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Penner River 1 Penner River Penner ಪನನಾರ పెన్న (Pennar) Penna, Penneru River Map showing the river. Country India States Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh Region South India Tributaries  - left Jayamangali, Kunderu, Sagileru  - right Chitravati, Papaghni, Cheyyeru City Nellore Mouth  - location Utukuru into Bay of Bengal, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India  - elevation 0 m (0 ft) Length 597 km (371 mi) Basin 55,213 km 2 (21,318 sq mi) Discharge for Nellore (1965-1979 average), max (1991)  - average 74.3 m 3 /s (2,624 cu ft/s)  - max 1,876 m 3 /s (66,250 cu ft/s)  - min 0 m 3 /s (0 cu ft/s) The Penner (also Pennar, Penna or Penneru) is a river of southern India. The Penner rises on the hill of Nandi Hills in Chikballapur District of Karnataka state, and runs north and east through the state of Andhra Pradesh to empty into the Bay of Bengal. It is 597 kilometres (371 mi) long, with a drainage basin 55,213 square kilometres (21,318 sq mi) large. [1] This river basin occupies nearly 55,213 km 2 area. Pennar is an interstate river with 6,937 km 2 and 48,276 km 2 river basin area located in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh respectively. The river basin receives 500 mm average rain fall

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Page 1: Penner River - WordPress.com...Penner River 3 Port The small boat port of Krishnapatnam lies on Upputeru creek, and was planned to be developed into a deep-water port by 2006. Buckingham

Penner River 1

Penner River

Pennerಪೆನ್ನಾರ್

పెన్నా (Pennar)Penna, Penneru

River

Map showing the river.

Country India

States Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh

Region South India

Tributaries

 - left Jayamangali, Kunderu, Sagileru

 - right Chitravati, Papaghni, Cheyyeru

City Nellore

Mouth

 - location Utukuru into Bay of Bengal, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India

 - elevation 0 m (0 ft)

Length 597 km (371 mi)

Basin 55,213 km2 (21,318 sq mi)

Discharge for Nellore (1965-1979 average), max (1991)

 - average 74.3 m3/s (2,624 cu ft/s)

 - max 1,876 m3/s (66,250 cu ft/s)

 - min 0 m3/s (0 cu ft/s)

The Penner (also Pennar, Penna or Penneru) is a river of southern India. The Penner rises on the hill of NandiHills in Chikballapur District of Karnataka state, and runs north and east through the state of Andhra Pradesh toempty into the Bay of Bengal. It is 597 kilometres (371 mi) long, with a drainage basin 55,213 square kilometres(21,318 sq mi) large.[1]

This river basin occupies nearly 55,213 km2 area. Pennar is an interstate river with 6,937 km2 and 48,276 km2 river basin area located in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh respectively. The river basin receives 500 mm average rain fall

Page 2: Penner River - WordPress.com...Penner River 3 Port The small boat port of Krishnapatnam lies on Upputeru creek, and was planned to be developed into a deep-water port by 2006. Buckingham

Penner River 2

annually. The river basin lies in the rain shadow region of Eastern Ghats.

GeographyThe watershed of the Penner and its tributaries covers part of the southern Deccan plateau, including most of theRayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh and part of Karnataka. The Kolar Plateau forms the divide between thePenner watershed and those of the Kaveri, Ponnaiyar, and Palar rivers to the south. The Penner drains the northernportion of the plateau, which includes parts of Kolar and Tumkur districts in Karnataka. The Krishna River and itstributaries drain the Deccan plateau to the west and north of the Penner's watershed, and the low Erramala hills formsthe northern divide of the Penner basin. The upper watershed of the Penner includes Cuddapah District, central andeastern Anantapur District, the southern part of Kurnool District, northwestern Chittoor District. The main tributariesof the Penner are the Jayamangali, Kunderu and Sagileru from the north, and the Chitravati, Papaghni and Cheyyerufrom the south. The Penner then flows east through a gap in the Eastern Ghats ranges onto the plain of CoastalAndhra, flowing through Nellore city before it empties into the Bay of Bengal at a place called Uttukuru, 15 km eastof Nellore.EstuaryThe estuary of the Penner river extends 7 km upstream from the Bay of Bengal. Tidal influence and salt waterextends further upstream during the November to June dry season. Coastal dunes as high as 7 meters form aroundthe river mouth. Upputeru tidal creek, 15 km in length, and Isakapalli lagoon, separated from the Bay of Bengal bythe Isakapalli barrier island, 180 m long and up to 3 m high, form the main coastal wetlands.The upper basin of the Penner is largely made up of ancient Archean rocks, principally granite and schist. The lowerbasin is made up of young sediments, including laterite and recent alluvium.

ClimateThe Penner basin has a dry tropical monsoon climate. The upper basin of the Penner is semi-arid, with summertemperatures of 25–46 °C and winter temperatures of 18–28°C. Most of the rainfall is provided by themoisture-bearing southwest monsoon, which provides rain to most of India between June and September. ThePenner basin lies in the rain shadow of the high Western Ghats ranges, which prevents much moisture from reachingthe region. Post-monsoon cyclonic storms in the coastal region produce additional rain during September andOctober. The winter northeast monsoon, which provides rain between December and March, provides little rain tothe upper basin and slightly more to the lower basin. It varies greatly from year to year in south India, sometimesbringing powerful cyclonic storms with flooding and high winds. The mean annual rainfall is 550 mm/year inAnantapur, and 900 mm/year in Nellore. The Penner basin suffered from a prolonged drought in the 1990s, whichcaused much misery among the regions farmers and generated political demands to build an aqueduct to bring waterfrom the Krishna River to Rayalaseema.

The Pennar river near the Gandikota fort

Vegetation

The upper basin was formerly coveredby tropical dry forest, thorn forest, andxeric shrublands. Most of the drytropical forest has now disappeared,due to clearance for grazing andoverharvesting the forests for timber

and firewood, replaced by thorny shrublands. The remnant forests of the Deccan are largely deciduous, droppingtheir leaves in the dry winter and spring months. The East Deccan dry evergreen forests of Coastal Andhra wereevergreen, but these forests have largely been reduced to tiny remnant pockets.

Page 3: Penner River - WordPress.com...Penner River 3 Port The small boat port of Krishnapatnam lies on Upputeru creek, and was planned to be developed into a deep-water port by 2006. Buckingham

Penner River 3

PortThe small boat port of Krishnapatnam lies on Upputeru creek, and was planned to be developed into a deep-waterport by 2006. Buckingham Canal, a navigable man-made waterway that runs just behind the coast, allows smallboats from the Penner to get to Chennai in the south and the Krishna River delta to the north.

LiteratureTelugu literature has flourished in the Penner basin which produced several well-known authors and poets.Raallapalli Anantha Krishna Sharma, Vidvan Vishvam, and C. Ramakrishna Reddy are noteworthies among them.Vidhvan Vishvam's penneti paata which means "a song of River Penna" is very popular in Andhra Pradesh and inRaayala Seema in particular. Ramakrishna Reddy's "penneti kathalu" represented the tragic and cultural life of thepeople of Penner valley. These stories are credited to be the best of their kind with the accent of local languagepresented effectively.[2]

Water use potentialThe average annual water yield in river is nearly 6.316 billion cubic meters. All the water sources in the river basinare fully harnessed by constructing nearly 5 billion cubic meters capacity water storage reservoirs. Ground water isalso extensively harnessed in the river basin beyond the long term sustainability.The predominant rain fall is during North East Monsoon season whereas it is in South West monsoon in theadjoining Krishna river basin. This basin is situated geographically at lower elevation compared to the surroundingKrishna river basin. This feature facilitates water transfer from the adjoining Krishna basin. Water can be transferredfrom the adjoining Krishna basin in to Pennar basin up to 600 m MSL elevation with moderate water pumping (lessthan 100 m head). The river basin has extensive rain fed agriculture lands and good water storage sites for its allaround development provided Krishna river water is imported to the basin. The monsoon flood waters of Krishnariver during South West Monsoon months can be transferred for direct use in Pennar basin without the need forwater storage.

Interstate aspectsThe Pennar basin water apportionment is governed by colonial time water sharing agreement[3] in the year 1892 andthe Interstate River Water Disputes Act 1956.[4] However the future development of Pennar basin depends onInterstate water sharing agreements of Krishna river. Tungabhadra Dam which is located in Karnataka and a jointproject of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, is the only gate way[5] to transfer water from Krishna river to the uplandsof Pennar basin up to 600 m MSL. The low lands of Pennar basin can be supplied with Krishna river from theSrisailam dam up to 250 m MSL. The outcome of ongoing Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal – II[6] is very crucial forthe future of Pennar river basin.

Page 4: Penner River - WordPress.com...Penner River 3 Port The small boat port of Krishnapatnam lies on Upputeru creek, and was planned to be developed into a deep-water port by 2006. Buckingham

Penner River 4

References[1] Garg, Santosh Kumar (1999). International and interstate river water disputes (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=nrcqGF3agsEC&

pg=PA7). Laxmi Publications. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-81-7008-068-8. . Retrieved 16 May 2011.[2][2] Raayala Seema Mukhachitram published by Seema Sahithi[3] 1892 Agreement - pages 279 to 293 (http:/ / cwc. gov. in/ main/ downloads/ legal_instruments_3. pdf)[4] Interstate river water disputes act - 1956 and its legal provisions (http:/ / www. scribd. com/ doc/ 66801452/

Interstate-River-Water-Disputes-Act)[5] Blue Print for Godavari River Water Utilization in Andhra Pradesh (http:/ / www. scribd. com/ doc/ 58796049/

BLUE-PRINT-FOR-GODAVARI-RIVER-WATER-UTILIZATION-IN-ANDHRA-PRADESH)[6] Review of Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal - 2 report (http:/ / www. scribd. com/ doc/ 59267652/ Review-of-KWDT-II-Report)

External links• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pennar". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Page 5: Penner River - WordPress.com...Penner River 3 Port The small boat port of Krishnapatnam lies on Upputeru creek, and was planned to be developed into a deep-water port by 2006. Buckingham

Article Sources and Contributors 5

Article Sources and ContributorsPenner River  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=518851841  Contributors: Bob Burkhardt, Chandan Guha, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, Epipelagic, Ganeshk, Hmains,Kbdank71, Kwdt2, LilHelpa, Mattisse, Mentatus, Mlpkr, Murtasa, Onced boath, PBS-AWB, Pfly, Pinecar, Poweroid, Radagast83, Sceptre, Serss, ShivNarayanan, Shyamsunder, Sumanthk,Tejas.B, Tobias Conradi, Tom Radulovich, Ulric1313, VenuVedam, Vyzasatya, 26 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage: Andhra Pradesh topo leer.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Andhra_Pradesh_topo_leer.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: JungpionierFile:The Penna near Gandikota.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Penna_near_Gandikota.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: TPN Reddy and tvjagan.Original uploader was Tvjagan at en.wikipedia

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/