പ്രാഗ്ജന്മ കാലഘട്ടംANTI NATAL PERIOD

THASLEEM1st Semester MSW

Dept. Of Social WorkCentral university of Kerala

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ANTI-NATAL PERIOD

Anti natal period is shortest to all other stages of development

Begins at Conception

Ends at Birth

The hereditary endowment- foundation of later development

Favourable conditions can foster the development of hereditary potentials

The sex is determined at the time of conception

Greater growth occur

Time of many hazards

Formation of significant people’s attitude

How life begins

New life begins with the union of a male sex cell and a female sex cell. These sex cells are developed in the reproductive organs, the gonads.

MaturationMaturation is the process of chromosome reduction through cell division. Maturation of sex cell does not occur until sex maturity has been attained

Ovulation Ovulation is a preliminary stage of development limited to the female sex cells. It is the process of escape of one mature ovum during the menstrual cycle

FertilizationFertilization occurs at the time of conception, is the third stage of

development preliminary to the beginning of a new life.

Importance of conception

At the time of conception, four important conditions are determined that influence the individuals later development

Hereditary endowment

The first important happening at the time of conception is the determination of the newly created individuals hereditary endowment.

Sex

Determination of the individuals sex is the second important happening at the time of conception. Sex depends on the kind of spermatozoon that unites with the ovum.

Number of offspring

The third important happening at the time of conception is the determination of the number of offspring.

Ordinal position

The fourth thing that happens at the time of conception is the

establishment of the new child’s ordinal position among sibilings.

Adler’s theory some common characteristic associated with ordinal position

First born

Behave mature way Feeling of in security Lack of dominance and aggressiveness because of parental

over protectiveness Develop leadership abilities High achievers because of family pressure Often unhappy because of insecurity arising from

displacement

Adler’s theory some common characteristic associated with ordinal position

Middle born

Learn to be independent and adventuresome as a result of greater freedom

Act up and break rules to attract parental attention

Tendency to boss, attack younger siblings who get more attention

Feeling of parental neglect

Turn to outside for peer companionship –often leads to better social adjustment

Adler’s theory some common characteristic associated with ordinal position

Last-born

Tend to be wilful and demanding as a result of less strict

Greater feeling of security

Tend to be under achieve because less expectation

Tend to be happy

Periods of anti-natal development

The anti-natal development is generally divided into tree stages- the period of zygote (സിക്താണ്‌ഡം) , of the embryo (ഭ്രൂണം)

and of the fetus (ഗര്‍രസ്ഥ ശിശു).

Each of which has a predictable length of time and is characterised by specific developments.

Period of zygote

Fertilisation to end of second week

The fertilised ovum continues to double its cells during its journey from ovary to the uterus, where it will become implanted.

Period of embryo

During the period of embryo, development is extremely rapid. By 18 days, the embryo has already begun to take some shape.

By 4 weeks the embryo is about 1/5 inch long. it has the

beginning of a mouth region, liver. The heart is becoming well developed, and the head and brain regions are becoming more clearly differentiated

By 8 to 9 weeks, face, mouth, eyes, and ears have began to take well defined form. Arms and legs and even hands and feet have appeared. At this stage sex organs are at beginning stage.

Intestine, liver, kidney, pancreas and lungs take on a definite shape.

Period of fetus

The third period of anti-natal development is period of fetus, extends from the end of the second month until birth.

By the end of 12 weeks, muscles are becoming well developed, and spontaneous movements of arms and legs may be observed. Eyelids and nails have begun to form, and the fetus’ sex can now be distinguished easily.

By the end of 16 weeks, the mother can feel fetus’ movements. It becomes more human-looking and hair appears on the head and body. Blinking of the eye occur.

After 24 weeks of age the eyes are completely formed.

Period of fetus

The foetal age of 28 weeks is an important one. It demarcates the zone between viability (ability to live if born) and non viability. Visual and auditory reactions can be occur

Hazards during anti-natal peiod

At no other time during the life span are there more serious hazards to development than during the relatively

short period before birth.

Physical hazards

Period of zygote StarvationLack of uterine preparationImplantation in the wrong place

Period of embryoMiscarriagesDevelopmental irregularities

Period of the fetusMiscarriagesPrematurityComplications of deliveryDevelopmental irregularities

Psychological hazards

Maternal stress

Not wanting child

Physical discomfort

Feeling of inadequacy for parental role

Fear of the Child will be physically deformed or mentally deficient

Maternal stress affects the developing child both before and

after birth.

Unfavourable attitudes on the part of significant peopleNot wanting child

Preference for particular sex

Dream-child concept

Scorn for the child

Use of drugs

Alcohol

Anti-natal and postnatal growth retardation including microcephalyAbnormal facial featuresFetal alcohol syndromeCognitive disabilitiesCentral nervous system dysfunctionSpontaneous abortionsReduced alertnessLess vigorous body activityMore tremorsSlower learningMeasurable deficit in attention and school performance Small declines in IQFrequent behavioural problemUnder stress

Cigarette smoking

Fetal and infant mortality

Lower birth weight

Spontaneous abortion

Sill births

Neonatal deaths

Reduction of fetal weigh and size

marijuana

Length of gestation may be shorter

Visual problem

Lower scores on memory and verbal tasks

Restless sleep pattern

AspirinImpair behavioural competence

Lowe IQ

CaffeineLower birth weight

Behavioural impact

Thank you