m.g.suresh
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
synopsisTRANSCRIPT
vk;.[p.RNu\pd; GidTfspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; Wfs;
gpd;mwpTj;
etPdj;Jtk;
vd;gJ
ifahs;tjw;fhd jhk;
trjp
fUjpNa
xw;iwg;
ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. kw;wgb mJ xw;iwj; jd;ik nfhz;l jj;JtNkh JiwNah my;y. jj;Jtq;fs; Mdhy; gpd; fz;lile;j nka;k;ikfis vd;W KbGfshf Kd;itf;fpd;wd. etPdj;Jtk; nka;k;ikfs;
ek;gg;gLgitfis mZFtjw;fhd mZFKiwfis kl;LNk Kd;itf;fpwJ. gpd; etPdj;Jtk; vd;gJ xUtpj Iathjk; (Skepticism). mJ vy;yhtw;wpd;kPJk; re;Njfk; nfhs;fpwJ. ,Wjpahfj; jd;kPJk; re;Njfk; nfhs;fpwJ. KbGfspd; xw;iwj; jd;ikahy; tpisAk; ikak;> tpspk;G vd;fpw vjpu;ikf;Fk; mjd; tpisthf cUthFk; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; njhlu;e;j ciuahliy epfo;j;JfpwJ. mWgJfs; njhlq;fpg; gy vjpuhfg; gpd; etPdj;Jtk; jdJ
jj;Jt
tpku;rfu;fSk;>
gy;fiyf;fofg;
Nguhrpupau;fSk;> Ma;thsu;fSk; gpd; etPdj;Jt Nehf;fpy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Ma;Tfis epfo;j;jpAs;sdu;. jkpo;r; rpe;jidj; jsj;jpYk; fle;j ,UgJ Mz;Lfspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtk; fzprkhd gq;fspg;igr; nra;Js;sJ. jw;Nghija R+oypy; Ma;T khztu;fSk; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtj;ijg; nghUj;jpg; ghu;g;gJ> gpd; etPdj;Jt ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gFj;jhuha;tJ Kjyhd Nfhzq;fspy; Ma;Tfis epfo;j;jp tUfpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa Ma;Tfspd; njhlu;r;rpahfNt vk;.[p.RNu\pd; GidTfspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfs; vd;Dk; ,t;tha;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
Ma;Tj; jiyg;Gj; Nju;Tfle;j ,UgJ Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhfj; jkpopy; gpd; etPdj;Jtj;jpd; gq;fspg;G fzprkhd mstpy; epfo;e;JtUfpwJ. vdNt ,yf;fpa Ma;thsu;fs; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gpd; etPdj;Jtj;jpd; gq;fspg;G Fwpj;Jg; Ngr Ntz;ba NjitAk; jkpo;r; R+oypy; mjpfupj;J tUfpwJ. Vw;fdNt M.G+kpr;nry;tk;> gh.nry;tFkhu; Kjyhd rpy Ma;thsu;fs; gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfisAk;
gpd;etPdj;Jtf; epiyapy; epiyapy;
ftpijfisAk;
nghJ
epiyapy;
Ma;Tf;F
cl;gLj;jptpl;l
gpd; etPdj;Jt vOj;jhsu;fspy; xt;nthU vOj;jhsiuAk; jdp vLj;Jf;nfhz;L Ez;zha;Tf;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;ba Njit
,t;tha;tpd;NghJ czug;gl;lJ. Xu; vOj;jhsu; jhNd jd;Dila GidTfis ,d;d jd;ikad vd;W cupik NfhUk;nghOJ mit mg;gbahditjhdh vd;W Ma;T nra;aNtz;ba Njit ,yf;fpa Ma;thsu;fshy; gpd; czug;gLfpwJ. etPdj;Jtf; gl;Ls;sd vk;.[p.RNu\; ve;nje;j Nehf;f jd;Dila tpjj;jpy; Ntz;ba GidTfs; gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfs; vd;W cupik NfhuptUk; epiyapy; mtUila GidTfspy; $Wfs; cw;W vt;ntt;tplj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg; vd;gij
Njit ,t;tha;tpd;NghJ czug;gl;lJ. jkpo;g; gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfspy; vk;.[p.RNu\pd; GidTfs; kw;w
vOj;jhsu;fspd;
GidTfspypUe;J
NtWgl;litahf
tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
jkpopy;
kw;w gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfSf;F ,y;yhj thrf neUf;fKk; vspikAk; vk;.[p.RNu\pd; GidTfSf;F cz;L. gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidT Fwpj;J tpsf;Fk; tpku;rfu;fs; ,ilg;gl;l Fwpg;gpLtu;. milahsk; tifikapy; mJ kj;jpk jPtpu ,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fk; ,aq;Fk; gpd; mtuJ gz;gpdjhfj; jkpopy; jkpopy; etPdj;Jt GidTfs; [d uQ;rf ,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fk; vd;gjhff; GidTfis vd;Dk; ,q;Ff; Ma;T jsj;jpy; ,ilepiy ,yf;fpak;
,j;jifa fhzyhk;.
vk;.[p.RNu\pd; mwptpay; cz;L jdpj;j
GidT epiyapy;
vk;.[p.RNu\_f;Fj;
jdpaplk;
vd;gJk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,t;tifapy; nra;aj; jFjpAilad. ,jw;F Kd;Ng
vk;.[p.RNu\pd;
ehty;fis
kl;Lk;
Ma;Tf;fskhff;
nfhz;L K.\u;kpsh Njtp vd;Dk; Ma;thsu; jdJ Ma;it epfo;j;jpAs;shu; vd;wNghJk; mtu; etPdj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; kl;LNk mt;tha;it epfo;j;jpAs;shu;. Nkw;fz;l fhuzq;fshy; vk;.[p.RNu\pd; GidTfspy; fhzg;gLk; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfisg; gFj;jha Ntz;ba Njit czug;gl;lJ. ,jd;
mbg;gilapNyNa
,t;tha;Ntl;bw;F
vk;.[p.RNu\pd;
GidTfspy;
gpd;
etPdj;Jtf; $Wfs; vd;Dk; jiyg;G Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nehf;fq;fs;1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. gpd; etPdj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilf;$Wfis vLj;Jiug;gJ gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfspd; gz;G eyd;fis tpsf;FtJ jkpopy; gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfspd; Nghf;Ffs; Mfpatw;iwj; njhFj;Jiug;gJ jkpo; ,yf;fpar; R+oypy; vk;.[p.RNu\pd; tuyhW> jd;ikfs;> tpsf;fp
gq;fspg;ig
vk;.[p.RNu\; vOjpa gpujpfis mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ vk;.[pRNu\; ehty;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfisg; gFj;J tpsf;FtJ vk;.[p.RNu\; rpWfijfspy; fhzyhFk; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfisg; gFj;J tpsf;FtJ
Mfpait ,t;tha;tpd; Nehf;fq;fshf mikfpd;wd.
Ma;T Kd;Ndhbfs;jkpo;g; gpd; gug;gpy; mikg;gpaypd; R+oYf;Fg; mwpKfj;ij GidTfs; xl;bNa mjw;Fg; gpwfhd Nfhl;ghLfspd; tUif epfo;e;jJ. Vwj;jho njhz;Z}Wfspd; Kd; gFjpapy; etPdj;Jtk; jkpo;r; %ykhfTk; my;GidTfs; %ykhfTk; mwpKfkhfptpl;lJ. ,jpy; jkpotd;> uNk\; - gpNuk; MfpNahupd; gq;fspg;G Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. m.khu;f;];> utpf;Fkhu;> Nehay; N[hrg; ,Ujauh[;> f.G+uzr;re;jpud;> e.Kj;JNkhfd;> vk;.[p.RNu\; KjyhNdhu; gpd; etPdj;Jtk; Fwpj;j ciuahliy epfo;j;jpatu;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;batu;fs;. jkpopy; gpd; etPdj;Jtk; Fwpj;J mwpKfk; nra;j tifapy; uNk\; - gpNukpd; jd;dpiy gw;wpa mu;j;j kWg;G: gpd; etPdj;Jtk; jlk; fhl;Lk; gpur;rpidfs;> Nehay; N[hrg; ,Ujauh[pd; gpd; ,af;fj;jpypUe;J Ml;lj;Jf;F murpay; Mfpa vd;Dk; fl;LiufSk; rpW E}Yk; m.khu;f;]pd; ngupJk; etPdj;Jtk; ,yf;fpak;
vk;.[p.RNu\pd; gpd; etPdj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d vd;Dk; E}Yk; ,t;tha;Tf;Fg; Jiz GupgitahFk;. nkhopngau;g;ghf ntspte;jtw;wpy; Nfhgpre;j;
ehuq;fpd; mikg;Gikathjk; gpd; mikg;gpay; kw;Wk; fPiof; fhtpa ,ay; E}y; kpFe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fl;Liufs; tha;e;jjhFk;. rpytw;iw utpf;Fkhu; gpd; etPdj;Jtr; jkpopy; rpe;jidahsu;fspd; nkhopngau;j;jpUf;fpwhu;.
gpd;etPdj;Jt ciuahlYf;fhd gq;fspg;Gfisj; jkpo;ehl;by; kl;Lkpd;wp gpd; etPdj;Jt Nehf;fpy; kWthrpg;G ,yf;fpaq;fs; (2011) vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; gh.Fkhu; vd;gtu; Nfhak;Gj;J}u; fw;gfk; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpYk; Kidtu; gl;l Ma;NtLfisr; rku;g;gpj;Js;sdu;. XupU ,sKidtu; gl;l Ma;NtLfSk; gpd;dtPdj;Jt Nehf;fpy; epfo;j;jg;gl;Ls;sd. gpd; ,Jtiu etPdj;Jtg; jkpopy; GidTfspd; gz;Geyd;fis nkl;lh/gpf;\d; Fwpj;J tpsf;Fk; ve;j E}Yk; kha
ntsptutpy;iy.
(metafiction)> XupU
ajhu;j;jthjk;
(magical realism)
Kjyhdit
fl;LiufNs A
ntspte;Js;sd. ,e;epiyapy; ypz;lh `l;r;rd; (Linda Hutcheon) vOjpa
Poetics Of Postmodernism : History, Theory, Fiction> gpiud; nkf;fhy; (Brain McHall) vOjpa Postmodernist Fiction> gpuhd; epfhy; (Bran Nicol) vOjpa The
Cambridge Introduction To Postmodern Fiction Mfpa E}y;fs; ,t;tha;tpy; gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fg; ngupJk; Jiznra;tdtha; mike;Js;sd. vk;.[p.RNu\; njhlu;ghd rpy fl;LiufSk; jpwdha;Tf; fUj;JUf;fSk; ahu; me;j ml;yhz;b]; kdpjDk; kw;Wk; rpyUk; vd;Dk; ngaupy; rpW ntspaPlhf te;Js;sd. vk;.[p.RNu\; ehty;fspy; gilg;ghf;fj; jpwd; (2008) vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Nfhit G+.rh.Nfh. K.\u;kpshNjtp vd;Dk; Ma;thsu; jdJ fiy mwptpay; fy;Y}upapy; Ma;Ntl;ilr; rku;g;gpj;Js;shu;.
mt;tha;NtL vk;.[p.RNu\pd;; ehty;fis kl;Lk; fzf;fpy; nfhs;tjhfTk; mtw;iw etPdj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; mZFtjhfTk; cs;sJ. Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yg;gl;l ,itNaad;wp ,d;Dk; epiwa juTfSk; ,t;tha;Tf;fhd Kd;Ndhbfshf ,Ue;J Jiz nra;Js;sd. mit Jiz E}w;gl;baypy; njhFj;Jj; jug;gl cs;sd.
Ma;T tiuaiwvk;.[p.RNu\pd; E}y;fspy; GidTfNs ,q;F Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg; gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws;; ml;yhz;b]; kdpjd; kw;Wk; rpyUld; ehtYk; mjd; gpwF te;j GidTfSNk gpd; etPdj;Jt ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghLfis mbnahl;b vOjg;gl;bUg;gjhf E}yhrpupauhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mtUila ml;yhz;b]; kdpjd; kw;Wk; rpyUld; vd;Dk; ehty; 1999 - Mk; Mz;L ntspte;jJ. Mifahy; me;j ehtYk; mjw;Fg; gpwF ntspte;j ehty;fs;> rpWfijfs; Mfpa GidTfSNk ,t;tha;Tf;fhd tiuaiwf;Fs; mlf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Ma;T %yq;fs;vk;.[p.RNu\pd; gpd; etPdj;Jt ehty;fshf mwpag;gLk; ml;yhz;b]; kdpjd; kw;Wk; rpyUld;> mnyf;]hz;lUk; xU Nfhg;igj; NjdPUk;> rpye;jp> ANufh vd;nwhU efuk;> 37 Mfpa Ie;J ehty;fSk; mtuJ rkPgj;jpa
rpWfijj; njhFg;ghd mte;jpfhtpd; jw;nfhiyf;F MW fhuzq;fs; vd;Dk; rpWfij E}Yk; ,t;tha;Tf;F Kjd;ik %yq;fshf mikfpd;wd. vk;.[p.RNu\pd; gpw E}y;fs; kw;Wk; gpuRupf;fg;glhj fl;Liufs;> mtUila GidTfs; Fwpj;j tpku;rdf; fl;Liufs;> Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs;> Ma;NtLfs;> gpd; etPdj;Jt mwpKf E}y;fs;> Ma;T E}y;fs;> ,iza gpd; etPdj;Jtr; tiyg;G+f;fs;> Mjhuq;fshf rpe;jidahsu;fspd; fl;Liufs;> mtu;fisg; gw;wpa mwpKfq;fs;> tpku;rdq;fs;> Mtzg;glq;fs;> ,izajsq;fs; mikfpd;wd. ,itad;wp Mfpait mr;rpjo;fs;> ,jo;fs;> ,t;tha;Tf;Fj; Jizik
fUJNfhs;1. vk;.[p.RNu\; jdJ ehty;fspy; gad;gLj;jpapUg;gjhff; $Wk; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $WfSf;Fk; mtuJ ehty;fspy; ifahsg; gl;bUf;Fk; $WfSf;Fk; ,ilNa NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 2. vk;.[p.RNu\pd; rpWfijfs; gpd; etPdj;Jt ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghLfisg; gpd;gw;wp vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. Mfpa fUJNfhs;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,t;tha;T mikfpwJ.
Ma;T mZFKiwcyf mstpy; gpd; etPdj;Jtk; Njhw;wk; ngw;W tsu;e;j tuyhW> jkpopy; mJ fhy; nfhz;ltpjk; Mfpait ,t;tha;Ntl;by; Ngrg;gltpUg;gjhy; mjw;F tuyhw;W mZFKiw NjitahfpwJ. gpd; etPdj;Jtj;jpd; tiuaiwfs;> mbg;gilf;$Wfs;> gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfspd; gz;G eyd;fs;> vk;.[p.RNu\; vOjpa gpujpfspd; jd;ikfs; Mfpait tpsf;fg;gltpUg;gjhy; mjw;F tpsf;fKiwj; jpwdha;T mtrpakhfpwJ. vk;.[p.RNu\pd; ehty;fs; kw;Wk; rpWfijfspd; fhzyhFk; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfis xg;GNehf;fp gFj;J Ma;T nra;atpUg;gjhy; xg;gha;T mZFKiwAk; etPdj;Jt mZFKiwAk; mtrpakhfpd;wd. gFg;gha;T mZFKiwAk; gpd;
Ma;T mikg;GKiwKd;Diu KbTiuNahL Nru;jJ ; ,t;tha;T VO ,ay;fshfg; gpupf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Kd;Diu gpd; etPdj;Jtk; tuyhWk; tpsf;fq;fSk; jkpopy; gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfs; vk;.[p.RNu\_k; mtuJ gpujpfSk; vk;.[p.RNu\; ehty;fspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfs; vk;.[p.RNu\; rpWfijfspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfs; KbTiu
,ay; - 1: Kd;Diu,t;tpaypy; Ma;Tj; jiyg;Gj; Nju;T> Ma;T Nehf;f q;fs;> Ma;T Ma;T Kd;Ndhbfs;> Ma;T tiuaiw> Ma;T %yq;fs;> fUJNfhs;> mZFKiw> Ma;T mikg;G Kiw Mfpa nra;jpfs; jug;gl cs;sd.
,ay; - 2: gpd; etPdj;Jtk; - tuyhWk; tpsf;fq;fSk;etPdfhyk; njhopy; Gul;rpapd; fhyk; vd;Wk; gpd; etPd fhyk; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; fhyk; vd;Wk; milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. tho;tpay;> fiy> ,yf;fpak;> jj;Jtk; Kjyhd ve;j xd;wpd; kPJk; re;Njfthj ,ilNaLfis epfo;j;Jfpw mwpTj; njhFg;ghf> mZFKiwahf ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; gFjpapy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;l xd;Nw gpd; etPdj;Jtk; vd;gjhFk;. ,J jhd;ik (self) kw;wik (other) vd;Dk; jd;ikapd; ,Uik ek;gfj; vjpu;TfSf;fpilapyhd jd;ikiaf; Fiyj;J Kuz;fisf; fisjy;> xw;iwj;
gd;ikj;Jtj;ij Kd;nkhopjy; vd;Dk; epiyfspy; mjpfhuj;jpw;nfjpuhd ciuahliy epfo;j;Jk; gz;gpdjha; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,jd;%yk; ikaq;fspd; rkepiyiaf; Fiyj;J tpspk;GfSf;F Mjuthd epiyg;ghl;il Kd;nkhopfpwJ. gpd; etPdj;Jtj;jpd; Njhw;wk; Fwpj;Jg; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs; epyTfpd;wd. gpd; etPdj;Jtk; vd;Dk; nrhy; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g fhyj;jpNyNa Gof;fj;jpw;F te;Jtpl;ljhf tpku;rfu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;. gpd; etPdj;Jtk;
Njhw;wk;
ngw;wJ
fl;blf;
fiyapy;jhd;
vd;gu;.
uhngu;l;
ntz;Lup
(Robert
ventury) vd;Dk; fl;blf; fiy epGzu; Kjy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; fl;blf; fiy epGzuhf mwpag;gLfpwhu;. ,Ue;jNghJk; ypNahjhupd; gpd; etPdj;Jt epiyik : mwptpd; kPjhd Xu; mwpf;if (Postmodern Condition: A Report On Knowledge) vd;Dk; E}y; ntspte;jgpwNf gpd; etPdj;Jtk; gutyhff; ftdk; ngw;wjhfj; njupfpwJ. mikg;gpaypd; Nghjhik czug;gl;l fhyj;jpy; gpd; mikg;gpay;
Njhd;wpaJ. xl;Lnkhj;jkhf etPdj;Jtj;jpd; Nghjhik czug;gl;l fhyj;jpy; gpd; etPdj;Jtk; Njhd;wpaJ. Vwj;jho ,uz;Lk; xNu fhyfl;lj;jpy; epfo;e;jJ. Nghfg;Nghf gpd; etPdj;Jtk; gpd; mikg;gpaypd; $Wfisj; jdf;Fs; nrupj;Jf; nfhz;likahy; Nuhyhd; ghu;j;> ohf; njupjh> kpN\y; /G+f;Nfh Kjyhd gpd; mikg;gpay; thjpfNs gpd;G gpd; etPdj;Jt thjpfnsdTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lhu;fs;. ,tu;fNsad;wp ohf; yf;fhd;> njY}]; - fj;jhup> ohd; /gpuhd;Rth ypNahjhu;> ohd; nghj;upah> [_ypah fpup];Njhth KjyhNdhUk; gpd; etPdj;Jtj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspj;j Kjy;tu;fnsd mwpag;gl;lhu;fs;. gpd; etPdj;Jt %ytu;fshf mwpag;gLk; rpe;jidahsu;fSk;$l Kd;G khu;f] ; pa thjpfshfNth mikg;gpay; thjpfshfNth ,Ue;jtu;fs;jhd;. Fwpg;gpl;l fhyr; R+oypy; mtu;fs; rhu;e;jpUe;j rpe;jidj; jsq;fspd; Nghjhik czug;gl;lNghJ gue;j epiyapy; mtu;fs; vOg;gpa tpthjq;fNs gpd;G gpd; etPdj;Jt mwpTj; njhFg;ghf mwpag;gl;ld. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; ePlN ; \ flTspd; kuzj;ij mwptpj;jjpypUe;Nj gpd;etPdj;Jtk; fzf;fplg;gLtJz;L. mtu; flTspd; kuzj;ij mwptpj;j gpwF Nuhyd; ghu;j; Mrpupadpd; kuzj;ij mwptpj;jJk; ohd; nghj;upah cz;ikapd; kuzj;ij mwptpj;jJk; epfo;e;jd. kpN\y; /G+f;Nfh mwptjpfhuj;jpw;nfjpuhd ciuahliy epfo;j;jpdhu;. ohf; njupjh rpijthf;fj;ij mwpKfg; gLj;jpdhu;. njY}]; - fj;jhup iuN]hik Kd;itj;jhu;fs;. ,g;gbahfg; gpd; etPdj;Jtk; 1960 - fspypUe;J 1980 - fSf;Fs;shf Nkw;fpd; rpe;jidg; Nghf;ifNa jpUg;gpg; Nghl;bUe;jJ. gpd; etPdj;Jt %ytu;fnsd mwpag;gl;ltu;fs; xU trjpf;fhf xNu js
rl;lfj;jpw;Fs; itj;J mwpag;gLfpwhu;fNsjtpu mtu;fSf;Fs; epiwa NtWghLfSk; cs; Kuz;ghLfSk; cz;L vd;gJk; ftdj;jpw;FupaJ.
jkpopy; njhz;Z}Wfspd; Muk;gj;jpy; mwpKfkhd gpd; etPdj;Jtk; Vwj;jho ,UgJ Mz;Lfspy; rpWgj;jpupf;ifr; R+oypy; Ngrg;gLk; tp\akhfTk;> fle;j gj;jhz;Lfspd; xl;Lnkhj;j jkpo;g; Gidfij tuyhw;wpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpahfTk;> gy;fiyf;fof Ma;Tf;F cl;gLk; Nfhl;ghlhfTk; gad;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,g;gbahf> gpd; etPdj;Jtk; tuyhWk; tpsf;fq;fSk; vd;Dk; ,t;tpaypy; etPdj;Jtj;jpd; tiuaiwfs;> Njhw;wg; gpd;dzpfs;> tuyhW> gpd;
gpd;
etPdj;Jtr; rpe;jidahsu;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; Mfpait ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. jkpo;r; R+oypy; fle;j ,UgJ Mz;Lfspy; GidTfspYk; my; -GidTfspYk; gpd; etPdj;Jtk; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fKk; RUf;fkhf vLj;Jiuf;fg; gLfpwJ.
,ay; - 3: gpd; etPdj;JtKk; jkpo;g; GidTfSk;fij nrhy;yp thrfiug; ghu;itahsuhf Kd;dpUj;jpa Ke;ija kuGfSf;nfjpuhfg; gpd;etPdj;Jtk; thrfiug; gq;Nfw;ghsuhf Mf;fpaJ. ,jd; %yk; thrf Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd rhj;jpaq;fis mJ epfo;j;jpaJ. KOikj; jd;ikAk; xw;iwj; jd;ikAk; nfhz;ltw;iwg;
ngUq;fijahly; vd;W tifg;gLj;jpdhu; ypNahjhu;. gpd; etPdj;Jt ,yf;fpak; mjw;nfjpuhfr; rpjWz;l> gd;ikj; jd;ik nfhz;l> ikak; fiyf;fg;gl;l FWq;fijahliy Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. gpd;etPdj;Jtg; GidT ntWk; fij nrhy;yy; vd;gjpd; kPJ mtek;gpf;if nfhz;ljha; mij kPwpa Ntnwhd;whfg; gupzkpf;fpwJ. mjdhy; mJ fiction vd;Dk; epiyiaf; fle;J metafiction vd;Dk; epiyia milfpwJ. Metafiction : Theory And Practice Of Self-Concious Fiction vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpa ghl;uPrpah thf; (patricia waugh) nkl;lh/gpf;\d; vd;gijj; jd;tpopg;G epiy nfhz;l GidT vd;gjhf tiuaWf;fpwhu;. mJ kPfijahf> vjpu; ehtyhf> ajhu;j;jj;jpw;F vjpuhdjhf ,d;Dk; gytifahf mikAk; vd;gjhfTk; mtu; njuptpf;fpwhu;.
gpd;
etPdj;Jtg;
GidTfs;
Gjpjhd
vLj;Jiug;ig
epfo;j;Jtijf;
fhl;bYk; Kd;gpUe;j xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l $Wfis xd;wpizg;gjpd; %yk; jdJ fij nrhy;yiyr; rhj;jpakhf;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wd. ,jd;%yk; etPdj;Jtf; fij nrhy;yiyAk; mjw;F Kd;gpUf;Fk; nuhkhz;brp]k; Nghd;w NtW VNjh xd;wpd; fij nrhy;yiyAk; ,izj;J xU tbtj;ij miljy; my;yJ fij nrhy;yiyAk; fijf;F rk;ke;jkpy;yhj NtnwhU Jiwapd; $WfisAk; ,izj;J xU tbtj;ij miljy; vd;gjhfj; jk; fij nrhy;yypd; rhj;jpag;ghl;il mit tpupj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd. ,J fjk;gg; gpujpahf;fk; (Pastiche) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Kf;fpakhfg; Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wd. (Parody) etPdj;Jtk; gpd;etPdj;Jtg; gpujpfs; Kuz; eifia (Irony)
tpisahl;Lj;jd;ikAk; jd;id fijfs;
(Playfullness)> tbtikj;Jf; xNu
gfbj;jd;ikAk; gpd; itj;J rpijitf;
nfhz;litahfj; mwpitAk; etPdj;Jtf;
nfhs;fpd;wd. kdr;
mjpfhuj;ijAk;
Neu;f;Nfhl;by;
mZFtjhy; gpd; nfhz;lhLfpd;wd. gpd;etPdj;Jtg;
mtw;Wf;nfjpuhf
GidT
vd;gJ
fijahf
,aq;Ftjd;wp
tpku;rdr;
nray;ghlhfTk; ,aq;Fk; jd;ikaJ. ,J GidT tpku;rdk; (Ficto - Criticism) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ajhu;j;jk; vd;W ek;gg;gLgtw;wpd;kPJ ek;gpf;ifapoe;j epiyapy; gpd; etPdj;Jtk; kha ajhu;j;jthjj;ijj; jdf;fhd fij nrhy;yyhf cupik nfhs;fpwJ. tuyhnwd;gNj Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; Mjhuq;fspd;kPJ fl;lg;gl;l GidT jhd; vd;fpwJ gpd;etPdj;Jtk;. Mifahy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; fijnrhy;ypfs; nrhy;yg;gl;l twyhWfSf;nfjpuhf NtW rpy rhj;jpaq;fspy; mNj tuyhw;iwg; Gidthf;Ffpd;wdu;. ,J ntWk; tuyhw;W ehty; vd;Dk; epiyiaj; jhz;b nrhy;yg;gl;l tuyhw;wpd;kPjhd tpku;rdg; gfbahf mikfpwJ. ypz;lh `l;r;rd; ,jid histeriographic metafiction vd;W milahsg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
gd;Kff;;
Nfhl;ghL
(Cubism)
Kjyhd
etPdf;
Nfhl;ghLfs;
rhj;jpaq;fspd; vy;iyfis mfyg;gLj;Jtjhy; mtw;wpd; %yKk; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; fijfs; vOjg;gLfpd;wd. gpd; etPdj;Jt mwptpay; GidT (Postmodern Science Fiction) vd;DnkhU GidT tifikAk; cz;L. ,J fzpdp Afj;jpw;fhd fijahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Kf;fpakhfg; gpd;etPdj;Jtf; fijfs; Kd; tpku;rdg; gfbahfTk; Kuz;eifahfTk; mikfpw ,Uf;fpwJ. jkpopy; njhz;Z}Wfspd; Muk;gj;jpy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; fijfis nrhy;y;g;gw;wtw;wpd;kPjhd epiyapy; gy;gpujpj;Jtk;
(Intertextuality) vd;gJ gpd; etPdg;gpujpfspy; mjpf mstpy; gad;gLk; xd;whf
vOjpatu;fs; jkpotd;> uNk\; - gpNuk; MfpNahu; Mtu;. ,tu;fisj; njhlu;e;J vk;.b.Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp> jp.fz;zd; Kjyhd rpyu; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; fijfis vOj Muk;gpj;jdu;. rhU epNtjpjh fyhr;rhu mjpu;r;rp epiwe;j Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gpd;etPdj;Jtg; gpe;ija GidTfis Muk;g rhb]j;jpd; fhyj;jpy; vOjpdhu; vdpDk; mtuJ GidTfspy; ntspg;ghl;ilNa fhzKbfpwJ.
,tu;fNsad;wp vk;.[p.RNu\; fle;j gj;jhz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;igr; nra;JtUfpwhu;. gh.ntq;fNlrd; gpd; fhydpa ciuahly;fis epfo;j;Jk; fijfis vOjptUfpwhu;. kpfr;rkPgj;jpy; uhftd; fij$wypd; rhj;jpag;ghLfisg; gupNrhjpf;Fk; gpd;etPdj;Jtf; fijfis
vOjpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. ,itNaad;wp cyf mstpyhd gpd; etPdj;Jtf; fijfSk; jkpopy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. gpuk;kuh[d; Nghu;N`tpd; fijfis nkhopngau;j;jJ ,tw;Ws; Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;ba xd;whFk;. ,uz;lhapuj;jpw;Fg; gpwF jkpo;f; fij nrhy;yypy; ngupa khw;wq;fisf; fhz Neu;fpwJ. gpd; etPdj;Jtf; fij nrhy;ypfshfj; njhlu;e;J ,aq;fhj ngUk;ghyhd vOj;jhsu;fs; rkfhyj; jkpo;g; gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfisAk; Nkw;fj;jpag; GidTfisAk; gbg;gjd; tpisthf mt;tg;NghJ gpd; etPdj;Jtf; fijfis vOjpg;ghu;f;fpd;wdu;.
gpd; etPdj;Jtk; vd;gJ murpay; epfo;T. fyfj; jd;ik nfhz;ldTk;> tbt vy;iyfis kPWgitAkhfg; gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidT vd;Dk; tifik cUg;ngw;wJk; ,j;jifa murpay; epfo;tpd; Jizr; nray;ghLjhd;. MdhYk; gpd;etPdj;Jtg;GidTfis nray;ghlhfg; ghu;f;fpwhuh vOj tUk; fjhrpupau; mjid murpay; my;yJ ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghlhfg; ghu;f;fpwhuh ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ
vd;gijg; nghWj;J fijfspd; Nghf;Fk; khwf;$bajhf ,q;Ff; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba xd;whFk;. ,j;ijfa ,t;tpaypy; etPdj;Jtg; gpd;Gyj;jpy; jkpopy; gpd; etPdj;Jtg;
GidTfs;
vd;Dk;
gpd; etPdj;Jtf; fijfspd; gz;G eyd;fs;> jkpopy; gpd; GidT Kaw;rpfs; Mfpait tpsf;fg; gLfpd;wd. jkpo;g;
GidTfspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtj;t ntspg;ghl;bd; rhj;jpag;ghLfSk; mjd; gpd; tpisTfSk; ,t;tpaypy; tpupthf Muhag;gl cs;sd.
,ay; - 4: vk;.[p.RNu\_k; mtuJ gpujpfSk;1953 - Mk; Mz;L gpwe;j vk;.[p.RNu\; vOgJfspypUe;Nj jkpo;r; R+oypy; ,aq;Fk; vOj;jhsu;. mtu; jkpo; ,yf;fpar; R+oypy; jdJ GidTfs;> fl;Liufs;> mwpKf E}y;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; fle;j ehw;gJ tUlq;fSf;Fk; Nkyhff; fzprkhd gq;fspg;igr; nra;JtUfpwhu;. jdJ vOj;Jg; gazj;ij Kjypy; ftpijapypUe;Nj njhlq;fpa mtu; ftpij E}nyJTk; ntspf;nfhz;L tutpy;iy. 1981-Mk; Mz;by; mtUila Kjy; ehtYk; Kjy; rpWfijj; njhFg;Gk; xNu Mz;bNyNa ntspte;jd. mtu; ,Jtiu %d;W rpWfijj; njhFg;Gfs;> vl;L ehty;fs;> ,uz;L fl;Liu E}y;fs;> vl;L mwpKf E}y;fs;> xU Neu;fhzy; njhFg;G Mfpatw;iw ntspapl;Ls;shu;. ,uz;lhtJ cyifj;Njb (1981)> fdTyf thrpapd; epidTf;Fwpg;Gfs; (1998)> mte;jpfhtpd; jw;nfhiyf;F MW fhuzq;fs; (2009) Kjypa %d;W rpWfijj; njhFg;GfSk;> tpuypLf;fpy; jg;gpa Gif (1981)> jh[;kfhYf;Fs; rpy vYk;Gf;$Lfs; (1984)> fhd;fpuPl; tdk; (1985)> ml;yhz;b]; kdpjd; kw;Wk; rpyUld; (1999)> mnyf;]hz;lUk; xU Nfhg;igj; NjdPUk; (2000)> rpye;jp (2001) ANufh vd;nwhU efuk; (2002)> 37 (2003) Mfpa vl;L ehty;fSk; vk;.[p.RNu\; vOjpa GidTfshFk;.
,itad;wp gpujpfSk; ,]q;fs; Mfpa
vk;.[p.RNu\; fl;Liu Mfpa
fl;Liufs;> gpd;
lhtpd;rp
NfhLk;
nlsd;Nyhl; vd;d> /G+f;Nfh>
E}y;fSk;> Nfhl;ghl;L
etPdj;Jtk;
vd;why;
Mapuk;
mwpKf
E}y;fisAk;>
yf;fhd;> njupjh> njY}]; - fj;jhup> ghu;j; Kjypa rpe;jidahsu;fs; gw;wpa mwpKf E}y;fisAk; mtu; vOjpAs;shu;. vk;.[p.RNu\pd; cyfk; Nghw;Wk; jpiug;glq;fs; vd;Dk; E}y; cyfpd; Kjy; tupirapy; Ngrg;glj;jf;f mtuJ ,Ugj;ije;J jpiug;glq;fis Ntwpy;iy mwpKfg;gLj;JfpwJ. Neu;fhzy;fs; nrhw;fisj;jtpu
vd;Dk; ngaupy; njhFg;ghf ntspte;Js;sd. mtuJ fz;lwpa Vw;gLj;Jk; vOj;Jf;fspy; mtUila xUtpj NgRk; gbepiy khw;wj;ijf; fijfs; mike;Js;sd. fhyuPjpahff; tho;T Mk; 1999
KbAk;.
Muk;gfhyf; fijfshf fij
etPdj;Jt
neUf;fbfisg;
Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;l ml;yhz;b]; kdpjd; kw;Wk; rpyUld; ehtYf;Fg; gpwF vOjg;gl;litNa fijfs;. gj;jhk; tFg;G tiu gbj;j vk;.[p.RNu\; 1976 - Mk; Mz;L jkpo;ehL muRj; Nju;thizak; elj;jpa Nju;tpy; Nju;r;rpaile;J nghJr;Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; cly; eyj;Jiwapy; vOj;juhfg; gzpahw;wp tpUg;g Xa;T ngw;wtuhthu;. fzprkhd fhyk; ,tu; rpdpkhj; JiwapYk; gzpahw;wpapUf;fpwhu;. kpfr; rkPgj;jpy; jpiug;glj; jzpf;ifj; Jiwapy; jzpf;ifahsuhf ,Ue;jhu;. ,tuJ gzpaDgtq;fs; ,tuJ fijfSf;Fj; Jiz nra;Js;sij ,tuJ fijfis thrpf;Fk;NghJ mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;. vk;.[p.RNu\_k; mtuJ gpujpfSk; vd;Dk; ,t;tpaypy; mtuJ tho;fi ; f tuyhW> gpujpahf;fr; nray;ghLfs;> gpujpfspd; jd;ikfs;> Nghf;Ffs; Mfpait Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gpd;etPdj;Jtf; cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jp vOjg;gl;l
,ay; - 5: vk;.[p.RNu\pd; ehty;fspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfs;vk;.[p.RNu\; ehty;fis ehtiy milahsj;ijAk; mtu; xU me;ehtypy; gpd; etPdj;Jt mtw;Ws; ehty; ehty; ehd;F vd;Dk; tifikapy; mtNu kw;Wk; Ie;J vOjpAs;shu;. gd;Kf ehty;fSf;F kdpjd; vOj vd;W tifik rpyUld; me;j
nfhLj;Js;shu;. fijnrhy;yp
ml;yhz;b]; (Cubism) ehtiy
milahsg;
gLj;Jfpwhu;.
jdJ
Kw;gLfpwhd;.
ehtYf;Fs; ,aq;Fk; fkNyrd; vd;gtd; me;j ehtYf;Fs; ,d;ndhU ehtiy vOJtjhf me;j ehty; mikfpwJ. mjpy; xNu fijf;Fg; gy;NtW KbTfSk; gy;NtW ,Uf;fpw rhj;jpag;ghLfSk; fijfspNy Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. MdhYk; tu;f;fg; ,e;j ehtYf;Fs; ngUk;ghd;ikAk; eLj;ju nghJg;Gj;jpf;Fs;
,Uf;fpw fijfs;jhd;. ngz;fs; Efu; nghUs;fspy; xd;whfg; ghu;f;fg;gLtJ> guj;jik xOf;fk; nfhs;Sk; jiytdpd; Clhl;lk; Kjyhdtw;iw ,jw;fhd cjhuzq;fshfr; nrhy;yyhk;. mNj rkak; mk;gj;J}u; khkh fij> FNyhj;Jq;fd; fij> kjf;fytuk; Fwpj;j fij Mfpait NtW jsq;fspy; ,aq;fp ehtypd; jUfpd;wd. mNj Nghf;fpy; thrf ciuahlYf;fhd fsj;ij Vw;gLj;jpj; rkak; ,e;jr; rhj;jpag;ghLfs; fdrJuj;jpw;fhd my;yJ
NtNwNjDk; fzpj tbtj;jpw;fhd gf;f rhj;jpaq;fshf mikahky; njY}]; fj;jhup Kd;nkhopAk; iuN]hk; Nghy fpis gpupAk; jd;ikajha; ,Uf;fpwJ. ghl;uPrpah thf; ,j;jifa fijfis nkl;lh/gpf;\d; vd;W tifg;gLj;Jfpwhu;. ,f;fij nkl;lh/gpf;\d;jhNd jtpu gd;Kf ehty; my;y vd;W ftpQu; uNk\; gpNujDk; ehty; te;j fhyj;jpNyNa Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gJ ftdj;jpw;FupaJ. mnyf;rhz;lUk; tifikapdjhf tifik jd; xU Nfhg;igj; NjdPUk; mjw;Fj; Autofiction jkpopy; jd; ehty; vd;Dk; ngUf;fp vd;Dk;
milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. tuyhWk; GidTk; fye;j
ehty; vd;Dk; tpsf;fKk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. MdhYk; Autofiction vd;Dk; jd;tuyhw;W tifikiaf; Fwpg;gjhfNt ,t;tha;tpd;NghJ Ma;thsUf;Ff; fpilj;j juTfs; %yk; mwpaKbfpwJ. mNjrkak; ,e;ehty; mj;jifa tifikapdjhf ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwJ. ypz;lh `l;r;rd; Fwpg;gpLk; histeriographic metafiction Mf
rpye;jp ehty; Njhw;w nka;k;ik ehty; vd;W tif gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vOjg;gLk; tPl;bd; vy;yhg; GidTfSNk gpk;gj;ijg; rpye;jp Njhw;w nka;k;ikfs; tpku;rfu;fs; jhd; vd;DnkhU fUj;Jz;L. mNj rkak; Njhw;w nka;k;ik vd;gijf; fzpg;nghwpapy; njupAk; Kg;gupkhd Nghd;wnjd;W ehty; tpsf;Ffpd;wdu;. thrpg;gtDf;Fk; ngUk;ghYk; Njhw;w nka;k;ik mwptpay; Gidfijfspy; rhj;jpakhtjhf xU fUj;Jz;L. MdhYk; vOJgtDf;Fk; ,ilapy; epfOk; nkhop tpisahl;lhfj;jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lkhdhy; ,JnthU ghtid ehty;. Njhw;w nka;k;ik ehtyy;y. kd fij. ,lq;fspy; Nehahsu;fs; jdJ fhg;gfj;jpy; eilngWk; jd;tpopg;G Jg;gwpAk; epiy fijahf nfhz;l fij$wYk;
epfo;j;jg;gLk; rpye;jp rkfhyj; jd;ik kPjhd tpku;rdg; gfbia Kd;itf;Fk; epfo;j;JKiwapd;%yk; ghzpapyhd nkl;lh/gpf;\dhf ,aq;Fk; ,e;jf; fijapy; Mz; ngz; re;jpg;Gfs; epfOk; nuhkhz;brp]g; kpifAzu;r;rpf; epfo;e;Js;sJ ,q;Ff; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;baJ MFk;. vk;.[p.RNu\; gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfs; vd;W cupik NfhUtdtw;wpy; ANufh vd;nwhU efuk; kl;LNk Neuhd fijnrhy;yypy; jdJ fijia epfo;j;JfpwJ. ,J gpd; njhopy; kak; Fwpj;j gpd; etPd fhyj;jpw;fhd fij vd;w tifapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xd;W. 37 jkpo;g; gpd; etPdj;Jt mwptpay; GidTfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ehty;. etPdj;Jt mwptpay; GidTfs; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; epfo;tjhf vOjg;gLtjhfTk; gpd; etPdj;Jt mwptpay; GidTfs; epfo;fhyj;jpy; epfo;tjhf vOjg;gLtjhfTk; xU tpku;rfu; $Wthu;. gpd; etPdj;Jt mwptpay; GidTfspy; Cyberfiction vd;nwhU tifik cz;L. 37 ehty; me;j tifikf;Fs; mlq;Fk; jd;ikaJ. ,e;ehty; gy Fuy; jd;ik nfhz;l ehty; vd;W milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;LssJ. vd;wNghJk; fijg; Nghf;fpy; xt;nthUtuhf khw;wp khw;wpf; fij nrhy;tjhf epfo;j;jg;gLk; ,e;jg; Gidtpy; njhdpapy; ve;j khw;wKk; ,y;yhky; xw;iwj; jd;ik nfhz;ljhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. mNjrkak; xNu Neuj;jpy; ajhu;j;jj; jd;ik nfhz;l fijiaAk; mwptpay; GiditAk; ,izg;gjd; %yk; fij nrhy;yypd; Gjpa rhj;jpankhd;iw ,J epfo;j;JfpwJ.
vk;.[p.RNu\; ehty;fspy; Njhw;w nka;k;ik ehtYf;fhd rhj;jpaq;fs; rpye;jp ehtiy tplTk; ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. mjpfkhf ,e;j ehtYf;Fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gJ
,g;gbahf vk;.[p.RNu\pd; ehty;fspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfs; vd;Dk; ,t;tpaypy; mtuJ ehty;fspy; fhzyhFk; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfspd; td;ik nkd;ikfs; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,ay; - 6: vk;.[p.RNu\pd; rpWfijfspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf;$Wfs;vk;.[p.RNu\pd; fhuzq;fs; vd;Dk; rpWfijfspy; fij mte;jpfhtpd; nra;Jnfhz;l jw;nfhiyf;F MW jw;nfhiy ebifnahUj;jpiag;
gw;wpa gj;jpupf;ifr; nra;jpfisf; fj;jupj;Jr; Nrfupj;j tbtpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. vk;.[p.RNu\pd; ehty;fs; vijAk;tpl kpFe;j ftdj;NjhL vOjg;gl;l gpd; etPdj;Jtf; fij ,JthFk;. ,jpy; gj;jpupf;if nkhop eiliag; Gidtpy; rhj;jpakhf;fpajd;%yk; fjk;gj;jd;ikia cUthf;Ffpwhu; fjhrpupau;. rkfhyj;jpy; mwpag;gl;l ebiffis epidT+l;Ltjd;%yk; gy;gpujpj;Jtg; gz;G nfhz;l fijahfTk; ,f;fij tpsq;FfpwJ. ,f;fijNaad;wp fzf;fl P ;lhsu;fs;> epfhkhtpd; fz;zu P ;> xU fijAk; xt;nthU fijAk; Kjyhd gpd; gpw fijfSk; $Wfs; fij vd;Dk; $WfspQ; nrhy;yypy; ,t;tpaypy; td;ik ntt;NtW mtuJ rhj;jpaq;fis epfo;j;jpa fijfshff; fhzf; fpilf;fpd;wd. vk;.[p.RNu\pd; rpWfijfspy; etPdj;Jtf; gpd; rpWfijfspy; fhdyhFk; gFj;jhuhag;gLfpd;wd. etPdj;Jtf; nkd;ikfs;
,ay; - 7: KbTiuKbTiuapy; ,t;tha;tpy; fz;lilAk; Ma;Tf;fhd KbGfs; fsq;fSk; njhFj;jspf;fg;gl rhj;jpag;ghLfSk; cs;sd. ,jdpWjpapy; gpw;fhy Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl cs;sd.
JizE}w;gl;baypy; Kjd;ikj; juTfs;> kw;Wk; Jizikj; juTfshd Ma;T E}y;fs;> fl;Liufs;> Ma;NtLfs;> ,jo;fs;> Mtzg;glq;fs;> ,iza tiyj;jsq;fs; Kjyhdit njhFj;Jj; jug;gl;Ls;sd. gpd; ,izg;ghf vk;.[p.RNu\plk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Ma;T njhlu;ghd Neu;fhzy; ,izf;fg;gl cs;sJ.