index [] · index 551 index a abalur 289 abhayamudrā 215 abhidharmakosha 151, 152 abhijnāna...
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551Index
Index
AAbalur 289abhayamudrā 215Abhidharmakosha 151, 152Abhijnāna Śakuntalam 477Ablūr 289Abrahamic 108Ācārāṅgasūtra 443, 452, 459, 467Ācārya Ātmarām 435Ācārya Bhadrabāhu 315ācārya 463Ācārya Sahasra Kīrtti 327Ācārya Samrāṭ Śrī Ātmarām 434acedia 261Achaemenid 159Achaemenids 159actors 70, 240adaptation 38, 39, 51, 198, 202,
229, 334, 354, 467Adargunchi 331, 332Aḍhāīdvīpa 449adhamma 229Ādinātha 316, 317, 319, 326, 459Ādinātha Basti 317, 319, 326Ādinātha Trikūṭa Basti 319Aditi 379, 381, 538Afghan 15, 135, 512Afghanistan 42, 47, 48, 116, 133,
134, 136, 146, 157, 158, 533, 534
Afghans 15African 18, 23, 307, 406, 496, 497,
544, 545, 548afterlife 19, 75
aftermath 38, 73, 172, 173, 185, 192, 368
Āgama 8, 22, 67, 68, 431, 432, 434, 435–445, 454, 456–459, 461, 463, 466, 467, 470, 471, 539, 543
Āgamamālā 68, 434, 467, 468Āgam Mandirs 68ages 13, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 42, 46,
48–50, 53, 54, 57, 60, 70–75, 139, 141, 159, 171, 229, 258–260, 277, 280, 312, 338, 341, 342, 422, 501, 510, 517, 525 (see also yugas)
Agra 360, 442, 461, 467, 468Aihole 59, 313, 323, 324, 331,
531, 537Ajanta 47, 117, 121–124, 133–135,
231, 238, 240, 254, 533Akkaṇṇa Basti 320Akshobhya 142Akshobhya Vyuha sutra 142Al Biruni 15album 117, 374, 375, 376–378,
383, 385, 387, 392, 538Albuquerque 349, 350, 351, 357Alexander the Great 130allegorical 57, 58, 69, 476, 485allusions 57, 289, 292, 294, 404alterity 244, 397, 398, 419, 420,
424Amaravati 83, 109, 111, 385, 386,
387, 539, 545Amar Chitra Katha 69, 458, 461,
466, 469, 470, 483, 484, 523Amar Muni 68, 434, 435, 437–442,
459, 461, 463, 467, 468, 470, 539
Amdo Jampa 502, 503, 541
552 Index
America 24, 107, 418American 18, 23, 143, 244, 282,
344, 423, 469, 476, 477, 483, 494, 495, 512, 515, 516, 547
Amitābha 142, 143, 145, 146, 158, 167, 199, 200, 533
Amolak R̥ṣi Ācārya 438amorini 123Amphitrite 148Amsterdam 111, 200, 221, 428,
548Ānandasāgarasūri 432, 467Anantanātha 319, 324, 328, 331Anantanātha Basti 319, 324Anantaśāyana 293anattā 38, 230ancient 13, 16, 17, 31, 32, 43, 48,
50, 66, 68, 79, 80, 90, 97, 103, 105, 107, 139, 159, 160, 162, 228, 238, 244, 290, 293, 298, 313, 315, 326–328, 333, 336, 341, 441, 477, 479, 483, 523, 526, 527
ancients 13, 14Andhra Pradesh 154, 297, 537anekāntavāda 304Aṅgas 437, 438, 441, 458, 470Angelina Jolie 512Angkor 7, 18, 51, 52, 197, 198,
200, 203, 204, 208–211, 214–224, 536
Angkorian 215, 221Angkor Wat 18, 215, 216anicca 38, 230aniconic 43, 44, 79–81, 84, 85, 87,
88, 93, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106–109, 523, 532, 545
aniconicists 85aniconic theory 43, 44, 79–81, 87,
88, 93, 99–101, 103, 107, 523, 532
aniconism 80, 85, 99, 100, 106, 107animal 57, 103, 237, 272, 453, 456Annapurna 144, 479, 481, 540annexed 39, 353Annigeri 288, 330 Antakrd̥daśā 438, 440, 443, 453,
458, 463, 471Antarāla Pārśvanātha Basti 315anthropomorphic 44, 81, 84–86,
88, 89, 106, 420anti-Buddhist 51, 200, 208, 216Antiquity 14, 44, 394, 413anti-Śivaite 217Anuyogadvārasūtra 437, 442, 449,
471Apollo 106, 167Appar 304, 306, 307appropriation 37, 50–52, 73, 280,
329, 417, 422, 477, 484, 485, 517
Arab 15, 224, 412 Aranyaka Parva 492archaeological 15, 52, 80, 90, 91,
107, 116, 124, 134, 157, 160, 198, 214, 223, 288, 536
archaeologists 21, 27, 42, 79, 80archaeology 14–16, 23, 24, 37, 79,
110, 112, 157, 162, 254, 263, 399, 477, 489, 546, 547
archaic 33, 49, 58, 60, 174, 177, 312
Ārdhamāgadhī 68, 432Ariṣṭanemi 433Arsacid 159arte povera 483, 523art historians 16, 22, 27, 31–33,
36, 42, 44, 47, 49, 50, 69, 74,
553Index
104, 179, 188, 257, 409, 475art market 22, 143, 157, 268, 398,
516Aryans 14, 298ashes 91, 96Ashokan 15Asian art 11, 27, 32, 34, 38, 58,
73–75, 115, 174, 176, 179, 181, 312, 371, 543, 545, 548
Aśoka 90, 91, 112assimilating 21, 353asuras 18, 293, 294, 298, 299, 302,
305, 523Athena 148Atlas 151, 152attacks 60, 68, 121, 140, 243, 304,
324, 326, 512Attimabbe 319Aupapātikasūtra 436, 471, 539Aurangzeb 360Aurel Stein 116auspicious dreams 449–451, 540Avadh 65, 374, 375, 378, 379, 392Avalokiteśvara 157–159, 167, 180,
199, 217, 515, 523, 525, 534avant-garde 72, 428, 495, 501,
502, 516avatāra 289, 375, 523 Ayodhya 18Ayutthaya 36, 52, 53, 70, 221,
228, 229, 239–241, 243–246, 248, 250, 252
Aztecs 13, 107
BBabri-Masjid 18Bachhofer 34, 49, 75, 176, 177,
179, 192, 193, 195
Bactria 42, 47, 48, 125, 126, 130, 135, 139, 140, 143, 158, 159, 166
Bactro-Gandhara 162, 166, 169Badami 313Bagalkot 336–538Bakhtin 20, 23Balalik Tepe 129Ballāla 319, 322, 326Balligavi 316, 345Bamiyan 130, 143band 157, 493, 505Bangalore 337, 344, 538Bangdel 53, 111, 262–264, 280,
281, 282Bangkok 36, 222–225, 228, 231,
232, 234, 239, 241, 243, 244, 246, 252–255, 283
Banteay Chmar 219Banteay Kdei 51, 197, 200, 214,
217, 218, 224Banteay Srei 209baptised / baptism 353baptismal font 357, 358, 538Barbaren 417, 418, 425barbarian / barbaric 59, 67, 123,
418–420Baroque 16, 17, 20, 33, 174, 177,
338, 339, 367Barrackpore 387, 389, 393bars 54, 266, 271Basel 176, 179, 195basti 61, 314, 315, 317, 319, 320,
322, 323, 324, 326–328, 331, 333–336, 340, 523, 531, 537, 538
Bayon 51, 52, 197–200, 202, 206, 207, 208, 211–218, 223, 224, 536
554 Index
beard 123beheaded 202, 288, 324Beijing 183, 193, 195, 225, 505,
507–509, 512, 514, 518, 519, 535, 541
Belgaum 320, 340, 538Belur 311, 319Bengal 271, 307, 387, 391, 394,
479, 498Bengali 388, 539Berlin 28, 112, 134, 166, 176, 193,
194, 224, 225, 253, 306, 342, 367, 397, 401, 405, 407, 413, 424–428, 469, 519, 544, 548
Bhadrabāhu 315Bhagavatīsūtra 445, 451, 454, 458,
459, 461, 466, 467Bhairavdevī 335Bhaja 151Bhaktāmarastotra 459Bhaktapur 261, 264–266, 268bhakti 288, 304, 523Bhaṇḍāra Basti 322Bhaṇḍārī Śrī Padmacandajī Mahārāj
434Bharatiya Janata Party 18, 523Bharat Mata 479, 480, 540Bharhut 80, 83, 110, 112, 140, 231Bhatkal 61, 324, 336, 531Bheema 487Bhīmā Devī 333Bhubaneśwar 291, 293, 536bhūmisparśamudrā 215Bhupalendramalla 55, 531Bhupatindra Malla 266Bible 12Bihar 387, 391Bihzad 406Bijapur 288, 326, 336, 344, 349
Bimbisāra 123bindi 454, 524bindu 144, 524biological model 34, 49, 172, 173,
177, 189–191Birendra 257birthplace 18Black Death 221boat 52, 53, 227, 230–232, 235,
240, 241, 243, 244, 247, 248Bodh Gaya 83, 87, 102, 255, 532Bodhisattva 34, 51, 103, 143, 146,
147, 157, 158, 159, 161–163, 165, 167, 168, 174, 175, 177, 178, 181, 183, 186, 189, 199, 214, 274, 277, 279, 231, 235–240, 244, 246, 248, 250, 251, 253, 515, 523–525, 534–536, 547
bodhi tree 83, 85, 87, 88, 93, 98, 532
Bodleian 246, 247, 378, 433, 547book illuminations 68, 69borrowings 20, 484Botanical Gardens 389, 393botany 391Boundary stone 203, 536Brahmā 121, 216, 292, 293, 304,
338, 459Brahma Jinālaya 317–319, 324,
329, 537Brahmā Kumārīs 338Brāhman / Brahmin 15, 120–122,
202, 209, 230, 237, 244, 287, 360, 375, 377, 383, 456, 477, 538
Brahminic(al) 209, 230, 237, 250 287, 288, 298, 305
bridge 211–213, 422, 424, 489
555Index
Britain 20, 76British 15, 37, 64, 65, 72, 79, 106,
109, 111, 112, 136, 243, 247, 254, 257, 258, 287, 371, 373, 374–386, 388–391, 393, 413, 429, 431, 433, 449, 456, 480, 502, 524, 538, 539, 543, 545
British Raj 258, 287bronze 13, 39, 146, 179, 183, 187,
188, 194, 195, 211–213, 338, 379, 411, 420, 535, 536
Bucchimayya 319Buchanan 65, 372, 373, 380,
387–394, 539Buddha(s) 17, 21, 31, 35, 39, 40,
43, 44, 51, 53, 79, 80–85, 87–112, 119, 121, 123, 126, 127, 129, 130, 133–135, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 150, 154–159, 162, 165, 168, 189, 193, 199, 200, 202, 206, 208–216, 218, 220, 227, 230, 237, 239, 241, 244, 250, 252, 254, 255, 269, 276, 284, 307, 504, 515, 516, 523, 524, 526, 527, 531–536, 541, 547
Buddhism 19, 36, 44, 48, 49, 52, 72, 80, 90, 91, 93, 94, 96–98, 101, 103, 111, 112, 140–144, 152, 154, 159, 160, 166, 171, 173, 182, 183, 185, 188, 193–195, 197, 201, 202, 208, 210, 211, 216, 219, 229, 231, 232, 237, 241, 245, 246, 253, 254, 264, 274, 282, 306, 308, 515, 523, 524, 525, 528, 533, 543, 547
Buddhist 7, 8, 15, 16, 18–20, 24, 31, 34–36, 38–40, 42–53,
57, 60, 75, 79–91, 95–101, 103–105, 108–112, 115–117, 120, 123, 125–130, 132–136, 139–143, 145, 148, 149, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157, 159, 160–162, 164, 166, 167, 171–177, 179–183, 185, 188–195, 197–200, 202, 206–208, 210, 214–221, 227, 229–232, 234, 235, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252–255, 258, 266, 269, 271, 273, 275, 276, 282, 283, 288, 302, 307, 308, 458, 515, 523, 527, 528, 531–533, 543, 544, 545, 547, 548
Buddhists 15, 18, 32, 35, 58, 94, 95, 97, 103, 108, 153, 159, 217, 231, 260, 274, 288, 293, 298, 300, 304, 305, 508, 515
Buddhological 80, 109, 171Buddhology 188Bukka Rāya 333Buṃgadyaḥ 274Buṃgamati 274, 276Buner 124, 533 buried 51, 177, 200, 203, 214,
217, 326Burmese 52, 228, 239, 543Butkarā 47, 115, 116Byzantine 397, 428
CCābahīl 271cage 54, 55, 453, 531 caitya / chaitya 48, 149, 151, 154,
534 , 224, 264, 266, 274, 524 cakra 62, 292, 356, 443, 524
556 Index
cakravartin 445Cakreśvarī 319Calcutta 109, 110, 112, 283, 307,
378, 383–387, 479, 539, 546calendar 69, 437, 441, 459, 484calendar art 69, 441, 459Cāḷukya 58–60, 290, 311–313, 316,
339Cambodia 18, 32, 50, 51, 197, 198,
209, 211, 215, 219, 221, 222, 225, 240, 254, 548
camel 141, 420Cāmuṇḍā 298, 299, 302, 537Cāmuṇḍarāja Basti 315canals 141, 231, 232Candragiri 315Candragupta 289, 291, 315Candranāteśvara Basti 61, 324,
336, 531Candranātha 61, 328, 334, 335,
531Candranātha Basti 61, 328, 335,
531Candranātha Svāmī 328canon 21, 66–68, 71, 74, 259, 397,
400, 402, 404–407, 411–413, 415, 416, 419, 420, 422, 423, 431, 441, 458, 501, 517
canonisation 66, 67, 402, 405, 412, 413, 419, 422
Cāraṇṭi Maṭha group 313caravans 140, 141caricatures 70, 227, 481, 484Carpeaux 198, 199, 221, 223cartoons 70, 423caste 58, 230, 231, 241, 275, 354,
355, 525catalogue 66, 134, 136, 183, 185,
264, 276, 344, 371, 399, 406,
407, 409, 428, 469, 499, 508, 518, 519, 543, 548
Catholic 64, 354, 355, 364, 525Catholicism 353caturmukha 524Caturmukha Basti 335, 336, 538caturviṁśati-jinālaya 322causeway 211–213cave 34, 48, 121, 123, 134, 151–
154, 159, 165, 173, 174, 179, 181, 193–195, 238, 240, 289, 312, 313, 533–535, 547
cave-temples 34, 173, 174, 181, 547
Cāvuṇḍarāya 315Cennaṇṇa Basti 334Central Asia 7, 19, 47, 48, 70, 79,
110, 115, 116, 120, 123, 129, 132, 133–135, 136, 141, 143, 158, 167, 547
Central India 110, 140, 163Ceylon 246chaitya / caitya 48, 149, 151, 154,
534 , 224, 264, 266, 274, 524chaitya hall 48, 151, 154Champa 198, 548Chan 19, 36, 49, 171, 195, 524Changu Narayana 55, 531Chankuna’s Stupa 156, 534Channabasava Purāṇa 304, 305Chaophraya river 248chapels 62, 202, 349, 355, 357chariot 239, 274–279, 292, 536Chauki-Linga 378–380, 538Chedasūtra 437, 451, 452, 458,
463, 466, 467, 470, 471Chenna Keśava Temple 319, 339Chhachi 488, 492, 493, 540Chikka-Hanasoge 317, 319, 326
557Index
China 22, 33, 36, 42, 47–50, 74, 135, 139–144, 148, 152–155, 158–160, 163, 166, 172–174, 176, 177, 179, 180, 182–185, 189, 190, 193–195, 210, 217, 228, 232, 245, 252, 412, 413, 505, 509, 512, 519, 524, 525, 527, 533–535, 541
Chinese 7, 13, 17, 22, 31, 34, 47–51, 72–76, 91, 117, 140–148, 150–152, 154–157, 159, 166, 168, 171–177, 179–183, 185, 188–195, 203, 209–212, 221, 224, 231, 244–246, 502, 503, 506–508, 510, 512, 515, 517, 518, 525–528, 533, 534, 547
Chinggis Khan 185, 193Chittoor 383Choephel 501–504, 506, 508, 510,
518, 519Cholas 316Christian 20, 33, 39, 62, 64, 75,
107, 244, 312, 355, 356, 362, 368, 423, 426, 515
Christianisation 62Christianity 108, 111, 350, 353,
354Christians 159, 244, 250, 353, 364Christie’s 378chromolithography 459chronicle 228, 229, 274–280church 20, 39, 62–64, 349, 351–
357, 361, 364, 366, 368, 523, 525–527, 531
cinema 454, 485Cintāmaṇī Pārśvanātha Temple 336circular 60, 154, 214, 320, 341,
449Citra Devī Maṇḍapa 335
classic(al) 13, 16, 21, 33, 34, 58, 60, 67, 104, 107, 177, 216, 237, 239, 312, 263, 274, 364, 399, 405, 408, 411, 418–420, 433, 443, 451, 454, 477–479, 483, 484, 506, 512, 525, 540
classical age 16, 34classicists 17clay 44, 47, 115, 116, 132, 312cloth paintings 35coastal 60, 61, 241, 334, 336, 339,
378, 531Cœdès 197, 198, 200–202, 207–
209, 211, 215–217, 219, 222Cohn 67, 175, 193, 373, 394, 397,
413–417, 424, 426, 429, 539Cohn-Wiener 67, 397, 413–417,
424, 426, 429, 539collect(ing) 8, 65, 371–375, 381,
392, 393, 428, 429, 512, 545collection 42, 65, 66, 67, 104, 109,
134, 145–147, 166–168, 175, 195, 200, 222, 227, 245, 292, 327, 344, 373, 375, 378, 379, 384, 387, 392, 401, 413, 427, 429, 498, 519, 532, 533, 544
collectors 66, 72, 143, 371–373, 379, 392, 393
colonial 12, 15–18, 20, 21, 24, 31, 37, 39, 64–66, 69, 257, 259, 350, 364, 366, 371–373, 392, 398, 409, 418, 419, 475–478, 483–485, 495
colonialism 16, 20, 39, 371, 393, 394, 398, 418
colonials 20, 42colonisation 65, 109colonised 20colonising 62
558 Index
colony 62colossal Buddha 126, 533Columbus 31comic 69, 379, 459, 461, 512, 523comic book 69, 461, 523comics 22, 483commentaries 68, 431, 435, 443commission 322, 371, 373, 375,
378commissioned 21, 62, 64, 65, 68,
120, 245, 246, 315, 319, 331, 333, 336, 337, 371, 373, 375–380, 382, 384, 387, 389–391, 491, 502, 504, 507, 524, 538, 539, 541
commissioning 57, 65, 375, 379Communist Party 506Company art 65Company officials 15, 65, 371, 524Company Painting 65, 371–373,
391Company School 8, 39, 64, 371–
374, 379, 380, 383, 387, 393, 524
conflict(s) 12, 14, 17, 18, 22, 39, 51, 57, 209, 279, 284, 288, 327, 371, 537
confrontations 38, 39, 42, 58conquering 62, 217conquerors 15, 355conquest 15, 62, 139, 159, 166,
350, 354, 357, 359contemporary 9, 12, 20–23, 32,
34, 41, 42, 66, 67, 69,–74, 208, 217, 224, 243, 244, 246, 248, 252, 259, 271, 276, 290, 295, 337, 360, 366, 375, 397, 399, 405, 411, 423, 453, 456, 459, 466, 475–477, 479, 483,
484, 489, 494, 495, 497, 501, 504–510, 512, 514, 517, 519, 520, 541, 543, 544
conversions 62, 326, 354Coomaraswamy 18, 21, 23, 44, 81,
85, 99, 101, 106, 107, 109, 110, 466, 469, 491, 498, 532
copies 64, 180, 356, 361, 378, 406, 408, 431, 440, 484
craftsmanship 15, 176, 269craftsmen 62, 64, 106, 139, 364cremated 84, 89, 91, 96cross 20, 22, 62, 350, 351, 355,
424, 538, 546cross-cultural 20, 62, 355, 424cross-fertilisation 22crossroads 19crown 48, 157–159, 161, 163crowned 130, 156, 162, 165, 319,
320, 333, 336, 526, 534, 535Cūḷajanaka-Jātaka 238cultural diffusion 62, 355cultural flows 20cultural imperialism 72, 502Cultural Revolution 512Cunin 208, 212, 213, 218, 219,
223cycle 13, 41, 293, 338, 339cyclical 35, 36, 41, 60, 75
DDalai Lama 502–504, 517, 541damage 22, 54, 198, 216, 260,
262, 264, 266, 271, 273, 274, 276, 277, 329
Dambal 331dāna 54dancers 202, 536
559Index
dancing 238, 298, 479daṇḍa 466, 524Dārāsuram 288 dārbar 451, 524dark age(s) 32, 36–38, 41, 52, 53,
54, 57, 60, 229, 258, 259, 271, 338
dark present 53darśan 432Daśavaikālika 437, 441, 442, 445,
463Datong 152, 186, 535Daulatabad 322Davis 19, 23, 322, 342decadence 24, 33, 58, 60, 107,
141, 173, 174, 259, 265, 269, 278, 312, 338, 420
decay 13, 37, 52–54, 60, 67, 75, 258, 259, 264, 266, 269, 277, 280, 287, 326, 341, 416
Deccan 59, 288, 308, 311, 313, 322, 344, 345, 352
decline 13, 22, 33–35, 37, 38, 41, 49, 52, 60, 66, 73, 171–174, 177, 180–182, 185, 189, 191, 192, 218, 230, 244, 287, 311, 312, 338, 404, 525
deer 89, 90Deer Park 89, 90defeated 11, 17, 295, 302, 326deity 144, 162, 200, 207, 266,
268–271, 274–277, 279, 298, 300, 302, 512, 526, 528, 535
Delhi 15, 16, 24, 76, 105, 109, 111, 112, 118, 119, 133, 135, 166, 193, 195, 253, 254, 294, 300, 302, 305–308, 322, 342–345, 366–368, 393, 394, 431, 434, 442, 468, 469, 470,
498, 505, 532, 543, 546Demand 33, 75, 423, 424, 426demolished 326–328, 354, 355demonised 58demons 18, 53, 58, 292, 298, 524Deopatan 262, 283Descent of Gaṅgā 290desecration 51, 62, 215, 218, 326Deshmukhs 360destroyed 17, 18, 38, 48, 51, 53,
62, 148, 159, 160, 200, 217, 219, 305, 311, 323, 326, 329, 332, 350, 354, 355, 357, 438
destruction 18, 22, 37, 38, 51, 52, 54, 57, 60, 197, 200–202, 208, 210, 214–219, 221, 241, 260, 262, 264, 271, 273, 274, 288, 289, 294, 322, 326, 338, 349, 354, 525
deteriorating 13, 41Devarāya 333devas 151, 244, 298devāsura 298, 524Devī 298, 322, 333, 335devotees 88–91, 98, 144, 151, 269,
379, 381, 432, 538dhamma / dharma 95, 231, 235,
236, 253, 255, 278, 300, 338, 502, 524
Dharamsala 72, 502–505, 515, 518, 541
Dhāriṇī 453dharma / dhamma 95, 231, 235,
236, 253, 255, 278, 300, 338, 502, 524
Dharmasthala 328, 336Dharmasūtras 230, 253Dharwar 288, 326dhyana mudra 144
560 Index
diaspora 12, 20, 68, 313, 515Digambara 272, 299, 324, 325,
327, 336, 337, 524, 537, 544dikapālas 320Dinajpur 388, 389–391, 539Disfigured 325, 537disillusionment 70dismantling 262, 270Divar Island 361Diwakar Chitra Katha 442, 461,
468Diwakar Prakashan 442, 461, 467,
468Doḍḍa Basappā Temple 331Doddappa 331Dolma 515donor 55, 322, 531Drachm 164, 168, 535dragons 148, 149drapery 105, 106, 147, 154, 155,
157, 161, 479, 534Draupadi 475, 486, 487, 491, 540Draupadi’s Vow 475, 491, 540Dravidians 14Dufour 198, 199, 221, 223dukkha 38, 230Dunhuang 158, 159, 166, 167, 534Durgā 80, 481, 484, 526Duryodhana 487Dutch 243, 339Dutch Golden Age 339dvāpara-yuga 13, 37, 338dvāra-pāla 272, 327, 328, 537 dystopia 69, 475
EEast Asia 7, 32, 139, 148, 166,
176, 524, 527
East India 15, 65, 165, 371–374, 380, 383, 387, 391–393, 524, 535
East India Company 15, 65, 371–374, 380, 383, 387, 391–393, 524
ecclesiastical 62, 349, 351, 352, 355, 356, 361, 367
Ecuador 418Eden 12, 338Eightfold Path 123ekāntavāda 304ekapādamūrti 303, 304, 537elephant 58, 291, 293, 295, 330,
333, 334, 445, 524, 525, 536English 14, 18, 21, 68, 106, 210,
253, 283, 345, 397, 412–414, 435, 437–443, 461, 468, 470, 477, 483, 501, 507, 518, 524, 547
enlightened 68, 97, 527enlightenment 83, 85, 88–90, 98,
102, 155, 228, 229, 232, 250, 339, 526, 534
Enlightenment 12, 13, 15, 33, 41, 102, 194, 195
epic 35, 69, 70, 290, 338, 487, 526, 527
epigraphers 79euphemism 488 eurocentric 32, 423, 510Europe 12, 31, 35, 41, 49, 62, 174,
177, 182, 221, 230, 243, 269, 289, 356, 378, 401, 418, 476
European 12, 13, 16, 18, 20, 21, 24, 31, 33, 41, 44, 62, 64–67, 70, 79, 81, 103, 104, 106–108, 112, 177, 243, 247, 248, 252, 262, 349, 352, 354, 355,
561Index
356, 359, 362, 363, 364, 366, 367, 371–373, 375, 382, 384, 385, 387, 389, 391–393, 408, 412, 413, 416–420, 422, 423, 424, 477, 524, 546
Europeanised 65, 373, 379Europeans 14, 15, 20, 31, 64, 65,
103, 159, 243, 250, 252, 355, 360, 362, 364, 371, 373, 378, 379, 383, 392, 524
evolution 19, 32, 33, 34, 58, 75, 81, 104, 177, 367
excavated 152, 153, 325, 385, 537excavation 15, 51, 80, 151, 200,
203, 216, 313exchanges 20, 39exhibition 31, 39, 66, 134, 183,
185, 371, 397, 399, 401, 402, 404–407, 409, 419, 422, 426–429, 499, 506–508, 514, 515, 518, 519, 548
exile 71, 72, 235, 284, 502–504, 506, 517
exile community 72, 502, 503, 517exotica 141expansionism 31, 257, 258, 322
FFaizabad 374Fayaz Tepe 116, 126–130, 132,
134, 533fenced 56, 268, 531festival 276, 277, 433, 470figurative 43, 58, 79, 81, 83,–88,
92, 93, 108, 229, 232, 246, 294, 445
Firoz Shah Tughlaq 15fish 148, 248, 253
flames 144, 146, 533Florence 253, 338, 397, 548font 357, 358, 527, 538footprints 84, 93, 96foreigners 53, 227, 229, 232, 234,
241, 247, 250, 252Foucault 13, 14, 23, 41, 366Foucher 21, 31, 43, 44, 46, 79–81,
85, 99–110, 112, 115, 117, 134, 143, 161–163, 165, 167, 168, 523, 532, 535
France 14, 66, 131, 132, 223, 398, 417, 426, 533
Franciscan 357French 17, 21, 64, 79, 210, 222,
225, 243, 252, 260, 282, 374, 398, 401, 426, 543
GGadag 330, 337Gade 72, 512, 513, 516, 541Gaja-Lakṣmī 144, 330Gajāsura 293–296, 524, 537Gaṇagitti 326, 333ganas 152Gandhāra 7, 19, 27, 46–48, 83, 93,
97, 104, 110, 115, 126, 132–136, 139, 143, 148, 151, 152, 154, 155, 157–163, 165–169, 467, 531, 532, 534, 535
Gandhāran 19, 32, 46, 47, 48, 73, 115–117, 119, 120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 132–134, 143–150, 152, 153, 155, 157, 161, 162, 168, 533, 534, 547
Gaṇeśa 295, 324, 525Gaṅgā 290, 300, 301, 311, 315,
537
562 Index
Gaṅgās 58, 311, 315Ganges 488Gaṇigitti 333Gansu 141garbhag�ha 292, 364 Gardri style 504, 525garlands 62, 356, 493garment 146, 524, 527garuda 480Gedun Choephel 501, 503, 504,
506, 508, 510, 518, 519genius 34, 174, 180, 182, 191George Bush 512German 14, 27, 28, 33, 64, 66,
192, 210, 257, 261–263, 276, 283, 346, 397, 398, 412, 414, 417–419, 423, 427, 544
Germany 21, 66, 289, 398, 400, 401, 427, 428
Ghazni 15Ghyas ud–din 388gift 251, 353gilded 62, 178, 187, 188, 211–213,
355, 535, 536Gilgit 155, 534global 11, 12, 19–22, 70, 72, 73,
313, 364, 483, 497, 501, 510, 512–517, 543, 544
globalisation 21, 22, 483globalised 483, 484, 497Goa 8, 20, 32, 39, 62, 64, 349–357,
359, 361–368, 538Goan 62–64, 349, 350, 354–356,
361, 364, 366, 368, 531god(s) 57, 69, 70, 90, 108, 121,
148, 161, 202, 207, 235, 237, 241, 262, 274, 275, 279, 289–295, 298–300, 304, 305, 375, 379, 445, 449, 459, 479,
480–482, 484, 502, 523–526goddess 69, 148, 235–237, 240–
242, 244, 246–248, 294, 250, 252, 302, 375, 377, 379, 381, 454, 479–482, 484, 525, 536, 538
Goetz 34, 58, 75Gogi 336gold 39, 79, 152, 194, 211–213,
217, 232, 235, 240, 245, 250, 274, 275, 280, 492
golden age 7, 8, 11–17, 19, 21, 22, 27, 31, 33–38, 41, 42, 44, 46–54, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66–70, 72–75, 81, 109, 110, 139–141, 166, 171–174, 176, 177, 180, 182, 183, 185, 189–192, 195, 197, 221, 229, 230, 239, 250, 257–260, 262, 265, 269–271, 280, 311, 312, 316, 322, 336, 338, 339, 341, 344, 397, 405, 412, 416, 432, 467, 475, 478, 484, 497, 503, 511, 516, 525
golden ages 7, 9, 32, 37, 38, 42, 46, 48–50, 53, 54, 57, 70–73, 75, 139, 141, 159, 229, 258, 259, 277, 341, 342, 422, 501, 510, 517
golden past 37, 41, 53, 69, 475–477, 479, 484, 488, 493, 497
Golden Tank 288Golden Temple 269Gombrich 16, 23, 24, 33, 35, 75,
191, 230, 237, 240, 244, 252, 254, 414, 423, 426, 428, 429
Gommaṭagiri 334, 336Gommaṭeśvara 329, 334, 336Gonkar Gyatso 72, 512
563Index
Gopaṇa Oḍeyar 335gopura 17, 200, 209, 219, 334, 525,
536Gorkha(s) 257, 258Gorkhali 258 Gotama 250Gothic 16, 174Gowda 475, 486, 487, 491, 540granite 315–317, 333Great War 338Greco-Roman 21Greece 14, 177Greek 37, 44, 48, 81, 100, 104–
107, 110, 140, 150, 159, 161, 174, 176, 177, 237, 338, 341, 532, 547
Greeks 13, 15, 140GTZ 54, 261Guanyin 177, 178, 180, 183, 184,
188, 525, 535, 536Guha-Thakurta 479, 491, 498Guhyeshvari 144Guishuang 140Gujarat 15, 140, 337, 342, 344,
433Gujarati 431, 433, 468Gunthur 382, 539Guntupalli 154Gupta 16, 17, 37, 42, 57, 287, 289,
306, 525guru 434Gurung 258Guruvayanakere 328, 336guthi 257, 273, 525Guthi Saṃsthān 267, 278Gyatso 515gypsum 47, 115, 116
HHadda 47, 116, 133, 135, 136,
157, 158, 534hair 39, 96, 106, 144, 161, 251,
354, 487hairstyle 106, 123, 456Halbwachs 14, 17, 23Hale Basti 319Halebid 311, 316, 319–322, 537Hallur 313, 324, 329, 331, 344halo 145, 161, 459Hampi 333, 345Han 48, 135, 139, 141, 143, 159,
506, 507, 508, 510, 519, 525, 541
Hangal 319–321, 330, 331, 537Harappan 160harcara 382, 383, 539Haridwar 493, 540Harihara 333Haryana 434Hassan 336Hausenstein 67, 397, 417–421,
424–426, 539Haveri 298, 331head 126, 130, 144, 145, 157–161,
165, 200, 204, 276, 292, 295, 354, 379, 387, 533–536, 544
headband 160headdress 130, 199headgear 130Hebei 173Hegelian 397, 412Hellenised 105Hellenistic 105–107Hemakūṭam Hill 330Henan 173, 181Herder 14heritage 15, 53, 54, 260, 264, 265
564 Index
heroes 70, 454heroines 70, 488heterosexual 490 highpoints 32, 38, 74, 341, 517hijra 489, 490, 494, 495, 525, 540Himachal Pradesh 434Himalayan 39, 167Hinayana 141Hindi 68, 253, 367, 431, 435,
437–443, 459, 461, 468–470Hindu 17–20, 23, 24, 39, 43, 51,
57, 58, 62–64, 69, 70, 80, 143, 167, 197, 200, 216, 217, 220, 257, 258, 274, 288, 289, 292–294, 298–300, 302, 305–308, 311, 316, 319, 322, 324–326, 330, 331, 338, 343, 349, 355–357, 360–364, 365, 367, 375, 458, 459, 477, 479–481, 484, 488, 490, 491, 499, 525–527, 531, 537, 538
Hinduism 52, 58, 80, 282, 308, 343, 461, 488
Hindus 15, 18, 32, 58, 62, 288, 293, 306, 331, 333, 350, 354, 355, 360, 366, 477, 482
Hindutva 479, 480–482, 525, 540Hiranyakashipu 375, 376, 538Hiraṇyavarṇamahāvihāra 269Hiriyangadi 335historian 14, 16,–19, 21, 22, 27,
31–33, 36, 42, 44, 47, 49, 50, 54, 66, 69, 74, 104, 145, 174, 179, 181, 188, 207, 243, 257, 262, 267, 272, 274, 387, 398, 400, 402, 409, 413, 429, 475
historical 14, 16–19, 21, 28, 31–33, 36–38, 41–43, 49, 50, 52, 58, 70, 73, 74, 80, 81, 84, 91, 94,
107, 173–176, 179, 183, 188, 190–192, 208, 224, 227, 242, 248, 252, 258, 260, 262–266, 268, 274, 276, 277, 280, 281, 288–291, 298, 299, 305, 311, 343, 345, 349, 360, 398–400, 404–406, 408, 411–413, 418, 419, 422, 423, 440, 463, 466, 476, 477, 485, 506, 510, 526, 527, 544
historicism 241, 248, 408, 494history 7, 11–20, 22–24, 28, 33,
34, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 52, 53, 58, 64, 66, 73–76, 81, 84, 99, 103, 106, 109, 110, 112, 134, 141, 157, 159, 161, 167, 171, 172, 174, 176, 177, 179–182, 185, 190, 191, 193, 194, 210, 213, 215, 225, 241, 244, 250, 253–255, 257–259, 263, 265, 269, 271, 275, 276, 279, 281, 283, 284, 287, 289, 306, 308, 311, 312, 316, 339, 343, 344, 361, 364, 367, 368, 371, 373, 387, 391, 394, 397–399, 401, 402, 404, 405, 407, 408, 411–415, 417–420, 422–424, 426–428, 431, 434, 463, 468, 470, 475–477, 486, 488, 496–498, 501, 510, 543, 544, 546, 548
Hobsbawm 12, 23homeland 62horse(s) 236, 338, 250, 292, 445Hosa Basti 335Hoysaḷa 37, 60, 311, 312, 316–322,
326, 332, 333, 336, 338–342, 344, 537, 538
Hoysaḷas 58, 59, 70, 311, 316, 339
565Index
Hoysaḷeśvara Temple 319Hua Jiankun 509, 518, 519, 541Hua Manjun 509, 518, 519, 541Huichang 183Humanists 14Humcha 319, 336humiliation 57, 58, 329, 487Hunic 156, 166Huns 15, 47, 139Hussain 475, 480–482, 484, 540Huvishka 145, 146, 168, 169, 533hybrid 32, 39, 65, 75, 106, 356,
364, 371, 383, 524hybridity 356, 366, 484
IIbn Batuta 399iconic 44, 144, 408, 482, 491iconographic 16, 47, 49, 51, 52,
57, 58, 117, 123, 128, 144, 149, 151, 161, 181, 210, 217, 289, 292, 294, 299, 300, 304, 305, 418, 420, 515, 527
iconography 48, 49, 52, 58, 130, 142, 148, 149, 154, 158, 160, 181, 190, 197, 199, 208, 215–217, 220, 291, 293, 294, 298, 330, 445, 449, 456, 459, 466, 479–481, 484, 547
idealised 42, 66, 69, 70, 73, 74, 341
idealising 106ideology 18, 20, 72, 244, 250, 255,
502idyllic 37, 73, 338, 339illuminations 68, 69, 269illustrated 68, 69, 144, 145, 163,
176, 252, 375, 378, 413, 432,
433, 435, 440, 441, 443, 449, 461, 466
illustrations 28, 36, 57, 61, 68, 132, 176, 227, 238, 305, 393, 399, 401, 420, 424, 437, 440, 441, 443, 449, 459, 463, 483, 531
impaled 288imperialist 106Impressionism 510, 511incarnation 13, 338, 501, 523Incas 107India 11–20, 22–24, 33–35, 39, 40,
42, 48, 57, 58, 62, 64, 65, 68–70, 74, 75, 79–81, 83, 87, 90, 97, 100, 101, 103–106, 110–112, 133, 136, 139, 140, 143, 144, 154, 159, 160, 163, 165, 167, 181, 228, 230, 253–255, 259, 264, 287, 288, 293, 296, 304–308, 312–314, 316, 322, 326, 331, 333, 334, 336, 337, 342–345, 355, 360, 366, 367, 371–375, 378–381, 383, 387, 391–394, 412, 418, 419, 428, 433–435, 437, 438, 454, 469, 470, 475–480, 482–485, 488, 490, 491, 493, 495, 497, 498, 502, 503, 505, 523–525, 527, 531, 535, 537, 540, 544, 545,–547
Indian 8, 9, 13, 15–19, 21–24, 27, 34, 42, 44, 46–48, 58, 60, 62, 65, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76, 79–81, 99, 101, 103–107, 110, 112, 117, 123, 134, 144, 147, 148, 166, 168, 181, 230, 241, 244, 245, 287–291, 293, 305–308, 311, 327, 334, 338,
566 Index
339, 341–344, 354, 356, 362, 364, 366, 367, 371–375, 379, 382–384, 387–389, 391–394, 420, 433, 439, 440, 443, 451, 454, 456, 459, 461, 466, 467, 469, 470, 475–478, 483–486, 491, 494, 498, 499, 503, 504, 506, 523–528, 532, 534, 543–547
Indianised 106Indians 13, 62, 81, 103, 107, 373,
379, 383, 477, 482, 483India Office Library 75, 371, 393,
394indigenised 15, 42, 477Indo-Europeans 159Indo-Greek 105, 107, 140Indonesia 230Indo-Scythian 47, 139, 140Indo-Scythians 139, 140, 143, 157,
169Indra’s Heaven 121, 123, 533Indravarman 208Indus 14information gatherers 372, 373,
379, 391–393information gathering 65, 372,
374, 393Inner Asia 158inquisition 350, 357, 525inscription(s) 15, 51, 57, 112, 135,
136, 198, 203, 207–209, 214–216, 222–224, 254, 255, 288, 289, 293, 298, 305, 306, 313, 316, 320, 326, 327, 331, 333, 342, 388, 548
installations 70, 515invaders 17, 274invasion(s) 15, 42, 47, 52, 70, 130,
156, 166, 229, 250, 322, 482, 483
Iran 133, 161, 166Iranian 123, 133, 136Iraq 515Iravadiśvara Temple 295, 537iron 13, 266, 267, 338ironic 22, 72, 475, 512Irugappa Daṇḍanāyaka 333Isfahan 411, 416Islam 11, 108, 111, 311, 398,
400–402, 409, 411–413, 416, 422, 425–427, 429, 437, 548
Islamic 12, 19, 21, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 41, 64, 66, 67, 73, 75, 166, 213, 322, 326, 361, 362, 364, 397–402, 405–409, 411–413, 416, 418–420, 422–424, 426–429, 437, 527, 544, 548
Islamic art 21, 27, 31, 34, 66, 67, 397, 400–402, 405, 406, 408, 409, 411–413, 416, 419, 420, 422, 423, 426
Islamic World 12, 398iṣṭaliṅga 329Italian 14, 117, 405, 411, 546, 547
JJacques 203, 206–208, 211, 215,
221, 223, 224, 426Jahangir 15Jaina 8, 11, 17, 19, 22, 28, 35, 39,
40, 43, 57–61, 67–69, 76, 80, 231, 272, 282, 299, 300, 302, 304, 311–317, 319, 320, 322–334, 336–339, 342–346,
567Index
431–435, 439, 441–443, 449, 451, 454, 456, 458, 459, 461, 463, 466–469, 471, 523, 525, 527, 531, 537, 538, 544
Jaina art 11, 17, 60, 80, 312, 322, 332, 339
Jainas 14, 17–19, 32, 57, 58, 60, 67–69, 231, 288, 289, 298, 300, 304, 305, 315, 331, 333, 336, 337, 341, 431, 432, 437, 442, 461, 466, 524, 526
Jaina scripture 68Jainism 60, 306, 311, 312, 315,
316, 322, 326, 332, 334, 336, 344, 345, 433, 463, 468, 470, 525–527, 543, 544
Jaipur 367, 431, 439, 546Jajpur 385, 539Jamāl Gaṛhī 119, 120, 123, 533Jambūdvīpaprajñapti 433, 445, 449,
451, 454, 472Jambukeśvara Temple 303, 537Jammu 434Janaka 235, 238, 242, 247, 536Jang Bahadur Rana 257Japan 50, 104, 146–148, 175, 176,
179, 180, 210, 412, 413, 524, 525, 532, 534
Japanese 50, 91, 145, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 191–193, 261, 262, 479, 503, 533
jātaka(s) 53, 84, 117, 119, 120–122, 133, 135, 227, 230–232, 234, 237–240, 244–246, 252–255, 526, 533, 547
Jattappa Nāyakana Candranāteśvara Basti 336
Jayasthiti Malla 258Jayavarman 51, 52, 70, 197,
198–201, 203, 206–211, 215–219, 224
Jayavarma Parameśvara 215, 216Jayavarmeśvara 207Jesuit 354, 357jewellery 147, 324jewels 157, 275, 445Jews 159Jina(s) 39, 68, 80, 207, 289, 322,
324, 325, 329–332, 334, 339, 432, 433, 442, 443, 449, 451, 454, 456, 457–460, 526–528, 537, 540
Jinanathapura 317, 342, 537Johnson 375Judaism 108judged 34, 44, 49, 81, 404judgement(s) 31, 34, 36, 41, 50,
66, 73, 191, 339, 341judgemental 50Judging 257Jvālāmālinī Temple 328
KKailāsanātha Temple 294, 537kālas 339kalasha 144Kālī 295, 299, 300, 458, 525Kālidāsa 290kali-yuga 8, 13, 37, 52, 60, 229,
311, 322, 338, 525Kalki 13, 338Kalpasūtra 432, 433, 438, 441, 443,
449, 451, 456, 459, 467, 469, 472
Kalyāṇi Cāḷukyas 316Kamakura 50, 180Kamala Basti 320, 340, 538
568 Index
Kamalapuram 333Kambadahalli 314, 315, 537kamma 237(see also karma)Kāñcī 288Kāñcīpuram 290, 294, 295, 537Kaniṣka 105, 127, 128, 130, 145,
146, 167–169, 532, 533Kannada 315, 331, 345, 523, 525Kannara 60, 334Kapisha 143, 146, 157–159, 533,
534Karachi 160, 534Karakorum 143Kara Tepe 116, 130, 134Karkal 334–336, 538karma(s) 268, 438, 445, 449, 456,
458, 502, 504, 518, 525Karnataka 8, 11, 17, 28, 32, 51, 58,
60, 61, 272, 288, 298–300, 311–314, 316, 317, 322, 326, 328, 331–334, 336, 337, 339, 341–345, 525, 531, 537, 538, 544
Karuṇāmaya 274Kashmir 19, 48, 139, 143, 155–
157, 160, 162, 165, 166, 434–535
Kashmiri 153, 156, 157, 167Kathmandu 53–55, 71, 258,
260–262, 264, 267, 272, 282, 283, 531, 543, 544
Kathmandu Valley 53–55, 71, 258, 260–262, 272, 282, 283, 531, 543, 544
Kattaḷe Basti 315kāyotsarga 465, 525, 540Kesang Lamdark 72, 515, 516, 541keys 271khaṭvāṅga 302, 525
Khmer 198, 220, 223, 224, 548khoi 246, 527, 547Khouzestan 161Khyber 157Kidarite 130King Birendra 257King Jayasthiti Malla 258King Krṣ̥ṇa 313King Mongkut 228King Prithvi Narayan Shah 257Klimt 21Kompong Svay 218Kondivte 154Koppal 317Korean 91, 253, 547koṣṭhas 319Krishna 264, 322, 336, 490, 494,
540Krṣ̥ṇa 313, 463kṣatriya / kshatriya 360, 525Kshatrapa 140k�ta-yuga 13, 37, 338Kugler 33, 422Kujula Kadphises 140, 145, 169Kumārasambhava 291Kūṇika 462, 540Kunthunātha 333Kushan(s) 19, 46, 47, 115, 116,
126–128, 130, 132, 135, 139–143, 145, 146, 156, 157, 162, 169, 533
Kvābāhāḥ 269, 270, 273, 536
LLadakh 157laity 44, 85, 90, 143, 230Lakkundi 317–319, 324, 329, 331,
332, 537
569Index
Lakshmeshvar 319, 324, 327, 537Lakshmi 475, 484, 487, 540lalāṭa-bimba(s) 329–331, 333, 526,
537Lalitpur 265–267, 269, 270, 273,
274, 278, 282, 536, 544Laocoon 148lathe-turned pillars 319, 320, 537lay practitioners. 46, 82, 86, 531,
532Leksukhum 232, 238–241, 244,
250, 254leonine 157Lhasa 9, 72, 501, 502, 504–506,
508, 510, 512, 516, 520Liao 185, 186, 193, 535Licchavi 258, 274, 279, 284Limbu 258, 263, 284Limbu-Rai 258linear 13, 14, 32–35, 41, 49, 50,
58, 60, 69, 74, 108, 189, 190, 240, 312, 341, 482, 484
linearity 35, 70linear progress 13, 33liṅga(s) 199, 202, 216, 292, 329,
331, 526Liṅgāyat 324, 329, 331Liṅgāyats 58Liṅgodhbhava 292, 526lintels 51, 199, 329–331, 537lion(s) 120–122, 144, 211, 212,
272, 290, 291, 293, 294, 409, 420, 449, 536, 537
locks 54, 271, 272Lokanātha 274, 276Lokasema 142, 146, 147Lokeśa 207Lokeśvara 51, 52, 199, 204, 214,
217, 274, 536
London 23, 24, 75, 76, 109–112, 133, 136, 166, 193, 195, 222, 225, 252–255, 282, 306, 344, 366, 367, 374, 393, 394, 426–429, 433, 449, 451, 456, 468–470, 499, 510, 512, 514, 518, 519, 544, 546, 548
Longmen 173, 181, 190, 194looting 52, 54, 322, 324Lopburi 221loss 8, 17, 18, 22, 35, 37–39, 42, 53,
54, 75, 116, 132, 228–230, 243, 244, 248, 257, 259–263, 266, 269, 271, 273, 274, 276, 277, 280–282, 420, 479
lotus(es) 129, 144, 145, 150, 199, 293, 299, 331, 334, 451, 533
Louvre 66, 161, 167, 399Louyang 143Lucknow 65, 374, 375–377, 394,
538
MMacchindranāth 274Macedonian 140Mackenzie 65, 372, 373, 380,–387,
389, 391–394, 539, 545Madhya Pradesh 43, 46, 302, 531,
537Madras 284, 305, 307, 378, 381,
383, 384, 387, 394, 539Madrī 120–122Madurai 65, 288, 378–380, 538Magar 258Mahābalipuram 290, 292 Mahābhārata 69, 230, 292, 338,
461, 475, 483, 486, 491, 492, 526
570 Index
Mahābodhi 216Mahabuddha 264Mahājanaka 53, 227, 234, 239,
242, 245, 246, 250, 255, 536Mahājanaka-Jātaka 53, 227, 234,
239, 246Mahākāla 272, 512, 526Mahākāpi-Jātaka 237Mahānipāta 227, 526Maharashtra 64mahasagara 148Mahāvaṃsa 228Mahāvīra 326, 344, 431, 433, 450,
451, 454, 458, 526, 540Mahāyāna 51, 52, 141, 142, 197,
201, 206, 208, 210, 216, 219, 523, 524
Mahendravarman 290Mahiṣāsuramardinī 294, 297, 526,
537Mahmud of Ghazni 15Maitreya / Metteyya 142, 146, 147,
155, 157, 159, 162, 165, 167, 168, 534, 535
Maitreyaparipricchadharma sutra 142
Maitreya sutra 142Malik Kafur 326Malla 258, 261, 262, 266, 279, 281māna-stambha 331, 333, 526Mānavadharmaśāstra 13 maṇḍapa(s) 288, 298, 316, 335,
361, 364, 526Mandela 512mangalam 144maṅgalas 433Maṅgāyi Basti 331, 333Mangeshkar 63, 531Mangeś Temple 63, 531
Manicheans 159Maṇimekhalā 235Manuel 349, 399–402, 407, 425,
428manuscript(s) 27, 36, 67, 68, 120,
234, 239, 240, 246–248, 250, 253, 254, 269, 270, 276, 269, 282, 375, 378, 379, 383, 431–433, 439, 441, 443, 445, 449, 451, 454, 456, 466, 468, 469, 527, 543, 544, 547
Maoist 72, 502map(s) 16, 65, 144, 258, 263, 382,
383, 533, 539Mapusa 366Māra 83, 88–90, 208, 250, 251,
526, 531, 536Maratha 64, 359, 360–362Marathas 352, 366Māravijaya 83, 88, 102, 228, 250,
526, 531Marchal 203, 216, 224Marwari 337Mary 134, 366, 545Maryul 157mass grave 51, 200master(s) 34, 67, 72, 73, 101, 153,
171, 405, 406, 423, 424, 427, 477, 478, 504, 506, 519
master–narrative 67, 423, 424masterpiece(s) 21, 32–34, 46, 66,
67, 73, 109, 341, 342, 344, 397, 402, 404–409, 411, 412, 415, 416, 419, 420, 422, 424, 426, 429
mastership 34, 406, 423masterworks 67, 185, 406Masulipatam 378Mathura 19, 105, 106, 140, 532
571Index
Matsubara 50, 179, 180, 194Matsyendranāth 56, 266, 267, 274–
276, 278–280, 282, 531, 536Matsyendravaṃśāvalī 276, 277Mayans 13Mediterranean 221Meghakumāra 453Meguḍi 59, 313, 324, 329, 331,
531Meguḍi Temple 313, 329, 331Meisterwerke 406, 407, 409, 425,
427, 429memory 7, 11, 17, 18, 12, 14, 15,
17, 18, 22, 24, 41, 42, 171, 239, 255, 281, 329, 344, 364, 484, 544
Menābasti cave 313Menla Döndrup 504, 526Menri 502, 504, 526mermaids 248Meru 48, 148–153, 292, 534Meru temple 48, 148, 151–153,
534metaphorical 58, 298Metteyya / Maitreya 35, 244Mewār 120M. F. Hussain 475Michelangelo 33, 174Middle East 259, 404, 413Migeon 66, 67, 398–401, 407, 424,
425, 429, 539migrants 15migrations 14Milinda 140Mimicry 483Minakshi 288, 307, 378–380, 538Minakshi Sundareshvara Temple
378–380, 538Mīnākṣī Temple 288
Ming 173, 182, 183, 184, 185, 535miniature painting 375, 406, 420,
422Miran 47, 117–120, 122–126, 132,
133, 135, 532, 533missionaries 62, 243, 354Mithilā 235, 236, 237, 240, 241,
248modern 7, 12–14, 22, 27, 41, 42,
46, 67, 68–73, 79, 81, 91, 106, 109, 110, 139, 154, 160, 161, 179, 190, 192, 210, 212, 254, 258, 269, 289, 313, 328, 336, 339, 379, 397, 400, 404–406, 416, 419, 423, 426, 431, 432, 439, 440, 449, 451, 453, 466, 467, 470, 475–477, 483–485,491, 494, 495, 497, 498, , 501, 502, 504–506, 508, 515, 517, 520, 523, 544
modernism 22, 70–73, 423, 476, 477, 485, 501, 511, 517
modernist movement 72, 502modernity 7, 11–14, 16, 21, 22,
38, 41, 42, 67, 70, 264, 271, 423, 424, 452, 453, 456, 467, 475–477, 483, 485, 497, 499, 540
Mohenjo Daro 160, 161, 534Mongkut 228Mongol 185, 193, 420monkeys 237, 453monks 85, 90, 91, 119, 143, 219,
229, 232, 246, 431–433, 437, 438, 461, 463, 465–468, 532, 540
monsters 248moon 151, 161, 162, 180, 235,
490, 494, 528, 535, 540
572 Index
Moses 108mosque(s) 18, 62, 349, 350, 374Mount Meru 48, 148–153, 292,
534moustache 123, 144Mrg̥āputra 456Mudabidri 61, 334, 335, 342, 531Mūgapakkha-Jātaka 237, 239Mughal 15, 16, 18, 23, 76, 374,
375, 393, 394Mughals 15Muhammadan 397, 402, 404–406,
409, 415, 420, 426, 429Muhammadan Art 397, 402, 404,
405, 415, 420, 426, 429muhpatti 463, 526Mulgund 324, 325, 326, 537Mumbai 110, 154, 367, 468, 469Munch 72, 510Munich 66, 326, 397, 402, 405–
409, 412, 413, 415, 416, 422, 424–429, 548
mural(s) 19, 35, 36, 46, 47, 52, 53, 115–117, 120–125, 127, 128, 130, 132, 134, 213, 216, 227, 229, 232, 234, 238–242, 244–246, 248, 250, 255, 378, 379, 392, 503 533, 536
mūrti(s) 292–295, 296, 526, 537mūrtipūjak(s) 432, 435, 437, 466,
524, 526Musealisation 264museums 27, 66, 172, 174, 177,
182, 271, 398, 401, 402, 404, 418, 545
Muslim 17, 57, 60, 62, 66, 326, 327, 349, 350, 360, 399, 481
Muslims 13–15, 18, 23, 350, 360mutilation 51, 198
Mycenaean 160Mysore 327, 328, 331, 334, 345,
380, 387, 391, 394, 537Mysore City Basti 327, 328, 537myth(s) 12, 19, 41, 42, 70, 76,
148, 276, 279, 290, 292, 298, 344, 476, 479, 497
mythi(cal) 14, 22, 41, 42, 57, 66, 69, 248, 289, 290, 298, 451, 475, 480, 484, 493
mythology 37, 48, 148, 230, 298, 305, 338, 341, 483, 486, 497
Nnāga(s) 215, 272, 536Nāganātha Temple 331, 332, 537 Nam June Paik 515, 516, 541Nandalal Bose 479Nandi 287, 288, 307, 324, 331,
526Nara 50, 180Narasimha 375, 376, 538Narasimharajapura 328, 336narrative networks 117Narve 64, 361, 362 Naṭarāja 479, 526nāthyogi 274, 279, 526National Geographic 512nationalism 12, 15, 16, 22–24, 81,
257, 258, 475, 477, 478, 497, 498, 518, 525, 546
nationalist 12, 14, 16, 17, 20, 33, 37, 41, 44, 69, 81, 106, 107, 190, 258, 423, 475, 477, 479, 488, 523, 527
nationalists 14, 15, 16, 42, 258, 479, 485, 515
nationhood 11, 12, 22
573Index
Naudobāhāḥ 272, 536nautical 53, 231, 232, 234, 243nave 351, 352, 355, 364, 523, 526Naveen Thomas 70, 484–486, 540 Nawab of Avadh 374Nāyaṉmār 304, 307Nāyaṉmār’s hymns 304Neak Pean 201, 536Near East 160, 164negro art 422Nehruvian 482Neminātha 319, 327, 333Neo-Chola 36, 76Nepal 14, 22, 36, 48, 50, 53, 71,
144, 160, 257, 258, 261–265, 271, 274, 276, 277, 279, 280, 282–284, 531, 543, 544
Nepalese 22, 54, 257, 258, 260, 262–265, 271, 274, 528, 543
Nepali 257, 276, 502Newar 8, 22, 53, 54, 165, 257,
258, 260, 262, 264–268, 271, 273–276, 279–282, 502, 525, 535, 543, 544
Newari 36Newars 266, 268, 274New Menri 502, 504, 526New York 23, 24, 75, 109, 111,
124, 134, 148, 166–168, 176, 193–195, 222, 252, 254, 255, 283, 306, 308, 342, 343, 366, 367, 394, 426–429, 469, 498, 499, 514, 516, 520, 533
non-figurative 84–87non-Western 20, 21, 73, 418, 501,
517Nora 17, 24Norbulingka 504, 505, 541North Africa 221, 398, 426
Northern Qi 173, 177, 181, 194Northern Wei 48, 152, 158, 173,
176Northern Zhou 173North India 434N. Pushpamala 70, 484, 487–490,
498, 540numismatic 130, 162numismatists 79
Ooccupation 39, 47, 51, 64, 198,
324, 349, 502, 503occupied 62, 298, 350, 379, 406occupiers 62ocean 231, 232, 235, 236, 250,
290, 293, 435Odegal Basti 334Old Goa 350, 361Old Khmer 198Ōmura Seigai 179Ongole 382, 383, 539Orient 20, 135, 143, 167, 198,
221–225, 308, 367, 393, 404, 412, 428, 548
Oriental 134, 136, 307, 308, 366, 376, 377, 404, 405, 422, 469, 538, 544–546, 548
orientalisation 259Orientalism 259, 367, 398, 427,
428, 518, 548Orientalist 21, 66, 401, 404Orissa 291, 293, 343, 385, 536,
539Ottoman 404Ovid 338oxen 390, 391, 539
574 Index
PPābūjī 35Padmacanda 434, 435padmāsana 459pagoda 48, 91, 148, 153Pahari 18painted 12, 41, 47, 65, 116, 117,
132, 165, 227, 241, 246, 248, 250, 252, 266, 332, 378, 379, 385, 392, 414, 433, 443, 456, 479, 504, 506, 524, 535
painting(s) 19, 21, 35, 39, 46, 47, 52, 53, 59, 64–66, 68, 69, 72, 115, 116, 118–121, 123–125, 127–130, 132, 134, 176, 182, 183, 185, 210, 231, 238, 240, 242, 246, 248, 252, 312, 338, 371–379, 382, 385, 387, 391, 392, 394, 406, 411, 414, 416, 420, 422, 432, 433, 441–443, 445, 449, 451, 453, 454, 456, 458, 459, 466–486, 476–479, 484, 502–509, 512, 515, 518, 524–527, 532, 533, 538, 545
paints 232, 239, 250Pakistan 18, 42, 47, 83, 93, 97,
104, 116, 119, 124, 133, 134, 160, 168, 531–534
palace 15, 117, 203, 210, 238, 240, 244, 271, 279, 505, 524, 541, 545
Palazzo Pitti 338Palden Weinreb 72, 515Pāli 35, 75, 198, 209, 222, 227,
228, 230, 245, 252–254, 543, 547
Palitana 432Pallava 290, 292, 293, 307palm leaf 67, 254, 466
Palmyra 161, 162, 535Panamalai hill 293Pañca Basti 319Pañcakūṭa Basti 314, 315, 319, 537Panchen Lama 503Pandyas 316Panjab 23, 434Pānsupāri Bazar 333paṛ 35parallel histories 74pāribhogika 94Parihaspur 156, 534parinirvāṇa 84, 85, 89,97, 526, 532Paris 9, 23, 66, 109, 110, 131,
133–136, 167, 195, 198, 222–225, 231, 399, 401, 425–427, 429, 501, 533, 543
Parmentier 51, 199, 200, 208, 209, 223, 224
Pārśva 433Pārśvanātha 315–317, 319, 320,
326, 327, 329–331, 333, 334, 336, 337, 456, 538
Pārśvanātha Jinālaya 327Parthia 159, 168Parthian 47, 123, 141, 142, 157,
159–162, 167, 168Parthians 15, 159Pārvatī 295, 525, 527Paryūṣaṇ 433, 435, 438Paśupatināth 262Patan 56, 261, 264, 265, 284, 531Patan Museum 261, 265Pathans 360patronage 64, 65, 210, 287, 288,
316, 349, 361, 366, 371–373, 393
patrons 34, 57, 65, 106, 190, 290, 316, 372, 373, 391–393
575Index
Pattadakal 313, 314, 537periodisation 69, 115, 475, 476,
485, 494Periya Purāṇam 304, 305persecution 32, 37, 48, 50, 60, 153,
159, 166, 183, 211, 273, 274, 288, 322, 332, 341
Persia 19, 48, 159, 160, 162, 400, 404
Persian 48, 123, 130, 159, 160, 162, 166, 374, 401, 405, 406, 411, 420, 422
Persianid 162Peshawar 117, 143Phimeanakas 203, 216photograph(s) 39, 75, 91, 132, 161,
176, 221, 240, 263, 277, 328, 332, 346, 399, 402, 416, 424, 439, 488, 494, 495, 503, 504, 507, 518, 540, 541, 545
photography 70, 72, 90, 331, 409, 412, 484, 485, 502, 515, 519, 544
Phra Boriboonthanakom 244, 246Pietro da Cortona 338pigments 115, 232, 250pilgrimage 35, 314, 334, 383pilgrims 44, 90, 383pillar(s) 15, 44, 82, 86, 88, 90–92,
94–96, 98, 193, 213, 290, 292, 313, 319, 320, 333–335, 506, 523, 526, 531, 532, 537, 538
Pitalkhora 151Polajanaka 236Polier 65, 372–379, 387, 392, 393,
538political imagery 58pond 203
Ponda 63, 531Pondicherry 378pornography 515Portugal 349, 350, 352, 355, 357,
367Portuguese 20, 62, 64, 349–357,
359, 361, 362–364, 366–368Poseidon 148post-colonial 350, 364post-colonialism 494–497post-Gandharan 19post-Kushan 47, 115, 116post-modern 73postmodern 476, 477, 484, 485,
494, 497postmodernism 70, 262, 426,
495–497post-Song 180post-Tang 36, 50, 183pothīs 433pradakṣiṇapatha 288, 527Prajāpita Brahmā Kumārīs 338Prajñāpāramitā sutra 142, 204, 214,
536Prakrit 68, 431, 432, 439, 443,
452, 456, 543Prasat Ta An 208pratiṣṭhāpanā 336Pratyutpanna-samadhi sutra 142Pravartak 434, 435, 438, 463, 539Preah Khan 51, 197, 200, 202, 203,
207, 216, 218, 536Preah Palilay 218–220, 536pre-Angkorian 215pre-colonial 12, 18, 21, 65, 372, 419Pre-Islamic 19pre-modern 13, 41, 212, 431, 484priest(s) 34, 141, 160, 176, 185,
194, 269, 282, 353–356, 534
576 Index
Priest-King 160, 534Prinsep 15, 16Prithvi Narayan Shah 257progress 13, 33, 35, 41, 108, 124,
230, 243, 439, 471, 497Propyläen 409, 412, 425 pūjā 148, 149, 152, 278, 527, 534Pune 432Purānas 13, 292, 299, 375, 461,
527purnaghata 144Pushpamala 70, 475, 484–490,
498, 499, 540Puṣpadanta 319Putin 512
QQi 173, 177, 181, 194Qianlong 188Qin 48, 141, 527Qing 173, 185, 187, 195, 536Qizil 158, 159, 162, 165, 534, 535Qutbuddin Aibak 15
RRācamalla 315racism 22, 81, 103Raj 258, 287Rājarānī Temple 291, 293, 536Raja Serfojee of Tanjore 373Rājasiṁha 293Rajasthan 23, 35, 337, 438Rājput 15, 18, 23, 120Rajputs 360Rama 18, 228, 232, 244, 252, 486Rāmāyaṇa 69, 120, 133, 230, 459,
461, 469, 483, 484, 486, 527
Rāmayya 304Ram Janmabhumi 18Ramkinker 490, 491, 493, 497Rana 257Raqs 490–493, 496–499, 541Raqs Media Collective 490, 491,
493, 496–499, 541Rāṣṭrakūṭa 313, 314, 344, 537Rāṣṭrakūṭas 313Ratchaburi 240Ratnasambhava 163, 165, 535Rattanakosin 52, 228, 231, 240Ravana 486Ravi Varma 69, 476–478, 484,
498, 540realism 50, 72, 73, 176, 182, 190,
192, 243, 248, 302, 454, 484, 502
rebuilding 207, 262, 270, 271recycling 32, 312, 324Red Matsyendranāth 56, 266, 274,
282, 531, 536re-enact 70re-interpreted 64, 362reinventing 54, 259relic(s) 44, 91, 94–97, 148, 217reliquary 84, 91, 93, 527Renaissance 14, 23, 34, 49, 172–
174, 182, 191–193, 239, 255, 341, 405
Reserve Bank 491, 493reservoir 166resilience 17, 21, 422resistance 20, 298, 544re-use 14, 32, 39, 41, 48, 51, 60,
62, 75, 198, 298, 312, 324, 328, 329, 326, 329, 358, 537, 538
Ṛg Veda 298, 305
577Index
ribbons 129, 151, 161Riegl 414, 428Rijksmuseum 200, 221, 548riots 18ritual 19, 34, 39, 40, 141, 215,
237, 257, 266, 269, 271, 273, 274, 276–279, 281, 312, 324, 329, 334, 335, 488, 531, 543, 544, 547
rivalry 58, 294rivers 217, 231, 251, 322Riza Abbasi 420, 425Rococo 17, 174Roerich 503Roman 21, 105, 159, 174, 176,
177, 471, 525Romanesque 174, 418, 420Romantic 14romanticised 70, 73, 341romanticising 60, 312Rome 14, 133, 134, 177, 242, 343,
366, 367, 422, 546Rossi & Rossi 166, 508, 510, 512,
518, 519Rothko 515Rowland 16, 24R̥ṣabha 433, 451, 454Rumohr 33Russian 20
SSaburo 50, 179Sacitra Āgamamālā 68, 434, 467,
468Sahasra Kīrtti 327Said 259, 367, 398, 428Saidu Sharif 117, 133Śaiva 11, 17, 57, 215, 274, 292,
299, 304, 306–308, 324, 329, 331, 342, 526
Śaivas 14, 58, 60, 293, 298, 300, 329, 330
Śaiva Siddhānta 292, 306, 307Śaivism 52, 58, 208, 214, 219, 293,
311, 322Saka 47, 139, 140, 159, 169Śakas 139, 169, 290Śakta 57, 293 Śākyamuni 43, 44, 79–81, 83–85,
88, 91, 93, 95–97, 165, 535, 523, 526, 531, 532
Saladin 399–401, 424, 425, 539Śalibhadra 466Sāma-Jātaka 237, 239samavasaraṇa 449, 451saṁgha 95, 230, 276saṃsāra 232samut khoi 246, 527, 547Saṃvara 300, 301, 537Sanchi 43, 45, 80, 82, 83, 86, 92,
94, 96, 98–102, 110, 112, 117, 140, 528, 531, 532
Sanchi Stupa 45, 140, 531śaṅkha 292, 527Śaṅkha Jinālaya 327, 537Sankheshwar 432Sanskrit 68, 79, 198, 209, 230,
231, 276, 431, 443, 468, 477, 523, 526, 527, 543
Sanskritic 259Santa Catarina 351Śāntalā 322Śāntinātha 316, 317, 328, 333,
335, 537Śāntinātha Basti / Temple 316, 317,
335, 537Śāntīśvara Basti 317, 320, 323, 335
578 Index
Saptakoteshwar 64, 350, 361–364, 538
Saptakoṭīśvara 64Saras 231, 253, 435, 438, 439,
442, 449, 459, 461, 468Saraswati 481, 482, 484, 540sāṛī 454, 527śarīraka 94 Sarnath 84, 89, 91, 140, 168, 504Sarre 66, 67, 398, 400–407, 409,
412, 413, 415, 416, 420, 424, 425, 427, 428, 539
Sasanian 19, 47, 123, 130, 131, 134, 139, 158, 159, 161, 162, 404, 533
Sasanians 136, 159sashes 161Satakoteshwar 363Satraps 140satya-yuga 37, 338Saurashtra 140savageness 419Schick 53, 262–268, 280, 281, 283schist 115, 317Schnaase 33, 412, 422Schwarzer 33, 74, 76, 412, 422,
423, 428Sdok Kak Thom 198sea 148–150, 227, 230, 231, 236,
246, 248, 349, 456seal 130Secession 8, 66, 397Secessionist 21sectarian rivalries 57, 58, 289, 291,
298Seldjuk 402sermon 84, 85, 89, 90, 102, 433,
454serpent 272, 293, 298
sesame oil 235shadow 7, 12, 16, 27, 32, 38, 46,
52, 53, 73, 75, 110, 221, 467, 479, 484, 497
Shah 15, 70, 257, 258, 279, 344, 489, 494, 495, 498, 540
Shahbhaz-Giri 161, 163, 165, 535Shaikh Abdullah 384–387, 389,
539Shaivite / Śivaite 375Shakuntala 478, 479, 540Shakyamuni 162, 163, 189, 536Shanxi 173, 181, 182, 184, 186,
194, 535shikara / śikhara 364ship 53, 232shipwreck 231, 237–239, 243, 248Shivaji 64, 359–361, 367, 527, 538Shiv Sainiks 360Shore Temple 292Shravanabelgola 60, 314, 315, 317,
320, 322, 324, 325, 331, 333, 334, 537
Shri Amar Muni 68, 434, 438, 440Shricand Surana 439Shrut Pravartak Shri Amar Muniji
Maharaj 434Shuja ud-Daula 374Shunga 140Shuo Fu 209–212, 221Shvetambara 22Shyama Tara 158Siam 219, 222, 225, 227–229, 234,
238, 239, 243, 250, 252, 253Siamese 16, 53, 227–229, 231,
232, 234, 239–241, 243–248, 250, 252, 255, 547
Sichuan 188, 189, 193, 536Sickman 49, 180–182, 195
579Index
siddha 334, 463, 527Siddha Basti 334Siddha Bhagavāna Temple 334Siddheśvara 298, 299, 300, 331,
537śikhara / shikara 320, 527silk road 141silver 13, 130, 183, 338, 535Simpson 65, 372, 373, 378–381,
387, 392, 393, 538, 539Sind 15Sinhalese 21, 75, 252Sino-Tibetan–Western style 505Sir Charles Bell 502Sirén 33, 34, 49, 76, 172–177, 179,
180, 191, 195Sita 158, 475, 484, 486Sitasamvara 187, 536Sita Tara 158Śiva 51, 80, 199, 209, 215–217,
282, 283, 288, 290, 292–295, 299, 300, 303, 304, 306, 307, 315, 329, 331, 359, 479, 524–528, 537, 547
Śiva ekapādamūrti 303, 537Śivaism 304Śivaite / Shaivite 199, 201, 202,
209, 215, 216, 217, 220Sīvalī 236śivaliṅga 198, 215Śiva Mara 315Śivapūjā 215, 216Śiva Purāṇa 292, 306Siyam Nikaya 246Skanda 292, 527slavery 18, 19, 23, 24Smith 14, 23, 35, 76, 253, 497–499snake 272, 331, 536socialist realism 22, 72, 502
Sogdiana 140Somani 72, 512, 514, 541Somāskanda 292Someśvara Temple 289Somnath 15Somnathpur 311, 319Sonam Dolma 515, 517, 518, 520,
541Song 19, 49, 50, 171, 172, 178,
180, 182, 192, 193, 195, 524, 535
Soper 49, 179–182, 195South Asia 37, 47, 111, 135, 165,
254, 259, 261, 273, 283, 338, 373, 393, 535, 544
South Asian 24, 34, 39, 58, 69, 70, 74, 112, 115, 269, 277, 284, 312, 342, 343–346, 366, 371, 466, 470, 523–525, 528, 544
Southeast Asia 19, 163, 221, 223, 224
Southeast Asian 231, 238, 241, 246, 543, 548
South India 11, 18, 57, 293, 307, 308, 313, 316, 336, 342, 344, 345
speech-balloons 461speech-bubbles 70, 484spolia 39, 62, 357Springer 33Sramanas 153Śramaṇsangh 434Śrī Jayarājacūḍāmaṇi 207Śrī Jaya Trivikrama Mahānātha
209Sri Lanka 21, 35, 210, 254Sri Lankan 18, 106, 240Srinagar 156, 165, 534, 535Śrīndrajayavarman 209
580 Index
Śrīndravarman 209, 210Sringeri 326Śrīraṅgapatnam Svāmī 326Śrī Śāntādurga Temple 63, 531Śrī-Vaiṣṇavas 60, 333Śrī-Vaiṣṇavism 322Sri Venkateshvara 383St Catherine 351, 352, 538Stein 117, 123–125, 132, 136, 195,
288, 307Sthānakavāsī 434, 463Sthānakavāsin(s) 68, 69, 434, 435,
437, 438, 449, 461, 463, 465, 466, 470, 526, 527, 540
Stilgeschichte 408, 413, 415, 527St John the Baptist 356, 538Stockholm 174stolen 53, 263, 264, 265stoup 357, 358, 527, 538struggles 22, 298Strzygowski 400, 428stucco 47, 115, 116, 125, 126, 132,
184, 186, 194, 333, 336, 356, 533, 535
stūpa(s) 43–45, 48, 82–89, 91–94, 96–99, 102, 103, 106, 110, 111, 115, 117–120, 140, 148, 151, 153, 154, 156, 232, 234, 264, 385, 386, 524, 527, 528, 531–534, 536, 539
style(s) 11, 18–20, 22, 27, 31, 33–36, 46–49, 52, 53, 58, 6ö–62, 64–66, 70, 72, 74, 75, 104–106, 139, 143, 154, 156, 157, 161, 176, 177, 181, 189, 190, 194, 199, 207, 208, 214, 215, 232, 238–243–248, 250, 315, 316, 318, 320, 333, 334, 336, 339, 349, 355, 356,
364, 367, 371–373, 375, 379, 383, 385, 387–389, 391–393, 408, 411, 413, 415, 417, 418, 431–433, 439, 441, 449, 451, 458, 459, 467, 483, 484, 502–506, 508, 510, 512, 519, 524–527, 531, 532, 537, 540
stylistic 16, 23, 31, 47, 49, 75, 105, 107, 117, 128, 142, 160, 161, 172–174, 177, 179, 181, 190, 312, 314, 372, 393, 411, 443
stylistically 62, 173, 174, 252, 388, 389
subcontinent 12, 14, 18, 42, 62, 65, 287, 524
Subha Rao 383Subrahmaṇya 292, 307Sugata Māravijita 208Sui 173, 177Sukhavati 142Sukhavati Vyuha 142sultān(s) 15, 16, 271, 322, 388,
389, 527, 539Sultanate 15Sultan Sham ud-din Ilyas 271sun 121, 150, 151, 161, 162, 168,
505, 518, 519, 535, 541Supārśvanātha 319, 331Suphanaburi 238Supparaka-Jātaka 230suppressed 14, 57, 459, 466suppression 11, 14, 22, 58, 200,
202Suras 463Surat 432surveys 15, 65, 130, 173, 372, 387,
391, 422, 423sūtra 142, 443Svayambhu 260, 265
581Index
Śvetāmbara 8, 337, 431–435, 437, 438, 466, 468, 469, 524, 527, 543
Śvetāmbaras 466Swat 116, 117, 133, 134, 143, 157Switzerland 515symbol(s) 20, 39, 43, 44, 53, 64,
83, 84, 87, 88, 106, 144, 199, 202, 239, 290, 331, 360, 362, 433, 479, 502, 515, 524, 526, 531
symbolic 57, 89, 123, 161, 289, 290, 293, 355
symbolism 57, 112, 150, 161, 298, 304, 331, 334, 510, 511, 515
syncretic 366syncretism 64, 354, 360synthesis 15, 364, 419
TTagore 479, 503Tālagirīśvara Temple 293Tamang 258Tambdi Surla 359, 360, 538Tamil 18, 36, 76, 235, 272, 273,
288, 290, 292–295, 298, 303, 304, 306–308, 313, 317, 322, 326, 378–381, 383, 384, 392, 477, 537–539, 543, 544
Tamil Nadu 36, 76, 273, 288, 290, 293–295, 303, 307, 313, 317, 322, 326, 537, 544
Tang 19, 34, 36, 49, 50, 171–176, 179–183, 185, 189, 191–193, 535, 536
Tantric 273, 282, 300Ta Prohm 51, 197, 200, 204, 207,
216, 218, 223, 536
Tārā 158, 214, 316, 343 Tarim 48, 141, 160Tarim Basin 48, 141Tashkent 128, 129, 130, 132, 135,
533Taxila 47, 116, 134Tejal Shah 70, 489, 494, 495, 498,
540Temiya 239Tempyo 50, 180Tep Pranam 220, 536Termez 47, 116, 125, 130, 132,
135, 136Thai 20, 35, 36, 52, 53, 219, 241,
244, 245, 252–255, 528Thailand 35, 50, 52, 53, 64, 210,
225, 227, 253, 255thangka(s) 71, 508, 512, 527, 531,
541Thanjavur 378thatch 44, 312theft 22, 37, 38, 54, 230, 262–266,
271, 273–275, 329Theosophy 174the ‘other’ 12, 31, 38, 42, 52, 62,
64, 65, 67, 75, 81, 109, 228, 398
Theravāda 52, 210, 219, 220, 253, 254
Thomas 70, 108, 112, 383, 384, 387, 484–486, 539, 540
Thonburi 228, 244, 250Thousand-pillared Basti 335throne 43, 90, 215, 269, 292, 449,
451, 495, 531, 540Tianlongshan 34, 173–175, 177,
181, 535Tibet 14, 22, 39, 40, 48, 71, 72,
160, 163, 165, 194, 501–510,
582 Index
512, 515, 517–520, 525, 526, 531, 535, 541
Tibetan 9, 22, 70–74, 157, 260, 501–508, 510–512, 514–520, 525–527, 541, 544
Tibetaness 72, 510, 512Tibetans 72, 505, 507, 515, 516Tibetan uprising 72tiger 121tilak 524Tillotson 35, 76timelines 49, 74, 179, 191Tīrthaṅkara(s) 299, 317, 319, 324,
331, 333, 525–527tīrtha-paṭas 35Tirucchirapalli 65, 378, 380, 381,
538, 539Tirumuṟai 292, 293, 298, 299,
304–307Tirupati 383, 384, 387, 539Tiswadi 350Tocharians 156Tokyo 111, 161, 167, 168, 179,
194, 253, 255, 306tomb 389toraṇa(s) 102, 266, 275, 527tortoises 235torture 57, 302, 456, 458Tōshodaiji temple 180Toyota Foundation 54, 261transcultural 62, 67, 75, 349, 364,
397, 422, 424, 490, 548transculturalism 366transform 39, 373, 483transformations 19transformed 20, 27, 39, 40, 51, 73,
279, 311, 315, 355, 364, 397, 479, 517, 531
transforms 20, 268, 278, 484
transmission 11, 19, 22, 47, 48, 120, 139, 142, 269, 432, 433, 483
transmutations 12, 41trans-religious 62trauma 17, 18, 19, 23, 42tree(s) 43, 44, 83–85, 87–90, 92,
93, 96–98, 102, 106, 122, 149, 217, 250, 252, 445, 451, 459, 531, 532
treta-yuga 13, 37, 338trikūṭa 319, 326tri-kūṭā-cala 315, 333triple-shrined 315Tripurāntaka 292Tripurāntakamūrti 292triśūla 295, 528Triton 148, 149, 150Tritonis 148triumphalism 57triumphantly 58, 243Trivikrama 209, 290Tughluq 15, 322Tulunadu 60, 334Tungabhadra 322Turkestan 42, 47, 117, 413, 415Turks 15, 412tympanum 266, 268, 528
Uubosot 245, 250, 528Udayagiri 289uddesika 95Umā 292, 527UNESCO 54, 260, 262, 263United Nations 260un-Tibetan 72, 502Upāṅgas 437, 438, 441, 458, 470
583Index
uposatha 235, 237, 528Upper Krishna Project 336USA 510usnisha 144utopia 22, 36, 42, 69, 475, 493utopian 258, 266Uttarādhyayanasūtra 432, 433, 435,
438, 439, 441, 449, 463, 470, 472
Uttar Pradesh 18, 434Uzbekistan 116, 130, 134, 135,
547
VV&A 378Vaikunth 388, 389, 539Vaikuṇṭhaperumāḷ Temple 288Vairocana 150, 162, 163, 165, 535Vaisali 95, 532Vaiṣṇava 57value judgement 31, 36, 41, 66, 73value systems 66Vāmana Purāṇa 298, 299, 306Van Gogh 72, 510vanquished 11, 18, 41, 295, 300Varāha 289Varanga 333Varma 69, 476, 477, 478, 484,
498, 540Vasari 16, 20, 33, 174, 191Vasco da Gama 31vase 144, 453Vasudeva 145, 169Vedas 292, 381, 538Vedic 298, 488vedika 151Venur 334, 335verandah 351, 354, 364
Vessantara 75, 121, 245, 252victorious 17, 18, 39, 57, 58, 305victory 83, 88, 208, 289, 290, 304,
526Vienna 21, 284, 544vihāra 209, 266, 271Vijayanagara 58, 60, 312, 322,
326, 330, 333, 334, 344, 349Vima Kadphesis 146, 168, 169, 533vimāna(s) 293, 313, 315, 319, 334,
528 Vima Takto 145, 169vinaya 229, 276, 528Vindhyagiri 334violence 57, 288, 326, 445, 448,
453, 458, 540Vīra-Śaiva 18, 58, 60, 289, 298,
304, 324, 329–331 Vīra-Śaivism 58, 311, 322Virūpākśa 304vishavyakarana mudra 155, 534Viṣṇu 13, 80, 215, 216, 289, 290,
292, 293, 295, 304, 330, 338, 375, 376, 379, 380, 459, 480, 524, 525, 538
Viṣṇuvardhana 316, 322Viśvāntara 117, 119, 120, 122,
135, 533Viśvāntara-Jātaka 117, 119, 120,
122, 533Vṛtra 298vyālas 334
WWaagen 33Wang Shimin 510Wang Shiming 511, 541Warring States Period 141, 528
584 Index
Wat Arun 232–234, 252, 536water 144, 148, 152, 180, 199,
200, 235, 251, 290, 362, 442, 453, 495, 527, 540, 544
watercolour 385, 387Water-Moon Guanyin 180Wat Khongkharam 239, 240, 242,
251, 252, 536Wat Kongkaram 238, 255Wat Nakprok 244, 245, 252, 536Wat No Phuttangkul 238Wat Phuthaisawan 238Wat Saket 245Wat Si Chum 238, 254, 255Wat Suthat 245, 248, 249, 536Wat Yai Intharam 241, 242, 252,
255, 536Western Gaṅgās 58, 311Western Wei 173, 176wheel(s) 44, 45, 62, 84, 85, 88–92,
94, 106, 214, 524, 531, 532White Matsyendranāth 267Winckelmann 14, 16, 23, 24, 33, 74Wittkower 20, 24Wölfllin 179wood 27, 44, 80, 178, 212, 312,
335, 516, 535, 541wooden 212, 262, 266, 328, 335,
351, 391, 452, 466, 524, 547World Heritage 260, 282, 283, 284World War I 157World War II 157, 176, 480world wonder 73wrecked 235Wtewael 338, 341, 344
Xxendys 354
Xiangtangshan 173Xin 141Xiongnu 140Xue 211
Yyakṣa 490–493, 497–499 yakṣī 319, 334, 490, 491, 493, 528 Yama 512, 528Yashoda 490, 494, 540Yaśodharagiri 198Yaśodharapura 197, 198Yaśovarman 197, 198Yeniyavārguḍi 313yogī 456, 528yogic 144Yogi-Nārāyaṇa 313yojanas 235Yuan 173, 185, 195, 209, 213Yuezhi 140, 156, 169yugas 37, 338, 525 (see also ages)Yungang 152, 153, 159, 173, 534Yunnan 188, 189, 193, 536Yusuf Sai 147, 534
Zzamindar 360, 528Zanabazar 185, 187, 193, 536Zen 171, 195, 524Zhalu 163, 165, 535Zhao Rukua 203Zhenla Fengtuji 209, 221Zhou Daguan 52, 209–214, 219,
221, 225zoomorphic 420Zoroastrianism 134, 159