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    AUTOMATION OF VEHICLE

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    1) INTRODUCTION.

    2) HISTORY.

    3) AUTOMATION FOR SAFETY.

    4) SAFETY AND PERFOMACE IMPROVEMENT.

    5) DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION.

    6) ROAD TRANSPORT AUTOMATION SYSTEM.

    7) AIR SYSTEM AUTOMATION.8) TRAIN AUTOMATION.

    9) CONCLUSION.

    C O N T E N T S

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    WHAT IS AUTOMATION OF VEHICLES?

    Automation of vehicles means to automate ,means to run by it that is vehicle

    which can run without a drive r.

    WHY IT IS IMPORTANT?

    According to World Bank, deve loping countries lose $100 bi llion every year

    due to road crashes. Further air crashes due to carelessness and human error

    is very common. Derailing of train, train crashes are also a topic of great

    concern these days. All the accidents which take place are mainly due to the

    greater reaction time of the drivers or due to their carelessness most of times .

    INTODUCTION

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    1904-STURTEVANT BROTHERS.

    HORSELESS GEARBOX was used ,which had two forward gear ratio.

    1908-HENRY FORD.

    MODELT type gearbox was used ,which had two speed plus reverse

    planetary gear ratio.

    1934-REO AND GENERAL MOTORS .

    Semiautomatic transmission was used ,which had a power shifting

    planetary gearbox which is hydraulically controlled.

    H I S T O R Y

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    Ways Beneficial For Driving Of Vehicle By

    Automation.

    There are two major ways in which automation canbe of benefit in driving motor vehicles. One is by

    making it easier, to the point of not having to drive

    at all. The other is by making it safer, to the point of

    virtually eliminating the risk of an accident.

    AUTOMATION FOR SAFETY

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    HIGHWAY AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY:-

    Warning Systems That Sense And Then Advise

    Drivers Of Potential Hazards.

    Control Assistance Systems That Augment The

    Driver's Ability To Control The Vehicle.

    Control Override Systems That Intervene In SomeAspect Of The Control Of The Vehicle During

    Unsafe Conditions.

    Automated Control Systems That Control All

    Motions Of The Vehicle.

    SAFETY AND PERFOMANCE

    IMPROVEMENT

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    The way society resolves its needs and deals with its limitations will

    shape the future of the nation's vehiclehighway system. Safety,

    availability, reliability, environmental considerations, land use, and

    energy costs, and each of their interacting influences on pr ivate,

    business, and government activities, will affect vehiclehighway

    demand, actual use, and operations.

    The actual future rate of implementation of veh iclehighway

    automation will primarily reflect market forces such as the services

    that suppliers and consumers think people need tempered by their

    capacity to accept and afford them.

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    ADVACE VEHI CLE C ONTRO L SYSYTEM :-

    Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS or AVEC) is

    part of the "Smart Highway" initiative (also known as

    Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) or Intelligent

    Transportation Systems (ITS) now receiving considerable

    study worldwide.

    ROAD TRANSPORT AUTOMATION

    SYSTEM

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    AVCSADVANTAGE OVER CURRENT

    SYSTEM

    1) AVCSSpace Utilization Advantage.

    Space used by the cars on the highway is reduced

    to 70%.

    2) AVCSSafety Advantage.

    Advancement in safety is increasing at the higher

    rate.

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    3) AVCSArchitecture Considerations.

    Highways automation systems have "machine readable" signs, marks,

    or electronic signals to aid in guidance and supplement any imagery

    analysis system.

    4) AVCSFeasibility Considerations.

    A vehicle guidance system capable of delivering on the promises

    outlined above would necessarily have to be highly sophisticated and

    presumably involve substantial electronics, computers, and software.

    But, vehicle guidance is a very safety critical function.

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    RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

    A project funded by the European Commission is developing "road

    trains"--a potentially inexpensive way to automate vehicles.

    If cars were automated and networked--communicating with each

    other to coordinate their speeds, to allow passing and merging, and to

    warn each other of sudden stops --it might be possible for more cars

    to use the same roads while at the same time reducing traffic jams,

    saving fuel now wasted while idling on the freeway. Automated

    vehicles could also save gas by driving steadily --avoiding gas

    guzzling bursts of acceleration--or by allowing vehicles to follow so

    close that they reduce overall wind drag.

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    UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICAL (UAV).

    An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV; also known as a remotely

    operated aircraft) is an aircraft that flies without a human

    crew. Their largest uses are in military applications. To

    distinguish UAVs from missiles, a UAV is defined as a

    reusable vehicle capable of controlled, sustained, level flight

    and powered by a jet or reciprocating engine.

    AIR SYSTEM AUTOMATION

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    Target and decoy - providing ground and aerial gunnery a target

    that simulates an enemy aircraft or missile.

    UAV CLASSIFICATION

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    Reconnaissance - providing battlefield intelligence

    Combat - providing attack capability for high-risk missions Logistics - UAVs

    specifically designed for cargo and logistics operation

    Research and development - used to further develop

    UAV technologies to be integrated into field deployed UAV aircraft

    Civil and Commercial UAVs - UAVs specifically designed for civil and commercial

    applications.

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    TYPES OF TRAIN AUTOMATION.

    1. Semi-automation with reduced driver control

    2. Fully automated control as the sole operating system for

    driverless vehicles on autonomous, separate tracks

    3. Fully automated driverless trains sharing a mixed

    infrastructure with driver-operated vehicles

    4. Fully automated control as the sole operating system.

    .

    TRAIN AUTOMATION

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    Cost effectiveness:

    Personnel costs take a high share in railway operation and can be

    dramatically reduced by driverless operation .

    Safety:

    A clear requirement for automated rail systems is equal or improved

    safety compared to conventional operation. An increased overall safety of

    the system seems achievable as human failure can be minimized .

    Capacity:

    Train automation can help to increase network capacity through increased

    punctuality, reduced slot size and moving block systems.

    BENEFITS

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    Acceptance on the part of drivers:

    Drivers obviously associate the loss of their jobs with train

    automation.

    Acceptance on the part of passengers:

    There is widespread unease associated with trave lling in a pilotless

    vehicle. On the other hand, the spreading of driverless people movers

    and automated metro systems are likely to reduce thi s skepticism. In

    the long run, no major acceptance deficits are to be expected,

    especially if part of the cost savings is transferred to the customer.

    BARRIERS

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    Technological hurdles:

    Whereas automated metro operation does not seem to meet any major technological

    obstacles, a driverless main line operation still meets many challenges especially as

    far as safety is concerned. Serious problems arise in mixed operation and due to the

    fact that there is no physical protection of the tracks (in contrast to underground

    metro lines).

    Transition costs:

    Although driverless operation strongly reduces running costs, the initial investment

    into infrastructure and vehicles is high.

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    THROUGH THIS PAPER WE CONCLUDE

    THAT THE AUTOMATION CAN BE OF GREAT

    HELP TO THE GLOBAL CHANGING

    SCENARIO. IN THE 21ST CENTURY WE WISH

    TO WITNESS THIS CHANGE IN OUR DAY TO

    DAY LIVES.

    CONCLUSION

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    www.azinet.com/articles/real98.htm

    www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/terg/199

    pcwin.com/downloads/ - .html

    www.brothersoft.com/downloads/ .html

    www.technologyreview.com/blog/tags/

    www.infrastructuresecurityportal.com/infrastruct

    uresecurity_news.asp?...Networking%20solution

    %20for%20 %20

    l inkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/S136757889

    9900718

    REFERENCES

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    THANK YOU