\zºT[Sn miT[n) AliEDsni[ k|m gi[qv) Skiy C[. Äy& m[n&ni> AliED Si[T<rn[ (klk kr) k|m

bdlvi[ hi[y t[ AlieD ps>d kr) miusY) yi[³y j³yia[ D^[g kri[ an[ Ci[D) di[.

• bdlit) b[ AlieDs vµc[ T^iºz)Sn ef[kT pN aip) Skiy. aim krvi miT[ Slide Show

m[n&mi> jen[ Slide Transition pr (klk kri[.

• Slide Transition Diyli[g bi[ksmi> AliED Si[ ke r)t[ aigL vFS[ t[ pN (sl[kT kr)

Ski[ a[Tl[ k[[ AliED Si[ mius (klk oiri aYvi am&k smyni a>tr[ aipi[aip aigL

vF[. ai b[mi>Y) gm[ t[ a[k ai[¼Sn ps>d kri[.

• AliED Si[ stt clivvi hi[y {a[Tl[ k[ C[Ãl) AlieD pC) fr) piC) si]Y) ph[l) AliED

d[Kiy} ti[ Slide Show m[n&mi> jen[ Set up Show (sl[kT kr) ‘Loop Continuously Unit

Escape’ ai[¼Sn ps>d kri[.

si[pinsi[pinsi[pinsi[pin ---- 7 : k ATm a[(nm[Sn7 : k ATm a[(nm[Sn7 : k ATm a[(nm[Sn7 : k ATm a[(nm[Sn

• j[ AliEDmi> a[(nm[Sn ef[kT diKl krv) hi[y t[ Ak|)n pr riKi[.

• j[ lKiN k[ ail[(Kti[n[ a[(nm[T krv&> hi[y t[n) bij&n&> c[kbi[ks ps>d kr) ef[kT bTn

(klk kri[.

• p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> (c#ii[n) rj*ait miT[ a[n)m[Snni[ Box Out mi[Dni[ upyi[g kr[li hti[,

an[ lKiN {Text} miT[ appear effect vipr[l).

si[pinsi[pinsi[pinsi[pin ---- 8 : r[ ki[D< n[r[Sn8 : r[ ki[D< n[r[Sn8 : r[ ki[D< n[r[Sn8 : r[ ki[D< n[r[Sn

• AliED Si[ drÀyin rj* Yt) (vgti[n&> kYn-vN<n p\[zºT[Snmi> um[r) Skiy C[. ai miT[

kÀ¼y*Trmi> siuºD kiD< an[ miek|i[fi[n hi[vi ji[ea[. AliED Si[ m[n&ni r[ki[D< n[ r[Snn[ (klk

kri[. avijn) ni[>FN) an[ miek T[AT)>>>g miT[n) j$r) T[AT c[k kri[. AliED Si[ cil& kr)

t[n[ an&$p tmir&> vN<n miek|i[fi[n oiri ni[>Fti jiai[.

• p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p\yi[jk[ kYn-vN<nni[ upyi[g kyi[< n hti[. a¹yipn dr(myin (Sxk

pi[tini (vwiY)<ai[n[ kxi an&sir smj*t) aip) Sk[ t[ h[t&n[ ¹yinmi> riK) kYn-vN<n

ky&< n ht&>.

si[pin si[pin si[pin si[pin –––– 9 : r)hs< Tie(m>g9 : r)hs< Tie(m>g9 : r)hs< Tie(m>g9 : r)hs< Tie(m>g

• AliEDs miT[ Tie(m>g s[T krvi AliED Si[ni> r)hs<l Tie(m>gn[ (klk kri[. a[k-a[k

AliEDn[ p\[zºT kri[. yi[³y smy[ n[kAT (klk kri[. j[Y) b)J AliED pr je SkSi[.

80

• p\At&t p\i[g\im mius (klk oiri aigL vFti[ hti[. j[n&> smg\ (ny>#iN (Sxkni hiYmi>

ht&>>. aiY) r)hs<l TiE(m>g svltni[ upyi[g kyi[< n hti[.

D. tbÊi[ ci[Yi[ : AliED Si[n) pD. tbÊi[ ci[Yi[ : AliED Si[n) pD. tbÊi[ ci[Yi[ : AliED Si[n) pD. tbÊi[ ci[Yi[ : AliED Si[n) p \\ \\ iY(mk ajmiySiY(mk ajmiySiY(mk ajmiySiY(mk ajmiyS

ki[epN p\[z[ºT[Sn AliED Si[ t]yir kyi< bid t[ni[ S]x(Nk r)t[ upyi[g krti ph[li t[n)

p\iY(mk ajmiyS kr) l[v) ji[ea[. j[ni aiFir[ j$r) nini mi[Ti> f[rfiri[ kr) Skiy. p\iY(mk

ajmiySmi> tj`Xi[ t[m j (Sxki[ni a(Bp\iyi[ an[ (vwiY)<ai[ni p\(tciri[ m[Lvvimi> aiv[ C[.

1.1.1.1. tjtjtjtj `` `` Xi[ni a(BpXi[ni a(BpXi[ni a(BpXi[ni a(Bp \\ \\ iyi[. iyi[. iyi[. iyi[. p\[zºT[Sn si[fTv[rni tjXi[ni a(Bp\iyi[ l[vi ji[ea[. Kis kr)n[

AliED fi[m[<T, fi[ºTs, ai[¾j[kT, AliEDni klr, (Dzien T^i(ºzSn, siuºD vg[r[n)

yi[³ytini s>b>Fmi> a(Bp\iyi[ m[Lvvi ji[ea[. t[ni aiFir[ yi[³y f[rfiri[ kr) Skiy.

2.2.2.2. (Sxki[ni a(Bp(Sxki[ni a(Bp(Sxki[ni a(Bp(Sxki[ni a(Bp \\ \\ iyi[.iyi[.iyi[.iyi[. AliED Si[ j[ (vOiyni a¹yipn miT[ t]yir krili[ hi[y t[ (vOiyn&>

a¹yipn krivti> (Sxki[ni pN (vOiyvAt&n&> pZYÊrN, k|(mk rj*ait an[ (vOiyvAt&ni

aivrN s>b>(Ft a(Bp\iyi[ l[vi ji[ea[. upyi[gmi> l)F[li ail[(Kti[n) ps>dg)n) yi[³yti

a>g[ pN mi(ht) m[Lv) Skiy.

3.3.3.3. p*v[<xN. p*v[<xN. p*v[<xN. p*v[<xN. (vwiY)<ai[ pr p*v[<xN krv&> ji[ea[. t[ni p\(tciri[ Kis kr)n[ (vOiyvAt&

smjvin) srLti, a¹yyn) a[kig\ti, (vOiyvAt&ni lKiNn) mi#ii, axri[n&> kd, r>g,

S]l) t[mj ail[(Kti[n) rj*ait a>g[ (vwiY)<ai[ni p\(tciri[ m[Lvvi ji[ea[.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p[\zºT[Sn (nmi<N dr(myin p\i. rxi upi¹yiy an[ p\i. Di[. pi$l dv[ni

t[mj kiy<k|m t]yir YE gyi pC) s>Si[Fk[ p\i[. Diˆ.(vjy s[vkni tj`X)y a(Bp\iyi[ m[LÄyi hti.

CAL a>g[ni m*Ãyi>kn miT[ a>bisNi {2005} r( ct Computer Aided Instrucation Package

miT[ni Evalution Toolni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

(vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN an[ k|(mk rj*aitni s>dB<mi> g&jrit) pÛ(tSiA#ini (Sxki[ an[

p\i¹yipki[n) s[viai[ l)F) ht).

p\ir>(Bk p\i[g\imni p*v[<xNni avli[kni[ ai p\miN[ hti.

1. kÀ¼y*Tr pr kiy< krvi a>g[n) s*cniai[ (vwiY)<ai[ smJ Skti hti.

2. kÀ¼y*Tr pr S]x(Nk (vOiy k[v) r)t[ S)Kiy t[ a>g[ (vwiY)<ai[mi> uRs&kti ji[vi mL) ht).

3. Ak|)n prni lKiNmi> axri[ mri[Ddirn[ AYin[ sidi lKviY) s&viµy bnti hti. ai miT[

Tera-indra Font vF& yi[³y jNiyi hti.

4. a[k tismi> {35 (m(nTmi>} aiSr[ cir Y) sit frmiai[ni[ a¿yis Ye Skti[ hti[.

5. Ak|)nni klr aiCi riKviY) lKiN vF& ApOT bnt&> ht&>.

81

EEEE .... tbÊi[ pi>cmi[tbÊi[ pi>cmi[tbÊi[ pi>cmi[tbÊi[ pi>cmi[ :::: AliED Si[n&> a>(tm Av$pAliED Si[n&> a>(tm Av$pAliED Si[n&> a>(tm Av$pAliED Si[n&> a>(tm Av$p

kÀ¼y*Tr si[fTv[rni (nmi<Nni tj`Xi[ an[ (Sxki[ni a(Bp\iyi[ oiri p\i¼y mi(ht)n[ aiFir[

f[rfiri[ krvi ji[ea[. ai miT[ j$r pD[ ti[ AliEDn) s>²yi vFirv) k[ GTiDv) pN pD[. j[ a>tg<t

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk[ tj`Xi[ oiri apiy[l s*cni m&jb f[rfiri[ kr) aiKr) Av$p ai¼y>& ht&>.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ni a¹yipn miT[ni

aiKr) Av$pni CAL kiy<k|mni 106 + 4 m[en p[ej s(ht k&l 110 frmiai[ {AliED`Ai}ni[ pivr

pi[EºT p\[zºT[Sn si[f`Tv[r t]yir krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. t[n) CD Rom t]yir krvimi> aiv). j[mi>

j$r) g&jrit) fi[ºT`s pN um[r[li hti. j[ p(r(SOT-2 mi> sim[l C[.

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mn) S$aitmi> frmiai[ni[ a¿yis k[v) r)t[ krvini[ C[

t[n) s*cni aip) kiy<k|mni aiFir[ a¹yipn krivvimi> aivt&> ht&>. (vOiyvAt&n) rj*ait srL

(vFini[ Av$p[ krvimi> aiv) ht). (vgtn[ a>t[ (vwiY)<n&> Xin ckisvi miT[ p\Ån an[ t[ni jvib

Av$p[ #iN (vkÃpi[ aipvimi> aiÄyi hti. t[mi>Y) (vwiY)<a[ sici jvibn) ps>dg) krvin) ht).

Ki[Ti jvib pr (klk krti> sici[ jvib g\)n ef[k`Tmi> dSi<vvim>i aivti[ hti[.

4.3.4.3.4.3.4.3. 4444 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(ytkÀ¼y*Tr shi(ytkÀ¼y*Tr shi(ytkÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt aaaa ¹yyn¹yyn¹yyn¹yyn kiy<k|mni u pyi[g a>g[ mig<dS <k s*cni[kiy<k|mni u pyi[g a>g[ mig<dS <k s*cni[kiy<k|mni u pyi[g a>g[ mig<dS <k s*cni[kiy<k|mni u pyi[g a>g[ mig<dS <k s*cni[ . . . .

p\At&t s>Si[Fnn[ a>t[ t]yir Yy[l kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m (vwiY)<ni Av-

a¹yyn miT[, (Sxki[ t[m j aiciy< miT[ pN upyi[g) C[.

Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[n& (Sxk kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

kiy<k|m oiri a¹yipn krivvi mi>gti hi[y Ryir[ t[ni[ upyi[g k[v) r)t[ krvi[ t[ a>g[ni j$r)

mig<dS<k s*cni[ ah)> aipvimi> aiÄyi> C[.

• kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn a[ Av-a¹yynn) pN a[k pÛ(t C[. j[mi> (vwiY)>< jit[ pN Av

zDp[, Av p\yRn[ a¹yyn kr) Sk[ C[.

• p\Ry[k tismi> (vwiY)<n[ vF&mi> vF& sit AliED`sni[ a¿yis krivvi[.

• ki[e a[k kiÄyn&> ai pÛ(ta[ a¹yipn krivvi a[k siY[ b[ k[ #iN tis gi[qv) sL>g

a¹yipn krivv&> (htivh C[.

• p\Ry[k frmimi> (vOiyvAt&n[ a>t[ t[mj smg\ kiÄyn[ a>t[ pN p\Åni[ m*k[li C[. ai p\Åni[

(vwiY)<ai[n) ksi[T) miT[ nY), pr>t& frmin) (vgt t[ai[ smjyi C[ k[ nh)> t[n) ckisN)

miT[ C[, t[n) smj*t) aipv).

• ai kiy<k|m a[ (Sxkni[ (vkÃp nY), pN shiyk C[; a[ bibt Kis ¹yinmi> riKv).

82

4 .4 Av4 .4 Av4 .4 Av4 .4 Av ---- a¹ yyn pa¹ yyn pa¹ yyn pa¹ yyn p \\ \\ y&(kt t r)k [ vk <ki D< si( hRyn) ps>d g) an[ s> rcn i y&(kt t r)k [ vk <ki D< si( hRyn) ps>d g) an[ s> rcn i y&(kt t r)k [ vk <ki D< si( hRyn) ps>d g) an[ s> rcn i y&(kt t r)k [ vk <ki D< si( hRyn) ps>d g) an[ s> rcn i

vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t a[ Av-a¹yyn pÛ(tni[ a[k p\kir C[. ai pÛ(t oiri (vwiY)<ai[

aipm[L[, xmti m&jb t[m j Avg(ta[ Avt>#i r)t[ a¿yis kr) Sk[ C[. (vwiY)<ai[ pi[tin) g(tn[

¹yinmi> riK) k|mS: p\vZ(tai[mi> f[rfir kr) Sk[ C[. Av-m*Ãyi>kn p\Åni[ oiri p\[(rt an[

Avy>s>ci(lt (vwiY)<ai[ k[ j[ai[ vk<kiD< oiri a¹yyn krvi mi>g[ C[, t[ai[ ci[Ês sfLti p\i¼t

kr) Sk[ C[. ai upri>t, ai pÛ(t oiri hi[>(Syir, m¹ym t[m j nbLi> a[[m #iN[y kxini

(vwiY)<ai[n[ yi[³y a¹yyn an&Bvi[ p*ri piD) Skiy C[.

4.4. 1 vk< kiD< si(hRy s>rcnini si[pini[4.4. 1 vk< kiD< si(hRy s>rcnini si[pini[4.4. 1 vk< kiD< si(hRy s>rcnini si[pini[4.4. 1 vk< kiD< si(hRy s>rcnini si[pini[ . . . . p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk[ Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni

C (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ ps>d kyi< hti. j[ni pr s>Si[Fk[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni kr) ht).

vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni miT[ s>Si[Fk ah)> dSi<v[l si[pini[n[ an&syi< hti.

si[pin : 1 vk<kiD< si(hRyn&> aiyi[jn

si[pin : 2 a[kmni[ ghn a¿yis

si[pin : 3 p[Tia[kmi[n&> l[Kn an[ p\iY(mk Av$pn) s>rcni

si[pin : 4 p\iY(mk Av$pn) sm)xi an[ (ot)y Av$pn) s>rcni

si[pin : 5 vk<kiD< si(hRyni (ot)y Av$pn&> p*v[<xN an[ a>(tm Av$pn) s>rcni

si[pin : 1si[pin : 1si[pin : 1si[pin : 1 .... vk<kiD< si(hRyn&> aiyi[jnvk<kiD< si(hRyn&> aiyi[jnvk<kiD< si(hRyn&> aiyi[jnvk<kiD< si(hRyn&> aiyi[jn

p\At&t s>Si[Fn miT[ rc[l i vk<kiD< si(hRyni aiyi[jnnmi> s>Si[Fk[ b[ bibti[ ¹yinmi>

riK) ht) : {1} a[km ps>dg) an[ {2} a[kmni (vOiyvAt&n&> (vÅl[OiN

1. a[km ps>dg). 1. a[km ps>dg). 1. a[km ps>dg). 1. a[km ps>dg). p\At&t s>Si[Fn miT[ s>Si[Fk[ Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni C

g)tkiÄyi[n) ps>dg) kr) ht). j[ ai m&jb hti: {1} yicni {2} adni aidm)n&> g)t {3} aipNi>

d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r? {4} (ctiri[ {5} aipN[ {6} kºyi(vdiy.

2. a[kmni (vOiyvAt&n&> (vÅl[ OiN. 2. a[kmni (vOiyvAt&n&> (vÅl[ OiN. 2. a[kmni (vOiyvAt&n&> (vÅl[ OiN. 2. a[kmni (vOiyvAt&n&> (vÅl[ OiN. s>Si[Fk[ ps>d kr[l a[kmi[n&> pZYÊrN kr)n[ t[n[ p[Ti

a[kmi[mi> (vBi(jt kr[l hti. ai p[Ti a[kmi[mi> ps>(dt C kiÄyi[n&> pZYÊrN cir Bigmi> kr[l&> ht>&>.

{1} k(v p(rcy {2} kiÄyi>S {3} ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY< {4} kiÄyi>Sni[ BiviY<. ai r)t[ p\Ry[k

kiÄyn&> pZYÊrN kr)n[ vk<kiD<n&> si(hRy t]yir ky&< ht&>.

si[pin : 2 a[kmni[ ghn a¿yissi[pin : 2 a[kmni[ ghn a¿yissi[pin : 2 a[kmni[ ghn a¿yissi[pin : 2 a[kmni[ ghn a¿yis

s>Si[Fk[ (vwiY)<n) kxin[ an&$p (vOiyvAt&n) srL rj*ait krvi miT[ a[kmi[ni[ ghn

a¿yis krvi[ j$r) hti[. ai s>Si[Fn miT[ s>Si[Fk[ b[ bibti[ ¹yinmi> riK) ht). {a} vicn an[

{b} a¹yipn kiy<

83

{a } vicn{a } vicn{a } vicn{a } vicn .... ps>(dt a[kmni (vOiyvAt&n) (vAtZt smj k[Lvvi, vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni krvi

t[m j smg\ s>Si[Fnn[ ¹yinmi> riK)n[ s>Si[Fk[ ah)> dSi<Äyi m&jbni p&Atki[n&> vicn ky&< ht&>.

1.1.1.1. (vOiyvAt&n[ lgti p&Atki[n&> vic n. (vOiyvAt&n[ lgti p&Atki[n&> vic n. (vOiyvAt&n[ lgti p&Atki[n&> vic n. (vOiyvAt&n[ lgti p&Atki[n&> vic n. p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni ps>(dt C

a[kmi[ miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni krvimi> aiv) ht). t[ni (vOiyvAt&n) (vAtZt mi(ht)

m[Lvvi s>Si[Fk[ n)c[ni p&Atki[ni[ a¿yis kyi[< hti[.

• Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyn&> piqyp&Atk

{g&jrit rijy SiLi piqyp&Atk m>DL, gi>F)ngr}

• g&jrit)ni a¹yipnn&> p(rS)ln {b). a[s. Sih p\kiSn, amdivid}

• g&jrit) (vOiyvAt& {b). a[s. Sih pkiSn, amdivid}

• kiÄyiAvid - Diˆ. Brtk&mir qikr {S¾dli[k p\kiSn, amdivid}

• g&jrit)n&> a(Bnv a¹yipn {(nrv p\kiSn, amdivid}

• ps>(dt a[kmi[n[ lgt&> m&(Ùt si(hRy {Xing>gi klis)s, rijki[T}

2. 2. 2. 2. AvAvAvAv ---- a¹yyn si(hRyn) s>rcni a>g[ni p& Atki[n&> vicn . a¹yyn si(hRyn) s>rcni a>g[ni p& Atki[n&> vicn . a¹yyn si(hRyn) s>rcni a>g[ni p& Atki[n&> vicn . a¹yyn si(hRyn) s>rcni a>g[ni p& Atki[n&> vicn . p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> Av-a¹yynn) a[k

p\y&(kt tr)k[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni krvimi> aiv) ht). aiY) Av-a¹yyn si(hRyn[ lgti[

a¿yis s>Si[Fk[ kr[l hti[.

• S]x(Nk T[kni[l(j : Diˆ. g&Nv>t Sih {b).a[s.Sih p\kiSn, amdivid}

• S]x(Nk p\i]wi](gk) : d)(pki Sih {y&(nv(s<T) g>\Y (nmi<N bi[D<, amdivid}

• a¹yipn mni[(vXin : Diˆ. a[n.a[s.di[>gi {(n(jjn siyki[ s[ºTr,rijki[T.}

• Programmed Learning And Education Technology: K.L. Kumar

(New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi.)

3. 3. 3. 3. p*v[ < Yy[li s>Si[Fni[n&> vicn. p*v[ < Yy[li s>Si[Fni[n&> vicn. p*v[ < Yy[li s>Si[Fni[n&> vicn. p*v[ < Yy[li s>Si[Fni[n&> vicn. p\At&t s>Si[Fnni[ h[t& kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD<

si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tn) asrkirkti S]x(Nk (s(Û an[ vlNni s>dB<mi>

ckisvini[ hti[. aiY) smg\ s>Si[Fnkiy<n) $pr[Ki tYi kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m an[

vk<kiD< si(hRy s>rcni miT[n&> mig<dS<n m[Lvvi miT[ p*v[< Yy[li s>b>(Ft s>Si[Fni[ p]k) ai m&jbni

s>Si[Fni[n&> vicn s>Si[Fk[ kr[l&> ht&>.

• Fi[rN dsni g(Nt (vOiyni ‘ ai>kDiSiA#i’ a[kmni s>dB<mi> Av-a¹yyn p\y&(kt tr)k[

vk<kiD< si(hRyn) asrkirkti : elik&mir) s). zili {1997} a[m.a[D`. ap\ki(St

lF&Si[F(nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T.

84

• a>g\[J (vOiyni ‘Active And Passive Voice’ a[k m miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni an[

(vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Û, FirN tYi vlNni s>dB<mi> t[n) asrkirkti : rm[S b). s(Kyi

{2001} a[m.a[D`. ap\ki(St lF&Si[F(nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T.

• Fi[rN nvni s>AkZt (vOiyni ‘ s>(F’ a[km miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni an[ t[n)

asrkirkti : (vk|m s). pT[l {2001} a[m.a[D`. ap\ki(St lF&Si[F(nb>F, si]riOT

y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T.

• Av-a¹yyn p\y&(kt tr)k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yynn) asrkirkti : l)ni a[c.

kir)ai {2001} p)a[c.D). ap\ki(St mhiSi[F(nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T.

• nimini m*Lt_vi[ (vOiyni aimni[>F a[kmni s>dB[<mi> vk<kiD< {WC} an[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt

a¹yyn {CAL} p\y&(ktai[[n) asrkirkti : pi$l s). dv[ {2005} p)a[c.D). ap\ki(St

mhiSi[F(nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T.

• (c#i simg\), gin pÛ(t an[ vk<kiD<<n) s>AkZt (vOiymi> (s(Û an[ s>AkZt (vOiy prRv[ni

vlN prn) asrkirkti : D)Àpl j[. riqi[D {2006} p)a[c.D). ap\ki(St mhiSi[F(nb>F,

si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T.

• (vXin an[ Tƒkni[l(j (vOiyni a¹yipn miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr kiy<k|mn) s>rcni an[ t[n)

asrkirkti: rxi a[c. upi¹yiy {2006} a[m.a[D`. ap\ki(St lG&Si[F(nb>F, si]riOT

y&(nv(s<T), rijki[T.

{b{b{b{b }}}} a¹yipn kiy<a¹yipn kiy<a¹yipn kiy<a¹yipn kiy<

a[kmni (vOiyvAt& pr p\ B&Rv m[Lvvi miT[ s>Si[Fk[ (v(vF klis)smi> t[mj aispismi>

rh[ti Fi[rN nvmi> a¿yis krti (vwiY)<ai[n[ ps>(dt a[kmi[n&> a¹yipn kriÄy>& ht&>. t[n[ p(rNim[

s>Si[Fkn[ a[kmni (vOiyvAt&mi> rh[l) k(qn bibti[ j[ (vwiY)<n[ avri[Fk ligt) t[ jiNvi mL)

ht).

si[pin si[pin si[pin si[pin ---- 3 3 3 3 p[Tia[k mi[n&> l[Kn an[ pp[Tia[k mi[n&> l[Kn an[ pp[Tia[k mi[n&> l[Kn an[ pp[Tia[k mi[n&> l[Kn an[ p \\ \\ iY(mk Av$pn) s>r cniiY(mk Av$pn) s>r cniiY(mk Av$pn) s>r cniiY(mk Av$pn) s>r cni

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk[ Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni ps>(dt a[kmi[ miT[ vk<kiD<

si(hRyn&> l[Kn ky<&> ht>&. vk<kiD<n) s>rcni krti ph[li s>Si[Fk[ aigL dSi<Äyi m&jb (v(vF

s>dB< si(hRyni[ a¿yis kyi[< hti[. vk<kiD< si(hRyn&> l[Kn krt) vKt[ (Sxki[ni s*cni[,

mig<dS<kn) s*cniai[ t[m j n)c[ m&jbn) k[Tl)k bibti[n[ ¹yinmi> riK) ht).

• m&²y a[kmn&> yi[³y p[Tia[kmi[mi> (vBijn.

• p[Tia[kmi[n) sitRyp*N< k|(mk gi[qvN).

85

• dr[k p[Tia[km miT[ alg vk<kiD<n) rcni.

• (vOiyvAt&n) srL BiOiimi> rj*ait.

• (bnj$r) (vOiyvAt&n[ AYin n aipv&>.

• dr[k vk<kiD<ni a>tmi> Avm*Ãyi>kn miT[ (v(vF p\kirni an[ p*rti p\miNmi> p\Åni[ m*kvi>.

• m*Ãyi>knni p\Åni[ j[ t[ vk<kiD<ni (vOiyvAt&mi>Y) j aipvi.

• Avm*Ãyi>knni p\Åni[ni Av$pmi> (v(vFti livv).

upri[kt bibti[n[ ¹yinmi> riK)n[ s>Si[Fk[ Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni ps>(dt a[kmi[

miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni kr) ht). ai miT[ a[kmi[n[ p[Tia[kmmi> vh[c) t[ dr[k a[km miT[

alg vk<kiD< t]yir kr[li hti. ai r)t[ k&l biv)s vk<kiD< Frivti si(hRyni p\iY(mk Av$pn)

s>rcni kr[l) ht).

si[pin : 4 psi[pin : 4 psi[pin : 4 psi[pin : 4 p \\ \\ iY(mk Av$pn) sm)xi an[ (ot)y Av$pn) s>rcniiY(mk Av$pn) sm)xi an[ (ot)y Av$pn) s>rcniiY(mk Av$pn) sm)xi an[ (ot)y Av$pn) s>rcniiY(mk Av$pn) sm)xi an[ (ot)y Av$pn) s>rcni

s>Si[Fk[ dr[k p[Tia[km miT[ alg vk<kiD< t]yir Yiy a[ r)t[ vk<kiD< si(hRyni p\iY(mk

Av$pn) s>rcni kr) ht). t]yir Yy[l vk<kiD< si(hRy g&jrit) (vOiyni (nONiti[ t[m j

pÛ(tSiA#ini (nONitn[ ckisvi aip) vk<kiD< si(hRyni p\iY(mk Av$pn) sm)xi kr[l) ht). ai

tj`Xi[n) yid) sirN) 4.3 mi> rj& kr[l C[.


vk<kiD< vk<kiD< vk<kiD< vk<kiD< si(hRy si(hRy si(hRy si(hRy {{{{WC} miT [ni tj`Xi[n) yid)} miT [ni tj`Xi[n) yid)} miT [ni tj`Xi[n) yid)} miT [ni tj`Xi[n) yid)

k|k|k|k| mmmm tjXi[n&> nimtjXi[n&> nimtjXi[n&> nimtjXi[n&> nim hi[dì[ an[ s>AYin&> nimhi[dì[ an[ s>AYin&> nimhi[dì[ an[ s>AYin&> nimhi[dì[ an[ s>AYin&> nim

1 Diˆ. k[. v). riqi[D p\i¹yipk, ~)mt) j[.j[. k&>D(lyi b).a[D`. ki[l[j, rijki[T

2 p\i. mh[ºÙ gi[Avim) a¹yipk, T).a[n. riv b).a[D`. ki[l[j, rijki[T

3 p\i. p\Xib[n b). Fim[ci a¹yipk, p>cS)l b).a[D`. ki[l[j, rijki[T

4 Diˆ. (DÀpl k[. riqi[D mi¹y(mk (S(xki, ~) ki[Tk kºyi (vnym>(dr, rijki[T

sirN) 4.3 n&> avli[kn krti> jNiy C[ k[ vk<kiD< si(hRy cir tj`Xi[n[ ckisvi ai¼yi>

hti. t[mi>Y) #iN b).a[D`. ki[l[[jni a¹yipki[ an[ a[k mi¹y(mk SiLini (Sxkni[ smiv[S Yti[

hti[. ai tj`Xi[a[ vk<kiD< si(hRyni p\iY(mk Av$pn) sm)xi kr[l ht). tj`Xi[a[ aip[li s*cni[

ai p\miN[ C[.

86

{1} p{1} p{1} p{1} p \\ \\ i. mh[ºÙ gi[ Avim) {g&jrit) pÛ(tSiA#ini a¹yi. mh[ºÙ gi[ Avim) {g&jrit) pÛ(tSiA#ini a¹yi. mh[ºÙ gi[ Avim) {g&jrit) pÛ(tSiA#ini a¹yi. mh[ºÙ gi[ Avim) {g&jrit) pÛ(tSiA#ini a¹y ipk ipk ipk ipk –––– (vOiy (nONi(vOiy (nONi(vOiy (nONi(vOiy (nONi t} t} t} t} oiri ai p\miN[ s*cni[

mL[li.

• (vOiyvAt&n[ vF& smZÛ bnivvi (v(vF si(hRy p*r&> piD) rj*ait bdlv).

• Av m*Ãyi>knni p\Åni[n) s>²yi vFirv).

• am&k vk<kiD<mi> kiÄyi>Sni BiviY<mi> s&Firi[ s*cv[li[ hti[.

{2} p{2} p{2} p{2} p \\ \\ i. pi. pi. pi. p \\ \\ Xib[n b). Fim[ci {g&jrit) pÛ(tSiA#ini a¹yipk Xib[n b). Fim[ci {g&jrit) pÛ(tSiA#ini a¹yipk Xib[n b). Fim[ci {g&jrit) pÛ(tSiA#ini a¹yipk Xib[n b). Fim[ci {g&jrit) pÛ(tSiA#ini a¹yipk –––– (vOiy (nONit} (vOiy (nONit} (vOiy (nONit} (vOiy (nONit} oiri mL[l s*cni[

n)c[ m&jb hti.

• am&k vk<kiD<mi>Y) (bnj$r) (vOiyvAt& d*r krv&>.

• kiÄyn&> rsdS<n m&²y hi[e ÄyikrN (vOiyk p\Åni[ kiQ) niKvi.

• smj*t)ni am&k m&d`iai[mi> vikyi[ T*>ki an[ srL bnivvi.

• smj*t) miT[ni udihrNi[n) s>²yi vFirv).

{3} {3} {3} {3} Diˆ. k[. v). riqi[D { p Û(tSiA#ini jiNkir} Diˆ. k[. v). riqi[D { p Û(tSiA#ini jiNkir} Diˆ. k[. v). riqi[D { p Û(tSiA#ini jiNkir} Diˆ. k[. v). riqi[D { p Û(tSiA#ini jiNkir} oiri k[Tlik agRyni an[ mig<dS<k s*cni

aipvimi> aiÄyi hti. j[ ai p\miN[ hti.

• vk<kiD<ni smg\ lKiNn[ f|[mmi> dSivv&>.

• vk<kiD<n) S$aitmi> h[t&ai[ ap[(xt vt<n p(rvt<n Av$p[ dSi<vvi.

• vk<kiD<n) BiOii srL bnivv).

• vikyi[ T*>ki bnivvi.

• p\Ry[k (vFin nv) l)T)mi> dSi<vv&>.

• (vOiyvAt&n) (vgt an[ m*Ãyi>kn p\Åni[ alg alg p[jmi> m*kvi.

• p\Åni[n) s*cniai[ ApOT hi[v) ji[ea[.

{4} Diˆ. (DÀpl k[. riqi[D Diˆ. (DÀpl k[. riqi[D Diˆ. (DÀpl k[. riqi[D Diˆ. (DÀpl k[. riqi[D { mi¹y(mk (Sxk-(vOiy (nONit} oiri a[k s*cn dSi<vvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>.

• kiÄyi>S bid s)Fi[ BiviY< aipvin[ bdl[ ph[li ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY< m*kvi, j[Y)

(vwiY)<ai[n[ BiviY< smjvimi> srLti rh[.

ai r)t[ (vOiy (nONiti[ an[ mig<dS<k pis[Y) mL[li s*cni[ ¹yinmi> le vk<kiD< si(hRyni

p\iY(mk Av$pmi> j$r) fr[firi[ krvimi> aiÄyi hti. an[ vk<kiD< si(hRyni (ot)y Av$pn)

s>rcni krvimi> aiv) ht).

87

si[pin si[pin si[pin si[pin –––– 5555 vk< kiD< si(hRyni (ot)y Av$pn&> p*v [<xN an[ a>(tm Av$pn) s>rcnivk< kiD< si(hRyni (ot)y Av$pn&> p*v [<xN an[ a>(tm Av$pn) s>rcnivk< kiD< si(hRyni (ot)y Av$pn&> p*v [<xN an[ a>(tm Av$pn) s>rcnivk< kiD< si(hRyni (ot)y Av$pn&> p*v [<xN an[ a>(tm Av$pn) s>rcni

j[ kxini (vwiY)<ai[ miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRy t]yir krvimi> aiv[l&> hi[y t[ai[ ai si(hRyn)

mddY) srLtiY) t[mj yi[³y smymi> a¹yyn kr) Sk[ C[ k[ k[m t[ jiNvi miT[ p\Ryx ckisN)

j$r) bn[ C[. p*v[<xN oiri vk<kiD< si(hRy rcnimi> rh) gy[l) x(tai[ d*r kr) t[n[ vF&

g&Nv_iiy&kt bniv) Skiy. p*v[<xN oiri aml)krN vKt[ nDt) m&Æk[l)ai[n) mi(ht) m[Lv) t[

d*r krvini upiyi[ yi[J Skiy.

vk<kiD< si(hRyni (ot)y Av$pn) s>rcni kyi< bid p*v[<xN miT[ Fi[rN nvni g&jrit)

mi¹ymn) SiLimi> a¿yis krti p>dr (vwiY)<ai[n[ vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¿yis krivvimi> aiÄyi[

hti[. vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¿yis krti (vwiY)<ai[n&> (nr)xN krti n)c[n) bibti[ ¹yinmi> riK)

t[n) ni[>F kr) ht).

• (vwiY)<ai[ a[k tismi> k[Tli> vk<kiD<ni[ a¿yis kr) Sk[ C[?

• vk<kiD<mi> rj* Yy[l (vOiyvAt& smjvimi> (vwiY)<ai[n[ pDt) m&Æk[l)ai[.

• Avm*Ãyi>knni p\Åni[n) s*cni smjvimi> pDt) m&Æk[l)ai[.

• smjvimi> kq)n p[Tia[kmi[.

p*v[<xNni a>t[ (vwiY)<ai[n[ pDt) m&Æk[l)ai[, smg\ a[kmni a¿yis miT[ j$r) smy, vg<

s>cilnmi> pDt) m&Æk[l)ai[, vk<kiD< si(hRymi> jNit) B*li[ bibt[ mig<dS<kni s*cni[ m[Lv) j$r)

f[rfir kyi< hti.

p*v[<xN an[ mig<dS<kni s*cni[n[ ¹yinmi> riK) s>Si[Fk oiri vk<kiD< si(hRyni a>(tm

Av$pn) s>rcni krvimi> aiv) ht). t[mi> k&l 22 vk<kiD<ni[ smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi hti[. t]yir

Yy[l tmim vk<kiD<n&> p\Ym kÀ¼y*TriezD Tiep)>g kriv) j$r) z[ri[x nkli[ bnivvimi> aiv) ht).

j[ni oiri pi#ii[n[ a¹yipn kriv[l ht&>.

t]yir Yy[l vk<kiD< si(hRyni[ a¿yis krt) vKt[ ¹yinmi> riKvin) bibti[ dSi<vt&> a[k

alg kiD< t]yir krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. p\Ym ai kiD< oiri j$r) smj*t) aip) k|mS: vk<kiD<

aipvin&> aiyi[jn kr[l ht&>.

r ciy[li vk< kiD< si(hRyn&> Av$ p an [ p(rcyr ciy[li vk< kiD< si(hRyn&> Av$ p an [ p(rcyr ciy[li vk< kiD< si(hRyn&> Av$ p an [ p(rcyr ciy[li vk< kiD< si(hRyn&> Av$ p an [ p(rcy . . . . p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk[ Fi[rN nvni g&jrit)

(vOiyni ps>(dt a[kmi[ miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni kr) ht). j[mi> s>Si[Fk[ k&l 22 v k<>kiD< rµyi

hti. vk<kiD< si(hRy p(r(SOT-3mi> dS<iv[l C[.

vk<kiD< si(hRymi> mYiL[ simiºy mi(ht) aip) ht). j[mi> (vOiy, Fi[rN, a[km an[

vk<kiD< k|m a[ bibti[ ht). Ryir pC)ni (vBigmi> s>b>(Ft p[Ti a[kmni s>dB<mi> a¹yyn n)pj$p[

88

S]x(Nk h[t&ai[ aip[li hti. #i)ji (vBigmi> j[ t[ p[Ti a[kmni m&d`iai[n[ (vOiyvAt&n) udihrN

siY[ srL rj*ait krvimi> aiv) ht). a>(tm (vBigmi> p[Tia[kmni (vOiyvAt&n[ an&$p

Avm*Ãyi>kn miT[ni p\Åni[ aipvimi> aiÄyi> hti>. j[ni u_iri[ (vwiY)<a[ pi[tin) ni[>Fpi[Y)mi> ni[Fvini

hti.

si[pin si[pin si[pin si[pin –––– 6 vk< kiD< si(hRyni upyi[g a>g[ mig<dS< k s*cni[6 vk< kiD< si(hRyni upyi[g a>g[ mig<dS< k s*cni[6 vk< kiD< si(hRyni upyi[g a>g[ mig<dS< k s*cni[6 vk< kiD< si(hRyni upyi[g a>g[ mig<dS< k s*cni[

p\At&t s>Si[Fnn[ a>t[ t]yir Yy[l vk<kiD< si(hRy (vwiY)<, (Sxk an[ aiciy<n[ upyi[g)

C[. Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ miT[ jyir[ (Sxk k[ aiciy< vk<kiD<

si(hRy oiri a¹yipn krivvi mi>gti hi[y Ryir[ ai vk<kiD< si(hRyni[ upyi[g k[v) r)t[ krvi[ t[

a>g[ j$r) mig<dS<k s*cni[ ah)> aipvimi> aiÄyi C[.

• vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(ta[ Av-a¹yyn) a[k pÛ(t C[. j[mi> (vwiY)< jit[ (Sxkn) mdd

vgr, Avg(ta[, Avp\yRn[ a¹yyn kr[ C[.

• vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¿yis S$ krivti ph[li (vwiY)<ai[n[ s*cniai[n&> kiD< aipv&> an[

t[ni[ ¹yinp*v<k a¿yis krvi jNivv&>.

• p\Ry[k tismi> (vwiY)<n[ b[Y) vF& vk<kiD< n aipvi.

• p\Ry[k vk<kiD<ni a>(tm Bigmi> p\Åni[ m*kvimi> aiv[ C[. ah)> (vwiY)<ai[ a[ bibt Kis

¹yinmi> riK[ k[ ai p\Åni[ t[ai[n) ksi[T) nY) pr>t& vk<kiD<mi> rj* Yy[l (vgt t[ai[ smjyi

C[ k[ nh)> t[n) ckisN) miT[ C[.

• dr[k vk<kiD<n[ a>t[ Avm*Ãyi>knni p\Åni[ni jvib aipvini C[. ji[ ai jvib sici hi[y ti[

j t[ pC)ni vk<kiD< pr jv&>. jvib sici C[ k[ Ki[Ti t[ (vwiY)< vk<kiD< prY) aYvi

(Sxkn[ p*C)n[ jiN) Sk[ C[.

• (vwiY)<n[ ki[e p\Ånni[ jvib aipvimi> m&Æk[l) jNiy ti[ fr)vir Si>(tY) (vOiyvAt&ni[

a¿yis krvi[ an[ j$r) jNiy ti[ (Sxkn) mdd le Skiy.

• Av-a¹yyn pÛ(tmi> dr[k (vwiY)< pi[tin) zDp[ a¿yis kr[ C[. aiY) dr[k (vwiY)< srK)

s>²yimi> vk<kiD<ni[ a¿yis kr) Sk[ nh)>.

• (Sxk[ drri[j tisn) S$aitmi> vk<kiD< si(hRy a¹yyn miT[ aipv&> an[ tisn[ a>t[

prt le l[v&>.

• vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yyn krti (vwiY)<ai[n[ a¹yyn dr(myin j$r jNiy Ryi>

(Sxk[ mig<dS<n aipv&>.

89

4 .5 Ä yi ²yin pÛ (t miT[ ni piq ai yi [j ni [4 .5 Ä yi ²yin pÛ (t miT[ ni piq ai yi [j ni [4 .5 Ä yi ²yin pÛ (t miT[ ni piq ai yi [j ni [4 .5 Ä yi ²yin pÛ (t miT[ ni piq ai yi [j ni [

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk[ pi[tini s>Si[Fn dr(myin #iN a¹yipn pÛ(tni[ upyi[g kyi[<

hti[. t[ p]k) a[k Äyi²yin pÛ(t ht). aºy pÛ(t oiri Yti a¹yipn j[Tli j (vOiyvAt&n&>

a¹yipn smin smymi> krivvi miT[ smg\ a[km miT[ k&l aQir piq aiyi[jni[ t]yir krvimi>

aiÄyi hti. p\Ry[k piq aiyi[jnmi> p[Tia[km, h[t&ai[, (vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN an[ (Sxkn) p\vZ(_ini[

smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[.

p\yi[gni aml dr(myin Äyi²yin pÛ(tY) a¹yipn kiy< krivvi miT[ b)ji (Sxki[n)

mdd l[vin) ht). p\yi[g an[ p\yi[gni p&nrivt<nmi> a[k j srK) r)t[ a¹yipn Yiy t[ pN j$r)

hi[viY) piq aiyi[jn a(nviy< hti>.

4.5. 1 piq aiyi[jnni> 4.5. 1 piq aiyi[jnni> 4.5. 1 piq aiyi[jnni> 4.5. 1 piq aiyi[jnni> GGGG T ki[. T ki[. T ki[. T ki[. piq aiyi[jn krt) vKt[ p\yi[jk[ n)c[ni miLKi m&jbn) bibti[

¹yinmi> l)F) ht).

1.a¹yipn kiy< p*v[< n&> aiyi[jn1.a¹yipn kiy< p*v[< n&> aiyi[jn1.a¹yipn kiy< p*v[< n&> aiyi[jn1.a¹yipn kiy< p*v[< n&> aiyi[jn

a[kmni> a¹yipn miT[ h[t&ai[ (nFi<(rt krvi

mi(ht), Avi¹yiy, S]x(Nk p\vZ(_iai[ t[mj m*Ãyi>kn a>g[ni miLKin) rcni krv)

a¹yipnkiy< p*v[< j$r) a[vi S]x(Nk siFni[n) yid) bniv) a[k#i krvi

2.a¹yipn kiy< dr(myinn&> aiyi[jn2.a¹yipn kiy< dr(myinn&> aiyi[jn2.a¹yipn kiy< dr(myinn&> aiyi[jn2.a¹yipn kiy< dr(myinn&> aiyi[jn

a¹y[tin) piÅvB*(mkimi> rh[li s>b>(Ft Xin an[ an&Bvn[ u_i[jn aipv&>.

(vOiyvAt&n) k|(mk rj*ait krv)

aip[li Xin a>g[n) ckisN) kr) j$r) p\(tpi[OiN p*ri> piDvi>.

(vwiY)<ai[ni p\(tciri[n[ an&lx)n[ piq aiyi[jnmi> j$r) f[rfiri[ krvi

3. a¹yipn kiy< bidn&> aiyi[jn3. a¹yipn kiy< bidn&> aiyi[jn3. a¹yipn kiy< bidn&> aiyi[jn3. a¹yipn kiy< bidn&> aiyi[jn

kriv[li a¹yipn kiy<n) ckisN) kr) p\(tpi[OiN p&ri> piDvi>

90

4.5. 2 piq aiy4.5. 2 piq aiy4.5. 2 piq aiy4.5. 2 piq aiy i[jnn&> simiºy Av$p. i[jnn&> simiºy Av$p. i[jnn&> simiºy Av$p. i[jnn&> simiºy Av$p. piq aiyi[jnni> GTki[ ¹yinmi> le piq aiyi[jnn&> miLK&>

t]yir krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. miLK&> mig<dS<k siY[ cci< kyi< bid t]yir kr[l& ht&>. j[ ai m&jb ht&>.

a¿yis h[qLni> a[kmni piq aiyi[jni[ p(r(SOT-4 mi> sim[l C[.

hv[ pC)ni p\krNmi> p\i¼t mi(ht)n) rj*ait, pZYÊrN an[ aY<GTnn) (vgt[ rj*ait

krvimi> aiv) C[.

tis k|m : (vOiyi>g : kiÄyk|m : - h[t&ai[ :

- (Sxkn) p\vZ(_i :

- (vwiY)<n) p\vZ(_i :

91

pppp\\\\krN krN krN krN –––– 5 5 5 5

mi(ht)n) rj*ait, pZYÊrN an[ aY<mi(ht)n) rj*ait, pZYÊrN an[ aY<mi(ht)n) rj*ait, pZYÊrN an[ aY<mi(ht)n) rj*ait, pZYÊrN an[ aY<GGGGTnTnTnTn

5.1 p5.1 p5.1 p5.1 p\\\\iAt(vkiAt(vkiAt(vkiAt(vk

ki[epN s>Si[Fnkiy<mi> t[ni nÊ) kr[li h[t&ai[ p(rp*N< Yyi C[ k[ k[m t[ jiNvi miT[ p\i¼t

mi(ht)n&> pZYÊrN an[ aY<GTn krv&> j$r) C[. aY<GTn oiri s>Si[Fnmi> nÊr tirNi[ m[Lv)

Skiy C[.

(SxN an[ mni[(vXinni x[#i[ Yti s>Si[Fnmi> mi[T[Big[ mi(ht) s>²yiRmk Av$p[ m[Lvvimi>

aiv[ C[. ai s>²yiRmk mi(ht) am*t< Av$p[ hi[y C[. ai am*t< mi(ht)n[ aY<sBr an[ t&lnixm

bnivvi miT[ a>kSiA#i)y pÛ(tai[ni[ upyi[g krvimi> aiv[ C[.

p\At&t p\krNmi> s>Si[Fk[ hiY Fr[li p\yi[gi[ni pi#ii[n) s>²yi an[ t[ni p\i¼ti>ki[ oiri

mi(ht)n) a>kSiA#i)y rj*ait kr[l) C[. p\i¼t mi(ht) pr a>kSiA#i)y pZYÊrN oiri a[f-m*Ãy

an[ t-m*Ãy Si[F) mi(ht)n&> aY<GTn krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&&>. s>Si[Fk[ p\yi[gn) S$aitmi> s>Si[Fnni

h[t&ai[n[ an&$p uRkÃpniai[ rc) ht). ai uRkÃpniai[n) ckisN) krvi m[Lv[l mi(ht) pr

a>kSiA#i)y pZYÊrNn[ a>t[ aY<p*N< tirNi[ tirÄyi C[.

5.2 mi(ht)n) rj*ait5.2 mi(ht)n) rj*ait5.2 mi(ht)n) rj*ait5.2 mi(ht)n) rj*ait

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> Fi[rN nvni> g&jrit) (vOiyni ps>(dt C (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ni

a¹yipn miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn {CAL}, vk<kiD< shi(Ry {WC} an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t

{LM} n) asrkirkti g&jrit)ni vlN an[ S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> ckisvimi> aiv) ht). ai

miT[ k&miri[ pr an[ kºyiai[ pr a[m k&l b[ p\yi[gi[ krvimi> aiÄyi hti.

k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[ pr hiY Friy[l alg alg p\yi[gi[n[ a>t[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt

a¹yyn vD[ a¹yipn pim[l j*Y, vk<kiD< si(hRy vD[ a¹yipn pim[l j*Y an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t

vD[ a¹yipn pim[l j*Y a[m #iN[ j*Yi[n[ a¹yipn p*v[< an[ a¹yipn bid g&jrit) vlN mipd>D

aip) t[ni prni p\i¼ti>ki[ m[Lvvimi> aiÄyi hti t[m j ps>(dt a¹yipn)y a[kmi[ prn) (Sxk

(n(m<<t ksi[T) aipvimi> aiv) ht). ai ksi[T) k&l pcis g&Nn) ht) an[ ksi[T)ni[ smy a[k

klikni[ hti[. ai ksi[T) oiri (vwiY)<ai[n) g&jrit) (vOiyn) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni p\i¼ti>ki[ m[Lvvimi>

aiÄyi hti.

92

5.3 mi(ht)n&> Av$p5.3 mi(ht)n&> Av$p5.3 mi(ht)n&> Av$p5.3 mi(ht)n&> Av$p

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p(rvt<k cl tr)k[ jit)yti l[vimi> aiv) ht). t[n[ ¹yinmi> riK)n[ k&l

b[ p\yi[gi[ hiY Frvimi> aiÄyi hti. s>Si[Fnni h[t&ai[n[ an&$p mi(ht) p\i¼t krvi miT[ p\yi[gn&>

aml)krN k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[ pr krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. p\yi[g p*v[< an[ p\yi[g bid (vwiY)<ai[n[

vlN mipd>D aip) g&jrit) vlNi>ki[ m[Lvvimi> aiÄyi> hti. p\yi[gni a>t[ k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[n[

(Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T) aip)n[ (s(Û p\i¼ti>ki[ m[Lvvimi> aiÄyi hti.

ai r)t[ b>n[ upkrNi[, {1} (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T) an[ {2} g&jrit) vlN mipd>D oiri

m[Lviy[l mi(ht) a>tril mip pÛ(tmi> ht).

5.4 s>Si[Fnni cli[5.4 s>Si[Fnni cli[5.4 s>Si[Fnni cli[5.4 s>Si[Fnni cli[

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> Avt>#i cl tr)k[ a¹yipn pÛ(t l[vimi> aiv) ht). ai Avt>#i cln)

#iN kxiai[ ht). {1} kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m pÛ(t {2} vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t {3}

Äyi²yin pÛ(t

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> b[ prt>#i cli[ tr)k[, {1} (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ prn) (Sxk (n(m<t

ksi[T) prn) (vwiY)<ai[n) g&jrit) S]x(Nk (s(Û an[ {2} g&jrit) vlN mipn l[vimi> aiv[l

hti.

ai Avt>#i cl an[ prt>#i cli[ni aiFir[ p\i¼t mi(ht)n&> pZYÊrN an[ aY<GTn krvimi>

aiÄy&> ht&>.

5.5 mi(ht)n&> pZYÊrN an[ aY<G5.5 mi(ht)n&> pZYÊrN an[ aY<G5.5 mi(ht)n&> pZYÊrN an[ aY<G5.5 mi(ht)n&> pZYÊrN an[ aY<GTnTnTnTn

s>SiFk[ rc[li h[t&ai[n[ an&$p m[Lv[l mi(ht)n&> pZYÊrN uRkÃpniai[n) ckisN)ni

Av$pmi> an[ k|mS: n)c[ rj* kr[l C[.

1.1.1.1. k&miri[ni a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ni aml)kk&miri[ni a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ni aml)kk&miri[ni a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ni aml)kk&miri[ni a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ni aml)krrrrNNNN ph[liph[liph[liph[li>>>>ni> an[ pC)ni vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN.ni> an[ pC)ni vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN.ni> an[ pC)ni vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN.ni> an[ pC)ni vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN.

k&miri[ni #iN[y j*Yi[ni pi#ii[ni[ p\yi[g ph[li> vlN mipd>D oiri vlNi>k Si[Fvimi> aiÄyi[

hti[. p\yi[g bid pN ai j vlN mipd>D oiri vlNi>k Si[Fvimi> aiv[l an[ j&d) j&d) pÛ(tai[

oiri a¹yipn kiy< kyi< bid (vwiY)<ai[ni vlNi>kn) asr ckisvimi> aiv[l ht). vlNi>ki[n)

siY<kti nÊ) krvi t-ksi[T) oiri gNtr) krvim> aiv[l. j[ ai p\miN[ C[.

5.5.1 5.5.1 5.5.1 5.5.1 k&miri[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kk&miri[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kk&miri[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kk&miri[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[iy<k|mni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[iy<k|mni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[iy<k|mni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ aml)krN aml)krN aml)krN aml)krN bidni bidni bidni bidni

vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN.vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN.vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN.vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN.

k&miri[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m {CAL} oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni

an[ pC)ni g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[n) siY<ktin) gNtr) sirN) 5.1 mi> rj* kr[l C[.

93


kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹ykÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹ykÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹ykÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|myn kiy<k|myn kiy<k|myn kiy<k|mni ni ni ni a¹yipna¹yipna¹yipna¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ph[li>ni an[ph[li>ni an[ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipna¹yipna¹yipna¹yipn bidni bidni bidni bidni

k&miri[ni g&jrit) k&miri[ni g&jrit) k&miri[ni g&jrit) k&miri[ni g&jrit) vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNvlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNvlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNvlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN

j*Yj*Yj*Yj*Y s>²yis>²yis>²yis>²yi srisr)srisr)srisr)srisr) pppp\\\\miN (vclnmiN (vclnmiN (vclnmiN (vcln t----m*Ãym*Ãym*Ãym*Ãy

a¹yipn ph[li>a¹yipn ph[li>a¹yipn ph[li>a¹yipn ph[li> 20202020 68.1768.1768.1768.17 9.959.959.959.95 5.965.965.965.96** a¹yipn bida¹yipn bida¹yipn bida¹yipn bid 20202020 75.5775.5775.5775.57 7.317.317.317.31

** 0.01 kxia[ siY<k

sirN) 5.1 n>& avli[kn krti> jNiy C[ k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m{CAL}ni

a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ pC)ni g&jrit) vlNi>ki[n) srisr) an&k|m[ 68.17 an[ 75.57 ht). jyir[

p\miN (vcln an&k|m[ 9.35 an[ 7.31 ht&>. ai b>n[ srisr)ai[ni tfivtn) siY<kti Si[Fvi miT[

t-m*Ãyn) gNtr) kr[l. ai t-m*Ãy 5.96 ht&>. j[ 0.01 kxia[ siY<k ht&>.

aiY) s>Si[Fnn) ph[l) S*ºy uRkÃpni: “ k&miri[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mni

aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mni aml)krN bidni sr[riS g&jrit)

(vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt nh)> hi[y” ni[ aAv)kir Yyi[ hti[. a[Tl[ kÀ¼y*Tr

shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m{CAL}ni a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ pC)ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt

ji[vi mL[ C[. aiY) kh) Skiy k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yipnY) g&jrit)

(vOiy p\Ry[n&> (vwiY)<ai[n&> vlN vF[ C[.

5.5.2 5.5.2 5.5.2 5.5.2 k&miri[mi> vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni amlk&miri[mi> vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni amlk&miri[mi> vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni amlk&miri[mi> vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni a)krN ph[li>ni a)krN ph[li>ni a)krN ph[li>ni an[ n[ n[ n[ aml)krN bidni aml)krN bidni aml)krN bidni aml)krN bidni

vlNi>kivlNi>kivlNi>kivlNi>ki[n&>[n&>[n&>[n&> pZYÊrN.pZYÊrN.pZYÊrN.pZYÊrN.

vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni

aml)krN bidni sr[riS g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[n) siY<ktin) gNtr) sirN)

5.2mi> rj* kr[l C[.


vk<kvk<kvk<kvk<kiD< si(hRy oiriiD< si(hRy oiriiD< si(hRy oiriiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipna¹yipna¹yipna¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ph[li>ni an[ph[li>ni an[ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipna¹yipna¹yipna¹yipn bidni bidni bidni bidni

k&miri[ni g&jrit) k&miri[ni g&jrit) k&miri[ni g&jrit) k&miri[ni g&jrit) vlNi>ki[vlNi>ki[vlNi>ki[vlNi>ki[n&>n&>n&>n&> pZYÊrNpZYÊrNpZYÊrNpZYÊrN

j*Yj*Yj*Yj*Y s>²yis>²yis>²yis>²yi srisr)srisr)srisr)srisr) pppp\\\\miN (vclnmiN (vclnmiN (vclnmiN (vcln t-m*Ãym*Ãym*Ãym*Ãy


** 0.01 kxia[ siY<k

94

sirN) 5.2 m&jb vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ bidni g&jrit)

vlNi>ki[n) srisr) an&k|m[ 68.53 an[ 75.80 ht). jyir[ p\miN (vcln an&k|m[ 9.79 an[ 8.47

ht&>. ai b>n[ srisr)ai[ni tfivtn) siY<kti Si[Fvi miT[ t-m*Ãyn) gNtr) kr[l. ai t-m*Ãy 5.87

ht&>. j[ 0.01 kxia[ siY<k ht&>.

aiY) s>Si[Fnn) b)J S*ºy uRkÃpni: “k&miri[mi> vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni

aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN bidni sr[riS g&jrit)

(vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt nh)> hi[y” ni[ aAv)kir Yyi[ hti[. a[Tl[ vk<kiD<

si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipnni aml)krN bidni sr[riS

g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ tfivt ji[vi mÇyi[ hti[. aiY) kh) Skiy k[ vk<kiD<

si(hRy pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnY) g&jrit) (vOiy p\Ry[n&> (vwiY)<ai[n&> vlN vF[ C[.

5.5.3 k&m5.5.3 k&m5.5.3 k&m5.5.3 k&miri[mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(tiri[mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(tiri[mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(tiri[mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(tni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ aml)krN bidni vlNi>ni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ aml)krN bidni vlNi>ni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ aml)krN bidni vlNi>ni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ aml)krN bidni vlNi>ki[n&> ki[n&> ki[n&> ki[n&>

pZYÊrNpZYÊrNpZYÊrNpZYÊrN

Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ aml)krN bidni vlNi>ki[n)

siY<ktin) gNtr) sirN) 5.3mi> rj* kr[l C[.


Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnÄyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnÄyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnÄyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipnph[li>ni an[ a¹yipnph[li>ni an[ a¹yipnph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidni bidni bidni bidni

k&miri[nik&miri[nik&miri[nik&miri[ni g&jrit) g&jrit) g&jrit) g&jrit) vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNvlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNvlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNvlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN

j*Yj*Yj*Yj*Y s>²yis>²yis>²yis>²yi srisr)srisr)srisr)srisr) pppp\\\\miN (vclmiN (vclmiN (vclmiN (vclnnnn t-m*Ãym*Ãym*Ãym*Ãy


** 0.01 kxia[ siY<k

sirN) 5.3n>& avli[kn krti> jNiy C[ k[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[

a¹yipn bidni g&jrit) vlNi>ki[n) srisr) an&k|m[ 68.53 an[ 76.80 ht). jyir[ p\miN

(vcln an&k|m[ 9.79 an[ 8.47 ht&>. ai b>n[ srisr)ai[ni tfivtn) siY<kti Si[Fvi miT[ t-

m*Ãyn) gNtr) kr[l. ai t-m*Ãy 5.87 ht&>. j[ 0.01 kxia[ siY<k ht&>.

aiY) s>Si[Fnn) #i)J S*ºy uRkÃpni: “k&miri[mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnni

aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN bidni sr[riS g&jrit)

(vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt nh)> hi[y” ni[ aAv)kir Yyi[ hti[. a[Tl[ Äyi²yin

pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt ji[vi mL[l C[.

95

aiY) kh) Skiy k[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnY) g&jrit) (vOiy p\Ry[n&> (vwiY)<ai[n&> vlN vF[

C[.

2.2.2.2. kºyiai[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ bidni vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNkºyiai[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ bidni vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNkºyiai[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ bidni vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNkºyiai[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ bidni vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> j&d) j&d) a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ni aml)krN ph[li> an[ aml)krN bid

g&jrit) vlN mipd>D nm*nin) kºyiai[ni #iN[y j*Yni pi#ii[n[ aip) vlNi>ki[ m[Lvvimi> aiÄyi

hti. j[n) S*ºy uRkÃpnin) ckisN) t-ksi[T) vD[ krvimi> aiv[l ht). j[ ai p\miN[ C[.

5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.4444 kºyiai[mkºyiai[mkºyiai[mkºyiai[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ aml)krN ni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ aml)krN ni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ aml)krN ni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ aml)krN

bidni vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN.bidni vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN.bidni vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN.bidni vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN.

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m {CAL} oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[

pC)ni g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[n) siY<ktin) gNtr) sirN) 5.4 mi> rj* kr[l C[.


kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mkÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mkÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mkÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mni a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidni ni a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidni ni a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidni ni a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidni

kºyiai[ni g&jrit) kºyiai[ni g&jrit) kºyiai[ni g&jrit) kºyiai[ni g&jrit) vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNvlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNvlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNvlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN



** 0.01 kxia[ siY<k

sirN) 5.4n>& avli[kn krti> jNiy C[ k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mni a¹yipn

ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidni vlNi>ki[n) srisr) an&k|m[ 68.60 an[ 79.36 ht). jyir[ p\miN

(vcln an&k|m[ 7.83 an[ 5.02 ht&>. ai b>n[ srisr)ai[ni tfivtn) siY<kti Si[Fvi miT[ t-

m*Ãyn) gNtr) kr[l. ai t-m*Ãy 5.09 ht&>. j[ 0.01 kxia[ siY<k ht&>.

aiY) s>Si[Fnn) ci[Y) S*ºy uRkÃpni: “kºyiai[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mni

aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mni aml)krN bidni sr[riS g&jrit)

(vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt nh)> hi[y”ni[ aAv)kir Yyi[ hti[. a[Tl[ kÀ¼y*Tr

shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m {CAL}ni a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidni kºyiai[ni g&jrit)

vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt ji[vi mL[ C[. aiY) kh) Skiy k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m

oiri a¹yipnY) g&jrit) (vOiy p\Ry[n&> (vwi(Y<n)ai[n&> vlN vF[ C[.

96

5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5555 kºyiai[kºyiai[kºyiai[kºyiai[mi> vk<kiD< si(hRy oirimi> vk<kiD< si(hRy oirimi> vk<kiD< si(hRy oirimi> vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipnni a¹yipnni a¹yipnni a¹yipnni

aml)krN bidni vlNi>ki[aml)krN bidni vlNi>ki[aml)krN bidni vlNi>ki[aml)krN bidni vlNi>ki[n&>n&>n&>n&> pZYÊrN.pZYÊrN.pZYÊrN.pZYÊrN.

vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipnni aml)krN bidni

sr[riS g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[n) siY<ktin) gNtr) sirN) 5.5mi> rj* kr[l C[.


vk<kvk<kvk<kvk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn iD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn iD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn iD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidnibidnibidnibidni

kºyiai[ni g&jrit)kºyiai[ni g&jrit)kºyiai[ni g&jrit)kºyiai[ni g&jrit) vlNi>ki[vlNi>ki[vlNi>ki[vlNi>ki[n&>n&>n&>n&> pZYÊrNpZYÊrNpZYÊrNpZYÊrN


a¹yipn ph[li>a¹yipn ph[li>a¹yipn ph[li>a¹yipn ph[li> 20202020 68.68.68.68.40404040 12121212....27272727 2222....61616161** a¹yipn bida¹yipn bida¹yipn bida¹yipn bid 20202020 76.76.76.76.04040404 7777....12121212

** 0.01 kxia[ siY<k

sirN) 5.5 m&jb vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ bidni g&jrit)

vlNi>ki[n) srisr) an&k|m[ 68.40 an[ 76.04 ht). jyir[ p\miN (vcln an&k|m[ 12.27 an[

7.12 ht&>. ai b>n[ srisr)ai[ni tfivtn) siY<kti Si[Fvi miT[ t-m*Ãyn) gNtr) kr[l. ai t-m*Ãy

2.61 ht&>. j[ 0.01 kxia[ siY<k ht&>.

aiY) s>Si[Fnn) pi>cm) S*ºy uRkÃpni: “kºyiai[mi> vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni

aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN bidni sr[riS g&jrit)

(vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt nh)> hi[y” ni[ aAv)kir Yyi[ hti[. a[Tl[ vk<kiD<

si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN

bidni kºyiai[ni g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ tfivt ji[vi mÇyi[ hti[. aiY) kh) Skiy

k[ vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnY) g&jrit) (vOiy p\Ry[n&> (vwi(Y<n)ai[n&> vlN vF[ C[.

5.5.65.5.65.5.65.5.6 kºyiai[kºyiai[kºyiai[kºyiai[mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnn)mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnn)mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnn)mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnn) aml)krN ph[li>ni an[aml)krN ph[li>ni an[aml)krN ph[li>ni an[aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ aml)krN bidni aml)krN bidni aml)krN bidni aml)krN bidni

vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNvlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNvlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNvlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN

Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri

a¹yipnni aml)krN bidni vlNi>ki[n) siY<ktin) gNtr) sirN) 5.6mi> rj* kr[l C[.

97


Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidniÄyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidniÄyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidniÄyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidni

kºyiai[ni g&jrit)kºyiai[ni g&jrit)kºyiai[ni g&jrit)kºyiai[ni g&jrit) vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNvlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNvlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNvlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN


a¹yipn ph[li>a¹yipn ph[li>a¹yipn ph[li>a¹yipn ph[li> 20202020 68.68.68.68.08080808 6666.0.0.0.03333 3.3.3.3.86868686** a¹yipn bida¹yipn bida¹yipn bida¹yipn bid 20202020 77776666....56565656 7.7.7.7.62626262

** 0.01 kxia[ siY<k

sirN) 5.6n>& avli[kn krti> jNiy C[ k[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[

a¹yipn bidni vlNi>ki[n) srisr) an&k|m[ 68.08 an[ 76.56 ht). jyir[ p\miN (vcln an&k|m[

6.03 an[ 7.62 ht&>. ai b>n[ srisr)ai[ni tfivtn) siY<kti Si[Fvi miT[ t-m*Ãyn) gNtr) kr[l.

ai t-m*Ãy 3.86 ht&>. j[ 0.01 kxia[ siY<k ht&>.

aiY) s>Si[Fnn) CÎ) S*ºy uRkÃpni: “kºyiai[mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnni

aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN bidni sr[riS g&jrit)

(vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt nh)> hi[y”ni[ aAv)kir Yyi[ hti[. a[Tl[ Äyi²yin

pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn ph[li>ni an[ a¹yipn bidni kºyiai[ni g&jrit) vlNi>ki[ vµc[ tfivt

ji[vi mL[l C[. aiY) kh) Skiy k[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnY) g&jrit) (vOiy p\Ry[n&>

(vwi(Y<ai[n&> vlN vF[ C[.

5.5.7 5.5.7 5.5.7 5.5.7 k&miri[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ oiri a¹yipn bid mL[li> g&jrit) (vOiyni (s(Û pk&miri[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ oiri a¹yipn bid mL[li> g&jrit) (vOiyni (s(Û pk&miri[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ oiri a¹yipn bid mL[li> g&jrit) (vOiyni (s(Û pk&miri[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ oiri a¹yipn bid mL[li> g&jrit) (vOiyni (s(Û p\\\\i¼ti>ki[n&> i¼ti>ki[n&> i¼ti>ki[n&> i¼ti>ki[n&>


s>Si[Fk[ p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p\iyi[(gk j*Yn[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri an[

vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri t[m j (ny>(#it j*Yn[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn kriÄyi> bid (Sxk

(n(m<t ksi[T) oiri p\i¼ti>ki[ m[Lv[li hti. ai #iN[y j*Yni g&jrit) (s(Û sr[riSi>ki[ vµc[ni

tfivtn) siY<kti Si[Fvi miT[ (vcrN pZYÊrNni[ upyi[g kr) S*ºy uRkÃpnin) ckisN) kr[l

ht).

sirN) 5.7 mi> (vcrNi[n&> ud`gm, Avit>#y s>²yi, vgi[<ni srviLi, vgi[<n) srisr), m[Lv[l

F-m*Ãy, 0.05 an[ 0.01 kxini sirN) F-m*Ãyi[ t[mj mL[l F-m*Ãyn) siY<kti kxi dSi<v[l C[.

sirN) 5.8 mi> u_iriF<mi> #iN[y j*Yi[n) srisr) t[m j 0.05 an[ 0.01 kxini sirN) t-m*Ãyi[

an&sir j*Yi[n) srisr) vµc[ni mL[l tfivti[n) siY<kti kxi dSi<v[l C[.

98


k&miri[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ pk&miri[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ pk&miri[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ pk&miri[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ p\\\\Ry[niRy[niRy[niRy[ni g&jrit) g&jrit) g&jrit) g&jrit)

(s(Û p(s(Û p(s(Û p(s(Û p\\\\i¼ti>ki[n&> pZYÊrNi¼ti>ki[n&> pZYÊrNi¼ti>ki[n&> pZYÊrNi¼ti>ki[n&> pZYÊrN

(vcrNn&> (vcrNn&> (vcrNn&> (vcrNn&>

ud`gmud`gmud`gmud`gm

Avit>#i Avit>#i Avit>#i Avit>#i s>²yis>²yis>²yis>²yi

df

s&Fir[l s&Fir[l s&Fir[l s&Fir[l vgi[<ni vgi[<ni vgi[<ni vgi[<ni srviLisrviLisrviLisrviLi

SS

vgi[<n) vgi[<n) vgi[<n) vgi[<n) srisr)srisr)srisr)srisr)

Ms

m[Lv[l m[Lv[l m[Lv[l m[Lv[l F-m*Ãym*Ãym*Ãym*Ãy

0.05 an[ 0.01 0.05 an[ 0.01 0.05 an[ 0.01 0.05 an[ 0.01 kxi miT[ kxi miT[ kxi miT[ kxi miT[

sirN) sirN) sirN) sirN) F----m*Ãyi[m*Ãyi[m*Ãyi[m*Ãyi[

m[Lv[l m[Lv[l m[Lv[l m[Lv[l F----m*Ãyn) m*Ãyn) m*Ãyn) m*Ãyn) siY<ktisiY<ktisiY<ktisiY<kti kxikxikxikxi

j*Yi[ vµc[j*Yi[ vµc[j*Yi[ vµc[j*Yi[ vµc[

{(SxN {(SxN {(SxN {(SxN

pÛ(t}pÛ(t}pÛ(t}pÛ(t}

2 451.59 225.80

7.16

0.05 →3.15

0.01 → 4.98

0.01

jjjj****Y a>tg<tY a>tg<tY a>tg<tY a>tg<t 68 2144.32 31.53

k&lk&lk&lk&l 70 2595.91 257.33

sirN) 5.sirN) 5.sirN) 5.sirN) 5.8888 (vcrN pZYÊrN bid (vcrN pZYÊrN bid (vcrN pZYÊrN bid (vcrN pZYÊrN bid t-m*Ãym*Ãym*Ãym*Ãy

j*Yj*Yj*Yj*Y srisr)srisr)srisr)srisr) t-m*Ãym*Ãym*Ãym*Ãy A vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[ 28.708 A/B= 3.92* B Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[ 32.625 B/C= 6.11** C kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[

26.52 C/A= 2.19

* 0.05 kxia[ siY<k ** 0.01 kxia[ siY<k

sirN) 5.7 ni a¿yis prY) kh) Skiy k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD<

si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¿yis krti #iN[y j*Yni (s(Û p\i¼ti>ki[n) srisr)ai[

vµc[ni tfivti[n) siY<kti miT[ Si[Fvimi> aiv[l F-m*Ãy 7.16 ht&>. j[ siY<k ht&>.

aiY) sitm) S*ºy uRkÃpni “k&miri[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy

an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tni aml)krN bid g&jrit) (s(Û sr[riSi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt nh)>>> hi[y”

ni[ aAv)kir Yiy C[. aiY) kh) Skiy k[ k&miri[mi> g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> kÀ¼y*Tr

shi(yt a¹yyn si(hRy pÛ(t, vk<>kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t vµc[ siY<k tfivt

C[. a[Tl[ k[ k&miri[mi> g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn si(hRy

pÛ(t, vk<>kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t smin asrkirk nY). #iN[y pÛ(tai[ p]k)

ke pÛ(t aºy pÛ(t krti vFir[ asrkirk C[ t[ ckisvi miT[ t-m*Ãy m[Lvvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>.

99

ai j p\miN[ sirN) 5.8ni a¿yis prY) kh) Skiy k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m

pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[ni g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni sr[riSi>ki[

vµc[ mL[l tfivt 3.92 hti[. j[ 0.05 kxia[ siY<k hti[. aiY) kh) Skiy k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt

a¹yyn kiy<k|m pÛ(t krti> Äyi²yin pÛ(t k&miri[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> vFir[

asrkirk ht).

sirN) 5.8ni a¿yis prY) kh) Skiy k[ vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t

oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[ni g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni sr[riSi>ki[ vµc[ mL[l tfivt 6.11

hti[. j[ 0.01 kxia[ siY<k hti[. aiY) kh) Skiy k[ vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t krti> Äyi²yin pÛ(t

k&miri[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> vFir[ asrkirk ht).

ai j p\miN[ sirN) 5.8ni a¿yis prY) kh) Skiy k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m

pÛ(t an[ vk<>kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni

sr[siSi>ki[ vµc[ mL[l tfivt 2.19 hti[. j[ siY<k n hti[. aiY) kh) Skiy k[ vk<kiD< si(hRy

pÛ(t an[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m pÛ(t k&miri[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni

s>dB<mi> smin asrkirk ht).

5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.8 kºyiai[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ oiri a¹yipn bid mL[li> g&jrit) (vOiyni (s(Û p8 kºyiai[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ oiri a¹yipn bid mL[li> g&jrit) (vOiyni (s(Û p8 kºyiai[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ oiri a¹yipn bid mL[li> g&jrit) (vOiyni (s(Û p8 kºyiai[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ oiri a¹yipn bid mL[li> g&jrit) (vOiyni (s(Û p\\\\i¼ti>ki[n&> i¼ti>ki[n&> i¼ti>ki[n&> i¼ti>ki[n&>


p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> Fi[rN-9n) kºyiai[ pr p\yi[gn&> p&nrivt<n krvimi> aiv[l ht>&. p\yi[gni

p&nrivt<nn[ a>t[ (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T) pi#ii[n[ aip) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni p\i¼ti>ki[ m[Lv[li

hti. t[ni pr a>kSiA#i)y pZYÊrN kr)n[ F-m*Ãy m[Lv[l ht&>. F-m*Ãy siY<k mLti > t-m*Ãyn)

gNtr) krvimi> aiv) ht).

sirN) 5.9 mi> (vcrNi[n&> ud`gm, Avit>#y s>²yi, vgi[<ni srviLi, vgi[<n) srisr), m[Lv[l

F-m*Ãy, 0.05 an[ 0.01 kxini sirN) F-m*Ãyi[ t[m j F-m*Ãyn) siY<kti kxi dSi<v[l C[. an[

sirN) 5.10 mi> #iN[y j*Yi[n) srisr) t[m j 0.05 an[ 0.01 kxini sirN) t-m*Ãyi[ an&sir

j*Yi[n) srisr) vµc[ni> mL[l tfivti[n) siY<kti kxi dSi<v[l C[.

100


kºyiai[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[[ pkºyiai[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[[ pkºyiai[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[[ pkºyiai[mi> a¹yipn pÛ(tai[[ p\\\\Ry[niRy[niRy[niRy[ni g&jrit) g&jrit) g&jrit) g&jrit)

(s(Û p(s(Û p(s(Û p(s(Û p\\\\i¼ti>ki[n&> pZYÊrNi¼ti>ki[n&> pZYÊrNi¼ti>ki[n&> pZYÊrNi¼ti>ki[n&> pZYÊrN




df


SS

vgivgivgivgi[<n) [<n) [<n) [<n) srisr)srisr)srisr)srisr)

Ms

m[Lv[lm[Lv[lm[Lv[lm[Lv[l F-m*Ãym*Ãym*Ãym*Ãy



m[Lv[l m[Lv[l m[Lv[l m[Lv[l F----m*Ãyn) m*Ãyn) m*Ãyn) m*Ãyn) siY<kti siY<kti siY<kti siY<kti kxikxikxikxi




2 331.38 165.69

684.03

0.05 →3.15

0.01 → 4.98

0.01

jjjj****Y a>tg<tY a>tg<tY a>tg<tY a>tg<t 62 1102.25 17.77

k&lk&lk&lk&l 64 27580.00 183.46


(vcrN pZYÊrN bid (vcrN pZYÊrN bid (vcrN pZYÊrN bid (vcrN pZYÊrN bid t-m*Ãym*Ãym*Ãym*Ãy

j*Yj*Yj*Yj*Y srisr)srisr)srisr)srisr) t-m*Ãym*Ãym*Ãym*Ãy A vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[ 14.50 A/B=8.07** B Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[ 22.57 B/C=1.12 C kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[

21.45 C/A=6.96**

** 0.01 kxia[ siY<k

sirN) 5.9 ni a¿yis prY) kh) Skiy k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m pÛ(t,

vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¿yis krti #iN[y j*Yni (s(Û p\i¼ti>ki[n)

srisr)ai[ vµc[ni tfivti[n) siY<kti miT[ Si[Fvimi> aiv[l F-m*Ãy 684.03 ht&>. j[ siY<k ht&>.

aiY) aiqm) S*ºy uRkÃpni “kºyiai[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD<

si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tni aml)krN bid g&jrit) (s(Û sr[riSi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt nh)>>>

hi[y” ni[ aAv)kir Yiy C[. aiY) kh) Skiy k[ kºyiai[mi> g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi>

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn si(hRy pÛ(t, vk<>kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t smin

asrkirk nY). kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn pÛ(t, vk<>kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t

p]k) ke pÛ(t aºy pÛ(t krti vFir[ asrkirk C[ t[ ckisvi miT[ t-m*Ãy m[Lvvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>.

101

sirN) 5.10ni a¿yis prY) kh) Skiy k[ vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t

oiri a¹yyn pim[l kºyiai[n) g&jrit)ni S]x(Nk (s(Ûni sr[riSi>ki[ vµc[ mL[l tfivt 8.07

hti[. j[ 0.01 kxia[ siY<k hti[. aiY) kh) Skiy k[ vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t krti> Äyi²yin pÛ(t

kºyiai[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> vFir[ asrkirk ht).

ai j p\miN[ sirN) 5.10ni a¿yis prY) kh) Skiy k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

kiy<k|m pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l kºyiai[n) g&jrit)n) (s(Ûni sr[riSi>ki[

vµc[ mL[l tfivt 1.12 hti[. j[ siY<k n hti[. aiY) kh) Skiy k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

kiy<k|m pÛ(t krti> Äyi²yin pÛ(t kºyiai[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> smin

asrkirk ht).

ai j p\miN[ sirN) 5.10ni a¿yis prY) kh) Skiy k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

kiy<k|m pÛ(t an[ vk<>kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l kºyiai[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk

(s(Ûni sr[siSi>ki[ vµc[ mL[l tfivt 6.96 hti[. j[ 0.01 kxia[ siY<k hti[. aiY) kh) Skiy k[

vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t an[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m pÛ(t kºyiai[n) g&jrit)n)

S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> vFir[ asrkirk ht).

5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.9999 k&miri[mi> j&d) j&d) pÛ(tni pÛ(tai[ oiri a¹yipn bid mL[lik&miri[mi> j&d) j&d) pÛ(tni pÛ(tai[ oiri a¹yipn bid mL[lik&miri[mi> j&d) j&d) pÛ(tni pÛ(tai[ oiri a¹yipn bid mL[lik&miri[mi> j&d) j&d) pÛ(tni pÛ(tai[ oiri a¹yipn bid mL[li‚‚‚‚ g&jrit) (vOiyni> g&jrit) (vOiyni> g&jrit) (vOiyni> g&jrit) (vOiyni>

vlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNvlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNvlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNvlNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p\yi[gni aml)krN bid g&jrit) vlN mipd>D oiri (ny>(#it j*Y an[

p\iyi[(gk j*Yi[ni pi#ii[ni vlNi>ki[ m[LÄyi hti. j*Yi[ni g&jrit) vlN sr[riSi>ki[ vµc[ni tfivtn)

siY<kti Si[Fvi miT[ (vcrN pZYÊrN bid S*ºy uRkÃpnin) ckisN) kr[l ht).

sirN) 5.11 mi> (vcrNi[n&> ud`gm, Avit>#y s>²yi, vgi[<ni srviLi, vgi[<n) srisr),

m[Lv[l F-m*Ãy, 0.05 an[ 0.01 kxini sirN) F-m*Ãyi[ t[m j F-m*Ãyn) siY<kti kxi dSi<v[l C[.

an[ sirN) 6.7mi> #iN[y j*Yi[n) srisr) t[m j 0.05 an[ 0.01 kxini sirN) t-m*Ãyi[ an&sir


102


k&miri[ni g&jrit) vlN mipd>D prnik&miri[ni g&jrit) vlN mipd>D prnik&miri[ni g&jrit) vlN mipd>D prnik&miri[ni g&jrit) vlN mipd>D prni

pppp\\\\i¼ti¼ti¼ti¼ti>ki[n&> pZYÊrNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrNi>ki[n&> pZYÊrN




df


SS


Ms

m[Lv[lm[Lv[lm[Lv[lm[Lv[l F-m*Ãym*Ãym*Ãym*Ãy



m[Lv[lm[Lv[lm[Lv[lm[Lv[l F----m*Ãyn) m*Ãyn) m*Ãyn) m*Ãyn) siY<kti siY<kti siY<kti siY<kti kxikxikxikxi




2 230.32 115.16

1.75

0.05 →3.15

0.01 → 4.98

-

jjjj****Y aY aY aY a>tg<t>tg<t>tg<t>tg<t 68 4463.62 65.64

k&lk&lk&lk&l 70 4693.94 180.80

sirN) 5.11 ni a¿yis prY) kh) Skiy k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m pÛ(t,

vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¿yis krti #iN[y j*Yni (s(Û p\i¼ti>ki[n)

srisr)ai[ vµc[ni tfivti[n) siY<kti miT[ Si[Fvimi> aiv[l F-m*Ãy 1.75 ht&>. j[ siY<k nY).

aiY) nvm) S*ºy uRkÃpni “k&miri[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy

an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tni aml)krN bid g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt nh)>>>

hi[y” ni[ aAv)kir Yti[ nY). aiY) kh) Skiy k[ k&miri[ni g&jrit) vlNni s>dB<mi> kÀ¼y*Tr

shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m pÛ(t, vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t smin asrkirk C[.

5.5.5.5.5.5.5.5.10101010 kºyiai[mi> j&d) j&d) kºyiai[mi> j&d) j&d) kºyiai[mi> j&d) j&d) kºyiai[mi> j&d) j&d) pÛ(tai[pÛ(tai[pÛ(tai[pÛ(tai[nininini a¹yipn bid mL[li g&jrit) (vOiyni> vlNi>ki[n&> a¹yipn bid mL[li g&jrit) (vOiyni> vlNi>ki[n&> a¹yipn bid mL[li g&jrit) (vOiyni> vlNi>ki[n&> a¹yipn bid mL[li g&jrit) (vOiyni> vlNi>ki[n&>


p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p\yi[gn&> p&nrivt<n kºyiai[ pr kr[l p\yi[gni aml)krN bid g&jrit)

vlN mipd>D oiri (ny>(#it j*Y an[ p\iyi[(gk j*Yi[ni pi#ii[ni vlNi>ki[ m[LÄyi hti. j*Yi[ni

g&jrit) vlN sr[riSi>ki[ vµc[ni tfivtn) siY<kti Si[Fvi miT[ (vcrN pZYÊrN bid S*ºy

uRkÃpnin) ckisN) kr[l ht).

sirN) 5.12mi> (vcrNi[n&> ud`gm, Avit>#y s>²yi, vgi[<ni srviLi, vgi[<n) srisr),

m[Lv[l F-m*Ãy, 0.05 an[ 0.01 kxini sirN) F-m*Ãyi[ t[m j F-m*Ãyn) siY<kti kxi dSi<v[l C[.

an[ sirN) 6.7mi> #iN[y j*Yi[n) srisr) t[m j 0.05 an[ 0.01 kxini sirN) t-m*Ãyi[ an&sir


103


kºyiai[kºyiai[kºyiai[kºyiai[ni ni ni ni g&jrit)g&jrit)g&jrit)g&jrit) vlN mipd>D prnivlN mipd>D prnivlN mipd>D prnivlN mipd>D prni

pppp\\\\i¼ti>ki[n&> pZYÊrNi¼ti>ki[n&> pZYÊrNi¼ti>ki[n&> pZYÊrNi¼ti>ki[n&> pZYÊrN




df


SS


Ms

m[Lv[l m[Lv[l m[Lv[l m[Lv[l F-m*Ãym*Ãym*Ãym*Ãy



m[Lv[l m[Lv[l m[Lv[l m[Lv[l F----m*Ãyn) m*Ãyn) m*Ãyn) m*Ãyn) siY<kti siY<kti siY<kti siY<kti kxikxikxikxi




2 230.32 115.16

1.75

0.05 →3.15

0.01 → 4.98

-

j&Y a>tg<tj&Y a>tg<tj&Y a>tg<tj&Y a>tg<t 68 4463.62 65.64

k&lk&lk&lk&l 70 4693.94 180.80

sirN) 5.12 m&jb kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yyn pim[l kºyiai[,

vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l kºyiai[ an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l

kºyiai[ni g&jrit) vlNi>ki[n) srisr)ai[ vµc[ni tfivti[n) siY<kti miT[ Si[Fvimi> aiv[l F-

m*Ãy 0.10 ht&>. j[ siY<k nY).

aiY) dsm) S*ºy uRkÃpni “kºyiai[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD<

si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tni aml)krN bid g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k

tfivt nh)>>> hi[y” ni[ aAv)kir Yti[ nY). aiY) kh) Skiy k[ kºyiai[mi> g&jrit) vlNni

s>dB<mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m pÛ(t, vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t

smin asrkirk C[.

hv[ pC)ni p\krN-6 mi> siri>S, tirNi[, f(ltiYi[< an[ Bi(v s>Si[Fni[n) cci< krvimi>

aiv) C[.

104


siri>S, tirNi[, f(ltiYi[< an[ Bi(v s>Si[Fni[siri>S, tirNi[, f(ltiYi[< an[ Bi(v s>Si[Fni[siri>S, tirNi[, f(ltiYi[< an[ Bi(v s>Si[Fni[siri>S, tirNi[, f(ltiYi[< an[ Bi(v s>Si[Fni[

6.1 p6.1 p6.1 p6.1 p\\\\iAti(vkiAti(vkiAti(vkiAti(vk

p\At&t p\krNmi> s>Si[Fk[ s>Si[Fn sir rj* kyi[< C[. Ryirbid p\Ry[k S*ºy uRkÃpniai[ miT[

aY<GTni[ kyi< C[. ai aY<GTni[ prY) a¿yisni tirNi[ tirv[l C[. ai upri>t, p\i¼t p(rNimi[n)

sm)xin[ aiFir[ s>Si[Fnn) n)pji[ an[ f(ltiYi[< pN rj* kr[li> C[ an[ p\krNni a>tmi>

p(rNimi[n) sm)xin[ aiFir[ Bi(v s>Si[Fni[ miT[ BlimN kr[l) C[.

6.2 s>Si[Fn sir6.2 s>Si[Fn sir6.2 s>Si[Fn sir6.2 s>Si[Fn siri>Si>Si>Si>S

p\At&t s>Si[Fn Fi[rN nvni g&jrit)ni (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ni C a[kmi[ miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr

shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(tn) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Û an[ vlN pr

Yt) asr tpisvi miT[ hiY Fr[li[ hti[. ai miT[ ps>(dt g)tkiÄyi[ miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

kiy<k|m t[m j vk<kiD< si(hRyn) rcni kr[l) ht). p\At&t p\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fn miT[ ‘ #iN j*Y

yiØ(µCk pi#ii[, mi#i u_irksi[T) yi[jni’ amlmi> m*kvimi> aiv) ht). p\yi[gni a>t[ nm*nini pi#ii[n[

(Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T) aipvimi> aiv[l ht). ai u_irksi[T)ni p\i¼ti>ki[n[ aiFir[ k&miri[ an[

kºyiai[ b>n[ pr a¹yipn pÛ(tai[n) asrkirkti g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB< ckisvimi>

aiv[l ht). g&jrit)ni vlNni s>dB<mi> a¹yipn aiv[l ht). g&jrit)ni vlNni s>dB<mi>

a¹yipn pÛ(tai[n) asrkirkti ckisvi miT[ p\yi[gni pi#ii[n[ g&jrit) vlN mipd>D aip)

vlNi>ki[ m[Lvvimi> aiÄyi hti.

uRkÃpnin) ckisN) miT[ a>kSiA#i)y p\y&(kt tr)k[ (vcrN pZYÊrNni[ upyi[g krvimi>

aiv[l hti[. t[m j F-m*Ãy siY<k mL[l hi[y Ryi> t-m*Ãy m[Lvvimi> aiv[l ht&>.

6.3 uRkÃpnini s>dB<mi> aY<G6.3 uRkÃpnini s>dB<mi> aY<G6.3 uRkÃpnini s>dB<mi> aY<G6.3 uRkÃpnini s>dB<mi> aY<GTnTnTnTn

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fnn) S$aitmi> rcvimi> aiv[l ds S*ºy uRkÃpniai[n) p\yi[gni

s>dB<mi> ckisN) krvimi> aiv) ht). ai S*ºy uRkÃpniai[ni Av)kir k[ aAv)kir a>g[n) rj*ait

ai p\miN[ ht).

6.3.16.3.16.3.16.3.1 pppp\\\\Ym S*ºy uRkÃpni ai pYm S*ºy uRkÃpni ai pYm S*ºy uRkÃpni ai pYm S*ºy uRkÃpni ai p\\\\miN[ ht).miN[ ht).miN[ ht).miN[ ht).

“ k&miri[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt

a¹yyn kiy<k|mni aml)krN bidni sr[riS g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k

tfivt nh)> hi[y.”

105

ai uRkÃpnin) ckisN) miT[ mL[l t-m*Ãy 5.96 ht&>. j[ 0.01 kxia[ siY<k ht&>. t[Y) ai

S*ºy uRkÃpnini[ aAv)kir Yy[l hti[. ai prY) f(lt Yiy C[ k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

kiy<k|m oiri a¹yipnY) g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[n&&> (vwiY)<a[in&> vlN vF[ C[.

6.3.26.3.26.3.26.3.2 b)J S*ºy uRkÃpni ai pb)J S*ºy uRkÃpni ai pb)J S*ºy uRkÃpni ai pb)J S*ºy uRkÃpni ai p\\\\miN[ ht).miN[ ht).miN[ ht).miN[ ht).

“k&miri[mi> vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri

a¹yipnni aml)krN bidni sr[riS g&jrit) (vOiy pr_v[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt nh)>

hi[y.”

ai uRkÃpnin) ckisN) miT[ mL[l T)-m*Ãy 5.87 ht&>. j[ 0.01 kxia[ siY<k ht&>. t[Y)

b)J S*ºy uRkÃpnini[ aAv)kir Yy[l hti[. ai prY) f(lt Yiy C[ k[ vk<kiD< oiri a¹yipnY)

g&jrit) prtRv[n&> (vwiY)<ai[n&> vlN vF[ C[.

6.3.36.3.36.3.36.3.3 #i)J S*ºy uRkÃpni ai p#i)J S*ºy uRkÃpni ai p#i)J S*ºy uRkÃpni ai p#i)J S*ºy uRkÃpni ai p\\\\miN[ ht).miN[ ht).miN[ ht).miN[ ht).

“k&miri[mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t

oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN bidni sr[riS g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt

nh)> hi[y.”

ai uRkÃpnin) ckisN) miT[ mL[l t-m*Ãy 3.20 ht&>. j[ 0.01 kxia[ siY<k ht&>. t[Y) ai

S*ºy uRkÃpnini[ aAv)kir Yy[l hti[. ai prY) f(lt Yiy C[ k[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri

a¹yipnY) g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[n&&> (vwiY)<ai[n&> vlN vF[ C[.

6.3.46.3.46.3.46.3.4 ci[Y) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai pci[Y) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai pci[Y) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai pci[Y) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai p\\\\miN[ ht).miN[ ht).miN[ ht).miN[ ht).

“kºyiai[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ kÀ¼y*Tr

shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mni aml)krN bidni sr[riS g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[

siY<k tfivt nh)> hi[y.”

ai uRkÃpnin) ckisN) miT[ mL[l t-m*Ãy 5.09 ht&>. j[ 0.01 kxia[ siY<k ht&>. t[Y) ci[Y)

S*ºy uRkÃpnini[ aAv)kir Yyi[ hti[. ai prY) f(lt Yiy C[ k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

kiy<k|m oiri a¹yipnY) g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[n&&> (vwi(Y<n)a[in&> vlN vF[ C[.

6.3.56.3.56.3.56.3.5 pi>cm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai ppi>cm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai ppi>cm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai ppi>cm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai p\\\\miN[ ht).miN[ ht).miN[ ht).miN[ ht).

“kºyiai[mi> vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy


nh)> hi[y.”

106

ai uRkÃpnin) ckisN) miT[ mL[l t-m*Ãy 2.61 ht&>. j[ 0.01 kxia[ siY<k ht&>. t[Y)

pi>cm) S*ºy uRkÃpnini[ aAv)kir Yyi[ hti[. ai prY) f(lt Yiy C[ k[ vk<kiD< oiri a¹yipnY)

g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[n&&> (vwi(Y<n)ai[n&> vlN vF[ C[.

6.3.66.3.66.3.66.3.6 CÎ) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai pCÎ) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai pCÎ) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai pCÎ) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai p\\\\miN[ ht)miN[ ht)miN[ ht)miN[ ht)

“kºyiai[mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnni aml)krN ph[li>ni an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t


nh)> hi[y.”

ai uRkÃpnin) ckisN) miT[ mL[l t-m*Ãy 3.86 ht&>. j[ 0.01 kxia[ siY<k ht&>. t[Y) CÎ)

S*ºy uRkÃpnini[ aAv)kir Yyi[ hti[. ai prY) f(lt Yiy C[ k[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnY)

g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[n&&> (vwi(Y<n)ai[n&> vlN vF[ C[.

6.3.76.3.76.3.76.3.7 sitm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai psitm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai psitm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai psitm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai p\\\\miN[ ht)>miN[ ht)>miN[ ht)>miN[ ht)>

“k&miri[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tni

aml)krN bid g&jrit) (s(Û sr[riSi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt nh)>>> hi[y.”

ai uRkÃpnin) ckisN) miT[ mL[l F-m*Ãy 7.16 ht&>. j[ 0.01 kxia[ siY<k ht&>. t[Y)

sitm) S*ºy uRkÃpnini[ aAv)kir Yyi[ hti[. ai prY) f(lt Yiy C[ k[ k&miri[n) g&jrit) S]x(Nk

(s(Ûni s>dB<mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t smin

asrkirk n ht).

k&miri[n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni> s>dB<mi> #iN[y pÛ(tni> prApr asrkirkti t-m*Ãy oiri

ckisvimi> aiv[l ht).

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[ an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri

a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[ni g&jrit) (s(Û p\i¼ti>ki[n) srisr)ai[ vµc[ni> tfivtn) siY<kti ckisvi

miT[ mL[l tfivt T)-m*Ãy 3.92 hti[. j[ siY<k hti[. aiY) kh) Skiy k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

kiy<k|m oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[ an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[n) g&jrit)n)

S]x(Nk (s(Û vµc[ siY<k tfivt hti[. kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yyn pim[l

k&miri[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni sr[riSi>ki[ krti> Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l

k&miri[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni sr[riSi>ki[ vFir[ hi[viY) Äyi²yin pÛ(t vFir[ asrkirk

ht).

vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[ an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn

pim[l k&miri[ni g&jrit) (s(Û p\i¼ti>ki[n) srisr)ai[ vµc[ni tfivtn) siY<kti ckisvi miT[ mL[l

107

tfivt T)-m*Ãy 6.11 hti[. j[ siY<k hti[. aiY) kh) Skiy k[ vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yyn pim[l

k&miri[ an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[n) S]x(Nk (s(Û vµc[ siY<k tfivt hti[.

vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni sr[riSi>ki[

vFir[ hi[viY) Äyi²yin pÛ(t vFir[ asrkirk ht).

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[ an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t

oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[ni g&jrit) (s(Û p\i¼ti>ki[n) srisr)ai[ vµc[n> tfivtn) siY<kti

ckisvi miT[ mL[l tfivt 2.19 hti[. j[ siY<k n hti[. aiY) kh) Skiy k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt

a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[ an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l

k&miri[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Û vµc[ tfivt siY<k n hti[. a[Tl[ k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

kiy<k|m oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni sr[riSi>ki[ an[ vk<kiD< si(hRY

pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni sr[riSi>ki[ smin hi[viY) b>n[

pÛ(t smin asrkirk ht).

6.3.86.3.86.3.86.3.8 aiqm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai paiqm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai paiqm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai paiqm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai p\\\\miN[ ht).miN[ ht).miN[ ht).miN[ ht).

“kºyiai[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tni

aml)krN bid g&jrit) (s(Û sr[riSi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt nh)>>> hi[y.”

ai uRkÃpnin) ckisN) miT[ mL[l F-m*Ãy 684.03 ht&>. j[ 0.01 kxia[ siY<k ht&>. t[Y)

aiqm) S*ºy uRkÃpnini[ aAv)kir Yyi[ hti[. ai prY) f(lt Yiy C[ k[> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l kºyiai[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk

(s(Û vµc[ siY<k tfivt hti[. a[Tl[ k[ kºyiai[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> kÀ¼y*Tr

shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t smin asrkirk n ht).

kºyiai[n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy

pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tn) asrkirkti t -m*Ãy oiri ckisvimi> aiv[l ht).

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yyn pim[l kºyiai[ an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri

a¹yyn pim[l kºyiai[ni g&jrit) (s(Û p\i¼ti>ki[n) srisr)ai[ vµc[ni> tfivtn) siY<kti

ckisvi miT[ mL[l tfivt 1.12 hti[. j[ siY<k n hti[. aiY) kh) Skiy k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt

a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yyn pim[l kºyiai[ an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l

kºyiai[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Û vµc[ siY<k tfivt n hti[. a[Tl[ k[ g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk

(s(Ûni s>dB<mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t smin asrkirk ht).

108

ai j p\miN[[ vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t oiri an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l

kºyiai[ni g&jrit) (s(Û p\i¼ti>ki[n) srisr)ai[ vµc[ mL[l tfivtn) siY<kti ckisvi miT[ mL[l

tfivt t-m*Ãy 8.07 hti[. j[ siY<k hti[. aiY) kh) Skiy k[ vk<kiD< pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t

oiri a¹yyn pim[l kºyiai[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Û vµc[ siY<k tfivt hti[. vk<kiD<

si(hRy pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l kºyiai[n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni sr[riSi>ki[ krti> Äyi²yin pÛ(t

oiri a¹yyn pim[l kºyiai[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni sr[riSi>ki[ vFir[ hi[viY) Äyi²yin

pÛ(t vFir[ asrkirk ht).

aiv) j r)t[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yyn pim[l kºyiai[ an[ vk<kiD<

si(hRy pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l kºyiai[ g&jrit) (s(Û p\i¼ti>ki[n) srisr)ai[ vµc[ni

tfivtn) siY<kti ckisvi miT[ mL[l tfivt 6.96 hti[. j[ siY<k hti[. aiY) kh) Skiy k[

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yyn pim[l kºyiai[ an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t oiri

a¹yyn pim[l kºyiai[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Û vµc[ tfivt siY<k hti[. a[Tl[ k[ vk<kiD<

si(hRy pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l kºyiai[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni sr[riSi>ki[ krti

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yyn pim[l kºyiai[n) g&jrit)n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni

sr[riSi>ki[ vF& hi[viY) kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m pÛ(t vF& asrkirk ht).

6.3.96.3.96.3.96.3.9 nvm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai pnvm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai pnvm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai pnvm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai p\\\\miN[ ht).miN[ ht).miN[ ht).miN[ ht).

“k&miri[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tni

aml)krN bid g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt nh)>>> hi[y.”

ai uRkÃpnin) ckisN) miT[ mL[l F-m*Ãy 1.75 ht&>. j[ siY<k n ht&>. t[Y) aiY) nvm)

S*ºy uRkÃpnini[ aAv)kir Yti[ n hti[. ai prY) f(lt Yiy C[ k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn,

Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn an[ vk<kiD< pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l k&miri[ni g&jrit) vlNi>ki[

vµc[ siY<k tfivt n hti[[. a[Tl[ g&jrit) vlN mipnni s>dB<mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

kiy<k|m, Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn an[ vk<kiD< pÛ(t smin asrkirk ht).

6.3.106.3.106.3.106.3.10 dsm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai pdsm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai pdsm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai pdsm) S*ºy uRkÃpni ai p\\\\miN[ ht).miN[ ht).miN[ ht).miN[ ht).

“kºyiai[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tni

aml)krN bid g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt nh)>>> hi[y.”

ai uRkÃpnin) ckisN) miT[ mL[l F-m*Ãy 0.10 ht&>. j[ siY<k n ht&>. t[Y) aiY) dsm)

S*ºy uRkÃpnini[ aAv)kir Yti[ n hti[. ai prY) f(lt Yiy C[ k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn,

Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn an[ vk<kiD< pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l kºyiai[ni g&jrit)

109

vlNi>ki[ vµc[ siY<k tfivt n hti[[. a[Tl[ g&jrit) vlNi>kni s>dB<mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

kiy<k|m, Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn an[ vk<kiD< pÛ(t smin asrkirk ht).

6.46.46.46.4 s>Si[Fnni tirNi[s>Si[Fnni tirNi[s>Si[Fnni tirNi[s>Si[Fnni tirNi[

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> p\yi[gi[ni s>dB<mi> S*ºy uRkÃpnin) ckisN) k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[n)

g&jrit) (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T) an[ vlNni mipn miT[ krvimi> aiv) ht). ai miT[ s>Si[Fnn[

an&$p s>Si[Fk[ rc[l) uRkÃpniai[ni s>dB<mi> mL[l aY<GTni[ pr aiFi(rt s>Si[Fnni tirNi[ ai

p\miN[ hti>.

1. kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yipnY) k&miri[mi> g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni

vlNmi> vFiri[ Yyi[ hti[.

2. vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnY) k&miri[mi> g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNmi> vFiri[ Yyi[

hti[.

3. Äyi²yipn pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnY) k&miri[mi> g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNmi> vFiri[ Yyi[

hti[.

4. kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m oiri a¹yipnY) kºyiai[mi> g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni

vlNmi> vFiri[ Yyi[ hti[.

5. vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri a¹yipnY) kºyiai[mi> g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNmi> vFiri[ Yiy

C[.

6. Äyi²yipn pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnY) kºyiai[mi> g&jrit) (vOiy prRv[ni vlNmi> vFiri[ Yyi[

hti[.

7. k&miri[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t krti> Äyi²yin

pÛ(t vFir[ asrkirk ht). jyir[ k&miri[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m an[

vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t smin asrkirk ht).

8. kºyiai[[mi> vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t krti> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m an[ Äyi²yipn

pÛ(t vF& asrkirk ht). jyir[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t

smin asrkirk ht).

9. k&miri[ miT[ g&jrit) vlNni s>dB<mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m an[ vk<kiD<

si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yipn pÛ(t smin asrkirk ht).

10. kºyiai[ miT[ g&jrit) vlNni s>dB<mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m an[ vk<kiD<

si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t smin asrkirk ht).

110

6.5 s>Si[Fnn) aºy n)pji[6.5 s>Si[Fnn) aºy n)pji[6.5 s>Si[Fnn) aºy n)pji[6.5 s>Si[Fnn) aºy n)pji[

ki[epN s>Si[Fnn[ a>t[ p(rNimi[ ti[ mL[ j C[. siY[ siY[ k[Tli>k s>Si[Fni[mi> aºy n)pji[

pN hi[y C[. p\At&t s>Si[Fnn) aºy n)pji[ ai p\miN[ gNiv) Skiy.

6666.5.1 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m.5.1 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m.5.1 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m.5.1 kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk[ p\yi[gni aml)krN krvini h[t&Y) kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

kiy<k|mn) rcni kr[l) ht). ai kiy<k|m Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ni

a[kmi[ miT[ t]yir krvimi> aiv[li hti[. ai kiy<k|mmi> C (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ni (vOiyvAt&n[

frmiai[ Av$p[ rj* krvimi> aiÄy&> ht&>. ai frmiai[n) s>²yi 116 ht). j[ s>Si[Fnn) a[k n)pj

kh) Skiy.

6.5.2 vk<kiD< si(hRy6.5.2 vk<kiD< si(hRy6.5.2 vk<kiD< si(hRy6.5.2 vk<kiD< si(hRy

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> s>Si[Fk[ p\yi[gni aml)krN krvini h[t&Y) vk<kiD< si(hRy rc[l&> ht&>.

ai si(hRy Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni C ps>(dt (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ni a[kmi[ miT[ rc[l&>

ht&>. ai si(hRymi> k&l 23 vk<kiD<ni[ smiv[S krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. ai p\Ry[k vk<kiD<mi>

(vOiyvAt&ni m&d`in) smj*t) an[ a>tmi> Avm*Ãyi>knni p\Åni[ rj* kr[li hti. ai pN s>Si[Fnn)

a[k n)pj kh) Skiy.

6.5.3 (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)6.5.3 (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)6.5.3 (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)6.5.3 (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)

p\yi[gni a>t[ mi(ht) a[k(#it krvi miT[ s>Si[Fk[ (Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T) rc) ht). ai ksi[T)

oiri Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (vOiyni (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ a[kmi[ miT[ (vwiY)<ai[n) g&jrit)n)

S]x(Nk (s(Û mip) Skiy. ai ksi[T) k&l 40 g&Nn) rcvimi> aiv) ht). t[mi> h[t&lx), T*>kjvib)

an[ (nb>F p\kirni p\Åni[ hti. j[ s>Si[Fnn) a[k n)pj kh) Skiy.

6.6 p6.6 p6.6 p6.6 p\\\\i¼t p(rNimi[ pr sm)xii¼t p(rNimi[ pr sm)xii¼t p(rNimi[ pr sm)xii¼t p(rNimi[ pr sm)xi

p*v[<ni kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn prni a¿yisi[mi> Di>gr {2003}ni a¿yismi> kÀ¼y*Tr

a[eD[D eºAT^kSn kiy<k|m an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> smin ji[vi mL[l ht).

kir)ai {2001} ni a¿yismi> k&miri[ miT[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tmi>

S]x(Nk (s(Û smin ji[vi mL[l) jyir[ kºyiai[ miT[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t vF& asrkirk ji[vi mL)

ht).

jyir[ (s>g {1991}, jyimN) {1991}, ri[z {1992}, dv[ {2005}, upi¹yiy {2005} an[

si[l>k) {2005}ni a¿yisi[mi> t[m j (vd[Si[mi> Yy[li> s>Si[Fni[mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m

S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> vF& asrkirk ji[vi mÇyi[ hti[.

111

p*v[<ni vk<kiD< si(hRy prni a¿yisi[mi> k&>D(lyi {1996}, zili {1997}, pT[l {2001},

p>Dyi an[ viQ[r {2002}, dv[ {2005} ni a¿yisi[mi> Äyi²yin pÛ(t an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri

Av-a¹yyn S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> smin ji[vi mÇyi hti.

jyir[ D[Di(Nyi {1998} an[ s&riN) {1999}ni a¿yisi[mi> k&miri[mi> vk<kiD< si(hRy an[

Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnmi> S]x(Nk (s(Û smin ji[vi mL[l ht) jyir[ kºyiai[mi> vk<kiD<

si(hRy oiri a¹yipnn) S]x(Nk (s(Û U>c) ji[vi mL) ht).

s(Kyi {2001}ni a¿yismi> a>g\[J (vOiyn) (s(Ûkxi an[ jit)ytini s>dB<mi> uµc

(s(Û Frivti k&miri[, m¹ym (s(Û Frivti k&miri[, (nÀn(s(Û Frivti k&miri[,uµc (s(Û Frivt)

kºyiai[ an[ m¹ym (s(Û Frivt) kºyiai[mi> vk<kiD< pÛ(t vF& asrkirk ht). jyir[ (nÀn

(s(Û Frivt) kºyiai[mi> b>n[ pÛ(tai[ smin r)t[ asrkirk ht).

pT[l {1993} an[ riqi[D {2006} ni s>Si[Fni[mi> vk<kiD< si(hRy oiri kriy[l a¹yipn

S]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> vF& asrkirk ht&>.

viF[li {2004}ni s>Si[Fnmi> vi(Njy g(Nt a¹yyn rsni s>dB<mi> a(Bk|(mt a¹yyn

si(hRy pÛ(t, vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t smin asrkirk rh) ht).

a[ j r)t[ p\At&t s>Si[Fnni tirNi[ m&jb k&miri[ an[ kºyiai[n&> vlN pN kÀ¼y*Tr

shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t aºvy[ smin asrkirk

ht&>.

p\At&t s>Si[Fnni tirNi[ m&jb k&miri[n) S]x(Nk (s(Û pr vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t krti>

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m vFir[ asrkirk rHi[ hti[ jyir[ kºyiai[n) S]x(Nk (s(Û pr

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(tn) smin asr ji[vi mL[l ht).

p\At&t s>Si[Fnni mL[l tirNi[ piCLni k[Tli>k kirNi[ ai m&jb hi[e Sk[.

- k&mir SiLimi> Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yipn an&Bv) (Sxk oiri krivvimi> aiv[l

ht&>. (vOiy (Sxk tr)k[ni an&Bvn[ kirN[ (vOiyvAt& pr vFir[ pkD hi[y. t[m j a¹yipn ki]SÃii[

s&(vk(st hi[y t[Y) Äyi²yin pÛ(tY) vFir[ sir) r)t[ a¹yipn kriv) Skyi hi[y. aiY) vk<kiD<

pÛ(t krti> Äyi²yin pÛ(t vFir[ asrkirk rh) hi[y.

a[ j r)t[ kºyiSiLimi> pN Äyi²yin pÛ(tn&> a¹yipn SiLini an&Bv) (Sxk oiri j

krivvimi> aiv[l hi[e an[ g&jrit) (vOiymi> (vOiyvAt& kÀ¼y*Tr oiri S)Kvvimi> aivt&> n hi[e,

gin pÛ(tni (v(nyi[gni aBivn[ kirN[ pN kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m krti> Äyi²yin

pÛ(t vFir[ asrkirk ji[vi mL[l hi[e Sk[.

112

k&miri[n) S]x(Nk (s(Ûni> s>dB<mi> vk<kiD< si(hRy krti> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

kiy<k|m vFir[ asrkirk hi[vin&> kirN a[ pN hi[e Sk[ k[ vk<kiD< si(hRymi> a[k vk<kiD<mi> a[k

p[Tia[kmn) p*N< rj*ait krvimi> aiv[l hi[y C[. jyir[kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mmi> p[Ti

a[kmn) rj*ait Sky t[Tli> nini-nini si[pini[ oiri a[kY) vF& AliED`mi> krvimi> aiv[ C[. t[m j

siY[ ØÆy mi¹ymi[-(c#ii[ni[ pN (v(nyi[g ji[vi mL[ C[.

aºy kirN a[ pN hi[e Sk[ k[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tmi> (vwiY)><ai[ (Sxk siY[ jyi> j$r jNiy

Ryi> cci< kr) Sk[ C[. (vwiY)<ai[ siY[ni (Sxkni Jv>t s>pk<Y) alg p\kirn&> a¹yyn BivivrN

UB&> Yiy C[. aiY) vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t k[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m krti> Äyi²yin

pÛ(t vF& asrkirk ji[vi mL[l hi[y.

6.7 s>Si[Fnni f(ltiYi[<6.7 s>Si[Fnni f(ltiYi[<6.7 s>Si[Fnni f(ltiYi[<6.7 s>Si[Fnni f(ltiYi[<

p\At&t s>Si[Fnmi> hiY Friy[li b>n[ p\yi[gi[n[ a>t[ mL[li tirNi[n[ aiFir[ kh) Skiy k[

Fi[rN nvni g&jrit) (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[ni a¹yipn miT[ k&miri[ t[m j kºyiai[n) S]x(Nk

(s(Ûni s>dB<mi> kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t krti> Äyi²yin

pÛ(t vFir[ asrkirk ht). t[m j kºyiai[mi> vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t an[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt

a¹yyn kiy<k|m b>n[ pÛ(t smin asrkirk ht). jyir[ k&miri[mi> vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t krti>

kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m pÛ(t vFir[ asrkirk ht).

Fi[rN nvni kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l (vwiY)<ai[,

vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn pim[l (vwiY)<aup an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn

pim[li (vwiY)<ai[ni g&jrit)ni vlNmi> sminti ji[vi mL) ht).

p\At&t s>Si[Fnni mL[l tirNi[ prY) kh) Skiy k[, aij[ jyir[ (SxNmi> T[k`ni[l(j an[

(v(vD a¹yipn pÛ(tai[ni (v(nyi[gn) BlimN krvimi> aiv[[ C[ Ryir[ ai s>Si[Fnni p(rNimi[

c[tvN)$p C[. a¹yipnn) (v(vF pÛ(tai[n) t&lnimi> (Sxk oiri Yt&> a¹yipn kiy< vF&

asrkirk ji[vi mÇy&> C[. j[ s*cv[ C[ k[ mitZBiOiini a¹yipnn[ smZÛ bnivvi miT[. ji[ si]Y)

agRyn&> ki[e p(rbL hi[y ti[ t[ (Sxk j C[. (Sxkmi> (Sxkn) j³yi le Sk[ t[Tl) sxmti

ki[epN S]x(Nk siFni[ k[ pÛ(t Frivti nY), aiY) (SxNn[ vF& asrkirk bnivvi miT[

(Sxkn[ s&sjj krvi pDS[. S]x(Nk upkrNi[ an[ pÛ(tai[ (Sxk miT[ shiyk C[, t[[ (Sxkni[

(vkÃp nY). aiY) ki[epN pÛ(tni[ upyi[g mitZBiOiini a¹yipn miT[ krvimi> aiv[, Kis kr)n[

pw-(SxNmi> (Sxkn[ t[n) siY[ ji[Divi a(nviy< C[.

113

a¹yipn j[v) Jv>t p\Ryiyn p\(k|yimi> b>n[ trf Jv>t Äy(ktai[ vµc[ mi(ht), (vciri[

an[ ligN)ai[n&> j[ aidin-p\din Yiy C[ t[ mitZBiOiini a¹yipnn[ vF& asrkirk bniv[ C[.

aiY) kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m, vk<kiD< si(hRy k[ aºy ki[epN a¹yipn pÛ(tn[

(Sxkni[ (vkÃp bnivvin[ bdl[ ji[ (Sxkni shiykni Av$pmi> amlmi> m*kvimi> aiv[ ti[ siri

p(rNimi[ m[Lv) Skiy.

Cti>, p\At&t (n(Vt a[kmi[ prni s>Si[Fnni (nVt tirNi[[n[ (vwiY)<, (Sxk, SiLi an[

srkir~)n[ n)c[ p\miN[ upyi[g) C[.

• (vwiY)<(vwiY)<(vwiY)<(vwiY)<

g&jrit) (vOiymi> j&d) j&d) pÛ(tai[ oiri a¹yipn krivviY) (vwiY)<ai[mi> g&jrit) (vOiy

p\Ry[ rs an[ @(c k[Lv) Skiy C[. vL), (vwiY)<ai[ni g&jrit) (vPy p\Ry[ni vlNi[ vF[ C[ an[

g&jrit)n) (s(Û U>c) ji[vi mL[ C[. vk<kiD< si(hRy j[v) Av-a¹yyn p\y&(kt g&jrit) pw-(SxN

miT[ asrkirk nY). jyir[ kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mY) pN (vwiY)<ai[mi> g&jrit) (vOiy

p\Ry[ rs an[ (s(Ûmi> vFiri[ Ye Sk[ C[.

• (Sxki[(Sxki[(Sxki[(Sxki[

mitZBiPini pw (SxN miT[ (Sxk oiri Yt&> a¹yipn kiy< j ~[Oq C[. kyir[k (Sxkn)

av[Jmi> aYvi (Sxkn) shiyk p\y&(kt tr)k[ kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m upkirk bn)

Sk[ C[. jyir[ mitZBiOiini pw (SxN miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRy j[v) Av-a¹yyn p\y&(kt asrkirk

p&rvir Ye Skt) nY).

• SiLiSiLiSiLiSiLi

SiLiai[mi> j&d) j&d) a¹yipn pÛ(t oiri a¹yipnni a(Bgmi[ apnivvi ji[ea[. Av-

a¹yyn si(hRyn) p\y&(ktai[ oiri pN s>ji[gvsit` (Sxki[n) av[Jmi> vg< cliv) Skiy, t[ miT[

Av-a¹yyn si(hRy SiLia[ t]yir krv&> ji[ea[ kÀ¼y&Tr oiri ØÆy-~iÄy (SxN aip)n[ (SxNn[

vF& Jv>t bniv) Skiy C[.

• srkirsrkirsrkirsrkir

srkir oiri BiOii (SxNn) k[Tl)k n*tn pÛ(tai[ an[ p\y&(ktai[n[ p\i[Rsihn mL[ t[vi

p\yRni[ aivkiy< C[. ji[ k[ BiOii (SxNni[ h[t& a[k m*Ãy (SxN an[ U(m<ai[ni (SxNni[ hi[e

ki[epN p\kirn) pÛ(tai[ (Sxkni[ aidS< (vkÃp n bn) Sk[, mi#i shiyk bn) Sk[. ai miT[

(Sxkn) n](tk, BiOiik)y an[ Äyivsi(yk sjjti vF[ t[vi> p\yRni[ Yiy t[ (htivh C[.

114

6.8 Bi(v s>Si[Fni[ a>g[n) BlimNi[6.8 Bi(v s>Si[Fni[ a>g[n) BlimNi[6.8 Bi(v s>Si[Fni[ a>g[n) BlimNi[6.8 Bi(v s>Si[Fni[ a>g[n) BlimNi[

p\At&t s>Si[Fnni a>t[ p\iyi[(gk s>Si[Fn x[#imi> ji[vi mL[l s>Si[Fn avkiSn[ lxmi>

riK)n[ Bi(v s>Si[Fni[ miT[ k[Tl)k BlimNi[ kr) C[.

- kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m an[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) Avt>#i t[m j p*rk a¹yipn

pÛ(t tr)k[n) asrkirktini[ a¿yis kr) Skiy.

- kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn pÛ(t oiri pw a[kmi[ni a¹yipn miT[ gin pÛ(t an[

a[(nm[Sn (fÃmni (v(nyi[gn) asrkirkti ckis) Skiy.

- aºy (vkis pimt) Av-a¹yyn p\y&(ktai[ j[v) k[, b\[en ATi[(m>g, siY) j*Y a¹yipn

vg[r[ni[ vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(tn) sip[xmi> asrkirktin) t&lni kr) Skiy.

- p\At&t kiy<k|m kÀ¼y*Tr MS Power Point mi> t]yir krvimi> aiÄyi[ hti[. kÀ¼y*Tr x[#i[

a[(nm[Sn j[v) aºy a[Dviºs T[k`ni[l(jni[ upyi[g kr) kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn

kiy<k|mn) Avt>#i a¹yipn pÛ(t tr)k[n) asrkirkti t&lni kr) Skiy.

- kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m an[ a(Bk|(mt a¹yyn si(hRy pÛ(tni[ t&lniRmk

a¿yis kr) Skiy.

- (SxNn) kÀ¼y*Tr T[k`ni[l(jn) j b[ p\y&(kt kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn {CAL} an[

kÀ¼y*Tr oiri a¹yyn kiy<k|m {CAI} p\(v(Fn) asrkirktini[ t&lniRmk a¿yis hiY

Fr) Skiy.

- kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m an[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) (vwiY)<ai[n) (s(Û kxini

s>dB<mi> a¹yyn rs pr Yt) asr tpis) Skiy.

- kÀ¼y*Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m an[ vk<kiD< si(hRy pÛ(tn) asrkirkti (s(Ûkxi,

b&(Ûkxi, FirN, aY<g\hN S(kt j[vi cli[ni> s>dB<mi> ckis) Skiy.

115

s>dB< s*(cs>dB< s*(cs>dB< s*(cs>dB< s*(c

gggg\\\\ >Yi>Yi>Yi>Yi[[[[

• Ambasana, Anil (1998). Computer in Research and Education. Rajkot:

Saurastra University.

• Ambasana, Anil (1998). Multimedia Presentation Slide Show. Rajkot:

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• a>bisNi, a[. D). {1999}. mipn, (vÅvsn)yti an[ yYimipn, (vÅvsn)yti an[ yYimipn, (vÅvsn)yti an[ yYimipn, (vÅvsn)yti an[ yYiYYYY<<<<titititi. rijki[T: (SxNSiA#i Bvn,

si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• a>bisNi, a[. D). {2004}. asrkirk pasrkirk pasrkirk pasrkirk p\\\\Ryiyn.Ryiyn.Ryiyn.Ryiyn. rijki[T: (SxNSiA#i Bvn, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• uciT D). a[. {1988}. s>Si[Fnni ps>Si[Fnni ps>Si[Fnni ps>Si[Fnni p\\\\ir>Bir>Bir>Bir>B[.rijki[T: (SxNSiA#i Bvn, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• ..........., {1997}. s>Si[Fn smAyi ps>ds>Si[Fn smAyi ps>ds>Si[Fn smAyi ps>ds>Si[Fn smAyi ps>dg)ni s]Ûi>(tk an[ Äyvhir& aiFirig)ni s]Ûi>(tk an[ Äyvhir& aiFirig)ni s]Ûi>(tk an[ Äyvhir& aiFirig)ni s]Ûi>(tk an[ Äyvhir& aiFiri[. rijki[T: pirs

p\kiSn.

• ..........., {2000}. s>Si[Fns>Si[Fns>Si[Fns>Si[Fnn)n)n)n) (v(SOT pÛ(tai(v(SOT pÛ(tai(v(SOT pÛ(tai(v(SOT pÛ(tai[. rijki[T: pirs p\kiSn.

• uciT D). a[. an[ aºyi[. {1988}. s>Si[Fn ah[viln&> l[Kn S) r)t[ krSi[?s>Si[Fn ah[viln&> l[Kn S) r)t[ krSi[?s>Si[Fn ah[viln&> l[Kn S) r)t[ krSi[?s>Si[Fn ah[viln&> l[Kn S) r)t[ krSi[? rijki[T: (n(jjn

siyki[ s[ºTr.

• ..........., {1997}. a¹yipnmi>a¹yipnmi>a¹yipnmi>a¹yipnmi> pppp\\\\yi[gi[.yi[gi[.yi[gi[.yi[gi[. rijki[T: (SxNSiA#i Bvn, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• ..........., {2006}. S]x(Nk s>Si[Fnni siri>Si[.S]x(Nk s>Si[Fnni siri>Si[.S]x(Nk s>Si[Fnni siri>Si[.S]x(Nk s>Si[Fnni siri>Si[. rijki[T: (SxNSiA#i Bvn, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

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• ..........., {1991}. ksi[T) s>rcniksi[T) s>rcniksi[T) s>rcniksi[T) s>rcni. rijki[T. aiS&ti[Oi p\kiSn.

• (#iv[d), a[m. D). an[ pir[K, b). y&. {1985}. (SxNmi> ai>kDiSiA#i(SxNmi> ai>kDiSiA#i(SxNmi> ai>kDiSiA#i(SxNmi> ai>kDiSiA#i {3J aivZ(t}. amdivid :

y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y(nmi<N bi[D<.

116

• Das, R. C. (1993). Educational Technology. New Delhi : A Basic Text

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y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y(nmi<N bi[D<.

• di[>gi, a[n. a[s. {1998}. (s(Û s>b>(Ft cli[(s(Û s>b>(Ft cli[(s(Û s>b>(Ft cli[(s(Û s>b>(Ft cli[. rijki[T : si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• ..........., {1995}. a¹yipn mni[(vXina¹yipn mni[(vXina¹yipn mni[(vXina¹yipn mni[(vXin. rijki[T : (njjn siyki[ s[ºTr.

• Dann, Rita and Dann Kanneth (1972). Pratical Approaches to

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• n)rv p\kiSn. {2004} g&jrit)n&> a(Bnv a¹yipng&jrit)n&> a(Bnv a¹yipng&jrit)n&> a(Bnv a¹yipng&jrit)n&> a(Bnv a¹yipn. amdivid

• n)rv p\kiSn. {2004} g&jrit)g&jrit)g&jrit)g&jrit) (vOiyvAt(vOiyvAt(vOiyvAt(vOiyvAt&. amdivid.

• (nyimk~), g&jrit rijy piqyp&Atk m>DL {2004} Fi[rN nvn&> g&jrit) piqyp&Atk.Fi[rN nvn&> g&jrit) piqyp&Atk.Fi[rN nvn&> g&jrit) piqyp&Atk.Fi[rN nvn&> g&jrit) piqyp&Atk.

gi>F)ngr.

• b). a[s. Sih p\kiSn {1990}. g&jrit) a¹yipnn&> p(rS)lng&jrit) a¹yipnn&> p(rS)lng&jrit) a¹yipnn&> p(rS)lng&jrit) a¹yipnn&> p(rS)ln. gi>F)ngr

• b&Ûd[v, p). v). {2000} mi¹y(mk SiLini (vwiY)<ai[ni (v(vF (vOiyi[ pmi¹y(mk SiLini (vwiY)<ai[ni (v(vF (vOiyi[ pmi¹y(mk SiLini (vwiY)<ai[ni (v(vF (vOiyi[ pmi¹y(mk SiLini (vwiY)<ai[ni (v(vF (vOiyi[ p\\\\Ry[ni> vlNi[ni[ a¿yRy[ni> vlNi[ni[ a¿yRy[ni> vlNi[ni[ a¿yRy[ni> vlNi[ni[ a¿yis.is.is.is.

p\ki(St p)a[c.D). mhi(nb>F, rijki[T : si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• Buch, M. B. (Ed.) (1992). Fifth Survey of Educational Research. New Delhi

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• Sih, D). b). {1993}. S]x(Nk pS]x(Nk pS]x(Nk pS]x(Nk p\\\\i]wi[(gk)i]wi[(gk)i]wi[(gk)i]wi[(gk). amdivid : y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y(nmi<N bi[D<.

• Sih, g&Nv>t an[ k&l)n p>Dyi. {1978}. S]x(Nk mni[(vXinS]x(Nk mni[(vXinS]x(Nk mni[(vXinS]x(Nk mni[(vXin. amdivid : y&(nv(s<T) g\>Y(nmi<N

bi[D<, g&jrit rijy.

117

apapapap\\\\ki(St si(hRyki(St si(hRyki(St si(hRyki(St si(hRy

• upi¹yiy, rxi a[c. {2006}. (vXin an[ T[kni[li[J (vOiyni a¹yipn miT[ kiy<k|mn) s>rcni (vXin an[ T[kni[li[J (vOiyni a¹yipn miT[ kiy<k|mn) s>rcni (vXin an[ T[kni[li[J (vOiyni a¹yipn miT[ kiy<k|mn) s>rcni (vXin an[ T[kni[li[J (vOiyni a¹yipn miT[ kiy<k|mn) s>rcni

an[ an[ an[ an[ asrkirktiasrkirktiasrkirktiasrkirkti. rijki[T : apki(St a[m.a[D. lF&Si[F (nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• kir)ai, l)ni a[c. {2001}. AvAvAvAv----a¹yyn pa¹yyn pa¹yyn pa¹yyn p\\\\y&(kt tr)k[ kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yynn) y&(kt tr)k[ kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yynn) y&(kt tr)k[ kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yynn) y&(kt tr)k[ kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yynn)

asrkirktiasrkirktiasrkirktiasrkirkti. rijki[T : ap\ki(St p)a[c. D). Si[F(nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• k&>D(lyi, mili s). {1996}. Fi[rN a(gyirni Jv(vXin (vOiyni Fi[rN a(gyirni Jv(vXin (vOiyni Fi[rN a(gyirni Jv(vXin (vOiyni Fi[rN a(gyirni Jv(vXin (vOiyni ‘ki[Oi(vBijnki[Oi(vBijnki[Oi(vBijnki[Oi(vBijn’ a[kmn) a[kmn) a[kmn) a[kmn)

S[]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> AvS[]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> AvS[]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> AvS[]x(Nk (s(Ûni s>dB<mi> Av----a¹yyn pa¹yyn pa¹yyn pa¹yyn p\\\\y&(ktai[n) asrkirktiy&(ktai[n) asrkirktiy&(ktai[n) asrkirktiy&(ktai[n) asrkirkti, rijki[T : apki(St

a[m.a[D`. lF&Si[F (nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• K)rvrkr, a[. air. {2001}. rsiyN(vXinni a¹yipn miT[ kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yynn) rsiyN(vXinni a¹yipn miT[ kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yynn) rsiyN(vXinni a¹yipn miT[ kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yynn) rsiyN(vXinni a¹yipn miT[ kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yynn)

asrkirktiasrkirktiasrkirktiasrkirkti. amdivid. ap\ki(St p)a[c.D). Si[F(nb>F, g&jrit (vwip)q.

• grcr, l)li a[c. {2006}. Fi[rNFi[rNFi[rNFi[rN----6ni smij(vwi (vOiyni 6ni smij(vwi (vOiyni 6ni smij(vwi (vOiyni 6ni smij(vwi (vOiyni ‘si]r p(rvirsi]r p(rvirsi]r p(rvirsi]r p(rvir’ a[kmni a¹yipn miT[ a[kmni a¹yipn miT[ a[kmni a¹yipn miT[ a[kmni a¹yipn miT[

pivr pi[eºT ppivr pi[eºT ppivr pi[eºT ppivr pi[eºT p\\\\ [zºT[Sn Av$p [zºT[Sn Av$p [zºT[Sn Av$p [zºT[Sn Av$p CAI kiy<k|mn) s>rcni an[ t[n) asrkirktikiy<k|mn) s>rcni an[ t[n) asrkirktikiy<k|mn) s>rcni an[ t[n) asrkirktikiy<k|mn) s>rcni an[ t[n) asrkirkti. rijki[T:

ap\ki(St a[m.a[D. lG&Si[F(nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• gi[Avim), k[. j[. {2001}. k(vtiai[ni a¹yipnmi> Avk(vtiai[ni a¹yipnmi> Avk(vtiai[ni a¹yipnmi> Avk(vtiai[ni a¹yipnmi> Av----a¹yipnmi> Ava¹yipnmi> Ava¹yipnmi> Ava¹yipnmi> Av----a¹yyn simga¹yyn simga¹yyn simga¹yyn simg\\\\), (c#i ), (c#i ), (c#i ), (c#i

simgsimgsimgsimg\\\\) an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tn) asrkirkti an[ vlN mipn) an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tn) asrkirkti an[ vlN mipn) an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tn) asrkirkti an[ vlN mipn) an[ Äyi²yin pÛ(tn) asrkirkti an[ vlN mipn. rijki[T : ap\ki(St a[m.a[D`.

lG&Si[F(nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• ci]hiN, a[m. {2004}. Fi[rNFi[rNFi[rNFi[rN----11ni vi(Njy g(Nt (vOiymi> 11ni vi(Njy g(Nt (vOiymi> 11ni vi(Njy g(Nt (vOiymi> 11ni vi(Njy g(Nt (vOiymi> ‘Jvnv)mi[Jvnv)mi[Jvnv)mi[Jvnv)mi[’ a[km pr kÀ¼y&Tr a[km pr kÀ¼y&Tr a[km pr kÀ¼y&Tr a[km pr kÀ¼y&Tr

kiy<k|mn) rcni an[ ajmiySkiy<k|mn) rcni an[ ajmiySkiy<k|mn) rcni an[ ajmiySkiy<k|mn) rcni an[ ajmiyS. s&rt: ap\ki(St a[m.a[D`. lG&Si[F(nb>F, v)r nm<d d(xN

g&jrit y&(nv(s<T).

• jyi>mN), p). {1991}. kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yyn oiri a¹yipn kiy<mi> an&$pN pkÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yyn oiri a¹yipn kiy<mi> an&$pN pkÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yyn oiri a¹yipn kiy<mi> an&$pN pkÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yyn oiri a¹yipn kiy<mi> an&$pN p\\\\(tminn) (tminn) (tminn) (tminn)

asrkirktiasrkirktiasrkirktiasrkirkti. ki[eÀbt&r: ap\ki(St a[m. (fl. Si[F(nb>F. Birt) dS<n y&(nv(s<T).

• zili, elik&mir) {1997}. ~[N) dsni g(Nt (vOiyni ~[N) dsni g(Nt (vOiyni ~[N) dsni g(Nt (vOiyni ~[N) dsni g(Nt (vOiyni ‘ai>kDiSiA#iai>kDiSiA#iai>kDiSiA#iai>kDiSiA#i’ a[kmni s>dB<mi> Ava[kmni s>dB<mi> Ava[kmni s>dB<mi> Ava[kmni s>dB<mi> Av----

a¹yyn pa¹yyn pa¹yyn pa¹yyn p\\\\y&(kt tr)k[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) asrkirktiy&(kt tr)k[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) asrkirktiy&(kt tr)k[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) asrkirktiy&(kt tr)k[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) asrkirkti. rijki[T: ap\ki(St a[m.a[D`.


118

• Di>gr, Bivni J. {2003}. pppp\\\\iY(mk SiLi kxia[ a>g[iY(mk SiLi kxia[ a>g[iY(mk SiLi kxia[ a>g[iY(mk SiLi kxia[ a>g[\\\\J (vOiyni a¹yipn miT[ J (vOiyni a¹yipn miT[ J (vOiyni a¹yipn miT[ J (vOiyni a¹yipn miT[ CAI kiy<k|mn) kiy<k|mn) kiy<k|mn) kiy<k|mn)

s>rcni an[ asrkirkti.s>rcni an[ asrkirkti.s>rcni an[ asrkirkti.s>rcni an[ asrkirkti. rijki[T: ap\ki(St a[m.a[D`. lG&Si[F(nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• D[Di(Nyi, (kt)< a[m. {1998}. ~[N) dsni g(Nt (vOiyni ~[N) dsni g(Nt (vOiyni ~[N) dsni g(Nt (vOiyni ~[N) dsni g(Nt (vOiyni ‘ (#iki[N(m(t(#iki[N(m(t(#iki[N(m(t(#iki[N(m(t’ a[km prni vk><kiD< a[km prni vk><kiD< a[km prni vk><kiD< a[km prni vk><kiD<

si(hRyn) assi(hRyn) assi(hRyn) assi(hRyn) asrkirkti.rkirkti.rkirkti.rkirkti. rijki[T: ap\ki(St a[m.a[D. lG&Si[F(nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• drJ, a[m. b). {1997}. uµctr mi¹y(mk SiLini (vwiY)<ai[n) (vXin (vOiymi> sj<niRmkti, uµctr mi¹y(mk SiLini (vwiY)<ai[n) (vXin (vOiymi> sj<niRmkti, uµctr mi¹y(mk SiLini (vwiY)<ai[n) (vXin (vOiymi> sj<niRmkti, uµctr mi¹y(mk SiLini (vwiY)<ai[n) (vXin (vOiymi> sj<niRmkti,

(vOiy p(vOiy p(vOiy p(vOiy p\\\\Ry[n&> vlN an[ S]x(Nk (s(Û vµc[ni s>b>Fni[ a¿yisRy[n&> vlN an[ S]x(Nk (s(Û vµc[ni s>b>Fni[ a¿yisRy[n&> vlN an[ S]x(Nk (s(Û vµc[ni s>b>Fni[ a¿yisRy[n&> vlN an[ S]x(Nk (s(Û vµc[ni s>b>Fni[ a¿yis. rijki[T: ap\ki(St

p)a[c. D). mhi(nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• dv[, pi$l s). {2002}. Fi[rN a(gyirni nimini m*Lt_vi[ (vOiyni Fi[rN a(gyirni nimini m*Lt_vi[ (vOiyni Fi[rN a(gyirni nimini m*Lt_vi[ (vOiyni Fi[rN a(gyirni nimini m*Lt_vi[ (vOiyni ‘vi(Oik (hsibi[vi(Oik (hsibi[vi(Oik (hsibi[vi(Oik (hsibi[’ a[km a[km a[km a[km

prni vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni an[ t[n) jit)ytini s>dB<mi> S]x(Nk (s(Û an[ (vOiy prRv[ni prni vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni an[ t[n) jit)ytini s>dB<mi> S]x(Nk (s(Û an[ (vOiy prRv[ni prni vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni an[ t[n) jit)ytini s>dB<mi> S]x(Nk (s(Û an[ (vOiy prRv[ni prni vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni an[ t[n) jit)ytini s>dB<mi> S]x(Nk (s(Û an[ (vOiy prRv[ni

vlN prn) asrkirkti.vlN prn) asrkirkti.vlN prn) asrkirkti.vlN prn) asrkirkti. rijki[T : ap\ki(St a[m. a[D`. lG&Si[F(nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• dv[, pi$l s). {2005}. nimini m*Lt_vi[ (vOiyni nimini m*Lt_vi[ (vOiyni nimini m*Lt_vi[ (vOiyni nimini m*Lt_vi[ (vOiyni ‘aimni[>Faimni[>Faimni[>Faimni[>F’ a[km s>dB<mi> vk<kiD< an[ kÀ¼y&Tr a[km s>dB<mi> vk<kiD< an[ kÀ¼y&Tr a[km s>dB<mi> vk<kiD< an[ kÀ¼y&Tr a[km s>dB<mi> vk<kiD< an[ kÀ¼y&Tr

shi(yt a¹yyn pshi(yt a¹yyn pshi(yt a¹yyn pshi(yt a¹yyn p\\\\y&(ktn) asrkirktiy&(ktn) asrkirktiy&(ktn) asrkirktiy&(ktn) asrkirkti. rijki[T : ap\ki(St p)a[c. D). mhi(nb>F, si]riOT^

y&(nv(s<T).

• d[sie, k[. a[m. {2005}. Fi[rNFi[rNFi[rNFi[rN----11 ni rsiyN (vXi11 ni rsiyN (vXi11 ni rsiyN (vXi11 ni rsiyN (vXin (vOiyni pyi<vrN rsiyN (vXin a[km n (vOiyni pyi<vrN rsiyN (vXin a[km n (vOiyni pyi<vrN rsiyN (vXin a[km n (vOiyni pyi<vrN rsiyN (vXin a[km

miT[[ miT[[ miT[[ miT[[ kÀ¼y&Tr kiy<k|mn) rcni an[ asrkirktikÀ¼y&Tr kiy<k|mn) rcni an[ asrkirktikÀ¼y&Tr kiy<k|mn) rcni an[ asrkirktikÀ¼y&Tr kiy<k|mn) rcni an[ asrkirkti. s&rt : ap\ki(St p)a[c. D). mhiSi[F(nb>F,

v)r nm<d d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T).

• d[sie, k)r)T j[. {1994}. g&jrit) (vOiyn) si(hRykZ(tai[ni a¹yipnkiy<mi> niT`y)krN an[ g&jrit) (vOiyn) si(hRykZ(tai[ni a¹yipnkiy<mi> niT`y)krN an[ g&jrit) (vOiyn) si(hRykZ(tai[ni a¹yipnkiy<mi> niT`y)krN an[ g&jrit) (vOiyn) si(hRykZ(tai[ni a¹yipnkiy<mi> niT`y)krN an[

(v(Dyi[l[Sn pÛ(tn)(v(Dyi[l[Sn pÛ(tn)(v(Dyi[l[Sn pÛ(tn)(v(Dyi[l[Sn pÛ(tn) asrkirktiasrkirktiasrkirktiasrkirkti. rijki[T: ap\ki(St p)a[c. D). mhiSi[F(nb>F, si]riOT^

y&(nv(s<T).

• Fr, p). {2007}. Effectiveness of Computer Assisted Instruction for remedial

teaching in zoology at higher secondary level. s&rt : ap\ki(St p)a[c. D).

mhiSi[F(nb>F, v)r nm<d d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T).

• Fnki[T, a[c. {1998}. kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mn) s>rcni a[ ajmiySkÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mn) s>rcni a[ ajmiySkÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mn) s>rcni a[ ajmiySkÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mn) s>rcni a[ ajmiyS. rijki[T :

ap\ki(St a[m. a[D. lG&Si[F(nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• pT[l, Bin&Bie {1993}. g(Ntni a¹yipn miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) asrkirktig(Ntni a¹yipn miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) asrkirktig(Ntni a¹yipn miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) asrkirktig(Ntni a¹yipn miT[ vk<kiD< si(hRyn) asrkirkti. rijki[T:

ap\ki(St p)a[c. D). mhiSi[F(nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

119

• pT[l, jy>(tlil air. {2000}. bbbbniski>qi (jÃlini a¹yipn m>(dri[ni til)miY)<ai[ni (SxN niski>qi (jÃlini a¹yipn m>(dri[ni til)miY)<ai[ni (SxN niski>qi (jÃlini a¹yipn m>(dri[ni til)miY)<ai[ni (SxN niski>qi (jÃlini a¹yipn m>(dri[ni til)miY)<ai[ni (SxN

(vOiy prRv[ni vlNni[ a¿yis.(vOiy prRv[ni vlNni[ a¿yis.(vOiy prRv[ni vlNni[ a¿yis.(vOiy prRv[ni vlNni[ a¿yis. Amdivid : ap\ki(St a[m. a[D`. lG&Si[F(nb>F, g&jrit

(vwip)q.

• pT[l, (vk|m s). {2001}. Fi[rN nvni s>AkZt (vOiyni Fi[rN nvni s>AkZt (vOiyni Fi[rN nvni s>AkZt (vOiyni Fi[rN nvni s>AkZt (vOiyni ‘s>(Fs>(Fs>(Fs>(F’ a[km prni vk<kiD< si(hRyn) a[km prni vk<kiD< si(hRyn) a[km prni vk<kiD< si(hRyn) a[km prni vk<kiD< si(hRyn)

s>rcni an[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) (s(Û prn) asrkirkti.s>rcni an[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) (s(Û prn) asrkirkti.s>rcni an[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) (s(Û prn) asrkirkti.s>rcni an[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) (s(Û prn) asrkirkti. rijki[T : ap\ki(St a[m. a[D`.


• pT[l, D). {2006}. Developing and trying out of multimedia package in the

subject of Economics at higher secondary level. s&rt : ap\ki(St p)a[c. D).

mhiSi[F(nb>F, v)r nm<d d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T).

• pT[l, k[. {2004}. Bi](tkSiA#ini a¹yipnmi> Bi](tkSiA#ini a¹yipnmi> Bi](tkSiA#ini a¹yipnmi> Bi](tkSiA#ini a¹yipnmi> CAI n) asrkirktin) asrkirktin) asrkirktin) asrkirkti. s&rt : ap\ki(St a[m.

a[D. lF&Si[F(nb>F, v)r nm<d d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T).

• p>Dyi, aÃki b). {2002}. a>ga>ga>ga>g\\\\ [J [J [J [J (vOiyni (vOiyni (vOiyni (vOiyni ‘Direct and Indirect Speech’ a[km prni a[km prni a[km prni a[km prni

vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni an[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) jit)ytini s>dB<mi> a>gvk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni an[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) jit)ytini s>dB<mi> a>gvk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni an[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) jit)ytini s>dB<mi> a>gvk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni an[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) jit)ytini s>dB<mi> a>g\\\\ [J (s(Û an[ a>g[J (s(Û an[ a>g[J (s(Û an[ a>g[J (s(Û an[ a>g\\\\ [J [J [J [J

(vOiy p(vOiy p(vOiy p(vOiy p\\\\Ry[ni vlN prn) asrkirktiRy[ni vlN prn) asrkirktiRy[ni vlN prn) asrkirktiRy[ni vlN prn) asrkirkti. rijki[T : ap\ki(St a[m. a[D`. lG&Si[F(nb>F, si]riOT^

y&(nv(s<T).

• p>Dyi, jyi[(t {1999}. s>s>s>s>AkZt (vOiymi> s>(F a[kmni a¹yipn miT[ Av a¹yyn si(hRyn) AkZt (vOiymi> s>(F a[kmni a¹yipn miT[ Av a¹yyn si(hRyn) AkZt (vOiymi> s>(F a[kmni a¹yipn miT[ Av a¹yyn si(hRyn) AkZt (vOiymi> s>(F a[kmni a¹yipn miT[ Av a¹yyn si(hRyn)

s>rcnni an[ t[n) asrkirktini[ a¿yiss>rcnni an[ t[n) asrkirktini[ a¿yiss>rcnni an[ t[n) asrkirktini[ a¿yiss>rcnni an[ t[n) asrkirktini[ a¿yis. rijki[T : ap\ki(St a[m. a[D. lG&Si[F(nb>F,


• prmir, n)ti a[s. {2000}. s*Èm a¹yipn kiy<k|m ps*Èm a¹yipn kiy<k|m ps*Èm a¹yipn kiy<k|m ps*Èm a¹yipn kiy<k|m p\\\\Ry[ (Sxk til)m) ki[[l[jmi> pRy[ (Sxk til)m) ki[[l[jmi> pRy[ (Sxk til)m) ki[[l[jmi> pRy[ (Sxk til)m) ki[[l[jmi> p\\\\(SxNiY)<ai[ (SxNiY)<ai[ (SxNiY)<ai[ (SxNiY)<ai[

an[ a¹yipkan[ a¹yipkan[ a¹yipkan[ a¹yipki[ni vlNii[ni vlNii[ni vlNii[ni vlNi[. amdivid : ap\ki(St a[m. a[D`. lG&Si[F(nb>F, g&jrit (vwip)q.

• B>Dir), si[nl j[. {2008}. aY<SiA#i (vOiyni (SxN miT[ kÀ¼y&Tr kiy<k|mn) s>rcni an[ aY<SiA#i (vOiyni (SxN miT[ kÀ¼y&Tr kiy<k|mn) s>rcni an[ aY<SiA#i (vOiyni (SxN miT[ kÀ¼y&Tr kiy<k|mn) s>rcni an[ aY<SiA#i (vOiyni (SxN miT[ kÀ¼y&Tr kiy<k|mn) s>rcni an[

asrkirktiasrkirktiasrkirktiasrkirkti. s&rt : ap\ki(St a[m. a[D`. lF&Si[F(nb>F, v)r nm<d d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T).

• B*Tk, hr[S {1994}. Fi[rN Fi[rN Fi[rN Fi[rN aiqni (vXin (vOiyni gNp(rcy a[kmni (SxN miT[ Ava¹yyn aiqni (vXin (vOiyni gNp(rcy a[kmni (SxN miT[ Ava¹yyn aiqni (vXin (vOiyni gNp(rcy a[kmni (SxN miT[ Ava¹yyn aiqni (vXin (vOiyni gNp(rcy a[kmni (SxN miT[ Ava¹yyn

pÛ(t, (fÃm AT^)p pÛ(t an[ ppÛ(t, (fÃm AT^)p pÛ(t an[ ppÛ(t, (fÃm AT^)p pÛ(t an[ ppÛ(t, (fÃm AT^)p pÛ(t an[ p\\\\vcn pÛ(tn) asrkirktini[ t&lniRmk a¿yisvcn pÛ(tn) asrkirktini[ t&lniRmk a¿yisvcn pÛ(tn) asrkirktini[ t&lniRmk a¿yisvcn pÛ(tn) asrkirktini[ t&lniRmk a¿yis. rijki[T :

ap\ki(St a[m. a[D. lG&Si[F(nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

120

• riqi[D, D)Àpl k[. {2006}. (c#i simg(c#i simg(c#i simg(c#i simg\\\\), gin pÛ), gin pÛ), gin pÛ), gin pÛ(t an[ vk<kiD<n) s>AkZt (vOiymi> (s(Û an[ (t an[ vk<kiD<n) s>AkZt (vOiymi> (s(Û an[ (t an[ vk<kiD<n) s>AkZt (vOiymi> (s(Û an[ (t an[ vk<kiD<n) s>AkZt (vOiymi> (s(Û an[

vlN prn) asrkirktivlN prn) asrkirktivlN prn) asrkirktivlN prn) asrkirkti. rijki[T : ap\ki(St p)a[c. D). mhiSi[F(nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• Äyis, a[c. {1996}. Fi[rNFi[rNFi[rNFi[rN----11 ni vi(Njy ÄyvAYi (vOiyni a[km 11 ni vi(Njy ÄyvAYi (vOiyni a[km 11 ni vi(Njy ÄyvAYi (vOiyni a[km 11 ni vi(Njy ÄyvAYi (vOiyni a[km ‘Srif) s[viai[Srif) s[viai[Srif) s[viai[Srif) s[viai[’ ni ni ni ni

a¹yipn miT[ AlieD kiy<k|mn) s>a¹yipn miT[ AlieD kiy<k|mn) s>a¹yipn miT[ AlieD kiy<k|mn) s>a¹yipn miT[ AlieD kiy<k|mn) s>rcni an[ t[n) asrkirktini[ a¿yisrcni an[ t[n) asrkirktini[ a¿yisrcni an[ t[n) asrkirktini[ a¿yisrcni an[ t[n) asrkirktini[ a¿yis. rijki[T : ap\ki(St

a[m. a[D`. lG&Si[F(nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• viQ[r, d)pk a[m. {2002}. Fi[rN birni s>AkZt (vOiyni al>kir a[km prni vk<kiD< si(hRyn) Fi[rN birni s>AkZt (vOiyni al>kir a[km prni vk<kiD< si(hRyn) Fi[rN birni s>AkZt (vOiyni al>kir a[km prni vk<kiD< si(hRyn) Fi[rN birni s>AkZt (vOiyni al>kir a[km prni vk<kiD< si(hRyn)

s>rcni an[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) jit)ytini s>dB<mi> s>AkZt (vOiy prRv[ni vlN ps>rcni an[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) jit)ytini s>dB<mi> s>AkZt (vOiy prRv[ni vlN ps>rcni an[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) jit)ytini s>dB<mi> s>AkZt (vOiy prRv[ni vlN ps>rcni an[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) jit)ytini s>dB<mi> s>AkZt (vOiy prRv[ni vlN prn) asrkirkti. rn) asrkirkti. rn) asrkirkti. rn) asrkirkti.

rijki[T : ap\ki(St a[m. a[D. lG&Si[F(nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• sK)yi, rm[S b). {2001} a>ga>ga>ga>g\\\\ [J (vOiyni [J (vOiyni [J (vOiyni [J (vOiyni ‘Active and passive Voice’ a[km prni a[km prni a[km prni a[km prni

vk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni an[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) (s(Ûkxi an[ jit)ytini s>dB<mi> a>gvk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni an[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) (s(Ûkxi an[ jit)ytini s>dB<mi> a>gvk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni an[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) (s(Ûkxi an[ jit)ytini s>dB<mi> a>gvk<kiD< si(hRyn) s>rcni an[ t[n) (vwiY)<n) (s(Ûkxi an[ jit)ytini s>dB<mi> a>g\\\\ [J (s(Û[J (s(Û[J (s(Û[J (s(Û

an[ FirN pr asran[ FirN pr asran[ FirN pr asran[ FirN pr asr. rijki[T : ap\ki(St a[m. a[D`. lG&Si[F(nb>F, si]riOT^ y&(nv(s<T).

• (s>F, j[ {2007}. a>ga>ga>ga>g\\\\ [J (vOiyni kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m {[J (vOiyni kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m {[J (vOiyni kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m {[J (vOiyni kÀ¼y&Tr shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|m {CALL } n) } n) } n) } n)

asrkirktiasrkirktiasrkirktiasrkirkti. s&rt : a[m. a[D lG& Si[F(nb>F, v)r nm<d d(xN g&jrit y&(nv(s<T).

• s)>g, air. D)., a[s. b). aih&vil)yi an[ a[s. k[. vmi<, {1991}. g(Ntni a¹yipnmi> kÀ¼y&Tr

shi(yt a¹yyn kiy<k|mn) pr>prigt a¹yipn pÛ(tni s>dB<mi> asrkirkti. nv) (dÃh) :

NCERT, p\i[j[kT.

• s&riN), tZ(¼t {1999}. Fi[rN aiqni g(Nt (vOiyni Fi[rN aiqni g(Nt (vOiyni Fi[rN aiqni g(Nt (vOiyni Fi[rN aiqni g(Nt (vOiyni gN(k|yiai[ a[kmni a¹yipn miT[ vk<kiD< gN(k|yiai[ a[kmni a¹yipn miT[ vk<kiD< gN(k|yiai[ a[kmni a¹yipn miT[ vk<kiD< gN(k|yiai[ a[kmni a¹yipn miT[ vk<kiD<

si(hRyn) s>rcni an[ t[n) asrksi(hRyn) s>rcni an[ t[n) asrksi(hRyn) s>rcni an[ t[n) asrksi(hRyn) s>rcni an[ t[n) asrkirktiirktiirktiirkti. rijki[T : ap\ki(St a[m. a[D. lG&Si[F(nb>F,


• si[l>k), (ht[S a[m. {2006}. pppp\\\\iY(mk SiLi kxia[ (vXin an[ Tƒkni[l(j (vOiyni a¹yipn miT[ iY(mk SiLi kxia[ (vXin an[ Tƒkni[l(j (vOiyni a¹yipn miT[ iY(mk SiLi kxia[ (vXin an[ Tƒkni[l(j (vOiyni a¹yipn miT[ iY(mk SiLi kxia[ (vXin an[ Tƒkni[l(j (vOiyni a¹yipn miT[

CAI kiy<k|mn) s>rcni an[ asrkirktikiy<k|mn) s>rcni an[ asrkirktikiy<k|mn) s>rcni an[ asrkirktikiy<k|mn) s>rcni an[ asrkirkti. rijki[T : ap\ki(St a[m. a[D. lG&Si[F(nb>F,


121

jn<Ãs an[ v[b sieT`sjn<Ãs an[ v[b sieT`sjn<Ãs an[ v[b sieT`sjn<Ãs an[ v[b sieT`s

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159159159159159

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160160160160160

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161161161161161

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162162162162162

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163163163163163

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164164164164164

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165165165165165

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166166166166166

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167167167167167

!!P$!!P$!!P$!!P$!!P$ CJ[ 5|:T]T SFjIF \XG[ VFWFlZT GLR[ 5}KFI[,F \ 5|`GMGF XF \lT5}J"S JF \RLG[ HJFACJ[ 5|:T]T SFjIF \XG[ VFWFlZT GLR[ 5}KFI[,F \ 5|`GMGF XF \lT5}J"S JF \RLG[ HJFACJ[ 5|:T]T SFjIF \XG[ VFWFlZT GLR[ 5}KFI[,F \ 5|`GMGF XF \lT5}J"S JF \RLG[ HJFACJ[ 5|:T]T SFjIF \XG[ VFWFlZT GLR[ 5}KFI[,F \ 5|`GMGF XF \lT5}J"S JF \RLG[ HJFACJ[ 5|:T]T SFjIF \XG[ VFWFlZT GLR[ 5}KFI[,F \ 5|`GMGF XF \lT5}J"S JF \RLG[ HJFA


5 |`Gv!5|`Gv!5|`Gv!5|`Gv!5|`Gv! GLR[GM VY" WZFJTF XaNM SFjIDF\YL XMWLG[ ,BMPGLR[GM VY" WZFJTF XaNM SFjIDF\YL XMWLG[ ,BMPGLR[GM VY" WZFJTF XaNM SFjIDF\YL XMWLG[ ,BMPGLR[GM VY" WZFJTF XaNM SFjIDF\YL XMWLG[ ,BMPGLR[GM VY" WZFJTF XaNM SFjIDF\YL XMWLG[ ,BMP

;D]ã v PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

ZFl+ v PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

V\WSFZ v PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

5 |`GvZ5|`GvZ5|`GvZ5|`GvZ5|`GvZ GLR[GF 5|`GMGF 8} \SDF\ p¿Z ,BMPGLR[GF 5|`GMGF 8} \SDF\ p¿Z ,BMPGLR[GF 5|`GMGF 8} \SDF\ p¿Z ,BMPGLR[GF 5|`GMGF 8} \SDF\ p¿Z ,BMPGLR[GF 5|`GMGF 8} \SDF\ p¿Z ,BMP

!P SlJ S[JL VF\B[ ;D]ãG[ H]V[ K[ m

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ZP SlJ C;TL VF\B[ X\] H]V[ K[ m


#P ;MG[ZL 5|EFT SIFZ[ éU[ K[ m


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!P N=U v PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

ZP N}S}, v PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

#P GLlA0 v PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

$P V~6 v PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

168168168168168

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!ZP# SFjIF\XGM EFJFY" ;DÒ XSXMP

!ZP$ SFjIF\XG[ VFWFlZT 5|`GMGF HJFA VF5L XSXMP

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D]HA K[P

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scwJlGc DF\YLf

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SMX v E\0FZ

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lGZWFZ v GÞL SZJ\]

!Z P#!ZP#!ZP#!ZP#!ZP# p5ZGF XaNFYM"G[ ;DßIF AFN CJ[ VF SFjI 5\lSTVMGM EFJFY" ;DÒ ,MP

VF56[ SF\. UZLA GYL4 VF56L V\NZ DGMA/GM VB}8 E\0FZ EZ[,M K[P N]oBG[ H[8,\] VFJJ\]

CMI4 V[8,\] VFJJF NM4 VF56[ GÞL SZLG[ V[GM D]SFA,M SZLX\]P pGF/FDF\ VFSFXDF\YL VFUhZTL

UZDLG[ hL,LG[ 56 U],DCMZ S[JF ;\]NZ O},M VF5[ K[ m TM VF56F N]oBM X\] HMZ K[ ¦

169169169169169

!ZP$!ZP$!ZP$!ZP$!ZP$ CJ[4 VF SFjIGF VF V\lTD EFUGL ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F GLR[GF 5|`GMGF HJFA TDFZ[CJ[4 VF SFjIGF VF V\lTD EFUGL ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F GLR[GF 5|`GMGF HJFA TDFZ[CJ[4 VF SFjIGF VF V\lTD EFUGL ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F GLR[GF 5|`GMGF HJFA TDFZ[CJ[4 VF SFjIGF VF V\lTD EFUGL ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F GLR[GF 5|`GMGF HJFA TDFZ[CJ[4 VF SFjIGF VF V\lTD EFUGL ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F GLR[GF 5|`GMGF HJFA TDFZ[

,BJFGF K[P,BJFGF K[P,BJFGF K[P,BJFGF K[P,BJFGF K[P

5 |`Gv!5|`Gv!5|`Gv!5|`Gv!5|`Gv! GLR[GF 5|`GMGF 8} \SDF\ HJFA VF5MPGLR[GF 5|`GMGF 8} \SDF\ HJFA VF5MPGLR[GF 5|`GMGF 8} \SDF\ HJFA VF5MPGLR[GF 5|`GMGF 8} \SDF\ HJFA VF5MPGLR[GF 5|`GMGF 8} \SDF\ HJFA VF5MP

!P SlJGL V\NZ S[JM E\0FZ EZ[,M K[ m


ZP SlJ X[GM D]SFA,M SZJFG\] SC[ K[ m


#P U],DCMZGF J'1FGL S. BFl;IT K[ m


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cVFE hZ[ E,[ VFU4

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170170170170170

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JS"SF0" v !#JS"SF0" v !#JS"SF0" v !#JS"SF0" v !#JS"SF0" v !#


!#P! clRTFZMc SFjIGF SlJ HI\T 5F9SGM 5lZRI D[/JL XSXMP

!#PZ clRTFZMc SFjIGF 5|FZ\lES EFUGM 5lZRI D[/JL XSXMP

!#P# clRTFZMc SFjIGF 5|FZ\lES EFUGF\ V5lZlRT XaNMGF VY" HF6L XSXMP

!#P$ clRTFZMc SFjIGF 5|FZ\lES EFUGF EFJFY"G[ ;DÒ XSXMP

!#P5 clRTFZMc SFjIGM 5|FZ\lES EFU VFWFlZT 5|`GMGF HJFA VF5L XSXMP

!#P!!#P!!#P!!#P!!#P! SlJSlJSlJSlJSlJ 5lZRI5lZRI5lZRI5lZRI5lZRI

v SlJG\] 5}Z\] GFD o HI\T lC\DT,F, 5F9S

v HgD o )v#v!)$* D'tI] o Z(v(v!))&

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cã]TlJ,\lATc JU[Z[P

v VgI ;FlCtI o JGF\R, s;\:DZ6Mf4 cTZ]ZFUc slGA\WMf4 cVF,MSc4 cEFJlI+Lc4

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EFUGM VF JS"SF0"DF\ VeIF; SZJFGM K[4 H[ GLR[ D]HA K[P

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171171171171171

!#P#!#P#!#P#!#P#!#P# clRTFZMc SFjIGF 5|FZ\lES EFUG[ ;DHJF DF8[ T[GF S[8,F\S V5lZlRT XaNMGF ;Z/ VY" GLR[

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lD,FJ8 v D[/J6L4 lDz6

lRTFZM v lR+SFZ4 .`JZ

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GLl,DF v VF;DFGL Z\UGL VFEF

!#P$!#P$!#P$!#P$!#P$ SFjIF\XGM EFJFY"SFjIF\XGM EFJFY"SFjIF\XGM EFJFY"SFjIF\XGM EFJFY"SFjIF\XGM EFJFY"

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5 |`Gv!5|`Gv!5|`Gv!5|`Gv!5|`Gv! GLR[GF XaNMGF VY" VF5MPGLR[GF XaNMGF VY" VF5MPGLR[GF XaNMGF VY" VF5MPGLR[GF XaNMGF VY" VF5MPGLR[GF XaNMGF VY" VF5MP

!P lD,FJ8 v PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

ZP GLl,DF v PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

5 |`GvZ5|`GvZ5|`GvZ5|`GvZ5|`GvZ GLR[GF 5|`GMGF 8} \SDF\ HJFA VF5MPGLR[GF 5|`GMGF 8} \SDF\ HJFA VF5MPGLR[GF 5|`GMGF 8} \SDF\ HJFA VF5MPGLR[GF 5|`GMGF 8} \SDF\ HJFA VF5MPGLR[GF 5|`GMGF 8} \SDF\ HJFA VF5MP

!P VF SFjIGF SlJG\] 5}Z\] GFD X\] K[ m


ZP VF SFjIGF SlJG[ SIF SIF V[JM0" D?IF K[ m


5 |`Gv#5|`Gv#5|`Gv#5|`Gv#5|`Gv# GLR[GL BF,L HuIF 5}ZMPGLR[GL BF,L HuIF 5}ZMPGLR[GL BF,L HuIF 5}ZMPGLR[GL BF,L HuIF 5}ZMPGLR[GL BF,L HuIF 5}ZMP

!P lRTFZFGL 5ÄKLGF 5ÄKLGF V[S H ,;ZS[ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP éUL GLS/[

K[P

ZP VF ;'lQ8GF ZRGFZF .`JZ[ PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPEZL K[P

172172172172172

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JS"SF0" v !$JS"SF0" v !$JS"SF0" v !$JS"SF0" v !$JS"SF0" v !$


!$P! clRTFZMc SFjIGF DwIEFUGM 5lZRI D[/JL XSXMP

!$PZ clRTFZMc SFjIGF DwIEFUGF V5lZlRT XaNMGF VY" HF6L XSXMP

!$P# clRTFZMc SFjIGF DwIEFUGF EFJFY"G[ ;DÒ XSXMP

!$P$ clRTFZMc SFjIGF DwIEFU VFWFlZT 5| GMGF HJFA VF5L XSXMP

!$P!!$P!!$P!!$P!!$P! lJnFYL"lD+M4

clRTFZMc SFjIGF 5|FZ\lES EFUGM 5lZRI D[/jIF 5KL TDFZ[ VF JS"SF0"DF\ DwIEFUGM VeIF;

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KF\8 v KF\86F\

VOF8 v lJXF/

H,5ZL v H/DF\ ZC[GFZL N[JTF. ;\]NZL

!$P#!$P#!$P#!$P#!$P# SFjIF\XGM EFJFY"SFjIF\XGM EFJFY"SFjIF\XGM EFJFY"SFjIF\XGM EFJFY"SFjIF\XGM EFJFY"

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tIF\ TM VOF8 ;FT ;D]ã ,C[ZFTF YIF VG[ H,Z\UDF\ H,5ZLVM ;HF"I K[P

173173173173173

!$P$!$P$!$P$!$P$!$P$ SFjIF\XGF EFJFY"G[ ;DHIF AFN CJ[ T[GL ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F GLR[GF 5|`GMGF HJFASFjIF\XGF EFJFY"G[ ;DHIF AFN CJ[ T[GL ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F GLR[GF 5|`GMGF HJFASFjIF\XGF EFJFY"G[ ;DHIF AFN CJ[ T[GL ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F GLR[GF 5|`GMGF HJFASFjIF\XGF EFJFY"G[ ;DHIF AFN CJ[ T[GL ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F GLR[GF 5|`GMGF HJFASFjIF\XGF EFJFY"G[ ;DHIF AFN CJ[ T[GL ;FY[ ;\S/FI[,F GLR[GF 5|`GMGF HJFA


5 |`Gv!5|`Gv!5|`Gv!5|`Gv!5|`Gv!

!P ;FUZGF H,Z\UF[DF\ SF[6 K[m



ZP .`JZ 5MTFGF ;H"GYL X\] SZ[ K[ m



5 |`GvZ5|`GvZ5|`GvZ5|`GvZ5|`GvZ BF,L HuiFF 5}ZMPBF,L HuiFF 5}ZMPBF,L HuiFF 5}ZMPBF,L HuiFF 5}ZMPBF,L HuiFF 5}ZMP

!P 5L\KL\ B\B[ZJFYL Z\UA[Z\UL PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP BL,L é9IF\P

sO},M4 .gãWG]QFf

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174174174174174

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JS"SF0" v !5JS"SF0" v !5JS"SF0" v !5JS"SF0" v !5JS"SF0" v !5


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!5P# SFjIF\XGF EFJFY"G[ ;DÒ XSXMP

!5P$ SFjIF\XGF 5|`GMGF HJFA VF5L XSXMP

!5P!!5P!!5P!!5P!!5P! lJnFYL"lD+M4

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JFN/5MT\] v JFN/F~5L 5MT\]

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175175175175175

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5 |`Gv!5|`Gv!5|`Gv!5|`Gv!5|`Gv! IMuI HM0SF\ HM0MPIMuI HM0SF\ HM0MPIMuI HM0SF\ HM0MPIMuI HM0SF\ HM0MPIMuI HM0SF\ HM0MP

c cVccc cVccc cVccc cVccc cVcc ccAccccAccccAccccAccccAcc

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180180180180180

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182182182182182

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190

p(r(SOT p(r(SOT p(r(SOT p(r(SOT 4444

Äyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn miT[niÄyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn miT[niÄyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn miT[niÄyi²yin pÛ(t oiri a¹yyn miT[ni piq aiyi[jni[piq aiyi[jni[piq aiyi[jni[piq aiyi[jni[

a[km : (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[

tis – 1

p[Tia[km : p[Tia[km : p[Tia[km : p[Tia[km : ‘yicniyicniyicniyicni’ {p*vi>{p*vi>{p*vi>{p*vi><<<<S}S}S}S}

(vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN :

- kiÄyni k(v zv[rc>d m[GiN)ni[ p(rcy

- kiÄyni[ m¹yvt)< (vcir

- aidS< kiÄy pqn

- kiÄyni p\ir>(Bk Bigni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<

- kiÄyni p\ir>(Bk Bign) smj*t)

- kiÄyni p\ir>(Bk Big aiFir)t p\Åni[_ir

(Sxkn) p\vZ(t :

- (Sxk kiÄyni k(v zv[rc>d m[GiN)ni[ j$r) p(rcy aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni m¹yvt)< (vcirn) cci< krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni p\ir>(Bk Bign&> aidS< kiÄy pqn.

- (Sxk kiÄyni p\ir>(Bk Bigmi> Äykt Yt) k(vn) p\kZ(tni tRvi[, mi[r an[ eºÙFn&Oi pis[

(vn>t) $p[ kr[l) yicni a>g[ cci< krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni p\ir>(Bk Bigmi> rh[li ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<n) smj*t) aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni p\ir>(Bk Big aiFir)t p\Åni[ p*CS[ an[ j$r) flkkiy< krS[.

(vwiY)<ai[n) p\vZ(t :

- (vwiY)<ai[ k(vni[ p(rcy m[LvS[.

- (vwiY)<ai[ kiÄyi>Sn&> airi[h-avri[hy&kt pqn krS[.

- (vwiY)<ai[ cci<mi> Big l[S[.

- (vwiY)<ai[ ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY< a>g[ jiNS[.

- (vwiY)<ai[ j$r jNiy Ryi> n smjiy[l (vgt (Sxkn[ p*CS[.

- (vwiY)<ai[ (Sxk oiri p*Ciy[li p\Åni[ni jvib aipS[ an[ flkkiy<n) ni[>F krS[.

{ni[>F : (vwiY)<ai[n) p\vZ(t dr[k p[Tia[km miT[ smin hi[viY) aºy piq aiyi[jnmi> t[ni[ uÃl[K

kr[li[ nY).}

191

tis - 2

a[km : a[km : a[km : a[km : ‘yicniyicniyicniyicni’ {m¹yi>S}{m¹yi>S}{m¹yi>S}{m¹yi>S}

(vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN :

- p*v<Xin ckisN)

- kiÄyni m¹yBign&> pqn

- kiÄyni m¹yBig aiFi(rt ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<

- kiÄyni m¹yBign) smj*t)

- kiÄyni m¹yBig aiFir)t p\Åni[_ir

(Sxkn) p\vZ(t :

- (Sxk p*v<Xin aiFi(rt cci<- p\Åni[_ir krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni m¹yBign&> aidS< pqn krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyi>Sni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<n) smj*t) aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyi>Smi> Äykt m[Gmili an[ sigrn) p\t)kiRmkti an[ t[n) yicni piCLni

BiviY<n) cci< krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyi>Sn) cci<n[ an&$p p\Åni[_ir an[ j$r) flkni[>F krS[.

192

tis - 3

p[Tia[km : p[Tia[km : p[Tia[km : p[Tia[km : ‘yicniyicniyicniyicni’ {a>Ryi>S}{a>Ryi>S}{a>Ryi>S}{a>Ryi>S}

(vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN :

- p*v<Xin ckisN)

- kiÄyni u_iriF<n&> pqn

- kiÄyni u_iriF<ni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<

- kiÄyni u_iriF<n) smj*t)

- kiÄyni u_iriF< aiFir)t p\Åni[_ir

(Sxkn) p\vZ(t :

- (Sxk m¹yi>S aiFi(rt p\Åni[ oiri p*vi<F< an[ u_iriF<n&> ji[DiN krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyi>Sn&> aidS< pqn krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni a>(tm Bigmi> Äykt p\kZ(tni tRv ritriN) pis[ kr[l) yicni a>g[ cci<

krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyi>Smi> ap(r(ct S¾di[[ni aY<n) smj*t) aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni u_iri>S aiFi(rt p\Åni[_ir) an[ j$r) flkkiy< krS[.

193

tis – 4

p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : ‘aaaadni aidm)n&> g)tdni aidm)n&> g)tdni aidm)n&> g)tdni aidm)n&> g)t’ {p*vi<S}{p*vi<S}{p*vi<S}{p*vi<S}

(vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN :

- kiÄyni k(v p\h`lid pir[Kni[ p(rcy


- aidS< kiÄypqn

- kiÄyni p*vi<Sni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<

- kiÄyni p*vi<Sn) smj*t)

- kiÄyni p*vi<S aiFir)t p\Åni[_ir

(Sxkn) p\vZ(t :

- (Sxk kiÄyni k(v p\h`lid pir[Kni[ T*>kmi> p(rcy aipS[.


- (Sxk kiÄyni p*vi<Sn&> aidS< pqn krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni p*vi<Smi> Äykt aim aidm)n) JvnS]l) a>g[ cci< krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni p*vi<Smi> rh[li ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<n) smj*t) aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni p*vi<S aiFir)t p\Åni[_ir) an[ j$r) flkkiy< krS[.

194

tis - 5

a[km : a[km : a[km : a[km : ‘aaaadni aidm)n&> g)tdni aidm)n&> g)tdni aidm)n&> g)tdni aidm)n&> g)t’ {m¹yi>S}{m¹yi>S}{m¹yi>S}{m¹yi>S}

(vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN :

- p*v<Xin ckisN)

- kiÄyni m¹yBign&> pqn




(Sxkn) p\vZ(t :

- (Sxk kiÄyni p*vi><Sn) cci< oiri p*v<Xin ckisS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni m¹yi>Sn&> aidS< pqn krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni m¹yi>Sni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<n) smj*t) aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni m¹yi>Smi> (nd[<(St aim aidm) j[vi> k[, vNkri[, K[D*ti[, Ki(Nyiai[,

Klis)ai[, k(Dyiai[, gv]yiai[ an[ r>giriai[ni sj<n a>g[ cci< krS[.

- (Sxk j$r) p\Åni[_ir siY[ flkni[>F krS[.

195

tis – 6

p[Tia[km : p[Tia[km : p[Tia[km : p[Tia[km : ‘aaaadni aidm)dni aidm)dni aidm)dni aidm)n&> g)tn&> g)tn&> g)tn&> g)t’ {{{{u_iri>Su_iri>Su_iri>Su_iri>S}}}}

(vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN :

- p*v<Xin ckisN)

- kiÄyi>Sn&> aidS< pqn

- kiÄyi>Sni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<

- kiÄyi>Sn) smj*t)

- kiÄyi>Sni u_iri>S aiFir)t p\Åni[_ir

(Sxkn) p\vZ(t :

- (Sxk kiÄyni m¹yi>S aiFi(rt cci<-p\Åni[_ir oiri p*v<Xin ckisS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni u_iri>Sn&> aidS< pqn krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni u_iri>Sni ap(r(ct S¾di[[ni aY< aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyi>Sn) u_iri>Smi> Äykt aim aidm)n) ‘Jvi[ an[ Jvvi di[’n) umdi

(vcirsrN) a>g[ s-s>dB< cci< krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni a>(tm a>tri aiFir)t p\Åni[ siY[ j$r) flkni[>F krS[.

196

tis – 7

p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : ‘aipNi> d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[raipNi> d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[raipNi> d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[raipNi> d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r????’ {p*vi<S}{p*vi<S}{p*vi<S}{p*vi<S}

(vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN :

- kiÄyni k(v rij[ºÙ Sihni[ p(rcy


- aidS< kiÄypqn




(Sxkn) p\vZ(t :

- (Sxk kiÄyni k(v rij[ºÙ Sihni[ j$r) p(rcy aipS[.


- (Sxk kiÄyni p\ir>(Bk Bign&> aidS< pqn krS[.

- (Sxk d&:K shn krnir Km)rv>ti li[ki[ a>g[ udihrNi[ siY[ smj*t) aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni p\ir>(Bk Bigni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<n) smj*t) aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni p\ir>(Bk Big aiFir)t p\Åni[_ir an[ j$r) flkkiy< krS[.

197

tis – 8

a[km : a[km : a[km : a[km : ‘aipNi> d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[raipNi> d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[raipNi> d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[raipNi> d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r????’ {m¹yi>S}{m¹yi>S}{m¹yi>S}{m¹yi>S}

(vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN :

- p*v<Xin ckisN)

- kiÄyni m¹yBigni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY< siY[ smj*t).


- aidS< kiÄypqn an[ smj*t)

(Sxkn) p\vZ(t :

- (Sxk kiÄyni p*vi<F< aiFir)t cci< oiri p*v<Xin tij& krS[.


- (Sxk kiÄyni m¹yBigni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY< aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni m¹yBigmi>Y) (nOpºn Yti[ aiSivid s-s>dB< smjivS[.

- (Sxk kiÄy m¹yBig aiFir)t p\Åni[_ir krS[.

198

tis – 9

p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : ‘aipNi> d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r?aipNi> d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r?aipNi> d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r?aipNi> d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r?’ {a>Ryi>S} {a>Ryi>S} {a>Ryi>S} {a>Ryi>S}

(vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN :

- p*viF< p*v<Xin ckisN)

- a>(tm a>trin&> aidS< kiÄy pqn

- a>(tm a>trini ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<

- kiÄyni a>(tm a>trin) smj*t)

- kiÄyni a>(tm a>tri aiFir)t p\Åni[_ir

(Sxkn) p\vZ(t :

- (Sxk kiÄyni p*vi<F< aiFir)t p\Åni[ oiri (vOiyp\v[S krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni a>(tm a>trini kiÄyi>Sn&> aidS< pqn krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni a>(tm a>trini ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY< aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni a>(tm a>trimi> p\gT Yt) K&mir)n) Bivni a>g[ cci< krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni a>(tm a>tri aiFir)t p\Åni[ p*C) j$r) flk kiy< krS[.

199

tis – 10

p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : ‘ (ctiri[(ctiri[(ctiri[(ctiri[’ {p*vi<S} {p*vi<S} {p*vi<S} {p*vi<S}

(vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN :

- kiÄyni k(v jy>t piqkni[ p(rcy

- kiÄyni m¹yvt)< (vcir

- aidS< kiÄypqn



- kiÄyni p*vi><S aiFir)t p\Åni[

(Sxkn) p\vZ(t :

- (Sxk kiÄyni k(v jy>t piqkni[ T*>kmi> p(rcy aipS[.


- (Sxk kiÄyni p*vi<Sn&> aidS< pqn krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni p*vi<Smi> Äykt Yt) eÅvrn) (c#ikLi a>g[ s-s>dB< cci< krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni p*vi<Sni ap(r(ct S¾di[n) smj*t) siY[ (vAtZt smj*t) aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni p*vi<S aiFir)t p\Åni[ an[ j$r) flk kiy< krS[.

200

tis - 11

p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : ‘ (ctiri[(ctiri[(ctiri[(ctiri[’ {m¹yi>S} {m¹yi>S} {m¹yi>S} {m¹yi>S}

(vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN :

- kiÄyni p*vi<Sn) p*v<Xin ckisN)

- m¹yi>S pqn

- m¹yi>Sni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<

- m¹yi>Sn) smj*t)

- m¹yi>S aiFir)t p\Åni[_ir

(Sxkn) p\vZ(t :

- (Sxk kiÄyni p*vi<Sn) cci< oiri m¹yi>S trf aigL vFS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni m¹yBigni a>triai[n&> aidS< pqn krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni m¹yi>Sni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY< aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni m¹yi>Smi> Äykt sj<nhirn) sZ(OTn) rcnin) l)li a>g[ cci< krS.[

- (Sxk m¹yi>S aiFir)t p\Åni[_ir an[ j$r) jNiy Ryi> flkni[>F krS[.

201

tis - 12

p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : ‘ (ctiri[(ctiri[(ctiri[(ctiri[’ {u_iri>S} {u_iri>S} {u_iri>S} {u_iri>S}

(vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN :

- kiÄyni m¹yi>S p*v<Xinn) ckisN)

- kiÄyni u_iri>Sn&> aidS< pqn

- kiÄyni u_iri>Sni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<

- kiÄyni u_iri>Sn) smj*t)

- kiÄyni u_iri>Sn aiFir)t p\Åni[_ir

(Sxkn) p\vZ(t :

- (Sxk kiÄyni m¹yi>S aiFir)t p\Åni[_ir oiri p*v<Xin ckisN) krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni utri>Sn&> aidS< pqn krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni utri>Sni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY< siY[ smj*t) aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni utri>Smi> k(va[ vN<v[l) (ctirin) ad`B*t kli a>g[ cci< krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni utri>S aiFir)t p\Åni[ oiri p\i¼t Xinn) ckisN) krS[.

202

tis – 13

p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : ‘aipN[aipN[aipN[aipN[’ {p*vi<S} {p*vi<S} {p*vi<S} {p*vi<S}

(vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN :

- kiÄyni k(v h(st b*cni[ p(rcy


- aidS< kiÄy pqn



- kiÄyni p*vi<S aiFir)t p\Åni[_ir

(Sxkn) p\vZ(t :

- (Sxk kiÄyni k(v h(st b*cni[ j$r) p(rcy aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni[ m¹yvt)< (vcir ApOT krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni p*vi<Sn&> aidS< kiÄypqn krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni p*vi<Sni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<n) smj*t) kiÄyni (vOiyvAt&ni an&s>g[

aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni p*vi<Sn) j$r) s>dBi[< siY[ smj*t) oiri Jvnni ain>d a>g[ cci< krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni p*vi<S aiFir)t p\Åni[_ir oiri j$r) smj*t) p*r) piDS[.

203

tis - 14

p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : ‘aipN[aipN[aipN[aipN[’ {m¹yi>S} {m¹yi>S} {m¹yi>S} {m¹yi>S}

(vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN :

- p*v<Xin ckisN)

- aidS< kiÄypqn

- kiÄyni m¹yBigni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<



(Sxkn) p\vZ(t :


- (Sxk kiÄyni m¹yBigmi> Äykt Yti JvnpY a>g[ cci< krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni m¹yBigni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<n) smj*t) aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni m¹yBig aiFir)t p\Åni[ p*CS[ an[ flkkiy< krS[.

204

tis – 15

p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : ‘aipN[aipN[aipN[aipN[’ {a>Ryi>S} {a>Ryi>S} {a>Ryi>S} {a>Ryi>S}

(vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN :

- p*v<Xinn) ckisN)

- kiÄyni a>tBign&> kiÄy pqn

- kiÄyni a>tBigni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<

- kiÄyni a>tBign) smj*t)

- kiÄyni a>tBig aiFir)t p\Åni[_ir

(Sxkn) p\vZ(t :

- (Sxk kiÄyni p*v<Xinn) ckisN) miT[ p\Åni[ p*CS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni a>tBign&> aidS< pqn krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni a>tBigni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY< oiri smj*t) aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni Äykt (njin>dni Biv a>g[ cci< krS[ an[ ghn smj*t) miT[ j$r jNiy

Ryi> p\Åni[ p*CS[.

- (Sxk j$r) flkkiy< krS[.

205

tis – 16

p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : ‘kºyi(vdiykºyi(vdiykºyi(vdiykºyi(vdiy’ {p*vi<S} {p*vi<S} {p*vi<S} {p*vi<S}

(vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN :

- kiÄyni k(v a(nl ji[S)ni[ p(rcy


- kiÄyn&> pqn




(Sxkn) p\vZ(t :

- (Sxk kiÄyni k(v a(nl ji[S)ni[ p(rcy aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni m¹yvt)< (vcir ApOT krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyn&> aidS< pqn krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni p\ir>(Bk Bigni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY< aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄymi> Äykt kºyi(vdiyni p\s>gn) kir&·y an[ (v(vF l³n(v(Fai[ piCLni

ud[`Æyn) smj*t) aipS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni p\ir>(Bk Big aiFir)t p\Åni[_ir krS[.

206

tis – 17

p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : ‘kºyi(vdiykºyi(vdiykºyi(vdiykºyi(vdiy’ {m¹yi{m¹yi{m¹yi{m¹yi>S} >S} >S} >S}

(vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN :

- p*v<Xin ckisN)

- kiÄyi>S pqn

- kiÄyi>Sni ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<

- kiÄyi>Sn) smj*t)

- kiÄyi>S aiFir)t p\Åni[_ir

(Sxkn) p\vZ(t :

- (Sxk kiÄyni p*v<Big aiFir)t cci< oiri m¹yBigni[ (vOiyp\v[S krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni m¹yBign&>> aidS< pqn krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni m¹yBigni ap(r(ct S¾diYi[< siY[ nvvF*n) (vdiy an[ biLpNn)

AmZ(tai[n&> an&s>Fin siFS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni m¹yBig aiFir)t Bivn[ an&$p cci< an[ p\Åni[_ir) krS[.

207

tis – 18

p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : p[Ti a[km : ‘kºyi(vdiykºyi(vdiykºyi(vdiykºyi(vdiy’ {a>Ryi>S} {a>Ryi>S} {a>Ryi>S} {a>Ryi>S}

(vOiyvAt& pZYÊrN :

- kiÄyni a>(tm a>trin&> pqn

- kiÄyni a>(tm a>trini ap(r(ct S¾di[ni aY<

- kiÄyni a>(tm a>trin) smj*t)

- kiÄyni a>(tm a>tri aiFir)t p\Åni[_ir

(Sxkn) p\vZ(t :

- (Sxk kiÄyni a>(tm a>trin&> aidS< pqn krS[.

- (Sxk kiÄyni a>(tm a>trini S¾diY< siY[ kºyin) mitin) ÄyYi a>g[ cci< krS[.

- p\Åni[_ir siY[ flkni[>F krS[.

208

p(r(SOT 5 {1}p(r(SOT 5 {1}p(r(SOT 5 {1}p(r(SOT 5 {1}

(Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)(Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)(Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)(Sxk (n(m<t ksi[T)

a[km ksi[T) a[km ksi[T) a[km ksi[T) a[km ksi[T) → (c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[(c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[(c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[(c>tniRmk g)tkiÄyi[

(vOiy :(vOiy :(vOiy :(vOiy :---- g&jrit)g&jrit)g&jrit)g&jrit) Fi[rN :Fi[rN :Fi[rN :Fi[rN :---- 9999

k&l g&N : 50k&l g&N : 50k&l g&N : 50k&l g&N : 50

pppp\\\\Ån Ån Ån Ån –––– 1 : n)c[ni p1 : n)c[ni p1 : n)c[ni p1 : n)c[ni p\\\\Åni[ni u_ir aipi[.Åni[ni u_ir aipi[.Åni[ni u_ir aipi[.Åni[ni u_ir aipi[. {12}{12}{12}{12}

{1} ‘aipN[’ kiÄyni[ BiviY< ApOT kri[.

{2} ‘kºyi(vdiy’ kiÄymi> Äykt Yti[ k@NBiv ail[Ki[.

{3} ‘aipNi d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r?’ kiÄymi> k(v S) slih aip[ C[?

{4} ‘yicni’ kiÄymi> (n$(pt p\kZ(tni t_vi[ a>g[ cci< kri[.

pppp\\\\Ån Ån Ån Ån –––– 2 : n)c[ni p2 : n)c[ni p2 : n)c[ni p2 : n)c[ni p\\\\Åni[ni T*>kmi> u_ir aipi[.Åni[ni T*>kmi> u_ir aipi[.Åni[ni T*>kmi> u_ir aipi[.Åni[ni T*>kmi> u_ir aipi[. {22}{22}{22}{22}

{1} ‘yicni’ kiÄymi> k(v mi[rli pis[ aOiiQ) k>qn) mi>gN) Si miT[ kr[ C[?

{2} ‘si>Brtin[ ai>kvi kij[, p)>C) mir) bi[Lvi d[j[!’ kiÄyp>(ktmi> kyi[ Biv p\gT Yiy C[?

{3} k(v K[D&tni h]yin[ ‘mi[>G[ri m*lni’ Si miT[ kh[ C[?

{4} ‘adni aidm)n&> g)t’ kiÄymi> k(v kyi kyi simiºy minv)ai[ni udihrNi[ aip[ C[?

{5} ‘aipN[’ kiÄymi> ‘ki[e nh)> ji[ d(ry[ b[l)’ oiri k(v S&> kh[vi mi>g[ C[?

{6} ‘kºyi(vdiy’ kiÄymi> kºyi miT[ ‘Grn&> f(Ly&>’ S¾d Si miT[ vpriyi[ C[?

{7} ‘aipN[’ kiÄymi> k(v k[v) r)t[ (SKr cDvin) vit kr[ C[?

{8} ‘aipNi> d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r?’ kiÄymi> d&:Ki[Y) gBrie n jvi k(va[ kyi kyi udihrNi[ aip)

smjiÄy&> C[?

{9} (ctirin) ke kimg)r)Y) sit sigr an[ eºÙFn&Oini r>gi[ uGD[ C[?

{10} ‘r>gr>gmi> l)li n)jn), n)rK[ Yen[ d>g!’ p>(ktmi> p\gTti ac>bini[ Bivn[ ApOT kri[.

{11} ‘ (ctiri[’ kiÄymi> kyi kyi p\ikZ(tk tRvi[n) vit krvimi> aiv) C[?

209

pppp\\\\Ån Ån Ån Ån –––– 3333 : mi>³yi m&jb u_ir aipi[.: mi>³yi m&jb u_ir aipi[.: mi>³yi m&jb u_ir aipi[.: mi>³yi m&jb u_ir aipi[. {9}{9}{9}{9}

{1} n)c[n) kiÄyp>(ktai[ni[ rsiAvid krvi[.

ji[ea[ ni tij amn[, ji[ea[ ni rij ki[e,

Jv)a[ n[ Jvvi dea[!

{2} n)c[n) kiÄyp>(ktni Bivn[ ‘aipNi> d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r?’ kiÄymi> m¹yvt)< (vcir siY[

srKivi[.

“U>c) n)c) fyi< kr[, Jvnn) GTmiL;

Brt) a[n) ai[T C[, ai[T pC) j&viL”

{3} “d)vDi[ YrYr k>p[” kiÄyp>(ktai[ oiri k(v S) Bivni p\gT kr[ C[? smjivi[.

pppp\\\\Ån Ån Ån Ån –––– 4 {a} : n)c[ni p4 {a} : n)c[ni p4 {a} : n)c[ni p4 {a} : n)c[ni p\\\\Åni[ni a[k vikymi> jvib aipi[.Åni[ni a[k vikymi> jvib aipi[.Åni[ni a[k vikymi> jvib aipi[.Åni[ni a[k vikymi> jvib aipi[. {3}{3}{3}{3}

{1} ‘yicni’ kiÄymi> k(v m[Gmili pis[Y) k[vi> tirn) yicni kr[ C[?

{2} ‘adni aidm)n&> g)t’ kiÄymi> k(v Jvtrni[ siY) ki[n[ gNiv[ C[?

{3} ‘aipN[’ kiÄy m&jb ‘vigti[ ki>Ti[’ ni[ Si[ aY< Yiy C[?

{b} Kil) j³yi p*ri[{b} Kil) j³yi p*ri[{b} Kil) j³yi p*ri[{b} Kil) j³yi p*ri[ {4}{4}{4}{4}

{1} sjL m[G .................. Y) Si[B[ C[.

{2} ‘ (ctiri[’ kiÄymi> k(v .................. n[ (c#ikir (n$p[ C[.

{3} (ctirin) p)>C)ni lsrk[ .................. Ug) n)kL[ C[.

{4} k(v rij[ºÙ Sihn[ .................. kiÄys>g\h miT[ Xinp)q p&rAkir aipvimi> aiv[l C[.

210

p(r(SOT 5 {2p(r(SOT 5 {2p(r(SOT 5 {2p(r(SOT 5 {2}}}}

¾Ãy* (p¾Ãy* (p¾Ãy* (p¾Ãy* (p\\\\ºTºTºTºT

k|mk|mk|mk|m (vOiyvAt&ni m&dì(vOiyvAt&ni m&dì(vOiyvAt&ni m&dì(vOiyvAt&ni m&dì Biri>kBiri>kBiri>kBiri>k

1. ‘yicni’ 08 2. ‘adni aidm)n&> g)t’ 09 3. ‘aipNi d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r?’ 09 4. ‘ (ctiri[’ 08 5. ‘aipN[’ 08 6. ‘kºyi(vdiy’ 08 k&l....... 50

k|mk|mk|mk|m (vOiyvAt&ni m&dì(vOiyvAt&ni m&dì(vOiyvAt&ni m&dì(vOiyvAt&ni m&dì Biri>kBiri>kBiri>kBiri>k

1. Xin 15

2. smj/aY<g\hN 13

3. upyi[jn 07

4. rsiAvid 15

k&l....... 50

k|mk|mk|mk|m pppp\\\\Ån pÅn pÅn pÅn p\\\\kirkirkirkir pppp\\\\Åni[n) s>²yiÅni[n) s>²yiÅni[n) s>²yiÅni[n) s>²yi Biri>kBiri>kBiri>kBiri>k

1. (nb>F p\Åni[ {E} 07 21

2. T*>k jvib) p\Åni[ {S} 11 22

3. aniRmlx) p\Åni[ {O} 07 07

k&l....... 25 50

211

{(#ip(rmiN sirN)}{(#ip(rmiN sirN)}{(#ip(rmiN sirN)}{(#ip(rmiN sirN)}

- ki]>smi> aip[l ai>kDi p\Ånn) s>²yi dSi<v[ C[. - ki]>s bhir aip[l ai>kDi g&N dSi<v[ C[.

k|mk|mk|mk|m pppp\\\\Ån pÅn pÅn pÅn p\\\\kir kir kir kir → XinXinXinXin smjsmjsmjsmj upyi[gupyi[gupyi[gupyi[g rsiAvidrsiAvidrsiAvidrsiAvid k&lk&lk&lk&l k&lk&lk&lk&l

(vOiyvAt&ni> m&dì (vOiyvAt&ni> m&dì (vOiyvAt&ni> m&dì (vOiyvAt&ni> m&dì ↓ E S O E S O E S O E S O E S O 1. ‘yicni’

3 - - - 2 - - - 1 - 2 - 3 4 1 08 {1} - - - {1} - - - {1} - {1} - {1} {2} {1} {4}

2. ‘adni aidm)n&> g)t’

- 2 - - 2 - - - 2 - 3 - 3 4 2 09 - {1} - - {1} - - - {2} - {1} - {1} {2} {2} {5}

3. ‘aipNi d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r?’

3 - - - 2 - - - 1 3 - - 6 2 1 09 {1} - - - {1} - - - {1} {1} - - {2} {1} {1} {4}

4. ‘ (ctiri[’

- 2 - - 2 - - - 2 - 2 - - 6 2 08 - {1} - - {1} - - - {2} - {1} - - {3} {2} {5}

5. ‘aipN[’ 3 - - - 2 - - - 1 - 2 - 3 4 1 08 {1} - - - {1} - - - {1} - {1} - {1} {2} {1} {4}

6. ‘kºyi(vdiy’

- 2 - 3 - - - - 3 - - 6 2 - 08 - {1} - {1} - - - - {1} - - {2} {1} - {3}

k&l... 9 6 - 3 10 - - - 7 9 6 - 21 22 7 50 {3} {3} - {1} {5} - - - {7} {3} {3} - {7} {11

} {7} {25}

212

p(r(SOT 5 {3}p(r(SOT 5 {3}p(r(SOT 5 {3}p(r(SOT 5 {3} g&Ni>kn yi[jnig&Ni>kn yi[jnig&Ni>kn yi[jnig&Ni>kn yi[jni

(vOiy :(vOiy :(vOiy :(vOiy :---- g&jrit)g&jrit)g&jrit)g&jrit) Fi[rN :Fi[rN :Fi[rN :Fi[rN :---- 9999 smy : 1 kliksmy : 1 kliksmy : 1 kliksmy : 1 klik k&l g&N : 50k&l g&N : 50k&l g&N : 50k&l g&N : 50 pppp\\\\ÅnÅnÅnÅn k|mi>kk|mi>kk|mi>kk|mi>k

p[Tip[Tip[Tip[Ti k|mi>kk|mi>kk|mi>kk|mi>k

u_iru_iru_iru_ir g&Ng&Ng&Ng&N smysmysmysmy {(m(nT}{(m(nT}{(m(nT}{(m(nT}

p\-1 1 si] minv)a[ hL)mL)n[ rh[v&>-AY*L ligt) (k|yi p\Ry[ Biv ji[D) Jvv&>.

3 4 (m.

2 kºyi(vdiy p\s>g-(pyr Ci[D) sisr[ jt) d)kr)n&> vN<n biLpN viRsÃy Biv rj* kyi[< C[.

3 4 (m.

3 nin) viti[ miT[ nini-nini> d&:Ki[Y) hirvin&> nY). 3 4 (m. 4 mi[rli[, eºÙFn&Oi, sigr, m[Gmili, ritriN)n&> vN<n 3 4 (m. k&lk&lk&lk&l 12121212 16161616 (m.(m.(m.(m.

p\-r 1 aikiSmi> gDgDiT krti> vidLi[ni avij j[v) C[ miT[ 2 2 (m. 2 An[hn) Bivni Äykt Ye C[. 2 2 (m. 3 prs[vi piD)n[ d[S miT[ nvs<jn kr[ C[ miT[ 2 2 (m. 4 vNkr, K[D*t, Ki(Nyi, Klis), k(Dyi, gv]yi, r>giri 2 2 (m. 5 (vp(rt p(r(AY(t aiv[ Ryir[ ugirnirn) j$r pD[ C[. 2 2 (m. 6 f(Lyimi> rmt) hst) kºyi prN)n[ jiy C[ miT[ 2 2 (m. 7 minv)a[ Jvnmi> aipbL[ uºn(t krvin) C[ 2 2 (m. 8 sjlm[G, rit, g&lmhi[r, si[n[r) p\Bitn&> udihrN 2 2 (m. 9 (c#ikirn) f&>k oiri sigr an[ vidL$p) pi[t oiri 2 2 (m. 10 (c#ikir pi[tin[ j l)li ji[e d>g Yiy C[. 2 2 (m. 11 eºÙFn&, m[GmiLi, vidL, f&li[, j>gl, sigr 2 2 (m. k&lk&lk&lk&l 22222222 22 (m.22 (m.22 (m.22 (m.

p\-3 1 simiºy miNsn[ rij an[ tijn) j$r nY). 3 4 (m. 2 d&:Ki[ ti[ aiÄyi j krS[ pN t[n[ TiLS&>. 3 4 (m. 3 rimN d)vDi[ oiri min) v[dni vN<v) C[. 3 4 (m. k&lk&lk&lk&l 9999 12121212 (m.(m.(m.(m.

p\-4 {a}

1 v)Nini bik)ni tir b[siDvin) yicni 1 2 (m.

2 sj<nn[ Jvtrni[ six) min[ C[ 1 2 (m. 3 s>kT aiv[ ti[ t[n[ d*r kr)n[ aigL vFv&> 1 2 (m. k&lk&lk&lk&l 3333 6666 (m.(m.(m.(m.

p\-4 {b}

1 m[GFn&Oy 1 1 (m.

2 eÅvr 1 1 (m. 3 j>gli[ 1 1 (m. 4 ¹v(n 1 1 (m. k&lk&lk&lk&l 4444 4 (m.4 (m.4 (m.4 (m.

213

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{1} {1} {1} {1} yicniyicniyicniyicni

---- zv[rc>d m[Gzv[rc>d m[Gzv[rc>d m[Gzv[rc>d m[GiN)iN)iN)iN)

mi[rli hi[ ! m&>n[ Yi[D) GD)

tiri[ aip aOiiQ)li[ k>q :

Ki[viy[l) vidL)n[ h&>

C[Ãl) vir sid piD) lu>.

eºÙFn& ! tiri r>g-Fi[Fi[mi>Y)

a[k mi>g&> l)l&> b&ºd :

si>Brti>n[ ai>kvi d[j[ !

p)>C) mir) bi[Lvi d[j[ !

m[Gmili ! tiri liK tiri[mi>Y)

K[>cvi d[ a[k tir :

b[siD)n[ s*r bik)ni

piC) si[>p) d]S h&> v)Ni.

Gi[r (s>F& ! tiri v)>jNin&> nin&>

aipj[ a[k kÃli[l :

h]y&> a[k n)>d(vhi[N&>

Bil[ a[n[ viyri[ Qi[L&>.

ritriN) ! tiri zikzmiLn&>

mir[ nY) ki>e kim :

giQ a>Fkir-pC[Di

ai[QiD) d[ U>Gn) v[Li.

{'y&gv>dni’ mi>Y)}

214

{2} {2} {2} {2} adni aidm)n&> g)tadni aidm)n&> g)tadni aidm)n&> g)tadni aidm)n&> g)t

- p\h`lid pir[K

adni t[ aidm) Cea[,

hi[ Bie, am[ adni t[ aidm) Cea[.

ziz&> ti[ m*>gi rh)a[, hi[ Bie.

mi[Ti t[ aidm)n) vit&> bh& si>BL), r[

j&gni t[ j&g a[mi> v)Ryi;

Yiy[ C[ aij a[v&>, nin)-S) vit C[ j[

h]y[ amir[, kh) dea[, hi[ Bie.

vAtrni vNniri, K[trni K[Dniri,

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hi[D)ni hi>kniri, mirgni bi>Fniri,

g)ti[ni ginir Yea[,

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Cea[ rcniri am[ Cea[ GDniri,

t[ s>hirn) vit&> nh)> sh)a[;

Frt)ni jiyini> kiyi n[ h]yi>n[

mi[>G[ri> m*lni> kh)a[,

-h[ J a[n[ k[m kr)n[ avgN)a[ ! hi[ Bie.

ji[ea[ ni tij amn[, ji[ea[ ni rij ki[e,

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Jvtrni[ siY) C[, sj<n amiri[ :

nh)> mi[tni hiYi Yea[,

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{'bir) bhir’ mi>Y)}

215

{3} {3} {3} {3} aipNi d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r ?aipNi d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r ?aipNi d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r ?aipNi d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r ?

- rij[ºÙ Sih

Bie r[, aipNi d&:Kn&> k[Tl&> ji[r ?

nin) a[v) jitk vitni[ mcv)a[ n(h Si[r.


Birn&> vihn ki[N bn) rh[ n(h al*Nn&> kim,

aipN ti[ bDBig), Km)rn&> aij gviy r[ gin,

sjl m[Fn) Sil p[ si[h[ r>gFn&Pn) ki[r.


jlBr) Øg sigr p[K[, hst) kmLf*l,

ki[kD&> C[ pN r[Smn&> a[n&> z)N&> vNiy d&k*l :

(n(bD ritni> kijL piCL p\gT[ ar&N Bi[r.


aipN[ ni k>E r>k, Byi[<Byi[< mi>Hli[ ki[S apir,

aivvi di[ j[n[ aivv&>, aipN[ m*lvS&> (nrFir :

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{'¹v(n’ mi>Y)}

216

{4} {4} {4} {4} (ctiri[(ctiri[(ctiri[(ctiri[

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ajb (mlivT kr)

(ctir[ r>g¼yil)ai[ Br) !

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Tpk[ Tpk[ f*T) n)kÇyi

Frt) prY) ¼hiD !

GÍ n)(lmi nr).

jrik K>K[r) p)>C) Ryi>

f*ln[ lig) Ci>T;

f*>k mirti> f[liyi Si

sigr sit afiT !

jlr>g[ jlpr) !

l*Cti> vidLpi[t[ UGDyi

eºÙFn&ni r>g,

r>gr>gmi> l)li (njn)

n)rK[ Yen[ d>g !

c)tr[ fr) fr) !

{'sg<’ mi>Y)}

217

{5} {5} {5} {5} aipN[ aipN[ aipN[ aipN[ - h(st b*c

sh&n) siY[ mirg Fi[r)

cilS&> ah)>, Bie !

sh&mi> BL), sh&ni Ye,

ÀhilS&> ah)> Bie !

aipN&> TiN&> ji[en[, k[D)

Q*>QS&> nv), Bie !

ki[e nh)> ji[ d(ry[ b[l) ;

D*bS&> nh)>, Bie !

d&(nyi d)p[, d)pS&> agr

aipN[ jit[, Bie !

f*l Kr[, ti[ r&(dyi[ Br)

z*mS&> ah)>, Bie !

vigti[ ki>Ti[ aLgi[ kr)

G*mS&> ah)>, Bie !

pg mÇyi, ti[ cDS&> (SKr

aipN[ jit[; Bie !

sh&ni, ti[y[ aipNi rh)

cilS&> ah)>, Bie !

mirg Fi[r), viT ak[l);

ÀhilS&> ah)>, Bie !

{'a>tg<t’ mi>Y)}

218

{6} {6} {6} {6} kºyi(vdiykºyi(vdiykºyi(vdiykºyi(vdiy

- a(nl ji[S)

sm)si>jni[ Qi[l Qb*kti[ jin UGlt) Àhil[.

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pidr b[s) ffD) Uqt)

Grci[Lin) Bit

D*sk[ D*sk[ hDs[lit)

biLpNin) vit.

p]D&> s)>cti rAti[ aiKi[

ki[lihlmi> K*>p[

S]SvY) c)tr[l) S[r)

s*nkirmi>> D*b[.

jin vLiv) piCi[ vLti[

d)vDi[ YrYr k>p[

KDk) pis[ UBi[ rh)n[

ajviLin[ z>K[.

sm)si>jni[ Qi[l Qb*kti[ jin UGlt) Àhil[;

k[s(ryiLi[ sifi[ Grn&> f(Ly&> len[ cil[.

{'kdic’ mi>Y)}

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