pengenalan erp (enterprice resource planning)

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  • 7/21/2019 Pengenalan ERP (Enterprice Resource Planning)

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    Tkstnb NXY (Natnrprksn Xns`urdn Ygcaakae)

    HCH

    K

    YNALCF^G^CA

    3.3 Gctcr Hngcmcae Bcscgcf

    Ynrsckaeca lk luakc kalustrk snbcmka m`bpgnms, pnruscfcca-pnruscfcca bnad`hc uatum

    bnakaemctmca oubgcf m`asubnaayc lnaeca bngcmumca pngcycaca ycae dnpct lca hkcyc ycae

    burcf lkhcalkaemca lnaeca m`bpntkt`rayc. Tcgcf sctu dcrc uatum bnwuoulmca mnsumsnsca

    tnrsnhut lcpct lkgcmumca lnaeca dcrc bnaekatnercskmca skstnb kaj`rbcsk, pnakaemctca nsknask

    lcrk skstnb kaj`rbcsk uatum bnaefcskgmca bcaconbna ycae gnhkf nskna lcgcb huskanss pr`dnssns.

    Tkstnb Kaj`rbcsk (TK) clcgcf m`bhkacsk lcrk tnma`g`ek kaj`rbcsk lca cmtkvktcs `rcae ycae bnaeeu-

    acmca tnma`g`ek ktu uatum bnalumuae `pnrcsk lca bcaconbna. Lcgcb crtk ycae scaect gucs, kstkgcf

    skstnb kaj`rbcsk ycae snrkae lkeuacmca bnruoum mnpclc katnrcmsk catcrc `rcae, pr`sns cge`rktbkm,

    lctc, lca tnma`g`ek. Lcgcb pnaenrtkca kak, kstkgcf kak lkeuacmca uatum bnruoum tklcm fcayc pclc

    pnaeeuacca `recakscsk tnma`g`ek kaj`rbcsk lca m`buakmcsk (\KM), tntcpk ouec uatum dcrc lk bcac

    `rcae hnrkatnrcmsk lnaeca tnma`g`ek kak lcgcb bnalumuae pr`sns hksaks

    Yr`sns hksaks clcgcf suctu mubpugca pnmnrocca ycae scgkae tnrmckt uatum bnayngnsckmca suctu bc-

    scgcf tnrtnatu. Tuctu pr`sns hksaks lcpct lkpndcf bnaoclk hnhnrcpc suhpr`sns ycae bcskae-bcskae

    bnbkgkmk ctrkhut snalkrk tcpk ouec hnrm`atrkhusk uatum bnadcpck tuouca lcrk supnrpr`snsayc. Cacgksks

    pr`sns hksaks ububayc bngkhctmca pnbntcca pr`sns lca suhpr`sns lk lcgcbayc fkaeec tkaemctca

    cmtkvktcs ctcu mnekctca.

    \nma`g`ek natnrprksn rns`urdns pgcaakae (NXY) lcpct bnaekatnercskmca juaesk bcrmntkae, juaesk

    pr`lumsk, juaesk g`ekstkm, juaesk acadn, juaesk subhnr lcyc, juaesk pr`lumsk, lca juaesk gckaayc.

    Natnrprksn Xns`urdn Ygcaakae (NXY) bnrupcmca suctu dcrc uatum bnaeng`gc subhnr lcyc pnruscfcca

    lnaeca bnaeeuacmca tnma`g`ek kaj`rbcsk.

    3

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    Tkstnb NXY (Natnrprksn Xns`urdn Ygcaakae)

    Ynaeeuacca NXY ycae lkgnaemcpk lnaeca fcrlwcrn lca s`jtwcrn uatum bnaem``rlkacsk lca bnaeka-

    tnercskmca lctc kaj`rbcsk pclc sntkcp crnc huskanss pr`dnssns uatum bnaefcskgmca pnaecbhkgca

    mnputusca ycae dnpct mcrnac bnaynlkcmca cacgksc lca gcp`rca mnucaeca ycae dnpct, gcp`rca pnaouc-

    gca ycae `a tkbn, gcp`rca pr`lumsk lca kavnat`rk. Yr`ercb NXY scaect bnbhcatu pnruscfcca ycae

    bnbkgkmk hksaks pr`sns ycae gucs, lnaeca bnaeeuacmca lctchcsn lca rnp`rtkae t``gs bcaconbna ycaetnrhcek. Huskanss pr`dnssns bnrupcmca snmng`bp`m cmtkvktcs ycae bnbnrgumca sctu onaks ctcu gnhkf

    kaput ycae cmca bnaefcskgmca snhucf `utput lkbcac `utput kak bnrupcmca vcgun uatum m`asubna.

    T`jtwcrn NXY bnalumuae pnae`pnrcskca ycae nskna lcrk huskanss pr`dnssns lnaeca dcrc

    bnaekatnercskmca cmtkvktcs-cmtkvktcs lcrk mnsngurufca hksaks tnrbcsum scgns, bcrmntkae,

    bcaujcdturkae, g`ekstkd, cdd`uatkae, lca stcjae. Kbpgnbnatcsk NXY pclc pnruscfcca lk

    Kal`anskc ycae bnbpuayck fcrcpca uatum bnbpnrdnpct pr`sns hksaks, bnakaemctmca nsknask,

    lca bnrcup pnalcpctca ycae gnhkf hnscr. ^atum bnadcpck mnhnrfcskgca NXY kak bcmc pnrgu bnaen-

    tcfuk jcmt`r-jcmt`r cpc ycae bnbpnaecrufk mnhnrfcskgca kbpgnbnatcsk lca mnececgca kbpgnbnatcsk.

    \n`rk ycae lkscbpckmca Ecrenyc lca Hrcly (899>) bnayctcmca hcfwc clc jcmt`r-jcmt`r mnhnrfcskgca

    lca jcmt`r-jcmt`r mnececgca catcrc gcka ? pnrtcbc, mnbcbpuca uatum bnbpnrskaemct hksaks pr`sns

    ctcu `pnrcsk snfkaeec must`bkscsk hnrmurcae pclc pnruscfcca= mnluc, mnhnrfcskgca tkb pr`ynm

    ycae lklumuae `gnf bcaconbna, m`asugtca lca vnal`r= mntkec, clcayc pngctkfca ycae

    hnrmngcaoutca scct kbpgnbnatcsk NXY pclc pnruscfcca= mnnbpct, bnaynsuckmca hulcyc

    `recakscsk ycae scbc uatum bnaefkalcrk dcrc-dcrc tnrsnalkrk lcgcb bnaenrocmca fcg-fcg lca

    sntkcp juaesk/lnpcrtnbna hnr`pnrcsk lnaeca pr`snlur hnrhnlc lca mntnatuca hksaks hnrhnlc,

    bcmc pnrgu lkgcmumca wclcf uatum sfcrkae ma`wgnlenNXY pclc pnruscfcca. Mngkbc,

    bnrnadcacmca hkcyc pclc scct kbpgnbnatcsk lca pnaenbhcaeca NXY uatum bnaefkalcrk

    pnbcmckca hkcyc ycae bngnhkfk lcrk mnbcbpuca pnruscfcca.

    3.8 \uouca Ynaugksca

    Bcajcct lcrk Ynaugksca Bcmcgcf kak

    Bnaongcsmca Natnrprksn Xns`urdns Ygcaakae (NXY) mnpclc pcrc bcfcskswc skstnb kaj`rbcsk hckm ktu

    juaesk lcrk NXY lk gkaemuaeca `recakscsk bcupua pnruscfcca.

    Tngcka ktu, bcmcgcf kak lcpct bnacbhcf wcwcsca pnbhcdc tnatcae Tkstnb Natnrprksn Xns`urdn

    Ygcaakae (NXY) ycae hksc bnbpnrbulcf pnruscfcca/ uakvnrsktcs uatum bnaykbpca lca bnaentcfuk

    sndcrc dnpct lctchcsn pnruscfcca ctcupua uakvnrsktcs.

    3.4 Hctcsca Bcscgcf

    Bcmcgcf kak fcayc bnbhcfcs Natnrprksn Xns`urdn Ygcaakae sndcrc ubub, ycktu pnaenrtkca NXY

    fkaeec mngnhkfca lca mnmurcaeca lcrk skstnb NXY, sndrc rkaemcs, uatum pnbhcfcsca ycae gnhkf m`b-

    pgnms, pnayusua tklcm hksc tnrcpmca pclc bcmcgcf kak, lkmcrnmca fcg tnrsnhut bnbkgkmk tnbpct pnbhc-

    fcsca tnrsnalkrk.

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    Tkstnb NXY (Natnrprksn Xns`urdn Ygcaakae)

    YNBHCFCTCA

    8.3 Ynaenrtkca

    Ynrnadcacca subhnr lcyc pnruscfcca, ctcu snrkae lkskaemct NXY lcrk kstkgcf hcfcsc Kaeerksayc, na-

    tnrprksn rns`urdn pgcaakae, clcgcf skstnb kaj`rbcsk ycae lkpnruatummca hcek pnruscfca bcaujcmtur

    bcupua ocsc ycae hnrpnrca bnaekatnercskmca lca bnae`t`bcskmca pr`sns hksaks ycae hnrfuhuaecalnaeca cspnm `pnrcsk, pr`lumsk bcupua lkstrkhusk lk pnruscfcca hnrscaemutca. Tycrct tnrpnatkae lcrk

    skstnb NXY clcgcf bnaeechuaemca hnrhceck mnhutufca pclc sctu s`jtwcrn lcgcb sctu g`ekdcg lctc-

    hcsn, snfkaeec bnbulcfmca snbuc lnpcrtnbna hnrhcek kaj`rbcsk lca hnrm`buakmcsk.

    Lctchcsn ycae clc lcpct bnaekokamca sntkcp lnpcrtnbna lcgcb pnruscfcca uatum bnaykbpca lca

    bnaecbhkg kaj`rbcsk sndcrc rncg-tkbn. Kaj`rbcsk tnrsnhut fcrus lcpct lkpnrdcyc, lcpct lkcmsns lca

    bulcf lksnhcrgucsmca. Xcadcaeca pnrcaemct guacm b`lugcr fcrus hnrcrtk hcfwc snhucf hksaks lcpct

    bnbkgkf b`lug-b`lug ycae lkpnrgumca, lkm`bhkacskmca lca lksnsuckmca lcrk vnal`r ycae hnrhnlc,

    lca lcpct bnacbhcfmca b`lug hcru uatum bnakaemctmca uaoum mnroc hksaks.

    8.8 Gcalcsca \n`rk

    C. Tnocrcf

    NXY hnrmnbhcae lcrk Bcaujcdturkae Xns`urdn Ygcaakae (BXY KK) ycae hnr-nv`gusk lcrk Bctnrkcg

    Xnqukrnbnat Ygcaakae (BXY) ycae hnrmnbhcae snhngubayc. Tkstnb NXY sndcrc b`lugcr hkcscayc

    bnacaecak pr`sns bcaujcmtur, g`ekstkm, lkstrkhusk, pnrsnlkcca (kavnat`ry), pnaecpcgca, kav`kdn, lca

    cmuatcask pnruscfcca. Kak hnrcrtk hcfwc skstnb kak acatk cmca bnbhcatu bnae`atr`g cmtkvktcs hksaks

    snpnrtk pnaoucgca, pnaekrkbca, pr`lumsk, bcaconbna pnrsnlkcca, bcaconbna mucgktcs, lca subhnr

    lcyc bcauskc.

    HCH

    KK

    4

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    Tkstnb NXY (Natnrprksn Xns`urdn Ygcaakae)

    L. B`lug NXY

    Tndcrc b`lugcr, s`jtwcrn NXY hkcscayc tnrhcek ctcs b`lug utcbc ycmak @pnrcsk snrtc b`lug pna-

    lumuae ycmak Jkacaskcg lca cmuatcsk snrtc Tubhnr Lcyc Bcauskc

    NXY lkhcek bnaoclk tkec b`lug utcbc,

    3. B`lug `pnrcsk

    8. B`lug acadkcg cmuatcask, lca

    4. B`lug subhnr lcyc bcauskc.

    Mntkec b`lug kak hnrocgca sndcrc tnrpkscf, snfkaeec pnruscfcca tklcm fcrus bnaekbpgnbnatcskmca

    mntkecayc sndcrc gcaesuae. Acbua, mntkec b`lug tnrsnhut hnrfuhuaeca gcaesuae lnaeca sctu lctc-

    hcsn tnrpusct. Bkscgayc mntkmc hcekca pnaoucgca bnanrkbc pnscaca lcrk m`asubna, hcekca eulcaegcaesuae bnaentcfuk lca bnbpnrskcpmca pnscaca tnrsnhut. Mnbulkca hcekca cmuatcask lcpct bngk-

    fct cpcmcf hcrcae pnscaca sulcf lkmkrkb ctcu hngub, snfkaeec kc lcpct bnbpnrskcpmca tcekfca ua-

    tum m`asubna. Tkstnb ycae snpnrtk kak cmca bnaefnbct hcaycm rns`urdn pnruscfcca, snpnrtk wcmtu,

    hkcyc lca tnacec mnroc. Tnbuc `rcae lcgcb skstnb bngkfct lctc ycae scbc lca cmca bnbpnr`gnf

    kaj`rbcsk tnrhcru lcrk snbuc lkvksk lcgcb pnruscfcca.

    N. Kbpgnbnatcsk NXY

    Kbpgnbnatcsk NXY bnbhutufmca pnrskcpca ycae bctcae, mcrnac mnscgcfca kbpgnbnatcsk cmca bna-

    ecmkhctmca mnruekca ycae tklcm snlkmkt. \cfcp pcgkae cwcg lcrk kbpgnbnatcsk NXY clcgcf bnbhcaeua

    hksaks pr`sns ycae hckm. \capc hksaks pr`sns ycae hckm, snbuc skstnb kaj`rbcsk hnrhcsks m`bputnr

    lnaeca tnmakm cpcpua tklcm cmca bcbpu bnakaemctmca nsknask lca njnmtkvktcs pnruscfcca tnrsnhut.

    Cecr snhucf pnruscfcca lcpct bnanrcpmca m`asnp NXY lnaeca hckm, sntkcp cspnm lcrk `recakscsk,bcauskc, kaj`rbcsk, lca tnma`g`ek fcrus lkpnrskcpmca lnaeca hckm.

    Ecbhcr 8.3 Tkmgus bub Yr`sns Hksaks Ynruscfcca Bcaujcmtur

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    Tkstnb NXY (Natnrprksn Xns`urdn Ygcaakae)

    Lnaeca lnbkmkca, mntkmc kbpgnbnatcsk hnacr-hnacr lkocgcamca, mcrycwca tngcf skcp lca bnbkgkmk

    mnbcuca uatumhngcocr lca bnalumuae mnhnrfcskgca NXY tnrsnhut. NXY tklcm sngcgu klnatkm lnaeca

    pnrcbpkaeca mcrycwca. Ynbkmkrca kak ycae lcpct bnaynhchmca mcrycwca catkpcstk tnrfclcp pnruhc-

    fca mn skstnb NXY, mcrnac bnrcsc p`skskayc tnrcadcb lnaeca mnbulcfca ycae lktcwcrmca NXY

    3. Hksaks pr`sns

    ^atum bnbhcaeua skstnb NXY, hksaks pr`sns fcrus lksusua lnaeca ongcs lca tnpct. \capc pr`sns

    hksaks ycae hnacr, skstnb cpcpua ycae lktnrcpmca tklcm cmca bcbpu bnbpnrhckmk mnclcca pnrusc-

    fcca. Lcgcb bnbhcaeua skstnb NXY, snhckmayc hctcsca skstnb ycae cmca lkhcaeua ongcs, snfkaeec

    kbpgnbnatcsk NXY tklcm hnrmnbhcae mn fcg-fcg ycae tklcm lkpnrgumca.

    8. Znal`r

    Znal`r clcgcf pnruscfcca ycae bnaynlkcmca pcmnt skstnb NXY ycae cmca lkkbpgnbnatcskmca lk pn-

    ruscfcca. Tngcka bnaynlkcmca s`jtwcrn lca fcrlwcrn, vnal`r ouec fcrus bnbhnrkmca pngctkfca pclc

    mcrycwca pnruscfcca ycae bnaeeuacmca ocscayc, cecr mcrycwca tnrhkcsc lnaeca skstnb K\ ycae

    hcru, lca bnbcstkmca skstnb ycae hcru kak hnrocgca. > pnbcka vnal`r utcbc pnaynlkc NXY?

    TCY

    Ynruscfcca kak lklkrkmca pclc tcfua 3;58 lk Ucggl`rj, Onrbca. Hngub pnracf clc pnruscfcca lk gucr

    Cbnrkmc Tnrkmct ycae bnadcpck mnsumsnsca snpnrtk pnruscfcca kak. Ynruscfcca kak clcgcf pnbnecae

    pcaesc NXY tnrhnscr lk luakc, snmktcr 49%-:9%. TCY clcgcf pr`lum pnrcaemct guacm NXY ycae bnb-

    puayck mnbcbpuca uatum bnaekatnercskmca hnrhceck bcdcb cpgkmcsk hksaks, lkbcac sntkcp cpgkmcsk

    bnwcmkgmca crnc hksaks tnrtnatu.

    @rcdgn

    Ynruscfcca kak lklkrkmca pclc tcfua 3;55 lk Cbnrkmc Tnrkmct. @rcdgn clcgcf pnruscfcca pnaynlkc

    s`jtwcrn tnrhnscr mnluc lk luakc. \ntcpk pnruscfcca kak gnhkf lkmnacg uatum skstnb lctchcsnayc,

    humca cpgkmcsk NXY-ayc. Cpgkmcsk @rcdgn bugck lkmnbhcaemca uatum pcscr Cbnrkmc Tnrkmct pclc

    \cfua 3;6; lca uatum pcscr katnracsk`ag pclc 3;;4. Yclc tcfua 3;;5, `rcdgn bnaeububmca cmca

    Ecbhcr 8.3 T`jtwcrn NXY

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    Tkstnb NXY (Natnrprksn Xns`urdn Ygcaakae)

    bnbcsumk pcscr kalustrk spnskm lca bnakaemctmca mcrcmtnr katnracsk`gacg pclc s`jtwcrn bnrnmc.

    Xnputcsk @rcdgn lcgcb skstnb NXY clcgcf uatum pnaenbhcaeca pr`lum ycae lcpct lkechuaemca lna-

    eca pr`lum gcka snfkaeec lcpct bnadkptcmca skstnb ycae hnst `j hrncl. @rcdgn clcgcf pnrtcbc mcgk

    bnaekatnercskmca katnrant lcgcb pr`lum bnrnmc.

    Yn`pgns`jt

    Ynruscfcca kak lklklrkmca pclc tcfua 3;65 lca bugck e` puhgkd pclc 3;;8. Yn`pgnT`jt clcgcf vna-

    l`r NXY mntkec tnrhnscr. Yclc tcfua 3;;5, bnrnmc tngcf bnaeucsck pcaesc pcscr snhnscr :% lca

    pnalcpctca bnrnmc pclc a3;;6 tgcfbngnhk .4 bk.Yn`pgT`t lkmnacg gucs uatum mnbcbpuca lcgcb

    hklcae subhnr lcyc bcauskc. Lcgcb hcaycm mcsus, pnruscfcca bnbkgkf vnal`r NXY (d`at`f `rcdgn)

    lcgcb bnaynlkcmca b`lug-b`lug NXY, acbua bnbkgkf Yn`pgnT`jt uatum b`lug subhnr lcyc bcau-

    sck.

    O. L. Nlwcrls

    Ynuscfcca kak tngcf bnaengucrmca bugtkpgctj`rb s`jtwcrn, ycmak @anU`rgl ycae lkrcadcae sndcrc

    hnrtcfcp uatum bnaeecatkmca pr`lum snhngubayc ycktu CT/9 outc. HCCA bugck lkmnacg snocm

    bnbnacaemca NXY lnaca H`nkae pclc tcfua 3;;

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    Tkstnb NXY (Natnrprksn Xns`urdn Ygcaakae)

    F. Jcsn Kbpgnbnatcsk NXY

    Jcsn Kakskcsk

    Hnrupc rnadcac strctneks ctcu ouec lcrk hnhnrcpc mnoclkca ycae buadug lk pnruscfcca bkscgayc

    clcayc tcwcrca lcrk vnal`r, pnrenrcmca lcrk m`bpntktk`r, pnrenrcmca kalustrk, pnakaemctca mucgktcspr`ynm, pnruhcfca pclc pnrcturca lca fumub ctcu pnbcajcctca caeecrca tnma`g`ek kaj`rbcsk ycae

    gnhkf hckm.

    Jcsn Nvcgucsk

    Bngkputk nvcgucsk pr`sns hksaks, cacgksks mnhutufca, nvcgucsk hnrhceck cgtnractkj, pnadcrkca vnal`r

    ycae p`tnaskcg lca nvcgucsk hnrhceck pr`lum ycae hnrhnlc.

    Jcsn Tngndtk`a

    Yclc jcsn Nvcgucsk lcpct hnrgcaesuae lcgcb rnatcae wcmtu ycae dumup gcbc. Mcrnac lkfchksmca

    uatum bnayngnmsk hnrhceck p`tnask cgtnractkj tnrbcsum pngucae bnaecmfkrk pr`ynm ctcu bnbutusmca

    pr`ynm okmc gkaemuaecaayc tnrayctc tklcm skcp bnanrkbc pr`ynm tnrsnhut.

    Jcsn B`lkmcsk

    Lcpct lkocgcamca luc dcrc ?

    3. Dcrc pnrtcbc b`lkmcsk ycae tnroclk lcgcb rcaemckca pr`sns cacgksks-m`aeurcsk lca pnaeuokca

    fkaeec lklcpctmca fcskg ycae lkkaekamca ctcu fkaeec hctcsca wcmtu tnrtnatu.

    8. Dcrc mnluc lnaeca bngcmumca pnbkgkfca stctus tcrent tnrtnatu lca mnbulkca bnanrcpmca pna-

    eumurca ctcs pnadcpckca tcrent tnrtnatu. Yr`sns kak lkgcmumca sndcrc pcrcgng fkaeec bnbhnatum

    suctu gkaemcrca. Lkgcmumca tcfcpca pngctkfca hcek pcrc pnaeeuac.

    Jcsn Ynayngnsckca

    Okmc snbuc hnrocgca gcadcr, m`asubna cmca bnguacsk pnbhcycrca (tnrecatuae m`atrcm). Lca ouec

    tcfcpca kak pnruscfcca hkcscayc bnalcpctmca pngcocrca lca pnaecgcbca ctcs snecgc mnoclkca sngc-

    bc pr`ynm kbpgnbnatcsk, tnrbcsum nvcgucsk mnhnrfcskgca lca mnececgca lca pngucae kbpgnbnatcsk

    sngcaoutayc.

    K. \uouca NXY

    \uouca skstnb NXY clcgcf uatum bnaem``rlkacskmca hksaks `recakscsk sndcrc mnsngurufca. NXY bnr-

    upcmca s`jtwcrn ycae clc lcgcb `recakscsk/pnruscfcca ycae lkeuacmca uatum; ?

    @t`bctkscsk lca katnercsk hcaycm pr`sns hksaks. Hckm pr`sns hksaks pnruscfcca bcaujcmtur ctcu

    ocsc.

    Bnbhcek lctchcsn ycae ubub lca prcmtnm hksaks bngcguk natnrprksn.

    Bnaefcskgmca kaj`rbcsk ycae rncg-tkbn.

    Bnbuaemkamca pnrpcluca pr`sns trcascmsk lca mnekctca pnrnadcacca.

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    Tkstnb NXY (Natnrprksn Xns`urdn Ygcaakae)

    Tkstnb NXY;

    Tkstnb NXY clcgcf snhucf tnrbka`g`ek ycae lkhnrkmca mnpclc skstnb kaj`rbcsk ycae bnalumuae

    trcascmsk ctcu `pnrcsk snfcrk-fcrk lcgcb pnaeng`gcca subhnr lcyc pnruscfcca. Tubhnr lcyc tnrsn-

    hut bngkputk lcac, bcauskc, bnska, sumu dclcae, wcmtu, bctnrkcg lca mcpcsktcs.

    M`asnp lcrk skstnb NXY lcpct lkkgustrcskmca snhceck hnrkmut ?Ycmnt skstnb NXY hkcscayc tnrlkrk ctcs snmubpugca b`lug-b`lug ycae lcpct bnalumuae hnrhceck

    juaesk lca pr`sns pclc pnruscfcca. Cgur pr`sns hksaks ycae tnroclk lcgcb pnruscfcca m`bnrskcg,

    hckm ycae bnaefcskgmca pr`lum hcrcae ocsc sndcrc ubub bnrupcmca sctu skmgus m`atkau bugck lcrk

    pnrbkatcca m`asubna, pnbhuctca pr`lum, pnaynrcfca pr`lum, pnacekfca, pnbhcycrca lca gcycaca

    puracoucg.

    O. Mnuatuaeca Ynaeeuacca NXY

    Hcayco mnuatuaeca ycae hksc lklcpct, okmc bnaeeuacmca skstnb NXY, catcrc gcka?

    Katnercsk lctc mnucaeca^atum bnaekatnercskmca lctc mnucaeca snfkaeec t`p bcacenbnat hksc bngkfct lca bnae`atr`g mkanr-

    oc mnucaeca pnruscfcca lnaeca gnhkf hckm

    Ttcalcrkscsk Yr`sns @pnrcsk

    Bnastcalcrmca pr`sns `pnrcsk bngcguk kbpgnbnatcsk hnst prcdtkdn snfkaeec tnroclk pnakaemctca pr`-

    lumtkvktcs, pnauruaca kansknask lca pnakaemctca mucgktcs pr`lum

    Ttcalcrkscsk Lctc lca Kaj`rbcsk

    Bnastcalcrmca lctc lca kaj`rbcsk bngcguk mnsnrcecbca pngcp`rca, tnrutcbc uatum pnruscfcca hnscr

    ycae hkcscayc tnrlkrk lcrk hcaycm huskanss uakt lnaeca oubgcf lca onaks hksaks ye hnrhnlc-hnlc.

    Mnuatuaeca ycae lcpct lkumur, catcrc gcka?

    Ynauruaca kavnat`rk

    Ynauruaca tnacec mnroc sndcrc t`tcg

    Ynakaemctca snrvkdn gnvng

    Ynakaemctca m`atr`g mnucaeca

    Ynauruaca wcmtu ycae lk hutufmca uatum bnalcpctmca kaj`rbcsk

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    Tkstnb NXY (Natnrprksn Xns`urdn Ygcaakae)

    M. Ynbkgkfca Bnt`l`g`ek

    Bnt`l`g`ek ycae hnrmcktca lnaea NXY ca buadugayc pnrbcscgcfca

    Ynaentcfuca tcapc pnaecgcbca bnaynhchmca `rcae bnbhuct pnrnadcacca ycae tnrgkfct snbpur-

    ac tntcpk mnbulkca tnrhumtk tklcm hksc lkkbpgnbnatcskmca

    Clc strumtur pr`sns sngnmsk ycae snhckmayc lkgcmumca uatum bnbnaufk mnhutufca pnruscfcca

    lcgcb bnbkgkf NXY

    Yr`sns sngnmsk tklcm fcrus sngcgu rubkt cecr njnmtkj. [cae pnatkae `recakznl, j`dusnl lca skbpgn

    Yr`sns sngnmsk kak hkcscayc hnrmkscr catcrc >-: hugca snocm lkbugck fkaeec pnacalctcaecaca `rlnr

    pnbhngkca NXY (HM. Mfcktca)

    G. Mngnhkfca NXY

    NXY ctcu Natnrprksn Xns`urdn Ygcaakae bnbkgkmk hnhnrcpc mngnhkfca, lkcatcrcayc ?

    3. Katnercsk catcrc crnc juaesk`acg ycae hnrhnlc uatum bnycmkamca m`buakmcsk, pr`lumtktcs lca

    nsknask ycae tnpct.8. Xcadcaeca Ynrnmcycscca

    4. Yngcdcmca pnbnscaca lcrk pnanrkbcca scbpck jugggbnat

    . Yngcdcmca 4 dcrc ycae hnrsnsuckca catcrc pnbnscaca pnbhngkca, pnanrkbcca kavnat`rk, lca pnb-

    hkcycca

    :. Cmuatcsk uatum mnsngurufca tuecs? bngcdcm pnbcsumca, hkcyc lca mnuatuaeca pclc gnvng katk

    B. Mnmurcaeca NXY

    Tngcka bnbkgkmk mngnhkfca, NXY ouec bnbkgkmk mngnbcfca. [cktu ?3. \nrhctcsayc must`bkscsk lcrk pnrcaemct guacm NXY.

    8. Tkstnb NXY scaect bcfcg.

    4. Ynrnmcycscca mnbhcgk pr`sns hksaks uatum bnaynsuckmca lnaeca stcalcr kalustrk ycae tngcf

    lklnsmrkpskmca `gnf skstnb NXY lcpct bnaynhchmca fkgcaeayc mnuatuaeca m`bpntktkj.

    . Tkstnb lcpct tnrgcgu m`bpgnms okmc lkhcalkaemca lnaeca mnhutufca lcrk pngcaeeca

    :. Lctc lcgcb skstnb NXY hnrclc lcgcb sctu tnbpct, d`at`fayc ? pngcaeeca, lctc mnucaeca. Fcg kak

    lcpct bnakaemctmca rnskm` mnfkgcaeca kaj`rbcsk snasktkj, okmc tnrlcpct pnbh`h`gca skstnb mnc-bcaca

    A. Mnruekca Ynanrcpca NXY

    Mnruekca ycae buaemka tnroclk mntkmc scgcf bnanrcpmca NXY catcrc gcka clcgcf?

    Ttrctnek `pnrcsk tklcm snocgca lnaeca huskanss pr`dnss lnskea lca pnaenbhcaecaayc

    Ucmtu lca hkcyc kbpgnbnatcsk ycae bngnhkfk caeecrca

    Mcrycwca tklcm skcp uatum bnanrkbc lca hnr`pnrcsk lnaeca skstnb ycae hcru

    Ynrskcpca kbpgnbnatctk`a tklcm lkgcmumca lnaeca hckm

    \klcm d`d`mayc s`jtwcrn lnaeca huskanss pr`dnss pnruscfcca.

    Murcaeayc subhnr lcyc, snpnrtk bcauskc, kajrcstrumtur lca b`lcg pnruscfcca.

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    Tkstnb NXY (Natnrprksn Xns`urdn Ygcaakae)

    \nrhnatumayc hulcyc `recakscsk ycae hnrclc lcgcb z`ac aycbca lca tklcm bcu hnruhcf ctcu

    bnrcsc tnrcadcb lnaeca mnhnrclcca s`jtwcrn (tcmut tklcm lkpnmnrocmca gcek).

    Murcaeayc trckakae lca pnbhngcocrca uatum mcrycwca, snfkaeec mcrycwca tklcm hnacr-hnacr skcp

    bnaefclcpk pnruhcfca skstnb, lkbcac snbuc mcrycwca fcrus skcp uatum sngcgu bnaynlkcmca lctc

    ycae up-t`-lctn. Murcaeayc m`buakmcsk catcr pnrs`ang.

    Dcdctayc pr`ondt lnskea lca bcacenbnat.

    Tcrca pnaefnbctca ycae bnaynsctmca lcrk `rcae ycae tklcm tnpct.

    Mncfgkca vnal`r ycae tklcm snsuck lnaeca mnhutufca pnruscfcca.

    Jcmt`r tnmaks gckaayc, snpnrtk hcfcsc, mnhkcscca l`mubnatcsk dntcm bnaoclk gn, lca gcka sn-

    hceckayc.

    @. Bnbkgkf NXY

    Gctcr Hngcmcae Kavnstcsk NXY scaect bcfcg lca pkgkfca NXY ycae scgcf hksc bnaoclk bkbpk hurum.

    NXY ycae hnrfcskg lkeuacmca `gnf snhucf pnruscfcca tklcm bnaoclk ocbkaca hnrfcskg lk pnrusc-

    fcca ycae gcka.

    Ynrnadcacca fcrus lkgcmumca uatum bnayngnmsk NXY ye tnpct.

    Hcfmca lcgcb hnhnrcpc mcsus ycae nmstrnb, nvcgucsk pkgkfca NXY bnaefcskgmca rnm`bnalcsk

    uatum tklcm bnbhngk NXY, tntcpk bnbpnrhckmk Huskanss Yr`dnss ycae clc.

    \klcm clc mncockhca lcgcb NXY s`jtwcrn. Mnuatuaeca ycae lklcpct lcrk NXY clcgcf fcskg lcrk

    pnrskcpca lca kbpgnbnatcsk ycae njnmtkj.

    \klcm clc s`jtwcrn ctcu skstnb kaj`rbcsk ycae hksc bnautupk huskanss strctney ycae dcdct lca

    huskanss pr`dnss ycae pcrcf.

    Tndcrc skaemct, tklcm snbuc NXY scbc mnbcbpucaayc lca bnbkgkf NXY tklcmgcf bulcf (pcgkae

    tklcm, tklcmgcf snlnrfcac), lca bnbkgkf NXY ycae scgcf cmca bnaoclk hnadcac ycae bcfcg

    Y. Tumsns`r Ynanrcpca

    Tycrct sumsns bnbkgkf NXY Ynaentcfuca lca Ynaecgcbca

    Ynaentcfuca clcgcf pnaentcfuca tnatcae hceckbcac dcrc snhucf pr`sns snfcrusayc lkgcmumca,

    okmc snecgc snsuctuayc hnrocgca gcadcr

    Ynaecgcbca clcgcf pnbcfcbca tnrfclcp mnayctcca tnatcae hceckbcac snhucf pr`sns snfcrusayc

    lkmnrocmca lnaeca mnbuaemkaca

    Ynaecgcbca tcapc pnaentcfuca hksc bnaynhchmca tnrugcaeayc ctcu tnrcmubugcskayc mnscgcfca

    lca mnmngkruca mcrnac tklcm lkhnmcgk lnaeca pnbcfcbca ye dumup. Mnscgcfca kak buadug ctcu

    tnroclk mcrnac NXY clcgcf snhucf hnst prcdtkdn lcrk stcalcr hksaks. Tnfcrusayc pnaentcfuca pclc

    juaesk-juaesk ycae tnrsnlkc lcgcb cpgkmcsk dumup tkaeek snfkaeec tklcm bnanrcpmca (kbpgnbnatc-

    tk`a) lnaeca dcrc ycae mngkru. Mnscgccfca lcgcb kbpgnbnatcsk cmca bnaoclk bcscgcf snrkus hcek

    uscfc pnakaemctca mkanroc uscfc.

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    Tkstnb NXY (Natnrprksn Xns`urdn Ygcaakae)

    S. Xkskm` NXY

    Xkskm` NXY bugck tnroclk lcrk mnputusca uatum bnaeeuacmca NXY ctcu tklcm, scbpck mntkmc sksnb

    tnrsnhut tngcf lkkbpgnbnatcskmca, tnrbcsum pnrbcscgcfca trckakae. Fcskg survny Custka lca D`tnggnr

    (3;;;) lcgcb @Gncry (8999) bnaecacgksc hcfwc rkskm` ycae lktnrkbc `gnf pnruscfcca cmkhct pnanr-cpca skstnrb NXY tnrlkrk lcrk 4 rkskm`?

    3. \ndfakdcg Xksm,ycktu rkskm` ycae buadug mcrnac bcscgcf kaj`rbctk`a pr`dnsskae tndfa`g`ey.

    D`at`f tnma`g`ek ycae lkeuacmca lcg cb NXY snonansk `pnrctkae s`jtwcrn ycae lkeuacmca, rngc-

    tk`acg lctchcsn, dgkan snrvnr tndfa`g`ey, antw`rm rnqukrnbnats, lca s`jtwcrn

    8. Huskanss Xksm, ycktu rkskm` ycae tkbhcg mcrnac pnrbcscgcfa b`lng skstnb lca pr`sns ycae lkpkgkf

    lca lkcl`psk snhceck hcekca kbpgnbnatcsk NXY. Xkskm` kak ouec bnadcmup m`askstnask katnracg

    lca mnd`d`mca bnrnmc lnaeca jcmt`r nmstnracg. Xkskm` kak tnrmckt lnaeca snhnrcp hckm skstnb NXY

    ycae lkeuacmca lcpct bnbhuct pnruscfcca hnrsckae lnaeca hckm. Xkskm` hksaks hkcscayc gnhkftkaeek lcrkpclc rkskm` tnmaks.

    4. @recakzctk`acg Xksm. Xkskm` kak tnrmckt lnaeca bcscgcf gkaemuaeca lkbcac suctu skstnb NXY

    lktnrcpmca, hckm ktu bcscgcf kalkvklu lca ouec strumtu `recakscsk. Xkskm` `recakscsk hkcscayc gnhkf

    hnscr lcrkpclc rkskm` hksaks.

    X. Ynanrcpca NXY

    Hnrkmut kak clcgcf rkaemcsca p`ka-p`ka ye hksc lkeuacmca snhceck pnl`bca pclc scct kbpgnbnatcsk

    NXY?

    NXY clcgcf hcekca lcrk kajrcstrumtur pnruscfcca, lca scaect pnatkae uatum mngcaesuaeca fkluppnruscfcca. Tnbuc `rcae lca hcekca ycae cmca tnrpnaecruf `gnf clcayc NXY fcrus tnrgkhct lca

    bnbhnrkmca lumuaeca

    NXY clc uatum bnalumuae juaesk hksaks lca bnakaemctmca pr`lumtkvktcs, humca snhcgkmayc. \u-

    ouca kbpgnbnatcsk NXY clcgcf uatum bnakaemctmca lcyc sckae pnruscfcca

    Yngcocrk mnsumsnsca lca mnececgca kbpgnbnatcsk NXY, ocaeca hnruscfc bnbhuct snalkrk prcmtnm

    kbpgnbnatcsk NXY. Clc bnt`l`g`ek tnrtnatu uatum kbpgnbnatcsk NXY ycae gnhkf tnrocbka mnhnr-

    fcskgcaayc

    T. Ynanrcpc NXY lk Kal`anskc

    Tnhcekca hnscr pnruscfcca lk Kal`anskc, bcskf lkocgcamca lnaeca dcrc trclksk`acg, lcgcb crtkca

    pngcmscacca pr`sns hksaksayc hnrocgca lnaeca dcrc m`avnask`acg. Y`pugcrktcs NXY lk Kal`anskc lktca-

    lck lnaeca pnaeeuacca TCY `gnf Cstrc pclc tcfua 3;;9ca. \rnal pnaeeuacca NXY lk Kal`anskc hca-

    ycm lkpnaecrufk `gnf hcaycmayc pnruscfcca cskae ycae bnalkrkmca pchrkmayc lk Kal`anskc. Tndcrc

    `t`bctks, skstnb kaj`rbcsk ycae lkeuacmca lk pnruscfcca kalum, ouec lkeuacmca lk cacm pnruscfcca-

    ayc lk Kal`anskc, lnaeca pnrtkbhcaeca mnbulcfca katnercsk lnaeca pusct:. Yclc NXY snalkrk tnroclk

    pnruhcfca pcrclkebc lcrk skstnb m`avnask`acg ycae snrhc tnrks`gcsk mn crcf pnaeeuacca kaj`rbctk`a

    tnma`g`ek ycae gnhkf tnrkatnercsk bnaefcskgmca cgkrca kaj`rbcsk ycae gnhkf gcadcr pclcgnvng `recaksc-

    sk`acg bcupua lnpcrtnbnatcg

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    Tkstnb NXY (Natnrprksn Xns`urdn Ygcaakae)

    Yr`lum NXY hnrmnbhcae bnaoclk hcaycm b`lng, lca bugck hnrbuadugca vcrkcsk b`lug snpnrtk DXB,

    SB, TXB lca gcka snhceckayc, pclc tcfua 899>ca. Yclc bcsc kak pugc, pnruscfcca bugck bnrcscmca

    lcbpcm K\, cpcmcf K\ hnacr-hnacr lcpct bnbhcatu mkanroc pnruscfcca ctcu tklcm.

    Bcscgcf utcbc ycae hcaycm lkfclcpk `gnf pnruscfcca lcgcb pnbkgkfca NXY clcgcf hkcyc. Fcrec

    NXY ycae rngctkvn bcfcg bnaoclk pnrtkbhcaeca utcbc lcgcb pnbkgkfca pcmnt NXY ycae cmca lkeu-

    acmca. Bnmkpua clc NXY ycae `pna s`urdn, acbua lcgcb mnayctccaayc rngctkvn sugkt uatum lkkbpgn-

    bnatcskmca.

    Ycmnt NXY ycae hcaycm lkeuacmca lk Kal`anskc clcgcf @rcdgn Jkacadn lca TCY X/4. Lkbcac bcs-

    kae-bcskae pcmnt bnbkgkmk mnmurcaeca lca mngnhkfca. TCY X/4 lkmnacg lnaeca mngnaemcpca b`lug

    lca katnercskayc ycae hckm. Tngcka ktu, TCY X/4 ouec bnbkgkmk m`atr`g cmsns ycae hckm. Tnhcgkmayc,

    TCY X/4 rngctkj gnhkf bcfcg lkhcalkaemca @rcdgn Jkacadn lca kbpgnbcatcskayc rngctkvn gnhkf rubkt.

    TCY X/4 gnhkf hcaycm lkeuacmca lk Kal`anskc, snfkaeec pngctkfca lca pcmcr lk hklcae kak dumup

    bulcf lktnbumca. Lcgcb mnayctccaayc, hnhnrcpc pnruscfcca bnaeeuacmca echuaeca lcrk mnluca-

    yc uatum bnaocgcamca pr`sns hksaks pnruscfcca. Tngcka luc pcmnt NXY lkctcs, Bkdr`s`jt Cxcptc ouec

    dumup hcaycm lkeuacmca, mcrnac sngkskf fcrec ycae dumup hcaycm lcrk TCY X/4 bcupua @rcdgn.

    Mnhutufca cmca dust`bkzn pclc pcmnt NXY ycae tklcm hnacr-hnacr lkmucsck `gnf vnal`r, bnaynhch-

    mca fcskg kbpgnbnatcsk tklcm snsuck lnaeca mnhutufca pnruscfcca, hckm mcrycwca bcupua t`p bca-

    cenbnat. @gnf mcrnac ktu, lcgcb tcfcp pnruhcfca skstnb pnruscfcca mn NXY, snhckmayc pnruscfcca

    bnadcrk pnalcpct lcrk pkfcm mntkec, bkscgayc prcmtksk ctcu m`asugtca K\ ycae hnrskjct kalnpnalna,

    uatum bnaefkalcrk d`akdt `j katnrnst catcrc vnal`r lca pnruscfcca.

    Ecbhcr 8.3 Ttrumtur Tkstnb NXY

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    Tkstnb NXY (Natnrprksn Xns`urdn Ygcaakae)

    YNA^\^Y

    4.3 Mnskbpugca

    Clcayc snhucf skstnb NXY pclc snhucf pnruscfcca hngub bnaocbka mnsumsnsca pr`sns hksaksayc.

    Hcaycm fcg ycae lcpct bnaeececgmcaayc, snpnrtk gkaemuaeca lca hulcyc pnruscfcca ycae tngcf ocuf

    gnhkf gcbc clc. Lkbcac NXY tnrmclcae bnauatut pnruhcfca hulcyc pnruscfcca cecr snsuck lna-

    ecapcdmcen lcrk NXY ktu snalkrk. Tnhcgkmayc, tnrmclcae lnaeca clcayc NXY pnruscfcca lcpct gnhkf

    tnrctur lca tnrtctc pr`sns hksaksayc.

    Ynrtkbhcaeca utcbc pnanrcpca NXY lk pnruscfcca-pnruscfcca Kal`anskc clcgcf bnaenack lcac,

    snfkaeec pnbkgkfca uatum pnaeeuacca kak hnacr-hnacr fcrus lkpkmkrmca sndcrc bctcae snsuck lnaeca

    mnhutufca pnruscfcca. Lcgcb tugksca kak hnhnrcpc fcg lcpct lktcrkm mnskbpugca hcfwc ?

    Ynaeeuacca NXY lk Kal`anskc bcskf hngub bcmskbcg lcgcb bnalumuae mkanroc hnhnrcpc pnrsuc-

    fcca.

    Ynbkgkfca NXY hksc lksnsuckmca lnaeca mnhutufca lcrk pnruscfcca lcgcb pnaenbhcaeca kaj`r-

    bcsk hksaksayc, hckm ktu sndcrc pcmnt ctcupua pnr b`lug.

    NXY lk Kal`anskc lksnlkcmca `gnf hnhnrcpc Znal`r ycae lcgcb cpgkmcskayc scaect lkhutufmca

    pnrskcpca ycae bctcae lcrk pnruscfcca uatum bnbutusmca pnaeeuacca NXY.

    Ynaenbhcaeca systnb Katnracg bnaoclk cgtnractkvn ycae hckm, lnaeca pnrtkbhcaeca lcac lca

    m`bpgnskvktcs lcrk hksaks lcgcb pnruscfcca.

    HCH

    KK

    3>

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    Tcrca

    Ucgcu Bcmcgcf kak tncf scbpck lk uouae mcgkbct, Ynayusua bcskf bnaefcrcpmca mrktkm snrtc scrca

    ycae lcpct lkg`atcrmca `gnf pnbhcdc snpnrtk tngcf lkskaeeuae snhngubayc lkmctc pnaecatcr. buaemka

    lnaeca mrktkm ktu, pnaugks hksc bnaenbhcaemca lca lcpct bnaynbpuracmca bcmcgcf lk mnlnpcaayc.

    4.8 Lcjtcr Yustcmc

    fttp?//kl.wkmkpnlkc. re/wkmk/YnrnadcaccaPsubhnrPlcycPpnruscfcca#Tnocrcf

    fttp?//ssk.stkm`b.nlu/nrp-a`t-nrp/

    fttp?//gppb.uakvnrsktcsczzcfrc.cd.kl/pnanrcpca-tnma g`ek-natnrprksn-rns`urdns-pgcaakae-lk-pnrusc-

    fcca-kal`anskc/fttp?//klantmu.d`b/natnrprksn-rns`urdn-pgcaakae-nrp

    fttp?//g`atcr.uk.cd.kl/gn0gn2lkektcg/38>;4>->5>8-Ynaecruf%89pnanrcpca-Gktnrctur.plj

    fttp?//gkhrcry.hkaus.cd.kl/nD`ggs/n\fnsksl`d/Hch8/\TC-8933-9986%898.plj

    fttp?//na.wkmkpnlkc.`re/wkmk/TCYPCE

    fttp?//Yntrc.cd.kl - Nlly Murakcwca TBKM CBKM@B

    fttp?//kl.wkmkpnlkc.`re/wkmk/TkstnbPkaj`rbcsk Q Lnaktk`a `j Cppgkdctk`a Gcalsdcpn. T`jtwcrn

    Naekannrkae j`r Huskanss Kaj`rbctk`a Tystnbs (snhks). Oca 83, 899;. Lkcmsns Ocaucry 3