Basic Concepts

MIS

Information And Communication

Levels of

Message

Meaning

Message

Building

Blocks

A System View

Selected

System

Definition

Types

of

Systems

Processing And Transaction

processing

Components

Transmission

Components

The

Communication

System

An Information System Concept

Organization

Setting

Information

System

Components

System View

• A System is a set of subsystems and their relationships, in an environment, organized to achieve goals.

• Subsystem refers to the components that make

up a system’s, or its environment’s, structure.

• Environment identifies the subsystems that are

not a part of the system but which significantly

affact, or are affected by, the system.

• A Relationship represents a connection

between subsystems of the system or

environment.

Types of Systems

Assumes intangible symbolic form

that exists only in mind, although it

may be recorded externally. Does

not exist physically.

Abstract

Assumes tangible physical form

that exists outside the mind. You

can touch it.

Concrete

DefinitionsSystem Types

Types of Systems

Self-contained without interaction

with the environment, depending on

external intervention to initiate and

continue its operation.

Closed

Transform matter, energy, or

information from the environment to

provide for its own regulation and

internal maintenance.

Open

DefinitionsSystem Types

Levels of Message Meaning

• Data are groups of characters recognized as having meaning. They are raw facts and opinions. – eg. It is raining.

• Information infers more meaning, as data that has usefulness (value) in a current decision situation.– eg. It is raining, and my car windows are

open.

• Knowledge, represents information with a potential use retained for reference in future decision situations.

– eg. Spring is characterized by afternoon

showers. I should shut the windows when

leaving my car in the institute parking lot.

Message Building Blocks

• Data Name– The designation given to a class of data.

• Data Item– A specific value in a class of data.

• Information Name– A group of data names that identify potential user

information.

• Information Item– The expression of a specific value for an information

name.

Properties of Information

• Understand the content

– Different personal frames of reference lend

varying interpretations to the same content.

• Relate to a Decision

– Content should relate to specifically to a

current need in any of the phases of the

decision-making process.

• Change a perception

– Accomplish with surprise or content that

reduces uncertainty about future state or

event.

• Take an action

– Should be decision-impelling by generating a

response to the content.

Attributes of Information

• Source

• Scope

• Concreteness

• Accuracy

• Redundancy

• Horizon

• Frequency

• Timeliness

Use variety of approaches

to accomplish

classification, filtering,

accumulation, and statistics

Detailed to

Summary

Scope

Use combination of source

appropriate to the situation.

Internal to

External

Source

Information System

Consideration

RangeAttribute

Exact information

is not needed

Exact to

Approximate

Accuracy

Impression should

be encouraged to

supplement facts.

Hard to SoftConcreteness

Information

System

Consideration

RangeAttribute

Past emphasis on what

has happened to the

future emphasis on

what is expected.

Past to

Future

Horizon

Include the amount of

redundancy needed to

compensate analytic

ability

None to

Some

Redundancy

Information System

Consideration

RangeAttribute

Provide as soon as

possible after the data item

is measured, but not

before the need exists.

Current to

Delayed

Timeliness

Should match the

frequency of the situation.

Often to

Occasional

Frequency

Information System

Consideration

RangeAttribute

Management

• Management is the art of getting things done through and with the people in formally organized groups.

Managerial Functions

• Planning

• Organizing

• Staffing

• Directing, and

• Controlling.

Management Hierarchy

Middle

Management

Supervisory

Management

Top

Management

Strategic Management

Management Control

Operational Control

Planning and Control functions

• Planning is the process of deciding what an

organization wants to do (forming goals) and

determining how to achieve the goals ( guiding

implementation).

• The Control function complements planning. It

involves determining how well goals have been

achieved (comparing actual performance with

planned) and deciding what to do if the

difference is too great (taking corrective action).

Top management decides on

organization objectives, changes in

the objectives, on the resources

used to attain objectives, and on

the policies governing the

acquisition, use, and disposition of

the resources.

Strategic

Planning

Middle management assures that

resources are obtained and used

effectively and efficiently to

accomplish the organizations

objectives.

Management

Control

Supervisory management assures

that specific tasks are carried out

effectively and efficiently to

accomplish the scope of the

objective under their authority.

Operational

Control

Middle

Management

Supervisory

Management

Top

Management

Management HierarchyManagement Functions

Strategic Planning

Management Control

Operational Control

Functions Versus Attributes

Operational

Control

Management

Control

Approximate

Exact

Soft

Hard

Summary

Detailed

External

Internal

Strategic

Planning

AccuracyConcretenessScopeSourceManagement Function

Information Attributes

Functions Versus Attributes

Operational

Control

Management

Control

Delayed

Current

Occasional

Often

Future

Past

Some

None

Strategic

Planning

TimelinessFrequencyHorizonRedundancyManagement Function

Information Attributes

MIS

• Management Information System is a system consisting of people, machines, procedures, databases and data models, as its elements. The system gathers data from internal and external sources of an organization; processes it and supplies Management Information to assist managers in the process of decision-making.

Business-related Information

Systems• EIS - Executive Information Systems

• MIS - Management Information Systems

• Decision Support Systems

• Transaction Processing Systems