vk;.[p.RNu\pd; GidTfspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; ƒWfs;

gpd; etPdj;Jtk; vd;gJ ifahs;tjw;fhd trjp fUjpNa xw;iwg;

ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. kw;wgb mJ xw;iwj; jd;ik nfhz;l jj;JtNkh

mwpTj; JiwNah my;y. jj;Jtq;fs; jhk; fz;lile;j nka;k;ikfis

KbGfshf Kd;itf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; gpd; etPdj;Jtk; nka;k;ikfs; vd;W

ek;gg;gLgitfis mZFtjw;fhd mZFKiwfis kl;LNk Kd;itf;fpwJ.

gpd; etPdj;Jtk; vd;gJ xUtpj Iathjk; (Skepticism). mJ vy;yhtw;wpd;kPJk;

re;Njfk; nfhs;fpwJ. ,Wjpahfj; jd;kPJk; re;Njfk; nfhs;fpwJ. KbGfspd;

xw;iwj; jd;ikahy; tpisAk; ikak;> tpspk;G vd;fpw vjpu;ikf;Fk; mjd;

tpisthf cUthFk; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhfg; gpd; etPdj;Jtk; jdJ

njhlu;e;j ciuahliy epfo;j;JfpwJ.

mWgJfs; njhlq;fpg; gy jj;Jt tpku;rfu;fSk;> gy;fiyf;fofg;

Nguhrpupau;fSk;> Ma;thsu;fSk; gpd; etPdj;Jt Nehf;fpy; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd

Ma;Tfis epfo;j;jpAs;sdu;. jkpo;r; rpe;jidj; jsj;jpYk; fle;j ,UgJ

Mz;Lfspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtk; fzprkhd gq;fspg;igr; nra;Js;sJ. jw;Nghija

R+oypy; Ma;T khztu;fSk; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtj;ijg; nghUj;jpg;

ghu;g;gJ> gpd; etPdj;Jt ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gFj;jhuha;tJ Kjyhd

Nfhzq;fspy; Ma;Tfis epfo;j;jp tUfpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa Ma;Tfspd;

njhlu;r;rpahfNt vk;.[p.RNu\pd; GidTfspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfs; vd;Dk;

,t;tha;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

Ma;Tj; jiyg;Gj; Nju;T

fle;j ,UgJ Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhfj; jkpopy; gpd; etPdj;Jtj;jpd;

gq;fspg;G fzprkhd mstpy; epfo;e;JtUfpwJ. vdNt ,yf;fpa Ma;thsu;fs;

jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gpd; etPdj;Jtj;jpd; gq;fspg;G Fwpj;Jg; Ngr Ntz;ba

NjitAk; jkpo;r; R+oypy; mjpfupj;J tUfpwJ. Vw;fdNt M.G+kpr;nry;tk;>

gh.nry;tFkhu; Kjyhd rpy Ma;thsu;fs; gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfisAk;

gpd;etPdj;Jtf; ftpijfisAk; nghJ epiyapy; Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jptpl;l

epiyapy; gpd; etPdj;Jt vOj;jhsu;fspy; xt;nthU vOj;jhsiuAk; jdp

epiyapy; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L Ez;zha;Tf;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;ba Njit

,t;tha;tpd;NghJ czug;gl;lJ.

Xu; vOj;jhsu; jhNd jd;Dila GidTfis ,d;d jd;ikad vd;W

cupik NfhUk;nghOJ mit mg;gbahditjhdh vd;W Ma;T nra;aNtz;ba

Njit ,yf;fpa Ma;thsu;fshy; czug;gLfpwJ. vk;.[p.RNu\; ‘jd;Dila

GidTfs; gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfs;’ vd;W cupik NfhuptUk; epiyapy;

mtUila GidTfspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfs; ve;nje;j tpjj;jpy;

vt;ntt;tplj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg; gl;Ls;sd vd;gij cw;W Nehf;f Ntz;ba

Njit ,t;tha;tpd;NghJ czug;gl;lJ.

jkpo;g; gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfspy; vk;.[p.RNu\pd; GidTfs; kw;w

vOj;jhsu;fspd; GidTfspypUe;J NtWgl;litahf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. jkpopy;

kw;w gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfSf;F ,y;yhj thrf neUf;fKk; vspikAk;

vk;.[p.RNu\pd; GidTfSf;F cz;L. gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidT Fwpj;J tpsf;Fk;

tpku;rfu;fs; mJ jPtpu ,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fk; [d uQ;rf ,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fk;

,ilg;gl;l kj;jpk jsj;jpy; ,aq;Fk; ,ilepiy ,yf;fpak; vd;gjhff;

Fwpg;gpLtu;. ,j;jifa gz;gpdjhfj; jkpopy; vk;.[p.RNu\pd; GidTfis

milahsk; fhzyhk;. jkpopy; gpd; etPdj;Jt mwptpay; GidT vd;Dk;

tifikapy; vk;.[p.RNu\_f;Fj; jdpaplk; cz;L vd;gJk; ,q;Ff;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,t;tifapy; mtuJ GidTfs; jdpj;j epiyapy; Ma;T

nra;aj; jFjpAilad.

,jw;F Kd;Ng vk;.[p.RNu\pd; ehty;fis kl;Lk; Ma;Tf;fskhff;

nfhz;L K.\u;kpsh Njtp vd;Dk; Ma;thsu; jdJ Ma;it epfo;j;jpAs;shu;

vd;wNghJk; mtu; etPdj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; kl;LNk

mt;tha;it epfo;j;jpAs;shu;.

Nkw;fz;l fhuzq;fshy; vk;.[p.RNu\pd; GidTfspy; fhzg;gLk; gpd;

etPdj;Jtf; $Wfisg; gFj;jha Ntz;ba Njit czug;gl;lJ. ,jd;

mbg;gilapNyNa ,t;tha;Ntl;bw;F “vk;.[p.RNu\pd; GidTfspy; gpd;

etPdj;Jtf; $Wfs;” vd;Dk; jiyg;G Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nehf;fq;fs ;

1. gpd; etPdj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilf;$Wfis vLj;Jiug;gJ

2. gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfspd; gz;G eyd;fis tpsf;FtJ

3. jkpopy; gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfspd; tuyhW> jd;ikfs;>

Nghf;Ffs; Mfpatw;iwj; njhFj;Jiug;gJ

4. jkpo; ,yf;fpar; R+oypy; vk;.[p.RNu\pd; gq;fspg;ig tpsf;fp

vk;.[p.RNu\; vOjpa gpujpfis mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ

5. vk;.[pRNu\; ehty;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfisg;

gFj;J tpsf;FtJ

6. vk;.[p.RNu\; rpWfijfspy; fhzyhFk; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfisg;

gFj;J tpsf;FtJ

Mfpait ,t;tha;tpd; Nehf;fq;fshf mikfpd;wd.

Ma;T Kd;Ndhbfs ;

jkpo;g; gug;gpy; mikg;gpaypd; mwpKfj;ij xl;bNa mjw;Fg; gpwfhd

Nfhl;ghLfspd; tUif epfo;e;jJ. Vwj;jho njhz;Z}Wfspd; Kd; gFjpapy;

gpd; etPdj;Jtk; jkpo;r; R+oYf;Fg; GidTfs; %ykhfTk; my;GidTfs;

%ykhfTk; mwpKfkhfptpl;lJ. ,jpy; jkpotd;> uNk\; - gpNuk; MfpNahupd;

gq;fspg;G Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. m.khu;f;];> utpf;Fkhu;> Nehay; N[hrg; ,Ujauh[;>

f.G+uzr;re;jpud;> e.Kj;JNkhfd;> vk;.[p.RNu\; KjyhNdhu; gpd; etPdj;Jtk;

Fwpj;j ciuahliy epfo;j;jpatu;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;batu;fs;. jkpopy;

gpd; etPdj;Jtk; Fwpj;J mwpKfk; nra;j tifapy; uNk\; - gpNukpd; ‘jd;dpiy

gw;wpa mu;j;j kWg;G: gpd; etPdj;Jtk; jlk; fhl;Lk; gpur;rpidfs;’> Nehay;

N[hrg; ,Ujauh[pd; ‘,af;fj;jpypUe;J Ml;lj;Jf;F’ Mfpa fl;LiufSk;

m.khu;f;]pd; ‘gpd; etPdj;Jtk; ,yf;fpak; murpay;’ vd;Dk; rpW E}Yk;

vk;.[p.RNu\pd; ‘gpd; etPdj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d’ vd;Dk; E}Yk; ,t;tha;Tf;Fg;

ngupJk; Jiz GupgitahFk;. nkhopngau;g;ghf ntspte;jtw;wpy; Nfhgpre;j;

ehuq;fpd; ‘mikg;Gikathjk; gpd; mikg;gpay; kw;Wk; fPiof; fhtpa ,ay;’

E}y; kpFe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhFk;. utpf;Fkhu; gpd; etPdj;Jtr;

rpe;jidahsu;fspd; fl;Liufs; rpytw;iw nkhopngau;j;jpUf;fpwhu;. jkpopy;

gpd;etPdj;Jt ciuahlYf;fhd gq;fspg;Gfisj; jkpo;ehl;by; kl;Lkpd;wp <oj;J

vOj;jhsu;fSk; epfo;j;jpAs;sdu;. ,e;jtifapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu; rgh.n[auhrh.

jkpo;r; R+oypy; khu;f;]pathjpfs; gpd; etPdj;Jtj;ijj; jkf;fhd vjpup

vd;gjhf kl;LNk mZFk; epiyapy; khu;f;]pathjpahd fh.rptj;jk;gpapd;

‘etPdj;Jtk; – jkpo; - gpd; etPdj;Jtk;’ vd;Dk; E}y; gpd; etPdj;Jtj;jpd;

td;ik nkd;ikfis xUNruf; fzf;fpy; nfhz;L MNuhf;fpakhd tpthjj;ij

Kd; itf;fpd;w E}yhf mike;Js;sJ.

jw;Nghija R+oypy; gy;fiyf;fof tl;lhuq;fspy; Ma;T khztu;fshYk;

gpd; etPdj;Jtk; Fwpj;j Ma;Tfs; njhlu;e;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

mtw;Ws; M.G+kpr;nry;tj;jpd; ‘jkpo;g; Gidfijfspy; gpd;id etPdj;Jtj;jpd;

jhf;fk;’ (2006) vd;Dk; Kidtu; gl;l Ma;NtLk; gh.nry;tFkhupd; ‘jkpo;g;

GJf;ftpijfspy; gpd;id etPdj;Jtf; $Wfs;’ (2009) vd;Dk; Kidtu; gl;l

Ma;NtLk; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;y Ntz;bait. ,it ,uz;Lk; kJiug; gy;fiyf;

fofj;jpy; rku;g;gpf;fg; gl;L gpd;G E}yhf;fKk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,itad;wp ‘gpd;

etPdj;Jtj; jkpo; ehty;fs; Xu; Ma;T’ (2004) vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ng.Nkhfd;

vd;gtu; nrd;id khepyf; fy;Y}upapYk;> ‘gpd; etPdj;Jt Nehf;fpy; kWthrpg;G

,yf;fpaq;fs;’ (2011) vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; gh.Fkhu; vd;gtu; Nfhak;Gj;J}u; fw;gfk;

gy;fiyf; fofj;jpYk; Kidtu; gl;l Ma;NtLfisr; rku;g;gpj;Js;sdu;. XupU

,sKidtu; gl;l Ma;NtLfSk; gpd;dtPdj;Jt Nehf;fpy; epfo;j;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfspd; gz;Geyd;fis tpsf;Fk; ve;j E}Yk;

,Jtiu jkpopy; ntsptutpy;iy. nkl;lh/gpf;\d; (metafiction)> kha

ajhu;j;jthjk; (magical realism) Kjyhdit Fwpj;J XupU fl;LiufNs

ntspte;Js;sd. ,e;epiyapy; ypz;lh `l;r;rd; (Linda Hutcheon) vOjpa ‘A

Poetics Of Postmodernism : History, Theory, Fiction’> gpiud; nkf;fhy; (Brain

McHall) vOjpa Postmodernist Fiction> gpuhd; epfhy; (Bran Nicol) vOjpa The

Cambridge Introduction To Postmodern Fiction Mfpa E}y;fs; ,t;tha;tpy;

gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fg; ngupJk; Jiznra;tdtha;

mike;Js;sd.

vk;.[p.RNu\; njhlu;ghd rpy fl;LiufSk; jpwdha;Tf; fUj;JUf;fSk;

‘ahu; me;j ml;yhz;b]; kdpjDk; kw;Wk; rpyUk;’ vd;Dk; ngaupy; rpW

ntspaPlhf te;Js;sd. ‘vk;.[p.RNu\; ehty;fspy; gilg;ghf;fj; jpwd;’ (2008)

vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; Nfhit G+.rh.Nfh. fiy mwptpay; fy;Y}upapy;

K.\u;kpshNjtp vd;Dk; Ma;thsu; jdJ Ma;Ntl;ilr; rku;g;gpj;Js;shu;.

mt;tha;NtL vk;.[p.RNu\pd;; ehty;fis kl;Lk; fzf;fpy; nfhs;tjhfTk;

mtw;iw etPdj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; mZFtjhfTk; cs;sJ.

Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yg;gl;l ,itNaad;wp ,d;Dk; epiwa juTfSk;

,t;tha;Tf;fhd Kd;Ndhbfshf ,Ue;J Jiz nra;Js;sd. mit Jiz

E}w;gl;baypy; njhFj;Jj; jug;gl cs;sd.

Ma;T tiuaiw

vk;.[p.RNu\pd; E}y;fspy; GidTfNs ,q;F Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;

gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws;; ‘ml;yhz;b]; kdpjd; kw;Wk; rpyUld;’ ehtYk; mjd;

gpwF te;j GidTfSNk gpd; etPdj;Jt ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghLfis mbnahl;b

vOjg;gl;bUg;gjhf E}yhrpupauhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mtUila

‘ml;yhz;b]; kdpjd; kw;Wk; rpyUld;’ vd;Dk; ehty; 1999 - Mk; Mz;L

ntspte;jJ. Mifahy; me;j ehtYk; mjw;Fg; gpwF ntspte;j ehty;fs;>

rpWfijfs; Mfpa GidTfSNk ,t;tha;Tf;fhd tiuaiwf;Fs;

mlf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Ma;T %yq;fs;

vk;.[p.RNu\pd; gpd; etPdj;Jt ehty;fshf mwpag;gLk; ‘ml;yhz;b];

kdpjd; kw;Wk; rpyUld;’> ‘mnyf;]hz;lUk; xU Nfhg;igj; NjdPUk;’> ‘rpye;jp’>

‘ANufh vd;nwhU efuk;’> ‘37’ Mfpa Ie;J ehty;fSk; mtuJ rkPgj;jpa

rpWfijj; njhFg;ghd ‘mte;jpfhtpd; jw;nfhiyf;F MW fhuzq;fs;’ vd;Dk;

rpWfij E}Yk; ,t;tha;Tf;F Kjd;ik %yq;fshf mikfpd;wd.

vk;.[p.RNu\pd; gpw E}y;fs; kw;Wk; gpuRupf;fg;glhj fl;Liufs;> mtUila

GidTfs; Fwpj;j tpku;rdf; fl;Liufs;> Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs;> Ma;NtLfs;> gpd;

etPdj;Jt mwpKf E}y;fs;> Ma;T E}y;fs;> gpd; etPdj;Jtr;

rpe;jidahsu;fspd; fl;Liufs;> mtu;fisg; gw;wpa mwpKfq;fs;> tpku;rdq;fs;>

Mtzg;glq;fs;> ,itad;wp mr;rpjo;fs;> ,iza ,jo;fs;> tiyg;G+f;fs;>

,izajsq;fs; Mfpait ,t;tha;Tf;Fj; Jizik Mjhuq;fshf

mikfpd;wd.

fUJNfhs;

1. vk;.[p.RNu\; jdJ ehty;fspy; gad;gLj;jpapUg;gjhff; $Wk; gpd;

etPdj;Jtf; $WfSf;Fk; mtuJ ehty;fspy; ifahsg; gl;bUf;Fk;

$WfSf;Fk; ,ilNa NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

2. vk;.[p.RNu\pd; rpWfijfs; gpd; etPdj;Jt ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghLfisg;

gpd;gw;wp vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.

Mfpa fUJNfhs;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,t;tha;T mikfpwJ.

Ma;T mZFKiw

cyf mstpy; gpd; etPdj;Jtk; Njhw;wk; ngw;W tsu;e;j tuyhW> jkpopy;

mJ fhy; nfhz;ltpjk; Mfpait ,t;tha;Ntl;by; Ngrg;gltpUg;gjhy; mjw;F

tuyhw;W mZFKiw NjitahfpwJ. gpd; etPdj;Jtj;jpd; tiuaiwfs;>

mbg;gilf;$Wfs;> gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfspd; gz;G eyd;fs;> vk;.[p.RNu\;

vOjpa gpujpfspd; jd;ikfs; Mfpait tpsf;fg;gltpUg;gjhy; mjw;F

tpsf;fKiwj; jpwdha;T mtrpakhfpwJ. vk;.[p.RNu\pd; ehty;fs; kw;Wk;

rpWfijfspd; fhzyhFk; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfis xg;GNehf;fp gFj;J Ma;T

nra;atpUg;gjhy; xg;gha;T mZFKiwAk; gFg;gha;T mZFKiwAk; gpd;

etPdj;Jt mZFKiwAk; mtrpakhfpd;wd.

Ma;T mikg;GKiw

Kd;Diu KbTiuNahL Nru;j;J ,t;tha;T VO ,ay;fshfg; gpupf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

1. Kd;Diu

2. gpd; etPdj;Jtk; – tuyhWk; tpsf;fq;fSk;

3. jkpopy; gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfs;

4. vk;.[p.RNu\_k; mtuJ gpujpfSk;

5. vk;.[p.RNu\; ehty;fspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfs;

6. vk;.[p.RNu\; rpWfijfspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfs;

7. KbTiu

,ay; - 1: Kd;Diu

,t;tpaypy; Ma;Tj; jiyg;Gj; Nju;T> Ma;T Nehf;fq;fs;> Ma;T

Kd;Ndhbfs;> Ma;T tiuaiw> Ma;T %yq;fs;> fUJNfhs;> Ma;T

mZFKiw> Ma;T mikg;G Kiw Mfpa nra;jpfs; jug;gl cs;sd.

,ay; - 2: gpd; etPdj;Jtk; - tuyhWk; tpsf;fq;fSk;

etPdfhyk; njhopy; Gul;rpapd; fhyk; vd;Wk; gpd; etPd fhyk; jfty;

njhopy;El;gj;jpd; fhyk; vd;Wk; milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. tho;tpay;> fiy>

,yf;fpak;> jj;Jtk; Kjyhd ve;j xd;wpd; kPJk; re;Njfthj ,ilNaLfis

epfo;j;Jfpw mwpTj; njhFg;ghf> mZFKiwahf ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;

gFjpapy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;l xd;Nw gpd; etPdj;Jtk; vd;gjhFk;. ,J

jhd;ik (self) kw;wik (other) vd;Dk; ,Uik vjpu;TfSf;fpilapyhd

Kuz;fisf; fisjy;> xw;iwj; jd;ikapd; ek;gfj; jd;ikiaf; Fiyj;J

gd;ikj;Jtj;ij Kd;nkhopjy; vd;Dk; epiyfspy; mjpfhuj;jpw;nfjpuhd

ciuahliy epfo;j;Jk; gz;gpdjha; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,jd;%yk; ikaq;fspd;

rkepiyiaf; Fiyj;J tpspk;GfSf;F Mjuthd epiyg;ghl;il Kd;nkhopfpwJ.

gpd; etPdj;Jtj;jpd; Njhw;wk; Fwpj;Jg; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs; epyTfpd;wd.

gpd; etPdj;Jtk; vd;Dk; nrhy; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g fhyj;jpNyNa

Gof;fj;jpw;F te;Jtpl;ljhf tpku;rfu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;. gpd; etPdj;Jtk;

Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ fl;blf; fiyapy;jhd; vd;gu;. uhngu;l; ntz;Lup (Robert

ventury) vd;Dk; fl;blf; fiy epGzu; Kjy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; fl;blf; fiy

epGzuhf mwpag;gLfpwhu;. ,Ue;jNghJk; ypNahjhupd; ‘gpd; etPdj;Jt epiyik

: mwptpd; kPjhd Xu; mwpf;if’ (Postmodern Condition: A Report On

Knowledge) vd;Dk; E}y; ntspte;jgpwNf gpd; etPdj;Jtk; gutyhff; ftdk;

ngw;wjhfj; njupfpwJ.

mikg;gpaypd; Nghjhik czug;gl;l fhyj;jpy; gpd; mikg;gpay;

Njhd;wpaJ. xl;Lnkhj;jkhf etPdj;Jtj;jpd; Nghjhik czug;gl;l fhyj;jpy;

gpd; etPdj;Jtk; Njhd;wpaJ. Vwj;jho ,uz;Lk; xNu fhyfl;lj;jpy; epfo;e;jJ.

Nghfg;Nghf gpd; etPdj;Jtk; gpd; mikg;gpaypd; $Wfisj; jdf;Fs; nrupj;Jf;

nfhz;likahy; Nuhyhd; ghu;j;> ohf; njupjh> kpN\y; /G+f;Nfh Kjyhd gpd;

mikg;gpay; thjpfNs gpd;G gpd; etPdj;Jt thjpfnsdTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lhu;fs;.

,tu;fNsad;wp ohf; yf;fhd;> njY}]; - fj;jhup> ohd; /gpuhd;Rth ypNahjhu;>

ohd; nghj;upah> [_ypah fpup];Njhth KjyhNdhUk; gpd; etPdj;Jtj;jpw;Fg;

gq;fspj;j Kjy;tu;fnsd mwpag;gl;lhu;fs;. gpd; etPdj;Jt %ytu;fshf

mwpag;gLk; rpe;jidahsu;fSk;$l Kd;G khu;f;]pa thjpfshfNth mikg;gpay;

thjpfshfNth ,Ue;jtu;fs;jhd;. Fwpg;gpl;l fhyr; R+oypy; mtu;fs; rhu;e;jpUe;j

rpe;jidj; jsq;fspd; Nghjhik czug;gl;lNghJ gue;j epiyapy; mtu;fs;

vOg;gpa tpthjq;fNs gpd;G gpd; etPdj;Jt mwpTj; njhFg;ghf mwpag;gl;ld.

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; ePl;N\ flTspd; kuzj;ij mwptpj;jjpypUe;Nj

gpd;etPdj;Jtk; fzf;fplg;gLtJz;L. mtu; flTspd; kuzj;ij mwptpj;j gpwF

Nuhyd; ghu;j; Mrpupadpd; kuzj;ij mwptpj;jJk; ohd; nghj;upah cz;ikapd;

kuzj;ij mwptpj;jJk; epfo;e;jd. kpN\y; /G+f;Nfh mwptjpfhuj;jpw;nfjpuhd

ciuahliy epfo;j;jpdhu;. ohf; njupjh rpijthf;fj;ij mwpKfg; gLj;jpdhu;.

njY}]; - fj;jhup iuN]hik Kd;itj;jhu;fs;. ,g;gbahfg; gpd; etPdj;Jtk;

1960 - fspypUe;J 1980 - fSf;Fs;shf Nkw;fpd; rpe;jidg; Nghf;ifNa jpUg;gpg;

Nghl;bUe;jJ.

gpd; etPdj;Jt %ytu;fnsd mwpag;gl;ltu;fs; xU trjpf;fhf xNu

rl;lfj;jpw;Fs; itj;J mwpag;gLfpwhu;fNsjtpu mtu;fSf;Fs; epiwa js

NtWghLfSk; cs; Kuz;ghLfSk; cz;L vd;gJk; ftdj;jpw;FupaJ.

jkpopy; njhz;Z}Wfspd; Muk;gj;jpy; mwpKfkhd gpd; etPdj;Jtk;

Vwj;jho ,UgJ Mz;Lfspy; rpWgj;jpupf;ifr; R+oypy; Ngrg;gLk; tp\akhfTk;>

fle;j gj;jhz;Lfspd; xl;Lnkhj;j jkpo;g; Gidfij tuyhw;wpy; khw;wk;

Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpahfTk;> gy;fiyf;fof Ma;Tf;F cl;gLk; Nfhl;ghlhfTk;

gad;gl;L tUfpwJ.

,g;gbahf> gpd; etPdj;Jtk; tuyhWk; tpsf;fq;fSk; vd;Dk; ,t;tpaypy;

gpd; etPdj;Jtj;jpd; tiuaiwfs;> Njhw;wg; gpd;dzpfs;> tuyhW> gpd;

etPdj;Jtr; rpe;jidahsu;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; Mfpait ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

jkpo;r; R+oypy; fle;j ,UgJ Mz;Lfspy; GidTfspYk; my;-GidTfspYk;

gpd; etPdj;Jtk; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fKk; RUf;fkhf vLj;Jiuf;fg; gLfpwJ.

,ay; - 3: gpd; etPdj;JtKk; jkpo;g; GidTfSk;

fij nrhy;yp thrfiug; ghu;itahsuhf Kd;dpUj;jpa Ke;ija

kuGfSf;nfjpuhfg; gpd;etPdj;Jtk; thrfiug; gq;Nfw;ghsuhf Mf;fpaJ. ,jd;

%yk; thrf Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd rhj;jpaq;fis mJ epfo;j;jpaJ.

KOikj; jd;ikAk; xw;iwj; jd;ikAk; nfhz;ltw;iwg;

ngUq;fijahly; vd;W tifg;gLj;jpdhu; ypNahjhu;. gpd; etPdj;Jt ,yf;fpak;

mjw;nfjpuhfr; rpjWz;l> gd;ikj; jd;ik nfhz;l> ikak; fiyf;fg;gl;l

FWq;fijahliy Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.

gpd;etPdj;Jtg; GidT ntWk; fij nrhy;yy; vd;gjpd; kPJ

mtek;gpf;if nfhz;ljha; mij kPwpa Ntnwhd;whfg; gupzkpf;fpwJ. mjdhy;

mJ fiction vd;Dk; epiyiaf; fle;J metafiction vd;Dk; epiyia

milfpwJ. Metafiction : Theory And Practice Of Self-Concious Fiction vd;Dk;

E}iy vOjpa ghl;uPrpah thf; (patricia waugh) nkl;lh/gpf;\d; vd;gijj;

’jd;tpopg;G epiy nfhz;l GidT’ vd;gjhf tiuaWf;fpwhu;. mJ kPfijahf>

vjpu; ehtyhf> ajhu;j;jj;jpw;F vjpuhdjhf ,d;Dk; gytifahf mikAk;

vd;gjhfTk; mtu; njuptpf;fpwhu;.

gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfs; Gjpjhd vLj;Jiug;ig epfo;j;Jtijf;

fhl;bYk; Kd;gpUe;j xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l $Wfis xd;wpizg;gjpd; %yk; jdJ

fij nrhy;yiyr; rhj;jpakhf;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wd. ,jd;%yk; etPdj;Jtf; fij

nrhy;yiyAk; mjw;F Kd;gpUf;Fk; nuhkhz;brp]k; Nghd;w NtW VNjh xd;wpd;

fij nrhy;yiyAk; ,izj;J xU tbtj;ij miljy; my;yJ fij

nrhy;yiyAk; fijf;F rk;ke;jkpy;yhj NtnwhU Jiwapd; $WfisAk;

,izj;J xU tbtj;ij miljy; vd;gjhfj; jk; fij nrhy;yypd;

rhj;jpag;ghl;il mit tpupj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd. ,J ‘fjk;gg; gpujpahf;fk;’

(Pastiche) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

Kf;fpakhfg; gpd;etPdj;Jtg; gpujpfs; Kuz; eifia (Irony)

Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wd. tpisahl;Lj;jd;ikAk; (Playfullness)> gfbj;jd;ikAk;

(Parody) nfhz;litahfj; jd;id tbtikj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd. gpd;

etPdj;Jtk; mwpitAk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; xNu Neu;f;Nfhl;by; itj;J

mZFtjhy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; fijfs; mtw;Wf;nfjpuhf kdr; rpijitf;

nfhz;lhLfpd;wd.

gpd;etPdj;Jtg; GidT vd;gJ fijahf ,aq;Ftjd;wp tpku;rdr;

nray;ghlhfTk; ,aq;Fk; jd;ikaJ. ,J GidT tpku;rdk; (Ficto - Criticism)

vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ajhu;j;jk; vd;W ek;gg;gLgtw;wpd;kPJ ek;gpf;ifapoe;j

epiyapy; gpd; etPdj;Jtk; kha ajhu;j;jthjj;ijj; jdf;fhd fij nrhy;yyhf

cupik nfhs;fpwJ.

tuyhnwd;gNj Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; Mjhuq;fspd;kPJ fl;lg;gl;l GidT

jhd; vd;fpwJ gpd;etPdj;Jtk;. Mifahy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; fijnrhy;ypfs;

nrhy;yg;gl;l twyhWfSf;nfjpuhf NtW rpy rhj;jpaq;fspy; mNj tuyhw;iwg;

Gidthf;Ffpd;wdu;. ,J ntWk; tuyhw;W ehty; vd;Dk; epiyiaj; jhz;b

nrhy;yg;gl;l tuyhw;wpd;kPjhd tpku;rdg; gfbahf mikfpwJ. ypz;lh `l;r;rd;

,jid ʹhisteriographic metafiction’ vd;W milahsg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.

gd;Kff;; Nfhl;ghL (Cubism) Kjyhd etPdf; Nfhl;ghLfs;

rhj;jpaq;fspd; vy;iyfis mfyg;gLj;Jtjhy; mtw;wpd; %yKk; gpd;

etPdj;Jtf; fijfs; vOjg;gLfpd;wd. gpd; etPdj;Jt mwptpay; GidT

(Postmodern Science Fiction) vd;DnkhU GidT tifikAk; cz;L. ,J

fzpdp Afj;jpw;fhd fijahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

Kf;fpakhfg; gpd;etPdj;Jtf; fijfs; Kd; nrhy;y;g;gw;wtw;wpd;kPjhd

tpku;rdg; gfbahfTk; Kuz;eifahfTk; mikfpw epiyapy; gy;gpujpj;Jtk;

(Intertextuality) vd;gJ gpd; etPdg;gpujpfspy; mjpf mstpy; gad;gLk; xd;whf

,Uf;fpwJ.

jkpopy; njhz;Z}Wfspd; Muk;gj;jpy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; fijfis

vOjpatu;fs; jkpotd;> uNk\; - gpNuk; MfpNahu; Mtu;. ,tu;fisj; njhlu;e;J

vk;.b.Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp> jp.fz;zd; Kjyhd rpyu; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; fijfis

vOj Muk;gpj;jdu;. rhU epNtjpjh fyhr;rhu mjpu;r;rp epiwe;j Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

gpd;etPdj;Jtg; GidTfis Muk;g fhyj;jpy; vOjpdhu; vdpDk; mtuJ

gpe;ija GidTfspy; rhb]j;jpd; ntspg;ghl;ilNa fhzKbfpwJ.

,tu;fNsad;wp vk;.[p.RNu\; fle;j gj;jhz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

gq;fspg;igr; nra;JtUfpwhu;. gh.ntq;fNlrd; gpd; fhydpa ciuahly;fis

epfo;j;Jk; fijfis vOjptUfpwhu;. kpfr;rkPgj;jpy; uhftd; gpd;etPdj;Jtf;

fij$wypd; rhj;jpag;ghLfisg; gupNrhjpf;Fk; fijfis

vOjpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. ,itNaad;wp cyf mstpyhd gpd; etPdj;Jtf;

fijfSk; jkpopy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. gpuk;kuh[d; Nghu;N`tpd;

fijfis nkhopngau;j;jJ ,tw;Ws; Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;ba xd;whFk;.

,uz;lhapuj;jpw;Fg; gpwF jkpo;f; fij nrhy;yypy; ngupa khw;wq;fisf;

fhz Neu;fpwJ. gpd; etPdj;Jtf; fij nrhy;ypfshfj; njhlu;e;J ,aq;fhj

ngUk;ghyhd vOj;jhsu;fs; rkfhyj; jkpo;g; gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfisAk;

Nkw;fj;jpag; GidTfisAk; gbg;gjd; tpisthf mt;tg;NghJ gpd; etPdj;Jtf;

fijfis vOjpg;ghu;f;fpd;wdu;.

gpd; etPdj;Jtk; vd;gJ murpay; epfo;T. fyfj; jd;ik nfhz;ldTk;>

tbt vy;iyfis kPWgitAkhfg; gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidT vd;Dk; tifik

cUg;ngw;wJk; ,j;jifa murpay; epfo;tpd; Jizr; nray;ghLjhd;. MdhYk;

gpd;etPdj;Jtg;GidTfis vOj tUk; fjhrpupau; mjid murpay;

nray;ghlhfg; ghu;f;fpwhuh my;yJ ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghlhfg; ghu;f;fpwhuh

vd;gijg; nghWj;J fijfspd; Nghf;Fk; khwf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ

,q;Ff; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba xd;whFk;.

,j;ijfa gpd;Gyj;jpy; jkpopy; gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfs; vd;Dk;

,t;tpaypy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; fijfspd; gz;G eyd;fs;> jkpopy; gpd;

etPdj;Jtg; GidT Kaw;rpfs; Mfpait tpsf;fg; gLfpd;wd. jkpo;g;

GidTfspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtj;t ntspg;ghl;bd; rhj;jpag;ghLfSk; mjd; gpd;

tpisTfSk; ,t;tpaypy; tpupthf Muhag;gl cs;sd.

,ay; - 4: vk;.[p.RNu\_k; mtuJ gpujpfSk;

1953 - Mk; Mz;L gpwe;j vk;.[p.RNu\; vOgJfspypUe;Nj jkpo;r; R+oypy;

,aq;Fk; vOj;jhsu;. mtu; jkpo; ,yf;fpar; R+oypy; jdJ GidTfs;>

fl;Liufs;> mwpKf E}y;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; fle;j ehw;gJ tUlq;fSf;Fk;

Nkyhff; fzprkhd gq;fspg;igr; nra;JtUfpwhu;. jdJ vOj;Jg; gazj;ij

Kjypy; ftpijapypUe;Nj njhlq;fpa mtu; ftpij E}nyJTk; ntspf;nfhz;L

tutpy;iy. 1981-Mk; Mz;by; mtUila Kjy; ehtYk; Kjy; rpWfijj;

njhFg;Gk; xNu Mz;bNyNa ntspte;jd. mtu; ,Jtiu %d;W rpWfijj;

njhFg;Gfs;> vl;L ehty;fs;> ,uz;L fl;Liu E}y;fs;> vl;L mwpKf E}y;fs;>

xU Neu;fhzy; njhFg;G Mfpatw;iw ntspapl;Ls;shu;.

‘,uz;lhtJ cyifj;Njb’ (1981)> ‘fdTyf thrpapd; epidTf;Fwpg;Gfs;’

(1998)> ‘mte;jpfhtpd; jw;nfhiyf;F MW fhuzq;fs;’ (2009) Kjypa %d;W

rpWfijj; njhFg;GfSk;> ‘tpuypLf;fpy; jg;gpa Gif’ (1981)> ‘jh[;kfhYf;Fs;

rpy vYk;Gf;$Lfs;’ (1984)> ‘fhd;fpuPl; tdk;’ (1985)> ‘ml;yhz;b]; kdpjd;

kw;Wk; rpyUld;’ (1999)> ‘mnyf;]hz;lUk; xU Nfhg;igj; NjdPUk;’ (2000)>

‘rpye;jp’ (2001) ‘ANufh vd;nwhU efuk;’ (2002)> ‘37’ (2003) Mfpa vl;L

ehty;fSk; vk;.[p.RNu\; vOjpa GidTfshFk;.

,itad;wp vk;.[p.RNu\; fl;Liufs;> lhtpd;rp NfhLk; nlsd;Nyhl;

gpujpfSk; Mfpa fl;Liu E}y;fSk;> ‘gpd; etPdj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d’>

‘,]q;fs; Mapuk;’ Mfpa Nfhl;ghl;L mwpKf E}y;fisAk;> ‘/G+f;Nfh’>

‘yf;fhd;’> ‘njupjh’> ‘njY}]; - fj;jhup’> ‘ghu;j;’ Kjypa rpe;jidahsu;fs;

gw;wpa mwpKf E}y;fisAk; mtu; vOjpAs;shu;.

vk;.[p.RNu\pd; ‘cyfk; Nghw;Wk; jpiug;glq;fs;’ vd;Dk; E}y; cyfpd;

Kjy; tupirapy; Ngrg;glj;jf;f ,Ugj;ije;J jpiug;glq;fis

mwpKfg;gLj;JfpwJ. mtuJ Neu;fhzy;fs; ‘nrhw;fisj;jtpu Ntwpy;iy’

vd;Dk; ngaupy; njhFg;ghf ntspte;Js;sd.

mtuJ vOj;Jf;fspy; xUtpj gbepiy khw;wj;ijf; fhyuPjpahff;

fz;lwpa KbAk;. mtUila Muk;gfhyf; fijfs; etPdj;Jt tho;T

Vw;gLj;Jk; neUf;fbfisg; NgRk; fijfshf mike;Js;sd. 1999 - Mk;

Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;l ‘ml;yhz;b]; kdpjd; kw;Wk; rpyUld;’ ehtYf;Fg; gpwF

vOjg;gl;litNa gpd;etPdj;Jtf; fij cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jp vOjg;gl;l

fijfs;.

gj;jhk; tFg;G tiu gbj;j vk;.[p.RNu\; 1976 - Mk; Mz;L jkpo;ehL

muRj; Nju;thizak; elj;jpa Nju;tpy; Nju;r;rpaile;J nghJr;Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk;

cly; eyj;Jiwapy; vOj;juhfg; gzpahw;wp tpUg;g Xa;T ngw;wtuhthu;.

fzprkhd fhyk; ,tu; rpdpkhj; JiwapYk; gzpahw;wpapUf;fpwhu;. kpfr;

rkPgj;jpy; jpiug;glj; jzpf;ifj; Jiwapy; jzpf;ifahsuhf ,Ue;jhu;. ,tuJ

gzpaDgtq;fs; ,tuJ fijfSf;Fj; Jiz nra;Js;sij ,tuJ fijfis

thrpf;Fk;NghJ mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;.

‘vk;.[p.RNu\_k; mtuJ gpujpfSk;’ vd;Dk; ,t;tpaypy; mtuJ tho;f;if

tuyhW> gpujpahf;fr; nray;ghLfs;> gpujpfspd; jd;ikfs;> Nghf;Ffs; Mfpait

Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,ay; - 5: vk;.[p.RNu\pd; ehty;fspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfs;

vk;.[p.RNu\; gpd; etPdj;Jt ehty; vd;Dk; tifikapy; Ie;J

ehty;fis vOjpAs;shu;. mtw;Ws; ehd;F ehty;fSf;F mtNu tifik

milahsj;ijAk; nfhLj;Js;shu;. ‘ml;yhz;b]; kdpjd; kw;Wk; rpyUld;’

ehtiy mtu; gd;Kf ehty; (Cubism) vd;W milahsg; gLj;Jfpwhu;.

me;ehtypy; xU fijnrhy;yp jdJ ehtiy vOj Kw;gLfpwhd;. me;j

ehtYf;Fs; ,aq;Fk; fkNyrd; vd;gtd; me;j ehtYf;Fs; ,d;ndhU ehtiy

vOJtjhf me;j ehty; mikfpwJ. mjpy; xNu fijf;Fg; gy;NtW KbTfSk;

gy;NtW rhj;jpag;ghLfSk; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. MdhYk; ,e;j ehtYf;Fs;

,Uf;fpw fijfspNy ngUk;ghd;ikAk; eLj;ju tu;f;fg; nghJg;Gj;jpf;Fs;

,Uf;fpw fijfs;jhd;. ngz;fs; Efu; nghUs;fspy; xd;whfg; ghu;f;fg;gLtJ>

guj;jik xOf;fk; nfhs;Sk; jiytdpd; Clhl;lk; Kjyhdtw;iw ,jw;fhd

cjhuzq;fshfr; nrhy;yyhk;. mNj rkak; mk;gj;J}u; khkh fij>

FNyhj;Jq;fd; fij> kjf;fytuk; Fwpj;j fij Mfpait NtW jsq;fspy;

,aq;fp ehtypd; Nghf;fpy; thrf ciuahlYf;fhd fsj;ij Vw;gLj;jpj;

jUfpd;wd. mNj rkak; ,e;jr; rhj;jpag;ghLfs; fdrJuj;jpw;fhd my;yJ

NtNwNjDk; fzpj tbtj;jpw;fhd gf;f rhj;jpaq;fshf mikahky; njY}]; -

fj;jhup Kd;nkhopAk; iuN]hk; Nghy fpis gpupAk; jd;ikajha; ,Uf;fpwJ.

ghl;uPrpah thf; ,j;jifa fijfis nkl;lh/gpf;\d; vd;W tifg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.

,f;fij nkl;lh/gpf;\d;jhNd jtpu gd;Kf ehty; my;y vd;W ftpQu; uNk\;

gpNujDk; ehty; te;j fhyj;jpNyNa Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gJ ftdj;jpw;FupaJ.

mnyf;rhz;lUk; xU Nfhg;igj; NjdPUk; ʹAutofiction’ vd;Dk;

tifikapdjhf milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mjw;Fj; jkpopy; ‘jd; ngUf;fp

ehty;’ vd;Dk; tpsf;fKk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. MdhYk; ʹAutofictionʹ vd;Dk;

tifik jd; tuyhWk; GidTk; fye;j jd;tuyhw;W ehty; vd;Dk;

tifikiaf; Fwpg;gjhfNt ,t;tha;tpd;NghJ Ma;thsUf;Ff; fpilj;j juTfs;

%yk; mwpaKbfpwJ. mNjrkak; ,e;ehty; mj;jifa tifikapdjhf

,y;yhky; ypz;lh `l;r;rd; Fwpg;gpLk; ʹhisteriographic metafictionʹ Mf

,Uf;fpwJ.

‘rpye;jp’ ehty; Njhw;w nka;k;ik ehty; vd;W tif gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

vOjg;gLk; vy;yhg; GidTfSNk Njhw;w nka;k;ikfs; jhd; vd;DnkhU

fUj;Jz;L. mNj rkak; Njhw;w nka;k;ik vd;gijf; fzpg;nghwpapy; njupAk;

tPl;bd; Kg;gupkhd gpk;gj;ijg; Nghd;wnjd;W tpku;rfu;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wdu;.

ngUk;ghYk; Njhw;w nka;k;ik mwptpay; Gidfijfspy; rhj;jpakhtjhf xU

fUj;Jz;L. MdhYk; ‘rpye;jp’ ehty; vOJgtDf;Fk; thrpg;gtDf;Fk;

,ilapy; epfOk; nkhop tpisahl;lhfj;jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;y

Ntz;Lkhdhy; ,JnthU ghtid ehty;. Njhw;w nka;k;ik ehtyy;y.

kd Nehahsu;fs; fhg;gfj;jpy; eilngWk; Jg;gwpAk; fijahf

epfo;j;jg;gLk; ‘rpye;jp’ rkfhyj; jd;ik kPjhd tpku;rdg; gfbia Kd;itf;Fk;

fij. jdJ epfo;j;JKiwapd;%yk; jd;tpopg;G epiy nfhz;l

nkl;lh/gpf;\dhf ,aq;Fk; ,e;jf; fijapy; Mz; ngz; re;jpg;Gfs; epfOk;

,lq;fspy; nuhkhz;brp]g; ghzpapyhd kpifAzu;r;rpf; fij$wYk;

epfo;e;Js;sJ ,q;Ff; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;baJ MFk;.

vk;.[p.RNu\; gpd; etPdj;Jtg; GidTfs; vd;W cupik NfhUtdtw;wpy;

‘ANufh vd;nwhU efuk;’ kl;LNk Neuhd fijnrhy;yypy; jdJ fijia

epfo;j;JfpwJ. ,J gpd; njhopy; kak; Fwpj;j gpd; etPd fhyj;jpw;fhd fij

vd;w tifapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xd;W.

‘37’ jkpo;g; gpd; etPdj;Jt mwptpay; GidTfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ehty;.

etPdj;Jt mwptpay; GidTfs; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; epfo;tjhf vOjg;gLtjhfTk;

gpd; etPdj;Jt mwptpay; GidTfs; epfo;fhyj;jpy; epfo;tjhf

vOjg;gLtjhfTk; xU tpku;rfu; $Wthu;. gpd; etPdj;Jt mwptpay; GidTfspy;

ʹCyberfictionʹ vd;nwhU tifik cz;L. ‘37’ ehty; me;j tifikf;Fs;

mlq;Fk; jd;ikaJ. ,e;ehty; gy Fuy; jd;ik nfhz;l ehty; vd;W

milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;LssJ. vd;wNghJk; fijg; Nghf;fpy; xt;nthUtuhf khw;wp

khw;wpf; fij nrhy;tjhf epfo;j;jg;gLk; ,e;jg; Gidtpy; njhdpapy; ve;j

khw;wKk; ,y;yhky; xw;iwj; jd;ik nfhz;ljhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. mNjrkak;

xNu Neuj;jpy; ajhu;j;jj; jd;ik nfhz;l fijiaAk; mwptpay; GiditAk;

,izg;gjd; %yk; fij nrhy;yypd; Gjpa rhj;jpankhd;iw ,J epfo;j;JfpwJ.

vk;.[p.RNu\; ehty;fspy; Njhw;w nka;k;ik ehtYf;fhd rhj;jpaq;fs; rpye;jp

ehtiy tplTk; mjpfkhf ,e;j ehtYf;Fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gJ

ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.

,g;gbahf ‘vk;.[p.RNu\pd; ehty;fspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfs;’ vd;Dk;

,t;tpaypy; mtuJ ehty;fspy; fhzyhFk; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfspd; td;ik

nkd;ikfs; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,ay; - 6: vk;.[p.RNu\pd; rpWfijfspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf;$Wfs;

vk;.[p.RNu\pd; rpWfijfspy; ‘mte;jpfhtpd; jw;nfhiyf;F MW

fhuzq;fs;’ vd;Dk; fij jw;nfhiy nra;Jnfhz;l ebifnahUj;jpiag;

gw;wpa gj;jpupf;ifr; nra;jpfisf; fj;jupj;Jr; Nrfupj;j tbtpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.

vk;.[p.RNu\pd; ehty;fs; vijAk;tpl kpFe;j ftdj;NjhL vOjg;gl;l gpd;

etPdj;Jtf; fij ,JthFk;. ,jpy; gj;jpupf;if nkhop eiliag; Gidtpy;

rhj;jpakhf;fpajd;%yk; fjk;gj;jd;ikia cUthf;Ffpwhu; fjhrpupau;.

rkfhyj;jpy; mwpag;gl;l ebiffis epidT+l;Ltjd;%yk; gy;gpujpj;Jtg; gz;G

nfhz;l fijahfTk; ,f;fij tpsq;FfpwJ.

,f;fijNaad;wp ‘fzf;fPl;lhsu;fs;’> ‘epfhkhtpd; fz;zPu;’> ‘xU fijAk;

xt;nthU fijAk;’ Kjyhd gpw fijfSk; fij nrhy;yypy; ntt;NtW

rhj;jpaq;fis epfo;j;jpa fijfshff; fhzf; fpilf;fpd;wd. ‘vk;.[p.RNu\pd;

rpWfijfspy; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $Wfs;’ vd;Dk; ,t;tpaypy; mtuJ

rpWfijfspy; fhdyhFk; gpd; etPdj;Jtf; $WfspQ; td;ik nkd;ikfs;

gFj;jhuhag;gLfpd;wd.

,ay; - 7: KbTiu

KbTiuapy; ,t;tha;tpy; fz;lilAk; KbGfs; njhFj;jspf;fg;gl

cs;sd. ,jdpWjpapy; gpw;fhy Ma;Tf;fhd fsq;fSk; rhj;jpag;ghLfSk;

Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl cs;sd.

JizE}w;gl;baypy; Kjd;ikj; juTfs;> kw;Wk; Jizikj; juTfshd

Ma;T E}y;fs;> fl;Liufs;> Ma;NtLfs;> ,jo;fs;> Mtzg;glq;fs;> ,iza

tiyj;jsq;fs; Kjyhdit njhFj;Jj; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

gpd; ,izg;ghf vk;.[p.RNu\plk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Ma;T njhlu;ghd Neu;fhzy;

,izf;fg;gl cs;sJ.