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ASSIGNMENT

NICMAR / SODE OFFICE

Course - NCP 26

Course Title - Construction Project Manae!ent Tec"ni#ues

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION AND FEASIBILITY

A project is a temporary endeaor !it" a de#ined $e%innin% and end &'s'a((y time)constrained* and o#ten constrained $y

#'nds and de(iera$(es+* 'nder ta,en to meet 'ni-'e %oa(s and o$jecties* typica((y to $rin% a$o't $ene#icia( c"an%e or

added a('e. It is ac"ieed !it"in t"e speci#ied scope* -'a(ity* time and costs. Project can a(so $e de#ined as or%ani/ation

and per#ormance o# reso'rces s'c" as men* money* mac"inery* materia(s* space and tec"no(o%y into (o%ica( se-'ence o#

actiities.

0ost projects start !it" a need to "ae a ne! #aci(ity (on% $e#ore desi%ners start desi%ns and dra!in% o# t"e projects and

certain(y $e#ore #ie(d constr'ction !or, can commence. E(ements o# t"is p"ase inc('de1

- Concept'a( ana(ysis

- Tec"nica( and #easi$i(ity st'dies and

- Enironmenta( impact reports.

2ere* o'r project is to $'i(d a cric,et stadi'm o'tside a me%a city oer a piece o# (and in 34 mont"s.

In India cric,et is not j'st a %ame* $'t it is #o((o!ed (i,e a re(i%ion. T"o'%" its not o'r Nationa( Sport* t"e cra/e #or

cric,et is a(!ays at t"e pea,. It is !atc"ed a%%ressie(y not on(y $y o(d a%ed or midd(e a%ed peop(e $'t yo'n%sters and

teena%ers* $oys and %ir(s)eery$ody is ta,in% ,een interest to !atc" cric,et eit"er to !atc" on T5 screen or at cric,et

stadi'm.

T"e trend o# cric,et is c"an%in% no!adays. Peop(e %o cra/y to !atc" a #ast and #'rio's 67 678s rat"er t"an a $orin% 9

days test matc". T"e (a'nc" o# 67 678s increased t"e "eat o# cric,et (oers. In on(y #e! oers $atsmen "it (ot o# r'ns.

S"o!erin% #o'rs and si:es tense t"e $o!(ers8 neres $'t $eat t"e "eart t"ro$s o# t"e cric,et (oer spectators.

Commercia(i/ation o# t"e %ame is a(so eye catc"in%. . Indian Cric,et Lea%'e &ICL+ and Indian Premiere Lea%'e &IPL+

are ne! to'rnaments !"ic" are $ecomin% more and more pop'(ar. It comes !it" t"e concept o# more money and more

#'n.

0ean!"i(e tec"no(o%y !as improin% and $ecome part o# t"e %ame. Be#ore t"ere !as on(y T5 and ne!spapers* $'t no!

!e "ae internet. ;e "ae di%ita( cameras !it" e:tra /oom* st'mp ision cameras* speedometers to c"ec, t"e speed o#

t"e $a(( t"ro!n $y t"e $o!(ers* di%ita( so'nd systems* %rap"ics systems* a(( t"e necessary data o# t"e past cric,et comes

on t"e screen !it"in a #e! seconds. T"e Internationa( Cric,et Association &ICC+ is a(so t"en and t"ere introd'cin% ne!

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r'(es !"ic" increase t"e tempo o# t"e %ame. T"ese a(( aspects stren%t"en t"e idea t"at cric,et !i(( (ie and it is part o#

o'r (ies.

Stadi'm is to $e $'i(t near t"e me%a city. Reso'rces !i(( $e aai(a$(e easi(y. 0ac"inery and manpo!er !i(( $e aai(a$(e

at ease. In#rastr'ct're #aci(ities are t"ere so t"e roads and transportation* e(ectricity* !ater* and materia(s !i(( $e aai(a$(e

easi(y. Air Port and 2ar$or !i(( ma,e it easy #or importin% needs %oods #rom o'tside and #or t"e transportation o#

internationa( p(ayers and o##icia(s.

0ar,et is "i%"(y competitie and !e are (iin% in t"e era o# Adertisin% and mar,etin%. So many companies !o'(d (i,e

to sponsor matc"es. Lot o# money can $e %enerated t"ro'%" %iin% ri%"ts to t"e te(eision c"anne(s #or $roadcastin% o#

t"e matc"es. Not on(y t"is* sponsors are ready to pay money #or t"eir (o%os on t"e 'ni#orm o# t"e cric,eters. 0oney can

$e %enerated t"ro'%" t"e adertisin% "oardin%s on t"e %ro'nd $o'ndary. T"ere is no do'$t t"at commercia(i/ation and

%(amo'r !i(( dra! more and more cric,et spectators to t"e stadi'm to !atc" t"eir #aorite cric,eters in action as !e(( as

$ea'ti#'( %ir(s or c"eer (eaders.

CONCL

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By contrast* t"e %enera( mana%ement o# $'siness and ind'stria( corporations ass'mes a $roader o't(oo, !it" %reater

contin'ity o# operations. Neert"e(ess* t"ere are s'##icient simi(arities as !e(( as di##erences $et!een t"e t!o so t"at

modern mana%ement tec"ni-'es dee(oped #or %enera( mana%ement may $e adapted #or project mana%ement.

T"e $asic in%redients #or a project mana%ement #rame!or, may $e represented sc"ematica((y in Fi%'re )3. A !or,in%

,no!(ed%e o# %enera( mana%ement and #ami(iarity !it" t"e specia( ,no!(ed%e domain re(ated to t"e project are

indispensa$(e. S'pportin% discip(ines s'c" as comp'ter science and decision science may a(so p(ay an important ro(e.

T"e representation in Fi%'re )3 re#(ects on(y t"e so'rces #rom !"ic" t"e project mana%ement #rame!or, eo(es.

Fiure $% Basic In%redients in Project 0ana%ement

Speci#ica((y* project mana%ement in constr'ction encompasses a set o# o$jecties !"ic" may $e accomp(is"ed $y

imp(ementin% a series o# operations s'$ject to reso'rce constraints. T"ere are potentia( con#(icts $et!een t"e stated

o$jecties !it" re%ard to scope* cost* time and -'a(ity* and t"e constraints imposed on "'man materia( and #inancia(

reso'rces. T"ese con#(icts s"o'(d $e reso(ed at t"e onset o# a project $y ma,in% t"e necessary tradeo##s or creatin% ne!

a(ternaties. S'$se-'ent(y* t"e #'nctions o# project mana%ement #or constr'ction %enera((y inc('de t"e #o((o!in%1

3. Speci#ication o# project o$jecties and p(ans inc('din% de(ineation o# scope* $'d%etin%* sc"ed'(in%* settin%per#ormance re-'irements* and se(ectin% project participants.

6. 0a:imi/ation o# e##icient reso'rce 'ti(i/ation t"ro'%" proc'rement o# (a$o'r* materia(s and e-'ipment

accordin% to t"e prescri$ed sc"ed'(e and p(an.

@. Imp(ementation o# ario's operations t"ro'%" proper coordination and contro( o# p(annin%* desi%n* estimatin%*

contractin% and constr'ction in t"e entire process.

. Dee(opment o# e##ectie comm'nications and mec"anisms #or reso(in% con#(icts amon% t"e ario's

participants.

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T"e Project 0ana%ement Instit'te #oc'ses on nine distinct areas re-'irin% project mana%er ,no!(ed%e and attention1

3. Project inte%ration mana%ement to ens're t"at t"e ario's project e(ements are e##ectie(y coordinated.

6. Project scope mana%ement to ens're t"at a(( t"e !or, re-'ired &and on(y t"e re-'ired !or,+ is inc('ded.

@. Project time mana%ement to proide an e##ectie project sc"ed'(e.

. Project cost mana%ement to identi#y needed reso'rces and maintain $'d%et contro(.

9. Project -'a(ity mana%ement to ens're #'nctiona( re-'irements are met.

4. Project "'man reso'rce mana%ement to dee(opment and e##ectie(y emp(oy project personne(.

. Project comm'nications mana%ement to ens're e##ectie interna( and e:terna( comm'nications.

. Project ris, mana%ement to ana(y/e and miti%ate potentia( ris,s.

. Project proc'rement mana%ement to o$tain necessary reso'rces #rom e:terna( so'rces.

PROJECT PLANNIN= AND CONTROL

P(annin% is t"e $asic #'nction o# t"e mana%ement. P(annin% is concerned !it" ?"o! and !"en8 to ac"iee t"e

predetermined o$jecties. P(annin% sets a(( ot"er #'nctions o# mana%ement i/. or%ani/in%* sta##in%* directin%*

motiatin%* coordinatin% etc.T"e main o$jecties o# p(annin% are (isted $e(o!1

i. Ana(ysis

ii. Anticipation

iii. Sc"ed'(in% reso'rces

i. Co)ordination and contro(

. Prod'ction o# data

A(( e##ectie(y mana%ed projects ino(e t"e preparation o# t"e project p(an. T"is is t"e #'ndamenta(

doc'ment t"at spe((s o't !"at is to $e ac"ieed* "o! it is to $e ac"ieed* and !"at reso'rces !i((

$e necessary. InProjects and Trends in the 1990s and the 21st Century* a't"or Jo(yon 2a((o!s

says* T"e $asic project doc'ment is t"e project p(an. T"e project (ies and $reat"es and c"an%es

as t"e project pro%resses or #ai(s. T"e $asic components o# t"e project* accordin% to 2a((o!s* are

(aid o't in t"e #i%'re $e(o!.

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;it" t"e p(an as a road map* te((in% 's "o! to %et #rom one point to anot"er* says 2a((o!s* a

%ood project mana%er reco%ni/es #rom t"e o'tset t"at a project p(an is #ar more t"an an academic

e:ercise or too( #or appeasin% 'pper mana%ement. It is t"e $('eprint #or t"e entire scope o# t"e project* a ita( doc'ment

!"ic" is re#erred to #re-'ent(y* o#ten 'pdated on)t"e)#(y* and somet"in%

!it"o't !"ic" t"e project mana%er cannot proceed.

CONTROL OF PRO=RESS ON SITE

;it"o't contro( p(annin% (oses m'c" o# its a('e. It m'st $e app(ied contin'o's(y to 'pdate t"e p(ans and to ena$(e

reconsideration o# t"e !or,(oad in t"e (i%"t o# !"at "as a(ready ta,en p(ace.

Contro( ino(es comparin% t"e act'a( ac"ieement !it" t"e p(ans. I# a pro%ramme is to $e rea((y e##ectie as a contro(

doc'ment* it m'st represent time and -'antity o# !or, carried o't.

Pro%ress can $e recorded on p(annin% c"arts t"at c(ear(y indicate !"at is "appenin% and !"ere correctie action needs to

$e ta,en.

;ee,(y and mont"(y meetin%s are ina('a$(e in "e(pin% to contro( pro%ress. T"e action necessary #or correctin%

'nderprod'ction !i(( $e considered and t"e $est so('tion !i(( t"en $e incorporated into t"e pro%ramme #or t"e ne:t

period.

PROJECT ;OR BREADO;N

;or, !it"in eac" p"ase to identi#y t"e eents or tas,s* and t"eir associated s'$tas,s. De#ine

eeryt"in% t"at needs to $e doneG t"is is ca((ed t"e !or, $rea,do!n str'ct're.

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T"e &or' (rea')o*n Structure +&(S,

T"e ;BS "as $ecome synonymo's !it" a tas, (ist. T"e simp(est #orm o# ;BS is t"e o't(ine*

a(t"o'%" it can a(so appear as a tree dia%ram or ot"er c"art. Stic,in% !it" t"e o't(ine* t"e ;BS

(ists eac" tas,* eac" associated s'$tas,* mi(estones* and de(iera$(es. T"e ;BS can $e 'sed to

p(ot assi%nments and sc"ed'(es and to maintain #oc's on t"e $'d%et.

; B S LE5EL ; B S ELE0ENT

3 ALL DOC

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6.. P('m$in% ;or,s

6..9 Paintin% ;or,s

6..4 Seatin% Arran%ement

6.. Emer%ency Arran%ements

6.9 =RO

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E-'ipment and #'rnis"in%s not inc('ded in constr'ction

Inspection and testin%

T"e operation and maintenance cost in s'$se-'ent years oer t"e project (i#e cyc(e inc('des t"e #o((o!in% e:penses1

Land rent* i# app(ica$(e

Operatin% sta##

La$or and materia( #or maintenance and repairs

Periodic renoations

Ins'rance and ta:es

Financin% costs

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T"e Critical Pat" Met"o)

T"e most !ide(y 'sed sc"ed'(in% tec"ni-'e is t"e critica( pat" met"od &CP0+ #or sc"ed'(in%* o#ten re#erred to as

critical path scheduling. T"is met"od ca(c'(ates t"e minim'm comp(etion time #or a project a(on% !it" t"e possi$(e start

and #inis" times #or t"e project actiities. Indeed* many te:ts and mana%ers re%ard critica( pat" sc"ed'(in% as t"e on(y'sa$(e and practica( sc"ed'(in% proced're. Comp'ter pro%rams and a(%orit"ms #or critica( pat" sc"ed'(in% are !ide(y

aai(a$(e and can e##icient(y "and(e projects !it" t"o'sands o# actiities.

T"e critical pathitse(# represents t"e set or se-'ence o# predecessorKs'ccessor actiities !"ic" !i(( ta,e t"e (on%est time

to comp(ete. T"e d'ration o# t"e critica( pat" is t"e s'm o# t"e actiities d'rations a(on% t"e pat". T"'s* t"e critica( pat"

can $e de#ined as t"e (on%est possi$(e pat" t"ro'%" t"e net!or, o# project actiities* as descri$ed in C"apter . T"e

d'ration o# t"e critica( pat" represents t"e minim'm time re-'ired to comp(ete a project. Any de(ays a(on% t"e critica(

pat" !o'(d imp(y t"at additiona( time !o'(d $e re-'ired to comp(ete t"e project.

T"ere may $e more t"an one critica( pat" amon% a(( t"e project actiities* so comp(etion o# t"e entire project co'(d $e

de(ayed $y de(ayin% actiities a(on% any one o# t"e critica( pat"s. For e:amp(e* a project consistin% o# t!o actiities

per#ormed in para((e( t"at eac" re-'ire t"ree days !o'(d "ae eac" actiity critica( #or a comp(etion in t"ree days.

Forma((y* critica( pat" sc"ed'(in% ass'mes t"at a project "as $een diided into actiities o# #i:ed d'ration and !e((

de#ined predecessor re(ations"ips. A predecessor re(ations"ip imp(ies t"at one actiity m'st come $e#ore anot"er in t"e

sc"ed'(e. No reso'rce constraints ot"er t"an t"ose imp(ied $y precedence re(ations"ips are reco%ni/ed in t"e simp(est

#orm o# critica( pat" sc"ed'(in%.

To 'se critica( pat" sc"ed'(in% in practice* constr'ction p(anners o#ten represent a resource constraint$y a precedence

re(ation. A constraint is simp(y a restriction on t"e options aai(a$(e to a mana%er* and a resource constraint is a

constraint deriin% #rom t"e (imited aai(a$i(ity o# some reso'rce o# e-'ipment* materia(* space or (a$or. For e:amp(e*

one o# t!o actiities re-'irin% t"e same piece o# e-'ipment mi%"t $e ar$itrari(y ass'med to precede t"e ot"er actiity.

T"is arti#icia( precedence constraint ins'res t"at t"e t!o actiities re-'irin% t"e same reso'rce !i(( not $e sc"ed'(ed at

t"e same time. A(so* most critica( pat" sc"ed'(in% a(%orit"ms impose restrictions on t"e %enera(ity o# t"e actiity

re(ations"ips or net!or, %eometries !"ic" are 'sed. In essence* t"ese restrictions imp(y t"at t"e constr'ction p(an can $e

represented $y a net!or, p(an in !"ic" actiities appear as nodes in a net!or,* as in Fi%'re )4. Nodes are n'm$ered*

and no t!o nodes can "ae t"e same n'm$er or desi%nation. T!o nodes are introd'ced to represent t"e start and

comp(etion o# t"e project itse(#.

T"e act'a( comp'ter representation o# t"e project sc"ed'(e %enera((y consists o# a (ist o# actiities a(on% !it" t"eir

associated d'rations* re-'ired reso'rces and predecessor actiities. =rap"ica( net!or, representations rat"er t"an a (ist

are "e(p#'( #or is'a(i/ation o# t"e p(an and to ins're t"at mat"ematica( re-'irements are met. T"e act'a( inp't o# t"e

data to a comp'ter pro%ram may $e accomp(is"ed $y #i((in% in $(an,s on a screen men'* readin% an e:istin% data#i(e* or

typin% data direct(y to t"e pro%ram !it" identi#iers #or t"e type o# in#ormation $ein% proided.

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;it" an actiity)on)$ranc" net!or,* d'mmy actiities may $e introd'ced #or t"e p'rposes o# proidin% 'ni-'e actiity

desi%nations and maintainin% t"e correct se-'ence o# actiities. A dummy activityis ass'med to "ae no time d'ration

and can $e %rap"ica((y represented $y a das"ed (ine in a net!or,. Seera( cases in !"ic" d'mmy actiities are 'se#'( are

i(('strated in Fi%. 37)3. In Fi%. 37)3&a+* t"e e(imination o# actiity C !o'(d mean t"at $ot" actiities B and D !o'(d $e

identi#ied as $ein% $et!een nodes 3 and @. 2o!eer* i# a d'mmy actiity is introd'ced* as s"o!n in part &$+ o# t"e

#i%'re* t"e 'ni-'e desi%nations #or actiity B &node 3 to 6+ and D &node 3 to @+ !i(( $e presered. F'rt"ermore* i# t"e

pro$(em in part &a+ is c"an%ed so t"at actiity E cannot start 'nti( $ot" C and D are comp(eted $'t t"at F can start a#ter D

a(one is comp(eted* t"e order in t"e ne! se-'ence can $e indicated $y t"e addition o# a d'mmy actiity Y* as s"o!n in

part &c+. In %enera(* d'mmy actiities may $e necessary to meet t"e re-'irements o# speci#ic comp'ter sc"ed'(in%

a(%orit"ms* $'t it is important to (imit t"e n'm$er o# s'c" d'mmy (in, insertions to t"e e:tent possi$(e.

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Critical Pat" Met"o) . Pri!aera So0t*are%

0any comp'ter sc"ed'(in% systems s'pport on(y one net!or, representation* eit"er actiity)on)$ranc" or actiity)on)

node. A %ood project mana%er is #ami(iar !it" eit"er representation.

CONCL