saidai sa. duraisamy’s manidhanaeyam free ias academy · saidai sa. duraisamy’s manidhanaeyam...

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Saidai Sa. Duraisamy’s Manidhanaeyam Free IAS Academy (Run by Manidha Naeyam Charitable Trust) A-Block Old No. A9, New No.A41, 6 th Street, Anna Nagar East, Chennai - 600 102. Ph: 044-2435 8373 Cell: 9840646303 Email : [email protected] Website : www.saidais.com ,e;jpa tuyhW New;iwa ekJ md;whl eltbf; iffs; ,d;iwa tuyhwhk;. mt;tg;NghJ epfOk; epfo;Tfs; Mtzg;gLj;jg;glhjjhy; ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw tbtikj;jypy; kpf;f rpuj;ijahdJNubad; fhy khWghl;bd; gy;NtW nray;ghLfspd; jhf; fk; kdpj nray;ghl;by; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf; fk; - tuyhw;Wf; nfhs;if tp. V. ];kpj; tpag;ngd; why;> mJ ,e;jpahNt V.vy.gh\k; tuyhw;wpd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLgth; n`nuhNlhl]; (fpNuf;fk;) fw;fhyk; - gpwh; mwpAk; tz;zk; Mtzg;gLj;jpaJjhd; ,thpd; rpwg;G kpf gioa fw;fhyk; 250000100000 fp.K. eL gioa fw;fhyk; 10000040000 fp.K. Gjpa gioa fw;fhyk; 40000-10000 fp.K. filrpf; fw;fhyk; 10000-4000 fp.K. Gjpa fw;fhyk; 5000-25000 fp.K. gioa fw;fhyk; (Palaeolithic) gioa fw;fhyj;jpw; ,Wjpfhyk; Rkhh; fp.K. 35000 Kjy; fp.K. 10000. kf;fs; ePf;hpl;Nlh ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;jth; fs;. ehNlhbfshf tho;e;jdh;. Fthh;l; irl; vd;w fw;fisg; gad; gLj;jpdh;. Ntshz;ik> fhy;eilfs; gad; fs; njhpahJ. kug;gl;ilfs; > jiofs; Milahf nfhz;ldh;. gr;ir fha;fwpfs;> tpyq;Ffspd; ,iwr;rpfis cz;ldh;. neUg;gpd; gad; njhpahJ. Kf;fpa njhopy; Ntl;ilahLjy; MFk;. Fiffspy; Xtpak; jPl;bdh;. kl;ghz;lk; nra;aj; njhpahJ. ,we;jth; fis Gijj;jdh;. 1863-Mk; Mz;L nrd;idf;F mUNf gy;yhtuj;jpy; ,uhghh;l; G&];/Nghh;l; iff;Nfhlhp fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. tl ,e;jpahtpy; fh\;kPh; > gQ;rhg;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrdk;> xhprh> tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;> njd;,e;jpahtpy; gP[g;G+h;> ngy;fhk;> jhh;thh;> i`juhghj;> nrd;idf;F mUNf nrq;Fd;wk;> mj;jphpghf;fk; Mfpait gioa fw;fhyk; ehfhpf ikakhFk;.

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Saidai Sa. Duraisamy’s

Manidhanaeyam Free IAS Academy (Run by Manidha Naeyam Charitable Trust)

A-Block Old No. A9, New No.A41, 6th Street, Anna Nagar East, Chennai - 600 102.

Ph: 044-2435 8373 Cell: 9840646303 Email : [email protected] Website : www.saidais.com

,e;jpa tuyhW

“New;iwa ekJ md;whl eltbf;iffs;

,d;iwa tuyhwhk;. mt;tg;NghJ epfOk;

epfo;Tfs; Mtzg;gLj;jg;glhjjhy; ,e;jpa

tuyhw;iw tbtikj;jypy; kpf;f

rpuj;ijahdJ” – Nubad;

fhy khWghl;bd; gy;NtW nray;ghLfspd;

jhf;fk; kdpj nray;ghl;by; Vw;gLj;jpa

jhf;fk; - tuyhw;Wf; nfhs;if – tp. V. ];kpj;

tpag;ngd;why;> mJ ,e;jpahNt – V.vy.gh\k;

tuyhw;wpd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLgth;

n`nuhNlhl]; (fpNuf;fk;)

fw;fhyk; - gpwh; mwpAk; tz;zk;

Mtzg;gLj;jpaJjhd; ,thpd; rpwg;G

kpf gioa fw;fhyk; 250000–100000 fp.K.

eL gioa fw;fhyk; 100000–40000 fp.K.

Gjpa gioa fw;fhyk; 40000-10000 fp.K.

filrpf; fw;fhyk; 10000-4000 fp.K.

Gjpa fw;fhyk; 5000-25000 fp.K.

gioa fw;fhyk; (Palaeolithic)

gioa fw;fhyj;jpw; ,Wjpfhyk; Rkhh;

fp.K. 35000 Kjy; fp.K. 10000.

kf;fs; ePf;hpl;Nlh ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;fs;.

ehNlhbfshf tho;e;jdh;.

Fthh;l; irl; vd;w fw;fisg;

gad;gLj;jpdh;.

Ntshz;ik> fhy;eilfs; gad;fs;

njhpahJ.

kug;gl;ilfs;> jiofs; Milahf

nfhz;ldh;.

gr;ir fha;fwpfs;> tpyq;Ffspd;

,iwr;rpfis cz;ldh;.

neUg;gpd; gad; njhpahJ.

Kf;fpa njhopy; Ntl;ilahLjy; MFk;.

Fiffspy; Xtpak; jPl;bdh;.

kl;ghz;lk; nra;aj; njhpahJ.

,we;jth;fis Gijj;jdh;.

1863-Mk; Mz;L nrd;idf;F mUNf

gy;yhtuj;jpy; ,uhghh;l; G&];/Nghh;l;

iff;Nfhlhp fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.

tl ,e;jpahtpy; fh\;kPh;> gQ;rhg;>

kj;jpag;gpuNjrdk;> xhprh> tq;fhsk;>

gPfhh;> njd;,e;jpahtpy; gP[g;G+h;> ngy;fhk;>

jhh;thh;> i`juhghj;> nrd;idf;F mUNf

nrq;Fd;wk;> mj;jphpghf;fk; Mfpait

gioa fw;fhyk; ehfhpf ikakhFk;.

Gjpa fw;fhyk; (Neolithic)

kf;fs; epue;jukhf thoj; njhlq;fpdhh;.

gsgsg;ghd Njitf;Nfw;w tbtq;fspy;

fw;fis cUthf;fpdh;.

mwptpay; tsh;r;rpapd; Kjy;gbahd

rf;fuk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

Ntshz;ik nra;jdh;.

Kjd; Kjypy; tsh;j;j gpuhzp ML

MFk;.

gR> vUik> ML eha; tpyq;Ffis

gad;gLj;jpdh;.

neUg;ig cz;lhf;fpdh;.

kw;ghz;lq;fs; nra;jdh;.

gUj;jp> fk;gsp E}y; E}w;wdh;.

goq;fs;> fha;> kPd;> ghy; fwpfs;

cz;ldh;.

flw;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.

Ntl;ilahLjy;> eldkhLjy;> Nghd;w

rpj;jpuq;fis jPl;bdh;.

,we;jth;fis kw;ghz;lq;fspy; ,l;L

Gijj;jdh;.

lhy;nkd;]; vdg;gLk; fy;yiwapd;

J}z;fis cUthf;fpdh;.

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ehfhh;[_dnfhz;lh>

kh];fp> gpuk;kfphp> fh\;kPh; gs;sj;jhf;F>

jf;fhzgPlG+kp> Nryk;> flg;gh> ngy;yhhp>

mde;jG+h;> njYq;fhdh> F[uhj;>

fj;jpathh; Mfpait Gjpa fw;fhy

,lq;fshFk;.

cNyhff;fhyk;

nrk;G gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fhyk; nrk;Gf;

fhyk;.

kdpjd; gad;gLj;jpa Kjy; cNyhfk;

nrk;G MFk;.

fp.K. 800 Kjy; 150 ,ilNa cs;s

fhyk; ,Uk;G fhyk;.

,Uk;Gfhyj;jpy; fyg;ig> fj;jp

Nghd;wit nra;ag;gl;lJ.

cNyhff;fhy kf;fs; nrk;G> ,Uk;G>

nts;sp> jq;fk; Mfpa cNyhfq;fis

gad;gLj;jpdh;.

kf;fs; gspq;F – fz;zhb Mfpatw;iw

gad;gLj;jpdh;.

cNyhf fhyk; %d;whf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.

1) nrk;Gf;fhyk;

2) ntz;fyf;fhyk;

3) ,Uk;Gf;fhyk;

Mjpr;r ey;Y}h;> GJf;Nfhl;il> ePyfphp

Mfpa ,lq;fspy; mjpfkhd cNyhff;

fUtpfs; fpilj;Js;sJ.

,we;jth;fspd; epidthf epidTr;

rpd;dk; vOg;gpdh;.

,we;jth;fis KJkf;fs; jhop vdg;gLk;

kw;ghz;lq;fspy; ,l;L Gijj;jdh;.

nja;t topghl;L Kiw fhzg;gl;lJ.

Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; ,jw;fhd rhd;Wfs;

fpilj;Js;sJ.

jpuhtpl ehfhpfk;

fhyj;jhy; gioikahdJ jpuhtpl

ehfhpfk;.

Fkhpy gl;lh; vOjpa Tantravrttika vd;w

E}ypy; ,Ue;J jpuhtplk; vd;w nrhy;iy

fhh;Lnty; jhk; vOjpa jpuhtpl

nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk; vd;w E}ypy;

Kjd; Kjypy Mq;fpyj;jpy;

ifahz;Ls;shh;.

rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk; (Indus Valley

Civilization)

`ug;ghtpd; rpijtile;j gFjpfis

rhh;y]; Nkrd; vd;gth; jk;Kila

Narrative of Various Journeys In

Balochistan, Afghanistan and Punjab,

vd;w E}ypy; Fwpg;Gfspy; 1838y;

njhptpj;Js;shh;. mf;fhyj;jpy; mjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; czug;gltpy;iy.

,e;ehfhpfj;jpd; ngUk; gFjp fhf;uh

ejpf;fiuapd; Nky; mike;Js;sjhy;

,jid Indus Ghaggar – Hakra

Civilization vd;Wk; $Wth;. ru];tjp

ejpapd; mbg;gilapy; rpe;J-ru];tjp

ehfhpfk; vd;Wk; $Wth;.

rh; [hd;khh;ry; $w;Wg;gb fp.K. 3250

Kjy; 2750 tiu

1945Mk; Mz;L mfo;tuhr;rp elj;jpa

khh;l;bkh; tPyh; fp. K. 2500 Mz;bw;Fk;

fp.K. 1500 Mz;bw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyk;

rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk; fhyk; vd

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

mfh;thypd; $w;Wg;gb fp.K. 2300 Kjy;

1750 tiu

1784y; Asiatic Society of India vd;w

rq;fj;ij rh; tpy;ypak; N[hd;]; vd;gth;

epWtpdhh;. ,r;rq;fk; gz;ila

fy;ntl;Lf;fis Nrfhpj;jJ.

,tw;wpy; cs;s vOj;Jf;fis 1837y;

N[k;]; gphpd;nrg; vd;gth; gbf;Fk;

Kiwia fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.

fp.gp. 1826k; Mz;L `ug;ghTf;Fr; nrd;w

rhh;y]; Nkrd; vd;gth; mq;F

FbapUg;Gfspd; rpijTfisf; fz;lhh;.

1872k; Mz;L rh; mnyf;rhz;lh;

fd;dp];`hk; `ug;ghtpd; rpy

nghUl;fis Nrfhpj;jhh;.

1862y; njhy;ypay; Jiw epWtg;gl;lJ.

,jd; Kjy; ,af;Feuhf mnyf;rhz;lhh;

fd;dpq;`hk; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th;

,e;jpa njhy;nghUs; ,yhf;fhtpd; je;ij

vdg;gl;lhh;.

Alexander Cunningham, the first Director

– General of the Archaeological Survey of

India (ASI), (ASI - jw;NghJ

gz;ghl;Lj;Jiwapd; fPo; cs;sJ)

fd;dpq;`hk; Gj;j kjk; njhlh;Gila

fhQ;rp> rhuehj;> Gj;jfah> jl;rryk;

Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; cs;s mhpa tuyhw;W

rpd;dq;fis fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.

gpd; njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rp Jiw

epWtg;gl;lJ. rhh; [hd; khh;\y; vd;gth;

mjd; ,af;Feuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

,tiuAk; njhy;ypapay; Jiwapd; je;ij

vd;W $Wth;.

njhy;nghUs; Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapy;

,e;jpa tuyhw;iw vOjpath;: tp.V. ];kpj;

Mthh;.

rh; [hd; khh;ry; vd;gth; ,e;jpa

njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rp jiytuhf ,Ue;j

NghJ mth; 1922k; Mz;L Mh;.b.ghdh;[p

vd;gtUl;d Nrh;e;J xU Gije;J fple;j

Gj;j klhya mfo; Muha;r;rp gzpapy;

,Ue;j NghJ rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk;

fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.

mjd; gpwF N[. v[;. Nkf;Nf> [p. v/g;.

Nly;];> vk;. v];. thl;]; MfpNahh;

nkhfQ;rjhNuhtpy; mfoptuha;r;rpia

Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.

rpyh; ,jid Garden of Sind vd;Wk;

Nakhlistan vd;Wk; $Wth;. rpe;J ejp

,jid 9 Kiw mopj;jjhfTk; 9 Kiw

,e;j efuk; fl;lg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; $Wth;

,th;fs; RNkhpah> ghgpNyhdpah> vfpg;J

Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; thzpfk; nra;jdh;

RNkhpah ehfhpfj;jpw;Fk; rpe;J rkntsp

ehfhpfj;jpw;Fk; xw;Wik ,Ue;jjhy;

,jid ,e;Njh-RNkhpa ehfhpfk; vd;Wk;

gpd; ,J jdpehfhpfk; vd;gjhy; rpe;J

rkntsp ehfhpfk; vd;Wk;

miof;fg;gl;lJ.

rpe;J rkntsp kf;fs; rptid

tzq;fpdh;. `ug;gh efuq;fspy; ,ypq;f

cUtq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. jha;j;

nja;tk;. tpyq;Ffs; #og;gl;l %d;W

jiyf;nfhz;l Nahf epiyapy; cs;s

gRgjp vdg;gLk; flTspd; Kj;jpiu

fpilf;fg;ngw;wJ.

Nineteenth century

1875 – Report of Alexander Cunningham

on Harappan seal

Twentieth Century

1921 M. S. Vats begins excavations at

Harappa

1925 Excavations begin at Mohenjodaro

1946 R. E. M. Wheeler excavates at

Harappa

1955 S. R. Rao begins excavations at

Lothal

1960 B. B. Lal and B. K. Thapar begin

excavations at Kalibangan

1974 M. R. Mughal begins explorations in

Bahawalpur

1980 A team of German and Italian

archaeologists begins surface

explorations at Mohenjodaro

1986 American team begisn excavations

at Harappa

1990 R. S. Bisht begins excavations at

Dholavira

rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfj;jpd; Kf;fpa

,lq;fs;

1. nkhfQ;rjhNuh 2. `ug;gh 3. Nyhjhy;

4. fspgq;fd; 5. ghz;Ftuh`p 6.

mk;hp 7. &g;gh; 8. rhz;F – jhNuh

nkh`Q;rjhNuh (125 n`f;Nlh; gug;G)

1922-y; Mh;. b. ghdh;[p mfoptuha;r;rp

nra;jhh;.

rpe;J ejpf;fiu Nky; mike;Js;sJ.

jw;NghJ ghfp];jhdpy; cs;s rpe;J

gFjpapy; yhh;fhdh khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ

,Uk;gpd; gad; njhpatpy;iy.

efuq;fs; ed;F jpl;lkpl;L

fl;lg;gl;bUe;jd.

njUf;fs; NeuhfTk; mfykhfTk;> fpof;F

Nkw;fhfTk;> tlf;F njw;fhfTk;

mike;Js;sJ.

nkh`Q;rjhNuhtpy; nghpa Fspay; Fsk;

xd;W cs;sJ. ,J 11.8 kP ePsKk;> 7.01

kP mfyKk; 2.43 kP MoKk; nfhz;lJ.

Milkhw;Wk; miw fhzg;gl;lJ.

,f;Fsj;jpy; ePh; cs;tu nrq;fy;yhy;

Foha;fs; cs;sd. ePUf;Fs; nry;y

mfykhd gbf;fl;Lfs; ,Ue;jd. r%ff;

$lKk; khbf;fl;blKk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

jhdpaf;fsQ;rpaKk;> eldkhJ rpiyAk;

fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ.

NfhJik> ghh;yp Kf;fpa czthFk;.

kf;fs; Xa;T Neuj;jpy; rJuq;fk;

tpisahbdh;.

,ir> eldk;> Nfhopr; rz;il> fhis

rz;il Nghd;wit eilngw;wJ.

kf;fs; rpj;jpu vOj;Jf;fis

gad;gLj;jpdh;. ,t;ntOj;Jf;fs; jkpo;

vOj;Jf;fNs vd ,uhR ghjphpahh;

$Wfpwhh;.

mth;fs; tykpUe;J ,lkhfTk;

,uz;lhtJ thpia ,lkpUe;J tykhfT;

vOjpdhh;.

rpe;J rkntsp vOj;Jf;fSf;F

Pictograph vd;W ngah;. ,J vfpg;J

i`NuhFspgpf; kw;Wk; rNkhpah;

f;Adpghh;k; vOj;Jfs; fye;jJ. xw;iwf;

nfhk;G cila vOj;J cila Kj;jpiu

fhzg;gl;lJ.

,e;ehfhpfj;jpd; mikg;G ,q;fpyhe;jpd;

yhq;fh\ah;> khd;nr];lh; efiuj;ij

Nghd;W cs;sjhf rh;[hd; khh;ry;

$Wfpwhh;.

nkhfQ;rjhNuh vd;w nrhy;Yf;F Mount

of Killed, Mount of Dead, Mount of

Confluence vd gy nghUs;gl nghUs;

cz;L

`ug;gh

1921 – 23 apy; jahuhk; rfhdp

vdg;tuhy; mfo;tuha;r;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

`ug;gh ehfhpfk; epytpa fhyk; fp.K.

3250 Kjy; fp.K. 2750 tiu MFk;. ,e;

ehfhpfk; nrk;Gf; fw;fhyk; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;l Gjpa cNyhf fhyj;ijr;

rhh;e;jJ.

jw;NghJ ghfp];jhdpy; cs;sJ.

,e;efuk; nkh`Q;rjhNuhit tplrw;W

nghpaJ.

rpe;J khtl;lj;jpy; ,yhh;f;fdh vd;w

khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. `ug;gh –

nkhfQ;rjhNuh ,ilj;J}uk; 640 fp. kP.

MFk;.

`ug;gh uhtp ejpf;fiuapd; Nky;

khz;lNfhkhp khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.

,jpy; kpfg;nghpa jhdpaf;fsQ;rpaq;fs; 6

cs;sJ.

,J 47.71 kP ePsKk; 15.23kP mfyKk;

nfhz;lJ.

,k;kf;fs; vUJfis tzq;fpdhh;.

gUj;jp gaphpl;ldh;.

16 kw;Wk; mjd; klq;Ffis

gad;gLj;jpdh;;.

Fjpiu gw;wp ,th;fSf;F njhpahJ.

`ug;gh gz;ghl;bd; kpfr; rpwe;j

fz;Lgpbg;G Kj;jpiufs; MFk;.

Kj;jiufspy; fhisapd; cUtq;fSk;

gpwtpyq;Ffspd; cUtq;fSk;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. tpahghuj;jpw;F ,th;fs;

Kj;jpiufis gad;gLj;jpdh;.

fhspgq;fd;

,uh[];jhd; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ.

fhspgq;fd; ru];tjp ejpf;fiuapd;

(fhf;fuh) kPJ ,J mike;Js;sJ

coT njhopy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ

Nyhjy;

v];.Mh;.uht; vd;gtuhy; 1957apy;

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

F[uhj; khepyj;jpy; mfkjhghj;

khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ.

rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpj;jpd; thzpf

JiwKf efuk; Nyhjhy;.

,J ghf;Fthh; ejpf;fiuapd; kPJ

mike;Js;sJ.

,J ntsp ehl;Lld; njhlh;GilaJ.

,J kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Kjy;

JiwKfk;.

,e;ehfhpfk; Mhpah; tUif my;yJ

Mw;W nts;sj;jhy; mope;jpUf;ff;$Lk;.

Njhytpuh

kpfg;nghpa mfo;tplk;. F[uhj;jpy;

cs;sJ. ePh;j;Njf;fk; cs;sJ

&g;gh;

,J gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ

`ug;gh my;yhj mjw;F Ke;ija

fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ.

1953y; xa;.b. rh;kh vd;gtuhy;

mfo;tuha;r;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

ghd;typ – (`hpahdhtpy;)

`ug;gh my;yJ mjw;F Ke;ija

fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ.

Myk;fPh;G+h;

Nkw;F cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;sJ

rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk; vd;w jiyg;gpy;

gy;NtW tpdhj;jhspy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;l

mry; tpdhf;fs;

Mhpah;fs;:

Ke;jpa Ntjfhyk; (,Uf;F Ntj fhyk;)

fp.K. 1500-800

gpe;jpa Ntjfhyk; (fp.K. 1000-600)

fhg;gpaq;fspd; fhyk;

Mhpah;fs; kj;jpa Mrpahtpy; ,Ue;J

te;jth;fs; vd;W khf;kpy;yh; $Wfpwhh;.

ghyfq;fhju jpyfh; ,th;fs; Mh;bf;

gpuNjrj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;jth;fs; vd;W

$Wfpwhh;.

Mhpah;fs; ifgh; Nghyd; fztha;

topahf gilnaLg;gpd; thapyhf

,e;jpahtpw;Fs; te;jth;fs;.

Mhpah;fs; Kjd; Kjypy; FbNawpa

gpuNjrk; rg;jrpe;J vdg;gLk;. rg;jrpe;J

vd;gJ gQ;rhg;> fh\;kPh;> rpe;J> fhG+y;>

fhe;jhuk; vd;gJ gQ;rhg;> fh\;kPh;> rpe;J>

fhG+U> fhe;jhuk; MFk;.

VO ejpfs; XLk; gpuNjrk; vd;gjhy;

rg;jrpe;J vdg;gl;lJ. VO MWfs;: rpe;J>

[Pyk;> rPdhg;> uhtp> gpah];> rl;ny[;>

ru];tjp

gpd;G ,itaidj;Jk; Nrh;e;J

Mhpath;j;jh vdg;gl;lJ.

hpf;Ntjk; Kd;Ntjfhy Mhpah;fs;

FBaw;wg;gFjpfis gw;wp mwpa

cjTfpwJ.

Fgh-fhG+y;

]Pt];J - ];thj;

FJK – Fuk;

Hpf; Ntjj;jpy; eh;kij ejp tpe;jpakiy

gw;w Fwpg;G fhzg;gltpy;iy

Kw;fhy Mhpah;fs; Fjpiufsg; gw;wp

mwpatpy;iy

Ntjf;fhyk;

Ntjf;fhy rKjhaj;jpd; mbg;gil

FLk;gk; MFk;.

,J xU fpuhk ehfhpfk; MFk;

,Uf;Fk; Ntj fhyj;jpy; GNuhfpjh;>

Nrdhdp> fpuhkdp MfpNahh; ,Ue;jdh;.

Mayh> Kl;fydp> tp];tuh>

NyghKj;jpuh> Nfh\h Mfpa Gyik

ngw;w ngz;bh; ,Uf;F Ntj fhyj;jpy;

,Ue;jdh;.

,ir> eldk;> #jhLjy; ,Uf;F Ntj

fhy kf;fspd; nghOJ Nghf;F MFk;.

tUzd;> ,e;jpud; (The God of Strength)

mf;dp (The God of Fire) #hpad;> khUjp

vd;w Gaw;flTs;> thA (The God of

Winds), Uj;jpuh> c\h (The Goddess of

Dawn), gpUj;tp (The Goddess of Earth),

Nrhkh (The God of intoxicating juice),

vkd; (The God of Death), tUzh (The

God of Water), Mfpa flTsh;fis

topgl;ldh;.

Jnana – Knowledge

Bhakti – Devotion

Bhajans – Devotional songs

Satang – In the company of the pious

Samsara – Worldliness

Vairagya – Detachment

,Uf;F Ntjfhy kf;fs; #hpaf; flTis

kpj;jpud;> #hpad;> rhtpj;jphp G\d;>

tp\;Z> tpUf;ukh Mfpa ngah;fspy;

topgl;ldh;.

NfhJik> ghh;yp> ghy;> gok;> kuf;fwp

czitAk;> khkpr czitAk;

cz;ldh;.

,J gz;lkhw;W Kiw (Barter)

fhzg;gl;lJ.

,Uf;F Ntjfhy Mhpah;fs; eptp vd;w

fPohiliaAk;> thr]; vd;w

cs;shiliaAk;> mjpthr]; vd;w

NkyhiliaAk; mzpe;jdh;.

Ntshz;ik> fhy;eil tsh;j;jy;>

thzpgk; nra;jy;> nerT nea;jy;> jr;R

Ntiy> mzpfyd;fs;> kUj;Jtk;>

Nrhjplk;> ehtpjk; Mfpa njhopy;fisAk;

nra;jdh;.

FLk;gj; jiyth; tpuh[gjp (m) fpufgjp

vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

,e;jpud; vd;w flTs; gpw;fhy

Ntjfhyj;jpy; nry;thf;fpid ,oe;jhh;.

Nrhkh> Ruh Mfpa kJghdq;fs;

fhzg;gl;lJ.

Nrdhg; epjp Akesines vd fpNuf;fh;fshy;

miof;fg;gl;lJ.

Ntjq;fs;

Ntjk; vd;why; mwpT vdg; nghUs;gLk;.

Ntjq;fis ehd;fhf njhFj;jth; Ntj

tpahrh;.

ehd;F tif:

1. ,Uf;F Ntjk;

2. a[Ph; Ntjk;

3. rhk Ntjk;

4. mjh;td Ntjk;

Ntjq;fis ehd;fhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ

1. ke;jpuq;fs;

2. gpukhzq;fs;

3. cgep\j;Jf;fs;

4. Muz;aq;fs;

Hpf; Ntjk; (1700 – 1100 fp.K)

cyfpd; gioikahd rka E}y;

hpf; Ntj ghly;fis tpahr Kdpth;

Nrfhpj;jhh;. ,e;jpahtpd; tlNkw;F gFjp

kw;Wk; rpe;Jr; rkntsp> tl Nkw;F

gFjpapy; jw;NghJ ghfp];jhdpy; cs;s

Rthj; vd;w gFjp hpf; Ntjj;jpy;

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. (Rthj; gFjp

ghfp];jhdpy; cs;s Rthj; vd;w gFjp

hpf; Ntjj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. (Rthj;

gFjp ghfp];jhdpd; Rtpl;rh;yhe;J

vdg;gLfpwJ)

VO ejpfs; gha;e;j fhuzj;jhy;

gyjug;gl;l flTs;fisg; gw;wp

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

flTis Nghw;wg;gLk; gf;jp ghly;fs;

cs;sJ.

#hpaid topgLk; fhaj;jphp ke;jpuk;

,jpy; cs;sJ.

cUt topghL fhzg;gl;lJ.

Xk; vd;w nrhy; ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy;

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Hpf; Ntj fhyj;jpy; rhjp NtWghLfs;

VJkpy;iy.

Hpf; Ntjj;jpy; cs;s ghly;fs; 1028.

Ntjq;fspy; goikahdJ.

ghly;fspy; Gdpj jd;ik fhg;ghw;w kpf

ePz;l fhykhf hpf; Ntjj;ij tha; top

%ykhf nrhy;yp te;jdh;.

ehd;F Ntjq;fs; vOjg;gl;l fhyg;gFjp

rk;fpjh.

Hpf; Ntjk; 10 kz;lyq;fspy; 1017

nra;As;fshf ,iwtidg; gw;wpAk;

10tJ kz;lyj;jpy; r%f> murpay;>

nghUshjhu rhjp Kiw Njhd;wpa

tuyhw;iwAk; $WfpwJ.

ehd;F tUzq;fs; hpf; Ntjj;jpy;

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

Kjy; kz;lyk; kw;Wk; 10tJ kz;lyk;

gpw;fhyj;jpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;W

$Wth;.

Kjy; kz;lyj;jpy; 191 ghly;fs;

cs;sJ. mf;dpiag; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

mf;dp vd;w nrhy; hpf; Ntjj;jpd; Jtf;f

nrhy;yhFk;.

kz;lyk; ghly; Fwpg;gpLtJ

1 191 mf;dp

2 43 ..ritsamada Kdp

3 62 .. svamitra gathinah,

fhaj;jphpke;jpuk; cs;sJ.

4 58 ..nadeva gautama

5 87 .. Hp\p> c\h> rhtpj;hp

6 75 gpuf];gjp topapy; te;j

Mq;fpu]; hp\p

7 104 .. asistha maitravaruni

8 103 ..d;t> Mq;fpur hp\p

9 114

10 191 Nadistuti sukta,

Nadistuti Sukta – ejpfs; kw;Wk; Ntj

fhy Gtpapy; mikg;Gfsig; gw;wpAk;

Purusha Sukta – Ntjfhy rKjha

mikg;G.

Nasadiya Sukta – Njhw;wq;fs; Fwpj;Jk;

jpUkz ke;jpuq;fs; ,wg;G Fwpj;j

ghly;fs; Nghd;witfSk; hpf; Ntjj;jpy;

mlq;fpAs;sJ.

hpf; Ntjj;jpy; ahid> kapy;> khd;> vUJ

kw;Wk; ,e;jpa fhl;nlUik Nghd;w

kpUfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

hpf; Ntjj;jpy; Gyp kw;Wk; mhprpiag;

gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.

gpuhkzq;fs;

hpf; Ntj gpuhkzq;fs;

ma;j;Nua gpuhkzk;

nfs\pfp gpuhkzk;

gpe;ija Ntj fhyk; fp.K. 1000 Kjy;

600 tiu

gpe;ija Ntj fhyj;jpy; kd;dh;

flTs;fshf fUjg;gl;lhh;.

tlf;F gFjp murh;fs; ituh[;ah vd;Wk;

njw;Fg; gFjp murh;fs; - gh];ah

fpof;Fg; gFjp murh;fs; - fhkuh];ah

Nkw;F gFjp murh;fs; - ];tuh[;ah

miof;fg;gl;ldh;.

a[_h;> rhk;> mjh;tz Ntjq;fs;>

cgepljq;fs;> gpuhkzq;fs;> Muz;aq;fs;

Njhd;wpa fhyk; gpe;jpa Ntjfhyk;

vdg;gLfpwJ.

kd;dh;fs; mRtNkj ahfk;> uh[#ak;>

th[;gak;> GU\Nkjk; Nghd;w ahfq;fis

nra;jdh;.

mth;fs; rhk;uhl;> Vf;uhl; rhh;tngskp

vd;w gl;lj;ij $l;bf; nfhz;ldh;.

gpd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; fhh;fp> ikj;Nuap

Nghd;w fy;tpapy; rpwe;j ngz;fs;

,Ue;jdh;.

ep\;fh vd;w ehzak; fhzg;gl;lJ.

a[_h; Ntjk;

,J nts;is a[_h; Ntjk; vd;Wk;

fWg;G a[_dh; Ntjk; vd;Wk; ,U gphpthf

gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fUg;G Ntjk; gioikahdJ nts;is

Ntjj;jpy; ghly;fs; cs;sd.

fUg;G Ntjj;jpy; ciueil cs;sJ.

rk];fpUjj;jpd; Kjy; ciueil

,Jjhd;.

a[_h; Ntjj;ij mj;thh;A+ vd;w

gpuhkzh;fs; ghLthh;fs;

Nts;tpfs; nra;Ak; Kiwfs;

mRtNkjahfk;> uh[#aahfq;fs; gw;wp

a[_h; Ntjk; tpsf;FfpwJ.

fpU\;z gpuhkzk; gy rk;`pijfshf

gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rhk Ntjk;

rhk Ntjk; ,ir> nja;tk;> Nrhk Nahfk;

gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.

Rhk Ntjk; ke;jpuq;fisg; gw;wp

tpsf;FfpwJ.

1810 my;yJ 1549 ghly;fis cilaJ.

Nrhk Nts;tpapd; NghJ ghlg;gLfpwJ.

cj;jp fhj;hp vd;w gpuhkzh;fs;

ghLthh;fs;.

rhk Ntj gpuhkzq;fs;

jz;b kfh gpuhkzk;

rj;tpd;r gpuhkzk;

n[a;kpNda gpuhkzk;

mjh;tz Ntjk;

,J gpuk;k Ntjk; vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

gpuk;kj;ij mwpahky; Nkhl;rk; mila

KbahJ.

];fk;kh vdg;gLtJ G+kp

gpuhdh vdg;gLtJ Rthrk;

fhkh vdg;gLtJ Mir

fyh vdg;gLtJ Neuk;

cgep\j;Jf;fs; mjpfk; mlq;fpAs;s

Ntjk; ,JNt MFk;.

mkh;tz Ntjj;jpy; 73 ghl;Lf;fs;

cs;sJ.

741 nra;As;fspy; jPa rf;jpfs;> Jh;

Njtijfs; gpy;yp> #dpak;> trpak;

Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fis cilaJ.

Nfhj;jpuk; vd;w nrhy; cs;sJ.

kUj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

gpuhkzq;fs; Paippalada: Gopatha

Brahmana

Guhzq;fs;

ngUk;ghyhd Guhzq;fs; Fg;jh;fs;

fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ.

Guhzq;fs; 18 cgGuhzq;fs; 18 MFk;.

1. mf;fpdp Guhzk;> tp\;Z gw;wp

$WfpwJ.

2. gpuk;k Guhzk;> universe and cosmos

gw;wp $WfpwJ.

3. ghftj Guhzk;> gf;jp Nahfj;ijak;

kw;Wk; tp\;Ztpd; 10 mtjhuq;fis

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

4. ghtp\;a Guhzk; past repeats itself in

future. Book of Prophecies vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

5. gpuk;kiythh;j;j Guhzk;> tpehafh;>

fpU\;zh Nghd;w flTs;fspd; Njhw;wk;

kw;Wk; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; gw;wp

$Wfpd;wJ.

6. gpuk;khde;j Guhzk;: yypjh rf];uehkk;

cs;sJ.

7. fUl Guhzk;: kdpjdpd; ,wg;Gf;F gpd;

epfof;$bait gw;wp $WfpwJ.

fpUj;Jt kjj;jpy; cs;s ePjp toq;Fk;

ehs; Nghd;wJ.

8. $h;j Guhzk;: tp\;Ztpd; $h;k

mtjhuk;.

9. ypq;f Guhzk;: ypq;fj;jpd; mtrpak;

kw;Wk; G+kp Njhw;wk;.

10. kr;r Guhzk;: tp\;Ztpd; kPd;

mtjhuk;.

11. khh;f;fz;Nla Guhzk;> [kPdp kw;Wk;

khh;f;fz;NlaDf;FkpilNa eilngWk;

ciuahly;.

12. ehuj Guhzk;: Gz;zpaj; jyq;fs;

13. gj;k Guhzk;: essence of religion and

cosmos

14. fe;j Guhzk;: KUfhpd; tho;f;if

tuyhW.

15. tp\;Z Guhzk;: tp\;Z gw;wp

$WfpwJ.

16. thA Guhzk;: fhw;Wf; flTs; thAitg;

gw;wp $WfpwJ.

17. thh;\ Guhzk;: tp\;Z gw;wp $WfpwJ.

18. thkd Guhzk;: tp\;Ztpd; thkd

mtjhuk;.

Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs;:

gpuhkzq;fs; kw;Wk; cgepljq;fs; Ntj

,yf;fpaq;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,it rk;`pj];

vd;Wk; gpuhkz]; vd;Wk; ,Utifg;gLk;.

gpuhkzh]; %d;W tifg;gLk;.

1. gpuhkzq;fs; 2. Muz;aq;fs; 3.

cgepljq;fs;

,itaidj;Jk; ];Ujp vdg;gLk;.

tdj;jpy; thOk; Kdpth;fs; gbg;gjw;fhf

vOjg;gl;lit Muzaq;fs; MFk;.

cgep\j;Jf;fs; vd;why; mUfpy; mkh;e;J

ufrpakhf Nfl;ly; vdg; nghUs;gLk;.

,it fp.K. 800 – 500 tiu gy;NtW

fhyf;fl;lq;fspy; vOjg;ngw;wJ.

kdpjdpd; kuzk;> Mj;kh> kW gpwg;G

Fwpj;J Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

,e;j kjj;jpd; cah;e;j jj;Jtq;fs; vd

cgep\j;Jf;fs; MFk;.

Kf;fpa cgep\j;Jf;fs;

Kz;lf cgep\j;Jf;fs;> gpurz

cgep\j;Jf;fs;> fPd cgep\j;Jf;fs;>

mapj;NuNa cgep\j;Jf;fs;> ,\h

cgep\j;Jf;fs;> gpUf jz;ahfh

cgep\j;Jf;fs;> fhj;j cgep\j;Jf;fs;

cg Ntjq;fs;

MAh;Ntjk; - kUj;Jtk;

jDh; Ntjk; - rz;il

fhe;jhu Ntjk; - ,ir

rpy;g Ntjk; - Ez;fiyfs;

Ntjhe;jq;fs;

6 Ntjhe;jq;fs; - rpf;\h> fy;gh>

tpahf;fuzh> epUf;jh> rP\z;lh kw;Wk;

N[hjp\h

rpf;\h – cr;rphpg;Gld; njhlh;Gilait

fy;gh – G+i[ Kiwfs;

tpahf;fuzh - ,yf;fzk;

epUf;jh – nrhy;ypyf;fzk;

rP\z;lh – msT

N[hjp\h – N[hjplk;

,J Ntjq;fspd; KbTiu vd

miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

jh;\zq;fs;

MW tif ,e;jpa jj;Jtg; gs;spfs;

cs;sd. mit rhj;-jh;\zh vdg;gLk;.

mit goq;fhyj;jpypUe;J 6 jj;Jt

Qhdpfisf; nfhz;lJ.

epahah (Muha;gth;) jh;\zh – nfsjkh

it\f;\h jh;\zh

hp\p (mZit fz; / mZ vdf;

$wpath;)

fd;f;\h jh;\zh – fgpyh;

Nahfh jh;\zh – gjQ;ryp

G+h;t kpkhk;\h jh;\zh – [ha;kpdp

cj;ukPkhd;\h jh;\zh – ghjh;ahdh

(m) tpah\h; (k`h Ntjhe;j

jj;Jtq;fisf; nfhLj;jJ)

kD vd;gth; ];kpUjpfis vOjpdhh;.

Ntjk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F mwpT vd;W

nghUs;.

rgh> ekpjp vd;w ,U mitfs;

kd;dUf;F cjtp nra;jJ.

rghtpd; jiyth; rghgjp. Rghtpy;

nryte;jh;fs;> GNuhfpjh;fs; fhzg;gl;ldh;.

rkpjp – nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;

fhzg;gl;ldh;.

tpjhjh vd;w rig Nghh; nray;fis

ftdpj;jJ.

gpujk ke;jphp – gpujhdh

fUT+y ke;jphp – Rkj;uh

tUtha; Jiw ke;jphp – MNkj;jpahh;

Nrhk; ghdk;> Ruh ghdk; mUe;jpdh;.

fhg;gpa fhyq;fs;

kfhghujk;> ,uhkhazk; Nghd;wit

cUthapw;W. gftj;fPij vOjg;gl;lJ.

cyfj;jpd; kpfg;nghpa fhg;gpak;

kfhghujk; MFk;. ,jid vOjpath;

Ntjtpahrh;.

,uhkhazj;ij vOjpath; thy;kPfp

Kdpth;. ,uhkhazj;jpy; ,yl;Rkzd;

kidtpapd; ngah; Ch;kpsh.

#j;jpu tFg;gpdh; Nky; [hjp ngz;fis

jpUkzk; nra;tJ gpuj;jpNyhkh vd;W

jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.

Nky; [hjp Mz;fs; jho;e;j Fy

ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;jy; mENyhkh

vd;W Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

njd;dpe;jhatpw;F te;j Kjy; Mhpah;

mfj;jpah;.

jpUkzk; vl;L tifg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

tho;f;ifapy; ehw;gJ rlq;Ffs; nra;a

typAWj;jg;gl;lJ.

epNahfh – tpjitg; ngz; jd;

fztdpd; jk;gpAld; Mz; Foe;ij

ngWk; tiu trpg;gJ.

gpu[hgj;jpak; - rhjhuzkhf jpUkzk;

nra;jy;.

nja;tk; - Nts;tp elj;Jk; nghOJ

me;jzUf;F kfis toq;Fjy;.

gpuk;kk; - rPjdj;Jld; jd; kfis jd;

Fyj;jpy; kzk;.

mh;\k; - gRf;fis ngw;Wf; nfhz;L

kzk;.

fhe;jh;tk; - Rak;tuk; (m) fhjy; kzk;.

igrhrk; - gyhj;fhu kzk;.

uhl;rrk; - ngz;fis flj;jpf; nfhz;L

jpUkzk; nra;jy;.

th;zq;fs; - rhjpfs;

Mhpah;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F tUtjw;F Kd;

,e;jpahtpy; ehd;F tFg;Gfs; ,Ue;jjhf

Zend Avesta vd;w <uhdpa E}y;

Fwpg;gpLtJ.

me;j ehd;F tFg;gpdh;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

1. GNuhfpjh; 2. Nghh;tPuh; 3. Fbahdth; 4.

iftpidQh;

,e;j ehd;F th;zq;fSk; Ntjfhy

th;zq;fSk; ntt;Ntwhdit.

,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy; 10tJ kz;lyj;jpy;

cs;s GU\#f;jk; vd;w gFjp Ntjfhy

th;zj;ij gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ mjd;gb

th;zk; vd;w nrhy; Mhpa epwj;ijf;

Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

jh];ath;zk; vd;w nrhy; jhrh;fs;>

jh];A+f;fs;> vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

,Uf;F Ntj fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa

ehy;tif th;zq;fs;.

a[_h; Ntj fhyj;Jf;Fs; ed;F

tsh;r;rpaile;jJ.

hpf; Ntjj;jpd; 10tJ kz;lyk;

gpw;Nrh;f;if vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

jh];A+f;fsplk; Nghh; Ghpe;jth;fs;

,uh[d;ah; vd;Wk; Nghhpy; Njhy;tpaile;j

jh];A+f;fs; (mbikfs;) #j;jpuh;fs;

vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldh;.

tptrha njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;l „tp];‟

vd;W miof;fg;gl;lth;fs; itrpah;fs;

vd;Dk; ,th;fSf;F ke;jpuq;fis Xjp

ahfq;fis elj;jpath;fs; gpuhkzh;fs;

vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldh;.

Hitopadesha (Hita + Upadesha. = Counsel

or advice with widom. Hitopadesha vd;w

E}iy vOjpath; ehuhaz gz;bl; Mthh;

,e;E}y; gQ;r je;jpu fijfSf;F %y

fhuzkhf tpsq;fpaJ.

gQ;r je;jpuf; fijfis (200 B.C)

vOjpath; tp\;Z rh;kh Mthh;.

fp.K. Mwhk; E}w;whz;by; cyfpd; gy

gFjpfspy; rka mikapd;ik

fhzg;gl;ljhy; rPdhtpy; fd;/G+rpahf>

ghurPfj;jpy; ghh;rp kjj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;j

n[huh];luh;> ,e;jpahtpy; kfhtPuh;> Gj;jh;

MfpNahh; rkfhyj;jpy; tho;e;jdh;.

Gj;j rkak; 563 fp.K.

567 fp.K. vd;Wk; $Wth;.

Gj;j kjj;ij epWtpah; - Gj;jh;

Gj;jh; vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F Qhdxsp

ngw;wth; vd;W ngah;.

,aw;ngah; - rpj;jhh;j;jh;

je;ij – fgpyt];J ehl;bd; kd;dh;

Rj;Njhjdh;. jha; - khahNjtp

,dk; - rhf;fpah; tk;rk; - rj;hpah; fhyk;

487

tsh;g;Gj;jha; - nfsjkp (khahtpd;

jq;if)

gpwe;j ,lk; - Yk;gpdp tdk;

kidtp – aNrhij> kfd; - ,uhFyd;

Qhd xsp fpilj;j ,lk; - fia (gPfhh;)

Kjd; cgNjrk; nra;j ,lk; - rhuehj;

(khd; G+q;fh)

,aw;if va;jpa ,lk; - Frp> taJ: 80

NtW ngah;: rhf;fpa Kdp : Mrpa

xsptpsf;F

JwT Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l NghJ taJ : 29

Qhdk; ngw;w NghJ taJ : 35

Kjy; cgNjrk; ngw;wth;fs;: 5

gpuhkzh;fs;

Gj;j rka fUj;Jfs; $WtJ –

jphpgPlfk;

jphpgPlfq;fs; (%d;W $ilfs;)

1. tpea gPlfk; - XOf;fk;

2. Rj;j gPlfk; - J}a;ik

3. mgpjk;k gPflk;-mwnewp fUj;Jf;fs;

tpea gPlfk;: 2 gphpTfis cilaJ

1. tpea gPlfk;

tpjpfs; kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwfis

cilaJ.

rq;fq;fspd; tsh;r;rp gw;wpaJ

2. ghjp Nkhl;rk;

Gj;jhpd; tho;f;if gw;wpaJ

Rj;j gPlfk;:

,J gpw;fhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

5 gphpTfis nfhz;lJ.

gy ,lq;fspy; Gj;jh; toq;fpa

cgNjrq;fs; kw;Wk; ciufs; gw;wpaJ.

rhhpGj;jh> Mde;jh MfpNahh; njhFj;jdh;.

1. jPf epfhak;: 34 #j;jpuq;fis cilaJ.

#j;jpuk; kfhghpepfhah – Gj;jhpd;

tho;f;ifapd; filrp fhy fl;lj;ij

tpsf;FtJ.

2. rk;Af;j epfhak; : 56 #j;jpuq;fs;

3. mq;Fj;ju epfhak;: 11 gphpTfs;

4. kj;jpk epfhak;: 152 #j;jpuq;fs;

5. Fl;l epfhak;: ,yf;fpaq;fs;

mgpjk;k gPlfk;:

,J Gj;j rka ,yf;fpaq;fs; kw;Wk;

Gj;jhpd; Ke;ija gpwg;Gfspy; eilngw;w

fdTfs; ([hjff; fijfs;) gw;wpaJ. ,J

ghyp nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;lJ.

VO gphpTfis cilaJ.

1. jh;krq;fzp 2. tpgq;fk; 3. fjtj;J 4.

gz;zj;jp 5. jhJfij 6. akfk; 7.

gl;lhdk;

Kjy; 5 rPlh;fs;: 1. nrhz;ld;dh 2.

kfhdhkh 3. tg;gh 4. gj;jp[p 5. m];]h[p

Kf;fpa rPlh;fs;:

1. Mde;jh 2. cghyp 3. kfh f];]gh 4.

mDUj;jh

Kf;fpa gy;fiyf; fofq;fs;:

(fhy thpirg;gb)

1. jl;rrPy gy;fiyf;fofk;

2. ehfh;[_dh gy;fiyf;fofk;

3. ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofk;

4. thjhgp gy;fiyf;fofk;

5. tpf;uk; rPy gy;fiyf;fofk;

Kf;fpa E}y;fs;

jphpgPlq;fs; - kpypz;lghzh

krdtpg\h - #j;jpu myq;fhuk;

kfhahzk; gs;spfs;:

1. kj;jpakpfh 2. Nahfrhuh

`Pdahzg; gs;spfs;:

1. itgh\pfh

Gj;jhpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw tpsf;FtJ

[hjff; fijfs;.

Gj;j khehLfs;:

Kjy; Gj;j khehL:

Gj;jh; ,we;j rpy thuq;fspy;

eilngw;wJ.

487 my;yJ 483 fp. K.tpy; uhrfpUfk;

vd;w ,lj;jpy; rl;lghzp vd;w Fifapy;

eilngw;wJ.

gy;NtW rq;fq;fisr; Nrh;e;j 500 Gj;j

kj FUf;fs; fye;Jf; nfhz;lhh;fs;.

Gj;jhpd; cgNjrq;fs; tpea gPlfk; kw;Wk;

jk;k gPlfk; vd;w ,U gphpTfshf

gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.

tpea gPlfj;ij njhFj;jth;: Mde;jh

(Ananda)

,k;khehl;il jiyik Vw;W elj;jpath;

kfhf];gh (Mahakasspa)

,uz;lhtJ Gj;j khehL:

Rkhh; fp.K. 387 my;yJ 383y; itrhyp

vd;w ,lj;jpy; eilngw;wJ.

Itrhypapy; tho;e;j Gj;j gpf;Ffs; tpea

gPlfj;jpy; ,Ue;J khWgl;ldh;.

gioikthjp gpf;Ffs;: ];jtPh;

(Sthaviras) vd;Wk; rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs;

kfhrkpfh (Mahasamhikas) vd;Wk;

miof;fg;gl;lhh;fs;.

%d;whtJ Gj;j khehL:

Rkhh; fp.K. 250y; ghlypGj;jpuj;jpy;

mNrhfh; fhyj;jpy; eilngw;wJ.

,k;khehl;il jiyik Vw;W elj;jpath;

nkhfhyp Gj;j jprh

,k;khehl;by; mgpjk;k gPlfk; vd;w

%d;wthJ gPlfk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

ehd;fhtJ Gj;j khehL:

fdp\fh; fhyj;jpy; fh\;kPuk; (m)

[ye;jhpy; eilngw;wJ

thRkpj;uh kw;Wk; mRtNfh\; (horses

that listen to Bodhisattva) MfpNahh;

jiyik Vw;whh;fs;.

%d;W gPlfq;fSf;F tpsf;f ciuahf

tpg\hf;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ

5tJ kw;Wk; 6tJ khehL: `h;\h;

fhyj;jpy; fd;Ndhrp kw;Wk; myfhghj;jpy;

eilngw;wJ

%d;W nfhs;iffs;:

1. Gj;jk; 2. jh;kk; 3. rq;fk;

Gj;j rkaf; nfhs;iffs;

1. kdpj tho;f;if Jd;gk; epiwe;jJ

2. Jd;gj;jpw;F fhuzk; Mir

3. Jd;gj;jpid ePf;f Miria xopf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

4. Miria mlf;f 8 tif ghij

vz;topg; ghij

1. ed;dk;gpf;if – rk;af; jpU\;b

2. ey;nyz;zk; - rk;af; rq;fy;gk;

3. ey;thf;F – rk;af; thf;F

4. ew;nray; - rk;af; fh;kk;

5. ey;tho;T – rk;af; m[_tk;

6. ed;Kaw;rp – rk;af; tpahahkk;

7. ew;rpe;jid – rk;af; ];kpUjp

8. ew;wpahdk; - rk;af; rkhjp

mth; Kjypy; Fwpg;gpl;lJ jh;k rf;fu

ghpthj;j;jNd vd;w thrfk; MFk;

fh;kh cz;L

Kjy; FU: Muhjfyhkh

ehd;F cz;ikfs; (my;yJ) Mhpa

rj;jpaq;fs;. (Jf;fh> rKjha> epNuhyh>

khh;f;fh)

Gj;j kj E}y;fs; ghyp nkhopapy;

VOjg;gl;lit

kfhtrk;rk;> jPg tk;rk; Mfpait

,yq;ifapy; cs;s Gj;j E}y;fs;

Gj;j kj mwpQh; ehfh;[_dh doctrine of

Shunyata Nfhl;ghl;il tpsf;fpAs;shh;.

Gj;j kj gphpTfs;

1. kfhahdk; - Gjpath;fs;

2. `pdhahdk; - gioikthjpfs;

eph;thzj;ij – mila Gj;jh; $wpa %d;W

topfs;:

jd;idj;jhNd tUj;jpf; nfhz;L jhNd

eph;thzk; miljy; (Arhat – yana)

kw;wth;fSf;F cjtp nra;J jd;id

tUj;jp eph;thzk; miljy; (Pratyaka)

kw;wth;fSf;F cjtp nra;J> gpwUf;fhf

tho;e;J jd;id tUj;jp eph;thzk;

miljy; (Buddha Yana)

kfhahdk; P̀dahdk;

rk];fpUj nkhop ghyp nkhop

Gj;jhpd; cUt

topthL> rpiy

jpUtbfs; ghjpku

kw;Wk; Nghjp rj;Jt

rpiyfs; topghL

Gj;jh; flTs; Gj;jh; kjj;jiyth;

,e;jpah> rPdh>

,yq;if> gh;kh

Mfpa ehLfs;

[g;ghd;> njd;

fpof;F Mrpa ehL

Gj;jkjj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wgth;fs; Nghjpr;

rj;Jth;fs; vdg;gl;lhh;fs;

cyfk; vq;Fk; gutpAs;sJ kfhahdk;

kfhahdj;ij tsh;j;jth; : fdp\;fh;

P̀dahdj;ij tsh;j;jth;: mNrhfh;

Gj;jh; ,wf;Fk; NghJ kfj kd;dh;

m[hjrj;JU.

Gj;j rhpjk;:

m];tNfh\h; vd;gtuhy; ,e;E}y;

rk];fpUjj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lJ

rkzh;fs; - [Pdh;fs;

Rkzh;fs; vd;why; nrd;wth;fs; vd;gJ

nghUs;

Rkz kjj;jpy; nkhj;jk; 24 jPh;jjq;fuh;fs;

,Ue;jdh;. mth;fspd; tptuk; gpd;tUkhW:

KjyhtJ jPh;j;jq;fuh; hp\pg Njth;

,th; gujd; vdg;gLk; (,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;

kd;dh;) kd;dhpd; je;ij vd;W $Wth;

,tiug;gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; tp\;ZGuhzk;

kw;Wk; ghftjh; Guhzj;jpy;

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

M[pjh

rhk;gth

mgpee;jdh

rhe;jp

22tJ jPh;j;jq;fuh; - mhp\;lNekp

23tJ jPh;j;jq;fuh; - gh;rt ehjh;

24tJ jPh;j;jq;fuh; - kfhtPuh;

jPh;j;jq;fuh; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F tho;f;if

vd;Dk; gpwtpg; ngUq;fliy flg;gjw;F

ghij mikj;jth; vd;W nghUs;

ghh;rtehjh;:

je;ij - mRtNrdh;

jha; - thkNjtp

kidtp - gpughtjp

tk;rk; - ehf tk;rk;

kuzk; mile;j ,lk; - kTz;l; Rke;jh

Mjhu E}y; - fy;g$j;jpuk;

,tiu gpd;gw;wpath;fs; RNtjhk;guh;fs;

vdg;gl;ldh;. ,th;fs; ,uz;L

nts;isahil mzpe;J ,Ue;jdh;

gh;trehjhpd; nfhs;iffs;:

jPq;F nra;ahJ ,Uj;jy; (mfpk;rh)

cz;ik NgRjy; (rj;jpah)

gw;ww;W ,Uj;jy; (mghpfpU`h)

jpUlhJ tpyfp ,Uj;jy; (ma;ja)

,tw;Wld; kfhtPh; jdJ nfhs;ifahf

gpuk;krh;aj;ij Nrh;j;Jf; nfhz;lhh;

kfhtPuh;

kfhtPuhpd; je;ij – rpj;jhh;j;jh> Fe;jGuj;

jiyth;

,aw;ngah; - th;j;jkhdh;

jha; - jphpriy itrhyp mUfpy; Fe;j

fpuhkk;

gpwe;j Mz;L – fp. K. 539

kidtp – aNrhjh

kfs; ngah; - mNdh[h

rNfhjuh; ee;jp th;j;jedhh;

Qhdk; ngw;w ,lk; - hp[Pghypfh

caph;ePj;j ,lk; - ghth

Nfhrhyh; vd;Dk; JwtpAld; Kjypy;

,Ue;jhh;. gpd; kfhtPuh; jdpNa gphpe;J

nrd;whh;. Nfhrhyh; M[Ptfh; (Ajivika)

vd;w rkag;gphpit cUthf;fpdh;.

kfhtPuh; [pUk;gpfh fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s

hp[Pghypfh ejpf;fiuapy; xU gioa

Nfhtpy; mUfpy; cs;s rhy;kuj;jbapy;

NftyQhdk; (Kevala Jnana) ngw;whh;.

,tUf;F toq;fpa gpw ngah;fs; :

1. ifty;ah; 2. kfhtPuhh; 3. i[dh; 4. eph;f;fpue;jh;

rkz Kdpfs; Nekre;jpud; fzf;Fg;gb

kfhtPuh; fp. K. 468y; ,we;jhh;.

,th; gpuk;kr;rhpaj;ij Nghjpj;jhh;.

nfhs;iffs;:

flTs; ,y;iy

cyfk; jhkhfNt ,aq;fp tUfpwJ.

fh;k Nfhl;ghL cz;L

vy;yh nghUs;fSf;Fk; caph; kw;Wk;

Md;kh cz;L

mNehfhe;jthj (Many – sidedness of

reality) Nfhl;ghl;bid tpthjpg;gJ rkz

kjk; MFk;.

jPtpu mfpk;ir nfhs;iff;F

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

mq;fhf;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

11 rq;fq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lJ

rq;fj; jiyth;fs; fzjhuh;fs;

vdg;gl;ldh;

Nfhba gQ;rj;jhy; gj;jpuhF jiyikapy;

(jpfk;guh;fs;) re;jpu Fg;j nkshpah;

kw;Wk; gy rkz Jwtpfs; njw;fpy;

cs;s ik#h; rputzngyNfhyh

vd;Dkplj;jpw;F nrd;whh;

mq;F re;jpu Fg;jh; caph; ePj;jhh;

gQ;rk; ePq;fpaJk; rkzh;fs; tlf;F

jpUk;gpdh;

,th;fis tlf;F rkzh;fs;

(RNtjhk;guh;fs;) Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy

tlf;F rkzh;fspd; jiyth;: ];J}y

gj;jpuh;

,k;kjj;ij Mjhpj;jth;fs;: m[h;jrj;U>

fhuNtyd;> gy;yth;fs;> rhSf;fpah;fs;>

fq;fh;fs;> uh\;bu $lh;fs;

rkz kjj;ij gpd;gw;wpa gy;ytkd;dd;

Kjyhk; kNfe;jpud;

KjyhtJ rkz khehL: fp. gp. 3Mk;

E}w;whz;L

ghlypGj;jpuj;jpy; eilngw;wJ

jiyik: ];J}ygj;jpuh;

,q;F 14 G+h;thf;fSF;F gjpy; 12

mq;fhf;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

,uz;lhtJ rkz khehL: fp. gp. 5Mk;

E}w;whz;L

ty;ygp efhpy; eilngw;wJ

,jw;F jiyik Vw;wth;: f\;k];kzh

rkz fUj;Jf;fs; gug;gg;gl;l nkhop:

mh;j;jkfe;jp

rkzh;fspd; Nfhtpy;fis mopj;J:

myhTjPd; fpy;[p

%d;W ,uj;jpdq;fs;:

1. ed;dlj;ij (Samyak Charitra)

2. ek;gpf;if (Samyak Darshan)

3. ey;ywpT (Samyak dnayan)

ey;ywpT 5 tifg;gLk;. mit:

1. kjp 2. ];Ujp 3. Mtjp 4. khdhgpNuNa

5. Nfty;

%d;W ,uj;jpdq;fis filgpbg;gjhy;

„rpj;jprPy‟ vd;w epiy cz;lhFk;.

Kf;fpa gphpTfs;

1. jpfk;guh;fs; Mfhaj;ij cilahf

mzpe;jth;fs; eph;thz rkzh;fs;

2. RNtjk;guh;fs; nts;is cil

mzpe;jth;fs;

rkzh;fspd; E}y;fspy; njhFg;gpw;F Mf

rpj;jhe;jq;fs; vd;W ngah;. ,jid 14

G+h;thq;fs; vd;gh;.

,jid njhFj;jth;: gj;jpughF

epge;jidfSld; $ba jw;nfhiy Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

rkzf; Nfhapy;fs; cs;s ,lq;fs;:

1. kTz;l; mG 2. vy;Nyhuh 3. Cjafphp 4.

rputzngyNfhyh

,uh[];jhdpy; cs;s kTz;l mG

miyapy; cs;s jpy;thuh> f[PuhN`h>

rpj;J}h;> uhdf;G+h;> Mfpa ,lqf;spy;

cs;s Nfhtpy;fs;> cjafphp> `jpFk;gh>

vy;Nyhuh kw;Wk; fph;dhtpy; cs;s

rpw;gq;fs;> fh;ehlfj;jpy; ik#Uf;F

mUNf cs;s rputzngyNfhyh vd;Dk;

,lj;jpy; cs;s NfhkjP];tuh; rpiy

Nghd;wit rkzh;fspd; fiy jpwDf;F

vLj;Jf;fhl;L MFk;.

nkhfhypGj;uh (Nfhryh;) vd;gtuhy;

Jtf;gg;gl;lJ.

Gj;j kjk; kw;Wk; rkz kjj;ij

Nghd;Nw ,k;kjKk; Vw;gl;lJ.

mNrhfhpd; fw;ghiwfspy; ,J Fwpj;j

Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ

guhguh; Fiffs; M[ptfh kjj;jpw;fhf

mNrhfuhy; xJf;fg;gl;lJ.

KO eph;thzj;ijAk;> fLikahd

xOf;fj;ijAk; ,k;kjk; Nghjpj;jJ.

mnyf;rhz;lhpd; ,e;jpag; gilnaLg;G:

mnyf;rhz;lhpd; ,e;jpag; gilnaLg;G

Fwpj;J ,e;jpar; rhd;Wfs; VJk;

Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.

mnyf;rhz;lh; khrpNlhdpah ehl;L

kd;dd; ,uz;lhk; gpypg; vd;gthpd; kfd;

,thpd; Mrphpah;: jj;JtQhdp

mhp];lhl;by;.

,thpd; Mir: cyfk; KOtijAk; xNu

Filapd; fPo; Ms Ntz;Lk;

,e;jpahit fpof;F khrpNlhdpah vd

mnyf;rhz;lh; epidj;jpUe;jhh;

Kjyhk; iru];

ghurPfj;jpy; mfNkdpa tk;r Ml;rpia

epWtpath;

fp. K. 558-530y; ,e;jpah kPJ

gilnaLf;f Kaw;rp nra;jhh;. ghf;bhpah>

fhe;jhuk; Mfpa gFjpfis ntd;whh;.

Kjyhk; NlhhpR fp. K. 522-486

ghurPfj;jpd; %d;whtJ murh;.

rpe;J khepyj;ij ntd;W ghurPfj;Jld;

,izj;jth;.

mhpngy;yh Nghh;: fp. K. 330

%d;whk; NlhhpR fhyj;jpy; ghurPf ehl;bd;

kPJ mnyf;rhz;lh; Nghh; njhLj;jhh;.

%d;whk; NlhhpR nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

mnyf;rhz;lh; ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; Eioe;jhh;.

mnyf;rhz;lh; ruzile;j Kjy; kd;dd;

jl;rrPyj;ij Mz;L te;j mk;gp Mthh;.

mnyf;rhz;lh; rpe;J ejpia flf;f

cjtp nra;jth;.

mnyf;rhz;lUf;F ruzila kWj;jth;

Nghu]; vd;w GUN\hj;jkd;. ,th; Mz;l

gFjp [Pyj;jpw;Fk; rPdhg;gpw;Fk; ,ilNa

cs;s gFjp

Nghu]; kd;dd; jd;id Nghh;f ifjpahf

elj;jhky; kd;ddhf el;j tpUg;gk;

njhptpj;jhh;.

Nghu]; kd;did kjpj;J mnyf;rhz;lh;

mth; ehl;bid jpUg;gp mspj;jhh;.

mnyf;rhz;lh; ,we;j Mz;L fp. K. 323

,we;j ,lk; ghgpNyhd;

mnyf;rhz;lh; gilnaLg;G gw;wp mwpa

cjTtJ mthpd; ez;gh; epahh;r

vd;gthpd; Fwpg;Gfs; MFk;

gpahR ejpf;fiuapy; 12 gypg;gPlq;fis

epWtpdhh;.

mnyf;rhz;lhpd; gilnaLg;Gfs;

tpisthf ghf;bhpah> ghh;jpah Nghd;w

fpNuf;f FbNaw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld

fpNuf;f–ghf;bhpa rpw;gpfs; fhe;jhuj;jpw;F

te;jdh;. mth;fs; fdp\;fh;> Gj;jh;>

Nghjprj;Jth; rpiyfis nra;jdh;.

fhe;jhuf;fiy vdg;gLk; ,e;Njh–fpNuf;f

(ghurPf) fiy cUthapw;W

,e;jpahtpy; thdtpay;> fiy>

ehzaKiw Njhd;wpaJ.

kfh[dgjhf;fs;:

Gj;juJ fhyj;jpy; mjhtJ 6-k;

E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpahtpy; gy;NtW epyk;

rhh;e;j muRfs; Njhd;wpd.

murpay; hPjpapy; ,J xU Kf;fpakhd

jpUg;Gkid MFk;. epyk; rhh;e;j muRfs;

cUthdJ Kjd; Kjyhf fp. K. 6-k;

E}w;whz;by; MFk;.

Gj;j rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;j mq;Fjhu

epf;fhah E}y;> [hjf ,yf;fpaq;fs;

kw;Wk; rkz E}yhfpa gftjp #j;jpuk;

Mfpait mbg;ilapy; iu]; Nltp];

vd;w Mq;fpNyNa tuyhw;W Mrphpah;

fp.K. 6-k; E}w;whz;by; 16 epyk; rhh;e;j

ehLfs; ,Ue;jjhf $Wfpwhh;. ,e;j epyk;

rhh;ej ehLfs; nrhyr kfh[dgjhf;fs;

vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,e;epyg; gug;Gfs; fhG+y; gs;sj;jhf;fpy;

,Ue;J Nfhjhthp ejpf;fiu tiu

gutpapUe;jJ. ,it

RNjr muRfs; jiy efuq;fs;

fhrp thuzhrp

..fhryk; ..ut];jp (mNahj;jp)

..q;fk; ..k;gzfphp

..fjk; ..hpt;uh[;/uh[fpUjk;

..h[;[p ..trhyk; (kpjpiy)

..y;yh ..rp efuk; kw;Wk; ghtGhp

..rb ..f;jpkjp

..hl;rh (tk;rh) ..fhrhk;gp

…U `];jpdhGh;> ,e;jpu

gpU];jk; kw;Wk; …Rfhuh

..Q;rhyk; ..`prl;hpah kw;Wk;

fk;gpy;ah

..hl;];ah ..ul;efh;

..unrd; kJuh

…rhfh ..gslhd;ah

..te;jp c[;[apdp

…he;jhuh jl;\rPyk;

..hk;Ng[; ..fG+h; (Jthufh)

1. mq;fh ,J gpk;gprhuh; fhyj;jpy;

kfjj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J

jw;NghJs;s fpof;F gPfhh; gFjpahFk;.

2. Kfjh – gpUfujh vd;gth; ,jid

Njhw;Wtpj;jth; Mthh;. ehd;F ehLfs;

Nrh;e;jjhy; ,J Kjd;ik ngw;wJ. ,J

jw;NghJs;s ghl;dh> fah gFjpfs;

mlq;fpa njw;F gPfhh; gFjpahFk;.

3. th[p – ypr;rhtp> tpj;Njfh;fs; Nghd;w 8

fyj;jth; ,jid epWtpdh;.

4. ky;yh - ,J xU gphpthf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ

5. fhrp – tUz; kw;Wk; mrp vd;w

,Uejpfs; XLfpwJ. gy Nghh;fSf;F

gpwF Nfhryhj;Jl;d ,ize;jJ.

6. Nfhryh – gy Nghh;fs; kw;Wk; jpUkz

cwtpd; mbg;gilapy; kfjj;Jld;

,ize;jJ. ,J c. gp. khepyj;jpd;

mtj; gFjpahFk;.

7. tr;rh - ,J jw;NghJ cs;s myfhghj;

gFjpahFk;.

8. Nrb – gz;ly;fz;l gFjpNa nrb

ehlhFk;.

9. FU – nly;yp> kPul;> jhNd];tuk;

gFjpNa FU ehlhFk;. ,jd; jiyefuk;

m];jpdhG+h; (,e;jpu gpu];jh) MFk;.

10. ghQ;rhyh – gNuhyp> gjhT+jd;>

Nuhfpy;fz;l; gFjpNa ghQ;rhyh MFk;.

11. #uNrdh – kJuhGhp gFjpNa #uNrdh

ehlhFk;.

12. kj;rah – n[a;G+iu Rw;wp cs;s gFjp

13. mte;jp – rhk;gy; kw;Wk; khst

gFjpahFk;.

14. k];tkh - ,J Nfhjhthp rkntspapd;

Nkw;FGuk; ,jd; jiyefuk; Patlia

15. fhe;jhuk; - ,J Ng\hth; kw;Wk;

,uhty;gpz;b gFjpahFk;.

16. fhk;Ngh[k; - ,J fh\;kPh; gFjpahFk;.

,e;j 16 kfh[dgjhf;fs; kw;Wk; FbauR

ehLfs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; 4 nghpa murhf

cUthfpaJ. mit 1. mte;jp 2.

Nfhryk; 3. tj;rah 4. kfjk;

FbauRfs;

fq;if fiuapy; NguuRfs; Njhd;wpd.

Mdhy; mNj Neuj;jpy; gQ;rhg;>

gq;iff;fiuapd; ntspg;Gw ,lq;fspYk;

kw;Wk; ,kakiy mbthuq;fspYk; [dh

vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; FbauRfs; Njhd;wpd.

Gj;j kw;Wk; rkz ,yf;fpaq;fspy;

fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa FbauRfs;

ehL goq;Fbfs;

1. fgpyt];J rhf;fpah;fs;

2. itrhyp ypr;rhtpfs;

3. ky;yhf;fs; ghth

4. Frp efuk; ky;yhf;fs;

5. kpjpiy tpNjfh;fs;

6. ijrhyp Qhj;jphpfh;fs;

7. my;yfg;gh Gy;ypah;fs;

8. NfrGl;lh fyk;gh;fs;

9. gpg;ghyp tdk; Nkhhpfs;

10. rk;Rkhuh gh;fh;fs;

mh;j;j rh];jpuj;jpy; NkYk; gy

FbauRfspd; ngah;fs; fhzg;gl;lJ.

,f;FbauRfs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; typik

nghUe;jpa mz;il ehLfSld; Nghh;fs;

%yk; ,izf;fg;ngw;wJ.

Nkw;$wpa ehLfspy; kfjk; typikngw;w

ehlhf tpsq;fpaJ.

mjid Mz;l Mh;aq;f kuG kd;dh;fs;

gpk;gprhuh; kw;Wk; m[hjrj;U fhyq;fspy;

kfjk; typik kpf;f ehlhf tpsq;fpaJ

fpy;Lfs;

murhq;fj;ijg; NghyNt tpiythrpiaAk;

nghUl;fspd; juj;ijAk;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,Ue;j mikg;Ng

tpahghpfspd; rq;fk; vdg;gLk; fpy;L

MFk;.

gpk;gprhuh;

,th; mh;aq;f kugpd; Kjy; kd;dh;> ,k;

kuNg gpd; rpRehj tk;rkhf khwpaJ.

,th; ,uh[fpU`h vd;w jiy efiu

cUthf;fpdhh;.

gpk;gprhuh; jiyefiu fphptpuh[h vd;Dk;

,lj;jpypUe;J uh[fpufj;jpw;F khw;wpdhh;.

Uh[fpUfj;jpd; vQ;rpa rpijTfis

ghl;dhTf;F mUNf nuf;fp]; vd;Dk;

,lj;jpy; fhzyhk;.

kfjj;jpd; rpwg;ig Vw;gLj;jpa Kjy;

murh; ,th;

rkz ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,tiu ];Nudpfh

vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd

kfhtPuUk;> nfsjkGj;jUk; ,thpd;

cwtpdh;fs;.

Gj;jUf;F tpUe;J nfhLj;jhh;;

gpuk;k jj;jhit ntd;W mq;f ehl;il

Nrh;j;Jf;nfhz;lhh;.

Nfhry ehl;L Nfhryh Njtpia kze;J

nfhz;L fhrpia jpUkz ghprhfg;

ngw;whh;.

m[hj rj;JU:

,th; jdJ je;ijia rpiwapy; milj;J

gpd; nfhd;W Ml;rpia ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

,tUf;F vjpuhf ypr;rhtpfs;> ky;yh;fs;>

ghyh;fs;> rpuhtRjp kd;dh;fs; MfpNahh;

,ize;jdh;. ,JNt tphp[p $l;bizT

vdg;gLk;.

,th;fs; midtiuAk; m[hj rj;JU

ntd;W tphp[pfs; ehl;il kfj ehl;Lld;

,izj;jhh;.

,e;j tphp[p $l;bizTfs; ghlyp vd;w

fpuhkj;jpy; fl;ba Nfhl;ilNa

gpw;fhyj;jpy; ghlypGj;jpuk; vdg;gl;lJ.

,th; Nghhpy; ,uz;L Gjpa MAjq;fisf;

fz;L gpbj;jhh;. it

1. kfhrPyfz;lfh 2. ujKrhyh

,th; Gj;jiu gyKiw re;jpj;jhh;

,th; Kjy; Gj;j rq;fj;ij

,uhrhfpUfj;jpy; $l;bdhh;

,th; uh[fpUfj;jpy; xU ];J}gpia

fl;bdhh;

,tuJ kfd; cjagj;jpud; nfhiy

nra;ag;gl;L rpRehfh; Ml;rpia

ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

rpRehfh; tk;rj;jpw;F gpwF ee;jtk;rk;

Ml;rpf;F te;jJ.

ee;j tk;rk; fp.K. 345 – fp.K. 362

Guhzq;fs; 9 ee;jh;fs; 100 Mz;L fhyk;

Ml;rp nra;jjhf Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Kjy; ee;j murd; : kfhgj;k ee;jd;

,th; ehtpjh; vd fpNuf;f Mrphpah;fs;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.

,th; rj;jphpfis mopj;jikahy;

,uz;lhk; guRuhkd; vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

,th; fypq;f ehl;il ntd;wij

fhuNtyhpd; mjpFk;gh fy;ntl;L %yk;

mwpayhk;.

,th; kfjj;Jld; ,izj;j gpwehLfs;:

ghQ;rhyk;> fhrp> mRkfh> kpjpiy> FU

kw;Wk; #uNrdh MFk;.

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Kf;fpa Nguurh; mth;

Vf;uhl; vd;Dk; gl;lj;ij #l;bf;

nfhz;lhh;.

ee;j tk;rj;jpd; filrp murh;: jdee;jh;.

,th; mf;uNrdh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

,thplkpUe;J Ml;rpia nkshpa

tk;rj;ijr; rhh;e;j re;jpuFg;j nkshpah;

ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

nkshpag; NguuR

rhd;Wfs;

1. nfsby;ahpd; mh;j;j rh];jpuk;

2. nkf];jdp]; vOjpa ,z;bfh

3. tprhfj;jhpd; Kj;jpuh uhl;rrk;

4. ,yq;ifapd; Gj;j rkz E}y;fshf

jPgtk;rk;> kfhtk;rk;

5. mNrhfhpd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

6. Uj;ujhkd; vd;gtuJ fph;dhh; fy;ntl;L

7. Mhpad;> GSlhh;f;> gpspdp> [];bd;

Nghd;w fpNuf;f mwpQh;fspd; gilg;Gfs;

8. gpw rhd;Wfshd kDjh;kk;>

fhk#j;jpuk;> gQ;rje;jpuk;> fkz;lfk;>

jz;bayq;fhuk;

9. thA Guhzk;> tp\;Z Guhzk;> kj;ar

Guhzk;

re;jpuFg;j nkshpah; (fp.K. 321-291)

,th; nkshpa tk;rj;ij epWtpath;.

,tuJ jha; Kuh tk;rj;ij rhh;e;jth;

vd;Wk;> ,th; kapy; tsh;g;gthpd; kfd;

vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ.

nry;A+f]; epNflUld; Nghh; - Nghhpy;

ntw;wp. nry;A+f]; jdJ kfs; n`yid

re;jpuFg;j nkshpaUf;F jpUkzk; nra;J

itj;jhh;. re;jpuFg;jh; epidthf

fl;lg;gl;l gioikahd Nfhtpy;

re;juhgh];b

nry;A+f]; J}Jth; nkf];jdP];

nkf];jdP]; vOjpa E}y; ,z;bfh

,z;bfh ekf;F KOikahf

fpilf;ftpy;iy. fpNuf;f ,yj;jPd;

Mrphpah;fshd ];l;uhNgh> mh;hpad;> gpspd;

MfpNahh; ,zbfhtpypUe;J Nkw;

Nfhs;fshf fhl;bAs;s rpWrpW gFjpfs;

ekf;F fpilj;Js;sd.

re;jpuFg;j nkshpah; mur gjtpia

Jwe;J rkz kjj;ij jOtp gj;u ghF

jiyikapy; rputz ngyNfhyhtpy;

nrd;W fp.K. 298y; kuzkile;jhh;.

rputzngyNfhyhtpy; cs;s

NfhkjP];tuh; rpiy rhKz;bah;fshy;

fl;lg;gl;lJ.

F[uhj; khepyk; fph;ehh; khtl;lj;jpy;

Gfo;ngw;w Rjh;rd Vhp ntl;bdhh;

gpe;J rhuh

re;jpuFg;j nkshpaUf;Fg;gpd; Ml;rpf;F

te;jth;. fpNuf;fh;fs; “mkph;jjflh”

(vjphpfis nfhy;gth;) vd;wdh;.

nkf];jdPRf;F gpwF “nla;Nkf;f];”

“ilNahdPrpa];” Mfpath;fs; fpNuf;f

ehl;bd; J}Jth;fs;

mNrhfh; (fp.K. 273 – 236)

fp. K. 273y; gpe;Jrhuh; ,we;jpUg;ghh;

vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ

,jw;F gpd; gjtp Vw;wtiu mNrhfh; vd

kh];fp fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ

mNrhfh; fhyj;J fy;ntl;L mtiu

Njthdhk;gpa gpajrp vd;W $WfpwJ.

Njthdhk;gpa vd;why; flTshhy;

Nerpf;fg;gLgth; vd nghUs;gLk;

Gpajrp vd;why; fdpe;j ghh;itAilath;

vd nghUs;gLk;

,tUila kidtp Njtp. Rptid

topgl;l ,tiu Gj;jkjj;jpw;F khw;wpath;

jprh vd;w cgFg;jh;

,e;jpahit Mz;l kpf rpwe;j kd;dh;

Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig Vw;wTld; 13

Mz;Lfs; Nghhpy; fhyk; fopj;jhh;

fp.K. 261Mk; Mz;by; jw;NghJ xhprh

vdg;gLk; fypq;fj;jpd; kPJ Nghh;

njhLj;jhh;. Nghhpy; 1>50>000 Ngh;

ifjpfshfg; gpbgl;ldh;. gy ,yl;rk; Ngh;

caph; Jwe;jdh;.

vdNt ,dp NghhpLtjpy;iy vd rgjk;

vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhh;.

mNrhfh; Nghhpl;l fypq;f kd;ddpd; ngah;

njhpatpy;iy

NghUf;Fg;gpd; jpf; tp[ak; vdg;gLk;

rz;ilapLjiy tpl;L tpl;L jh;k tp[ak;

vd;w mfpk;irapy; nry;y Jtq;fpdhh;

mNrhfh; %d;whtJ Gj;j khehl;bid

ghlypGj;jpuj;jpy; $l;bdhh;

fy;g #j;uh vd;w E}iy gj;jpu ghF

vOjpAs;shh;.

mNrhfhpd; NtW ngah;fs;:

Njtdhk;gphpah;> gphpajh;\pzp

,th; jdJ Nghjidfis gug;g ghyp

nkhopia gad;gLj;jpdh;

mNrhfhpd; kfd; kNfe;jpud; kw;Wk; kfs;

rq;fkpj;jpiu Gj;j kjj;jpid gug;g

,yq;if nrd;wdh;.

,th; Gj;j> jh;kh Mfpatw;wpy; ek;gpf;if

nfhz;L mjd; top ele;jjhy; mNrhfh;

kpfr; rpwe;jth; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwhh;

mNrhfhpd; Ngud; jrujd; Mthh;. ,th;

mNrhfUf;F gpwF fpof;FGw

khfhzq;fis Ml;rp nra;jhh;.

mNrhfhpd; fy;ntl;Lfs; - tifg;ghLfs;

14 ghiw Mizfs;

gjp%d;whtJ ghiw fy;ntl;L fypq;f

ntw;wpia Fwpg;gpLfpwJ

fpNuf;f ehLfSf;F mNrhfh; mDg;gpa

J}Jf;FOf;fis Fwpg;gpLfpwJ

mNrhfhpd; ed;ndwp kw;Wk;

nfhs;iffis $WfpwJ

,U rpW ghiw Mizfs;

Kjy; rpW ghiwf; fy;ntl;L

mNrhfUila jdpg;gl;l tho;f;if gw;wp

$WfpwJ.

,uz;lhtJ ghiwf; fy;ntl;L mNrhfhpd;

jh;knfhs;ifs; gw;wp $WfpwJ.

,U fypq;fh ghiw Mizfs;

,it gjpehd;F ghiwf; fy;ntl;Lfspd;

,izg;ghFk;.

vy;iyg;Gwq;fspy; cs;s goq;Fb

kf;fsplk; ele;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba

Kiwfis $WfpwJ.

ghq;& fy;ntl;L Miz:

Gj;j rkaf; fy;ntl;LfspypUe;J VO

gFjpfis ,f;fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ

guhgh; Fiff;fy;ntl;Lf;fs;:

mNrhfhpd; gazq;fis Fwpg;gpLfpwJ

7 fw;W}z; Mizfs;

rpW J}z; fy;ntl;Lfs;

,it nkhj;jk; ehd;F J}z;fshFk;.

1. Rhuehj; 2. rhQ;rp

3. Uk;kpz;b 4. myfhghj;

mNrhfUila ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLk; xNu

xU fy;ntl;L Miz k];fp fy;ntl;L

Miz MFk;.

Kf;fpa ghiwf; fy;ntl;L Mizfs;

1. \hgh]; fhh;fp – ng\htUf;F mUfpy;

2. khd; nr ;̀uh - ng\htUf;F mUfpy;

3. fhy;rp – cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

4. fph;dhh; - fj;jpathh;

5. Nrhghuh – Kk;igf;F mUfpy;

6. njsTyp – xhprh

7. n[sflh – nrd;idf;F mUfpy;

8. nga;uhj; - n[a;g;G+h;

9. rf];uhk; - tq;fhsk;

10. k];fp – i`juhghj; mUfpy;

mNrhfhpd; J}z; fy;ntl;lhzifs;

1. Uk;kpz;b – Neghsk;

2. ghuehj; - gdhuR

3. nyshpah ee;jd fh; - gPfhh;

4. Njhguh – mk;ghyh

5. rhe;jp – Nghghy;

,f;fy;ntl;Lfs; ngUk;ghYk; gpuhkp

vOj;Jf;fNs

rhzf;fpah;

,thpd; G+h;tPfk; Nfush

,thpd; NtW ngah; : nfsby;ah;> tp\;Z

Fg;jh;

,th; vOjpa Ml;rp E}y;: mh;j;j

rh];jpuk; ,e;j E}y; nkshpah;fspd;

murpay;> (States craft) rKjhak;> rkak;

kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk; Fwpj;J mwpa

cjTfpwJ. ,J rk];fpUjj;jpy;

vOjg;gl;lJ.

tpw;gid thpia Kjd; Kjypy;

mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;

,tiu ,j;jhypapd; Nkf;fpty;yp vd;w

murpay; rpe;jidahsUld;

xg;gpLfpd;wdh;. (Nkf;fpty;yp vOjpa E}y;

gphpd;];) ,th; re;jpuFg;jh; kw;Wk;

gpe;Jrhuhplk; Kjd;ik mikr;ruhf

gzpahw;wpdhh;.

tprhfjj;jh;

,th; kfhuh[h gh];fujj;jhtpd; kfd;

Mthh;

,th; %d;W ehlfq;fis vOjpAs;shh;

1. Kj;uh uhl;rfk; 2. Njtp re;jpuFg;jk;

3. Abisarika Vancitaka

nkshpah;fspd; eph;thfk;

nkshpah;fs; jq;fsJ eph;thfj;ij 7

tifahf gphpj;jdh;

1. ika muR

2. khfhz muR

3. cs;shl;rp muR

4. ePjpj;Jiw

5. tUtha;j;Jiw

6. ,uhZtj;Jiw

7. Xw;wh; gil

nkshpa murUf;F epUthfj;jpy; cjtp

nra;a ke;jphp ghP\j; vd;w FO ,Ue;jJ.

xt;nthU fpuhkKk; fpuhkzp

Nkw;ghh;itapYk;> gj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l

fpuhkq;fs; ];jhdpfh; fPOk;> ehd;F Kjy;

gj;J fpuhkq;fs; Nfhgh;fs; fPOk;>

efuq;fs; efuh;fs; fPOk; ,Ue;J te;jJ.

nkshpa muR jhAs;sj;NjhL eph;thfk;

nra;j murhFk;. ,jdhy;jhd; mNrhfh;

jdJ fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; midj;J kdpjg;

gpwtpfSk; jdJ Foe;ijfs; vd;W

$Wfpwhh;.

Kf;fpakhd mikr;rh;fs; ke;jphpfs;

vdg;gLth;. ,th;fis gpwh; rr;rpth (m)

MNkj;ah vd;W $Wth;

jh;k kfh khj;jpuh;fs; - kj Nghjfh;>

,th;fs; jh;kj;ij Nghjpg;gth;fs;

gpuNjrpfh;fs; - epythp> fh;ty;

uh[Pfh;fs; - epyq;fis msg;gJ

me;j kfh khj;jpuh;fis – vy;iyg;Gw

fhtyh;fs;

nkshpa tk;rj;jpd; filrp kd;dd;

gpufjhuh

nkshpag; NguuRk;> Rq;f tk;rKk;

tPo;r;rpAw;w gpd; atdh;fs;> rfh;fs;>

gfyth;fs;> F\hzh;fs; MfpNahh;

,e;jpahit Mz;ldh;.

,th;fSf;F ghf;bhpah;fSk;

ghh;j;jpah;fSk; ,e;jpa fpNuf;fh;fs; vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd

Rq;f tk;rk; fp.K. 186 - 76

Rq;fh;fisg; gw;wp mwpa cjTk;

rhd;Wfs; fhspjhrhpd; khstpfhf;dpkpj;uk;>

ghzhpd; `h;\rhpjk;> gjQ;rypapd; kfh

gh\;ak; MFk;.

nkshpa tk;rj;jpd; filrp kd;dh;

gpUfuj;jhuhit mtuJ mikr;rh; G\;a

kpj;uh nfhd;W Rq;f tk;rj;ij epWtpdhh;.

,th;fs; ghuj;th[ Nfhj;jpuj;ijr; rhh;e;j

gpuhkzh;fs; Mth;.

,th;fspd; jiyefuk; ghlypGj;jpuk;

G\;a kpj;jpuh;: tpjh;g;g ehl;Lld; Nghhpl;L

ntw;wp ngw;W mRtNkj ahfk; nra;jhh;.

fhuNtyhplk; ,UKiw Nghhpl;L Njhw;whh;.

,e;J kjk; jioj;jJ. fspkz;zhy;

mNrhfh; fl;ba rhQ;rp ];J}gpia

fUq;fw;fs; nfhz;L G\;a kpj;jpuh;

mikj;jhh;. ,tUf;Fg;gpd; ,tuJ kfd;

mf;dpkpj;jpuh; Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;.

fiy> rkak; Mfpait

jioj;Njhq;fpajhy; ,th;fs; Fg;jh;fspd;

nghw;fhy Ml;rpf;F tpj;jpl;ldh;.

Rq;fh;fs; fpNuf;f gilnaLg;ig jLj;J

epWj;jpaJ Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;.

Rq;f tk;rj;jpd; filrp kd;dd; NjtG+l;b

,tiu ,tuJ mikr;rh; thRNjtfz;th

nfhd;whh;.

fz;th;fs; fp.K.76-31

thRNjtNu fz;th; tk;rj;ij

Njhw;Wtpj;jth;fs;

fypq;f tk;rk;

fypq;f tk;rj;jpd; kpfr; rpwe;j kd;dd;

fhuNtyh

Kfjk;> rhjthfdh;fs; kw;Wk; njw;Nf

Nfhjhthpf;F gpwFk; ntw;wp ngw;whh;.

fhuNtydpd; ntw;wpwia mwpa cjTk;

fy;ntl;L mjpFk;gh fy;ntl;L MFk;.

rhfh;fs; fp.K. 20 – fp.gp. 22

rhfh;fspd; Kjy; kd;dh; nks]; gh;d];

ghh;j;jpah;fs; fp.K. 20 – fp.gp.22

F\hzh;fs; A+r;rp vd;w rPd kugpd; xU

fpis kugpidr; rhh;e;jth;fs;

FaP \ht;]; vd;gNj gpd;dh; F\hz;

vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ

tlNkw;fpy; cs;s ghh;j;jPah;fis

,th;fs; mg;Gwg;gLj;jpdh;

F\hd tk;rj;jpd; Kjy; murh; F[pyh

frh fl;gP]]; my;yJ Kjyhk;

fl;g{]];

,th;fspd; jiyefh;: ng\hth; vdg;gLk;

GU\hGuk;

,th; cNuhkhdhpah;fSld; njhlh;G

itj;jpUe;jhh;

,th; ehzaq;fs; ntspapl;lhh;. mit

mf];l];> kw;Wk; ilgPhpa]; MfpNahhpd;

ehzaq;fis xj;jpUe;jd.

F[Pyh fl; gP]];: fp.K. 15 – fp.gp. 65 tiu

,th; Kjyhk; fl;gP]]; vd;W

miof;fg;gLth;

ghh;j;jpgh;fis Njhw;fbj;J [Pyk;

ejpf;fiu tiu Ml;rpia mikj;jhh;.

tPkhd fl; gP]];: fp.gp. 64 – 78 tiu

,th; Kjyhk; fl;gP]]; vd;W

miof;fg;gLth;

rPdhTld; Nghhpl;L Njhw;whh;. ,th;

fhyj;jpy; rPd kw;Wk;

cNuhkhdpah;fSld; tzpfj; njhlh;G

itj;jpUe;jhh;.

,th; fhyj;jpy; cNuhkpypUe;J Vuhskhd

jq;f ehzak; ,e;jpah nfhz;L

tug;gl;lJ.

,th; fpof;fpy; kJuh tiu Ml;rp

nra;jhh;

,th; irtj;ij rhh;e;jth;. ,tuJ

ehzaq;fs; kPJ rptd;> rptdJ vUJ

kw;Wk; #yk; Mfpait fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,thpd; gl;lg;ngah;fs; kfhuh[h>

uh[hjpuh[h> rh;tNuhf <];tuh;>

k`Pthuuh[h

fdp\;fh;: fp.gp. 78 – 102 tiu

F\hd tk;rj;jpd; rpwe;j murh; Kjyhk;

fdp\;fh;.

,th; fh\;kPiu ifg;gw;wp jdJ

ntw;wpapd; epidthf fdp\;f Guk; vd;w

Xh; efiu epWtpdhh;.

fdp\;fh; Gj;j rkaj;ij gpd;gw;wpdhh;.

,th; 4-tJ Gj;j khehl;bid Fz;ld;

thd (=efh;) vDkplj;jpy; $l;bdhh;.

ghlypGj;jpuj;ij ntd;whh;. mq;F ,Ue;j

mRtNfh\uiu jk;Kld; mioj;Jf;

nfhz;lhh;.

rPdhTld; ,UKiw Nghhpl;lhh;. Kjy;

Kiw Njhy;tpaile;jhh;.

fdp\;fh; rPdhTld; Nghhpl;L ntd;w

gFjpfs;: fh\;fh;> ahh;ffz;L Nfhlhd;

Gj;j rhpjk; vd;w E}iy “mRtNfh\h”

vd;gth; vOjpAs;shh;

mRtNfh\iu fPioehl;bd; mhp];lhby;

vd;W $Wth;.

kpfr; rpwe;j mwptpay; jj;Jt Qhdp

ehfhh;[Pdh

,e;jpahtpd; “Id;];Bd;” vd;gh;

rufh vd;w kUj;Jt mwpQh;. R];Ujh

kw;Wk; ruf rk;`pij Mfpa E}y;fis

vOjpAs;shh;.

fdp\;fiu ,uz;lhk; mNrhfh; vd;W

$Wth;.

rPdhtpy; Gj;j kjj;ij

mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; fhr;rpag;g khjq;fh;

fdp\;fh; Gj;j tuyhW. #j;jpu myq;fhuk;

Mfpa E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;

ehfhh;[Pdh;:

fdp\;fiu Gj;j kjj;jpw;F khw;wpath;

ehfhh;[Pdh; (fhQ;rp)> ,th; kfhahdj;jpw;F

MjuT mspj;J rk];fpUj nkhopf;F

MjuT mspj;jhh;.

,jdhy; ehfhj;[Pdh; Gj;j rkaj;jpd;

khh;bd;Yjh; vd;gth;. ,th; vOjpa E}y;

kj;jpa kpf #j;jpuk;.

Athd; Rthq; ehfhh;[Pdiu cyf

khNkij vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

thR kpj;uh: kfh tpNg\ #j;jpuk; vd;w

E}iy vOjpdhh;. ,e;E}y; kfhahdj;jpw;F

tpsf;fk; mspj;jJ. NkYk; nrse;ju ee;jk;

vd;w E}iyAk; rhhpGj;jpu gpufh;zk; vd;w

ehlfj;ijAk; vOjpAs;shh;.

fhe;jhuf;fiy:

fdp\;fh; fhyj;jpy; kJuh kw;Wk;

fhe;jhuf; fiy kpfTk; rpwg;ghf

tsh;r;rpAw;wJ. ,e;jpa fpNuf;fk; Nrh;e;j

rpw;g fiyNa fhe;jhuf; fiy.

kfhahd Gj;j rkaj;jpd; tsh;r;rpNa

fhe;jhuf; fiy tsuf; fhuzkhFk;

,J fdp\;fh; fhyj;jpy; cr;r epiyia

mile;jJ

Gj;jh; rpiyAk; fhe;jhuf; fiyAk;:

Gj;jUf;F gpd;dhy; Qhd tl;lk;

fhzg;gl;lJ. epw;Fk; tbtj;jpy;

Nghjprj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fk; fpNuf;f

ghzpapy; cil> Gj;jUf;F kPir

Mfpait Kf;fpa mk;rq;fshFk;.

rfh rfhg;jk;

fp.gp. 78-k; Mz;L rfh rfhg;jk; my;yJ

rhypthfd rfhg;jk; vdg;gLk;

Kjy; nghw;fhRfis ntspapl;lth;fs;

F\hdh;fNs

F\hdh;fspd; tPo;r;rp

fdp\fhpd; topj; Njhd;wy;fspy;

Kf;fpakhdth; Kjyhk; thRNjth; Mthh;.

tlNkw;fpy; ghurPf rrhdpahpd; Ml;rp

F\hdh;fspd; tPo;r;rpf;F Kf;fpa

fhuzkhFk;

Fg;jh;fs; fhyk; fp.gp. 270 Kjy; 570 tiu

rhd;Wfs;:

,yf;fpa rhd;W

1. thA Guhzk;

2. kr;r Guhzk;

3. gpuk;khz;l Guhzk;

4. rpfehh; vOjpa fhke;jfPa rhuk;

5. tprhfjj;jh; vOjpa Njtp re;jpuFg;jk;

kw;Wk; Kj;jpuh uhl;rrk;

6. gputu Nrdh; vOjpa NrJ ge;jd

fhtpak;

7. ghzh; vOjpa mh;\ rhpjk;

8. fhspjhrh; vOjpa UJ rk;fhuk;>

khstpfhf;dp kpj;jpuk;> Fkhu rk;gtk;

rhFe;jyk;> NkfJ}jk;> uFtk;rk;

9. fpNrhhpfuh kw;Wk; tp[;[pfuh vOjpa

nfsKjp kNfhj;trk;

10. ehujh;> gpuf];gjp MfpNahh; vOjpa

];kpjpfs;

11. Nrk Njth; vOjpa fhj;jrhpj rhfh;

12. Rjhfuh vOjpa kpUr;rfbjk;

13. Tpahrh;> `hpjh; kw;Wk; gpjhkfh; vOjpa

E}y;fs;

14. ,yq;if E}y;fs; jPg tk;rk; kw;Wk;

kfh tk;rk;

Njtp re;jpuFg;jk;: ,uhk Fg;jh; kw;Wk;

,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jh; MfpNahUf;fpilNa

eilngw;w murpay; Nghuhl;lj;ij

tpsf;FfpwJ.

may; ehl;lth; Fwpg;Gfs;:

rPd gazpfspd; Fwpg;Gfs;:

1. Ghfpahd; vOjpa Ngh-FNah-fp (Fo-Kuo-

Ki)

2. ,l; rpq;

3. Athd; Rthq;

4. thq;-Aapd;-Nr

fy;ntl;Lfs;:

1. rKj;jpu Fg;jhpd; myfhghj;

fy;ntl;Lfs;.

2. ,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jhpd; cjafphp

kw;Wk; fhQ;rpf; fy;ntl;Lfs;

3. Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;jhpd; Ml;rpia

tpsf;Fk; gpy;rhl; fy;J}z; fy;ntl;L>

fj;th fy;J}z; fy;ntl;L kq;Fthh;

fy;ntl;L> gPjhh; J}z; fy;ntl;L>

,e;J}h; jhkpu rhrdk; kw;Wk; nk`nusp

,Uk;Gj;J}z; fy;ntl;L

ehzaq;fs;

re;jpu Fg;jh; kw;Wk; rKj;jpu Fg;jhpd;

ehzaq;fs;. re;jpu Fg;jh; tPiz

thrpg;gJ Nghd;w ehzaq;fs;

cUtr;rpiyfs; kw;Wk; Xtpaq;fs;

Fg;jh; fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;j m[e;jh

Xtpaq;fs;

Fg;j muR: fp./gp. 270

Fg;j tk;rj;jpd; Kjy; murh; : =Fg;jh;

,th; tlf;F tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; njw;F

gPfhh; gFjpia Mz;ljhf njhpatUfpwJ.

gpd; ,tuJ kfd; fNlhjf[ Fg;jh Ml;rp

nra;jhh;

,tUf;Fg;gpd; ,tuJ kfd; Kjyhk;

re;jpu Fg;jh; Ml;rp nra;jhh;

jiyefuk;: ghlypGj;jpuk;

Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;jh;:

kfhuh[hjpuh[h vd;w gl;lk; Kjd;

Kjyhf ngw;wth;

Fg;j rfhg;jj;ij fp. gp. 320y;

Njhw;Wtpj;jth;.

kidt: irthypiar; rhh;e;j ypr;rhtp

,sturpahd FkhuNjtp

kidtpAld; ,ize;J jq;f

ehzaq;fis ntspapl;lhh;

rKj;jpu Fg;jh;

fp. gp. 330 Kjy; 380 tiu Ml;rp

nra;jhh;.

rhd;Wfs;:

1. Vuhd; nrg;NgL> fiar; nrg;NgL> ehse;jh

nrg;NgL

2. je;jphpfh kz;lfk; vd;w E}y;

3. thq; - `pA+d; - Nr vd;w rPd gazp

Fwpg;Gfs;

4. `hp Nrdhpd; myfhghj; J}z; fy;ntl;L

,tuJ gilg;G 5 tiffshf gphpf;fyhk;

1. Mhpa th;j;jj;jpd; ,Ue;j 5 muRfis

ifg;gw;Wjy;

2. 5 vy;iyg;Gw khfhzq;fs;

3. kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpd; goq;Fbfs;

4. jf;fhzk; kw;Wk; njw;F ,e;jpahtpy;

muRfs;

5. Mg;fhdp];jhdpd; xU rpyg; gFjpfs;

Njhw;w murh;fs;:

Njhw;w 9 tl ,e;jpa muRfs;:

1. Thfhl – cUj;jpuNrdd; 2. kJuhGhp –

fzgjp ehjh; 3. ehfjj;jhh; 4. ehfNrdh;

5. mr;Rjh; 6. gyth;kd; 7. Kjpyh; 8.

re;jpth;kd; 9. ee;jpdp

ifg;gw;wp 5 vy;iyg;Gw muRfs;

1. rhkjhjh 2. jhtfh 3. Fhk&gh 4.

Neghsk; 5. fh;j;jpGuh

kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpd; 9 goq;Fbfs;:

1. mgpuh]; 2. fhfh]; 3. fughpfh];

5. mh;Rdehaf]; 5. khh;th]; 6. khl;ufh];

7. gpuhh;[Pdh]; 8. Rhdfdpfh]; 9.

nasNjah];

jf;fhzj;jpy; Njhw;w 12 murh;fs;:

1. Nfhry ehL – kNfe;jpud;

2. fhe;jhu ehL – tpahf;fpufuh[d;

3. nfsuhyh - khe;j uh[h

4. fhQ;rp - tp\;Z Nfhg;gh;

5. ntQ;rp - m];jpth;kh;

6. gpj;jhGuk; - kNfe;jpufphp

7. F\;e;jyGuk; - jdQ;nrad;

8. gy;yf;f ehL – cf;fpuNrdd;

9. Nfhl;^uh - Rthkpj;jh;

10. Vuz;lgy;ytk; - jhkdh;

11. mtKj;jk; - ePyuh[h

12. Njtuh\;buk; - FNguk;

myfhghj; J}z; fy;ntl;L – mhpNrfh;

mRt Nkj ahfk; nra;jhh;

ehzaq;fspy; ,th; MAjq;fSlDk;>

GypAlDk; NghuhLtJ Nghd;W

ntspapl;lhh;.

,th; Nghh;Ghptjpy; jpwikAilath;.

vdNt lhf;lh; tpd;nrz;l ];kpj; ,tiu

,e;jpa neg;Nghypad; vd;W $wpAs;shh;.

jq;f ehzaq;fis ntspapl;lhh;

tpf;fpukhq;fh vd;w gl;lj;jpid ngw;whh;

<o kd;d; Nkfth;zd; Nfl;lthW

fiaapy; Gj;j klhyak; fl;bdhh;.

,jdhy; mDfk;gtd; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

ftpuhrh vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;;

,tuJ rigapid mhpNrdh; kw;Wk;

tRge;J myq;fhpj;jdh;

tRge;J ,thpd; Mrphpah; Mthh;

Fg;jh; fhy ,yf;fpak; ,e;jpahtpd;

vyprngj; fhyk; vd;W $Wth;.

Fg;jh;fspd; fhyk; gpuhkzh;fspd; fhyk;

vd;Wk; $Wth;. Fg;jh;fspd; fhyk;

gpuhkzh;fspd; fhyk; vd;Wk; ,e;J kj

kWkyh;r;rp fhyk; vd;Wk; ,e;J kj

kWkyh;r;rp fhyk; vd;gjhy; ,jid

nghw;fhyk; vd;W $Wth;.

,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jh; (fp.gp.380-413)

,th; tpf;fpukhjpj;jpad; vd;w ngaUld;

mhpaiz Vwpdhh;

INuhg;gpa tuyhw;wpy; Bourbous kw;Wk;

Hapsburqs Nghd;W jpUkzq;fs; %yk;

cwit tsh;j;Jf; nfhz;lhh;

ypr;rhtp Fyj;jpy; nfhz;l njhlh;G>

ehfh;fspd; kfs; FNgh; ehifAld;

jpUkzk;> jdJ kfs; gpughtjpia

,uz;lhk; cUj;jpuNrdDf;F jpUkzk;

nra;J itj;jy; Mfpait Kf;fpa

epfo;r;rpahFk;

rPd ahj;jphpah; ghfpahd; ,th; fhyj;jpy;

,e;jpahtpw;F te;jhh;

c[;[apdpia ,uz;lhtJ jiyefuhf

khw;wpdhh;

FJg;kpdhUf;F mUfpy; cs;s ,Uk;Gj;

J}z; ,th; epWtpaJ MFk;

rfh;fis ntd;wjhy; rhfhhp< rrhq;fd;

vd;w ngah;fs; ,tUf;F cz;L

rpq;fj;ij tPo;j;JtJ> Fjpiuapy; rthhp

nra;tJ> fUld; gwg;gJ> nfhw;wf;

Fifapd; fPo; epw;tJ> jpUkhy;

tho;j;JtJ Nghd;w ehzaq;fis

ntspapl;lhh;.

,th; fhyj;jpy; etuj;jpdq;fs; vdg;gLk;

mit ,Ue;jJ. mjd; tptuq;fs;

gpd;tUkhW.

1. jd;te;jphp: kUj;Jt epGzh;

2. Kshapanaka

3. mkuNfh\k; vOjpa mku rpk;kh;

4. rhq;f gl;lh; 5. Ntjy;y gl;lh;. 6.

Fjfghuh 7. tuhfkpfpuh

,th; rpwe;j thdtpay; mwpQh;>

fzpjtpay; kw;Wk; Nrhjpl ty;Yeh;>

etuj;jpdq;fspy; xUth;> gpufj;rk;fpjh>

gQ;r rpj;jhe;jpfh> yq;FQhlfh Mfpa

E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;.

,th; fhyj;jpy; 5 rpj;jhe;jq;fs; ,Ue;jd.

mit

#hpa rpj;jhe;jh: ngUq;fub vdg;gLk;

el;rj;jpuf; $l;lj;ij gw;wpajhFk;.

,jid njhFj;jth; ypkh

itNrh\pj rpj;jhe;jh: ngUq;fub

vdg;gLk; el;rj;jpuf; $l;lj;ij

gw;wpajhFk;. ,jid njhFj;jth;

tp\;Zfhe;jh

Gypr rpj;jhe;jh: ,J fpNuf;f ehl;by;

cs;sJ. ,jid njhFj;jth; Gypr

Nukfh rpj;jhe;jh: Nuhkdpa muirg;

gw;wpaJ ,jidj; njhFj;jth; \h;\pfh.

gpuk;k rpj;jhe;jh: gpuk;k Fg;jh; vd;gtuhy;

njhFf;fg;gl;lJ.

,uz;lhk; re;jpu Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; mitg;

Gytuhf fhspjhrh; ,Ue;jhh;

fhspjhrh; vOjpa ehlfq;fs;:

1. khstpfhf;fpdp kpj;jpuk; - Rq;f murh;

tuyhW

2. rhFe;jyk; - ehlfk;

3. tpf;uk Ch;trp – ehlfk;

fhspjhrh; vOjpa fhg;gpaq;fs;:

1. uFtk;rk; - uhkh; tuyhW

2. Fkhurk;gtk; - KUfd; tuyhW

fhspjhrh; vOjpa ghly;fs;:

1. Nkf J}jk;

2. hpJ rk;rhuk; - gUt fhy khw;wk;

,th; ,e;jpahtpd; N\f;];gpah; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lhh;

m[e;jh Xtpak;> jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s

rpj;jd;d thry; Xtpak; Fg;h; fhyj;ij

Nrh;e;jit

ghfpahd;

Gj;j E}y;fis Nrfhpf;fTk;> Gj;j

tpfhuq;fis ghh;itaplTk; ,e;jpahtpw;F

te;jhh;.

Mhpag;gl;lh

Fg;jh;fspd; Ml;rp KbTw;w nghOJ

tho;e;jhh;

rpwe;j fzpj Nkij

rpwe;j thd E}ywpQh;

$hpa rpj;jhe;jh vd;w E}iy vOjpdhh;

G+kp jd;idj;jhNd Rw;wpf nfhs;fpwJ

vd;W fz;Lgpbj;jth;

mhpNrdh – rpwe;j ftpQh;

Fkhu Fg;jh;

ehye;jh gy;fiyf; fofj;ij

Njhw;Wtpj;jth;.

Kf;fpa E}y;fs;:

tprhf jj;jh;: Kj;uh uhf;bak; (nkshpah;>

ee;jh;fs;> Nghh;fs;) Njtp re;jpu Fg;jk;

(re;jpu Fg;jh; - II Jut Njtp) tuyhW

#j;jpufh;: kpUr;rpf fbjk; (rhUjj;jd; +

tre;j Nrid)

ghutp: fhh;j;jhh;[Pdpak;

thj;];ahdh;: fhk#j;jpuk;

thfg;gl;lh;: m\;lhq;f rq;fpujk;>

m\;lhq;f fpUjark;`pij

gQ;rje;jpu fijfs; tp\;Z rh;khtpdhy;

njhFf;fg;gl;lJ

nly;ypapy; nk ;̀Uyp vd;Dkplj;jpy;

,Uk;Gj; J}z; fl;lg;gl;lJ

];fe;j Fg;jh;: fp.gp.455 Kjy; fp.gp.467 tiu

,th; Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;jhpd; kfd;

P̀dh;fs; vdg;gLk; Kul;L ,dj;ij

ntd;W tpf;fpukhjpj;ad; vd;w ngaiu

#l;bf;nfhz;lhh;. ,tiug; gw;wpa

jfty;fs; fjhrhprhfuk; vd;w E}ypy;

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

G\;akpj;jpuh;fis Njhw;fbj;jhh;

itzth;

gpd; Njhd;wy;fs;:

fp. gp. 467 fp. gp. 477

1. GUFg;jh;

2. eurpk;kFg;jh;

3. ,uz;lhk; Fkhu Fg;jh;

fp.gp. 477 – 496 Gj Fg;jh;

fp.gp. 446 – 550 jjhfj Fg;jh;

ghyhj;jpah; - eurpk;kFg;jh;

ghyhj;jpah; kPz;Lk; P̀zh;fis

Njhw;fbj;jhh;.

ghyhj;jpah; kw;Wk; tp\;Z Fg;jh;fs;

,tUtUk; Fg;jh;fspd; filrpkd;dh;fs;

fl;bl fiyapy; Kjd;ikahf fUjg;gLk;

ehfug; ghzpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;fs;

Fg;jh;fs; Mthh;fs;.

murNu ,uhZtj; jiyth;

mthpd; fPo; kfhNrdhjpgjp

kfh Nrdhjpgjpapd; fPo; kfh jz;lehah;

Fjpiug; gilapd; jsgjp – m];tgjp

ahidg;gilapd; jsgjp – gPYgjp

Nghh;fhyj;jpy; ,uhZt nryTfis

ftdpf;f uzgz;lhufh;

jz;l ghrpfh; vd;gth; cah; fhty;

mYtyh;

fhty;Jiw gzpahsh;fs; gl;lh;> rl;lh;

vdg;gl;ldh;.

ntspAwTj; Jiw mikr;rh; kfh rhe;jp

tpf;fpujpfh;.

ntspehLfSld; 16 tifahd

cld;ghLfs; fhzg;gl;ljhf fhke;jfPa

ePjp rhuk; vd;w E}y; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

tpf;ukrpyh gy;fiyf;fofk; jh;kghyh;

vd;w ghy murhpd; MjuTld;

fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,g; gy;fiyf; fofk;

jhe;hpf; Gj;jkjj;Jld; njhlh;GilaJ.

,q;F Gfo; ngw;w Mrphpah;fshf

ehfh;[Pdh; kw;Wk; mjprh jPgq;fh;

MfpNahh; ,Ue;jdh;.

rfh Fyk;:

rfh murh;fspy; Kjyhk; Uj;u jhkd;

Rjh;rd; Vhpapd; kuhkj;J gzpia

Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.

myfhghj; J}z; fy;ntl;lil

nrJf;fpath; `hpNrdh;

mjpFk;gh fy;ntl;L – fhuNtyh;

th;j;jd Fyk;

th;j;jd Fyj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth;

G\;aG+jp

,f;Fyj;jpd; gpw Kf;fpa murh;fs;

1. euth;j;jdh;

2. uh[;a th;j;jdh;

3. Mjpj;jpa th;j;jdh;

4. gpghfu th;j;jdh; fp.gp. 583-605

,uh[;a th;j;jdh;: fp.gp. 605 - 606

jq;ifapd; fztd; fpuf th;kd; khst

kd;dd; Njt Fg;jdhy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

nfsl murd; rhrq;fdhy; jq;if

,uh[;a= rpiwg;gpbf;fg;gl;lhh;.

Njtrh;kDld; Nghhpl;L ntd;whYk;

nfsl murdhy; ,th; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

,tUf;F gpd; ,tuJ rNfhjhh;

\h;\th;j;dh; gjtpNaw;whh;.

`h;\th;j;jdh;

rhd;Wfs;

1. ma;N`hNy fy;ntl;L

2. kJgd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; `h;\h;f;F gpd;

cs;s 4 jiyKiwfis gw;wp

$WfpwJ. Nrhdg;gl;laq;fs; jiyKiw

Fog;gq;fis jPh;j;J itf;fpwJ

3. `h;\hpd; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpia

ghd;Nrfuh fy;ntl;Lfs; vLj;Jf;

fhl;LfpwJ

4. Ghzhpd; `h;\; rhpjk;

5. Athd; Rthq;fpd; rpAf;fp

6. `h;\hpd; ehfhde;jh> uj;jpdhtsp>

gphpajh;rpfh

`h;\hpd; ehfhde;jh> uj;jpdhtsp>

gphpajh;rpfh

jikad;: uh[th;j;jdh;

jq;if: uh[;a=

ikj;Jdh;: fpufth;kd;

jiyeh;: fd;Ndhrp vd;w jhNd\;th;

Fg;j NguuR tPo;r;rpf;F gpd; Njhd;wpa gy

rpw;wuRfspy; th;j;jd Fy rpw;work; xd;W

,t;tk;rj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j kd;dh; `h;\h;.

,th; tl ,e;jpahtpd; xU gFjpia

Ml;rp nra;jhh;.

njd; ,e;jpahtpy; rhSf;fpa ehl;L

kd;dd; ,uz;lhk; GypNfrp kiwtpw;F

gpd;dh; fQ;rd; gFjpia ntd;whh;. ,JNt

mthpd; filrp ntw;wpahFk;.

,th; fhyj;jpy; midj;J rkaq;fspd;

khehL fd;Ndhrpapy; eilngw;wJ

myfhghj; efhpy; rka khehl;il kPz;Lk;

elj;jpdhh;

ehse;jhg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

,jd; jiyth; jh;kghyh;

,jid epWtpath;fs; Kfhhp murh;fs;

fhQ;rp jh;kghyh; jj;Jt Nguhrphpah;

mrhk; rPygj;jpuh; Jiz Nte;jh;

1500 Mrphpah;fs;: 10000 khzth;fs;

gjQ;ryp – kfhgh\;ak;

gy;fiyf;fof jiyth; - rpy;gjhuh

kjr;rz;ilapy; ,g;gy;fiyf;fofk;

mope;jJ

`h;\h; jdJ ehl;il Gf;jp – tp\ak; -

gj;k vd gphpj;jhh;.

Cjuq;fk; vd;w epythp t#ypf;fg;gl;lJ

`h;\h; vOjpa E}y;fs;

1. uj;jpdhtsp 2. gphpajh;rpfh 3. ehfh

ee;jk; 4. rhe;jp rjfk; 5. ghh;thp

ghpzak;

ghzgl;lh;:

,th; `h;\ rhpjk;> fhjk;ghp kw;Wk;

ghh;tjp ghpzhk; Mfpa E}h;fis

vOjpAs;shh;

gpw E}y;fs; - gh;j;U `hp – thf;fpaghbak;

n[aNjth; vOjpa fPjhNfhtpe;jk;

yypj tp];jhuk;:

,e;e}y; ePl;ly; msitg; gw;wp

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ

ePl;lsitapd; kpf nghpa gFjp Nahid

MFk;

Nahrid vd;gJ murhpd; ,uhZtk; xU

ehspy; flf;Fk; J}uk; MFk;

Athd; Rthq;:

Athd; Rthq; rPd gazp ,th; fhyj;jpy;

,e;jpahtpw;F te;jhh;

,th; fhyj;jpy; rPdh;fs; ,e;jpahit bd;

- R,d;- L> n\d;-L> rPd;-lt; vd;Wk; rPd

,yf;fpaq;fs; ,e;j;th;dh vd;Wk;

mioj;jdh;

Athd; Rthq; vOjpa Fwpg;Gfs; Si-Yu-Ki

(rpAfp) vdg;gLk;

,th; Gj;j Myaq;fis ghh;itaplTk;

Gj;j E}y;fis jpul;lTk; ,e;jpahtpw;F

te;jhh;

,th; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j fhyk; fp.gp. 630

Kjy; 644 tiu MFk;

`h;\h ,tiu uh[; kfhYf;F mUNf

cs;s f[d;fyh $lhuj;jpy; re;jpj;jhh;

Athd; Rthq; ,e;jpa vOj;Jf;fis

gpuk;kNjtuhy; vOjg;gl;lit vd

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. mjd;gb nkhj;j

vOj;Jf;fs; 47 MFk;.

,th; fhyj;jpy; hpf; Ntjj;ijg; gw;wp

Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy

,th; a[Ph;> rhk> mjh;tz Ntjj;ijg;

gw;wp Fwpg;Gfs; je;Js;shh;.

Gj;j kjk; Sthaviras kw;Wk;

Mahasanghikas vd ,U ngUk; gphpthf

gphpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; Sthavirasy; 16

gphpTfSk; Mahasanghikas 4 gphpTfSk;

Mf 20 gphpTfs; Njhd;wpaJ. ,tw;wpy;

gphpTfs; kl;LNk eilKiwg;

gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

tl ,e;jpa muRfs; (fp.gp. 800-1200)

,uh[Gj;jpuh;fs;

`h;\hpd; kiwTf;Fg; gpd;G tl

,e;jpahtpy; gy rpW muRfs; Njhd;wpaJ

vl;lhk;> xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy;

Vwj;jho ehD}W Mz;Lfs;

uh[Gj;jpuh;fs; Ml;rp nra;jdh;

,uh[Gj;jpuh;fs; jPapypUe;J

Njhd;wpath;fs; vdf; $wpf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;

mth;fSf;fpilNa 36 muR gphpTfs;

,Ue;jikahy; xw;Wikapy;yhky;

jq;fSf;filNa vg;NghJk;

Nghhpl;Lf;nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jdh;.

Gahadwals: Gfo; ngw;w kd;dh; n[a

re;jpud; Mthh;. ,th; KfkJ Nfhhpahy;

1193y; eilngw;w Nghhpy; (Battle of Chanda)

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;.

Parmars: = th;\h vd;gtuhy;

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

gpujp`huh;fs;:

Kjyhk; murh; - ehf gl;lh;

jiyefuk; - fd;Ndhrp

Gfo;ngw;w murh; - Ngh[ murd;

filrp kd;dh; - uh[;a ghy;

uh[;a ghy; KfkJ f[pdpahy;

Njhw;fbfg;gl;lhh;

rt;̀ hd;fs;:

jiyefh; - m[;kPh;

tprhy Njth by;ypia ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1191y; eilngw;w Kjy; njuapd; Nghhpy;

gphpjptpuh[d; KfkJ Nfhhpia

Njhw;fbj;jhh;

1192y; eilngw;w ,lk; njuapd; Nghhpy;

fd;Ndhrp muruhd n[are;jpuiuj; jtpu

Vida ,uh[Gj;jpu muruhd

n[are;jpuiuj; jtpu Vida ,uh[Gj;jpu

murh;fs; midtUk; KfkJ Nfhhpahy;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L gphpjptpuh[d;

nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

,j;Njhy;tp ,uhrGj;jpuh;fis

epiyFiyar; nra;jJ

rhz;lyh;fs;: gz;ly;fz;il Mz;l ,th;fs;

Gfo; ngw;w f[PuhN`h Nfhapiyf;

fl;bath;fs;. Lhq; vd;w kd;dh; fp[PuhN`h

efhpy; tpRtehjh; Myaj;ij fl;bdhh;.

fq;fh;fs;:

jw;NghJ xhprg vd;w gFjpia

Mz;lth;fs; fq;fh;fs; Mth;

mde;jth;k #ld; vd;w kd;dd;

fhyj;jpy; G+hp n[fdhjh; Myak;

Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. ,tUf;Fg;gpd; Ml;rpf;F

te;j Kjyhk; eurpk;kk; K];yPk;fspd;

gilnaLg;ig Kwpabj;J n[fdhjh;

Myak; kw;Wk; nfhdhh;f;fpy; cs;s

#hpa flTs; Myaj;ij fl;bdhh;.

Kjyhk; eurpk;kUf;Fg;gpd; #hpa

tk;rj;ijr; rhh;e;j fgpNye;jpuh vd;gth;

Ml;rp nra;jhh;. 1568y; tq;fhsj;ijr;

rhh;e;j fhuuhzp $y;jhd;fshy; xhprh

ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

,uh[ juq;fpzp (The River of Kings):

,e;E}iy vOjpath; fy;`hzh; Mthh;

fh\;kpH; murh;fis gw;wp $Wk; Kf;fpa

(fh\;kPiug; gw;wp fpilf;fg;ngw;w

E}y;fspy; Kjy; E}y;) E}y; ,J MFk;.

#/gprk;

#/gprk; vd;gJ muGr; nrhy;

#/vd;why; fUg;G epwj;Jzp vd;gJ

nghUs;

fUg;G epwj;Jzpia nfhz;L ePskhd

Nkyq;fpfisj; jahhpj;Jf; nfhz;ljhy;

,j;Jwtpfs; #/gpfs; vdg;gl;ldh;.

,th;fs; ghurPfj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;j

,Ryhkpa Jwtpfs; Mthh;. ,th;fs;

,e;jpahtpw;F te;j fhyk; fp.gp. 11Mk;

E}w;whz;L

,th;fs; Fuhiz jPtpukhf gpd;gw;wpdh;

,th;fsplk; ,e;J Gj;j rkzkjj;jpd;

jhf;fk; fhzg;gl;lJ

,th;fs; nfhs;iffs;:

,iwtd; xUtNd

cz;ikahd ,iw mh;g;gzpg;Ng

njhOif Nehd;G> rlq;Ffs; Vw;ftpy;iy

,th;fs; ,e;Jf;fis ,Ryhkpah;fshf

khw;w Kaytpy;iy

Mdhy; ,e;J kjj;jpy; cs;s rlq;Ffs;

kw;Wk; rhjpfis iftpLkhW

cgNjrpj;jdh;

,th;fs; ,iwtid gz;zpirj;J ghba

ghly;fs; fhtypfs; vdg;gl;lJ

#/gpj; ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa ,U gphpTfs;:

1. rp\;b 2) Rfh; thh;b

Kf;fpa rp\;b #/gpj; Jwtpfs;

1. KapDjPD rp\;b – m[;kPh;

2. eprhKjPd; mTypah – jpy;yp

3. ghghghPj;

Kf;fpa Rfh;thh;bj; Jwtpfs;

1. N\f; rfhGjPd; Rfh;thb

2. mkpJjPd; eNfhhp

#/gprk; Njhd;wpajhy; ,e;J K];yPk;

xw;Wik Vw;gl;lJ

,e;jpahtpy; ,];yhkpa Ml;rp

,e;jpahtpd; kPJ Kjy; Kjy;

gilnaLj;jth; KfkJ gpd; fhrpk;

rpe;J gpuNjrj;jpd; kPJ fp.gp. 711-712y;

mth; gilnaLj;jhh;. ,e;J kd;dd; jhgPh;

vd;gtiu ntd;whh;.

KfkJ f[pdp

,e;jpahtpd; kPJ 17 Kiw gilnaLj;jhh;.

Kjy; gilnaLg;G fp.gp. 1001Mk; Mz;L

MFk;

15tJ Kiw NrhkehjGu Myaj;jpd; kPJ

1025 – 1026y; gilnaLj;J ngUk;

nry;tj;ij fth;e;jhh;. ,thpd;

gilnaLg;Gf;F fhuzk; nry;tj;ij

nfhs;isabg;gjhFk;

1030y; ,we;jhh;. gph;njsrp vOjpa

\hehkhtpYk; my;ng&dp vOjpa

fpl;lGy; `pe;j; vd;w E}ypYk; KfkJ

f[pdp gw;wpa tptuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ

,thpd; gilnaLg;G tptuq;fs;:

1000 – vy;iyg;Gw Nfhl;il kw;Wk;

fpuhkq;fisf; ifg;gw;Wjy;

1001 – ng\hthpy; ,e;J rhjp murh;

n[aghiy Njhw;fbj;jhh;. n[aghy; jPf;Fspj;J

jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;lhh;. ,tuJ kfd;

mde;jghyd; kd;duhdhh;

1006 – Nguhtpd; kd;dh; gp[uhTld; Nghhpl;L

ifg;ghD}hpy; cs;s ghl;bahit ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1006 - %yjhd; ntd;whh;. toptpl kWj;j

mde;jghyd; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,tuJ kfd;

Rfghyh; f[pdpapd; gpujpepjpahf Ml;rp

Ghpe;jhh;. Rfghyh; eth\h vd;w ngaUld;

,Ryhkpaj;jpw;F khwpdhh;

1007 – eth\h jd;dpr;irahf Ml;rp Ghpa

njhlq;fpajhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;

1009 – mde;jghyDld; Nghhpl;L yh$h;

mUfpy; cs;s ehfh;fhl;il ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

ngUQ;nry;tk; nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;lJ

1010 – mtuJ fth;dh; mGy;ghj; Nyhb

vd;gth; jd;dpr;irahf mwptpj;jhy; mtiu

mlf;fpdhh;

1013 – mde;jghyUf;F gpd; te;j jphpNyhrd

ghyh; kPJ gilnaOj;J ntd;whh;

1014 – jhNd];th; Myak; ifg;gw;wg;gl;L

#iwahlg;gl;lJ

1015 – fh\;kPuj;jpw;Fs; Eioa Kaw;rpj;jhh;.

yh$h; tiu nrd;whh;

1017 – fd;Ndh[;tpw;F vjpuhfg;

gilnaLj;jjhh;. kJuhtpw;nfjpuhd

gilnaLg;G Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. Nfhapy;

nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;lJ.

KfkJ Nfhhp:

,thpd; KOg;ngah; KrjPd; KfkJ gpd;

rhk; vd;fpd;w rhG+jPd; KfkJ MFk;.

,thpd; gilnaLg;gpw;F fhuzk;

,];yhkpa muR mikj;jy; MFk;. ,jpy;

,th; ntw;wp ngw;whh;.

,th; 1175y; %yjhd; cr; gFjpfis

Nfhkjpfztha; topNa Eioe;J

ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1178-y; Nrhyq;fp kd;dh; ,uz;lhk; gPkh

vd;gthplk; F[uhj;ij ifg;gw;w Nghhpl;L

Njhw;whh;. ,JNt ,thpd; Kjy; Njhy;tp

MFk;.

1179y; ng\hth; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

Kjyhk; jnuapd; Nghh;:

1191y; m[;kPiu Mz;l gphpjptpuh[;

nrsfhd; vd;gtiu Kfk;kJ Nfhhp

Njhw;whh;.

,uz;lhk; jnuapd; Nghh;:

1192y; gphpjptpuh[; nrsfhid ntd;whh;.

KfkJ Nfhhpf;F fNdh[; murh;

nrar;re;jpud; cjtp nra;jhh;

1193y; KfkJ Nfhhpapd; mbik Fj;g+jPd;

Ingf; jpy;yp> kPul; uj;jd;rhh;G+h;

Mfpatw;iw ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

re;jthh; Nghh;:

1194y; fNdh[; murh; nrar;re;jpuid

Njhw;fbj;jhh;

1196y; Fthypah; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ

1197y; F[uhj; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

1206y; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J jpUk;Gk;NghJ

nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;

by;yp Ry;jhd;fs; tuyhW

mbik tk;rk; 1206 – 1290

Fj;GjPd; I ngf; 24.6.1206 Kjy; 1210 tiu

1205y; Nfhhp KfkJ kuzkhd gpd;

Rje;jpukhd Kjy; K];yPk; by;yp

Ry;jhd; Mf ,Ue;jhh;.

,thpd; topj; Njhd;wNy mbik tk;rk;

(my;yJ) ,y;ghhp JUf;fp tk;rk;

(my;yJ) khk;%j; tk;rk; vdg;gLfpwJ

,tuhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ mbik

tk;rk;

eprhrh; fhrp vd;gtuhy; tpiyf;F

thq;fg;gl;lL gpd; Nfhhp KfkJtpw;F

tpw;fg;gl;l mbik

1192y; jnuapd; Nghhpy; e;dF Nghhpl;ljhy;

gilj; jsgjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. gpd;

,e;J];jhd; it];uhahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

,thpd; gilnaLg;Gfs;:

1192y; guhd;> kPul; ifg;gw;Wjy;

1193y; jpy;yp ifg;gw;Wjy;

1194y; m[;kPh; ifg;gw;Wjy;

1197y; re;j;thh;> fNdh[; ifg;gw;Wjy;

1210y; NghNyh (rt;fd;) tpisahLk;

NghJ Fjpiu Nky; ,Ue;J tPo;e;J

,we;jhh;.

`hrd epfhkp> gf;Nu K[ph; fiyQh;fis

Mjhpj;jhh;.

m[;kPhpy; ,e;J Nfhtpy;fis ,bj;J

Ft;tJk; ,];yhk; vd;w gs;spia

fl;bdhh;.

yhf; gf;\p vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;

FJg;kpdiu 5 mLf;Ffs; tiu (29.5

kPl;lh;) fl;b Kbj;jhh;.

,y;J}j;kp\; (rk;RjPd; my;l;lkp\;) 1211-1236

mbikfspd; fth;dh;

gNjhjdpd; fth;dh;

Fj;Gjpdpd; kUkfd;

,dk;: ,y;ghhp (JUf;fp)

Fj;GjPd; ,we;jTld; mtuJ kfd; muhk;

vd;gthplkpUe;J 1211y; Nghhpl;L Ml;rpia

ifg;gw;wpdhh;

gjtp Vw;Fk;NghJ murpay; epiyik

,e;J];jhd; gpsTgl;L ,Ue;jJ

tq;fhsk; - mypkh; fpy;[p

jpy;yp - ,y;J}kp\;

Ky;jhd; - Fghr;rh

m[;kPh; - ,uhrGj;jpuh;fs; iffspy; ,Ue;jJ

1215y; jiud; Nghhpy; ngw;wp ngw;W

f[pdp ,izg;G. ,y;jP]; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

1217y; yh$h; ifg;gw;Wjy;

1211y; nrq;fp];fhd; ,e;jpah kPJ

gilnaLg;G.

1223y; ,uhrGj;jpuh;fis ntd;W uhe;jk;g+h;

Fthypah;> m[;kPh; gFjpfis

ifg;gw;Wjy;

1228y; yh$h;> Ky;jhd; rpe;J

ifg;gw;Wjy;

1229y; tq;fk; ifg;gw;Wjy;

1234-35y; khstg;gilnaLg;G

,f;jh vd;w Ml;rpKiw cUthf;fpdhh;.

,jd;gb rk;gsj;jpw;F gjpyhf epyk;

jug;gl;lJ

Tanka vd;w nts;sp ehzaKk; Jitals

vd;w nrk;G ehzaKk; ntspapl;lhh;.

Fth[h Fj;GjPd; gf;jpahh; epidthf

FJg;kpdhiu NkYk; 5 mLf;Ffs; tiu

fp.gp. 1232y; fl;bdhh;.

,e;jpahtpy; K];yPk; Ml;rp cUthf

fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhh;

,e;jpahtpd; jiyefh; jpy;yp vd;gij

mwptpj;jhh;

1236y; ,we;jhh;

nrq;fp];fhd; gilnaLg;G:

1221y; (Kjy; kq;Nfhypah;) nrq;fp];fhd;

jdJ murpay; vjphpahd [yhYjPd;

kq;guzp vd;gtiu Njb Nkw;F vy;iy

khfhzq;fSf;F te;jjh;. gpwF ,e;JF\;

kiytopahf 1222y; jpUk;g

nrd;Wtpl;lhh;.

urpah 1236 - 1240

by;ypapd; Kjy; kw;Wk; xNu ngz; Nguurp

,y;J}kp\pd; kfs;

urpahit Kjd; Kjypy; vjph;j;jth;.

,f;jpahUjPd; my;Udpah: gpd; jpUkzk;

nra;J nfhz;lhh;

urpahtpd; rNfhjud; KapRjPd; gfuhk;.

,tuhy; urpah 1240y; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L

gpd; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

urpah fhyj;J tuyhw;W Mrphpah;:

kpd;`h[;-c];-rpuh[;

gfuhk; \h 1240-42

1241y; kq;Nfhypah; gQ;rhg;ig

ifg;gw;wpdhh;

k#j; \h 1242 – 1246

eR&jPd; KfkJ 1246-1266

,th; ,y;J}kp\; vd;gthpd; filrp kfd;

kp;d;`h[;-c];-rpuh[; vd;gth; vOjpa

Gj;jfk; jghnthl; -,-erphp MFk;

,thpd; mikr;rh; ghy;gd; cy;yhfhd;.

eRUjPd; ,we;j gpwF ghy;gd; Ml;rpia

gpbj;jhh;.

fpah]; cjPd; ghy;gd; 1266 - 1286

,Uk;G kdjph;

mbik tk;rj;jpd; rpwe;j kd;dd;

JUf;fp ,y;ghhp ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;

ehw;gjpd;khpy; xUth;

gpw;fhyj;jpy; ehw;gjpd;kh; FOit

fiyj;jhh;

mg;uhrpahy; topj; Njhd;wy; vdf;

$wpf;nfhz;lhh;

ghurPf ftpQh; mkPj; F];Uf;F MjuT

rp[;jh vDk; fhiy Kj;jkpLk Kiwia

Nkw;nfhz;lhh;

Naib-i-Khudai vd flTspd; cjtpahsh;

vdf; $wpf;nfhz;lhh;

jpthdp Mh;]; vdg;gLk; jdp ,uhZt

,yf;fhit cUthf;fpdhh;

irFghj; 1286 - 1290

mbik tk;rj;jpd; filrp kd;dd;

1288-y; khh;f;Nfh NghNyh ,e;jpahtpw;F

te;jhh;.

fpy;[p tk;rk; 1290-1320

[thYjPd; gpNuh]; fpy;[p (1290-1296)

fpy;[p tk;rj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;. ,th;

myT+jpd; fpy;[pia (kUkfd;)

Mjhpj;jhh;. gpd; mtuhy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

jf;fhzj;jpd; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpa

Kjy; Ry;jhd; murh;

myhTjPd; fpy;[p 1296 - 1316

1299y; F[uhj; Nghhpd; NghJ khyf;fhG+h;

vd;w mbikia thq;fpdhh;. gpd; mtiu

gilj;jsgjpahf epakpj;jhh;.

1303-y; Nkthiuf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;. uhzp

gjk;dp jPf;Fspj;jhh;.

Khypf;fhG+h; thuq;fhy; kPJ 1309y;

gilnaLj;jhh;.

ghz;ba ehl;il 1311y; ntd;whh;

kJiu kPJ gilnaLj;J kJiuia

ntd;whh;

,uhNk];tuk; Myak; nrd;W

nfhs;isabj;jhh;.

FjpiufSf;F #L NghLk; Dagh vdg;gLk;

Kiw cUthf;fpdhh;.

vil FiwTf;F fLk; jz;lid

tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

tzpfh;fs; \heh - , - kz;b vd;w

mYtyhplk; ngah; gjpT nra;a

fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;.

tpiy fl;Lf;g;ghl;bw;fhf jpthdp hpahrj;

vd;w mYtyh; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

mkPh; F];U vd;w ghurPf ftpQh; mtuJ

muritapy; ,Ue;jhh;.

rpjWz;L fple;j ,uhrGj;jpu muRfs;

khy;th> jpNahfph;> Njtfphp> uj;jk;G+h;

Mfpatw;iw ntd;whh;

tptrhapfsplk; Neubahf njhlh;G

nfhz;L mth;fs; fl;Lk; thpapid

njhpe;J nfhz;lhh;.

mq;fhb rPh;jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

,jw;fhf ,ufrpa fhty;gil

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

jhdpaq;fs;> Jzpfs;> Fjpiufs;

Nghd;wtw;wpw;F jdpj;jdp re;ij

cUthf;fpath;.

,dhk;> thf;g; Nghd;w epyj;jhdq;fs;

Kiwia epWj;jpdhh;

epythpfspy; Vw;gLk; epYitfis

t#ypf;f jpthdp K\;lhf;uh[; vd;gth;

epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

Fj;GjPd; Kuhuf;: 1316 - 1320

jd;id fypah vd;W mioj;Jf;

nfhz;lhh;

eRUjPd; F];U \h 1320

fpy;[p tk;rj;jpd; filrp kd;dd;

Jf;sf; tk;rk; 1320 – 1414

fpah]; cjPd; Jf;sf; 1320 - 1325

,aw;ngah; - fh[pkhypf;

Jf;sf; tk;rj;ij Jtf;fpath;

Jfshjhghj; efiu fl;bdhh;

KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf; 1325 - 1351

1327y; jiyefh; nly;ypapy; ,Ue;J

Njtfphpf;F khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ

GJ jiyefh; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;jjhYk;

NghUf;F Vw;w gFjpahf ,Ue;jjhYk;

Njtfphpf;F jiyefh; khw;wg;gl;lJ

gpd; kPz;Lk; jiyefh; by;ypf;F 1330y;

khw;wg;gl;lJ

Njtfphp njsyjhghf; vd ngah; khw;wk;

nra;ag;gl;lJ

1330y; nrg;G ehzaq;fis ntspapl;lhh;.

fs;s ehzak; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt

nrg;G ehzaq;fis kPz;Lk; ngw;Wf;

nfhz;lhh;.

jpthdp Nfhrp vd Gjpa Ntshz;ik

Jiwia cUthf;fpdhh;.

,th; ntspapl;l ehzaq;fspy; fypghtpd;

ngaiu ePf;fpdhh;.

1333-y; ,ghd; gJjh ,e;jpahtpw;F

te;jhh;.

1336y; tp[aefu NguuR Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

1351y; rpe;J kPJ gilnaLj;J

fyff;fhuh;fis ntd;whh;

1351y; ,we;jhh;.

ngNuh]; \h Jf;sf; 1351 - 1388

nghJg;gzpj;Jiw cUthf;fg;gl;L

aKid ejpf; fhy;tha;> rl;ny[;

ejpf;fhy;tha;fs; ntl;lg;gl;ld

Sasugani – ehzaq;fs; ntspaplg;

gl;lJ

KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf; epidthf (Juna

Khan) [hd;G+iu eph;zapj;jhh;

,th; Ntiytha;g;G mYtyfj;ij

Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

ngNuh]; \h Jf;sf;fpd; tuyhw;iw

vOjpath;. \hk;rp-rpuh[;-mgpg;

FJg;kpdhiu NkYk; caukhf;fp fl;bdhh;.

nkhj;j cauk; 71.24 kPl;lh;

,uz;lhk; fpahRjPd; 1388-89

mGgf;fh; - 1389 – 1390

KfkJ gpd; gpNuh]; 1390 – 1394

eRUjPd; KfkJ Jf;sf; 1394 - 1414

1398-99y; ij%h; nly;ypia jhf;fp

ngUQ;rny;tj;ij nfhs;isabj;jhh;

iraJ tk;rk; 1414 - 1451

Jf;sf; murpd; filrp kd;dh; eRUjPd;

kh%J 1413y; ,we;jgpd; njsj;fhd;

Nyhb mhpaizapy; mkh;e;jhh;.

Nyhb 1414y; fprh;fhdplk; mb gzpe;jhh;.

iraJ tk;rj;ij fprh;fhd;

Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. 1421-y; ,we;jhh;.

Kguhf; 1421 - 1434

fprh;fhdpd; kfd;

Nfhf;fh;fis mlf;fpdhh;

\h vd;w gl;lg;ngaiu ,l;Lf;nfhz;lhh;.

rh;th; cy;Kf; vd;gthpd; J}z;Ljyhy;

nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

KfkJ \h 1434 - 1445

Kguhf;fpd; kUkfd;

myhTjPd; \h Myk;: 1451

,th; iraJ tk;rj;jpd; filrp kd;dh;

,thplkpUe;J gfY}y; Nyhb Ml;rpia

ifg;gw;wpdhh;

Nyhb tk;rk; 1451 – 1526

gfY}y; Nyhb: 1451 - 1489

,th; Mg;fhd; gphpT Mthh;

Nyhb tk;rj;ij Jtf;fpath;

rpf;fe;jh; Nyhb: 1489-1517

,thpd; ,aw;ngah; : ep[hk; fhd;

1494y; gPfhh; ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1504y; Mf;uh cUthf;fpdhh;

1506y; jkJ jiyefiu by;ypapy;

,Ue;J Mf;uhtpw;F khw;wpdhh;

,g;uhfpk; Nyhb: 1517-1526

rpf;fpe;jh; Nyhbapd; %j;jkfd;

21.11.1517y; gjtpNaw;whh;

Ml;rp ,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;L fhd;G+h;

rk;khrdj;jpy; ,isa – kfd;

[hyhy;fhd;> jpy;yp kd;duhf ,g;uhfpk;

NyhbAk; gjtpNaw;wdh;.

gpd; [yhy; fhd; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

Ry;jhd;fspd; Ml;rpKiw

nkhj;jk; 6 mikr;rh;fs;

trPh; - Kf;fpa nghWg;G: epjp rptpy;

epUrhfj; Jiwapd; jiyth;

jpthd; - , - hp\hyj; maYwT

mikr;rh;

jpthd; - , - ,d;\h – fbjg;

Nghf;Ftuj;J

jpthd; - , - Mhp]; ,uhZt eph;thfk;

rh;jh; - c]; rkak; kw;Wk; mwf;nfhil

jpthd; - , - fhrh – ePjpj;Jiw

gpw Kf;fpakhdth;fs;

rjh; - c]; rjh; - jiyikf; fhrp

ghPj; - , - khypf; - xw;wh; Jiw kw;Wk;

mQ;ry;Jiw

jpthd; - , - mkph;Nfhrp –

Ntshz;ikj;Jiw

tf;fPy; - , - jhh; - muz;ikg; guhkhpg;G

k[pyp]; - , - fhy;tj; -

MNyhrizf;FO

Kf;fpathpfs;:

rhfj; - K];yPk;fspd; rkag;gzp thp

[rpah – K];yPk; my;yhjth;splk;

,Ue;J rkag;gzp t#ypf;fg;gLk;

rakg;gzp thp

fhk;];-Nghh;f; fhyj;jpy; nfhs;is

mbf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fs; kPjhd thp

c\h; - K];yPk; epyj;jpy; ngwg;gl;l

tpisr;ry; thp

c\h; - K];yPk; epyj;jpy; ngwg;gl;l

tpisr;ry; thp

fhu[; - K];yPk; my;yhjth;fs; epyj;jpy;

ngwg;gl;l tpisr;ry; thp

Kfyhah;

E}y;

Ml;rp gw;wp

vOjpath;

,yf;fpa

rhd;Wfs;

tpsf;Fk;

fhyq;fs;

jhhPf;fp

[`hd;

..hyPf; [Pitdp njd;Nkw;F

,e;jpahtpy;

kq;NfhypaUld;

gilnaLg;G

..jhhPf;fp

F]pjh

..k;Jy;yh

K];jhgp

fh];tpdp

f[pdp

murh;fs;

..g`j;jp erPhp ..d;`h[;-c];

rpuh[;

nly;yp

Ry;jhd;fs;

..jhhPf;fp

Kfk;kJ

Kfk;kJ

gp`hkj;fhdp

ij%h;

..jhhPf;fp

gp&]; \h`p

..ahTjPd;

guzp

Jf;sf;

..lhth-,-

[`he;jphp

..ahTjPd;

guzp

..y;tj;-,-fgPh;

rdha;

Kfk;kjp

m];uj; ehkh

jh[;-cy;-

khrPh;

..]d; epfhkp Fj;Gj;jPd;

ma;ngf;

..jhhPf;fp

rpe;J (k)

jhhPf;fp kUkp

.. KfkJ

kUkp

mugpah;

gilnaLg;G

..fhi[d; -

cy;-Gl;L

kph; F];U myhTjPd;

fpy;[p

Jf;sf; ehkh

fk;rh

kph; F];U fpahRjPd;

Jf;sf;

..kpg;jhy; cy;

Gl;L

kph; F];U [yhTjPd;

fpy;[p

..fpjhg; - ,-

,e;j; rtfPh; -

gpy; - rtfPh;

..y;ng&zp jhJg;

nghUl;fs;

..J}`j;Nj

Myk;fphp

KfkJ

km#k;

mTuq;frPg;

..];fpuhl; - cy; - n[sehh; thfpahl;

P̀khA+d;

.. jhhpf; - ,

- mf;gh;

\h`p

KfkJ mhpg;

JRf;-,-

[`hq;fphp

[`hq;fPh;

..jhhPf;fp

Kghuf; rhfp

mfkJ rh;

mz;b

gpNuh];\h

..l:l my;

ryhbd;

Fth[h mG

khypf;

KfkJ gpd;

Jf;sf;

..Jghj; cd;

Ekhh;-gp-

fiug;-,y;

mk;rhh;;

,gpd; gJjh KfkJ gpd;

Jf;sf;

..jhhPf;fp

ryhl;bdp

Mg;fd;

mfkJ

ahl;fh;

Nyhb kug

P̀khA+d;

ehkh

Fy;gjhd;

Ngfj;

ghgh;-mf;gh;

..jhhPf;fp

u\pjp

..kPh;rh i`jh;

KfkJ

ghgh;

..]gh; ehkh ..Ky;yh

n\hpg;

ghgh;

Myk;fPh;

ehkh

..kPh;rh KfkJ

fhrpk;

mTuq;frPg;

..ahj;\h

ehkh

KfkJ mkPd;

f[;tpdp

\h[fhd;

mkny

rhyp[;

KfkJ rhypf;

fk;G

\h[fhd;

..jhhPf;fp

K/g];]yp

Iraj; K.g];

ry;fhd;

mTuq;frPg;

..Yg;G+j;

jthhpf; ,e;j;

..ha;

gpe;j;uhgd;khy;

mTuq;frPg;

.. MrPnu

Myk;fphp

KfkJ rfP

K];japj;fhd;

mTuq;frPg;

ghgh; fp.gp.1526 – fp.gp.1530

,aw;ngah; - [h P̀UjPd; KfkJ ghgh;

ghgh; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F rpq;fk; vd;W

nghUs;

je;ij top – ij%h; (JUf;fp)

jha; top – nrq;fp];fhd; (kq;Nfhypah;)

je;ij – ckh; N\f; kph;rh

gpwe;j ,lk; - gh;fhdh

Kjy; ghdpg;gl; Nghh;

1525y; ghgh; gQ;rhg; kPJ gilnaLj;J

mjd; fth;dh; njsyj;fhd; Nyhbia

Njhw;fbj;jhh;.

njsyj;fhd; Nyhb kw;Wk; mtuJ kfd;

jpyth; fhd;> Nkthh; murh; uhzhrq;fuhk;

rpq; MfpNahh; ghgUf;F ,e;jpah kPJ

gilnaLf;f topfhl;bdhh;.

ghghpd; gilfSf;Fk;. ,g;uh`pk;

Nyhbapd; gilfSf;Fk; 1526 Mk; Mz;L

Vg;uy; jpq;fs; 21Mk; ehs; ghd;ggl; vd;w

,lj;jpy; Nghh; eilngw;wJ (jw;NghJ

`hpahdhtpy;)

,g;Nghhpy; ghgh; ntw;wp ngw;whh;. ghghpd;

jsgjpfs; c];jhj; myp kw;Wk; K];jgh

MfpNahh; Mthh;. ghgh; Jy;Fkh vdg;gLk;

Nghh; Kiwia gpd;gw;wpdhh;. ghgh;

,g;Nghhpy; &kp vdg;gLk; gPuq;fp

gilfis Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.

Kjy; ghdpgl; Nghh; ,e;jpahit Mz;l

Mg;fhdpah; Ml;rpf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp

itj;jJ

fDthg;Nghh; 1527 khh;r; 17k; ehs;

ghgh; murGj;jpuh;fSld; nra;j Kjy;

Nghh; ,JNt. ,g;Nghh; uhzhrq;fhtpw;Fk;

ghgUf;Fk; fp.gp. 1527k; Mz;L khh;r; 14-

17k; ehs; tiu eilngw;wJ. ,g;Nghhpy;

ghgh; ntw;wp ngw;whh;.

re;Njhpg;Nghh; 1528

1528 rdthp 20k; Njjp re;Njhpg; Nghh;

eilngw;wJ. re;Njhpia Mz;l khst

murh; Nkjpdhuha; Njhy;tp

,uhzh rq;fh ,we;jjhfTk;> Nkjpdpuha;

Njhy;tpAw;wjhYk; ,uhrGj;jpuh;fs;

typikapoe;jdh;.

Nfhf;uhg; Nghh; - 1529 Nk 6k; ehs;

,g;Nghh; ghgUf;Fk; Mg;fhdpah;fSf;Fk;

,ilNa eilngw;wJ. ,g;Nghhpy; gilia

elj;jpr; nrd;wth; ghghpd; kfd; `];fhhp

vd;gth; Mthh;. ,g;Nghhpy; Mg;fhdpah;fs;

(KfkJ Nyhb + eruj; \h)

Njhy;tpAw;wdh;. ghgh; 3 Nghh;fspy;

,e;J];jhdj;ij ntw;wp nfhz;lhh;

ghgh; P̀khA+Df;F Vw;gl;l Nehapd;

fhuzkhf jk;ik mh;gzpj;Jf;

nfhz;ljhy; ,we;jhh; vd;Wk; rpyh;

,g;uhfpk; Nyhbapd; jhahh; ghgUf;F eQ;R

itj;j czit toq;fpajhy; Neha;tha;

gl;L ,we;jhh;. mtuJ cly; Kjypy;

Mf;uhtpy; mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. gpd;dh;

fhG+ypy; mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ

ghgh; JUf;fpa nkhopapy; JRf; - ,ghghp

tf;fpahj; - , - ghghp (ghgh; ehkh) vd

ghgh; Fwpg;Gfis vOjpAs;shh;

,e;j E}ypy; ,e;jpahtpd; epiy> jdJ

ntw;wpj; Njhy;tpfs; Mfpatw;iw

Fwpg;gpl;Lshh;.

Ghghpd; kfs; Fy;gjhd;Ngfk;

`PkhA+d; fp.gp. 1530 – fp.gp. 1556

P̀khA+d; ehkh vd;w E}iy vOjpath;

Fy;gjd; Ngfk;. ,e;E}y; P̀khA+d; kw;Wk;

mtuJ rNfhjuh;fs; fhk;uhd;> m];fhhp>

,e;jhy; MfpNahUf;F ,ilNa Vw;gl;l

Nkhjy;fis gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ

P̀khA+d; vd;why; mjph;\;lk; vd;W

nghUs;

1531 – fypQ;rh; Kw;Wif – rkhjhdk;

1532 – jhj;uh Nghh; - KfkJ Nyhb

Njhy;tp

1533 - #dhh; Kw;Wif – n\h;\h

Njhy;tp

1535-y; F[uhj; kPJ gilnaLj;J mjid

Mz;l gfJ}h; \hit Njhw;fbj;jhh;

1539 – nrsrh Nghh; - n\h;\h ntw;wp

1540 – fd;Ndhrp Nghh; - n\h;\h ntw;wp

cld; gpwe;j rNfhjuh;fs; cjtp nra;a

kWj;J tpl;ldh;. ,e;epiyapy; mkh;f;

Nfhl;il murh; mtUf;F cjtp nra;jhh;

1542 – mf;gh; mkuf; Nfhl;ilapy;

gpwj;jy;

1555 – by;ypia kPz;Lk ifg;gw;Wjy;

1556 - ,wg;G

Mf;uh> Fthypah; kPJ Nghh; njhLf;Fk;

NghJ> Fthypah; uhrh tpf;uk[pj;

NfhfpD}h; ituj;ij P̀khA+Df;F

mspj;J rkhjhdk; Ntz;bdh;.

,thpd; kpf nghpa vjphp ,thpd; Fz

,ay;Gfs; MFk;

,thpd; gzpahsh; n[s`hh; vOjpa E}y;

jh];fpuhl; cy; - thfpahl;

n\h;\h fp.gp. 1540 – fp.gp. 1545

ghghplk; Njhy;tpaile;j Mg;fhd;

jiyth;fs; n\h;fhd; #h; vdg;tiu

Njh;enjLj;jhh;

,th; #h; tk;rj;ij Nrh;e;jth;

,aw;ngah; : ghPj;fhd;

[hd;G+h; kd;dh; ghfh;fhid nfhy;y te;j

Gypia nfhd;wjhy; n\h;\h vd

miof;fg;;gl;lhh;

,th; Rkhh; 1 Mz;L fhyk; ghhgh;

gilapy; ,Ue;jhh;

n\h;\h uh[];jhdpd; ngUk;gFjpia

ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1530 – Rdhh; Nfhl;il Kw;Wif

1535 – [yhy;fhDld; Ruh[;fhh; Nghh;

1536y; tq;fhsj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;J

ngUk; nry;tj;ij ngw;whh;

1538y; nfsh; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ

1539y; nrsrhtpy; Kfyhag; Nguurh;

P̀khA+Dld; Nghhpl;L ntd;whh;. P̀khA+d;

jg;gp Xbtpl;lhh;.

1540 fd;Ndhrp Nghhpy; ntw;wp

1542 – khstj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1543y; nua;rpd; kPJ gilnaLg;G : G+uhd;

khiy

1545y; fypQ;rhh; (gz;ly;fz;l) Nghhpy;

ntw;wp ngw;whh;. 1545y; xU Jg;ghf;fp

Fz;L ntbj;J ,we;jhh;. ,tUf;Fg; gpd;

,];yhk; \h Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;.

1553-y; ,th; ,we;jhh;

n\h;\h ,we;jTld; #h; muR 5

gphpTfshf gphpe;jJ.

1. gQ;rhg; - rpf;fe;jh;

2. tq;fhsk; - KfkJ fhd;

3. khy;th – gh]; gfJ}h;

4. rhk;gy; kw;Wk; Njhg; - ,g;uhfpk; #h;

5. #dhh; - mby; \h

n\h;\htpd; Ml;rpKiw

ehL 47 rh;fhh;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

rh;fhh; gq;fhdhf;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;ld

gh;fdh mYtyh;fs; Jiw

rpf;jhh; rl;lk;

mkPd; tUtha;j;Jiw

Kd;rPg; ePjp

fhh;$d;fs; - ghurPf ,e;jp nkhop

ngah;g;ghsh;

nghjhjh; fUT+yk;

gh;fdhtpd; Ntiyiaf; fz;fhzpf;f

rh;f;fhhpy; \pf;jhh; - , - \pf;jhuhd;

kw;Wk; Kd;rPg; - , - Kd;rpghd; vd;w

mYtyh;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.

mYtyh;fs; %d;whz;LfSf;F xUKiw

khw;wg;gl;ldh;.

mikr;rh;fs; Jiw

jpthdp tprhuj; tUtha; epjp

mikr;rh;

jpthdp mhp]; ghJfhg;G

jpthdp tprhyj; ntsp tptfhuk;

jpthdp ,d;\h jfty;

njhlh;Gj;Jiw

jpthdp fh[p xw;wh; Jiw

jpthdp ghPj; ePjpj;Jiw

lhk; - Gjpa ehzak;

epythpr; rPh;jpUj;jk;

jf; Kiwg;gb Fjpiuf;F #L

Nghlg;gl;lJ.

„&gpah‟ vd;w ehzaq;fis ntspapl;lhh;

Grand Trunk Road, fy;fj;jh –

ng\htUf;fpilNa Nghlg;gl;lJ

mf;ghpd; Kd;Ndhb

gilKiwf; nfhs;ifapy; myhTjPd;

fpy;[pia gpd;gw;wpdhh;

Nfhl;ilia fhg;ghw;w ngs[; (Fauj)

vd;w epiyahd jdpg;gilia itj;J

,Ue;jhh;.

,e;Jf;fis khpahijAld; elj;jpdhh;

mtUila rpwe;j jsgjpfspy; xUth;

gpuk[pj; nfsh;

jhhpf; - , - n\h;\hfp E}iy Mg;fhdpa

cah;Fbr; rhh;e;j mg;gh];fhd; vd;gth;

vOjpAs;shh;.

,];yhk; \h

,thpd; ,aw;ngah; [yhy; fhd;.

N\h;\htpd; ,uz;lhtJ kfd;. #h;

tk;rj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ kd;dh;

,th; ,e;jpa K];yPk; kWkyh;r;rpapd;

je;ij vdg;gl;lhh;

KfkJ mjpy; \h

,];yhk; \htpd; kfd; gpNuh\; vdg;tiu

nfhiy nra;J Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;. ,th;

gpNuh\; jha;khkd; Mth;. ,th; cg;G

tzpfk; nra;j n`K vd;gtiu

Kjyikr;ruhf epakpj;jhh;

#h; tk;rj;jpd; filrp kd;dh; rpf;fe;jh;

\h Mthh;

mf;gh; fp.gp. 1556 fp.gp. 1605

Njrpa Nguurh;

je;ij - P̀khA+d;

jha; - mkPjh Ngfk;

gpwe;j ,lk; - mkh;Nfhl;

ghJfhg;ghsh; - iguhk;fhd;

P̀khA+d; ,we;jJk; gl;lk; #l;bf;

nfhz;L Rkhh; 49 Mz;Lfhyk; Ml;rp

nra;jhh;

,uz;lhk; ghdpgl; Nghh; 1556

Etk;gh; 5k; Njhp by;ypia Ml;rp nra;j

n`Ktpw;Fk; mf;gUf;Fk; ele;jJ.

,JNt ghdpgl; Nguhl vdg;gLk;. ,jpy;

mf;gh; ntw;wp ngw;whh;.

iguhk;fhd; ,t;ntw;wpf;F fhuzkhthh;

1560y; iguhk;fhd; tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

1561y; Mg;fhdpah;fshy; ,th;

nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

iguhk;fhd; kfd; mg;Jh;ufPk;

iguhk;fhdpw;F gpwF jdJ jha; mkPjh

ghDNgfk; khw;whe;jha; khfk; mdhfh

kw;Wk; mdhfdtpd; kfd; Mjhk;fhd;

MfpNahhpd; ifg;;ghitapy; mf;gh;

,Ue;jhh;. ,th;fs; jiyikapy; ele;j

Ml;rp ghthil Ml;rp vdg;gl;lJ.

Mjhk;fhd; 1562y; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

1561y; khstk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. kd;dh;

gh[; gfJ}h; ruzile;jhh;

1562y; Mk;gh; (n[a;G+h;) uhrh gpfhhpkhy;

Njhy;tpaile;jhh;. mtuJ kfs; N[hj;

ghia mf;gh; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;.

gpfhhp khy; kfd; gfthd; jh]; Mthh;.

mtUila Ngud; khd; rpq; Mthh;

1564y; Nfhz;Lthdh Nghh;. rhe;jyh murp

Jh;fhtjp Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L jw;nfhiy

nra;J nfhz;lhh;

1567 rpj;J}h; gilnaLg;G. kd;dh; uhdh

cjarpq; jg;gp Xbdhh;. ,g;Nghh;

Kfyhag; NguuR ,e;jpahtpy; gut

tpj;jpl;lJ

1569y; ,uhj;jk;G+h; kw;Wk; fypQ;rp

ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

1572y; F[uhj;ij ntd;whh;. F[uhj;ij

ntd;wjd; epidthf gNjG+h rpf;hp vd;w

,lj;jpy; G+yhd; jhh;thrit fl;bdhh;

1572y; mf;gh; N\f; ryPk; rp];jp vd;w

Rgp Jwtpapd; kPJ gw;Wf;nfhz;l

fhuzj;jhy; mtuJ epidthf gNjG+h;

rpf;hp (Mf;uh mUfpy;) vdw; ,lj;ij

fl;bdhh;

18.6.1576y; `y;jpfhl; rz;il mf;gUf;Fk;

,uhzh gpujhg; rpq;fpw;Fk; eilngw;wJ.

mf;ghpd; rhh;ghf ,uh[h khd;rpq;

Nghhpl;lhh;. mjpy; ,uhzh gpujhg; rpq;

kuzkile;jhh;.

,uh[h khd;rpq; gPfhh;. Xhprh kw;Wk;

tq;fhsj;ij ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1586y; fh\;kPiu ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1593y; rpe;J kw;Wk; fhz;Nlfh; gFjpia

ifg;gw;wpdhh;

mfkJ efiu Mz;l re;j;gPtp cld;

cld;gbf;if 1596y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

mfkJ efh; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ

mf;ghpd; filrp gilnaLg;G

jf;fhzj;jpy; cs; mrpfhh; Nfhl;ilia

ifg;gw;wpaJ MFk;. jf;fhzj;jpd;

tpiyikahd Nfhl;il mrPh;fhh;f; MFk;.

,ij mf;gh; tQ;rfkhd Kiwapy;

ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

mf;gh; ,uhrGj;jpuh;fspd; jpUkz cwtpd;

%yk; ngUk; gyd; mile;jhh;. 1584y;

jkJ kfd; ryPKf;F ,uh[h gfthd;

jh]; kfis jpUkzk; nra;J itj;jhh;.

mf;ghpd; eph;thfk;

Kfyhah;fspd; tUtha; epUthfj;ij

Njhw;Wtpj;jth; mf;gh; Mthh;

Ruhrhp cw;gj;jpapy; %d;wpy; xU gq;F

thp tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

mf;ghpd; tUtha;j; jpl;lk; uhrh

Njhlh;khypd; jiyikapd; fPo; ,Ue;jJ.

ika murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;s

epyq;fs; fy;rh epyq;fs; vdg;gl;lJ

epyq;fs; 4 tifahf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ

uaj;Jthhp Kiw guhkhpf;Fk; mjpfhhp

gl;thhp vdg;gl;lhh;

mf;ghpd; thp t#y; Kiwf;F rg;jp Kiw

vd;W ngah;

mf;ghpd; ,uhZt Kiwf;F kd;rg;jhhp

Kiw vd;W ngah;

1577y; ,J mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

kd;rg;jhhpfs; Fiwe;jJ 400 gil

tPuh;fis itj;J ,Ue;jhh;fs;.

khd;r;jhhp thpir Kiwf;F ZAT vd;W

ngah; Fjpiuf;F #L NghLk; Kiw

cz;L

1563y; mf;gh; []pah thpia ePf;fpdhh;

mf;gh; tpjit kWkzj;ij Mjhpj;jhh;

mf;gh; rjp vd;Dk; cld;fl;il VWtij

jLj;J epWj;jpdhh;

murit $l;lj;jpw;F jpthdp Mk; vd;W

ngha;

rpwg;G jpl;lj;jpw;F jpthdp fh]; vd;W

ngah;

rPf;fpah;fs; nghw;Nfhtpy; fl;ba epyk;

mf;gh; mspj;jJ. (FU uhkjh]; fhyk;)

mf;ghpd; rkhjp rpf;fe;jhuhtpy; cs;sJ

mf;ghpd; mit ftpQh; - mg;Jy; tkJ

mf;ghpd; epythpj; jpl;lk; n\h;\htpd;

epythpj;jpl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;lJ.

mf;gh; mitia myq;fhpj;j etuj;jpdq;fs;

1. mGy; ghry;:

,tuJ je;ij ngah; N\f;Kguhf;

mf;ghpd; mitia myq;fhpj;jth;fspy;

xUth;. ,th; vOjpa E}y;fs; ma;-dp-

mf;ghp kw;Wk; mf;gh; ehkh

mf;ghpd; kfd; ryPk; J}z;Ljyhy; ghz;lh

,dj; jiytuhd gPh; rpq; vd;gtuhy;

nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;

2. ig]p:

,th; mGy; ghrypd; jk;gp Mthh;. kpfr;

rpwe;j ftpQuhd ,tiu jdJ kfDf;F

Mrphpauhf epakpj;jhh;.

3. kpahd; jhd;Nrd;:

,th; kpfr; rpwe;j ,iraikg;ghsh;

Mthh;. KfkJ fY]; vd;W #/gp Jwtp

%yk; ,];yhkpa kjj;ij jOtpdhh;. tl

,e;jpa ,iria fpsh];rpfy; ];ily;

vdg;gl;l Kiwapy; ,th; ,ir

mikj;Js;sJ. ,k;Kiw ,d;Wk;

gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. mf;gh; ,tUf;F kpahd;

vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpdhh;

4. gPh;ghy;:

mf;ghpd; mitapy; gPh;ghy; vd;w rpwe;j

mwpQh; ,Ue;jhh;. ,thpd; ,aw;ngah;

kNf\; jh]; MFk;. ,th; kye;Njhp

fztha; Nghhpy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. kjp

El;gk; tha;e;j ,th; ,uhZtk; kw;Wk;

eph;thfj;ij ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.

mf;ghpd; muritia myq;fhpj;j

etuj;jpdq;fspy; ,tUk; xUth;

5. ,uh[h Njhlhh;khy;:

mf;ghpd; epjp mikr;rh; ,uh[h

Njhlh;khy;. ,thpd; epyr; rPh;jpUj;j Kiw

ge;Njhg];l; rp];lk; vdg;gl;lJ

6. ,uh[h khd; rpq;:

mf;ghpd; khd; rhg;jhhp jiyth;fspd;

kpfr; rpwe;jth;. Mk;gh; (n[a;G+h;) eh;bd;

kpfr; rpwe;j muruhd ,th; gpd; ehspy;

mf;ghpd; jsgjpahf khwpdhh;. `hy;bfhl;

Nghiu jpwk;gl elj;jpath;

7. mg;Jy; ufPk; fhd;:

mf;ghpd; mitia myq;fhpj;j Gyth;

8. gf;fPh; Mrpa jPd;: mf;ghpd; MNyhrfh;

9. Ky;yh njs gpahrh: mf;ghpd;

MNyhrfh;

jPd; ,yhfp:

mf;ghpd; kjf; nfhs;if jPd; ,yhfp>

mf;gh; ,e;J> ,];yhk;> fpUj;Jtk;>

rkzk; (ngsj;jk; jtpu) Mfpa

rkaq;fspy; cs;s ey;y nfhs;iffis

xd;wpizj;J jPd; ,yhfp vd;w kjj;ij

1581y; cUthf;fpdhh;.

mf;gh; re;jpj;j rkz kj jiyth;fs;:

`pu tp[a #hp> tp[a Nrd #hp kw;Wk;

ghD re;jpu cghj;jpahah; Mthh;

mf;gh; re;jpj;j fpUj;Jth;fs;: hplhy;Ngh>

mUthtpth> khd;nrh;l; Mthh;

mf;gh; re;jpj;j ghh;rp kjj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;

j];J}h; nkfh;[puhzh Mthh;

mf;ghpf; jPf; ,yhfpia nkhj;jk; 29

egh;fs; Vw;wf; nfhz;ldh;. mth;fspd;

Kf;fpakhdth; mGy; ghry;> muritf;

ftpQh; igrp> N\f; Kghuf; Mthh;

jPd; ,yhfpia Vw;f kWj;jth;fs;

gfthd; jh]; kw;Wk; khd;rpq; Mthh;

mf;gh; 26.6.1579y; jiyik kjf; FUit

ePf;fptpl;L jhNk Fj;gh thrpj;jhh;. NkYk;

nrg;lk;gh; 1579y; jtWglh Mizia

gpfldg;gLj;jpdhh;.

Jsrp jhrh; mf;gh; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jhh;

mf;gUf;Fg; gpd; mtuJ kfd; ryPk;

1605y; thhprhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

[`hq;fPh; (1605 – 1622)

mf;gh; ,we;jTld; mtuJ kfd; ryPk;

E}h;cj;d; Kfk;kJ [`hq;fPh; ghJ\h

fhrp vd;w ngaUld; gjtp Vw;whh;.

,thpd; gilj; jiyth; Kfgj;fhd;

Mf;uh Nfhl;ilapy; cs;s \hGh;jpf;Fk;

aKidfiuapy; cs;s xU

fy;J}Zf;Fk; ,ilapy; ePjpr; rq;fpyp

fl;bdhh;

,th; fhyj;jpy; fhe;j`hh; ,of;fg;gl;lJ

,tuJ Ml;rpia vjph;j;J ,tuJ kfd;

F];U fyfk; nra;jhh;. F];&tpw;F

rPf;fpah;fspd; FU ,h;\Pd; Njt; cjtp

nra;jjhy; ,th; FU mh;[Pd; Njtpw;W

kuz jz;lid toq;fpdhh;. ,jdhy;

rPf;fpah;fs; Kfyhah;fSf;F vjpuhf

khwpdhh;fs;.

,th; nk ;̀Ud;dprh vd;w tpjitia

kze;jhh;. ,th; khspif xsp vd;w

nghUs; gLk;gb E}h; kfhy; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lhh;. gpd;dh; cyfpd; xsp

vd;W nghUs;gLk;gb E}h;[fhd; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,tiug; gw;wpa

Fwpg;Gfs; ehkh fp [`hq;fPhp vd;w

E}ypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

jkJ fhjypahd mdhh;fypf;F yh$hpy;

ryitf; fy;yhyhd fy;yiwiaf;

fl;bdhh;;

fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; gpujpepjp

tpy;ypak; `hf;fPd;]; 1608-11 Mz;Lfspy;

rpy thpzf chpikfia ngw;whh;.

1616-1619y; jhk]; Nuh rpy chpikfis

ngw;whh;

,th; fhyj;jpy; Gifapiyia

Nghh;r;RfPrpah;fs; mwpKfk; nra;jdh;

1620y; fhq;uh Nfhl;iliaf;

ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

fh\;kPhpy; cs;s \hypkh; Njhl;lk;

kw;Wk; ep\hj; Njhl;lk; Mfpatw;iw

,th; mikj;jhh;.

,tuJ fhyj;jpy; gQ;rk; kw;Wk; gpNshf;

Neha; Vw;gl;lJ

1627y; ,th; kuzkile;jhh;. ,tuJ

cly; uhtp ejpf;fiuapy; cs;s

\hjhuhtpy; mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ

\`hGjPd; KfkJ \h[`hd; 1627 - 1658

1627y; [`hq;fPh; ,we;jhh;

E}h;[`hd; jdJ kUkfd; \hhpaiu

muruhf;f Kaw;rp nra;jhh;

E}h;[`hdpd; rNfhjuh; Mrg;fhd;

jd;Dila kUkfd; \h[fhid

Mjhpj;jhh;

1628y; \hhpaiu ntd;whh;. Fj;gh ,tuJ

ngauhy; gbf;fg;gl;lJ

,tuJ ,aw;ngah; : Fh;uk;

,tuJ jhahh;: kh;thh; murh;> kfd;

[fj;Nfhir

,tuJ kidtp: mQ;Rkd; ghDNgfk;

(Kk;jh[; k`hy;)

1626y; mfkJ efh; murh; khypf; Mk;gh;

,we;jTld; rpy Fog;gq;fSf;Fg;gpd;

mfkJefh; Kfyhag; NguuRld;

,ize;jJ

1635y; gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhd; mbgzpe;jhh;.

fg;gk; fl;l xg;Gf;nfhz;lhh;

Nfhy;nfhz;lh murh; Kfyhag; Nguurpd;

Nkyhz;ikia Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;

1629y; gz;Nly; fz;bd; MSeh;

[[;`h;rpq; mlf;fg;gl;lhh;

1635y; kPz;Lk; [[;`h;rpq; mlf;fg;gl;lhh;

1632y; \h[`hd;> cj;jpuTg;gb tq;fhs

MSeh; Frpk;fhd; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpaiu

mlf;fpdhh;.

7 Mz;Lfhykhf jahh; nra;ag;gl;l

kapyhrdk; kw;Wk; NfhfpD}h; ituj;ij

ghurPf kd;dh; „ehjh;\h‟

nfhs;isabj;Jr; nrd;whh;. jw;nghOJ

,q;fpyhe;J kpA+rj;jpy; cs;sJ

kapyhrdj;jpy; filrpahd mkh;e;j

Kfyha kd;dh; KfkJ \h

1650y; Great Mughal vdg;gLk; NfhfpD}h;

ituk; fpilf;fg;gl;lJ.

1639y; ghurPfh;fs; fhe;jhuj;ij

ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1666y; \h[fhd; ,we;jhh;

\h[fhd; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j

may; ehl;bdh;fs;:

Mq;fpNyah;fs;:

1. tpy;ypak; `hf;fPd;]; 2. jhk];Nuh

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs;:

1. gh;dpah; 2. lth;dpah; 3. Njt;dhl;

`hye;J ehl;bdh;fs;:

1. gpuhd;rp];Nfh 2. ngy;rh;l;L

,j;jhypah;fs;:

1. kD}f;rp 2. khz;ly;];Nyh

Myk;fPh; mTuq;frPg; (1658 – 1707)

1658y; Mf;uhit ifg;gw;wpaTld; 1659y;

fh[h< jpNahiu ntd;wgpd;Dk; ,UKiw

Kb#lg;gl;lhh;. ,th; Rkhh; 49 Mz;L

fhyk; Ml;rp nra;jhh;.

\h[fhdpd; kfd;fs;: 1. jhuhRf;fht; 2.

Kuhj; 3. \h\P[h 4. mTuq;frPg;

kfs;fs;: 5. Nuh\shuh 6. \hfdhuh

\h[fhd; capUld; ,Ue;j NghNj

thhpRhpikg;Nghh; Jtq;fpaJ

Nkw;fz;l 5 egh;fSk; Kk;jh[;kfhYf;Fg;

gpwe;jth;fs;.

thhpRhpikg; Nghiuj; jtph;f;f

\h[fhdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lth;

jhuhRf;fht; Mthh;

,th; rhKfhh; vd;Dkplj;jpy;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;.

\h;\P[h fh[;th vd;Dkplj;jpy;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;.

Kuhj; kJuhtpy; tQ;rfkhf

mTuq;frPg;ghy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

,t;thW 16586; mTuq;frPg; Myj;fPh; vd;w

gl;lg; ngaUld; Kfyhag; Nguurpd;

kd;duhdhh;. Myk; fPh; vd;why; cyfpd;

ntw;wpahsh; vdg; nghUs;gLk;

tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;:

1. Myk;fphp - , - ehkh – KfkJ fhrpk;

2. Gl;L `hl;-,-Myk;fphp - <];th; jh];

3. Eh\hf;if by; F\h

4. ]thg;jp Myk;fphp

5. Ke;jhf;fg; cy; Y}ghg;

6. j];J}h; cy; mfhfp

rpth[pAld; eilngw;w epfo;Tfs;:

rpth[pia mlf;f nrap\;lfhid

mDg;gpaJ – 1663

rpth[p #uj;ij jhf;fpaJ – 1664

1665Mk; Mz;L rpth[pf;Fk; mTuq;frPg;

rhh;ghf kd;dh; n[a;rpq; vd;gtUf;Fk;

eilngw;wJ

vy;iyg;Gw Nghh;fs;:

1661y; A+#g; rha; ,dj;jth;fs;

jhf;Fjy;fs; Kwpabg;G

1672y; Mg;hpbfs; mf;ky;fhd;

jiyikapy; eilngw;w fpsh;r;rp

Kwpabg;G

F\y;fhd; fl;lhf; jiyikapy;

fl;lhf;Ffs; elj;jpa fpsh;r;rp Kwpabg;G

Nfhy;nfhz;lh ntw;wpfs;:

kuhl;bah;fSf;F Nghh;fspy; cjtp nra;j

Nfhy;nfhz;lh kPJ 1687y; mTuq;frPg;

Nghhpl;lhh;

Ry;jhd; mG+y;`hrd; Njhy;tpAw;whh;

gP[g;G+h; ntw;wp:

gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhdpd; gilfis

etPdkhf;fpa jsgjp rhh;[fhid

ePf;FkhW mTuq;frPg; gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhidf;

Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhh;

gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhd; kWj;Jtpl;lhh; vdNt

1685y; gP[g;G+hpd; kPJ mTuq;frPg;

gilnaLj;jhh;

1685y; gP[g;G+h; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ

Ry;jhd; rpf;fe;jh; mby;\h ifJ

nra;ag;gl;lhh;

,uhrGj;jpuh;fSld; Nghh;:

1678y; kfhuh[h [];te;j;rpq; ,we;jTld;

mTuq;frPg; N[hj;G+iu ifg;gw;wpdhh;

cja;G+h; ,uhdhit Njhy;tpAwr; nra;J

cja;G+iu ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1662y; mNfhk;fs; KfyhaUld;

cld;ghL nra;J nfhz;lhh;

jd;Dila Ml;rpapy; Gjpajhf fl;lg;gl;l

,e;Jf; Nfhtpy;fis mTuq;frPg; ,bj;J

js;spdhh;

,jdhy; fj;jpathhpy; cs;s

NrhkehjGuf; Nfhtpy;> fhrp tpRtehff;

Nfhtpy;> kJuthapy; cs;s Nfrtuha;

Nfhtpy;fs; mope;jd

Nkfyhag; NguuR mTuq;frPg; fhyj;jpy;

kpfg; gue;jpUe;jJ

ujhhp vd;w glFj; Jiw thpia ePf;fpdhh;

gz;lhhp vd;w epyj; jPh;itia ,uj;J

nra;jhh;.

rhuha; vd;w Nka;r;ry; thpia ,uj;J

nra;jhh;

Jthd;dh vd;w ,e;J kj gz;biffs;

nfhz;lhl;l thpia ePf;fpdhh;

MLfSf;fhd ]hh; \Pkhhp kw;Wk; g];

\Pkhhp Mfpa thpfis ,uj;J nra;jhh;.

12.4.1679y; [rpah vd;w thpia tpjpj;jhh;

k`;#y; vd;w thp tpjpj;jjh;

Rq;fthp K];yPk;fSf;F 2 ½ tpOf;fhLk;

,e;Jf;fSf;F 5 tpOf;fhLk;

tpjpf;fg;gl;ld.

1665y; K];yPk; tzpfh;fSf;F

KOikahd Rq;fthp tpyf;F

mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

1671y; thp t$y;nra;Ak; gzpfSf;F

nfhz;lhhl jilr; nra;jhh;.

v].Mh;.rh;kh vd;w mwpQh; ,e;Jf;fis

xWj;jy; vd;gJ mTuq;frPg;gpd; nfhs;if

vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;

gUf;fp vd;w tuyhw;W Mrphpah; ,e;Jf;fs;

Kfyha NguuRf;F tpRthrpfshf

,y;yhjjhy; 1670y; ,Ue;J mTuq;frPg;

jdJ nfhs;iffis khw;wpf;nfhz;lhh;

vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

ghurPf \htpd; J}Jtuhd Glhf; ngf;

mTuq;frPg;gpd; mitapy; fye;J

nfhz;lhh;

Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;:

1658y; je;ij \h[`fhid rpiwapy;

milj;jhh;

ghy;fdp topNa kd;dh; Fbkf;fSf;F

fhl;rp jUk; INuhf;fh jh;\d; vd;w

Kiwia ePf;fpdhh;.

muz;kidapy; ,ir> eldk; Mfpatw;iw

jilr; nra;jhh;

Kjhrpg;Gfs; vdg;gLk; nghJ xOf;fk;

mYtyh;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;

kJ mgpd; jil nra;ag;gl;lJ

tpgr;rhuk; jil nra;ag;gl;lJ

Nrhjplk; ,opTgLj;jg;gl;lJ

Kfuk; Ch;tyk;> rjp Mfpait jil

nra;ag;gl;lJ. re;Njf Fzk; cilath;

vdNt midj;Jg; gzpfisAk; jhNk

Rke;J nfhz;lth;

fhRfspy; fyPkh nghwpf;fg;gLtij jil

nra;jhh;

ghurPf tof;fkhd nesNuhR

nfhz;lhl;lk; jilnra;ag;gl;lJ

rPf;fpah;fspd; 9tJ FU FU Nj[;gfJ}h;

nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

mTuq;frPg;gpw;F gpd; Kfyha NguuR

tPo;r;rpailaj; njhlq;fpaJ. mjw;fhd

fhuzq;fs;

1. mTuq;frPg;gpd; rkaf; nfhs;if

2. Kfyha Nguurpd; kpfg; gue;j gug;gsT

3. kuhj;jpah;fspd; vOr;rp

4. jpwikaw;w muR thhpRfs;

5. thhpRhpikg; Nghh;

6. khd;rg;jhhp Kiw

7. jf;fhz nfhs;if

8. Mq;fpNyah; tUif

9. Mg;fhdpah;fspd; gilnaLg;Gfs;

gpw;fhy Kfyha murh;fs;:

Kjyhk; gfJ}h; \h: ,th; Kjyhk; \h

Myk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;. 1707

Kjy; 1712 tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;. ,tuJ

Ml;rpapy; Kfyha muR tPo;r;rpaila

njhlq;fpaJ

[fe;jh; \h: ,th; 1712 Kjy; 1713 tiu

Ml;rp nra;jdh;. ,th; [rpah thpia

ePf;fpdhh;.

gUf;\pah;: rPf;fpah;fspd; jiyth; gz;lh

gfJ}Uf;F kuz jz;lid tpjpj;jhh;.

fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpf;F tq;fhsj;jpy;

ghpapy;yhky; tzpfk; nra;a gph;nkd;

mspj;j Mq;fpNyah; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uf;f

,tNt fhuzkhdth;. ,th; 1713 Kjy;

1719 tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;.

ugp cy; lhh;[l;: 1719y; Ml;rp nra;jhh;

ugp cy; njsyj; vdg;gLk; ,uz;lhk;

\h`fhd;: 1719y; Ml;rp nra;jhh;

epFrpah;: 1719y; Ml;rp nra;jhh;

KfkJ ,g;uhfpk;:

KfkJ ,g;uhfpk;: 1720 Khy; 1748 tiu

Ml;rp nra;jhh;. ,th; kfpo;r;rpia

tpUk;Gk; murh; vd;gjhy; ,uq;fPfyh vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th; fhyj;jpy;

ghurPfj;ijr; rhh;e;j ehjh; \h

gilnaLj;jhh;.

ehjh;\htpd; gilnaLg;G:

1739k; tUlk; khh;r; khjk; 9 Mk; Njjp

ehjh;\h by;ypapy; Eioe;jhh;. Kfyha

murh; KfkJ\htpd; ,uhZtj;ij

Njhw;;fbj;j mth; by;ypia #iwahb Nk

khjk; by;ypapy; ,Ue;J nrd;whh;

mth; Gfo; ngw;w kapyhrdj;ijak;

NfhfpD}h; ituj;ijAk; by;ypapy; ,Ue;J

nfhz;L nrd;whh;. NfhfpD}h; vd;why;

“mountain of light” vdg; nghUs;gLk;.

mfkJ \h gfJ}h;: 1748 Kjy; 1754

tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;.

mfkJ \h Mg;jhyp ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ

rdthp jpq;fs; 1748y; gilnaLj;jhh;.

mfkJ \htpdhy; khd;G+h; vd;w ,lj;jpy;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;. gpd; 1950y; Mg;jhyp

,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf ,e;jpah kPJ

gilnaLj;J mfkJ \hit

Njhw;fbj;jhh;. 1751y; kPz;Lk; Kfyha

NguuR kPJ %d;whtJ Kiwahf Nghh;

njhLj;J fh\;kPiu ifg;gw;wpdhh;

,uz;lhk; Myk; fPh; 1754 Kjy; 1759

tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;. mfkJ \h

Mg;jhyp ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ ehd;fhtJ

Kiwahf 1756y; gilnaLj;jhh;.

23.01.1757y; by;ypia #iwahbdhh;

%d;whk; \h[fhd;: 1759y; Ml;rp nra;jhh;

mfkJ \h Mg;jhyp ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ

Ie;jhtJ Kiwahf mf;Nlhgh; 1759y;

Nghh; njhLj;J gQ;rhg;ig ifg;gw;wpdhh;

,uz;lhk; \h Myk;: 1759 Kjy; 1806

tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;. mfkJ \h

Mg;jhyp gilnaLg;G 1761y; eilngw;wJ.

Mq;fpNyaUf;F tq;fhsk;> gPfhh; kw;Wk;

xhprh Mfpa ,lq;fSf;F eprhkp vd;w

chpikia mspj;jhh;. Mq;fpNyahpd;

ghJfhg;ig Vw;whh;

,uz;lhk; mf;gh; \h: 1806 Kjy; 1837

tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;

,uz;lhk; gfJ}h; \h: 1837 Kjy; 1857

tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;. Kjyhk; Rje;jpug;

Nghhpy; fye;J nfhz;lhh;. Mq;fpNyauhy;

ifJ nra;ag;gl;L gh;kh nfhz;L

nry;yg;gl;L mq;NfNa caph; Jwe;jhh;.

,j;Jld; Kfyhah;fs; Ml;rp KbTw;wJ

Kfyhah; eph;thfk;:

Kfyhah;fs; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;

Mizfs; vOj;J tbtj;jpy;

gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt Kfyhah;

fhyj;ij fhfpj rh;f;fhh; (Paper

Government) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ

Kfyhah; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j kpFe;j Kf;fpa 8

mikr;rh;fs;:

1. Gpujkh;

2. trPh;: epjp mikr;rh;

3. kPh; gf;\p: Kjd;ikf; fzf;fh;

4. fhnd [khd;: murit Kjd;ik

mYyth;

5. rj;nu RJ}h;: nghJr; nrhj;J guhkhpg;ghsh;

6. Kf;jrpg;: gz;lghL

7. fh[p: jiyik ePjpgjp

8. jhNuhfh: Nghf;Ftuj;J

Kfyhah; fUT+yq;fs;:

1. igj;J khy; - nghJf; fUT+yk;

2. me;j&d; kfhy; - Myaj;jpw;fhf nryT

3. ghfpah – goq;fld;fs;

4. N[Ng fh]; - mur FLk;gj;jpw;F

5. N[Ng /ig[; - Mguzq;fs;

6. fh[hNd hpf;fhg; - elkhLk; fUT+yk;

7. fhh; fhdh – vy;yh nghUl;fSk;

tpw;Fkplk;

Kfyhah; fhyj;J fl;blf; fiyfs;:

P̀khA+d; fy;yiw: kpuhf; kPh;rh fpahf;

vd;w ghurPf fl;bf fiyQuhy; jpy;ypapy;

fl;lg;gl;lJ. jh[;kfhYf;F ,J Kd;

cjuhzk; MFk;

Mf;uh Nfhl;il: fhrpk; fhd; vd;w

fiyQuhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ

nly;yp thapy;: ,J ahid thapy; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lJ

\h[fhdpd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; Kfyhaf;

fiy fl;blf; fiyapd; rpwg;GkpF

fhykhFk;

\h[fhd; nghwpapay; murh;>

fl;blf;fiyapy; ,sturh; vd

miof;fg;gLfpwhh;

cyf mjpraq;fspy; xd;wdh jh[;kfhy;

1653y; fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jidr;

ryitf;fy; fdT vd;W miof;fpd;wdh;.

gpuQ;R ehl;L fiyQh; jhth;dpah;

,jidf; fl;l Rkhh; 3 Nfhb

nrytope;jpUf;Fk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

gpw Kf;fpa fl;blq;fs;:

1. Nkhjp k];[pj; (Kj;J k#jp)

2. \h[fhdh ghj; (GJ jpy;yp)

3. nrq;Nfhl;il (rptg;G kzy; fy;yhy;

fl;lg;gl;lJ)

4. [Pk;kh k];[pj;

5. [`hq;fPhpd; fy;yiw

Kfyhah; fhyj;J Xtpaq;fs;:

ghurPf Xtpaf; fiyia Kfyhah;fs;

,e;jpahtpw;F nfhz;L te;jdh;

,e;Njh-ghurPf Xtpaf;fiy Kiw

Gjpajhf Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ

P̀khA+d; fhyj;jpy; kPh; iraj; myp

kw;Wk; mg;Jy; rkJ Mfpa ,U

ngh;rpahtpy; Xtpah;fs; ,e;jpah te;jdh;

gfhhp tif Xtpaq;fs; ,uhrGj;jpuh;fs;

tifiar; rhh;e;jit

KfkJ fhjh;> kPh;cNrd; MfpNahh;

\h[fhd; fhyj;jpy; Gfo; ngw;w

Xtpah;fs;

[fhq;fPh; fhyj;jpy; Xtpaf; fiy kpf

cd;dj epiyia mile;jJ. ,aw;if

#o;epiyfs;> tpyq;Ffs;> gwitfs;>

murit epfo;r;rpfs; Xtpakhf

tiuag;gl;lJ. gp];thd; jh]; kw;Wk;

c];jhj; kd;$h; Mfpath;fs; [fhq;fPh;

fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kpf Gfo; ngw;w

Xtpah;fs; Mthh;

Kfyhah; fhyj;J ,ir:

,iria Mjhpj;j murh;fs;: ghgh;>

`_khA+d; mf;gh; kw;Wk; \h[fhd;

mf;ghpd; mit ,irNkij: jhd;Nrd;

jhd;Nrdpd; kUkfd; yhy;fhd; ,tUf;F

Qhd rKj;jpuh vd;w gl;lj;ij \h[fhd;

toq;fpdhh;.

\h[fhdpd; fhyj;J ,irf; fiyQh;fs;:

[fe;ehj;> [dhh;j;jdd;

Kfyhah; fhy rk];fpUj ,yf;fpaq;fs;:

mf;gUila Ml;rpapy; ghh;rp – gpufh\;

vd;w ghurPf rk];fpUj mfuhjp

jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ

ftpe;jpu Mrhh;a ru];tjp> [fe;ehj

gz;bjh; MfpNahh; \h[fhdhy;

Mjphpf;fg;gl;ldh;

uh[h fhdjh;> fq;fh yhf;hp Mfpa

E}y;fis [fe;ehj gz;bjh; vOjpdhh;

,tUf;F fhtpuh[; vd;w gl;lj;ij

\h[fhdhy; [fe;ehj gz;bjUf;F

toq;fg;gl;lJ

fpUjuh[; vd;gth; rk];fpUj ehlfq;fis

vOjpdhh;.

Md;ej yhjpf rk;G vd;w E}iy

it[ae;jp - fpU\;zfjh ,ize;J

vOjpdhh;fs;.

Kfyhah;fs; fhy rk];fpUj ,yf;fpaq;fs;

fgPh; vOjpa E}y;fs;: Njh`h];> rhfP];

gfthd;jh];> khd;rpq; ,e;jpapy;

ftpijfis vOjpdhh;

,uhkrhpjkdR vd;w ,e;jp

,uhkhazj;ij Jsrp jhrh; vOjpdhh;

#h;jhrh; vOjpa E}y; #h;rhfh;

Nfrtjhrh; vOjpa ftpijj; njhFg;G:

ftpg;gphpah

rpthrpapd; MjuT ngw;w ftpQh;fs;:

jpUg;gjp rNfhjuh;fs;> G+rhd; jpUg;gjp>

kjpuhd; jpUg;gjp

Kfyhah;fhy ghurPf ,yf;fpaq;fs;

Ml;rp nkhopahf 1893 tiu ghurPfk;

,Ue;jJ. gpd; cUJ njhlh;e;jJ

mGy; ghry; mf;gh; ehkh kw;Wk; mapdp

mf;gh; vd;w E}iy vOjpdhh;

gnfsdp thy;kPfp ,uhkhazj;ijak;>

kfhghujj;jpd; rpy gFjpfisAk; nkhop

ngah;j;jhh;

,g;uhfpk; vd;gth; mjh;tz Ntjj;ij

nkhop ngah;j;jhh;.

yPyhtjp vd;w fzpj E}y; nkhop

ngah;f;fg;gl;lJ

cgepljk;> gftj; fPij> Nahf trpl;lk;

Mfpait jhuh\PNfh vd;gtuhy; nkhop

ngah;f;fg;gl;lJ

Kfyha NguuR tPo;r;rpailf; fhuzq;fs;:

1. 1739y; ,uhzpa neg;Nghypad;

ehjh;\htpd; gilnaLg;G

2. 1742 kw;Wk; 1750y; mfkJ \h

mg;jhyp gilnaLg;G

3. kuhj;jpah; rPf;fpah; vOr;rp

4. \pah gphpitr; rhhe;j ghkp murh;fspd;

vOr;rp

ghkpdp muRfs;

ghkd;\h (1347 – 1358)

rhd;W: Gh; Mdp k MrPh; vd;w E}y;

By;yp Ry;jhd;fspd; Ml;rp kiwTf;Fg;gpd;

vOe;j Rje;jpu K];yPk; muRfspy;

Kf;fpakhdJ ghkpdp muR

Ghkpdp muR 1347y; epWtg;gl;lJ

KfkJ-gpd;-Jf;sf;fplk; gzpGhpe;j

,];khapy; Kf; njsyjhghj;

Nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wp ehrPh; cJd; \h

vd;w ngaUld; Ml;rp nra;jhh;. gpd; mth;

jdJ muir mrd; mby; Krhg;gh;>

rgh;fhd; - ,

myhTjPd; gfkhd; \h vd;wiof;fg;gl;l

Mrd; fq;Ftpw;F mspj;jhh;. ,th; 1347y;

ghkpdp muir epWtpdhh;.

fq;fh vd;gJ gpuhkd; ngah; vd;W rpyh;

$Wfpd;wdh;

je;ij: ,Rge;jpahh;

jiyefuk;: 1422 tiu #y;gh;fh vd;fpw

Mrdhghj;

Ml;rp vy;iyfs;: tlf;F tapd; fq;fh

njw;F: fpU\;zh efhp

Nkw;F: njsyjhghj; fpof;F: Nghq;j;

muR ehd;F jug;ghf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ

1. Fy;gh;f;fh 2. Nfsyjhghj; 3. gPuhh; 4.

gPlhh;

,th; 1358y; ,we;jhh;

KfkJ \h I 1358 - 1375

Ml;rpf; fhyk; KOtJk; thuq;fy; kw;Wk;

tp[aefu muRld; Nghhpl;lhh;

tp[a efu murh; Gf;fiuf; nfhd;wth;

K[h,j; \h – 1375 - 1378

,th; cwtpdh; jhT+j; vd;gth; nra;j

rjpahy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. jhT+j; mhpaiz

Vwpdhh;

KfkJ jht+j; I - 1378

jhT+j; K[hfpj; \htpd; kfs; &j;gh;th;

Mfh vd;gtuhy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. Mrd;

fq;Ftpd; ehd;fhtJ kfd; KfkJ

fhdpd; kfd; KfkJ \h Ml;rp gpbj;jhh;.

KfkJ \h II 1378 - 1397

mhp];lhl;by; vdg;gl;lhh;

ngNuh\; \h ghkd; - 1397 - 1422

ngNuh]ghj; efiu mikj;jhh;

1406y; tp[aefu muRld; Nghhpl;L

ntd;whh;

4120y; Njhw;whh;. gpd; Ml;rpia

jk;Kila rNfhjud; mfkJtpw;F

mspj;jhh;. mfkJ ,tiu nfhd;W

tpl;lhh;

,tUila Fy;gh;f;fh fhyk; KbTw;wJ

mfkJ \h 1422 - 1435

tp[aefu NguuR ,tUld; rkhjhdk;

NgrpaJ thuq;fs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ.

khstk; Njhw;fg;gl;lJ

,tuJ fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J gPlhh; fhyk;

Jtq;FfpwJ

FNuhrhtpd; ftpQh; N\a;f; M[hP gPlhh;.

muz;kidf;F te;jhh;. muz;kid

fjtpy; ftpijia nksyhdh \h;g; - c

jPd; kP[hd;jPud; vOjpdhh;

yhTjPd; II 143 - 1457

`PkhA+d; 1458 – 1461

ep[hk; \h 1461 – 1463

%d;whk; KfkJ 1463

,thpd; mikr;rh; KfkJ fthd; Mthh;.

,tuJ fhyj;jpy; ,u\;ah ehl;Lg;

gazpahd Althanasius Nikitin (1470 –

1474) ghkpdp murpw;F te;jhh;.

rq;fNk];tuh; murUld; Nghhpl;L

Nfy;dhd; Nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wpdhh;

Nfth tp[aefu NguurplkpUe;J

ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ

1478y; ,hprhTld; Nghh;

Kf;fpa mkrk;: 1481y; fhQ;rpGuk;

ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ

kpFe;j nry;tk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ

KfkJ fhtd; jhf;fg;gLjy;

,tuJ fhyj;jpy; my;jhdrpay; epfpjd;

vd;w u\;a gazp Rw;Wg;gazk;

nra;Js;shh;

KfkJ \h: ,th; mkPh; Mypghpj;

vd;gthpd; ifg;gpbapy; ,Ue;jhh;

ghPj; jf;fhzj;jpd; Fs;sehp vdg;gl;lhh;.

ghkpdp murpd; filrp murh; : fyP

Ky;yh \h

ghkpdp muR rpijtile;j gpd;

jf;fhzj;jpy; Ie;J Ry;jhd;fs; Ml;rp

Vw;gl;lJ

gFjp Jtf;fpath; kuG

mfkJefh; eprhk; rhfp

Nfhy;nfhz;lh FJ}g; rhfp

gP[g;G+h; Mjpy; rhfp

gPuhh; ,khj; rhfp

gPlhh; ghPj; rhfp

ghkpdp murpy; ,Ue;J gphpe;j Kjy; muR

gPuhh; MFk;. 1484y; ,jid ghjTy;yh

,khj; \h vd;gth; Jtf;fpdhh;. 1574y;

mfkJ efUld; ,izf;fg;gl;lhh;

Nfhy;nfhz;lh:

thuq;fy;iyr; rhh;e;j gFjp

Nfhy;nfhz;lhtFk;

,jid Fyp \h vd;gth; Jtf;fpdhh;

mfkJ efhpd; rpwe;j jsgjp khypf;

mk;gh;

ghkpdp murpd; rpwe;j eph;thfp KfkJ

fhtd;

ghkpdp murpd; khfzq;fs; jhug;Gfs;

(Tarafs) vd gphpf;fg;gl;L mit

jhug;Gfspd; fl;Lghl;by; ,Ue;jJ.

tp[aefu Nguurpd; itur; Ruq;fq;fs;

,Ue;jikahy; ghkpdp muRfs; Nghhpl;lJ.

tp[aefug; NguuR

fp. gp. 1336y; mhpfuh;> Gf;fh;> fk;gzd;>

khug;gd; kw;Wk; Kj;jg;gd; Mfpa 5

rNfhjuh;fshy; Jq;fg;gj;jpiuapd;

tlfiuapy; tp[aefug; NguuR

epWtg;ngw;wJ.

Kjyhk; Gf;fh; - ,stuR gl;lk;

Nkw;nfhz;L mde;jG+h; khtl;lj;jpy;

cs;s Fj;jp Nfhl;il MSeh;

Kjyhk; fk;gzd; - cjafphp

khug;gd; - nfhq;fz ehL

,g;NguuR epWt cjtpath; rpUq;Nfhp

rq;fukl Mrhhpahhh; khjthr;rhhpahh;

my;yJ tpj;ahuz;lh;; kw;Wk; rhadhh;

Mthh;fs;

tuyhw;W Mrphpah; `Puh]; ghjphpahh;

,th;fs; n`hy;ry mur kugpdh; vd;W

$Wfpwhh;.

,g;Nguuir rq;fk; rYt> JSt> MutPL

tkprpj;jth; Ml;rp Ghpe;jdh;

rq;fk tkpr kd;dh;fs;:

Kjyhk; `hp`uh; 1336 – 1356

Kjyhk; Gf;fh; 1356 – 1377

,uz;lhk; `hp`uh; 1377 – 1404

tpUghf;\hh; 1404 – 1405

,uz;lhk; Gf;fh; 1405 – 1406

,uz;lhk; tp[auhah; 1446 - 1447

ky;ypfhh;[Pdd; 1447 – 1465

,uz;lhk; tpUg;ghf;\h; 1465 – 1485

gpuTj uhah; 1485

Kjyhk; `hp`uh; (1336 – 1356)

nghp\;lh kw;Wk; lglhgh Mfpa ,U

,];yhkpa tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fSk; ghkpdp

myhTjPd; `hrd; fq;F Kjyhk;

`hp`uz; Mfpa ,UtUf;Fk; eilngw;w

Nghhpy; Kjyhk; `hp`uh; Njhy;tp

mile;jhh; vd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;fs;

Kjyhk; Gf;fh; (1356 – 77)

njd; ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaOj;J

kJiu> ,uhNk];tuk; Mfpa ,lq;fis

ntd;wjhf fk;gz;zdpd; kidtp fq;fh

Njtp vOjpa kJuhtp[ak; vd;w E}y;

$WfpwJ

rPdhtpw;F xU J}Jf;FO mDg;gpdhh;

yf;fz;dh vd;gth; njd;fly; jiytuhf

epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;

,th; ,k;khb Njtuhah gpnusj Njtuha

kw;Wk; f[Nglfuh vd;Wk;

miof;fg;gl;lhh;

,uz;lhk; `hpfuh; (1377 – 1404)

,th; kfhuh[hjp uh[h> uh[ guNk];th;

Nghd;w gl;lq;fis #l;bf; nfhz;lhh;

nua;r;#h; gFjpia ifg;gw;w ghkpdp

nrd;whh;. gpU\;lhTld; Nghhpl;L Njhw;whh;.

,yq;if kPJ Nghhpl;lhh;

Kjyhk; Njtuhah; (1406 – 1422)

thuq;fy; cjtpAld; NgNuh]; \h

ghkDld; Nghhpl;L ntd;whh;

Jq;fg;gj;jpuh ejpapd; kPJ miziaf;

fl;bdhh;

1420y; epf;Nfhyh Nfhz;b> 1443y; mg;Jy;

urhf; Kjyhdth;fs; tp[aefuk; tUif

Ghpe;jdh;

,uz;lhk; tp[auhah; (1446 – 47)

ky;ypfhh;[Pdd; (1447 – 65)

,uz;lhk; tpUg;ghf;\h; (1465 – 1485)

jpwikaw;w ,th; fhyj;jpy; xhprh el;L

murh; GUN\hj;Jk; f[gjp

jpUtz;zhkiy tiur; nrd;whh;

eurpk;k rYthl ,th; Ml;rpia

ifg;gw;wpdhh;

rYt tk;r kd;dh;fs;

rYt eurpk;kh; (1485 – 90)

jpk;k G+ghyd;

eur ehaf;fh; (1490 – 1503)

rYt eurpk;kh; (1485 – 90)

jkf;Fg;gpd; Ml;rpia jdJ jsgjp eur

ehaf;fhplk; xg;gilj;jhh;

eur ehaf;fh; (1490 – 1503)

JSt tk;r kd;dh;fs;

JSt eur ehaf;fh; - 1491 – 1503

mr;Rj Njt uhah; - 1529 – 1542

rjhrpt uhah; - 1542 – 1570

tPueurpk;kh; - 1503 – 1509

fpU\;z Njtuhah; - 1509 – 1529

kh%J \htpdhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l

mNlhdp> fh;E}y; Mfpatw;iw kPz;Lk;

ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

fpU\;z Njtuhah; (1509 – 29)

JSt tk;r kd;dh;fspy; rpwe;jth;

fpU\;z Njtuhah;

,th; tPu eurpk;khpd; xd;Wtpl;l rNfhjuh;

1509y; fpU\;z Njtuhah; ghkpdp

Ry;jhid Njhy;tpAwr; nra;jhh;. 1512y;

nua;r;$h; Njhthg;. Fy;gh;fh> gPlhh;

Mfpatw;iw ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1512y; ck;kj;J}h; ghisaf;fhuh;

fq;fuh[hTld; Nghhpl;L =uq;fg;gl;bdk;>

rptrKj;jpuk; Mfpatw;iw ifg;gw;wp

=uq;fg;gl;bdj;ij jiyikaplkhf xU

Gjpa khepyj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;.

1513 – 18 tiu Nghhpl;L cjatPL

kw;Wk; nfhz;l tPL Mfpatw;iw

xhprhkd;dd; f[gjpaplkpUe;J gwpj;jhh;

njYq;fhdh murd; $ypFj;J\hit

ntd;W njYq;fhdh ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ

1520y; jdJ kidtp efyh Njtpapd;

epidthf ehfyhGhp vd;w efuk;

epWtg;gl;lJ

jpUtz;zhkiy> jpUg;gjp Myaq;fs;

fl;lg;gl;lJ. „mrhNu‟ Myak; rpwg;ghd

Myak;

,tuJ mitia m\;jpf;f[q;fs; vd

$wg;gLk; vl;L njYq;F ftpQh;fs;

myq;fhpj;jdh;

my;yhdp ngj;jz;zh – njYq;F

,af;fj;jpd; je;ij

,th; kJrhpjk; vd;w E}iy vOjpAs;shh;

,jd; %yk; kf;fspd; rKjha epiy

mwpa Kbe;jJ

jpk;kz;zh – ghhp[hj; gfh;dK

nja;tNyhfj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghhp[hj kyh;

nfhz;L tug;gl;l fij

,uhkgj;uh – rfy fjh rq;fpujk;

ky;yz;zh – uhrNrfu rhpjk;

#uz;zh

,uhk uh[h G+rdh

Njdhyp ,uhkfpU\;zh

fpU\;zNjtuhah;-[hk;gtjp fy;ahzk;

c\hghpzak; Mfpa tlnkhop E}y;fis

vOjpdhh;

mKf;jkhy;ajh my;yJ tp\;Z rpj;jK

vd;w njYq;F E}iyAk; ,aw;wpdhh;.

,jd; %yk; tp[aefu murpd; murpay;

epiyik mwpaKbfpwJ

mth; Nghh;r;RfPrpaUld; el;GwT

nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mth;fsplkpUe;J

Fjpiufis ngw;whh;.

jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; Nghh; - 1565

,g;Nghhpy; Ie;J jf;fhzr; Ry;jhd;fs;

xd;W Nrh;e;J tp[a efug; gilfis

1565y; jiyf;Nfhl;il vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy;

Njhw;fbj;jJ

,uz;lhk; NjtuhaUf;Fg; gpd; ghkpdp

Ry;jhd;fs; kw;Wk; xhprh kd;dh; f[gjp

MfpNahh; tp[aefu muor ifg;gw;wpaij

fq;fjhr gpujhg tpyhrk; vd;w ehlf

E}y; tpthpf;fpd;wJ. ,jid vOjpath;:

fq;fhjud;

tp[a efu Nguurpd; mopTr; rpd;dq;fs;

fpilf;Fkplk; `k;gp

MutPL tk;rk;

uhk uhah; 1542 – 1565

jpUkiy Njtuhah; 1565 – 1572

Kjyhk; = uq;fh; 1572 – 1586

,uz;lhk; ntq;fl 1586 – 1614

,uz;lhk; = uq;fh; 1614 – 1614

uhk Njth 1617 – 1632

%d;whk; ntq;flh 1632 – 1642

%d;whk; = uq;fh 1642 - 1646

gpw E}y;fs; vOjpath;

ftp fh;z urhazk; - eurpk;k ftp

nja;t eh tpyhrk; - nfhz;l tPl;L ,yl;Rkp

rq;fPj #h;Nahjak; - ,yl;Rkp ehuhazd;

gpNghj re;jpNuhjak; - fpU\;z kpr;uy;

tpahrhkph;jk; - tpahruhah;

,U rka tpsf;fk; - `hpjhrd;

tp[a efu Nguurpw;F tUif je;jth;fs;

tUif je;jth;fs;-Ml;rp nra;j kd;dh;fs;

Athanasivs Nikitin - ,uz;lhk; KfkJ \h

Fernao Huniz – mr;RjNjtruhah;

Abdur Razzak - ,uz;lhk; Njtuhah;

Nicolo Conti – Kjyhk; Njtuhah;

Domingo Paes – fpU\;z Njtuhah;

Ibn Battutah – Kjyhk; `hp`uh

Duarte Edwardo Barbosa – fpU\;z

Njtuhah;

tp[a efu Nguurpd; Ml;rpj; Jiwfs;:

fz;lrhyh - ,uhZtk;

rh;t khd;ah – NfhapYf;F epyk; toq;Fjy;

mjtdh - tUtha;

tp[aefu NguuR Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;:

tp[aefu NguuRtpd; Kf;fpa jiyefuk;

tp[aefh; MFk;

Ntjhe;j Njrpfh; tlfiyg; gphptpd;

jiyth;

kzths khKdp njd;fiyg; gphptpd;

jiyth;

tlfiyg; gphptpdh; rk]fpUjj;ij

gpd;gw;wpdh;. rhjp Kiwapy; ek;gpf;if

nfhz;bUe;jdh;

njd;fiyg; gphptpw;Fg; gpuge;jq;fisg;

gpd;gw;wpdh;. rhjp Kiwapy; ek;gpf;if

nfhs;stpy;iy

jpuhtplf; fl;blq;fisAk;> ,e;Njh

rurhdpf; fl;blf; fhiyAk; tp[aefu

kd;dh;fs; fhyj;jpy; rpwg;Gw;w tpsq;fpd

,uhNk];tuk; Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk;

,UNfhGuq;fSk;> =uq;fj;jpYs;s

Nr\rphp kz;lgKk; tp[aefuf; fl;blf;

fiyf;Fr; rpwe;j cjhuzq;fshFk;.

tp[aefu kd;dh;fs; NtY}h; Nfhl;ilapd;

cl;Gwk; Gfo;ngw;w Nfhapiyf;

fl;bdhh;fs;. Nfhapy; tshfj;jpy;

fy;ahz kz;lgKk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s

mikg;G Kiw NtY}h; Nfhtpypy; rpwg;G

mk;rkhFk;

kJiu muz;kid ,e;Njh – rurhdpf;

fl;blf; fiyf;F xU rpwe;j

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tpsq;FfpwJ

fpU\;zNjtuhah; rpjk;guk; NfhGuj;jpd;

xU gFjpapidAk;> fhQ;rpGuj;jpYs;s

Vfhk;guehjh; Nfhtpypd; njd; gFjpapid

fl;b Kbj;Js;sdh;

tp[aefu kd;dh;fs; gpd;gw;wpa fl;blf;

fiyKiw kJiuf; fl;blf; fiy

KiwahFk;.

tp[aefu fhyk; - jkpo; E}y;fs;

E}y;fs; vOjpath;

rptQhd Nghjk; - nka;fz;lhh;

NrJGuhzk; - mofpa Njrpfh;

fe;jGuhzk; - fr;rpag;g rpthr;rhhpahh;

jpUkiyGuhzk; - jpUkiyehjh;

nrhf;fehjh; cyh

,Urka tpsf;fk; - `hpjhrh;

mhpr;re;jpu Guhzk; - ey;Y}h; tPuftpahh;

ed;D}y; - gtee;jp

ik#h; vOr;rp – i`jh; myp – jpg;GRy;jhd;

tp[aefu Ml;rpf;Fg; gpd;dh; ik#h; xU

Rje;jpu murhf khwpaJ

Rje;jpu ik#h; murpd; tpj;jfh;

rpf;fNjtuha cilahh;

i`jh; myp ik#h; murpy; Nghh;

tPuuhfg; gzpahw;wp 1755y; jpz;Lf;fy;

gT[;jhuhf ik#h; muruhy;

epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;

mth; 1763y; ngl;D}iuf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;

ik#iu Ml;rp nra;j rpf;fp fpU\;zuh[;

jdJ mikr;rh; eQ;ruhrhit mlf;f

i`jh; mypapd; cjtpia ehbdhh;.

i`jh; myp eQ;ruhrhit mlf;fpaJld;

ik#h; kd;diuAk; ePf;fpj;jhNk 1764y;

muruhdhh;. ,tUila jpthd; G+h;izah

Mthh;. ,tuJ kfd; jpg;G Ry;jhd; Mthh;

jpg;GRy;jhd; =uq;fg;gl;bdj;jpy; Rje;jpu

kuj;jpid el;lhh;. gpnuQ;R Gul;rpapy;

kpFe;j Mh;tk; nfhz;l mth; gpnuQ;R

mYtyh;fspd; cjtpAld; ,uhZtj;ij

etPd kakhf;f Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.

NkYk; Jacobin Club cWg;gpduhfTk;

Nrh;e;jhh;. ghJ\h vd;W jk;ik

mioj;Jf; nfhz;l ,th; ehd;fhk; ik#h;

Nghhpy; caph; ,oe;jhh;. jpg;GRy;jhdpd;

thhpRfs; NtY}h; rpiwapy;

milf;fg;gl;ldh;.

kuhj;jpah;fs;

kuhj;jpah;fspd; vOr;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;:

1. kiyfspy; ,Ue;jikahy; Vw;gl;l cly;

typk

2. ,uhkjh];> Jf;fhuhk;> Vf;ehj;

Nghd;wth;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa kdtypik

3. jf;fhz gPlG+kpapd; Nkw;gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l

ciwtplk; - kiyg;gFjp - ,aw;if

muz;.

4. tWik

5. nghJ rkak;

6. nghJg; gz;ghL – kuhj;jpah; midtUk;

xd;Nw

7. nkhop thhpahd xw;Wik

8. kuhl;ba ngz;fspd; jpahf czh;T

9. ,th;fs; rj;jpugjp vd;w ngaUl;d Ml;rp

nra;jdh;

\hfp Nghd;RNy

,thpd; kidtpfs; [P[hgha; kw;Wk;

Jfhgha;

Jfhgh – kfd; - jQ;ir ntq;Nfh[P

,th; Mjhpj;j Gyh; - n[auhk;

rpth[p (1630 – 1680)

rptdhh; Nfhl;ilapy; gpwe;jjh;

jhjh[p nfhz;lNjt; - Mrphpah;

FU uhkjh]; - FU

FU uhkjh]; vOjpa Gj;jfk; jrNghjk;

Kjy; kidtp – rhahgha;

1646 Njhzhf; Nfhl;il ifg;gw;Wjy;

1656 [ht;ypia ifg;gw;Wjy;

(jpUg;GKid)

1656 – nua;fhh; Nfhl;il ifg;gw;Wjy;

1657 – mTuq;frPg;gplk; Njhy;tp

1657 – nfhyhgh gFjp – fy;ahz;

gFjpfs; ifg;gw;Wjy;

1659 – mg;ry;fhd; nfhiy

gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhd; myp mjpy;\h

rpth[pf;F ghlk; fw;gpf;f vz;zp mtiu

tQ;rfkhf nfhiy nra;a mg;ry; fhd;

vd;gtiu mDg;gpdhh;. rpth[p mtiu

jOTk; NghJ jdJ ifapy; cs;s Gyp

efj;jhy; mtiu fl;baizj;J

nfhd;whh;. ,jid njhlh;e;J gP[g;G+h;

Ry;jhd; rpth[pia Rje;jpu muruhf

Vw;whh;

1663 – nrap];lfhid ntd;wJ:

rpth[papd; tsh;r;rpapidf; fz;l

mTuq;frPg; mtiu je;jpukhf nfhy;y

nrap\;lfhd; vd;gtiu mDg;gpdhh;.

rpth[p nrap\;lfhdpd; Kfhik

vjph;ghujtpjkhf ,utpy; jhf;fpdhh;.

nrap\;lfhd; fhaj;Jl;d jg;gpdhh;.

1664y; #uj; gilnaLg;G kw;Wk;

nfhs;isabg;G

1665 – Gue;jhh; cld;gbf;if:

mTuq;frPg;gpd; gpujpepjp Mk;giur; rhh;e;j

,uhrh n[a;rpq; 1665y; rpth[pAld;

cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhh;. mjd;gb

rpth[p ifg;gw;wpa 35 Nfhl;ilfspy; 23

Kf;fpa Nfhl;ilfis Kfyhah;fSf;F

jpUg;gp mspj;jhh;. gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhd;

Kfyhah;fis jhf;Fk;NghJ

Kfyhah;fSf;F cjTtjhf xg;Gf;

nfhz;lhh;.

1666 – rpth[p jdJ kfd; rhk;gh[pAld;

Mf;uh nrd;wNghJ tPl;Lf; fhtypy;

itf;fg;gl;lhh;. gpd; Mf;uh Nfhl;ilapy;

,Ue;J jg;gpj;jhh;. gpd; Kfyhah;fSf;F

nfhLj;j Nfhl;ilfis ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1672y; Kfyha gilfis Salher vd;w

,lj;jpy; eilngw;w Nghhpy; Njhw;fbj;jhh;.

1670 – 74 nfhz;ldh> Gue;jh;> kNfhyp>

ehe;jj;

1672 $y;eh; Nfl;il ifg;gw;Wjy;

1674y; nua;fhh; Nfhl;ilapy; eilngw;w

Kb#l;L tpohtpy; rj;jpugjp vd Kb

#l;bf;nfhz;lhh; (Kb#l;L tpoh

elj;jpath; fhfg;gl;lh;)

1677 fh;ehlf gilnaLg;G

1678 nrQ;rp> jQ;rhT+h;> NtY}h;

Nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;Wjy;

1680 kiwAT

,th; kiytho; vyp vdg;gl;lhh;

#uj; efhpy; ,tuhy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;l

gphpl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapdh;:

1. n`d;wp nugpq;f;ld; 2. uhz;lhy;g; nla;yh;

3. gpypg; fpg;gh;l; Mth;

kjpg;gPLfs;

tpd;nrd;l; ];kpj;: jpUlh;fspd; jiytd;.

fhgpfhd; - tQ;rfj;jpd; gpjh

rh;f;fhh; - Njrpa gil cUthf;fpa tPuh;

m\;lg;gpujhd;

rpth[papd; Ml;rpf;F cjtpLk; vz;kh;

FOtpw;F m\;lg;gpujhd; vd;W ngah;.

mth;fs; KiwNa

1. Ng\;th (m) Kf;fpagpujhd; - ,th; Kjy;

mikr;rh;> ehl;bd; eyd; kw;Wk;

Kd;Ndw;w topfs;

2. kaPk;jhh; (m) mkhj;jpah; - epjpaikr;rh;

3. thf;dp]; (m) ke;jphp – murhpd;

epfo;r;rpfis gjpT nra;jy;

4. jgPh; (m) Rke;jh – may;ehl;Lj;Jiw

5. rr;rpt; - murhpd; jghy; Nghf;Ftuj;J

6. gz;bl;uht; - G+rhhp

7. rhhpnesgj; (m) Nrdhjpgjp –

gilj;jsgjp

8. epahjP\; - jiyik ePjpgjp

ehL ehd;F gpuhe;j; (khepyk;) fshfg;

gphpf;fg;gl;lJ

khepyq;fs; gh;fhdhf;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ

nfhhpy;yh Nghh; Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ

thpfs; - nrsj;> gilthp (1/4)

rh;Nf\;Kfp – tpisr;rypy; gq;F (1/10)

[fj; - tpw;gid thp

K\;jhh;gh – tzpfthp

[l;[;Njhuh – nu];]pd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLk;

thp.

ghurPf nkhopf;F gjpyhf kuhj;jp Ml;rp

nkhop

rpth[papd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l gFjpfs;

1. rhe;J}h; 2. G+dh 3. ,uhrfp 4. fhh;thh;

5. rjhuh 6. uj;dfphp 7. nfa;uh 8. ngy;yhhp

9. Nfhyhh; 10. NtY}h; 11. Muzp 12. jQ;ir

flw;gilapd; jiyikaplk; nfhyhghtpy;

cs;sJ

rpth[p 53 tJ tajpy; ,we;j gpwF>

mtuJ Kjy; kidtpapd; kfd;

rhk;gh[pf;Fk; ,uz;lhtJ kidtpapd;

kfd; ,uhrhuhkpw;Fk; ,ilNa thhpRg;Nghh;

Vw;gl;lJ. mTuq;frPg;ig vjph;j;J mtuJ

kfd; mf;gh; fyfk; nra;j NghJ

rhk;gh[p mf;gUf;F milf;fyk;

nfhLj;jjhy; mTuq;frPg;ghy; rhk;gh[p

nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;. mtuJ kfd;

,uz;lhk; rpth[p vdg;gLk; rhF

mTuq;frPg;ghy; rpiwg;gpbf;fg;gl;lhh;.

Ng\;thf;fs;

rpth[papd; ,uz;lhtJ kidtp –

mrPuhgha; ,tuJ kfd;fs; - ,uhrhuhk;>

jhuhgha;> ,uhkgha;

,uhrhuhk; kfd;fs; - rpth[p III,

,uhkuhrh.

rpth[papd; Ngud; rhF 1707 mTuq;frPg;

kuzj;jpw;F gpd; Kfyhah; gpbapy;

ntspNa te;jhh;

,jw;F gpwF mtUf;Fk; mj;ijahd

jhuhgha;f;Fk; thhpRhpik Vw;gl;lJ

,jid njhlh;e;J Ng\;thf;fspd;

Mjpf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ

ghyh[p tpRtehj; 1714 – 1720

,th; rhFtpd; Kjyikr;rh; Mthh;

,th; Kjy; Ng\;th Mthh;

,tiu njhlh;e;J Ng\;thf;fs;

thhpRhpikahf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;

gh[puht; - I 1720 – 1740 (2k; Ng\;th)

rhk;uhl; rpth[pf;F gpwF nfhhpy;yh Nghh;

Kiwia jPtpukhf;fpath;

1739y; Nghh;r;RfPrpaiu ntd;W rhy;nrl;>

grPd; gFjpfis ntd;whh;

,tUk;> ,tuJ rNfhjuh; rpkh[p mg;gh;

njhlh;r;rpahf 36 Nghh;fis Ghpe;J ntw;wp

fz;ldh;. vdNt ,th; kuhj;jpag; Nguuir

,uz;lhtJ jlitahf epWtpath; vd;W

$Wthh;

ghyh[p gh[puht; 1740 – 1761 (3k; Ng\;th)

%d;whk; ghdpgl; Nghh; - 14.01.1761

jw;NghJ mhpahdh khepyj;jpy; cs;s

ghdpg;gl; vd;w ,lj;jpy; ,g;Nghh;

kuhj;jpah;fSf;Fk; Mg;fhd; kd;dh;

mfkJ \h Mg;jhypf;Fk; ,ilNa

eilngw;wJ. kuhj;jpah;fs; rhh;gpy;

ghyh[p gh[p uht;> rjrpt uht;> kfhuh[;

Ruh[; khy; kw;Wk; ,g;uhfpk; fhd;

MfpNahUk; Mg;fhdp];jhd; rhh;gpy;

mfkJ \h Mg;jhyp> eh[pg; cj; njhsh

rpuh[; cj; njhsh MfpNahUk;

Nghhpl;ldh;. ,jpy; mfkJ \h Mg;jhyp

mzp ntw;wpg;ngw;wJ

kuhl;bah;fs; tYthd mzpia

mikf;fhj fhuzj;jhy; Njhy;tp mila

Nehpl;lJ. kuhl;bah;fs; ,uhrGj;jpuh;fspd;

cs; tptfhuq;fspy; jiyapl;ljhYk;>

rPf;fpah;fs; kw;Wk; [hl; ,dj;jth;fs; kPJ

mjpf thp t#ypj;jhYk;> mNahj;jp

ethg;gpd; Mjpf;fj;ij Fiwj;jhYk;

kuhl;bah;fs; ,g;Nghhpy; Njhy;tpaila

Nehpl;lJ

khjt uht; (1761 – 72) (4k; Ng\;th)

ehuhaz uht; (1772 – 73) (5k; Ng\;th)

khjt uht; ehuhazh (1773 – 95) (6

Ng\;th)

Kjy; kuhj;jpa Nghh; 1775 - 82

Ng\;th ehuhazuht; mtuJ rpj;jg;gh

uFehj uhthy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;

ehuhazuht; kfd; ,uz;lhk; khjtuht;

Ng\;th gjtp Vw;whh;

uFehjuht; Mq;fpNyahpd; Jiz ehbdhh;

1775y; #uj; cld;gbf;if Vw;gl;lJ

rhy;nrl;> g];rPd; gFjpfis

Mq;fpNyaUf;F mspf;f uFehj uht;

,irT njhptpj;jhh;

,Ug;gpDk; Nghh; Vw;gl;lJ

1776y; Gujh; cld;gbf;if Vw;gl;lJ.

,jd;gb G+dh murhq;fk; 12 ,yl;r

&gha; rhy;nrl; kw;Wk; GNuhr;

Mfpatw;iw Mq;fpNyah;fs; ngw;wdh;.

mjw;F gjpyhf uFehjuhit Mq;fpNyah;

iftpl;ldh;

Gue;jh; cld;gbf;if Vl;lstpNyNa

epd;Wtpl;lJ

tsh;e;JtUk; gpuhd;R gifiag;gw;wpf;

ftiy nfhz;l ,q;fpyhe;J muR

,uFehjuhTld; njhlh;e;J cwit

itj;Jf;nfhz;L> ehdh gldhtpir

mlf;FKhW Kk;ig murhq;fj;jpw;Fr;

nra;jp mDg;gpaJ. ehdhit vjph;j;J

Kk;ig murhq;fk; Nghh; njhLj;jJ.

N`hy;fhUlDk;> khjh[p rpe;jpahTlDk;

Nrh;e;J $l;Lg; gilapd; cjtp nghz;L

ehdh Mq;fpNyag; gilfis thj;fhd;

vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; mbgzpar; nra;jhh;.

Mq;fpNyah; 1779y; thh;fhd; Nghh;

cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;ldh;.

ehdhrhfpg;> Mq;fpNyah;fis mbNahL

tpul;Ltjw;fhf eprhk;> i`jh;myp> kw;w

kuhj;jpaj; jiyth;fis xd;W Nrh;j;J

xU $l;Lg;gilia mikj;jhh;. jsgjp

Nfhlhh;L jiyikapy; Mq;fpyg;

gilapdh; mfkjhghj; grPd; ,uz;ilAk;

ifg;gw;wpdhh;. ghg;`hkpd; jiyikapd;

fPo; kw;nwhU gil Fthypaiuf;

ifg;gw;wpaJ. rpthpapy; khjh[p rpe;jpah

Mq;fpyg; gilfshy; rpW Njhy;tp

kl;LNk Mq;fpNyaUf;F Vw;gl;lJ.

kfhjh[p rpe;jpah Mq;fpNyaUld; 1782y;

rhy;gha; cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhh;.

,uz;lhk; gh[puht; (1795 – 1818) (7

kw;Wk; filrp Ng\;th)

,uz;lhk; kuhj;jpag; Nghh; 1802 - 1803

1802y; ,uz;lhk; gh[puht; Mq;fpNyahpd;

grPd; (Jiz gil) jpl;lj;ij Vw;whh;

,ij rpe;jpah kw;Wk; Nghd;];Ny

vjph;j;jdh;

Mh;jh; nty;ny];ypapd; jiyikahd

Mq;fpyg;gil Nghd;];Ny gilfis

md;N] kw;Wk; Mufhd; ,lq;fspy;

Njhw;fbj;jJ. Nghd;];Ny jpNahfd;

cld;gbf;if %yk; Jizg;gilj;

jpl;lj;ij Vw;W fl;lhf; gFjpia

Mq;fpNyaUf;F mspj;jhh;

Nyf; gpuGtpd; jiyikapid

Mq;fpyg;gil rpe;jpahtpd; gilfis

Njhw;fbj;jJ. rpe;jpah rh;[p mh;[Pd;fhd;

cld;gbf;if %yk; Jizg; gil

jpl;lj;ij> Vw;W GNuhr; mfkJ efh;>

fl;lhf; kw;Wk; fq;if aKid

gFjpfis Mq;fpNyaUf;F mspj;jhh;

Kfyha kd;dh; ,uz;lh; \h Myk;

Mq;fpNyahpd; ghJfhg;gpd; fPo; te;jhh;

kuhj;jpah;fs; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;j gFjpfis ,oe;jdh;

%d;whk; kuhj;jpag; Nghh; 1817 - 1818

Ng\;th ,uz;lhk; gh[puht; grPd; (Jiz

gilj; jpl;lk;) cld;gbf;if kPwpdhh;

kuhj;jpah;fis Mq;fpNyahpd; gpbapy;

,Ue;J tpLtpf;f rpe;jpah> Nghd;];Ny>

N`y;fhh; MfpNahUld; ,ufrpa

cld;gbf;if

gpz;lhhpahh;fis xopj;jikahy; thud;

N`y;fhh; MfpNahUld; ,ufrpa

cld;gbf;if

gpz;lhhpahh;fis xopj;jikahy; thud;

N`y;fhh; kPJ kuhj;jpah;fs; Nfhgk;

mile;jdh;.

1815y; nfapf;thh; murpd; gpujpepjp

nfhiy

1817y; G+dhtpy; Mq;fpyg;gpujpepjp

khspif jPf;fpiuahf;fg;gl;lJ

Nghd;];Ny – rPj;jh ghy;bf; Nghhpy;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;

N`hy;fhh; - kfpj;G+hpy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;

Nfhh;fhd; m\;jh - ,uz;lhk; gh[puht;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;

tpisTfs;

kuhj;jpah;fspd; Mjpf;fk; ePf;fg;gl;lJ

Ng\;th gjtp xopf;fg;gl;lJ

N`hy;fhh; Jizg;gil jpl;lj;ij Vw;whh;

eh;kij gFjpfis Mq;fpNyaUf;F

fpilj;jJ

gpw;fhy kuhj;jpah;fs;:

gpw;fhyj;jpy; kuhj;jpah;fs; gy;NtW

,lq;fspy; Ml;rp nra;jdh;.

1. gNuhlhtpy; nfa;f;thl;

2. ehfGhpapy; Nghd;];Ny

3. ,e;J}hpy; N`hy;fh;

4. Fthypahpy; rpe;jpah

5. G+dhtpy; Ngh\;th

,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNyah; Mjpf;fj;ij

mjpfkhf vjph;jjJ kuhl;bah;fs; vd;gJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;.

rka ,af;fq;fs;

muhgp K];yPk;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ

gilnaLg;ghYk;> murh;fs; MjuT

ngw;wikahYk; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ryhkpa

rkak; ntF tpiutpy; gutpaJ. ,jdhy;

gf;jp ,af;fq;fs; Njhd;wpaJ. gf;jp

,af;fj;jpd; fhyk; 14 Mk; E}w;whz;L

tiu MFk;

,t;tpaf;fq;fs; Ry;jhd;fspd; Ml;rpf;

fhyj;jpy; ngUk;ghYk; Njhd;wpaJ.

JUf;fpah;fs;> INuhg;gpah;fs;> K];yPk;fs;

,e;jpahtpy; Ml;rp nra;jikahy;

Mhpaf;fyhr;rhuk; jdJ nry;thf;fpid

,of;f Nehpl;lJ. ,];yhkpa kjk;

murh;fspd; MjuTld; gut njhlq;fpaJ.

vdNt gf;jp (my;yJ) topghl;L

Kiwfs;.

Mjprq;fuh; 788 - 820

,th; Nfush fhybapy; gpwe;jhh;

,th; khh;fk; Qhd khh;f;fk; (Strict

Monism)

,thpd; fUj;Jf;fs; mj;Jitjk;

,th; epWtpa 4 klq;fs;> gj;jphpehj;>

Jthufh> G+hp> rpUq;Nfhp

,tiu „gpurd;dGj;jh;‟ vd;W mioj;jdh;

,thpd; rpj;jhe;jk; mj;Jitj Ntjhe;jk;

,uhkhD[h; 1017 – 1137

gf;jp ,af;fj;jpy; <Lgl;l kfhd;fspd;

Kd;Ndhb ,uhkhD[h; Mthh;

flTis md;Gf; fly; vd;Wk;> mofpd;

,Ug;gplk; vd;Wk; $wpath; ,uhkhD[h;

Mthh;.

,th; =ngUk;GJ}hpy; gpwe;jhh;

,tuJ fUj;Jf;fs; tprp\;lhj;Jitjk;

(Monism)

,th; gf;jp %yk; caph;fs; ,iwtid

milayhk; vd;W $wpdhh;

,tuJ rPlh; ,uhkhde;jh;> khjtr;rhh;ah

kw;Wk; ty;ygr;rhh;ah

gukhj;khTk; [Pthj;khTk; xd;Nw>

gukhj;khtpd; xU gFjpNa [Pthj;kh

,th; irt rkaj;jpy; Nru Ntz;Lk;

vd;W Nrho murh; nfhLik gLj;jpajhy;

n`ha;ry mikr;rhplk; milf;fyk;

GFe;jhh;

,uhkhde;jh;

Mde;j gh\;ah vd;w ciuia vOjpdhh;

,th; ,uhkhD[iu gpd;gw;wpdhh;

14Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy;

tho;e;jhh;.

myfhghj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. ,th; =

it\;zt gphpitr; rhh;e;jth;

,th; tp\;Zit ,uhkh; tbtj;jpy;

tzq;fpdhh;

midj;J tFg;gpdUf;Fk; ,th; cgNjrk;

toq;fpdhh;. rhjpKiwia Gwf;fzpj;jhh;.

,thpd; rPlh;fs; 12 Ngh;

Kf;fpakhd rPlh;fs;: fPgh;> utpjh];>

Nrdh> jhd kw;Wk; gpgh

,uhkde;jhpd; ngz; rPlh; gj;khtjp

,tNu gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; Kjy;

rPh;jpUj;jthjp

,e;jp nkhop %yk; gf;jp gpur;rhuj;ij

Kjd; Kjypy; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;

kj;th; (1199 – 1278)

gpuk;k #j;jpuk; vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpdhh;

,tuJ nfhs;if: Jitjk;

,th; itzth;

,uhkhD[iu gpd;gw;wp gf;jp ,af;fj;ij

fh;ehlfhtpy; tsh;j;jth;

epk;ghh;f;fh;

,th; gpuk;k #j;jpuj;jpw;F ciu

vOjpdhh;

,jw;F Ntjhe;j ghhp [hj nrsug vd;W

ngah;

,thpd; rpj;jhe;jk;: Jitj Jitjk;

irjd;ah; (1485 – 1533)

rpf;\h m\;ld; vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpdhh;

tpuhkzh;. tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s ehbah

vd;w Chpy; gpwe;jhh;. fPh;j;jidfis

,aw;wpAs;shh;. rq;fPh;j;jd Kiwia

gpugyg;gLj;jpdhh;. Kfh gpuG vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lhh;. Gaudiya Vaishnavism

vdg;gLk; Bengal Vaishnavism ,th;

Njhw;Wtpj;jJ MFk;.

fpU\;zjh]; ftpuh[; vOjpa E}y;

irjd;dpa rhpjk;Ujk; MFk;. ,tit

gpd;gw;Wgth;fs; ,tiu jpUkhy;

mtjhukhf fUJfpd;wdh;.

fgPh; (1440 – 1518)

my;yh vd;whYk; `hp vd;whYk; xd;Nw.

,th; uhkhde;jhpd; rPlh;

flTs; xUtNu. Mtiu fy;ypNyh (m)

Gdpj E}ypNyh fhz KbahJ.

md;Gs;sth;fs; ,jaj;jpy; jhd; fhz

KbAk;.

rhjp> rlq;Ffis ,th;

nghUl;gLj;jtpy;iy.

gpwg;ghy; gpuhkzh;> K];yPk; nerthspahy;

tsh;f;fg;gl;lhh;

,thpd; cjNjrq;fis gq;fh jh];

vd;gth; Bijak vd njhFj;Js;shh;.

,tiu gpd;gw;wpath;fs; fgPh; ge;jpfs;

vdg;gl;ldh;

Kfkjpa JwT Pir Tagi vd;gthpd;

nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;wpdh;.

kPuhgha;

,uhrGj;jpu ,sturp

tpjitahd gpd; Saguna School of Bhaki

vd;gjd; %yk; fpU\;z gf;jp gug;gpdhh;.

jhJ jahs; 1544 - 1603

,thpd; nfhs;ifalq;fpa E}y; jhJuhk;

fpghzp

,thpd; rPlh;fs; jhJ ge;jpfs; vd;W

,af;fj;ij Jtf;fpdhh;fs;

Jsrpjhrh;

,th; rq;fPh;j;jdk; vdg;gLk;

,irKiwapd; %yk; flTspd; Gfio

gug;gpdh;.

,thpd; rPlh;fs; ,tiu kfhgpuG vd

mioj;jdh;

,uhk rhpjkd]; vd;w ,e;jp

,uhkhazj;ij vOjpdhh;

,th; vOjpa Kf;fpa E}y;fs;

[hdpkq;fs;> ghh;tjp kq;fs;

uhkhazk;> fPjhtsp> ftpjhtsp> thia

gj;hpf;fh Nghd;w E}y;fis vOjpdhh;.

ty;yghrhhpahh; (1479 – 1531)

ty;yghrhhpahh; thuzhrpapy; gpwe;jhh;.

fpU\;z gf;jh;

,tuJ jj;Jtk; vgpFhpahdpj; jj;Jtk;

Nghd;wJ

cahpa gf;jp topahfj; jhd;

gpuk;kj;Jld; ,izaKbAk; vd;w fUj;J

nfhz;lth;.

,thpd; jj;Jtk; Rj;j Jitjk;

,thpd; khh;f;fk;: G\;b khh;f;fk;

Jfhuhk; (1608 – 1649)

,th; tf;fhhp gphpirr; rhh;e;jth;

kuhj;jpah;: G+dh mUfpy; NjF vd;w

fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.

ghz;Luq;fd; vdg;gLk; fpU\;zid

mlq;fq;fs; vdg;gLk; kuhl;ba nkhop

ghly;fspy; ghbdhh;

Kf;fpa rkaj; jiyth;fs;:

1. ehNd];tuh

gftj;fPijia kuhj;jpa nkhopapy;

nkhopngah;j;jhh;

,e;E}y; QhNd];thp vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

2. ehk;Njt; 1270 - 1350

,th; kuhj;jpa khepyj;ij rhh;e;jth;

,th; tp\;Zit tpj;Njhgh vd;w

ngahpl;L mioj;jhh;.

,tUila ghly;fs; rpy rPf;fpah;fspd;

Gdpj E}yhd FU fpue;j rhfpg; vd;w

E}ypy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,th; eh;Fz

cghrfh;.

3. Vf;ehj;

Rhjp Kiwia xopf;f ghLgl;lhh;

4. ,uhkjhrh;

Ehnlq;Fk; Mrpukq;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

kuhl;ba rpth[papd; czh;itj;

J}z;bath;.

5. #h; jhrh;

rFz gs;spia epWtpath;

ty;ygr;rhh;ahtpd; rPlh;

6. Gue;ju jhrh;

fh;ehlfj;ijr; rhh;e;j ,th; fpU\;z

gf;jh; Mthh;. fh;ehlf rq;fPj

fPh;j;jidfis ,aw;wpath;. Fh;ehlhf

rq;fPj gpjhkfd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

njd; ,e;jpahtpy; gf;jp ,af;fk;:

rptid topgl;lth;fs; ehad;khh;fs;

nkhj;j ehad;khh;fs; 63 Ngh;

Kf;fpa ehad;khh;fs;

1) mg;gh; 2) Re;juh; 3) khzpf;fthrfh;

,th;fs; rkaf; Futh;fs; vdg;gl;ldh;

Midj;J ehad;khh;fspd; ghly;fis

njhFj;jth; ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp

Njtuhg; ghly;fis vOjpath;fs;

mg;gh;> Re;juh;> jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;

jpUthrfg; ghly;fis vOjpath;

khzpf;fthrfh;

ehad;khh;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw

tpsf;Fk; E}y;: nghpa Guhzk;

,jid vOjpath; : Nrf;fpohh;

Mo;thh;fs;

tp\;Zit topgl;lth;fs; Mo;thh;fs;

vdg;gl;ldh;

,th;fs; nkhj;jk; 12 Ngh;

,th;fs; vOjpa ghly;fis ehjKdpfs;

vd;gth; ehyhapuj; jpt;a gpuge;jk; vd;w

E}yhf njhFj;jJs;shh;

Mo;thh;fs; 12 Ngh;fs;

jpUg;ghit ghly;fs; jkpo;ehl;by; khh;fop

khjj;jpy; ghlg;gLfpwJ

rPf;fpah;fs;

FUehdf; (1469 – 1539)

rPf;fpa rkaj;ij cUthf;fpath; -

FUehdf;

gpwe;j ,lk; - jhy;thz;b – ehd; fhdh>

rh\pg;

,J Nkw;F gQ;rhg;gpy; cs;sJ

gpwe;j tUlk; : 1469

je;ij ngah;: Nkj;jhfhY

jhahhpd; ngah; - jphpg;jh

kidtpapd; ngah; - Rye;jp

nkf;fh nkjPdh nrd;whh;

Qhd xsp ngw;w ,lk; - Ry;jhd; G+h; -

ghaPd; vd;w Mw;wpy; Fspf;fr; nrd;w

NghJ Qhd xsp fpilj;jJ

,Wjpahf tho;e;j ,lk; - fhh;j;jhh; G+h;

FUehdf;fpd; fUj;Jf;fs;

1. flTs; xUtNu> cUt topghL

Njitapy;iy. Jwtwk; Njitapy;iy

2. Mz;lthpd; ngaiu topgl Ntz;Lk;

3. Mz;ltid mwpa FU Njit

4. FUit fz;lwpa Mz;ltdpd; Mrp

Njit

5. rPf;fpah;fspd; Vzp FU

6. cyfj;jpy; gw;W ,y;yhky; tho

Ntz;Lk;.

7. ehk; vij tpijf;fpd;NwhNkh mijNa

mWf;fpd;Nwhk;

8. rhjp Kiwia fz;bj;jhh;

9. ,y;yj;jpypUe;J topfhl;liy

Nkw;nfhz;lhh;

Nkw;nfhz;l gazk; - cjh]p];

Nkw;nfhz;l gazk; - 5

fhiyapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; topghL –

[g;[p

nghJr; rikayiw – yq;fhh;

vOj;J Kiw – FUKfp

Jwtw tho;f;if – gf;fPh;

lhf;lh; [p. rp. euhq; - FUehdf; xU

rPh;jpUj;jthjp

Nkfhypg;> fhd;rpq;> Nj[hrpq; - FUehdf;

xU Gul;rpahsh;

,th; fgPh;> ehkNjth; fUj;jpid Vw;Wf;

nfhz;lhh;.

FU mq;fhl; 1538 - 52

rPf;fpa kjj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ FU

,thpd; ngah; Ny`dh

FUKfp vOj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;

rPf;fpa kjj;ij jdp kjkhf;fpath;

P̀khA+d; ,tuJ Mrp ngw;whh;

yhq;fh; vdg;gLk; nghJr; rikayiwia

mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.

FU Mz;L rpwg;G FUehdf; 1469-1539 mq;fhl; 1538-52 FUKfp vOj;J

tbtj;ij Njhw;W tpj;jhh;. jdp kj khf;fpdhh;. yhq;fh; nghJ rikay; miw

FU mkh;jh];

1552-1874 22 khepykhf gphpj;jhh;. ,it kQ;rpf;fs;

FU uhk;jh];

1575-1581 mkph;jur]; vd;w efuj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;. kre;Jf;fs; vdg;gLk; rPlh;fis cUthf;fpdhh;.

FU mh; [_d;rpq;

1581-1606 Mjp fpuhe;jk; vd;w E}y; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ. mhpkhe;jph; Myak; cUthf;fpdhh;. ,sturh; FU&tpw;F cjtpajhy; [`hq;fPuhy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;

FU `hp Nfhtpe;j rpq;

1606-1645 rhr;rh ghJ\h vd;w ngaUld; Nghh; tPuiug; Nghy; cilazpe;jhh;. mfy;jj; vd;w fl;blk; cUthf;fg; gl;lJ

FU `hp uha;

1645-1661 \h[`hdpd; %j;j kfd; jhuh\pia Mjhpj;jhh;

FU mhp fpU\;zd;

1661-1664 3 Mz;Lfs; kl;LNk FUthf ,Ue;jhh;

FU Nj[; gfJ}h;

1664-75 ,Ryhkpa kjj;jpw;F khw kWj;jikahy; mTuq;frPg;ghy; nfhiy nra;ag; gl;lhh;

FU Nfhtp e;jrpq;

1675-1708 fy;rh vd;w mikg;gpid cUthf;fpdhh;. ghQ;r;gpahuhf;fs; vd;gth;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ldh;.

FU mkh;jh]; 1552 – 74

FU mq;fhbapd; kfs; gPgp mk;Nuh

,tiu kjk; khw;wpdhh;

,th; itzth;

84 gbfs; nfhz;l fpzW mikj;jhh;

,th; jk;Kila Md;kpf Nguuir 22

khepykhf gphpj;jhh;. ,it kQ;rpf;ffs;

vdg;gl;lJ.

Gjpa gpwg;G> ,wg;G rlqFfis

Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

rjp vd;Dk; cld;fl;ilia jilr;

nra;jhh;.

kJ mUe;Jjy; jil nra;ag;gl;lJ

,th; jq;fpapUe;j Nfhapy;thy;

vd;Dkplj;jpw;F mf;gh; te;J

mwf;nfhilfis toq;fpdhh;

mf;gh; ahj;jpiu thpfis rPf;fpaUf;F

ePf;fpdhh;.

FU ,uhk;jh]; (1575 – 1581)

,th; FU mkh;jhrpd; kUkfd;

,tuJ kidtpapd; ngah; - gPgpghzp

mf;ghplkpUe;J epyj;jpid ngw;W rf;FU

(m) ,uhkjh];Guk; (m) mkph;jru]; vd;w

efuj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;.

re;Njh\;fhh;> mkph;jru]; vd;w Fsj;ij

ntl;bdhh;

kre;Jf;fs; vdg;gLk; rPlh;fis

cUthf;fpdhh;

mf;gh; ,thpd; Ntz;LNfhis Vw;W

gQ;rhg;gpw;F Xuhz;L thpj; js;Sgb

mspj;jhh;

rPf;fpa kjk; ntFthf gutpaJ.

,tUf;F gpwF FU gjtp guk;giu

topahf khwptpl;lJ

FU mh;[_d; rpq;f (1581 – 1606)

Mjp fpuhe;jk; vd;w E}y; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ

,JNt rPf;fpah;fspd; Ntjk;

rPf;fpah;fs; fhzpf;if ngWk; Kiw

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

,tuJ rNfhjuh; g;hPjpahtpw;Fk; ,tUf;Fk;

Nkhjy; Vw;gl;lJ

mhpkhe;jph; Myak; cUthf;fpdhh;

jhud;jhud;> fh;jhh;G+h; efiu

cUthf;fpdhh;

kre;Jfs; jkf;F fPo; kpNahuhf;fs;

my;yJ kre;jpahf;fis

cUthf;fpdhh;fs;.

,sturh; FU&tpw;F cjtpajhy;

[`hq;fPuhy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;

,tuJ nfhiy rPf;fpah; xw;Wikf;F

cjtpaJ.

FU `hpNfhtpe;j rpq; (1606 – 1645)

,tuJ je;ij nfhiy nra;ag;glNth

,th; jk;Kila Mjuthsh;fis Nghh;

tPuuhf khw;wpdhh;

rhr;rh ghJ\h vd;w ngaUld; Nghh;

tPuiug; Nghy; cilazpe;jhh;

mfy;jj; vd;w fl;blk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

mJNt flTspd; ,Ug;gplk; vdg;gl;lJ

mkph;jruir Rw;wp Rth; mikj;jhh;. mJ

N`hy;fhh; vdg;gl;lJ

,th; Kfyha kd;dh; [`hq;fPuhy; ifJ

nra;ag;gl;L gd;dpnuz;L Mz;Lfs;

Fthypahpy; rpiw itf;fg;gl;lhh;

gpd;G ,th; [`hq;fPhplk; el;G nfhz;lhh;

\h[`hd; fhyj;jpy; 1628y; mkph;jru];

Nghh; ele;jJ. 1631y; ,uz;lhtJ

mkph;jru]; Nghh; ele;jJ

1634y; jd;Dila jiyefiu

fpuhj;G+Uf;F khw;wpf;nfhz;lhh;.

FU`h;uha; 1645 - 61

,th; \h[`hdpd; %j;j kfd;

jhuh\pia Mjhpj;jhh;. mTuq;frPg;ig

,th; kfd; ,uhk;uha; Mjhpj;jhh;

vdNt mLj;j FUthf ,uhk;uhad; kfd;

mhpfpU\;zd; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;

FU mhpfpU\;zd; 1661-64

%d;whz;Lfs; kl;LNk FUthf ,Ue;jhh;

,sk; tajpNyNa ,th; ,we;Jtpl;lhh;

FU Nj[;gfJ}h; 1664-75

rpthypf; Fd;WfspilNa mde;jG+j; vd;w

Mrpukj;jpy; jq;fpdhh;

,th; ,Ryhkpa kjj;jpw;F khw

kWj;jikahy; mTuq;frPg;ghy; nfhiy

nra;ag;gl;lhh;

FU Nfhtpe;j rpq; 1675 - 1708

rPf;fpah;fspd; gj;jhtJ FU

filrp FU

fy;rh vd;w mikg;gpid cUthf;fpdhh;

ghQ;r;gpahuhf;fs; vd;gth;fs;

cUthf;fg;gl;ldh;

rPf;fpah;fs; 5 milahsq;fisf; nfhz;L

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Mizaplg;gl;lJ

Nf\; - ePz;lKb

fph;ghd; - fj;jp

fr;rh - fhy;ruha;

fq;fh - rPg;G

fuh - tisay;

Mde;jg;G+h; Nghhpy; rPf;fpah;fs; Njhy;tp

mile;jdh;

,thpd; 4 kfd;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;

,e;J kjj;ij fhg;ghw;wpdhh;

rPf;fpa gilia Gj;jhjy; (KjpNahh;

gil) jUe;jy; (,isQh;gil ) vd;

gphpj;jth; fG+h; rpq; Nfhtpe;j;rpq; Nghy

,Ue;J mjpf Kfyhah;fis nfhd;wtd;

- gz;lh gfJ}h;

,uQ;rpj; rpq;

Kfyhag; NguuR tPo;r;rpaile;jTld;

gQ;rhg;gpy; rPf;fpah;fs; vOr;rp Njhd;wpaJ

jdpj;jdpNa ,aq;fp te;j 12 kprpy;fis

xd;WgLj;jp If;fpa gQ;rhg;ig

Vw;gLj;jpath; ,uQ;rpj; rpq; Mthh;

,th; gQ;rhg;gpd; rpq;fk; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lhh;

1767y; Mg;fhdpa kd;dh; mfkJ \h

mg;jhyp ,e;jpah kPJ gilnaLj;jhh;

Mg;fhdp kd;dh; rhkd; \h 1798y; uQ;rpj;

rpq;if yh$hpd; MSeuhf epakpj;jhh;

1802y; mkph;jruR Nfhl;iliaf;

ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1805y; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf kuhj;jpaj;

jiyth; N`hy;fh; cjtp Nfl;lNghJ

kWj;Jtpl;lhh;

1806y; rl;ny[; Mw;iwf; fle;J

Y}jpahdhitf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

1809y; kpd;Nlh gpuG rhh;gpy; rhh;y];

nkl;fhg;Tld; ,uQ;rpj;rpq; cld;gbf;if

nra;J nfhz;lhh;. ,JNt mkph;jruR

cld;gbf;if MFk;.

1811y; fhq;fuhit $h;f;fh;fsplkpUe;J

ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1813y; ml;lhf; gFjpia

Mg;fhdpah;fsplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

1818y; %y;jhidf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1819y; fh\;kPiu ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1823y; ng\htiu ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1836y; yhlhf;iff; ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1837y; [hk;uhj; Nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1838y; ,uQ;rpj; rpq;> Mq;fpNayh; kw;Wk;

Mg;fhdpa kd;dh; \h\_[h

MfpNahUf;fpilNa Kf;$l;L

cld;gbf;if Vw;gl;lJ

ehtha; cld;gbf;if : ,uQ;rp rpq;

rpe;Jitf; ifg;gw;w Kaw;rp nra;jNghJ

Mq;fpNyah;fs; rpe;Jit Mz;l

mkPh;fSf;F rYiffs; toq;;fp ehtha;

cld;ghL nra;Jnfhz;ldh;.

Kf;fpa E}y;fs;

E}ypd; ngah; vOjpath;

gpy;`dh; - tpf;ukq;f Njtrhpjk;

fy;`zh; - ,uhr juq;fpzp

tprhfjj;jh; - Kj;uh uhl;rfk;

gjQ;ryp Kdpth; - kfh gh\;ak;

ghzgl;lh; - `h;\ rhpjh

khfh - rpRghygjh

fq;fh Njtp - kJuh tprak;

ty;yhsh; - Ngh[ gpuge;jk;

nkf];jdp]; - ,z;bfh

kpUJq;fd; - juhtsp

mRtNfh\; - Gj;j rhpjk;

jz;bd; - jr Fkhu rhpjk;

ghutp - fpuhjh;[Pdpah

Fkhujhrh; - [hdfp `udh

kNfe;jpu tpf;ukh; - kj;jd tpyhrk;

kA+uh - #h;a rlhfh

thf;gjp - fTlthF

n[arpk;kh; - Fkhu ghy rhpjk;

NkJq;fh; - gpuge;jr; rpe;jhkzp

fiyfs;

Gj;jkjk; - rhQ;rp ];J}gp> m[e;jh> vy;Nyhuh

Fg;jh;fs; fhyk;

tp\;Z Nfhtpy; - njFth

rpth Nfhtpy; - ehfjh

ghh;tjp Nfhtpy; - m[a;fhh;

jrhtjhu Nfhtpy; - jpNahfhh;

Nrhsq;fp fhyk;

jpy;yhuh Nfhtpy; - mG kiy

Nrhoh;fs; fhyk;

gpufjP];tuh; Myak; - jQ;rhT+h;

fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk;

ehaf;fh;fs; fhyk;

kJiu – kPdhl;rp mk;kd; Myak;

tp[aefuk;

`k;gp – tpl;ly;rhkp Nfhtpy;

n`a;ryh fhyk;

NgY}h; - nrd;id Nfrth; Mayk;

n`a;ry];tuh; - `yNgL

gy;yth;fs; fhyk;

uj fy;ntl;L Nfhtpy;fs; - khky;yGuk;

fhQ;rp ifyhrehjh; Nfhtpy;

rhz;ls;ah;fs;

kfhNjt Nfhtpy;> f[PuNfh Myak;

n\h;\h – G+h;z Fapyh

rpf;fe;jh; Nyhb – Mf;uh

fpahRjPd; Jf;sf; - Jf;sjh ghj;

mf;gh;

Mf;uh Nfhl;il> G+yhd; jhh;thrh gNjG+h; rpf;hp>

P̀khA+d; rkhjp yh$h; Nfhl;il

\h[`hd;

[Pk;kh k#jp> Nkhjp k#jp> nrq;Nfhl;il

jh[;k`hy;

mTuq;frPg;

nrq;Nfhl;il k#jp> gduh]; k#jp> kJuh

k#jp

Mde;jrh;k fq;fh;

G+hp – nrfd;ehjh; Myak;

Kjyhk; eurpk;kh;

nfhdhh;f;fpy; cs;s #hpa Myak;

Fg;jh;fs; - m[e;jh Xtpaq;fs;

jpy;ypapy; cs;s ,Uk;G J}z;

eurpk;kth;kd; - uhNk];tuk; Nfhtpy;

,uhruhr Nrhod; - jQ;ir gpufjP];tuh;

Myak;

Mjpy; \h – rhh;kdhh;> i`juhghj;

,y;Jkp\;> FJg;kpdhh;

myhTjPd; fpy;[p – Nfh\f;-,-rphp

ngNu]; Jf;fs;

fhsp k#jp> yhy;Fk;gh

rpf;fpe;jh; Nyhb – Nkhj; rp k#jp

mfkJ \h – rhe;j; kpdhh;> mfkjhghj;

nghw;Nfhtpy; efuk; mkph;jru];

kpfg;nghpa kpUff; fhl;rp rhiy fy;fj;jh

INuhg;gpah;fs; ,e;jpa tUif

1453y; JUf;fpah;fs; fhd;];lhd;bNehgpd;

gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;. vdNt

INuhg;gpah;fs; Gjpa topiaf;

fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gl;lJ

vdNt ];ngapd; kw;Wk; Nghh;r;Rf;fy;

ehLfspd; murh;fs; khYkpfis

Cf;Ftpj;jdh;

ghh;j;jNyhkpah la]; fp. gp. 1489Mk;

Mz;L Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; njd;Kidia

mile;jhh;.

Gay; fhuzkhf Nkw;nfhz;L gazk;

njhlu ,aytpy;iy. vdNt

,k;Kidia Gay;Kid vd;W

mioj;jhh;.

Nghh;j;JfPrpah;

,e;jpahtpw;Ff; fly; top fhz;gjpy;

ntw;wp ngw;w Kjy; INuhg;gpa ehL

Nghh;r;Rfy;

n`d;wpNkhh; vd;w Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpa murhpd;

cjtp ngw;W th];Nfhlfhkh

Mg;hpf;fhtpy; cs;s ed;dk;gpf;if Kid

topahf 1498> Nk khjk; 27k; ehs;

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fs;spf;Nfhl;ilia

te;J mile;jhh;

fs;spf;Nfhl;ilk d;duhd rhkhpdplk;

thzpf chpikiag; ngw;whh;

1501y; fg;uhy; vd;gth; thzpfk; nra;a

,e;jpah te;jhh;

1502y; th];Nfhlfhkh kPz;Lk

fs;spf;Nfhl;il te;jile;jhh;

1501y; nrg;lk;gh; khjk; Pedro Alvarez

Cabral vd;gth; fs;spf;Nfhl;ilapy;

gz;lf rhiy epWtpdhh;. ,JNt Kjy;

INuhg;gpah gz;lfrhiy MFk;

fs;spf;Nfhl;il> nfhr;rpd;> fz;zD}h;

Mfpa ,lq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpah; gz;lf

rhiyfs; epWtpdh;

,e;jpahtpy; epWtg;gl;l Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpag;

gw;wplq;fis epUtfpf;f murg;gpujpepjp

(Viceroy) ia epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

1507y; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; nrd;id

te;jdh;. mth;fspd; jiyth; Madra

vdNt ,jid Madras vd;W

mioj;jdh;.

Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpah;fspd; tUifia muT

ehl;lth;fs; tpUk;gtpy;iy

mugpah;fspd; J}z;Ljyhy; 1508y;

fs;spf;Nfhl;il rNkhpd;> F[uhj; Ry;jhd;

KfkJ ngfuh MfpNahh; rTy;

vd;Dkplj;jpy; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpaiu

Njhw;fbj;jhh;.

1509y; kPz;Lk; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; ilA

vd;Dkplj;jpy; ntw;wp ngw;wdh;. ilAy;

gz;lf rhiy fl;lg;gl;lJ.

gpuhd;rp];-b-my;iklh (1505-1509)

1505y; gpuhd;rp];-b-my;iklh Kjy; murg;

gpujpepjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;

flw;gilapd; typikiag; ngUf;fpdhh;.

mth; gpd;gw;wpa nfhs;if „ePy ePh;f;

nfhs;is‟ vd miof;fg;gl;lJ

my;iklh kw;Wk; mtuJ kfd; ,UtUk;

1509y; vfpg;jpah;fshy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;

my;Nghd;rh-b-my;Gfh;f; (1509-1515)

,tiug; Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpah;fs; „khkdpjh;‟

vdg; Nghw;Wfpd;wdh;. ,tNu ,e;jpahtpy;

Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpa Ml;rpia epWtpah;

1510y; Nfhthit gP[g;g+h;

Ry;jhdplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpdhh;

gpd;dh; mth;fspd; jiyefuhapw;S.

1511y; kyhf;fhitf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

nfhr;rpapy; murh; mDkjpAld; ,U

Nfhl;iliaf; fl;bdhh;

tp[aefu muRld; jd; cwit

gyg;gLj;jpath; ,tNu

rjp xopg;gpy; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;

gpuGtpw;F Kd;Ndhbahf my;Nghd;rh-b-

my;Gfh;f;F jpfo;e;jhh;

1515y; ghurPf tisFlhtpy; Mh;K];

JiwKfj;ij mikj;jhh;

,thpd; Kf;fpa Ml;rp Kiwfs;:

1. rpy gFjpfis Neubahf ifg;gw;wp

mtw;iw Ml;rp nra;jy

2. rpy gFjpfis fhyzpahf;Fjy;

3. ifg;gw;w ,ayhj gFjpfspy;

gz;lfrhiy epWTjy;

4. ngUk; tzpfh;fis Nghh;r;Rfy; ehl;bd;

ty;yikia Vw;Wf;nfhs;sr; nra;jy;

5. ,e;jpa cah;Fb ngz;kzpfis

Nghh;r;RfPrpah;fSf;F jpUkzk; nra;jy;

epdh b Fd;fh:

1528y; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpa fth;duhf

epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;

1531y; F[uhj; flw;fiuapy; rTy;

vd;Dkplj;jpy; Nfhl;il fl;bdhh;

1534y; grPd; ifg;gw;Wjy;

1537y; ilA ifg;gw;Wjy;

1559y; lhkd; ifg;gw;Wjy;

1572y; mf;gh; F[uhj;ij ifg;gw;Wjy;

1640y; lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; kyhf;fhit

ifg;gw;Wjy;

1739y; kuhj;jpah;fs; grPid ifg;gw;Wjy;

1961 tiu Nfhth> ilA> lhkd;

,e;jpahTld; ,izg;G

Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;:

1580y; Nghh;r;RfPrpah; ehL ];ngapd;

Ml;rpapd; fPo; te;jJ

jpwikaw;w it];uha;fs;

tpraefu tPo;r;rp

lr;R> Mq;fpNyah; vOr;rp> typikaw;w

flw;gil> Nguhir kw;Wk; gpNurpy;

ehl;il Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; fz;lwpjy;

1601y; nejh;yhe;J fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ

1616y; jQ;rhT+iu Mz;l uFehj

ehaf;fhpd; mDkjpg; ngw;W Nldpah;fs;

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; 1620y; juq;fk;ghb

vd;Dkplj;jpy; tzpfj; jyq;fis

mikj;jdh;

juq;fk;ghbay; Fort – Bonusberg

(Dansborg) vd;w Nfhl;ilia ml;kpuy;

Ove Gedde fl;bdhh;.

Nruhk;G+h; vd;Dkplj;jpy; Nldpah;fs;

FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.

lr;Rf;fhuh;

1592y; mk;];lh;lhk; tzpfh;fshy; lr;Rf;

fk;ngdp Jtq;fg;gl;lJ

1597y; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J jpUk;gpa

fhuzpypa]; `l;Nkd; vd;w lr;R

tpahghhp ngUk; nry;tj;Jl;d jpUk;gpdhh;

gpd; 1602y; lr;Rf; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk;

njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 1641y; lr;Rf;fhuh;fs;

Nghh;j;Jf;fPhpah;fsplkpUe;J kyhf;fhitf;

ifg;gw;wpdh;

1609 Mk; Mz;L goNtw;fhL

vd;Dkplj;jpy; lr;Rf;fhuh;fspd; Kjy;

Nfhl;il fl;lg;gl;lJ

1623y; lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; Mq;fpNyaiu

mk;ghapdh vd;Dkplj;jpy; gLnfhiy

nra;jhh;. ,JNt mk;ghapdh gLnfhiy

vdg;gl;lJ

1658y; ,yq;ifiaAk;> gpd;dh;

ehfg;gl;bdj;ijAk; Nghh;r;Rf;

fPrpah;fsplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

ehfg;gl;bdk; mUNfAs;s juq;fk;ghbapy;

Nfhl;il vOg;gpdhh;.

Kf;fpa lr;R tzpf epWtdq;fs;:

k#ypg;gl;bdk;> rJuq;fg;gl;bdk;> Gypfhl;>

#uj;> ehfg;gl;bdk;> nfhy;yk;> nfhr;rp>

fz;zD}h;

1845y; jq;fsJ tzpf epWtdq;fis

Mq;fpNyaUf;F tpw;wdh;

Mq;fpNyah;

31-12-1600y; ,q;fpyhe;J murp Kjyhk;

vyprngj; ,yz;ld; fpof;fpe;jpa thzpf

epWtdj;jpw;F ,e;jpah> fPio ehLfSld;

thzpfk; nra;Ak; rpwg;Ghpikia The

Governor and Company of merchants of

London vd;w tpahghu FOkj;jpw;F

toq;fpdhh;.

1601y; #uj; gz;lf rhiy Jtf;fk;

1608y; tpy;ypak; `hf;fpd;R> [`hq;fPiur;

re;jpj;J #uj; efhpy; tzpf chpikiag;

ngw;whh;.

Mdhy; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; mjid

Vw;ftpy;iy. vdNt ,e;j chpik gpd;

Kfyhah;fshy; uj;J nra;ag;gl;lJ

1615y; rh; jhkR Nuh vd;gth; Kjyhk;

N[k;]; xg;GjYl;d [`hq;fPiur; re;jpj;J

thzpf chpikfisg; ngw;whh;. #uj;>

Mf;uh> mfkjhghj;> GNuhr; efhpy; gz;lf

rhiy

Mq;fpNyah; Muk;fhd;> k#ypg;gl;bdk;

Mfpa ,lq;fspy; thpzf ikaq;fis

Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

rh; gpuhd;rp]; Nl vd;w Mq;fpy tzpfh;

22.8.1639y; nrd;idia re;jpufphp murd;

nrd;dg;g ehaf;fhplkpUe;J tpiyf;F

thq;fp 23.4.1640 y; Gdpj [hh;[;

Nfhl;ilia fl;bf;nfhz;ldh;

gpd;dh;> ghy#h;> mhp`uG+h;> `_f;sp

Kjyhd ,lq;fspy; gz;lf rhiyfis

epWtpdh;

Mq;fpykUj;Jtuhd tpy;ypak; `kpy;ld;

tq;fhs Ml;rpah; cwtpdh; xUtiu

Nehapy; Fzg;gLj;jpajw;fhf 1651Mk;

Mz;L `_f;spapy; tzpfj; jyk;

mikf;f mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ

1661y; gpuhd;R ehl;L ,sturp fhjhpid

,uz;lhk; rhh;y]; kzk; nra;J> gk;gha;

efhpid ngw;whh;

1661y; Kk;igia ,uz;lhk;

rhh;yrplkpUe;J ,uz;ld; thzpf

epWtdk; tUl Fj;jif 10 ngsz;L

nrYj;jp ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ

fy;fj;jhtpy; gz;lf rhiy epWt 1669y;

mTuq;frPg;gplk; ,irTg; ngw;wdh;

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs;

1664y; gjpdhd;fhk; Y}ap murUk;> mtuJ

mikr;rh; fhy;gh;l; MfpNahhpd;

MNyhridg;gb gpnuQ;Rf; fpof;fpe;jpa

epWtdk; gpuhd;rp]; fNuhd; vd;gthpd;

jiyikapy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ

1666y; gpuhd;rpd; J}Jth;fs;

mTuq;frPg;ig re;jpj;J ,e;jpahtpy;

Nfhl;ilfs; mikf;fTk;> thzpfk;

nra;aTk; ,irT ngw;wdh;

1667y; gpnuQ;Rg; gz;lfrhiy #uj;jpy;

gpuhd;Rth fNuhd; vd;gtuhy;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.,JNt gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fspd;

Kjy; gz;lfrhiy MFk;.

1669y; k#ypg;gl;bdj;jpy; gz;lfrhiy

1673y; ghz;br;Nrhpapy; gz;lfrhiy

gpw tzpf jyq;fs;: re;jpueh$h;> khfp

Vdhk;> fhiuf;fhy;

1672y; rhe;Njhk; gFjpia

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs; ifg;gw;wpdhh;

1673y; Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhd; kw;Wk;

lr;Rg;gilfshy; rhe;Njhk;

ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ

khh;l;bd; 1672 - 1706

1672y; gpnuQ;R - ,e;jpag; gFjpfspd;

jiyik ,af;Feuhf khh;bd;

epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;

,tNu ,e;jpahtpy; gpnuQ;R Ml;rpia

epWtpatuhth;. ,th; gP[g;G+h; murhplk;

ghz;br;Nrhpiag; ngw;whh;

tq;fhsj;jpy; nrap\;lfhd; vd;w

ethg;gplkpUe;J re;jpueh$iu 1675y;

ngw;wdh;

me;efNu thzpfj;jpw;Fj; jiyik

,lkhapw;W. gpd;dh; re;jpueh$h;> ghyh#h;>

fhrpk;g[hh;> kh`p> fhiuf;fhy; Mfpa

,lq;fspy; gz;lfr; rhiyfs;

Vw;gLj;jpdh;

1693y; ghz;br;Nrhp lr;Rf;fhuh;fshy;

ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. gpd; Ryswick

xg;ge;jg;gb ghz;br;Nrhp 1697y; kPz;Lk;

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fsplk; toq;fg;gl;lJ

1707y; mTuq;frPg; ,we;jTld; INuhg;gpa

tzpf epWtdq;fs; - murh;fs; -

ethg;Gfs; njhlh;e;J Nghh; nra;jdh;.

khh;bDf;Fg; gpd; te;j jpwikahd

jiyik ,af;Feh;fs;

1. Lenoir

2. Dumas (1735 – 1741)

1721y; nkhp`pa]; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ

1725y; khfp ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ

1739y; fhiuf;fhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ

,uhgh;l; fp;ist;:

Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapy;

nrd;idapy; xU vOj;juhf jdJ

gjtpia ,e;jpahtpy; Jtf;fpath;

1751y; Mw;fhl;il re;jhrhfpg;kplkpUe;J

ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

1774y; ,q;fpyhe;jpw;F jpUk;gp nrd;whh;.

mq;F jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;lhh;

Kjy; fh;ehlfg; Nghh; 1746 – 1748

fhuzk;: M];jphpa thhpRhpikg; Nghh;

fh;ehlf epiyik:

fh;ehlfk; vd;gJ fpof;F flw;fiur;

rhiy kw;Wk; mjd; gpd;dpyj;ij

Fwpf;Fk; gFjpahFk;

,J Mw;f;fhl;il jiyefuhf nfhz;L

jf;fhz RNgjhhpd; fPo; xU khfhzkhf

ethG vd;w gl;lj;Jila fth;duhy;

Msg;gl;lJ

nrd;id epiyik:

1734y; kuhl;bah;fs; fh;ehlfj;jpy;

Eioe;J mjd; fth;dh; Njh];J myp

vd;gtiu nfhd;W mtuJ kUkfd; re;jh

rhfpg;ig rpiwgpbj;J rj;uh vd;w

,lj;jpw;F nfhz;L nrd;whh;. Njh];J

mypapd; kfd; rg;jhh; myp xU Nfhb

&gha; nfhLj;J jkJ capiu fhg;ghw;wpf;

nfhz;lhh;. gpd; rg;jhh; myp nfhiy

nra;ag;gl;lhh;. gpd; rg;jhh; mypapd; kfd;

ethg;ghf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,J fh;ehlf

murpaypy; mr;rj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

,t;trj;ijg; Nghf;f jf;fhz RNgjhh;

md;th; cj;jPd; vd;gtiu fh;ehlf

ethg;ghf epakpj;jhh;. Njh];J myp

cwtpdh;fs; md;th; cj;jPid

Vw;ftpy;iy.

INuhg;gpa epiyik:

INuhg;gpahtpy; 1740y; ele;j M];jphpa

thhpR chpikg; Nghhpy; ,q;fpyhe;Jk;

gq;Nfw;wJ. ,jpy; ,q;fpyhe;Jk;> gpuhd;Rk;

vl;L Mz;Lf;fhyk; nejh;yhz;by;

Nghhpl;lJ. vdNt ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s

,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; gpuhd;R

ehl;lth;fsplk; Nghh; Nkfk; #o;e;jJ.

nrd;idapy; cs;s Mq;fpNyaiu

fhf;Fk; nghUl;L xU gil te;jJ.

gpnuQ;R fth;dh; bA+g;Ns (ghz;br;Nrhp

fth;dh;) fh;ehlf ethg; md;thUj;jPid

Jizf;F mioj;jhh;. md;thUj;jPd;

Mq;fpNyaUf;F vr;rhpf;if tpLj;jhh;.

,jdhy; Mq;fpNyaUf;F te;j gil

jpUk;g nrd;W tpl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk;

bA+g;Ns nkhhp\pa]; jPtpd; gpnuQ;R

MSeh; yh nghh;lNdia ngUk;

flw;gilg; gphpTld; tur; nra;jhh;.

nrd;idia ifg;gw;wpa yh Nghh;lNd

nrd;idia 40000 gTd;fSf;fhf

Mq;fpNyahplkpUe;J nrd;idiaf;

ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

milahh; Nghh; 1746

Mq;fpNyah; trkpUe;j nrd;idia

bA+g;Ns kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

nrd;idia ,oe;j Mq;fpNyah;fs;

md;thUj;jPdplk; epahak; Nfl;ldh;.

NkYk; bA+g;Ns nrd;idiaf;

ifg;gw;wpaTld; md;thUj;jPdplk;

jUtjhf thf;fspj;jhh;. thf;fspj;jgb

mth; nra;atpy;iy. vdNt md;thUj;jPd;

ngUk; gilia gpnuQ;R;fhfuh;fSf;F

vjpuhf mDg;gp itj;jhh;. mg;gil

Njhy;tpAw;wJ. ,g;Nghh; milahh; Nghh;

vdg;gl;lJ. ntw;wp ngw;w gpnuQ;Rg;

gilfs; Mq;fpNyah; ghz;br;Nrhp kPJ

Nghh; njhLj;jdh;. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs; ed;F

ghJfhj;jikahy; ghz;br;Nrhpia nty;y

,aytpy;iy.

ma;yh\hngy; cld;ghL 1748

M];jPhpa thhpR chpikg;Nghh;

ma;yh\ngy; cld;ghl;Lld;

Kbtile;jJ. mjd;gb nrd;idia

kPz;Lk; Mq;fpNyaUf;F ju Ntz;ba

epiy Vw;gl;lJ. mjw;F gjpyhf tl

mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,Ue;j Y}ap];ghh;f;if

gpuhd;rpw;F je;jdh;.

,uz;lhk; fh;ehlfg; Nghh;fs; 1749 – 54

Fhuzk;: jf;fhzk; - fh;ehlfj;jpy;

eilngw;w epfo;r;rpfs;

Mk;G+h; Nghh; 1749

gpnuQ;R mzp: bA+g;Ns> fh;ehlf ethg;

re;jhrhfpg;> i`juhghj; Krhgh; [q;.

Mq;fpNyah; mzp: Mq;fpNyah;>

i`juhghj; ep[hk; kfd; ehrph; [q;

epfo;Tfs;: ,g;NghJ jf;fhzj;jpYk;>

fh;ehlfj;jpYk; eilngw;w epfo;r;rpfshy;

Vw;gl;lJ. 1748y; Ijuhghj; ep[hk;

cy;Ky;f; kuzkile;jhh;. mtuJ

,uz;lhk; kfd; ehrph; rq;Fk;> ngaud;

Krhg; rq;Fk; eprhkpd; thhprhf

Nghl;bapl;ldh;.

Mw;fhl;bYk; thhpRhpikg; Nghl;b

Vw;gl;lJ. ethg; md;thUjPDf;F vjpuhf

mth; kUkfd; re;jhrhfpg; Nghl;bapl;lhh;.

Ijuhghj;jpYk;> Mw;fhl;bYk; Vw;gl;l

gjtpg; Nghl;bfisj; jkf;Fr;

rhjfkhf;fpf; nfhs;s bA+g;Ns

tpUk;gpdhh;. vdNt kuhl;bauhy; rpiw

nra;ag;gl;l re;jh rhfpg;igg;

ngUe;njhifiag; gzakhff; nfhOj;J

tpLtpj;jhh;. mtiu Mw;fhl;bd; ethg;

Mf;f tpUk;gpdhh;. Ijuhghj;jpy; Krhgh;

rq;if eprhkhf;f Kad;whh;. khwhf

Mq;fpNyah; ehrph; rq;ifAk;>

md;thUjPidAk; Mjhpj;jdh;.

1749y; md;thUjPd; gilfsig; gpnuQ;R

gilfs; Njhy;tpAwr; nra;jd.

md;thUjPd; Nghhpy; kuzkile;jhh;.

mtuJ kfd; KfkJ myp jg;gpr; nrd;W

jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp Nfhl;ilAs; jQ;rk;

mile;jhh;. ,jdhy; fh;ehlfk;

KOikAk; re;jhrhfpg; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;

te;jJ.

Ijuhghj;jpy; eilngw;w Nghhpy; ehrhp

rq;> Krhgh; rq;ifj; Njhy;tpAwr;

nra;jhh;. ehrphpd; gilfs; ehrpiu tpl;L

tpyfp mtiuf; nfhd;wd. ,jdhy;

Krhgh; rq; 50>000 gTd;fis

Mq;fpNyaUf;F mspj;J eprhkhdhh;.

mtUk; ,we;Jtpl;ljhy; eprhkpd;

%d;whtJ kfdhd rygj;rq; eprhkhdhh;.

gpnuQ;Rj; jsgjp G];]p eprhkpd;

gilfis etPdkhf;fpdhh;.

re;jhrhfpg;> fh;ehlf ethg; Mf;fg;gl;lhh;.

bA+g;Ns KfkJ mypiaj; Njhw;fbj;J

jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp Nfhl;ilia

Kw;Wifapl;lhh;. KfkJ mypf;F

Mq;fpNyah; cjtpGhpa jtph;f;f 1751y;

Mq;fpNyaj; jsgjp ,uhgh;l; fpist;>

Mw;fhl;ilj; jhf;fpdhh;. ,jdhy;

,uz;lhk; fh;ehlfg; Nghhpy; Vw;gl;lJ

Nghh; epfo;r;rpfs;: Mw;fhL Nghh;: 1752 - 53

fpist; Mw;fhl;ilj; jhf;fp

re;jhrhfpgpd; gilfis ntd;whh;. mth;

Mw;fhl;L tPuh; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhh;. NkYk;

Muzp> fhNthpg;ghf;fk; Mfpa

,lq;fspYk; re;jhrhfpg; jg;gp Xbj;

jpUtuq;fj;jpy; jQ;rk; GFe;jhh;. gpnuQ;Rg;

gilfs; jpUr;rpruhg;gs;sp Kw;Wifiaf;

iftpl;ldh;. mjdhy; KfkJ myp

fh;ehlf ethg; Mf;fg;gl;lhh;. 1753y;

fh;ehlfk; KOikAk; Mq;fpNyah;

trkhapw;W gpnuQ;R muR mtiuj; jpUg;gp

mioj;Jf; nfhz;L nfhNj`pA+

vd;gtiu MSeuhf mDg;gpaJ. mth;

ghz;br;Nrhp cld;gbf;ifiar; nra;J

nfhz;lhh;.

ghz;br;Nrhp cld;gbf;if : 1754

,U ehLfSk; ,e;jpa cs;ehl;L

murpaypy; jiyapLtjpy;iy vd

cld;gl;ld. Mth;fs; trk; cs;s

gFjpfisj; njhlh;e;J jf;f itj;Jf;

nfhs;sTk; xg;Gf; nfhz;ld

%d;whk; fh;ehlfg; Nghh; (1756-63)

fhuzk;: INuhg;ghtpy; Vohz;Lg; Nghh;

INuhg;ghtpy; 1756y; Vohz;Lg; Nghh;

njhlq;fpw;W. ,e;jpahTf;F typik

tha;e;j flw;gilia fTz;l byhyp

vd;gthpd; jiyikapy; gpnuQ;R muR

mDg;gpaJ. Mq;fpNyag; gilAk; rh;

mah;$l; vd;gthpd; jiyikapy; gpnuQ;R

muR mDg;gpaJ. Mq;fpNyag; gilAk;

rh; mah;$l; vd;gthpd; jiyikapy; kpfr;

rpwe;J tpsq;fpaJ. flY}hpy; eilngw;w

Nghhpy; Mq;fpNyag; gilfs; Gdpj

Nltpl; Nfhl;ilapy; Njhw;wd. Y}yp

Ijuhghj;jpy; cs;s G];]piaj;

Jizf;fioj;jhh;. G];]p gilfs;

fh;ehlfk; te;jile;jd. me;j epiyia

Mq;fpNyah; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L

eprhkpd; gFjpfshd k#ypg;

gl;bdj;ijAk;> tlrh;f;fhh; gFjpiaAk;

ifg;gw;wpd.

te;jthrpg; Nghh; - 1760

1760y; rhmah; $l;> yhypapd; gilfis

te;jthrp vd;w ,lj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;jhh;.

gpd;dh; nrQ;rpAk; Mq;fpNyauhy;

ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. gpnuQ;Rg; gFjpfs;

midj;J Mq;fpNyauhy;

ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld.

G];]p> Mq;fpNyauhy; ifjpahdhh;.

Y}ypapd; gilfs; ghz;br;Nrhpapy;

ruzile;jd. Nghhpd; ,Wjpapy; ghhpR

cld;gbf;if ,U ehLfSf;fpilNa

Vw;gl;lJ

ghhpR cldg;bf;if: 1763

ghz;br;Nrhp cl;glr; rpy gFjpfs; kl;Lk;

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh; trk; tplg;gl;ld

,Ul;liw epfo;r;rp 20-06-1756

Mq;fpNyah;fs; jq;fSF;F nrhe;jkhd

fy;fj;jh tpy;ypak; Nfhl;ilia

GJg;gpf;f nra;j Kaw;rpia rpuh[;

cj;njsyh tq;fhs ethg; jLj;jhh;

tq;fhsj;jpy; thp ,y;yhky; thzpgk;

nra;a Kfyha kd;dh; gUf;fpauhy;

nfhLf;fg;gl;l Mizfis

Mq;fpNyah;fs; jtwhfg;

gad;gLj;jpdhh;fs;.

Rpuh[; cj;njsyhtplk; ngUk;

nry;tj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Xba

xUth; Mq;fpNyahplk; jQ;rk; GFe;jhh;

mtiu xg;gilf;f Nfhhpa rpuh[;

cj;njsyhtpd; Nfhhpf;ifia

Mq;fpNyah;fs; epuhfhpj;jdh;

vdNt rpuh[; cj;njsyh tpy;ypak;

Nfhl;ilia jhf;fp mq;F ,Ue;j 145

Ngh;fis xU rpW miwapy; milj;jhh;

,jpy; 125 Ngh; ,we;J tpl;ldh;. ,JNt

,Ul;liw rk;gtk; vdg;gLk;

Rpyh; Mq;fpNyah; ,l;l fw;gidf; fij

,J ,Ul;liw rk;gtk; vdg;gLk;

,e;j ,Ul;liwj; Jaur; nra;jp

nrd;idia vl;baTld; ,uhgh;l; fpist;

flw;gilj;jsgjp thl;rd; MfpNahh;

jiyikapy; Mq;fpNyah; gil

tq;fhsj;jpw;F tpiue;J fp. gp. 1757y;

fy;fj;jhit kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;wpaJ

,U gphptpdUk; Neubahf NkhJtjw;F

mg;NghJ Maj;j epiyapy; ,y;yhjjhy;

fp. gp. 1757y; Xh; cld;gbf;ifapidr;

nra;J nfhz;ldh;.

Ethgpd; epiyia tYf;Fd;wr; nra;a

vz;zpa fpist; mtUila jiyikj;

jsgjp kPh; [hgNuhL> mkPd; re;j; vd;gth;

%ykhf xU cld;gbf;ifapidr; nra;J

nfhz;lhh;.

ethgpd; epiyia tYf;Fd;wr; nra;a

vz;zpa fpist; mtUila jiyikj;

jsgjp kPh; [hgNuhL> mkPd; re;j; vd;gth;

%ykhf xU cld;gbf;ifapidr; nra;J

nfhz;lhh;.

Ntz;Lnkd;Nw jpl;lkpl;L ethg;

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fNshL Nrh;e;J nfhz;L

Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhfr; rjpj;jpl;lk;

jPl;Ltjhff; fpist; Fw;wk; rhl;bdhh;.

gpshrpg; Nghh; 1757

tq;fhs ethg; rpuh[; cj;njsyhtpw;Fk;

,uhgh;l; fpistpw;Fk; ,ilNa

eilngw;wJ.

,e;j Aj;jk; 23.06.1757y; gpshrp

vd;Dkplj;jpy; eilngw;wJ

,uhgh;l; fpist; 1757y; re;jpu efiu

Kjypy; ifg;gw;wpdhh;

gpwF eilngw;w Nghhpy; rpuh[;

cj;njsyh Njhy;tp mile;jhh;.

fpist;> jdf;F cjtp nra;j rpuh[;

cj;njsyhtpd; jsgjp kPh; [hgiu ethg;

Mf epakpj;jhh;.

,jdhy; fpist; 1765y; tq;fhs MSdh;

Mdhh;.

gf;]hh; Nghh; 1764:

gpshrpg; Nghhpy; rpuh[; cj;njsyh

Njhy;tp mile;jTld; mthpd; jsgjp>

fpistpw;F cjtp nra;j kPh; [hgh; ethg;

Mf;fg;gl;lhh;.

kPh;[ghh; lr;Rf;fhuh;fSld; njhlh;G

itj;jpUe;jhh;. vdNt Mq;fpNyah;fs;

kPh;[ghh; kUkfid ethg; Mf;fpdhh;

kPh;[ghh; kUkfd; kPh; fhrpk; ethg;

MdTld; Mq;fpNyaiu Rq;ff; fl;lzk;

fl;LkhW $wpdhh;

,jid vjph;j;j Mq;fpNyaiu

rpiwapyilj;jhh;. vdNt 1763y; Nghh;

Jtq;fpaJ

tq;fhs ethg; kPh;fhrpk;> mNahj;jp ethg;>

\P[h-cj;-njsyh> Kfyhag; Nguurh; \h

Myk; MfpNahh; $l;lzpf;Fk;

Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; vjpuhf Nghh; Vw;gl;lJ

1764y; gf;rhh; vd;Dkplj;jpy; ele;j

Nghhpy; Mq;fpNyah; ntw;wp ngw;W>

kPz;Lk; kPh;[ghiu tq;fhs ethg;

Mf;fg;gl;lhh;.

gf;rhh; Nghh; fp.gp. 1765k; Mz;L Vw;gl;l

myfhghj; cldgbf;ifapdhy;

KbTw;wJ.

gf;rhh; Nghhpy; ,e;jpa kd;dh;fisj;

Njhw;fbj;j Mq;fpy MSeh; Nk[h;

kd;Nwh

,uhgh;l; fpist;

1765y; Mz;bypUe;J tq;fhs MSeuhf

epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;

,tNu tq;fhsj;jpd; Kjy; MSeh;

Mthh;

,ul;ilahl;rp

tq;fhsj;jpy; fpist; xU GJKiwahd

epUthfj;ijg; Gfj;jpdhh;. ,J

,ul;ilahl;rp vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.

fp.gp. 1765Mk; Mz;bypUe;J 1772-Mk;

Mz;L tiu tq;fhsj;jpy; epUthfk;

tq;fhs ethgplKk; fpof;fpe;jpa

epWtdj;jplKk; ,Ue;jJ. ethg; ehl;bd;

murh;> mth; ehl;bd; epUthfj;jpw;F

nghWg;Gs;sth;. Mdhy; cz;ikahd

mjpfhuk; Mq;fpNyahplk; jhd; ,Ue;jJ.

,Nj Kiw tUtha; epUthfj;jpYk;

gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. thp jz;bl ,e;jpa

Kfth;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;. Mdhy;

cz;ikahd mjpfhuk; mth;fSf;Fg; gpd;

,Ue;j epWtdj;jplNk ,Ue;jJ.

fp.gp. 1765y; Nguurh; \h Myk; Xh;

Mizapd; %yk; tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;> xhprh

Mfpa khepyq;fspy; thpj;jz;ly; nra;Ak;

chpikia fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpw;F

mspj;jpUe;jhh;. gpd;dh; tq;fhsj;jpy;

kPh;[hghpd; ike;jd; ep[hk; cj;-njsyh

fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpw;F eprhkj;

mYty;fisAk; ehl;bd; gilg;

ghJfhg;G> may; tptfhuq;fs;

Mfpatifis nfhLj;Jtpl;lhh;

fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; jpthdp vd;Dk; thp

jz;Lk; NtiyfisAk; eprhkj; vd;Dk;

gilg;gzpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;syhapw;W

Kjyhk; Mq;fpNyh ik#h; Nghh; 1767 - 1769

i`jh; myp jkf;F cjtpa gpnuQ;R

muRld; el;GwT nfhz;L ,Ue;jhh;.

,jdhy; Mq;fpNyaUk; kuhj;jpaUk;

ftiyf;nfhz;ldh;

Mq;fpNyah;> i`juhghj; ep[hk;>

kuhj;jpaUf;fpilNa el;GwT ,Ue;jJ

fh;ehlfh ethg; KfkJ myp ,e;j

el;Gwit gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L i`jh;

mypia 1767y; jhf;fpdhh;. Mdhy;

i`jh; myp jpwikAld; eprhik

Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf <LgLj;jpdhh;.

Mq;fpy jsgjp Rkpj; i`jiuj; jhf;fj;

njhlq;fpdhh;. i`jh;gilAk;> eprhk;

gilAk; Nrh;e;J Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;j;jd.

Rkpj;> mth;fs; gilfis

jpUtz;zhkiy> nrq;fk; Mfpa

,lq;fspy; Njhw;fbj;jhh;. Njhw;w

mzpapy; ,Ue;j eprhk; i`jiu tpl;L

tpyfpdhh;.

gk;ghapy; ,Ue;J mDg;gg;gl;l gil

kq;fSiuAk;> mjd; mUfpy; cs;s

flw;fiug; gFjpfisAk; ifg;gw;wpaJ.

mg;gFjpapy; i`jh; myp jhf;Fjy;

epfo;j;jp mtw;iwj; jd; trg;gLj;jpdhh;.

NkYk; ghukfhy;> f&h; Mfpa ,q;fisf;

ifg;gw;wpdhh;. jsgjp epr;rid

Njhy;tpAwr; nra;J <Nuhl;il ntd;whh;.

mg;NghJ i`jhplk; Mq;fpNyah;

rkhjhdk; Nfhhpdhh;.

nrd;id cld;gbf;if:

1769y; Kjy; ik#h;g;Nghhpd; Kbtpy;

nrd;id cld;gbf;if ifnaOj;

jhfpaJ. mjd;gb f&h; khtl;lk;

i`jhplk; tplg;gl;lJ. neUf;fbf;

fhyj;jpy; xUtUf;nfhUth; cjtp nra;J

nfhs;s cld;gl;ldh;.

,JNt Kjy; ik#h; Nghh;

thud; N`];bq;R (1772-1785)

fp.gp. 1772 Kjy; 1774 tiu tq;fhsj;jpy;

MSeuhf thud; N`];bq;R

epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

1774apy; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jiyik

MSduhf gjtpNaw;whh;.

Kf;fpa Nghh;fs; Nuhfpy;yh; Nghh; 1774

1774y; mbahj;jp ethg; Nuhfpy;

fz;ilj;jhf;fpdhh;. thud; N`];bq;R

gilfis mDg;gp ethg;gpw;F cjtp

Ghpe;jhh;. ethg;> N`];bq;R nra;j

cjtpf;fhf 40 ,yl;r &ghia mtUf;F

toq;fpdhh;. thud; N`];bq;rpd; ,r;nray;

fz;ldj;jpw;Fs;shf;fpaJ.

xOq;F Kiwr; rl;lk; eilKiwf;F

te;jJk;> thud; N`];bq;R Kjy;

jiyik MSeuhf 1774y; gjtpNaw;whh;.

mtUf;Fk; mtuJ MNyhrid mit

cWg;gpdh;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa Nuhf;fpy;yh;

Nghh; njhlh;ghff; fUj;J NtWghL

Vw;gl;lJ

,uz;lhk; ik#h; Nghh; 1780-84

,q;fpyhe;jpw;Fk; gpuhd;Rf;Fk; Vw;gl;l

Nghhpy;> ,e;jpahtpy; khN` vd;w gpnuQ;R

,lj;ij Mq;fpNyah;fs; jhf;fpdhh;fs;.

i`jh; ,jidj; jLj;jhh;

,jd; tpisthf eprhk;> kuhj;jpah;>

i`jh; xd;W Nrh;e;J Nghh; nra;jdh;.

Nghhpd; eLNt Mq;fpNyah;> ep[hk;>

kuhj;jpah; MfpNahUld; el;GwT nfhz;L

i`jiu jdp kukhf;fpdhh;.

guq;fpg;Ngl;ilapy; 1781y; rh; mah; $l;>

i`jh; mypiaj; Njhw;fbj;jhh;.

i`jhpd; kfd; jpg;G te;jthrpia

Kw;Wifapl;lhh;. 1781-82y; Nghh; Kbtpd;wp

ePz;L nfhz;bUe;jJ.

Nghh; njhlh;e;J eilngw;wJ. i`jh;

,we;jhh;.

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs; 1783y; jpg;Gtpw;F

mspj;j Mjuit tpyf;fpf; nfhz;ldh;.

,U gphptpdUk; ,Wjpapy; fisg;gile;J

khh;r; 7> 1783y; kq;fSh;

cld;gbf;ifapidr; nra;jdh;. ,jd;

thapyhf ,U gphptpdUk; jhq;fs;

ifg;gw;wpa gFjpfisAk;> ifjpfisAk;

jpUg;gpf;nfhLf;f cld;gl;ldh;.

i`jh; myp Gw;WNehahy;

kuzkile;jhh;.

xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk; (1773)

tq;fhsj;jpd; MSeh; (Governor)

,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb> tpy;ypak; Nfhl;ilapd;

jiyik MSeh; (Governor – General)

Mdhh;. ,jd;gb thud; N`];bq;R 1774

Kjy; jiyika MSeuhf

epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,tUf;Fr; nrd;id>

Kk;ig MSeh;fs; fl;Lg;gl;lth;fs;.

fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpf;F 20 Mz;Lf;fhyk;

tzpf nra;Ak; chpik

ePl;bf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

eph;thfj;jpy; FOtpd; ngUk;ghd;ik

cWg;gpdh;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb murpay;

eltbf;iffs; mika Ntz;Lk;. rkkhd

fUj;J Vw;gl;lhy; jiyik MSeh; jdJ

KbT nra;Ak; thf;Fhpik (Casting Vote)

gad;gLj;jyhk;.

Jiyik MSeUk;> FOTk; ,ize;J

Kk;ig> nrd;id khepyq;fis

eph;tfpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ngw;wdh;.

tpy;ypak; Nfhl;ilapy; xU jiyik

ePjpkd;wk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ

,jd;gb xU jiyik ePjpgjp kw;Wk; 3

ePjpgjpfSk; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.

Kjy; ePjpgjp: ,k;Nga;

Thzpff; FOit epUtfpf;f 24 Ngh;

nfhz;l ,af;Feh;fs; mit xd;W

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

gpl; ,e;jpa rl;lk; 1784:

xOq;FKiwr; rl;lj;jpd; FiwghLfisf;

fisa> 1784y; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; gpl;

jiyik mikr;ruhfg; gjtpNaw;wTld;

gpl; ,e;jpar; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ

,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;ij

Nkw;ghh;itapl MS cWg;gpdh;fs;

nfhz;l fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; FO (Board of

Control) ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

,th;fs; Mizah;fs; vdg;gl;ldh;

tzpfk; njhlh;ghd fbjg; Nghf;Ftuj;J

jtpu> gpw eph;thf> gil eltbf;iffs;

midj;Jk; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; FOtpd;

mDkjpapd; Nghpy; jhd; eilngw

Ntz;Lk;.

,e;jpahtpy; jiyik MSehpd; rigapy;

ehd;F cWg;gpdh;fspy; xUth;

cilj;jiytuhf ,Ue;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

nrd;id> Kk;ig khepyq;fspd; kPJ Nghh;>

mikjp Vw;ghLfs;> ,e;jpa murh;fspd;

tptfhuq;fs;> thpj;jz;ly;> gil mikg;G

Kjypaitfspy; Nkyjpfhuk; nra;Ak;

chpik jiyik MSeUf;F

toq;fg;gl;lJ. “nghJ eph;thf Kiwapd;

mbj;jsj;ij” thud; N`];bq; mikf;f>

mjd; kPJ “Nkw; fl;Lkhdk;

fhud;thyprhy; vOg;gg;gl;lj” vd;W rh;

tpy;ypak; `z;lh; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

eph;thfr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;:

tq;fhsj;jpy; epytpa ,ul;il

Ml;rpKiwia ePf;fpdhh;

Jiz ethGfshd KfkJ ,uhrhf;fhd;>

,uh[h rpj;jhg; uha; MfpNahiug; gjtp

ePf;fk; nra;jhh;.

1772y; muRf;F fUT+yj;ij

%h;\pjhghj;jpypUe;J fy;fj;jhtpw;F

khw;wpdhh;.

fy;fj;jh Mq;fpNya ,e;jpahtpd;

(Mq;fpy Ml;rpf;F) jiyefuhapw;W

fy;fj;jhtpy; xU tUtha; thhpak;

(Board of Revenue) mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

xU thzpf thhpak; (Board of Trade)

mikf;fg;gl;lJ

xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; chpikapay;

(Diwani adalats) (Civil) Fw;wtpay;

(Favjdari adalats) (Criminal) Mfpa

,uz;L ePjpkd;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

Chpikapay; Nky; KiwaPl;L kd;wk;

(Sadr diwani Adalat) vd;Wk;

miof;fg;gl;ld.

,th; Mrpahl;bf; nrhirl;bapd; nfsut

jiyth; Mthh;

,e;J kw;Wk; K];ypk; rl;lq;fs; kW

rPuikf;fg;gl;lJ

rh; N[hd;]; kw;Wk; Nfy;GNuhf; MfpNahh;

Digest of Hindu law ntspapl;ldh;.

rk];fpUj tiuKiwfs; Mq;fpyj;jpy;

nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F Gentoo

Law vdg;gl;lJ.

gj;th-jP Myk;fPh; vd;w E}y; nkhop

ngah;f;fg;gl;lJ

rh;y]; tpy;fpd;]; vd;gth; gftj;

fPijia nkhop ngah;j;jhh;

ee;jFkhh; tof;F tprhuiz (1775)

ee;jFkhh; vd;gth; tq;fhs gpuhkzh;

,th; cah; murpaypy; <LghL nfhz;lth;

tq;fhsj;jpy; Gjpa ethg;gpw;F

ghJfhtyuhf ,we;j kPh;[hghpd;

kidtpia epakpf;f thud; N`];bq;R

mjpf ,yQ;rk; ngw;whh; vd ee;jFkhh;

vd;gth; $wpajd; mbg;gilapy; ,yQ;r

tprhuiz eilngw;w NghJ Nkhfd;

gpurhj; vd;gth; ee;jFkhh; fs;sf;

ifnaOj;jpl;lhh; vd;w Fw;wr;rhl;il

ntspapl;lhh;. mjdhy; ee;jFkhiuf;

ifJ nra;J mtUf;Fj; J}f;Fj;

jz;lidia tpjpj;jdh;. mtUf;F

,e;jpar; rl;lg;gb jz;lid toq;fhky;

,q;fpyhe;J ehl;Lr; rl;l mbg;gilapy;

toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J xU murpay;

nfhiyahFk;.

nrapj; rpq; tptfhuk;:

thuzhrp> mNahj;jp ethgpd; MSiff;F

cl;gl;bUe;jJ. ngaprhghj; cld;gbf;if

(1775)-d; gb mNahj;jp ethg;

thuzhrpia Mq;fpNya epWtdj;jpw;F

tpl;lf;nfhLj;jhh;. Mz;Lf; fg;gkhd 22½

yl;rk; &ghiaj; ju thuzhrp kd;dh;

nrapj;rpq; xg;Gf;nfhz;L mijr; nrYj;jp

te;jhh;.

Nghhpdhy; vw;gl;l epjp neUf;fbiar;

rkhspf;f 1778y; N`];bq;R 5 yl;r

&gha; $Ljyhfj; ju Ntz;Lk; vd;W

Nfhhpf;if tpLj;jhh;. mjidAk; kd;dh;

epiwNtw;wpdhh;. Mdhy; mLj;j Mz;Lk;

Nfhhpf;if GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l NghJ murh;

epuhfhpj;jhh;. Mjdhy; mtUf;Ff; $Ljy;

njhifAld;> thuzhrp kd;dh; ,Wjpapy;

jg;gp Xbtpl;lhh;.

mNahj;jp Ngfk;fspd; tof;F (1782)

mNahj;jp ethg; R[h-cd;-njsyh 1775y;

,we;jTld;> mtuJ kfd; Mrg; - cj; -

njsyh gjtpNaw;whh;. epWtdj;jpw;Ff;

fl;l Ntz;ba fg;gj; njhifia

xOq;fhfr; nrYj;j ,ayhky; mjpfj;

njhif epYitahf ,Ue;jJ.

epYitiar; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W

tw;GWj;jg;gl;lNghJ> je;ijaplkpUe;J

ngUthhpahd nrhj;Jf;fis

kuGhpikahfg; ngw chpikapUe;Jk;

mtuJ ghl;bkhh;fs; Ngfk;fs; vd;Nghh;

mtUf;F te;J Nrutplhky; jLf;fpd;wdh;

vd;W epWtdj;jpw;F vLj;Jf; $wpdhh;.

mNahj;jpapypUe;J Mq;fpyg; gpujpepjp

Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ljd; Nghpy; mNahj;jp

Ngfk;fs; ngUk; njhifia kfDf;F

mspj;jdh;. Nkw;nfhz;L mth;fsplk;

njhiffs; Nfl;fg;glkhl;lhJ vd;W

fy;fj;jh mitAk;. Mq;fpyg; gpujpepjpAk;

Ngfk;fSf;F cWjp mspj;jdh;. Mdhy;

ethgpw;F kPz;Lk; fg;gj; njhif epYit

Vw;gl;lNghJ> Ngfk;fsplkpUe;J

nrhj;Jf;fisg; gwpf;f> Mq;fpNyaUld;

xj;Jiof;f Kjypy; ethg; cld;gl;lhh;.

gpd;dh; mth;kdk; khwp gpd;dile;j NghJ

N`];bq;R mtiuj; J}z;bdhh;.

Mq;fpNyag; gil Ngfk;fspd;

khspifapy; GFe;J> nry;tf; Ftpaiyf;

ifg;gw;wpaJ. clikfisg; gwpKjy;

nra;jdh;. mNahj;jp Ngfk;fspd; kPJ

N`];bq;R Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;if

epahakhdjy;y vd;w my;gpul; iyahy;

vd;w Mq;fpNyah; $wpAs;shh;.

thud; N`];bq;R 1785y; ,q;fpyhe;J

jpUk;gpdhh;. gpd; mth; kPJ Impeachment

jPh;khdk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. gh;f; gpuG>

vy;ypal;gpuG kw;Wk; ghfp]; gpuG

MfpNahh; mtiu tprhhpj;jdh;.

rh; [hd; Ngf;gh;rd; (1785 – 1786)

fhud; thypR 1786 - 1793

,e;jpahtpw;F rptpy; rh;tPir

mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;.

fhty; Jiwia cUthf;fpdhh;

%d;whk; ik#h; Nghh; 1790 - 1792

fhud;thypR ,e;jpahtpw;Fj; jiyik

MSeuhf te;j Ntisapy; %d;whtJ

ik#h; Nghh; eilngw;wJ

jpUthq;$h; Mq;fpNyaUld; kq;fSh;

cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;l gpd;

el;GwTld; ,Ue;j epiyapy;> jpg;G

Ry;jhd; jpUthq;$iu jhf;fpajhy;>

fhud;thyP]; jiyikapy;

jpg;GRy;jhDf;Fk; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; Nghh;

ele;jJ.

,jpy; Mq;fpNyah; ntw;wp ngw;wdh;.

,jdhy; =uq;fg;gl;lbdk; xg;ge;jk;

Vw;gl;lJ.

rh; [hd; N\hh; 1793 – 1798

yh$h; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

1793 Permanent Settlement Vw;gl;lJ.

Nty;ynyRypg; gpuT (1798 – 1805)

rh; [hd; N\hUf;Fg; gpd;dh; 1798y;

,e;jpaj; jiyik MSeuhf

nty;nyRypg; gpuG gjtp Vw;whh;

neg;Nghypadpd; vOr;rp nty;nyRypf;F

kpFe;j mr;rj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. vdNt

gpnuQ;Rg;gaj;ijg; Nghf;fTk;> ,e;jpah

muRfSf;fpilNa cs;s Nguurhf

khw;wTk; Kd;Ndw;wf; nfhs;if (Forward

Policy)iaf; filg;gpbf;fyhdhh;.

mf;nfhs;if> Nghh;> NkYk; Nghh;>

NghhpLjiyj; jtpu NtW vJTkpy;iy

vd;gjhFk;.

Jizg; gilj;jpl;lk;

Jizg; gilj;jpl;lj;jpy; NrUk; ve;j

muRk; jdf;nfd;W RNal;irahd

ntspAwTf; nfhs;ifapid itj;Jf;

nfhs;Sjy; $lhJ. Mq;fpNyag;

gpujpepjpahd epiyah; (Resident)

,irtpd;wp ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s NtW ve;j

muRlNdh my;yJ INuhg;gp muRlNdh

cld;ghL vijAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;

$lhJ.

Jizg;gilj;jpl;lj;jpy; NrUk; murpd;

jiyefhpy; Mq;fpNyahpd; gil

ghJfhg;gpw;fhf epWj;jg;gLk;. gilf;F

MFk; nrytpid> ,e;jpa murh;

gzkhfNth> jk;Kila murpd; xU

gFjpia khdpakhfNth mspj;J

toq;fyhk;.

,jdhy; ,e;jpa murh;fs; Mq;fpNyahpd;

fl;Lg;ghl;bDs; rpf;fpf; nfhz;lhh;fs;.

i`juhghj; ep[hKld; cld;ghL:

1798y; i`juhghj; ep[hk;>

kuhj;jpah;fspd; vjph;g;gpw;F mQ;rpj;

Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;ij Kjypy;

Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;.1800y; Mq;fpNyaUf;F

ngy;yhhp> mde;jg;G+h;> flg;gh Mfpa

gFjpfis mspj;jhh;

,JNt nfhil khtl;lq;fs; vdg;gLk;

mNahj;jp

1801y; mNahj;jp ethg; Jizg;gil

cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;L>

Nuhfpy;fz;L> Nfhuf;G+h;> fq;if>

aKdhtpw;F ,ilg;gL ehlhf cs;s Njh

Mg; cs;spl;lmurpd; ghjpiaf;

nfhLj;jhh;.

kuhj;jpah;fSld; cld;ghL

1. 1799y; jQ;irk d;dh; ruNgh[p

2. 1800y; #uj; ethg;

3. 1801y; fh;ehlf ethg; kiwe;jTld;

mtUila kfd;

ehd;fhk; ik#h;g; Nghh;: 1799

ehd;fhk; ik#h; NghUf;fhd jiyahah

fhuzk; nty;nyRyp gpuGtpd; Nguhjpf;ff;

nfhs;iffNs.

nty;nyRyp gpuG> eprhikAk;>

kuhj;jpah;fisAk; eLepiy tfpf;fr;

nra;jgpd;> 1799y; jpg;Gtp;F vjpuhfg; Nghh;

njhLj;jhh;.

1799y; Mq;fpNyah; =uq;fg;gl;bdj;ij

Kw;Wifapl;Lf; ifg;gw;wpdh;. jpg;G

Nghhpl;L kbe;jhh;.

ik#iu ,g;Nghh; rPuopj;jJ.

jpg;G Ry;jhd; Mq;fpNyah;fis tpul;l

fhG+y;> mNugpah kw;Wk; gpuhd;];

ehLfSf;F jdJ J}Jth;fis

mDg;gpdh;

jpg;GRy;jhd; ,we;jgpwF ik#h; muR

fpU\;zuh[ kd;dUf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

cs;ehl;Lf; nfhs;if:

1800y; fy;fj;jhtpy; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtd

gzpahsh;fSf;Fg; gapw;rp mspf;ff;

fy;Y}hp xd;iw epWtpdhh;. ,jdhy;

,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzpapd; je;ij

vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhh;

jQ;ir> fh;ehlfk; Mfpa gFjpfs;

Mq;fpNyaUf;F fpilj;jjd;

mbg;gilapy; „nrd;id uh[jhdp‟

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

kjpg;gPL:

nty;nyRyp fhyj;jpy; “,e;jpahtpy;

Mq;fpNyag; NguuR” vd;Dk; epiy

“Mq;fpNyahpd; ,e;jpag; NguuR” vd;W

khwpaJ.

,jdhy; ,th; tzpff; FOtpd; mf;gh;

vd Gfog;gLfpwhh;.

Kjyhk; kpz;Nlh gpuG (1807-1813)

uQ;rpj; rpq;Fld; 1809y; mkph;jru];

cld;gbf;if Vw;gl;lJ

1813 gl;lar; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

nkf;fhNytpd; ghpe;Jiu Nghpy; Mq;fpyk;

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

gl;lar; rl;lk; 1813

fy;tpf;fhf &.1 yl;rk; xJf;fg;gl;lJ

fk;ngdp gzpahsh;fs; gzpapy; NrUKd;

,q;fpyhe;jpy; gapw;rp mspj;jdh;

N`];bq; gpuG (1813 – 1823)

1813y; N`];bq; gpuG tq;fhsj; jiyik

MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

Neghsg; Nghh;: (1814 – 1816)

Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; $h;f;fg;fSf;FkpiNa

mbf;fb vy;iyj; jfuhWfs; Vw;glyhapd

ghh;NyhtpDila Ml;rp fhyj;jpy;

gl;thy;> rpNahuh[; Mfpa gFjpfisf;

$h;f;fh;fs; ifg;gw;wpdh;. vdNt 1814y;

N`];bq; Neghsj;jpd; kPJ

gilnaLj;jhh;. Kbtpy; $h;f;fh;

jiytuhd mkh;rpq;if Mq;fpNya

jsgjp Mf;lh;Nyhid my;khutpy;

Njhw;fbj;jhh;. 1816y; rfhyp (Sagauli)

cld;gbf;ifahy; Nghh; KbTw;wJ.

$h;f;fh;fsplkpUe;J thzpf epWtdk;

ngw;wf;nfhz;l epyg;gFjpfspy; rpk;yh>

Knrshp>my;Nkhuh> iedplhy;> uhzpfl;

Kjypa Kf;fpakhd kiytho; gFjpfs;

mike;jpUe;jd.

gpz;lhhpg;Nghh; (1816 – 1818)

gpz;lhhpfs; vd;gth;fs; Kul;Lf;

$l;lj;jpdh; Mthh;. ,th;fs; kj;jpa

,e;jpathpy; #iwahbaNjhL

Mq;fpNyahpd; epyg;gFjpfisAk;

#iwahlNt Mq;fpNyahpd; nghpa

gilg;gphpTfisg; gpz;lhhpfis mlf;f

mDg;gpdhh;.

njd;jpirg; gilfSf;F rh;jhk];

th];yhg; jiyik jhq;fpg; gil elj;jpr;

nrd;whh;. N`];bq; kw;nwhU gphptpw;Fj;

jiyik jhq;fpr; nrd;whh;. gpz;lhhpfspd;

jiyth;fspy; xUtuhd fhPk;fhd;

ruzile;jhh;. kw;nwhU jiytuhd thrpy;

KfkJnfhiy nra;J nfhz;lhh;. rpl;L

vd;w kw;nwhU jiyth; Gypahy;

nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

cs;ehl;Lf; nfhs;if:

1814y; xt;nthU jhzhtpYk; Kd;rpg;

jiyikapy; ePjpkd;wq;fisj; jpwf;fr;

nra;jhh;. Kd;rpg;fs; 64&gha; tiu cs;s

tof;Ffis tprhhpj;jdh;. xt;nthU

khtl;lj;jpYk; rhjh; mkpd; vd;gthpd;

jiyikapy; ePjpkd;wq;fs;

mikf;fg;gl;ld. Mth;fs; 150 &gha;

tiuAs;s tof;Ffis tprhhpj;jdh;.

1822y; nrd;idapd; MSeud rh;jhkR

kd;Nuh vd;gtuhy; ,uaj;thhp Kiw

nrd;idapy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. 1822y;

epythpr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ

fy;fj;jhtpy; Mq;pfyk; fw;gpf;ff; fy;Y}hp

xd;W jpwf;fg;gl;lJ

tq;fj;jpy; rkhr;rhh; gj;jphpf;if vd;Dk;

ehl;L nkhopr; nra;jpj;jhs;

Kjd;Kiwahf ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG (1828 – 1835)

1831y; ngz;bq;> %d;whk;

fpU];zuh[iug; gjtpapdpd;W ePf;fptpl;L>

mtUf;F Xa;T+jpak; nfhLj;Jtpl;L.

ik#iu ,izj;Jf;nfhz;lhh;

1832y; fr;rhh; gFjp Mq;fpy Ml;rpAld;

Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. fr;rhh; Njapiy

gaphpLtjw;Nfw;w ,lkhf ,Ue;jjhy;>

Mq;fpNyahpd; Njapiy thzpfk;

ngUfpaJ.

$h;f; (Coorg)

1834 tPuuh[hTf;F Xa;T+jpak;

nfhLj;Jtpl;L $h;f; gFjpia Mq;fpy

Ml;rpAld; ,izj;jhh;.

1831y; gQ;rhgpy; eilngw;w jh;ghhpy;

kfhuh[h ,uQ;rpj;rpq;if re;jpj;J

cld;gbf;ifiar; nra;J nfhz;lhh;.

cs;ehl;Lf;nfhs;if:

tlNkw;F khepyj;jpw;fhd tUtha; fofk;

xd;wpid myfhghj;jpy;Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

1832y; myfhghj;jpy; rjh; jpthdp

mjyhj;> rfh; eprhkj; mjhyj; Mfpa

ePjpkd;wq;fis cUthf;fpdhh;.

1832y; [Php Kiwiaf; nfhz;L te;jhh;.

ePjpkd;w nkhopahd ghurPfj;ij xopj;J

me;je;j khepyq;fspd; nkhopia ePjpkd;w

nkhopahf;fpdhh;.

Jiyik MSeh; FOtpy; rl;l

cWg;gpduhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. Kjy; rl;l

cWg;gpdh; nkf;fhNygpuG Mthh;.

1835 khh;r; 17Mk; ehs; Kjy; Mq;fpyk;

Ml;rp nkhopahfTk;> gapw;rp nkhopahfTk;

khwpaJ.

1835y; kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hp fy;fj;jhtpy;

jpwf;fg;gl;lJ

1829y; rjp xopg;G rl;lj;ij ,aw;wp rjp

vd;Dk; cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fj;ij

xopj;jhh;.

rjp xopf;fg;gl KO mstpy; MjuT

njhptpj;jth; tq;fhs kWkyh;r;rp

,af;fj;jpd; fhuzfh;j;jhthd ,uhrhuhk;

Nkhfd;uha; Mthh;

,th; rPypd; jiyikapy; FO mikj;Jj;

jdpr;rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpf; nfhs;is

mbj;J te;j jf;fhh;fis xopj;jhh;.

ngz;kfTf; nfhiyiar; rl;lg;gb

Fw;wkhf;fpdhh;.

caph;g;gyp jil nra;ag;gl;lJ

rka khWjy; nra;gth;fSf;Fr; nrhj;jpy;

chpik cz;L

Mf;yhe;J gpuG (1836 – 1842)

Kjyhk; Mg;fhd; Nghh;

,th; ,uQ;rpj; rpq; kw;Wk; \h \P[h

Mfpath;fsplk; %d;W ehLfs; $l;L

cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhh;

vy;yd;gNuh gpuG – 28.2.1842 - .6.1844

rh; rhh;y]; Neg;gpauhy; rpe;J khfhzk;

,izg;G

ly;n`srp gpuG – 1848 - 1856

,uz;lhk; rPf;fpag; Nghh; (1848 – 49)

Kjy; Nghhpy; rpf;fpah;fs; Njhy;tpAw;wdh;.

yh$h; cld;gbf;if mth;fSf;F

ntWg;gpid Vw;gLj;jpaJ. yh$hpypUe;j

Mq;fpNyag; gpujpepjp n`d;wp yhud;rpd;

mlf;FKiwia vjph;j;J,uhzp [pz;lhd;

fyfk; nra;jNghJ mth; kPJ mur

tpNuhjf; Fw;wk; Rkj;jp yh$hpypUe;J

ntspNaw;wpdhh;.

%y;jhdpd; MSeuhf ,Ue;j %y;uh[;

gjtpia tpl;L tpyfpdhh;. vdNt fhd;rpq;

vd;ghiu %y;jhd; MSeuhfg; gjtpNaw;f

%y;jhd; nrd;wNghJ ,U Mq;fpNya

mjpfhhpfs; cld; nrd;wdh;.

%y;jhd; kf;fs; fyfk; nra;aj;

njhlq;fpdhh;. ,U mjpfhhpfisAk;

nfhd;wdh;. %y;uhi[j; jiyikg;

nghWg;Ngw;f kPz;Lk mioj;jdh;.

Mq;fpNyah;fs; %y;uhi[ mjpfhhpfspd;

nfhiyf;fhf Fw;wk; rhl;baNghJ

%y;uh[; fyfj;ij njhlq;fpdhh;. mtiu

mlf;Ftjw;fhf mDg;gg;gl;l n\h;rpq;Fk;

%y;uh[Pld; NruNt fyfk; gQ;rhg;

KOikAk; gutpw;F Mq;fpNyaiug;

gQ;rhig tpl;L tpul;lr; rPf;fpah;fs;

cWjpG+z;ldh;. ng\htiuj;

jpUk;gg;ngWk; vz;zj;jLd; Mg;fhdpaUk;

rPf;fpaUk; Nrh;e;jhh;. rPf;fpah;fis mlf;f

ly;n`srp gpuG Nkw;nfhz;l Nghh;

eltbf;ifNa ,uz;lhk; rPf;fpag; Nghh;

epfo;r;rpahFk;.

uhk;efh;> rpypad; thyh> Ky;jhd; Mfpa

,lq;fspy; ,g;Nghh; eilg;ngw;wJ.

rPf;fpah;fs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldh;. kfhuh[h

jypg; rpq; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lh;.

mtUf;F Xa;T+jpak; toq;fpg; gQ;rhig

Mq;fpNya Ml;rpg; gFjpNahL

,izj;jhh;. gQ;rhig ,izj;jJ

ek;gpf;ifj; JNuhfk; vd;W ly;n`srpapd;

nray;nghpJk; tpkh;rpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,uz;lhk; gh;kpag; Nghh; (1852)

ly;n`srp gh;khtpy; gpw INuhg;gpah;

Mjpf;fk; ,Ug;gij tpUk;gtpy;iy.

Mq;fpNyah; kl;Lk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;j

vz;zpdhh;. Kjy; Mq;fpNya gh;kpag;

Nghhpd; Kbtpy; ahz;lG+ cld;gbf;if

ifnaOj;jhfpaJ. mJ Mq;fpNyaUf;Fg;

gy tzpf chpikfs; toq;fpa NghjpYk;

mth;fs; kd epiwT milahjjhy;

gh;kpah; ahz;lG+ cld;gbf;ifia kPwpj;

jkJ chpik kWf;fg;gLtjhf

Mq;fpNyah; $wpdhh;. Mq;fpNyah;fs;

chpikfis kPWtjhfg; gh;kpah;fs;

Fw;wk; rhl;bdh;. „yhk;gh;l;‟ vd;w J}Jtiu

ly;n`srp gh;khTf;F mDg;gp chpikfs;

kWf;fg;gLtjhy; Vw;gLk; ,og;ig

<Lfl;lg; ngUe;njhif Nfl;lhh;. mjw;F

kWg;G njhptpj;j gh;kpah;fs; kPJ

Mq;fpNyah;fs; njhLj;j NghNu ,uz;lhk;

gh;kpag; NghuhFk;

jsgjp fhl;tpd; jiyikapy; nrd;w

gilaplk; gh;kpah;fspd; efukhd ,uq;$d;

GNuhk; kw;Wk; gy Kf;fpa efuq;fis

Mq;fpNyah; gpbj;jdh;. ngU khepyk;

1852y; Mq;fpNya ,e;jpag; NguuNrhL

,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

thhpR ,og;Gf; nfhs;ifahy; muR ,oe;j

ehLfs;:

1849 y; rjhuhit Mq;fpNyag; gFjpNahL

,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

n[a;g;G+h;> gfhj;> cja;G+h;> rk;gy;G+h;> ehfGhp

Xhprhtpy; cs;s rk;gy;G+hpy; 1848y; mjd;

murh; thhpR ,d;wp ,we;jjhy;

mg;gFjpiaAk; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

ehfGhpia Ml;rp nra;j ,u$[p ghd;RNy

1853y; thhprpd;wp kuzkile;jhh;. mtuJ

,uhzp a\;te;juhit thhprhf

Mq;fpNyah; kWj;J ehfGhpiaj; jq;fs;

muNrhL ,izj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.

[hd;rp

[hd;rpia Ml;rp nra;j filrp kuhj;jpa

kd;dh; fq;fhjuuht; 1852y;

kuzkile;jhh;. mtuJ kidtp ,uhzp

yl;Rkpgha; thhpR epakpj;j

Mq;fpNyahplk; mDkjp Nfhhpdhh;. mtuJ

Nfhhpf;ifia Mq;fpNyah; kWj;J

mg;gFjpiaAk; ,izj;Jf;nfhz;ldh;

mNahj;jp ,izg;G

1856y; mNahj;jpia Mq;fpNyah; jk;

gFjpAld; ,izj;Jf;nfhz;ldh;

gPuhh; ,izg;G

i`juhghj; eprhk; gPuhiu

Mq;fpNyaUf;F mspj;jhh;

fh;ehlfk;> jQ;rhT+h; ,izg;G

fh;ehlhf ethg; thhprpd;wp ,we;jJk;

fh;ehlfg; gFjpia ,izj;Jf;

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. jQ;rhT+h; murh;

,we;jNghJ jQ;rhT+Uk; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

girl; rPh;jpUj;jk;

tq;fhsg; gilapd; jiyikafk;

fy;fj;jhtpypUe;J kPul;bw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.

gilapd; jiyikaplj;ijr; rpk;yhTf;F

khw;wg;gl;lJ.

,Uk;Gg;ghij

1853y; gk;gha; Kjy; jhzhTf;Fk;> 1856y;

n`suh Kjy; ,uhzpfQ;r; tiuapYk;>

1856y; nrd;id Kjy; muf;Nfhzk;

tiuapYk; ,Ug;Gg;ghijfs; Nghlg;gl;ld.

vdNt ,th; ,Ug;Gg;ghijapd; je;ij

vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

mQ;ry; Kiw

Mq;fpNya ,e;jpag; NguuR KOikAk;

xNu rPuhd miuazh tpiyAs;s (Penny

Post) fbj Kiw nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ

je;jpKiw

1854y; fy;fj;jh Kjy; Mf;uhTf;F je;jp

mDg;Gk;Kiw nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ

nghJg;gzpj;Jiw

xt;nthU khepyj; jiyefhpYk; xU

nghJg;gzpj;Jiw mYtyfk;

epWtg;gl;lJ.

fq;if> rpe;J ejpfspy; gy fhy;tha;fs;

mikj;Jg; ghrd trjpfs; mspj;jdh;.

fy;fj;jh Kjy; ng\hthh; tiu

neLQ;rhiyahy; ,izj;jdh;.

fy;tpg;gzp

1854y; „rh; rhh;y]; cl;‟ vd;gth; fy;tp

Fwpj;j mwpf;ifia ntspapl;lhh;.

nrd;id> Kk;ig> fy;fj;jh Mfpa

,lq;fspy; gy;fiyf; fofq;fis

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. &h;f;fpapy; nghwpapay;

fy;Y}hp xd;iw mikj;jdh;. njhopy;

El;gf; fy;tpapd; je;ij vd;W ly;n`srp

Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;.

njhy;nghUs; Jiw cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

tpjitfs; kWkzr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ

fhdpq; gpuG

gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; fy;fj;jh> nrd;id>

Kk;igapy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

fhdpq; gpuGit „fUiz cs;s fhdpq;”

vd;wdh;.

,e;jpa ngUq;fyfk; fhdpq; gpuG

fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;lJ.

,e;jpag; ngUq;fyfk;

(gilapdh; fhyk;) (1857-1858)

fyfj;jpd; ,ay;G:

rh;[hd; ygud;];: nfhOg;Gj; jltg;gl;l

Jg;ghf;fp uitfs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s

fhl;hpl;[;

rPyp: jd;dyKs;s giltPuh;fs; ehl;Lg;

gw;wpd;wp Nkw;nfhz;l nra;if

mTl;uhk;: ,e;jpa kf;fspd; kd

Ntjidfis mjpfhpf;f K];yPk;fs;

nra;j rjpj;jpl;lj;jpd; tpisNt

tPurth;f;fhh;: Kjy; ,e;jpa

tpLjiyg;Nghh;.

ngUq;fyfj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;:

murpay; fhuzq;fs;:

ly;n`srpg;gpuGtpd; ehbog;Gf;

nfhs;isapdhy; rpy ,e;jpa muRfs;

Mq;fpNyah; trkhapd. ,jdhy; ,e;jpa

murh;fs; kd mikjp mioj;jdh;.

rjhuh> ehfGhp Mfpad ,izj;Jf;

nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mNahj;jp ethigg; gjtp

ePf;fk; nra;J mNahj;jpia

,izj;Jf;nfhz;lJ. ,Ryhkpah;fSf;F

ntWg;G+l;baJ

kuhj;jpaj; jiyth;> ,uz;lhk; gh[puhtpd;

kuzj;jpw;Fg;gpd; ehehrhfpg;Gf;F

Xa;T+jpak; epWj;jg;gl;lJ.

kuhj;jpah;fSf;F ,J vhpr;rY}l;baJ.

khdpa epyq;fis Mq;fpy muR kPz;Lk;

muRlikahf;fpaJ

,jdhy; gy epyr;Rthd;jhh;fs;

epykpoe;jdh;.

rkaf; fhuzq;fs;

itjPf ,e;Jf;fs;> ,e;Jr; rkak;

fpwpj;jth;fshy; mopa NeUk; cs;snjd

vz;zpdh;. fpwpj;Jtr; rkag;

gzpahsh;fs; jq;fspd; gpur;rhuj;jhy;

,e;Jf;fisf; fpwpj;Jt rkaj;jpw;F

khw;wpdh;.

Mh. b. Nkq;fy;]; (R. D. Mangles) vd;w

Mq;fpNya ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;

xt;nthU Mq;fpNyaUk; xU

,e;jpaiuahtJ fpwpj;Jt rkaj;jpw;F

khw;w Ntz;Lk; vd mwp;if ntspapl;lhh;.

mq;qdk; rkak; khwpath;fSf;F rl;lk;

epiwNtw;wpr; nrhj;Jhpik toq;fg;gl;lJ.

Gif tz;bapy; xd;whf mkh;e;J rhjp

NtWghby;yhky; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lij

itjPf ,e;Jf;fs; ghtnkdf; fUjpdh;

vdNt ,e;Jf;fs; jq;fSila rka

ek;gpf;iffSk;> gof;f tof;fq;fSk;

ntFthfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld vd;W

ek;gpdhh;fs;.

gilf; fhuzq;fs;:

gilf;fhuzNk ,e;jpag; ngUq;fyfj;jpd;

Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ

gilapy; ,e;jpag; giltPuh;fSf;F

toq;fg;gl;l kpf cah;e;j gjpt RNgjhh;

MFk;.

Me;j cah;e;j gjtpf;F mspf;fg;gl;l

Cjpak; kpff; FiwthdjhFk;.

1856k; Mz;L nghJ gilapdh; Njh;Tr;

rl;lk; (The General Service Enlistment

Act) ,aw;wg;gl;lJ

,r;rl;lj;jpd; ,e;jpag; giltPuh;fs;

fly;fle;J NghhplNtz;Lk;.

,e;Jf;fNsh fly;fle;J nry;tJ

ghtkhd nray; vd fUjpdh;

gpshrpg;Nghhpd; E}w;whz;L tpoh 1857k;

Mz;L #d; khjk; 27k; ehs; eilngw

,Ue;jJ.

cldbf; fhuzk;

1857k; Mz;L #d; 22k; ehs; tiu

nghWj;jpUe;J ,e;jpag; gilapdh; jpl;lk;

jPl;bagb nra;jpUg;ghh;fNsahdhy; mit

,e;jpaUf;F rhjfkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;

Mdhy; mjw;F Kd;dNu Njhl;lhit

fbj;njLf;Fk; Miz toq;fg;gl;lJ.

,j;Jg;ghf;fpf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk;

Njhl;lhf;fspy; xUtif nfhOg;G

vz;izj; jltg;gl;bUe;jJ.

Njhl;lhf;fspy; gR> gd;wpapd; nfhOg;Gfs;

jltg;gl;Ls;sJ vd the;jp gutpaJ

,jdhy; ,e;J> K];yPk; tPuh;fs;

NfhgKw;wdh;.

ngUq;fhyf epfo;Tfs;

fp.gp. 1857k; Mz;L [dthpapy; fy;fj;jh

lk;lk; efhpy; nfhOg;Gj;jltg;gl;l

Njhl;lhf;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpia ,e;jpar;

rpg;gha;fs; Ngryhapdh;

fy;fj;jhtpw;F mUfpYs;s ghuf;G+hpy;

kq;fs; ghz;Nl vd;w rpg;gha;

fbj;njLf;Fk; Mizia Kjy; Kjyhf

kWj;Jj; jk; mjpfhhp nyg;bdl; ghf;

vd;gtiu 29.3.1857 md;W Rl;lf;

nfhd;whh;

,JNt Gul;rp njhlq;fpa Kjy;

,lkhFk;.

1857k; Mz;L Nk khjk; 10Mk; Njjp

kPul;lby; gy rpg;gha;fs; gw;fb

Mizf;Fg; gzpa kWj;jdh;

nly;ypapy; gfh;J}h;\hit mhpaiz

Vw;wpdhh;fs;.

yh$h;> nly;yp> uha;ngiua;yp> fhd;G+h;>

Mf;uh> [hd;rp> kj;jp ,e;jpah> Mfpa

,lq;fspYk; ,f;fyfk; gutpaJ.

mNahj;jp> Nuhfpy;fz;L> fq;if

aKidf;F ,ilg;gl;l gFjp>

gz;Nly;fz;l;. gPfhh; Mfpa ,lq;fSf;Fk;

,J gutpaJ.

nly;yp Mq;fpNyah; trk; kPz;Lk; tUjy;:

nly;ypia kPl;fg; gQ;rhg; gilAld;

Mq;fpy jsgjp epf;fy;rd;

Kw;Wifapl;lhh;.

epf;fy;rd; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. nly;yp

Mq;fpNyah; trk; MdJ

filrp Kfyha kd;dh; ,uz;lhk;

gfJ}h;\h MAs; jz;lid toq;fg;gl;L

uq;$Df;F ehL flj;jg;gl;lhh;

mtuJ kfd;fs; Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;

,e;jpahtpd; filrp Kfyha muruhd

mth; kdk; tUe;jp ,we;jhh;

yf;Ndh

yf;Ndhtpy; mNahj;;jpapd; murp `];uj;

kfhy; Ngfk; Gul;rpia elj;jpdhh;

yf;Ndhtpy; Mq;fpyg; gpujpepjahd rh;

n`d;wp yhud;rpd; ,y;yk;

Kw;Wifaplg;gl;lJ. mth; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;

jsgjp n`syhf;Fk;> mTl;uKk;

yf;Ndhit kPl;fr; nra;j Kaw;rpfs;

ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy

,jw;fpilapy; rh; fhypd; Nfk;ngy; vd;w

Gjpa jsgjp ,q;fpyhe;jpypUe;J>

,e;jpahTf;f te;jhh;.

$h;f;fh; gilg;gphptpd; cjtpAld;

yf;Ndhitf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

fhd;G+h;

ehdh rhfpg; fhd;G+hpy;

Gul;rpahsh;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpdhh;.

,thpd; MNyhrfh; RrpKy;yhfhd;

mtuJ Nghh;j; jsgjp jhe;jpaNjhNg

fhd;g+hpy; gy Mq;fpNyah;fisf; nfhd;W

Ftpj;jhh;

fhd;G+h; gLnfhiyf;F ehdh rhfpg;

fhuzkhf;fg;gl;lhh;

Nghhpy; Njhy;tpAw;w ehdhrhfpg;

Neghsj;jpw;F Xb tpl;lhh;

j}e;jpahNjhNg Fthypah;

fyff;fhuh;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpdhh;

mq;F rh;fhypd; fhk;g;gny; vd;w Mq;fpy

jsgjpahy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;llh;

kj;jpa ,e;jpah

kj;jpa ,e;jpah> gz;Nly;fz;l Mfpa

gFjpfspy; fyff;fhuh;fSf;F [hd;rpuhzp

,yl;Rkpgha; jiyik jhq;fpdhh;

mtiug;Nghhpy; vjph;j;j Mq;fpNya

jsgjp `f;Nuh]; Mthh;

1858k; Mz;L [Pd; khjk; MZil jhpj;J

tPug;Nghh; Ghpe;J Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; caph;

Jwe;jhh;.

Nuhfpy; fz;bd; jiyefuhd gNua;ypapy;

fhd;gfJ}h; fhd; vdg;th; jd;id ethg;

erPkhf mwptpj;jf; nfhz;lhh;

gPfhhpd; [fjP\;G+hpapy; fdthh; rpq; fyff;

nfhbia cah;j;jpdhh;

fhrpapy; vOe;j fyfk; fh;dy; ePy;

vd;gtuhy; xLf;fg;gl;lJ.

Nghh; Njhy;tpAw;wjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;:

jpl;lj;jpw;F Kd;djhfNt fyfk;

njhlq;fptpl;lJ.

vdNt jpl;lq;fSk;> nray;ghLfSk;

epiwNtw;w Kbahj epiyia mile;J

tpl;ld

njhlf;fj;jpy; giltPuh;fs; fyfj;ij

Nkw;nfhz;lhYk; gpd;dh; ntt;NtW

fhuzq;fSf;fhf murh;fSk;> kf;fSk;

,jpy; <Lgl;ldh;

Mdhy; ,th;fis ,izj;J xU

khngUk; rf;jpahf nra;a ty;y Njrpaj;

jiyth;fs; mth;fspilNa ,y;iy

rPf;fpah;fSk;> Mg;fhdpah;fs;>

$h;f;fh;fSk; epiwe;j gil mzpfs;

mq;fpNyah;fSf;F MjuthfNt

Nghhpl;ld

ghl;bahyh kd;dh;> Neghs kd;dh;>

i`jughj; kd;dh; kw;Wk; rpe;jpahTk;

,e;jpa cah; mjpfhhpfSk;

Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; cWJizaha;

,Ue;jdh;

,jdhy; xw;Wikapd;ik fhzg;gl;lJ.

ntspehLfspypUe;J gil cjtp ngwTk;>

fyfg; gFjpapid clDf;Fld; mwpe;J

mlf;fTk;. Mq;fpNyahpd; je;jp Kiw

mth;fSf;g NgUjtpahf ,Ue;jJ.

,t;trjp ,e;jpar; rpg;gha;fSf;F ,y;iy.

nry;tkpf;f ,e;jpah;fs; fyff;

fhuh;fSf;F cjttpy;iy

vdNt nghUshjhu mbg;gilapy;

nry;tk; kpFe;j Mq;fpNayg;

giltPuh;fis vjph;j;Jg; Nghhpl

,aytpy;iy

,g;Nghhpdhy; ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;J K];yPk;

xw;Wik Vw;gl;lJ

,g;Nghhpd; tpisthf ,q;fpyhe;Jg;

ghuhSkd;wk; 1858k; Mz;L ,e;jpar;

rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJ

,JNt tpf;Nlhhpah uhzpapd; mwpf;if

MFk;.

,jd; Kf;fpa $Wfs;:

m. ,J ,e;jpahtpy; fpof;fpe;jpa

epWtdj;jpd; Ml;rpia KbTf;F;f nfhz;L

te;jJ

M. ,e;jpah> ,q;fpyhe;jpd; khl;rpik jhq;fpa

kfhuhzp tpf;Nlhhpahtpd; Neuhl;rpapd; fPo;

te;jJ

,. ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik MSeh; murg;

gpujpepjpAk; Mdhh;.

,t;thW ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jiyik

MSeUk; murg; gpujpepjpAkhf

epakpf;fg;gl;lth; fhdpq; gpuG Mthh;

mJtiu thzpff; FOtpd; eph;thfj;ij

Nkw;ghh;j;j fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; FOTk; (Board

of Control) ,af;Feh; mitAk; (Board of

Directors) fiyf;fg;gl;ld.

,tw;wpw;F gjpyhf ,e;jpa eph;thfg;

nghWg;gpid> ,e;jpar; nrayhsh;

(Secretary of State for India) mth; fPo;

cs;s 15 cWg;gpdh;fSk; Vw;Wr;

nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.

,e;jpaj; jiyik MSeUk;> murg;

gpujpejpAk; vd;W miof;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;

(Governor General and Viceroy) murg;

gpujpepjpak;> khepy MSeh;fSk;

,q;fpyhe;J ,e;jpa tUthapypUe;J

Cjpak; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W

tpf;Nlhhpah murpahhpd; Nguwpf;if

ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

,e;j mwpf;ifapd; %yk;

,e;jpah;fSf;Fg; gyr; rYiffs;

mspf;fg;gl;ld. mitahtd:

1. jj;njLf;Fk; chpik: ,e;jpa murh;fs;

Mz; thhpR ,y;yhjpUe;jhy; jq;fSf;Fg;

gpd; mhpaiz Vw xU kfidj;

jj;njLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; chpik kPz;Lk;

mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy;> ly;n`srp

GFj;jpa thhpR ,og;Gf; nfhs;if

(Doctrine of Lapse) iftplg;gl;lJ.

2. Ngr;RhpikAk;> cld;ghl;L chpikAk;:

,e;jpa murh;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; vg;nghUs;

gw;wpAk; Ngrpf; nfhs;syhk;> cld;ghL

nra;J nfhs;syhk; vd;w chpik

mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mth;fs; jq;fspilNa

nra;J nfhz;l cld;ghLfs; gpd;dh;

Mq;fpy murhy; xj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk;

mth;fspd; chpikfSk;> ngUikfSk;>

rpwg;GfSk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; vd cWjp

mspf;fg;gl;lJ. Nkw;nfhz;L ,e;jpag;

gFjpfis ifg;gw;WtJ ,y;iy vd

cWjp mspf;fg;gl;lJ

3. ,e;jpa kf;fspilNa fpUj;Jt rkaf;

nfhs;iffis tw;GWj;jpg; gutr;

nra;tjpy;iy

4. ,e;jpa ehl;by; ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lq;fs;

,e;jpahtpYs;s midj;J kf;fisAk;

rkkhff; nfhz;L ,aw;wg;gLk;

5. rkak;> rhjp ,lk; Mfpa NtWghLfspd;wp

mtuth; fy;tpj; jFjpfSf;F Vw;g

,e;jpah; midtUf;Fk; cah;e;j muRg;

gjtpfs; mspf;fg;gLk;. Gjpa rl;lq;fs;

,aw;wg;gLk; Kd;dh; ,e;jpag; gof;f

tof;fq;fSk; eilKiwfSk; kdjpy;

nfhs;sg;gl;L mit ,aw;wg;gLk;

6. ngUq;fyfj;jpy; Mq;fpNyaiuf; nfhiy

nra;Njhh; ePq;fyhf kw;wth;fSf;Fg;

nghJ kd;dpg;G mspf;fg;gLk;.

7. NkYk; ,e;jpah; eyNd Mq;fpNyah;

Ml;rpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;Wk; $wg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpag; ngUq;fyfk;> ,e;jpa murpaypy;

xU khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jp ,e;jpah; eydpy;

Mq;fpNya ,e;jpa muir mf;fiw

nfhs;sr; nra;jJ.

Gy Gjpa rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;Lg; gyr;

rYiffs; toq;fg;gl;ld

,jd; gpd;dh; ,e;jpah;fs; Ml;rpf;

fiyapy; mDgtk; ngw; mth;fs;

gbg;gbahf mjpy; <LgLj;jg;gl;ldh;.

,tw;why; tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzpahhpd;

Nguwpf;if ,e;jpahtpd; NgUhpikg;

gl;lak; vd;W (Magna Carta)

miof;fg;gl;lJ.

Mdhy; ,t;twpf;ifapy; $wg;gl;lit

eilKiwapy; gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy

NkYk; ,e;jpah;fs; n[h;kdp> ,j;jhyp

Mfpa ehLfspd; If;fpaj;jpdhy; Cf;fk;

nfhz;L Rje;jpuj;ij tpUk;gpd

fdlh Rachpik

tpf;Nlhhpa Nguurpapd; fhyj;jpy;

fdlhtpw;F Rahl;rp chpik

toq;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,e;jpah;fs; kdjpy;

Rje;jpu Ntl;if cUthapw;W

I.rp.v];

,e;jpah;fSf;F cah;gjtp mspf;fg;gLk;

vd;w thf;FWjp ntWk; Vl;lstpNyNa

,Ue;jd.

I.rp.v];. Njh;tpy; ntw;wpg;ngw;w Kjy;

,e;jpah; RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p ,tuJ

Njh;r;rpg; gl;baypy; ,Ue;J ePf;fg;gl;lJ.

gpd;G ,th; ePjpkd;wk; nrd;W

ntw;wpf;ngw;whh;

,th; 26-7-1876y; fy;fj;jh ,e;jpar; rq;fk;

epWtpdhh;

18-7-1877y; I.rp.v];. gjtpf;fhd taJ

tuk;G 21y; 19 Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ

,jd; njhlh;r;rpahf ghdh;[p ,e;jpah

KOtJk; gazk; nra;jhh;. taJ tuk;G

FiwT vjph;j;J yhy; tof;fwpQh;

,q;fpyhe;J nrd;W thjhbdhh;.

Myd; Mf;Nlhtpad; `PA+k;

];fhl;yhz;l; ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j ,th;

Mq;fpy murpy; cah; mjpfhhpahf ,ue;J

Xa;T ngw;whh;

,e;jpah;fSf;F Rahl;rp toq;fNtz;Lk;

vd;w vz;zk; cilath;

,th; fy;fj;jh gl;ljhhpfSf;F njhlh;e;J

fbjk; vOjp te;jhh;

,e;jpa kf;fspd; cz;ikahd tpUg;gk;

mwptjw;fhf nghWg;ghd xU epWtdk;

Ntz;Lk; vd lg;hpd; gpuG P̀A+k;ia

Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhh;

vdNt P̀A+k; ,e;jpa Ne\dy; fhq;fpu];

vd;w mikg;ig Jtf;fpdhh;

Father of Indian National Congress vd;W

,th; miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

,th; vOjpa E}y; Kjpathpd; ek;gpf;if

,thpd; tho;f;ifia tpy;ypak; ntlh;ghd;

vd;gth; vOjpAs;shh;

,th; 1907 tiu fhq;fpurpd; nghJr;

nrayhsuhf ,Ue;jhh;.

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Jtf;fk; - 1885

,f;$l;lk; Kjypy; G+dhtpy; Jtq;f

,Ue;jJ. me;efhpy; fhyuh Neha; gjtp

,Ue;jikahy; 1885Mk; Mz;L brk;gh;

khjk; 25-31 Mk; Njjp tiu Kk;igapy;

$l;lg;gl;lJ.

72 gpujpepjpfs; fye;J nfhz;lhh;fs;

jiytuhf cNk\; re;jpu ghdh;[p

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. nrayh; A. O. `pA+k;

fye;J nfhz;l Kf;fpakhdth;fs;:

jhjhgha; nesNuh[p

K. D. jpyhq;

uhdNl

Rg;gpgukzpa ma;ah; (Hindu)

ngNuh]; \h

jPd;\h tr;rh

gpNuh\;\h Nkj;jh

,aw;wg;gl;l Kf;fpa jPh;khdq;fs;:

murhq;fj;jpw;F tpRthrkhf ,Uj;jy;

,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rig ePf;fk;

eilKiw gw;wp Ma;T nra;a muR

Mizf;FO epakpj;jy;

gQ;rhg;> mNahj;jp kw;Wk; tlNkw;F

vy;iyg;Gw khfhzq;fspy;

rl;lkd;wq;fis cUthf;Fjy;

,e;jpa rptpy; rh;tP]; Njh;Tfis

,e;jpahtpy; elj;Jjy; kw;Wk; taJ

mjpfhpj;jy;

,Nj Neuj;jpy; RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[papd;

,uz;lhk; $l;lk; fy;fj;jhtpy;

eilngw;wJ.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,U mikg;GfSk;

xd;whapw;W

1886 ,uz;lhtJ fhq;fpu]; khehL

fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;wJ

l/gphpd; gpuG fhyj;jpy; eilngw;wJ

400f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gpujpepjpfs;

nghJkf;fs; ghh;itahsh;fshf

mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldh;

eph;thfj;jpy; ,ue;J ePjpj;Jiw gphpj;jy;

Fwpj;J jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ

1887 %d;whtJ fhq;fpu]; khehL

nrd;idapy; eilngw;wJ

Kiwahd mikg;G Fwpj;J

KbntLf;fg;gl;lJ.

fd;dpkuh gpuG nrd;idapy; khfhz

fth;dh;.

600f;Fk; Nkw;fl;l gpujpepjpfs; fye;J

nfhz;ldh;

1888 ehd;fhtJ fhq;fpu]; khehL

myfhghj;jpy; eilngw;wJ

murhq;fk; vjph;g;G njhptpj;jJ

jh;gq;fh kfhuhrhtpd; cjtpAld;

eilngw;wJ.

Mz;l;UA+y; vd;gthpd; jiyikapy;

eilngw;wJ

,q;fpyhe;ijr; rhh;e;j rhh;y]; gpuhl;yh

vd;gth; fye;J nfhz;lhh;

epythpf; nfhs;if Fwpj;J jPh;khdk;

,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

ehsiltpy; fhq;fpu]; cs;sth;fs;

gbj;jth;fNs vd;Wk; ,th;fs; ,e;jpa

kf;fs; njhifapy; rpwpath;fs; vd muR

fUjpaJ. vdNt fhq;fpurpd;

Nfhhpf;ifia mth;fs; Vw;ftpy;iy

vdNt ,e;jpah kw;Wk; ,q;fpyhe;J

nghJf;$l;lq;fSk; Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fSk;

ntspaplg;gl;ld

,j;d tpisthf ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;

rhh;y]; g[uhl;yh vd;gth; 1889y; gk;gha;

fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;lhh;.

,jd; tpisthf 1892y; ,e;jpa

rl;lrigr; rl;lk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,J

fhq;fpurpd; kiwKf rhjid MFk;

1893 fhq;fpu]; khehL

yh$hpy; $baJ

jhjhgha; nesNuh[p jiyik Vw;whh;

gUj;jp Mil kPjhd fyhy; thpia

ePf;Fjy;> eph;thf nrytpidf; Fiwj;jy;>

fl;lha Ntiy thq;Ftij jil

nra;jy; Nghd;wit Fwpj;J jPh;khdk;

,aw;wg;gl;lJ

1894 – nrd;id fhq;fpu]; khehL

,q;fpyhe;J ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;

My;gpul; ntg; jiyik Vw;whh;

1895 – G+dh fhq;fpu]; khehL

tptrhapfspd; fld; epiy

Gif tz;bfspy; %d;whk; tFg;GfSf;F

trjp Fwpj;J jPh;khdk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ

1896 fy;fj;jh fhq;fpu]; khehL

ufkj;Jy;yh rahdp jiyik

khepyq;fSf;F epjp gq;fPL> fy;tpj;Jiw

rPh;jpUj;jk;

K];yPk;fspd; epiyik

,e;jpahtpy; K];yPk;fspd; Ml;rp kiwe;J

Nghdjw;F Mq;fpNyaNu fhzuk; vd

K];yPk;fs; epidj;jdh;

vdNt 1857Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w Kjy;

Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lk;> thfhgp ,af;fk;

Mfpatw;wpw;F K];yPk;fs; Mjutpid

njhptpj;jdh;

mypfhh; ,af;fk;

fpof;F ,e;jpa epWtdj;jp; gzpGhpe;j rh;

iraJ mfkJ vd;gth; K];yPk;fspd;

eyDf;fhf 1875y; mypfhhpy; xU

gs;spia epWtpdhh;. gpd;dh; ,JNt

mypfhh; gy;fiyf;fofkhf khwpaJ

mth; ,Ryhkpahpd; gioa gof;f

tof;fq;fshd gyjhukzk;> vspa

tpthfuj;J ngWk;Kiw> ngz;fs;

Kfj;ij kiwj;J nfhs;Sk; tof;fk;

Nghd;wtw;iw fz;bj;jhh;

Nkiyah; fy;tpapd; mtrpaj;ij

vOj;Jiuj;jhh;. kf;fs; newpkpf;f

tho;it Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;whh;

,th; Tahaibal Akhlaq vd;w cUJ

,jio Jtq;fpdhh;.

,t;tpaf;fk; ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpw;F

vjpuhapw;W. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;

njhlf;fj;jpypUe;NJ iraj;

mfkJfhDk;> mypfhh; ,af;fKk;

Mq;fpNyaiur; rhh;e;J ,Ue;jd.

,Ug;gpDk; ,Ryhkpah;fspilNa rKjha>

gz;ghl;L czh;it Cl;baJ

,t;tikg;Ng MFk;.

rh; iraJ mfkJ fy;tpf; fhq;fpu];

vd;w mikg;gpidAk; fhq;fpuir vjph;f;f

If;fpa ,e;jpaj; Njrgf;jh; rq;fk;

(United India Patriotic Association) vd;w

mikg;ig 1888y; Jtf;fpdhh;. ,jpy;

,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; K];yPk;fs;

cWg;gpdh;fs; Mthh;.

gpd; ,th; Kfk;kjpah; Mq;fpNyh

fPo;j;jpirapdh; ghJfhg;Gr; rq;fk;

(Muhammadan Anglo Oriental Defence

Assocaition) vd;w mikg;ig 1893y;

epWtpdh;.

,jpy; ,e;Jf;fs; ePq;fyhf K];yPk;fs;

kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyah;fs; cWg;gpdh;fs;

Mth;

tq;fg;gphptpid - 1905

tq;fg; gphptpid mwptpf;fg;gl;l ehs; :

20-7-1905

tq;fg; gphptpid vjph;g;G ehs;: 7-8-1905

tq;fg; gphptpid eilKiwf;F te;j

ehs;: 16-10-1905. tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;> kw;Wk;

xhprhtpd; xU gFjpia cs;slf;fpa

nghpa kfhzkhf tq;fhsk; ,Ue;jJ.

mg;nghpa khepyj;ij eph;tfpg;gJ kpf

fbdkhf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt 16-10-1995y;

eph;thf rPuikg;Gf;fhf tq;fhsj;ij

fpof;F tq;fhsk;> Nkw;F tq;fhsk; vd

,U tifahf fh;rd; gpuT gphpj;jhh;

,jd;gb fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpd; jiyefh;

lhf;fh vd;Wk; Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpd;

jiyefh; nfhy;fj;jh vd;Wk;

mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,g;gphptpidia ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];

gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ

tq;fhsg; gphptpidia vjph;j;J

Nghuhbath;fs;

1. RNue;jpu ehj; ghdh;[p

2. tpgpd; re;jpughy;

3. m];tpdp Fkhh; jj;jh

4. u#y;

5. mutpe;j Nfh\; MfpNahh; Mth;

1911y; ,g;gphptpid iftplg;gl;lJ.

19Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpah Rje;jpu

Nghuhl;l fskhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,e;jpa

ehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; cs;s

gy;NtW epiyapy; cs;s kf;fs;

jq;fspd; FWfpa Ra eyd;fis kwe;J

Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;Jf;

nfhz;ldh;.

1906 fy;fj;jh khehL

1906 eilngw;w fy;fj;jh khehl;by;

fhq;fpu]; RNjrp ,af;fk;> Njrpa fy;tp

Fwpj;J jPtputhjpfshy; jPh;khdk;

,aw;wg;gl;lJ

kpjthjpfs; ,jid Vw;ftpy;iy

fhq;fpu]; tuyhw;wpNyNa Kjd;

Kiwahfg; G+uz Rje;jpuk; ngWtNj

jdJ Fwpf;Nfhs; vd jPh;khdk;

,aw;wg;gl;lJ

RNjrpa ,af;fk;

fh;rdpd; tq;fg; gphptpidf;F vjph;g;G

njhptpf;Fk; tifapy; fhq;fpu]; RNjrp

,af;fk; xd;iw Muk;gpj;jJ

,jd;gb md;dpa ehl;L nghUl;fs;

jPf;fpiuahf;fg;gl;lJ

,t;tpaf;fk; kPz;Lk; fhe;jpabfshy;

Gj;Japh; ngwg;gl;lJ

1906 rpk;yh J}Jf; FO

1906 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; khjk; 35

K];yPk; mwpQh;fs; Mfh fhd;

jiyikapy; xd;W $b kpz;Nlh gpuGit

rpk;yhtpy; re;jpj;J Ngrpdh;.

K];yPk;fSf;F jdpj; njhFjp

Nghd;wtw;iw mth;fs; Nfhhpf;ifahf

itj;jdh;.

1906 K];yPk; yPf; Njhw;wk;

1906 lhf;fhtpy; Mfhfhd; ethg; ryp

Ky;yhfhd; mfkJ fhd; Mfpath;fshy;

mfpy ,e;jpa K];yPk; yPf;

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,f;fl;rp tq;fg; gphptpidia Mjhpj;jJ

K];yPk;fSf;F jdpj; njhFjp> jdp

chpikfis Nfl;lJ

1907y; uh\;gPfhhp Nfh\; jiyikapy;

eilngw;w #uj; khehl;by; kpjthjpfspd;

Nghf;fpid jPtputhjpfs; Vw;ftpy;iy.

,jd; tpisthf jPtputhjpfs;

,k;khehl;by; ntspNawpdhh;fs;. kf;fs;

nry;thf;F jPtputhjpfSf;F fpilj;jJ.

jPtputhjpfs;> kpjthjpfs; xd;gJ

Mz;LfSf;F gpwF 1916y; yf;Ndh

khehl;by; kPz;Lk; xd;W Nrh;e;jdh;

kpjthjpfs; ehSf;F ehs; jq;fs;

nry;thf;fpid ,oe;jhh;fs;

fhq;fpu]pd; kpjthjpfs;

1. Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy

2. RNue;jpu ehj; ghdh;[p

3. ngu]; \h Nkj;jh

jPtputhjpfs;

1. ghyfq;fhju jpyfh;

2. tpgpd; re;jpu Ngh];

3. yhyh y[gjp uha;

4. mutpe;NjhNfh\;

,e;jpa tpLjiy Nghuhl;lf;fhyq;fspy;

1906 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1910Mk; Mz;L

tiu jPtputhjpfspd; fhyk; vdg;gLk;

tq;fhsj;jpy; jPtputhjpfspd; jiytuhf

,Ue;jth;fs;

gp. Nf. Nfh\;> gp. vd;. jj;

yz;ldpy; jPtputhjpfspd; jiytuhf

,Ue;jth; v];Nf. th;kh

ghhp];]py; jPtputhjpfspd; jiytuhf

,Ue;jth; v];. Mh;. uhkh

jPtputhjpahf ,Ue;J gpd;

Md;kpfthjpahf khwpath; mugpe;Njh

Nfh\;

kpz;Nlh khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; - 1909

,J 1909Mk; Mz;L nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ

fh;rdpd; tq;f gphptpid> jPtputhjpfs;

Nghf;F Nghd;wit ,jw;F fhuzk;

rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;

rl;lkd;wk; tphpTg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

,jd;gb K];yPk; ,d kf;fSf;Fk;

jdpj;njhFjp toq;fg;gl;lJ

tFg;Gthhp gpujpepjpj; Jtj;ij

mwpKfg;gLj;jpajhy; fhq;fpu]; fl;rp

Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy

thf;Fhpik ,d Ntw;W Kiwahy;

,Ue;jJ. ,jid ahUk; Vw;ftpy;iy

kpz;Nlh khh;yp rl;lj;jpd;gb it];uha;

FOtpy; Kjy; rl;l cWg;gpduhf v];.

gp. rd;`h epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;

1911apy; fy;fj;jh khehL:

ftpQh; ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$h; vOjpa “[d

fz kd” vd;w ghly; 1911y; gp. vd;.

jhh; jiyikapy; eilngw;w fy;fj;jh

khehl;by; Kjd; Kiwahf ghlfg;ngw;wJ

1911 jiyefh; fy;fj;jhtpy; ,Ue;J

jpy;ypf;F khw;wk;:

1911 Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; 12Mk; Njjp

,e;jpahtpd; jiyefuhf jpy;yp

mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1912 Mk; mz;L brk;gh;

1 Mk; Njjp jpy;ypapy; eilngw;w

fhuNd\d; jh;ghhpy; (Coronation Durbar)

Ie;jhk; [hh;[; kd;dUk; mtuJ

kidtpahd ,uhzp NkhpahUk; fye;J

nfhz;ldh;.

,e;jpahtpw;F tUif je;j xNu King –

emperor ,tNu Mthh;

1913y; K];yPk; khehL:

,k;khehl;by; NguuRf;Fs; mlq;fpa Ra

Ml;rpia K];yPk;yPf; mwptpj;jJ.

,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; %d;whk;

epiy

fhe;jpabfs; 1915k; Mz;L Rje;jpug;

Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh;. fhe;jpabfs;

njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpy; tof;fwpQh; njhopy;

Nkw;nfhz;lhh;

,th; 1915y; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];

khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;lhh;

Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpd; NghJ gphpl;b\; muR

cjtp nra;jjhy; fhe;jpabfSf;F Nfrh;-

,-`pe;j; vd;w gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ

rgh;kjp Mrpukk;

,e;jpah KOtJk; Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;j

,e;jpa kf;fspd; tWikia fz;L

tUe;jpdhh;. vdNt ,e;jpah;fspd;

fz;zPiu Jilf;f tpUk;gpdhh;. (wiping

of every tear from every eye) vdNt 1916

y; mfkjghj; efhpy; rgh;kjp Mrpukk;

mikj;jhh;

Mthpd; MAjq;fs; mfpk;irAk;>

cz;ikAk; MFk;

fhe;jpabfspd; Nghuhl;lk; rj;ahfpufk;

vd;gJ MFK;. rj;ah vd;w rk];fpUj

nrhy;ypw;F cz;ik vd;Wk; fpu`h vd;w

nrhy;ypw;F typAWj;Jjy; vd;Wk; vdNt

rj;ahfpufk; vd;w nrhy;ypw;F cz;ikia

typAWj;Jjy; vd;W nghUs;gLk; (the

firmness of truth, the force of truth)

1916 yf;Ndh (,yl;RkzGhp) khehL:

kpz;Nlh khh;ypapd; rpy rPh;jpUj;jq;fshy;

kpjthjpfSf;Fk; muRf;Fk; ,ilntsp

mjpfkhfpaJ

NkYk; rpy jiyth;fs; ,we;jdh;

vdNt 1916Mk; Mz;L ,yl;RkzGhp

khehL jPtputhjpfSf;Fk;

kpjthjpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa xw;Wik

cz;lhfpaJ

yf;Ndh cld;gbf;if - 1916

fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];yPk; yPf; ,UtUk;

,e;jpahtpw;F nlhkpdpa;d me;j];J ngw

Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij czh;e;jhh;fs;.

vdNt ,t;tpU fl;rpfSk; yf;Ndhtpy; Xh;

cld;gbf;if Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ

,JNt yf;Ndh cld;gbf;if my;yJ

fhq;fpu]; K];yPk; yPf; cld;bgf;if

vdg;gLk;

,t;Tld;gbf;if 1916k; Mz;L brk;gh;

29k; Njjp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rk;

Agreed to separate electrorates for the

Muslism. NkYk; K];yPk;fspd; xNu

gpujpepjpahf K];yPk; yPf; vd fhq;fpu];

Vw;W K];yPk; yPf; fl;brpia murpay;

fl;rpahf mq;fPfhpj;jJ

Ra Ml;rp fofq;fs;:

1916y; Vg;uy; khjk; Kk;igapy; jpyfUk;

gpd; 5 khjq;fs; fopj;J nrg;lk;gh; 1916y;

jkpofj;jpy; md;dpg;ngrd;l; mk;ikahUk;

Ra Ml;rp fofq;fis (Home Rule

Leadques) Jtf;fpdhh;.

jpyfhpd; Ra Ml;rpf; fofk; kfhuh\;buh

kw;Wk; kj;jpa khfhzj;jpYk;

md;dpngrd;l; Jtf;fpa Ra Ml;rpf;

fofk; ehl;bd; gpw gFjpapYk; ,Ue;jJ.

,J fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];yPk;fspd;

Mjuitg; ngw;wJ.

nusyl; rl;lk; 1919

,e;jpar; rl;lk; 1919y; ,e;jpah;fs;

njhlh;e;J vjph;j;jdh;. NkYk; jPtputhj

,af;fq;fs; tsh;r;rpaile;jd.

,jid njhlh;e;J gphpl;b\; muR

ahiuak; tprhuiz ,d;wp rpiwapy;

milj;jy; Nghd;wit Fwpj;J ,U

rl;lq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ

,jw;F nusyl; rl;lk; vd;W ngah;

,jid ,e;jpa kf;fs; fUg;Gr; rl;lk;

vd mioj;jdh;

Kjy; rl;lk; 10 khh;r; 1919Yk;

,uz;lhtJ rl;lk; 21 khh;r; 1919Yk;

mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.

,e;jpahtpy; jPtputhjk; tsh;e;J

nfhz;bUf;Fk; epiyapy; ,r;nray;

Rje;jpujhfj;ij NkYk; jPtpukhf;fpaJ

,jid kj;jpa rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;

vjph;j;jdh;. KfkJ myp [pd;dh> kjd;

Nkhfd; khstpah kw;Wk; krhh; - cy; -

`h; Mfpa 3 cWg;gpdh;fs; gjtp

tpyfpdh;

fhe;jpabfs; ,r;rl;lj;ij vjph;j;J

rj;jpahfpufj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh;.

mth; rj;jpahfpuf rghtpid Jtf;fpdhh;.

mjd;gb ,e;jpah KOtJk; 1919k; Mz;L

Vg;uy; jpq;fs; 6k; Njjp rj;jpahfpuf ehs;

(National Day) eilngw;wJ

,J njhlh;ghf murpay; $l;lq;fs;>

khehLfs; murhq;fj;Jld; xj;Jioahik>

md;dpa nghUl;fis gfp\;fhpj;jy;>

gs;spf;$lq;fis jtph;j;jy;> jPtputhjr;

nray;fs; ehnlq;Fk; eilngw;wJ

[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy

Rje;jpu vOr;rpapd; fhuzkhf gQ;rhg;gpy;

cs;s kw;Wk; lhf;lh; rj;jpaghy;

MfpNahh; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;

kf;fs; ,th;fis tpLjiy nra;a

khtl;l ePjpgjp Kd; Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpdh;>

tq;fp nfhSj;jg;gl;lJ

,jd; tpisthf mkph;jru]; efhpy;

td;Kiw eilngw;wJ. Mq;fpNya

mYtyh;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;

,e;epfo;r;rpf;F kWehs; gQ;rhg;gpahpd;

igrhfp tpoh murpay; $l;lk;

eilngw;wJ

md;W 13 Vg;uy; 1919 nyg;bdd;l; -

n[duy; ikf;Nfy; X lah; vd;w ,uhZt

mjpfhhpapd; jiyikapy;

E}w;Wf;fhzf;fhd ,uhZt tPuh;fis

fz;%bj;jdkhf Jg;ghf;fpahy;

mf;$l;lj;jpw;F te;j kf;fis Rl;ldh;.

,jpy; 1650 uTz;L Fz;Lfs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

,e;epfo;r;rpNa [hypad; thyhghf;

gLnfhiy vdg;gl;lJ

fhe;jpabfs; Mq;fpNyah;fs; kPJ nfhz;L

,Ue;j ek;gpf;ifia ,oe;jhh;

jkf;F mspf;fg;gl;l Nfrh; - , - `pe;j;

vd;w gl;lj;ij jpUg;gp mspj;jhh;

1940Mk; Mz;L cj;jk; rpq; vd;gth; ,e;;

epfo;r;rpf;F fhuzkhd n[duy; laiu

,q;fpyhe;jpy; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whh;

fpyhgj; ,af;fk; 1919-20

Kjy; cyfg; Nghh; 1914 – 1918 tiu

eilngw;wJ. ,g;NghUf;Fg; gpd; nrth;];

cld;gbf;ifapd; (28.6.1919)

mbg;gilapy; JUf;fp ehl;bd; kPJ

Mq;fpNyah;fs; nfhz;L te;j

epge;jidfis vjph;j;J fpyhgj; ,af;fk;

Njhd;wpaJ

JUf;fp xU typikahd K];yPk; ehlhf

,Ue;jikahYk; fypgh vdg;gLk;

jiytUf;F vjpuhf Mq;fpNyah;fs;

nray;gl;ljhYk;> ,t;tpaf;fk; Njhd;wpaJ

,e;jpthapy; ,t;tpafj;ij myp

rNfhjuh;fs; vdg;gLk; KfkJ myp

kw;Wk; nrsfj; myp MfpNahuhy;

njhlq;fg;gl;lJ

,e;jpahtpy; fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ

[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy njhlh;ghf

epakpf;fg;gl;l `z;lh; fkp\d; Fwpj;j

mwpf;if ntspahdJ ,jidAk; fpyhgj;

,af;fk; vjph;j;jJ

17.10.1919 fpyhgj; jpdkhf

nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.

,uz;lhtJ fpyhgj; khehL 23.11.1919y;

by;ypapy; $baJ

myfhghj;jpy; eilngw;w kj;jpa

fpyhghj; fkpl;b (1920) gl;lq;fis

Jwj;jy;> thpnfhlh ,af;fk; Nghd;w

ehd;F fl;l Nghuhl;lq;fis elj;jpaJ.

,t;tpaf;fk; fhe;jpabfspd; ,af;fj;jpw;F

xj;Jiog;G je;jJ

fhe;jpabfs; ,e;Jf;fs;

,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F xg;Gjy; mspf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;whh;.

,jdhy; ,e;J K];yPk; xw;Wik

Vw;gl;lJ. murpay; kj rhh;Gilik epiy

Vw;gl;lJ

1919f;Fg; gpd; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];

xU ntF[d kf;fs; ,af;fkhf (Mass

Movement) khwj; Jtq;fpaJ

fpshgj; ,af;fj;jpd; Njhy;tpf;F Kf;fpa

fhuzq;fs;

,g;Nghuhl;lk; xj;Jioahik

,af;fj;Jld; ,ize;jJ

JUf;fpia fkhy;ghl;\h ifg;gw;wpaJ.

fhe;jpabfspd; fhyk;: 1919 – 1947 tiu

1919 Kjy; 1947 Mk; Mz;L tiu

fhe;jpabfs; Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpy;

jk;ik <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;

,f;fhyfl;lq;fspy; td;Kiwf;F gjpyhf

rj;jpahfpufk;> mfpk;ir Mfpa Kiwia

gad;gLj;jpdh;. vdNt ,f;fhyk; ,e;jpa

Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fhe;jpabfspd;

fhyk; vd Ngrg;gLfpwJ.

Xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; - 1919 - 1922

fhe;jpabfshy; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;

1921 – 22y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

,jd; Nehf;fk; ,e;jpar; rl;lk; 1919d; gb

elf;f ,Uf;Fk; Njh;jiy Gwf;fzpj;jy;

,JNt mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Kjy; Nghuhl;lkhFk;

,e;jpa kf;fisg; gw;wp Mq;fpNyah;

mr;rk; ,jd; %yk; Vw;gl;lJ

nrshp nrsuh ,af;fj;jhy; ,jid

jd;dpr;irahf fhe;jpabfs; epWj;jp

tpl;lhh;

1919Mk; Mz;L ,yl;RkzGhp khehL

1919y; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; [hypad;

thyhghf; gLnfhiy mwpf;if gw;wp

Ma;T nra;ag;gl;lJ.

,t;twpf;if fhe;jpabfSf;F mjph;r;rp

mspj;jJ

vdNt Njrpa Nghuhl;lj;ij Jtf;f

KbT nra;jhh;.

1920 Mk; Mz;L fy;fj;jh khehL:

yhyh y[gjp uha; mth;fspd;

jiyikapy; nrg;lk;gh; 20y; fy;fj;jhtpy;

nrg;lk;gh; 20y; fy;fj;jhtpy; $ba rpwg;G

khehl;by; thf;nfLg;gpd; %yk;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ thp nfhlh

,af;fk;. gl;lq;fs;> ghuhl;L gj;jpuq;fis

jpUg;gp mspj;jy;> muR gzpfis

Jwj;jy;> ePjp kd;wk;> fy;Y}hpfSf;F

nry;yhJ ,Uj;jy; Nghd;wit

eilngw;wJ.

1920 Mk; Mz;L ehfGhp khehL:

1920y; ehfGhpapy; eilngw;w khehl;by;

Nryk; rp. tp[auhfthr;rhhpahh;

jiyikapy; eilngw;w $l;lj;jpy;

fhe;jpapd; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; KbT

nra;ag;gl;lJ

1921y; nu];tlhtpy; eilngw;w khehl;by;

xU Nfhb egh;fis cWg;gpduhf

Nrh;j;jJ. jpyfh; Rauh[;[pa epjpahf 1

Nfhb &gha; jpul;lg;gl;L ifuhl;ilfs;

Nghd;wit thq;fpj; jug;gl;lJ

Xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; gbg;gbahf

thpnfhlh ,af;fk;> fprhd; (tptrhapfs;)

,af;fk;> mfhyp ,af;fk; Nghd;w

,af;fq;fshf gphpe;J cr;r fl;lj;ij

mile;jJ

17-11-1921y; gk;gha; te;J ,wq;fpa

Nty;]; ,sturUf;F fz;ldk; njhptpj;J

KO milg;G kw;Wk; fUg;Gf; nfhb

fhl;lg;gl;lJ.

ghh;rp> fpUj;Jth;fs;> Mq;fpNyh -

,e;jpah;fs; jhf;fg;gl;ldh;.

nrshp nrsuh rk;gtk;

cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s Nfhuf;G+h;

mUNf cs;s nrshp nrsuh fpuhkj;jpy;

xj;Jilahik ,af;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l

fytuNk nrshp nrsuh rk;gtk; vdg;gLk;

,r;rk;gtj;jpy; xU Fk;gy; 1922k; M;zL

gpg;uthp 5k; Njjp td;Kiwapy; fhty;

epiyaj;ij jhf;fpajhy; gyh; caph;

,of;f Nehpl;lJ

Mq;fpNyah;fSf;Fk;> mth;fSf;F

Mjuthf nray;gl;l ghh;rpfSf;Fk; ,e;j

xj;Jioahik Nghuhl;l td;Kiwapy;

ntFthf ghjpf;fg;gl;likahy;

fhe;jpabfs; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;ij

jd;dpr;irahf 12 gpg;uthp 1922y; epWj;jp

tpl;lhh;

Rauh[;[pa fl;rp

fhe;jpabfs;

Njh;jiy Gwf;fzpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w

nghOJ rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ,e;jpah;fs;

,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mjd; %yk;

ehlhSkd;w eltbf;iffSf;F ,ilA+W

nra;ayhk; vd;Wk; fUj;J

njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ

fhe;jpabfs; xj;Jioahik Nghuhl;lj;ij

jd;dpr;irahf epWj;jp tpl;likahy; rpy

jiyth;fs; mjpUg;jp mile;jhh;.

1922y; fahtpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu];

khehl;by; ntspNawpa Kf;fpa

jiyth;fs; Rauh[;[pa fl;rpia

Jtf;fpdhh;fs;.

,jd; jiyth; rp. Mh. jh];> nrayhsh;

Nkhjpyhy; NeU

Rauh[;[pa fl;;rpapa;d Kjy; $l;lk;

Nkhjpyhy; NeUtpd; Mde;jgtd;

,y;yj;jpy; eilngw;wJ. Mde;jgtdpw;F

Rauh[;[pa gtd; vd;w ngaUk; cz;L

Rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ngUthhpahd ,lq;fis

ngw;W ty;yggha; gl;Nliy rl;lkd;w

jiyth; Mf;fpdhh;fs;.

,Ug;gpDk; Rauh[;[pa fl;rp jdJ

Fwpf;Nfhis mila Kbatpy;iy

Rauh[;[pa fl;rpia Mjhpj;jth;fs;:

1. rpj;juQ;rd; jh]; (rp. Mh;. jh];)

2. Nkhjpyhy; NeJ 3. vd;. rp. Nfy;fh; 4.

m[;ky;fhd; 5. tpl;ly;gha; gl;Nly;

Rauh[;[pa fl;rpia Mjhpj;jth;fs;:

1. vk;. V. md;rhhp

2. uhrNfhgyhr;rhhp

3. nuq;frhkp ma;aq;fhuh;

Rauh[;[pa fl;rp ntd;w khfhzq;fs;

1. kj;jpa khfhzk;> 2. gPfhh; 3. tq;fhsk;

4. gk;gha; 5. If;fpa khfhzk;

Rauh[;[pa fl;rp Njhy;tpaile;j khfhzq;fs;

1. gQ;rhg; 2. nrd;id 3. Xhprh

1924 ngy;`hk; fhq;fpu]; khehL

1924 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w fhq;fpu];

khehl;bd; jiyth; fhe;jpabfs; Mthh;.

mth; jiyik Vw;W elj;jpa xNu

fhq;fpu]; khehL ,JNt MFk;.

,k; khehl;by; fhe;jp – jh]; - NeU

xg;ge;jk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ

itf;fk; rj;jpahfpufk;> mypfhh; ,af;fk;

Nghd;w ,af;fq;fs; tuNtw;fg;gl;lJ.

fhq;fpu]; tpjpfspy; khw;wq;fs;

nra;ag;gl;lJ.

Kbkd; FO

rh; mnyf;rhz;lh; jiyikapy; xU FO

1919 Mk; Mz;ila ,e;jpar; rl;lk;

vt;thW nray;gLfpwJ vd;gij Muha

,q;fpyhe;J murhq;fk; mDg;gpaJ

irkd; FO - 1927

1927Mk; Mz;L ,h;tpd; gpuG

fhe;jpabfs;. rPdpthr ma;aq;fhh; kw;Wk;

md;rhhp MfpNahiu by;ypapy; re;jpj;J

irkd; FO tUif gw;wp njhptpj;jhh;

,f;FO 3-2-1928k; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpw;F

te;jJ.

Indian Statutory Commission

vdg;gLk; ,f;fkp\Df;F rh;.[hd; irkd;

jiyik Vw;wjhy; irkd; fkp\d;

vdg;gl;lJ.

,f;FOtpy; nkhj;jk; VO cWg;gpdh;fs;

,Ue;jdh;

,f;fkp\d; epakpf;fg;gl;l NghJ

Conservative fl;rp Ml;rp nra;jJ

,f;FO ,e;jpah;fspd; nray;Kiwiaf;

fz;L ,e;jpahtpw;F nghWg;ghl;rp

mspj;jy;> ,e;jpa gphpl;b\; cwTfis

tsh;j;jy; Nghd;w fhuzq;fSf;fhf

epakpf;fg;gl;lJ

1927 nrd;id fhq;fpu]; khehL

,k;khehl;by; irkd; FOit

Gwf;fzpg;gJ kw;Wk; KOikahd

Rje;jpuk; Nfl;ly; vd;gJ Fwpj;J

jPh;khdq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;ld

irkd; FO Kjd;Kjypy; gk;ghapy;

,wq;fpa ehsd;W efh; vq;Fk;

filailg;G ele;jJ

irkNd jpUk;gpg;Ngh vd;w Kof;fk;

Koq;fg;gl;lJ.

,f;FOtpy; ,e;jpah;fs; xUtUk; ,y;iy

vd;gjhYk; ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuk; Fwpj;J

,e;jpah;fNs KbT nra;a Ntz;Lk;

vd;gjhYk; ,f;FO Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ.

irkd; FO tUifia ,e;jpahtpy;

cs;s midj;Jf; fl;rp kw;Wk;

,af;fq;fSk; vjph;j;jd

ePjpf;fl;rp vdg;gLk; [];b]; ghh;l;b

kw;Wk; gQ;rhg; A+dpadp];l; Mfpa

,uz;Lk; vjph;f;ftpy;iy

irkd; FO tUifapd; NghJ mjid

vjph;j;J yh$hpy; yhyhy[gjpuha; 30-10-

1928y; Mh;g;ghl;lk; nra;ag;gl;lNghJ

fhty;Jiwapduhy; jhf;fg;gl;lhh;.

irkd; FOtpd; Kf;fpa ghpe;Jiufs;:

1. ,ul;ilahl;rp ePf;fg;gl;L khepy Rahl;rp

cUthf;Fjy;

2. mikr;rh;fSf;F NkYk; mjpfhuk;

toq;Fjy;

3. epakd cWg;gpdh;fis jil nra;jy;

4. cah;ePjp kd;wq;fs; kj;jpa murpd;

fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Uj;jy;

5. kj;jpapy; $l;lhl;rp mikj;jy;

6. gh;khit jdp ehlhf gphpj;jy;

7. K];yPk;fSf;F tFg;Gthhp

gpujpepjpj;Jtk; toq;Fjy;

8. tlNkw;F vy;iyGwj;jpy; rl;lkd;wk;

mikj;jy;

NeU mwpf;if - 1927

irkd; FO Gwf;fzpj;jiy njhlh;e;J

,e;jpa kf;fSf;fhf xU murpay;

mikg;ig cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w

vz;j;jpd; mbg;gilapy; 1928Mk; Mz;L

Nk khjk; gk;ghapy; $l;lg;gl;l xU

$l;lj;jpy; Nkhjpyhy; NeU jiyikapy;

xU FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

,f;FOtpd; mwpf;iffis [pd;dh

vjph;j;jhh;.

NeU mwpf;if

,t;twpf;if b.gp. rg;& cjtpAld;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

1. cldb nlhkpdpad; me;j];J

2. G+uz Rauh[;[pak; ,Wjp ,yl;rpak;

3. kj;jpapy; $l;lhl;rp mikj;jy;

4. mbg;gil chpikfis mq;fPfhpj;jy;

5. ,e;jpahtpYs;s cr;rePjpkd;wNk ,Wjp

Nky;KiwaPl;L kd;wkhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;

6. Rpe;J khepyk; jdp khepykhf

cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

7. kj;jpa rl;l kd;wk; ,U mit

nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

8. ,e;jpahtpw;F xU ghJfhg;G FO

mikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;

9. thf;Fhpik

NeU mwpf;if Vw;wth;fs;:

1. nksyhdh mg;Jy;fyhk; M]hj;

2. lhf;lh;. md;rhhp

NeU mwpf;if vjph;j;jth;fs;:

1. rh; KfkJ \gp

2. KfkJ myp [pd;dh

[pd;dhtpd; 14 mk;r jpl;lk;:

1. $l;lhl;rp mspj;jy;

2. khepyq;fSF;F mjpfhuk; mspj;jy;

3. K];yPk;fSf;F muRg;gzpapy; Nghjpa

,lk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;

4. rl;lkd;wk;> cs;shl;rp kd;wq;fspy;

Nghjpa mstpy; K];yPk;fSf;F ,l

xJf;fPL Ntz;Lk;.

5. kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy; %d;wpy; xU

gFjp ,l xJf;fPL nra;a Ntz;Lk;

6. khepyq;fspy; vy;iy gphpf;Fk; NghJ

gQ;rhg;> tlNkw;F vy;iyGw khfhzk;

Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s vz;zpf;if

ghjpf;fg;glhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

7. gY]p];jhdk;> tlNkw;F vy;iy

khfhzk; Mfpatw;wpy; NtWghL fhl;lf;

$lhJ

8. kj;jpa khepy mikr;ruitapy; %d;wpy;

xU gq;F K];yPk;fSf;F toq;f

ntz;Lk;. rpe;J khepyk; gphpf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

9. nly;ypapy; eilngw;w K];yPk;fs;

(1923) khehl;by; NeUtpd; mwpf;if

K];yPk;fspd; ,wg;G Miz vdg;gl;lJ

10. 1929y; K];yPk; yPf;fpy; rpy jiyth;fs;

gphpe;J Njrpa yPf; Kf;fpa fl;rpfs;

njhlq;fpd.

yh$h; fhq;fpu]; khehL:

,k;khehL ,uhtp ejpf;fiuapy; cs;s

yh$hpy; 31-12-1929 md;W eilngw;wJ

G+uz Rauh[;[pak; fhq;fpurpd; ,yl;rpak;

vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. 26-1-1930 ehspid

Kjy; Rje;jpu jpdkhf nfhz;lhl

Ntz;Lk; vdg;gl;lJ. ,k;khehl;by;

%tz;z nfhbia [t`h;yhy; NeU

Vw;wp itj;jhh;.

1930 Mk; Mz;L [dthp 24k; ehs;

fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; %th;zf; nfhb

Vw;wg;gl;lJ. …… Mz;L [dthp 26Mk;

ehs; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G eilKiwf;F

te;jJ.

fhe;jpabfs; gphpl;b\; Ml;rpia A Crime

Against the man and the God vd;W

$wpdhh;. NkYk; fhe;jpabfs;

jiyikapy; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk;

njhlq;FtJ vd;W KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.

rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk;: rl;lkWg;G

,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; KOr;

Rje;jpuk; ngWtjhFk;. mjhtJ rl;lj;ij

kPwpahtJ mr;Rje;jpuj;ij mila

Ntz;Lk; vd KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.

kJtpyf;F> ,e;jpa &ghapd; kjpg;G

cah;j;Jjy;> murpd; nryT kw;Wk; muR

Copah;fSf;fhd rk;gsk; Fiwg;G>

cg;Gthp ePf;fk;. epythp Fiwg;G> gilr;

nryT Fiwg;G> murpay; ifjpfspd;

tpLjiy> MAjq;fs; itj;jpUf;f

mDkjpf; rPl;L Nghd;wit Fwpj;j 11

mk;r Nfhhpf;ifia fhe;jpabfs; 31-1-

1930y; ,h;tpd; gpuGtpw;F njhptpj;jhh;.

“nuhl;b Ntz;Lnkd;W Koe;jhspl;L

Nfl;ljw;F fy;Ny fpilj;jJ” vd

fhe;jpabfs; Fwpg;gpl;L cg;Gr;

rj;jpahfpufj;ij Jtf;fpdhh;.

,jid Storm in a Tea cup vd ,h;tPd;

fUjpdhh;.

fhe;jpabfspd; cg;G rj;jpahfpufk; 12.3.1930

– 6.4.1930

fhe;jpabfs; rgh;kjp Mrpukj;jpy; ,Ue;J

12-3-1930 md;W 78 njhz;lh;fSld;

Gwg;gl;L 240 iky; my;yJ 385 fp.kP.

njhiytpy; F[uhj;jpy; cs;s jz;b

vdw ,lj;ij 24 ehl;fs; eil

gazj;jpw;F gpd; mile;J 6-4-1930 md;W

cg;G vLj;jhh;. ,jd; %yk; cg;G

tpjpfs; Nghd;wit kPwg;gl;lJ

fhe;jpabfs; Vutlh rpiwapy;

milf;fg;gl;lhh;. NeU iedplhypy;

rpiwitf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,jd; gpwF

njhlh;r;rpahf eilngw;w rl;lkWg;G

,af;fj;jpd; NghJ fhe;jpabfSk; gpw

fhq;fpu]; jiyth;fSk; ifJ

nra;ag;gl;ldh;.

fhe;jpabfs; ifJf;F gpwF gk;ghapd;

Njrpa K];yPk; FLk;gj;ijr; rhh;e;j

mgh]; jahg;[p jiyik nghWg;ig

Vw;whh;. mtuJ ifJf;Fg;gpd; rNuh[pdp

ehAL jiyikg; nghWg;ig Vw;whh;

rNuh[pdp ehAL kw;Wk; khzpf;yhy; fhe;jp

jiyikapy; #uj; khepyj;jpy; cs;s

jhh;rdh cg;G fplq;if #iwahLk;

Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;wJ.

,jid ntg; kpy;yh; vd;w Mq;fpNyNa

gj;jphpf;ifahsh; fz;Zw;whh;.

jkpofj;jpy; rp. uhrNfhghyhr;rhhp

jiyikapy; jpUr;rpapypUe;J Ntjhuz;ak;

tiu cg;G rj;ahfpufk; eilngw;wJ.

nrd;idapy; nkhpdh flw;fiuapy;

gpufhrKk; ehNf];tuuhTk; cg;Gf;

fha;r;rpdh;

fh;dhlfj;jpy; rhdpf;fl;lh vd;w ,lj;jpy;

cg;G kz;b jhf;fg;gl;lJ

Nfushtpy; Nfsg;gd; vd;gth;

fs;spf;Nfhl;ilapy; ,Ue;J rj;jpahfpufk;

Jtf;fpdhh;.

tlNkw;F vy;iyg;Gw khfhzj;jpy;

vy;iyf; fhe;jp vdg;gLk; fhd; mg;Jy;

fgh; fhd; jiyikapy; mthpd; rptg;Gr;

rl;il ,af;fkhd Khudaikhidmatgars

rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;jpy; fye;J

nfhz;lhh;fs;.

Kjy; tl;l Nir khehL

,q;fpyhe;jpy; njhopw;fl;rp ntw;w ngw;wJ.

,f;fl;rp 1929y; ,e;jpahtpd; Ra Ml;rp

Nfhhpf;iff;F MjuT njhptpj;J ,Ue;jJ.

irkd; fkp\d; mbg;gilapy;

,e;jpahtpw;F nlhkpdpad; me;j];J

toq;FtJ kw;Wk; murpayikg;G

jpUj;jq;fs; Fwpj;J ,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh;

uhk;Nr nkf;nlhd;L xU khehl;L

$l;lj;jpid mwptpj;jhh;.

Kjy; tl;lNkir khehL ,h;tpd; gpuG

fhyj;jpy; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,J mf;Nlhgh; khjj;jpy;

mwptpf;fg;gl;ljhy; jPghtsp mwptpg;G

vdg;gLk;.

khehL yz;ld; khefhpy; 16-11-1930 Kjy;

19-01-1931 tiu eilngw;wJ

fhq;fpu]; jiyth;fs; rpiwapy;

,Ue;jikahy; ,k;khehl;by; fye;J

nfhs;stpy;iy.

rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;jpd; fhuzkhf

fhq;fpu]; jiyth;fs; rpiwapy; ,Ue;jdh;

,e;jpa murpayikg;G cUthf;Fk; rpy

KbTfs; vLf;fg;gl;lhYk; fhq;fpu];

jiyth;fs; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy;

,k;khehL Njhy;tpapy; Kbtile;jJ.

,k;khehl;bw;F ,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; uhk;Nr

nkf;Nlhdhy;L jiyik tfpj;jhh;

,jpy; gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa gpujpepjpfshf

fye;J nfhz;lth;fs; 57 Ngh;. 16 Ngh;fs;

,e;jpa RNjrp muRfspy; ,Ue;J

fye;Jnfhz;ldh;. ,q;fpyhe;J murpay;

fl;rp rhh;gpy; fye;J nfhz;lth;fs; 13

Ngh;.

fye;J nfhz;lth;fspy; Kf;fpakhdth;fs;:

jho;j;jg;gl;lth;fs; rhh;ghf: gPkhuht;

mk;Ngj;fhh;

K];yPk; yPf;: Mrh;fhd;> KfkJ \h>

gRy;`f;< Myp [pd;dh> fh;KfkJ

,e;jpad; ypguy;: Nj[; gfh;rg;U rPdpthr

rh];jphp

nglNu\d;: C. Y. rpe;jhkzp

,e;jpad; ];Nlhf;fh;: kPh;rh ,];khapy;> rh;

mf;gh; i`jhp> gPfhdp kfhuh[;

gpwjiyth;fs;: rh;. vk;. Mh;. n[afh;

nly;yp xg;ge;jk; (my;yJ) fhe;jp - ,h;tpd;

xg;ge;jk;

,t;nthg;ge;jk; 5-3-1931y; Vw;gl;lJ.

kpjthjpfshd tp. v];. rPdpthr rh];jphp>

n[afh;> rhg;U MfpNahhpd; Kaw;rpapd;

Nghpy; fhe;jpabfSf;Fk; ,h;tpd;

gpuGTf;Fk; ,ilapy; xg;ge;jk; Vw;gl;lJ.

,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpd;gb rpwg;G rl;lq;fs;

tpyf;fpf; nfhs;s muR ,ire;jJ.

td;Kiwapy; <Lgl;lth;fis jtpu

midj;J murpay; ifjpfs; tpLjiy

nra;ag;gl;ldh;.

Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fspy; kwpay; nra;a

mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

cg;G fha;r;rpf; nfhs;s

mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ

Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;l muR Copah;fs;

kdpjhgpkhdj;Jld; elj;jg;gl;ldh;

mLj;j tl;lNkir khehl;by; fhq;fpu];

fye;J nfhs;s ,irT njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ

,t;nthg;ge;jk; J}f;Fj;jz;lid

tpjpf;fg;gl;l gfj;rpq;> ,uh[FU

MfpNahhpd; tpLjiyf;F toptif

nra;atpy;iy.

fuhr;rp fhq;fpu]; khehL

,k;khehL rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly;

jiyikapy; 29-3-1931y; $baJ

gfj;rpq;> Rf;Njt; kw;Wk; ,uhrFU

MfpNahh; J}f;fpyplg;gl;L 6 ehl;fs;

fopj;J $baJ.

,k;khehL fhe;jp-,h;tpd; xg;ge;jj;ij

Nknyhg;gk; nra;jJ

,k;khehl;by; mbg;gil chpikfs;

kw;Wk; Njrpa nghUshjhu nfhs;iffs;

Fwpj;J jPh;khdq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ

,uz;lhk; tl;lNkir khehL

1931Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; jpq;fs; 7k;

Njjp njhlq;fp njhlh;r;rpahf 3 khjq;fs;

,k;khehL eilngw;wJ. ,k;khehl;by;

fhq;fpu]; rhh;gpy; fhe;jpabfs; fye;J

nfhz;lhh;. mtUld; kjd;Nkhfd;

khstpahTk; cld; nrd;whh;.

S. S. uhrGjdh vd;w fg;gypy; fhe;jpabfs;

,yz;ld; nrd;whh;.

,k;khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l

Kf;fpakhdth;fs;:

1. fhq;fpu]; rhh;gpy; - b. b.

fpU\;zkhr;rhhp

2. jho;j;jg;gl;lth;fs; rhh;gpy; -

mk;Ngj;fhh;> ,ul;ilkiy Mh;.

rPdpthrd;

3. fpUj;jth;fs; rhh;gpy; - V. b. gd;dPh;

nry;tk;

4. Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpah;fs; rhh;gpy;-rh;. fpshb

5. Kfkjpah;fs; rhh;gpy; - Mrhh;fhd;

,f;ghy;

6. rPf;fpah;fs; rhh;gpy; - jhuhrpq;

7. ,e;jpag; ngz;fspd; rhh;ghf –

rNuh[pdp ehAL

,k;khehl;by; ,e;jpahtpd; vjph;fhy

mikr;r rl;lk;> rpWghd;ikNahh; eyd;

Nghd;wit tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ

fhe;jpabfs; Nfhhpf;if

epiwNtw;wtpy;iy.

,k;khehL Njhy;tpapy; Kbtile;jJ

,e;epiyapy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Njrpa Ml;rp

Vw;gl;lJ. ,jpy; fd;rh;Ntl;bt; fl;rpapdh;

mjpf gyk; ngw;wdh;

fhe;jpabfs; 28 brk;gh; 1931y; ,e;jpah

(Kk;ig) jpUk;gpdhh;. mr;rkak;

,e;jpahtpy; murpay; #o;epiyapy; ngUk;

khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;lJ. fhe;jpabfis

tuNtw;fr; nrd;w NeU ifJ

nra;ag;gl;lhh;. 4-1-1932y; fhe;jpabfs;

ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

mk;Ngj;fhh; 5-11-1931y; ,q;fpyhe;J

muriu re;jpj;J jhoj;jg;gl;l kf;fspd;

gpur;rpidfis tpthpj;jhh;

gpd; 14-1-1931y; ,yz;ldpy; ,Ue;J

Gwg;gl;L 29-1-1932y; Kk;ig te;J

Nrh;e;jhh;.

vdNt tFg;Gthj jPh;tpid uhk;Nr

nkf;Nlhdy;L ntspapl;lhh;.

fhe;jpabfspd; vspikia fz;L rh;r;rpy;

mtiu miueph;thz gffphp vd;W

$wpdhh;.

rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk;

fhe;jpabfs; ,e;jpah jpUk;gpa NghJ

murpay; epiyik Kw;wpYk; khWghL

nfhz;L ,Ue;jJ

#uj; khtl;lj;jpy; epythp t#y;

nra;tjpy; Vw;gl;l gpur;rpidfis

tprhuiz nra;a Gyhgha; Njrha; kw;Wk;

ty;yggha; gNly; nrd;wdh;

thpnfhlh ,af;fk; fhuzkhf

[t`h;yhy; NeU> GUN\hj;jk; jh];

jhz;ld; MfpNahh; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;.

fhq;fpurpd; eltbf;ifapid xLf;f

nty;ypq;ld; gy;NtW eltbf;if

Nkw;nfhz;lhh;

vdNt 4-1-1932y; fhe;jpabfs; rl;l

kWg;G Nguhl;lj;ij mwptpj;jhh;.

fhe;jpabfs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;

Mq;fpNyah;fspd; kpUfj; jdkhd

nray;fisf; fz;L gy Gul;rp

,af;fq;fs; Njhd;wpaJ.

tFg;Gthj jPh;T

tl;lNkir khehLfspy; ,lxJf;fPL

gpur;rpidfSf;F jPh;G fhzhj epiy

Vw;gl;ljhy; uhk;Nr nlhdhy;L Gfo;ngw;w

tFg;G jPh;tpid 1932k; Mz;L Mf];l;

jpq;fs; 16k; ehs; nfhz;L te;jhh;.

,jd;gb K];yPk;fs;> rPf;fpah;> Mq;fpNyh

,e;jpah;> jho;j;jg;gl;lth;fs; MfpNahUf;F

rl;lkd;wj;jpy; jdpj; njhFjp Kiwiaf;

nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ

,j; jPh;T nfhz;L tug;gl;l nghOJ

fhe;jpabfs; G+dhtpy; cs;s Vh;thlh

rpiwapy; ,Ue;jhh;

jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; [hjp

,e;JfsplkpUe;J gphpf;Fk; Kaw;rpNa ,J

vd fhe;jpabfs; 20-9-1932 Kjy; 21

ehl;fs; rhFk; tiu cz;zhtpujk;

,Ue;jhh;

fhe;jpabfs; cly; epiy Nkrhkile;jJ

njhlh;e;J fhe;jpabfs;> mk;Ngj;fhh; ,e;J

kjj; jiyth;fSf;Fkpilapy; xU

xg;ge;jk; Vw;gl;lJ

,JNt G+dh xg;ge;jk; vd;ghh;fs;. ,jid

gphpl;b\; muR Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ

,t;nthg;ge;jk; Vw;gl kjd; Nkhfd;

khstpah mk;Ngj;fhh; kw;Wk; vk;.tp. uh[h

MfpNahh; fhuzkhthh;fs;. ,t;nthg;ge;jk;

rl;lkWg;G Nghuhl;lj;ij jpir khw;wpaJ

fhe;jpabfs; rpiwapy; ,Ue;J tpLjiy

nra;ag;gl;lhh;

G+dh xg;ge;jk;

G+dh xg;ge;jk; 24-9-1932k; Mz;L

ifnaOj;jplg;gl;lJ. fhq;fpu]; rhh;gpy;

fhe;jp> uh[h[p> gl;Nly; kw;Wk;

jho;j;jg;gl;lth;fs; rhh;gpy; vd;. rptuh[;>

nfha;f;thl; kw;Wk; mk;Ngj;fhh;

ifnaOj;J ,l;ldh;

G+dh xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;F

kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpd; ,Uf;iffs;

cah;j;jg;gl;lJ

fhe;jpabfs; 7-11-1933 Kjy; 20-7-1934

tiu jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhf

Rw;Wg;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;

%d;whk; tl;l Nkir khehL

1932k; Mz;L etk;gh; 17k; Njjp $baJ.

,k;khehl;by; njhopw;fl;rp kw;Wk; ,e;jpa

Njrpa fhq;fpu]; fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy.

46 gpujpepjpfs; fye;J nfhz;ldh;.

thf;Fhpik> epjp> $l;lhl;rp>

rk];jhdq;fs; Fwpj;J Vw;fdNt

eilngw;w FOf;fspd; mwpf;iffis

Ma;T nra;jJ. ngz;fSf;F thf;Fhpik

mspj;jy;> khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspypUe;J

$l;lhl;rp rl;lkd;w Nkyitf;F

gpujpepjpfis Njh;T nra;tJ Fwpj;J

KbTfs; vLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,k;khehL

vtUf;Fk; kdepiwT juhj tifapy;

1932k; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk; 24k; Njjp

Kbtile;jJ

%d;W tl;l Nkir khehLfspy; gq;F

nfhz;lth;fs;

1. gp. Mh;. mk;Ngj;fhh;

2. n[afh;

,k;%d;W khehl;by; vLf;fg;gl;l

KbTfis mbg;gilahf nfhz;L 1933k;

Mz;L khh;r; khjj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;J

murhq;fk; xU nts;is mwpf;ifia

ntspapl;lJ

nts;is mwpf;if

murpd; nfhs;iff; Fwpg;gpw;F nts;is

mwpf;if vd;W ngah;. ,t;nts;is

mwpf;ifapy; ,e;jpa murhq;fk; gw;wpa

jpl;lk; ,lk; ngw;wJ. ,e;jpahtpy; ,J

Fwpj;J vjph;g;Gfs; ,Ue;jd. nts;is

mwpf;ifapy; vLf;fg;gl;l KbTfis

Ma;T nra;tjw;fhf ,q;fpyhe;J

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; $l;Lf;FO

epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.

1935 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa murpay; rl;lk;

,e;jpa jiyth;fs; rpw;wuR gpujpepjpfs;

,e;jpa mikr;rh; N`hh; kw;Wk; gyh;

njhptpj;j ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy; xU rl;l

Kd; tiuT ,q;fpyhe;J

ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.

,r;rl;l Kd;tiuT ,q;fpyhe;J

ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspYk;

epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. 2-8-1935k; Mz;L

kd;dhpd; xg;Gjy; ngw;W rl;lk; MfpaJ.

,JNt 1935 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa ,urhq;f

rl;lk; MFk;

,jid mbik rhrdk; vd;W rpyh;

$Wth;

,jd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;:

Xhprh> rpe;J khepyk; cUthFjy;

khfhzq;fspy; jd;dhl;rp

khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw

ePf;fk;

kj;jpapy; $l;lhl;rp muR

$l;lhl;rp hprh;t; tq;fp mikj;jy;

kj;jpa khfhzq;fis gpur;rpidfis

jPh;f;f $l;lhl;rp ePjpkd;wk; mikj;jy;

gh;khit ,e;jpahtpypUe;J gphpj;jy;

Ntiyf;F Ml;fs; Njh;T nra;a

Njh;Tf;FO mikj;jy;. nkhj;jKs;s 11

khepyq;fspy; MSk; khepyj;jpy; Nkyit

Vw;gLj;Jjy;

,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb 1937y; Njh;jy;fs; 11

khepyj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jpy;

fhq;fpu]; 7 khepyq;fspy; Ml;rp elj;jpd

fhq;fpu]; ngUk;ghd;ikAld; Ml;rp mikj;j

khepyq;fs;

1. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

2. kj;jpa gpuNurk;

3. tlNkw;F vy;iyg;Gw khepyq;fs;

4. gPfhh;

5. xhprh

6. gk;gha;

7. nrd;id

1937y; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J gh;kh gphpf;fg;

gl;lJ.

K];yPk;fs; mjpfk; cs;s ,lq;fspy;

$l K];yPk; yPf;f Njhy;tp mile;jJ.

$l;lzp mikr;ruit vd;w NghJ “The

Muslims can expect neither justice nor fair

play under Congress Government” vd

$wpdhh;.

,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; Jtf;fk; 1939

,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; 1.9.1939 Mk;

Mz;L Jtq;fp 2.9.1945y; KbTw;wJ.

fhq;fpu]; jiyth;fs; my;yJ rl;lkd;w

cWg;gpdh;fisNah fye;J MNyhrpf;-

fhky; ,e;jpah;fis ,q;fpyhe;J

,g;Nghhpy; gad;gLj;jpaJ

1939 thh;jh fhq;fpurpd; nraw;FO:

,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; Njhd;wpaTld;

8.9.1939y; thh;j;jhtpy; fhq;fpu];

nraw;FO $baJ. mf;$l;lj;jpy;

gpd;tUk; jPh;khdq;fis epiwNtw;wpaJ.

1. ehrprk; kw;Wk; ghrprf; nfhs;ifis

fz;bj;jJ

2. ,e;jpa kf;fs; Nghh; kw;Wk; mikjpapy;

fye;J nfhs;tiu jPh;khdpf;f ve;j

ntspehl;bw;Fk; chpik ,y;iy vd;Wk;>

,jid ,e;jpa kf;fNs jPh;khdpg;gh;.

3. Nghhpd; fhuzj;ij gphpl;b\; murhq;fk;

cldbahf njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk;

4. gphpl;b\; murhq;fk; cldbahf

,e;jpahtpw;F Rje;jpuk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

Rje;jpu ,e;jpah jdJ ,uhZt

cjtpfis gu];guj;jpd; Nghpy; mspf;Fk;.

5. Nghhpd; Nehf;j;jpid cld;

mwptpf;fNtz;Lk;. vdNt 8-8-1940k;

Mz;L ypd;ypj;Njh gpuG mwpf;if

ntspaplg;gl;lJ

,JNt Mf];l; mwpf;ifapy; Nghh;

MNyhridf; FO mikj;jy;

rpWghd;ikapdh; eyk;> ,e;jpahtpw;F

nlhkpdpapd; me;j];J> K];yPk;fSF;F

jdp murpayikg;G Nghd;wit Fwpj;J

fUj;Jf;fs; ,Ue;jJ.

,t;twpf;if [pd;dhtpw;F Mjuthf

,Ug;gjhf fhe;jpabfs; Vw;Wf;

nfhs;stpy;iy

,jd; njhlh;r;rpahf jdp egh;

rj;jpahfpufj;ij fhe;jpabfs; Jtf;fpdhh;

ghfp];jhd;

1940 Mk; Mz;L K];yPk; yPf; jiyth;

[pd;dh K];yPk;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahf

cs;s gFjpfs; jdp ehlhf Ntz;Lk;

vd;whh;. ,jw;F ghfp];jhd; vd

ngahplg;gl;lJ.

,j;jPh;khdk; yh$h; khehl;by; 23 khh;r;

1940y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy;

,jidNa ghfp];jhd; ehs; vd

nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufk; - 1940

,J 17-10-1940 md;W fhe;jpabfshy;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

Kjd; Kjypy; ,jid Anti-war Slogan

%yk; njhlq;fp itj;jth; Mr;rhhpah

tpNdhgh ghNt. ,uz;lhtJ rj;jpahfpufp

[t`h;yhy; NeJ> ,g;Nghuhl;lk; 17-12-

1940 Kbf;fg;gl;lJ.

,j; jPh;khdk; yh$h; khehl;by; 23 khh;r;

1940y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy;

,jidNa ghfp];jhd; ehs; vd

nfhz;lhg;gLfpwJ

cyfg;Nghhpy; [g;ghd; njhlh;e;J

ntw;wpg;ngw;W tUk; epiyapy; Ner

ehLfs; ,e;jpah Fwpj;J tpd;];ld;

rh;rpiy tw;GWj;jpd. vdNt tpd;];ld;

rh;r;rpy; gphpl;b\; Nfgpdl; J}Jf;FOit

,e;jpahtpw;F mDg;gpdhh;

fphpg;]; J}Jf; FO - 1942

rh; ];lhNghh;L fphpg;];> gphptprpy; gpuG

MfpNahh; nfhz;l FO 1942k; Mz;L

khh;r; jpq;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jJ

te;jTld; mf;FO xU gpufldk; nfhz;L

te;jJ. mjd;gb ,e;jpahtpd;

murpayikg;G> rpWghd;ikNahh; eyd;>

,e;jpahtpd; ghJfhg;G Mfpait Fwpj;J

mwpf;if ntspapl;lJ

,J Mf];l; jpl;lj;jpd; gpujpgypg;Ng

vd;gjhy; mjid fhq;fpu]; cs;spl;l

vy;yhf; fl;rpAk; vjph;j;jJ

fhe;jpabfs; ,jid (Post Dated Cheque

on a Crushing Bank) Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.

,f;FO KOikahf Njhy;tpaile;J

,q;fpyhe;J nrd;wJ

nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; - 1942

nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;

Mf];l; jPh;khdk; vd;Wk; ghuj; Nrhuh

mz;Nlhyd; thh;jhtpy; $ba fhq;fpu];

fl;rpapd; nraw;FO $l;lk; (14-7-1942)

ve;jtpjkhd epge;jidfs; ,d;wp

,e;jpahtpw;F Rje;jpuk; toq;Fjy;

Nghd;wit njhlh;ghf jPh;khdk;

,aw;wpaJ

nts;isaNd ntspNaW vd;w

jPh;khdj;ij jahhpj;jth; [t`h;yhy;

NeU

,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ fhe;jpabfs; nra;

my;yJ nrj;J kb vd;w Kof;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ gPfhhpy; ngUksT

td;Kiw Vw;gl;lJ

fhe;jpabfs; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ 9-8-

1942k; Mz;L ifJ nra;ag;gl;L 6-5-1944

md;W tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;

,JNt fhe;jpabfs; filrpahf rpiwapy;

,Ue;j fhyk;

fhe;jpAld; ifJ nra;ag;gl;l

f];J}hpgha; fhe;jp 23-3-1944y; rpiwapy;

caph; ePj;jhh;.

fhe;jpabfs; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ I

want freedom immediately this very night

vdf; $wpAs;shh;. jkpofj;jpy; ,g;

Nghuhl;lj;jpy; F. fhkuh[; fye;Jf;

nfhz;lhh;.

Ntty; jpl;lk; - rpk;yh khehL – 1945

,e;epiyapy; ,e;jpahtpd; Gjpa

it];uha;-Mf 20.10.1943 md;W Ntty;

gjtp Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;

rpiwapy; ,Ue;j fhq;fpu]; fl;rpj;

jiyth;fs; tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;ldh;

1945y; Ntty; gpuG ,e;jpahtpd;

vjph;fhyk; Fwpj;J MNyhrid

elj;Jtjw;fhf ,e;jpah nrd;whh;

it];uha; FOtpid kW epakdk;

nra;tJ vd;Wk;> mf;FOtpd;

cWg;gpdh;fshf murpay; fl;rp

ghpe;Jiuf;Fk; egh;fis Njh;T nra;tJ

vd;Wk; Ntty; gpuG KbT nra;jhh;.

,jd; mbg;gilapy; ,ilf;fhy muR

mikg;gJ Fwpj;J Ntty; 1945k; Mz;L

[Pd; khjk; 24k; Njjp rpk;yhtpy; xU

khehl;ilf; $l;bdhh;. ,k;khehL [Piy

khjk; 14k; Njjp Kba eilngw;wJ

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; rhh;gpy;

nksyhd mGy; fyhk; Mrhj;

jiytuhfTk; [t`h;yhy; NeU> jPh; fhd;

rhfpg; MfpNahh; rye;J nfhz;ldh;.

fhe;jpabfs; rpk;yh nrd;whYk;

,k;khehl;by; fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy.

it];uha; jdpNa mthplk; MNyhrid

nra;jhh;. mk;khehl;by; ,ilf;fhy muR

mikg;gJ vd;Wk; ,uhZt ,yhf;fh

jtpu kw;w ,yhf;ff;fis ,e;jpah;fSf;F

ju Ntty; gpuT ,irT njhptpj;jhh;.

K];yPk; kf;fspd; xNu gpujpepjahf

K];yPk; yPf; fl;rp ,Uf;f tpUk;gpajhy;

,k; khehL Njhy;tpapy; Kbtile;jJ.

K];yPk;fs; Ntty; jpl;lj;ij Vw;f

kWj;jikahy; ,j;jpl;lk; Njhy;tp

mile;jJ

,k; khehl;bdhy; jPikfs; mjpfkhfpaJ

,e;jpahtpy; nghJj; Njh;jy; elj;JtJ

vd 21.8.1945 md;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ

1945Mk; Mz;by; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh;

Kbtile;J ,q;fpyhe;jpy; njhopy; fl;rp

ntw;wp ngw;W Ml;rp khw;wk; Vw;gl;L

ml;yp gpujk mikr;rh; Mdhh;.

1946Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w Njh;jypy;

fhq;fpu]; ngUk; ntw;wp ngw;wJ

K];yPk; yPf; K];yPk;fSf;fhd

njhFjpfspy; ntw;wp ngw;wJ

uh[h[p jpl;lk;

,e;J K];yPk; rpf;fiyj; jPh;f;f uh[h[p

xU jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jhh;.

,j;jpl;lj;jpd; gb ghfp];jhd; vd;w ehL

cUthtjw;F fhuz rhj;jpaf;$Wfs;

mjpfkhf cs;sjhy; ,J jw;nfhiyf;F

rkk; vd fhq;fpu]; Vw;Wf;

nfhs;stpy;iy.

,jd;gpd; Ntty; gpuG 1945 [Pd; 14k;

Njjp xU jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jhh;

,JNt Ntty; jpl;lk; vdg; ngah;

ngw;wJ

Nfgpdl; J}Jf;FO 1946

,e;J – K];yPk; xw;Wikf;F topapy;iy

vd;gij czh;e;j Mq;fpy Rje;jpuk;

toq;FtJ kw;Wk; Ra eph;zak;

njhlh;ghf murpay; fl;rpj; jiyth;fis

re;jpj;J Ngr mikr;ruitj; J}Jf; FO

xd;W mDg;GtJ vd ml;yp gphpl;b\;

ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; mwptpj;jhh;

15.3.1946y; gphpl;b\; gpujk mikr;rh;

ml;yp mth;fs; xU J}Jf; FOtpid

mikj;jhh;.

ngjpf; yhud;];> rh; ];lhNghh;L fphpg;];>

V. tp. mnyf;rhz;lh; MfpNahh;

,f;FOtpy; ,lk;ngw;W ,Ue;jdh;.

,f;FO ,e;jpahtpw;F 24 khh;r; 1946y; GJ

jpy;ypf;F te;jJ

,f;FO ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J 29 [Pd;

1946y; jpUk;gpr; nrd;wJ

,f;FO fhq;fpu];> K];yPk; yPf;>

rPf;fpah;fs;> Mjp jpuhtplh;fs;> ypguy;

jiyth; rh; Nj[; gfJ}h; rg;& kw;Wk;

jdpahh;fs; cs;s 472 egh;fis re;jpj;J

NgrpaJ

,f;FO kPz;Lk; rpk;yhtpy; xU $l;lj;ij

elj;jpaJ. fhq;fpu]; rhh;gpy;

[t`h;yhy;NeU> nksyhdh mGy; fyhk;

Mrhj;> rh;jhh; ty;yggha; gNly; kw;Wk;

fhd; mg;Jy; fghh; fhd; Mfpath;fs;

fye;J nfhz;ldh;. K];yPk; yPf; rhh;gpy;

KfkJ myp [pd;dh> ypafj; mypfhd;>

,];khapy; fhd; kw;Wk; mJh; ug; ep\jhh;

MfpNahh; fye;J nfhz;ldh;. Mdhy;

jPh;T VJk; Vw;gltpy;iy

,f;FO fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];yPk;

jiyth;fSld; Ngrp jdJ mwpf;if 16-

5-1946 khjk; ntspapl;lJ. fhq;fpu];

fl;rp mikr;ruit J}Jf;FOtpd; Kbit

Vw;W rl;l kd;wj;jpy; EiotJ vd KbT

nra;jJ.

,jd;gb eilngw;w Njh;jypy; fhq;fpu];

8 khepyq;fspy; Ml;rp mikj;jJ

Xt;nthUtUf;Fk; ,jpy; Mjhak;

fpilj;jjhy; midtUk; ,jid Vw;wdh;.

,jd;gb ,if;fhy muR mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

,ilf;fhy muR

1946k; Mz;L Ntty; gpuG NeUtpd;

jiyikapy; mikr;ruit (,ilf;fhy

muR) mikf;FkhW miog;G tpLj;jjpd;

Nghpy; ke;jphp rig mikf;fg;gl;lJ

,jd;gb fhq;fpu]; NeU jiyikapy; 2-9-

1946 gjtp Vw;wdh;.

,jpy; nkhj;jk; 14 mikr;rh;fs;

gq;Nfw;wdh;. 6 ,e;J mikr;rh;fs;> 3

K];yPk; mikr;rh;fs;> 1 rPf;fpah;> 1

ghh;rp> 1 ,e;jpa fpUj;Jth; vd;Wk; 2

mikr;rh;fs; K];yPk; yPf;fpw;Fk; vd;Wk;

njhptpj;jhh;.

,ilf;fhy murpd; ,e;J mikr;rh;fs;:

1. [t`h;yhy; NeU – Vice President of

Executive Council, ntsptptfhuk; kw;Wk;

fhkd; nty;j;

2. ty;yggha; gNly; - cs;Jiw> jfty;

kw;Wk; xspgug;G

3. ,uhNre;jpu gpurhj; - czT kw;Wk;

Ntshz;ik

4. ruj; re;jpu Ngh];

5. rp. ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhp – fy;tp

6. n[f[Ptd; uhk; - njhopyhsh; eyd;

%d;W K];yPk; mikr;rh;fs;

1. Mrhg; myp - ,uapy;Nt

2. rh; rgj; mfkJ fhd;

3. iraj; myp [fPh;

xU rPf;fpa mikr;rh;

1. gy;Njt; rpq; - ,uhZtk;

xU ghh;rp mikr;rh;

1. rp. vr;. ghgh

xU ,e;jpa fpUj;Jth;

1. lhf;lh; [hd; kj;jah; - njhopy; kw;Wk;

toq;Fjy;

,U K];yPk; yPf; mikr;rh;fs;

1. ypahfj; mypfhd; - epjp

2. f[hd;gh; mypfhd; - Rfhjhuk;

Neub eltbf;if ehs;

,e;j ,ilf;fhy murpy; gq;F tfpj;j epjp

mikr;rh; ,e;J tzpfh;fspd; tzpfj;ij

mopf;Fk; tifapy; mike;jjhf $wg;gl;lJ.

NkYk; gQ;rhg;> tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; kj;jpa

khfhzq;fspy; ,e;Jf;fSf;F vjpuhf K];yPk;

yPf; Ch;tyq;fs; kw;Wk; Nghuhl;lq;fis

elj;jpaJ.

NkYk; murpay; eph;za rigapy; K];yPk;

yPf; Nru kWj;jJ

,jidj; njhlh;e;J ,ilf;fhy muir

vjph;j;J K];yPk; yPf; [pd;dhtpd;

jiyikapy; fy;fj;jhtpy; 1946 Mk;

Mz;L Mf];l; 16k; ehis Neub

eltbf;if ehs; vd mwptpj;jJ. ehL

KOtJk; fpsh;r;rp nra;jJ

,jdhy; ,e;J K];yPk; fytuk; Vw;gl;lJ

tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; gPfhhpy; fytuk; kpfg;

nghpa mstpy; Vw;gl;lJ

it];uha; fTd;rpypy; fhq;fpurpd;

nry;thf;if Fiwg;gjw;fhf KfkJ myp

[pd;dh Ntty; gpuGtplk; 5 egh;fspd;

ngaiu ghpe;Jiu nra;jhh;. mjd;gb rh;

rgj; mfkJ fhd;> iraj; myp [fPh;

kw;Wk; ruj; re;jpu Ngh]; MfpNahh;

it];uha; fTd;rpypy; ,Ue;J gjtp

tpyfpdh;. Ypahfj; myp fhd;> ,];khapy;

,g;uhfpk; re;jpufhh;> mg;Jy; uhg; ep\;lhh;>

f[hd;gh; mypfhd; kw;Wk; N[hNfe;jpu

ehj; kz;ly; MfpNahh; it];uha;

fTd;rpypy; 26 mf;Nlhgh; gjtp Vw;wdh;

Mq;fpy muR murpay; eph;za rigia

cUthf;Ftjw;fhf [t`h;yhy; NeU>

rh;jhh; gy;Njt; rpq;> KfkJ myp [pd;dh

kw;Wk; ypafj; myp fhd; MfpNahh;fis

yz;ld; tutioj;jdh;. mq;F ,Wjp

KbT Vw;fg;gltpy;iy. K];yPk; yPf;

rhh;gpy; epakpf;fg;gl;l 5 egh;fis

gphpl;b\; murhq;fk; Vw;ftpy;iy

,e;epiyapy; Ntty; gpuGit gjtp

tpyFkhW gpujkh; ml;yp Nfl;Lf;

nfhz;lhh;.

Epiyikfis ftdpj;j gpujkh; ml;yp

20> gpg;uthp 1947y; md;W mwpf;if

ntspapl;lhh;. mjd;gb ,q;fpyhe;J

ehl;lth;fs; [Pd; 1948f;F Kd;ghfNt

,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNaWthh;fs; vd

mwptpj;jhh;.

jiyth;fs; ,e;jpahitg; gphpg;gJjhd;

xNu top vd KbT vLj;jdh;

gk;gha; fytuk;

1946k; gk;gha; flw;gilapy; fytuk;

Vw;gl;lJ.

,e;jpag; gphptpid

kTd;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk;

24.3.1947y; gjtp Vw;w kTd;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG

133 Kiw ,e;jpa jiyth;fis

re;jpj;jhh;. tp. Nf. fpU\;z Nkdd;>

rh;jhh; ty;yggha; gNly;> ypahfj; myp

fhd;> nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; Mrhj;>

N[. gp. fpUghsdp MfpNahh; mth;

re;jpj;j Kf;fpa murpay; jiyth;fs;

Mthh;.

Vg;uy;> 1947y; kTd;l; Ngl;ld; gpuG

Ml;rpia xg;gilg;gJ njhlh;ghf

kTd;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG> General Sir Hastings

Ismay, Sir Eric Mieville, kw;Wk; Sir George

Able MfpNahh;fisf; nfhz;l xU FO

mikj;jhh;. ,f;FOtpd; jpl;lj;ij (Plan

Balkan) General Sir Hastings Ismay

yz;ld; nfhz;L nrd;whh;.

,e;J K];yPk; xw;Wik Vw;gl

topapy;iy vd;gij Ghpe;J nfhz;l

kTz;l;Ngl;ld; ,e;jpahit ,e;jpah –

ghfp];jhd; vd gphpg;gJ> tq;fhsk;>

gQ;rhg; Nghd;w vy;iyfis eph;zapj;jy;

Nghd;wit njhlh;ghf jdJ jpl;lj;ij

yz;ldpd; mikr;ruitapy; njhptpj;jhh;.

mikr;ruitapd; xg;Gjiy ngw;w mth;

Nk khjk; 30 Njjp ,e;jpah te;jhh;. 1947

[Pd; khjk; 2k; ehs; midj;Jf; fl;rpj;

jiyth;fis mioj;Jg; Ngrp ,e;jpah –

ghfp];jhd; vd jd; jpl;lj;ij

ntspapl;lhh;. gpwF 1947 [Pd; 4k; ehs;

nra;jp epWtdq;fSf;F mspj;j

Ngl;bapy; Mf];l; 15k; Njjp Rje;jpuk;

toq;fg;gLk; (Transfer of Power) vd

mwptpj;jhh;.

,JNt kTz;l; Ngl;ld; jpl;lkhFk;.

25 Vg;uy; 1947y; ,uhZt FOit

kTz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG $l;bdhh;. mf;

$l;lj;jpy; rh;jhh; gy;Njt; rpq;> ypahfj;

mypfhd; kw;Wk; Field Marshal Sir Claude

Achinlecl MfpNahh; fye;J nfhz;ldh;.

,e;jpa ,uhZtk; gphpg;gJ njhlh;ghf

Ngr;R thh;j;ij eilngw;wJ.

5 [Pd; 1947y; ,U fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; ,U

K];yPk; yPf; cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;l

xU FOtpid mikj;jhh;. mf;FO

NkYk; gj;J Jizf; FOf;fis

Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Ve;j ve;j gFjpfis

Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Fwpj;J

,f;FOf;fSF;F KO mjpfhuk;

toq;fg;gl;lJ. Kf;fpakhd

gpur;rpidfis fisAk; nghUl;L xU

Arbitral Tribunal ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik

ePjpgjpahd Sir Patrick Spens vd;gth;

jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

30 [Pd; 1947y; gQ;rhg;> tq;fhsk; kw;Wk;

mrhk; Mfpa gFjpfs; gphpg;gJ Fwpj;J 3

FOf;fis mikj;jhh;. gpd; mf;FO

,uz;L FOf;fshfTk; ,uz;L FO xU

FOthfTk; mike;jJ. ,f;FOf;fspd;

cWg;gpduhf fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];yPk;

yPf; ,uz;L cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd;

ngaiu ghpe;Jiuf;FkhW $wg;gl;lJ.

,f;FOf;fspd; jiytuhf rh; rh; rphpy;

uhbfpspg; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;

,f;FO ngUthhpahd kf;fs; trpg;gJ>

eph;thf jiyik> ,aw;if vy;iyfs;>

njhiyj; njhlh;G ePh; kw;Wk; ghrd trjp

Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; gFjpia

vt;thW gphpg;gJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J Ma;T

nra;ag;gl;lJ. Mf];l; 16 Mk; Njjpf;Fs;

,g;gzpia Kbf;FkhW fhytiuaiw

eph;zak; nra;ag;gl;lJ

fhe;jpabfs; ,jid Vw;Wf;

nfhs;stpy;iy. Mdhy; fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk;

K];yPk; yPf; ,jid Vw;wjd;

mbg;gilapy; gphpl;b\; ghuhSkd;wk;

,jid [_iy 18> 1947 md;W

epiwNtw;wpaJ.

,jd;gb Rje;jpuk; vd eph;zapf;fg;gl;L

Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ

ghfp];jhd; 14-8-1947y; Rje;jpuk;

mile;jJ. ghfp];jhdpy; Kjy; fth;dh;

n[duyhf KfkJ myp [pd;dh gjtp

Vw;whh;.

Nkw;G gQ;rhg;> rpe;J tlNkw;F

vy;iyg;Gw khfhzk; kw;Wk; fpof;F

tq;fhsk; Mfpa gFjpfis nfhz;l

gFjp ghfp];jhd; vdg;gl;lJ

,e;jpaj; jiyth;fs; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;ljd;

ngahpy; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;

fth;dh; n[duyhf kTz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG

gjtp Vw;whh;. ,th; khjk; 21k; Njjp

Gwg;gl;L yz;ld; nrd;whh;

Gpd; 1948 Mk; Mz;L [Pd; khjk;

,e;jpahtpd; khf;fpaty;yp vdg;gl;l rp.

uh[Nfhgyhr;rhhp Kjy; ,e;jpa fth;dh;

n[duy; gjtp Vw;whh;.

,e;jpa Rje;jpuk;; mile;j NghJ nrd;id

khfhzj;jpd; fth;duhf rh; Mh;rpghypL

vl;th;L ie vd;gth; ,Ue;jhh;. ,tNu

nrd;id khfhzj;jpd; filrp

fth;duhth;.

,ilf;fhy Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd;

mikr;ruit

1. [t`h;yhy; NeU – gpujk mikr;rh;>

ntsp tpfhuk; ehLfspd; cwTfs;

kw;Wk; mwptpay; Ma;T

2. rh;jhh; ty;yggha;gNly; - cs;Jiw>

nrajp xspgug;G kw;Wk; khepyq;fs;

3. lhf;lh; ,uhNre;jpu gpurhj; - czT

kw;Wk; Ntshz;ik

4. nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; Mrhj; - fy;tp

5. lhf;lh; [hd; kj;jha; - ,uapy;Nt

kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J

6. rh;jhh; gy;Njt; rpq; -uhZtk;

7. [f[Ptd;uhk; - njhopy;

8. rp. vr;. Ghgh – tzpfk;

9. utp mfkJ fpj;tha; - njhlh;Gfs;

10. uh[;Fkhhp mkpjpj; fTy; - Rfhjhuk;

11. lhf;lh; gp. Mh;. mk;Ngj;fhh; - rl;lk;

12. Mh;. Nf. rz;Kfk; nrl;bah; - epjp

13. lhf;lh; rpahk; gpurhj; Kfh;[p – njhopy;

kw;Wk; tpdpNahfk;

14. vd;. tp. fhl;rpy; - Ruq;fk; kw;Wk; rf;jp

Mq;fpNya vjph;g;G ,af;fq;fs;: Ffh ,af;fk;:

gQ;rhg;gpy; Njhd;wpaJ

khg;sh Gul;rp:

1921y; Nfushtpy; Vw;gl;lJ

t`hgp ,af;fk;:

Rje;jpug; Nghhpy; Gul;rp ,af;fq;fs;:

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Gul;rp Njrpagw;W

,af;fq;fs; vOe;j fhyk; 1903 Kjy;

1913 tiu MFk;. ,f;fhyk;

Gul;rpahsh;fs; fhyk; vdg;gLk;

,jw;F gpwF 1932y; Gul;rpahsh;fs;

kPz;Lk; cUthapd

uhz;l; nfhiy tof;F

,JNt ,e;jpahtpy; ele;j Kjy;

INuhg;gpa murpay; nfhiyahFk;

jhNkhjpud;> ghyfpU\;zd; vd;w ,U

rpj;gt me;jzh;fs; gpNsf; xopg;G

fkpl;bapd; jiytuhd uhz;l; vdg;tiu

nfhiy nra;a Kad;wdh;. Mdhy; Fwp

jtWjyh nyg;bdd;l; mah;];l; vd;gthpd;

Nky; gha;e;jJ

,t;tpUtiuAk; jkJ vOj;jpd; %yk;

td;Kiwf;F tpj;jpl;ljhf $wp 18 khj

fhyk; fLQ;rpiwapy; ,lg;gl;lhh;

fhjh; fl;rp - 1913

yhyh`h;jahs;> Nrhfd; rpq;

MfpNahh;fshy; ,t;tpaf;fk; mnkhpf;f

If;fpa ehl;by; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

jPtputhjj;ij tsh;j;jy;> Gul;rpfukhd

fUj;Jf;fis $Wjy;> ntspapLjy;>

MAjq;fis Nrfhpj;jy; Nghd;w

gzpfis nra;jJ.

,f;fl;rp fhjh; vdg;gLk; thu ,jio

ntspapl;lJ

yh$h; nfhiy tof;F vdg;gLk; rhz;lhh;];

nfhiy tof;F

irkd; fkp\d; vjph;g;G Nghuhl;lj;jpd;

NghJ rhz;lhh;]; vd;w fhty; Jiw

mjpfhhpahy; yhyh y[gjpuha; fLikahf

jhf;fg;gl;L gpd;G ,we;jhh;. vdNt

,e;J];jhd; Nrhryp];l; hpgg;spf;

mNrhrpNa\d; vdg;gLk; Gul;rp

rq;fj;ijr; Nrh;e;j gfj; rpq; vd;gth;

rhz;lhh;]; vd;w fhty; Jiw

mjpfhhpia 17-12-1928y; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whh;.

NkYk; rl;lkd;wj;jpy; 8-8-1929y; Fz;L

tPr Kad;wjhfTk; gfj; rpq; kPJ tof;F

njhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; njhlh;ghf gfj;

rpq;> uh[ FU> Rf;Njt; MfpNahh; 23-3-

1931 md;W J}f;fpylg;gl;ldh;. ,e;j

ehis jpahfpfs; jpdkhf (Political

Sufferer’s day) vd fhq;fpu];

nfhz;lhbaJ

n[duy; lah; nfhiy tof;F

ikf;Nfy; X lah; vd;w fhty; Jiw

mjpfhhp 13-4-1919y; gQ;rhg;gpy; [hypad;

tyhghf; vd;w ,lj;jpy; igrhfp

jpUtpohtpd; NghJ fz;Jbj;jkhf

Jg;ghf;fp #L elj;jpdhh;. mg;NghJ

,jid fz;l cjk; rpq; vd;gth;

,e;epfo;r;rpf;F fhuzkhd lah; vd;gtiu

,uz;ldpy; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whh;. 13-7-1940y;

cjk;rpq; J}f;fpylg;gl;lhh;.

rh; tpy;ypak; fh;rd; tpy;yp nfhiy tof;F

,yz;ldpy; gbf;f nrd;w khzth;fs;

yz;ldpy; ,e;jpah mT]; vd;w tpLjpapy;

jq;fpg; gbj;jdh;. rpyh; ,q;F

jPtputhjpahf khwpdhh;fs;. ,q;F csT

ghh;j;j rh; fh;rd; tpy;yp vd;gtiu

kjd;yhy; jpq;fuh vd;w Gul;rpahsh;

Rl;Lf;nfhd;whh;. 13-8-1909y; ,th;

J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;.

fpq;];Nghh;L nfhiy tof;F my;yJ

mypg;G+h; ntbFz;L tof;F

Krhgh; efuj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjp

fpq;];Nghh;L Rje;jpu Nghuhl;l tPuh;fSf;F

mspj;j jz;lidiaf; fz;L kdk;

ntJk;gpa Fjpuhk;Ngh];> ePjpgjp

fpq;];Nghh;L kPJ ntbFz;L tPrpdhh;.

,jpy; ePjpgjp fpq;];Nghh;L jg;gp tpl;lhh;.

Mdhy; mtuJ kidtp kw;Wk; kfs;

Mfpa ,UtUk; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.

Fjpuhk; Ngh]; kw;Wk; gpuGy;yh fhf;fp 11-

8-1908y; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;. ,jpy; mutpe;j

Nfh\; tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

mutpe;jhpd; tpLjiyf;F thjpl;lth;

rpj;juQ;rd; jh]; Mthh;

ehrpf; rjp tof;F

1909 Mk; Mz;L ehrpf; ePjpgjp [hf;rd;

vd;gth; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;

,f;nfhiyf;F gPdh jh]; fhuzkhdth;

kpz;Nlh gpuG nfhiy Kaw;rp tof;F

If;fpa khfhzj;jpy; Gul;rpr;fhuh;fspd;

jiytuhf tpsq;fpath; uhk;gpurhj;

gp];kpy;

,th; ,af;fj;jpw;F Njitahd gzk;

ngWtjw;fhf fNfhhpapy; ,Ue;J Nyk;

efh; nry;Yk; ,uapypy; nfhs;isabj;jhh;

,t;tof;fpy; gp];kpy; J}f;fpylg;gl;lhh;

`hh;bQ;r; gpuG nfhiy Kaw;rp tof;F

1911k; Mz;by; `hh;bQ;r; gpuG kw;Wk;

mtuJ kidtp MfpNahh; ahid kPJ

Ch;tykhf te;j nghOJ Fz;L tPrp

nfhy;y Kaw;rpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; mthpd;

gzpahl;fs; caph; Jwe;jdh;. uh\; gpfhhp

Ngh]; ,jw;F fhuzkhdth;

Gul;rpthj ,af;fq;fs;:

kpj;jpu Nksh:

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jPtputhj ,af;fk;

Jtf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1899

Jtf;fpath;: tpdhaf; jhNkhjh; rth;f;fhh;

kw;Wk; fNz\; rth;f;fhh;

,lk;: kfhuh\;buh

mDrpypad; rkpjp:

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ,urfrpa jPtputhj

,af;fk;. Jtf;fg;gl;l Mz;L – 1902

fy;fj;jhtpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

Jtf;fpath;fs;: ghpe;jpu Fkhh; Nfh\;

kw;Wk; gpuNkhj;jpu kpj;jpuh

lhf;fhtpy; Jtf;fpath;: Gypd; jh];

,af;fj;jpd; gj;jphpf;if: gthdp ke;jph;>

Bartaman Mandir, Mukti Kon Patha

gpw jiyth;fs;: Fh;jpf; rpq;

mgpet ghujk; (,sk; ,e;jpah):

1907y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

Jtf;fpath;: rhth;f;fh; rNfhjuh;fs;

tpdhaf; jhNkhjh; rhth;f;fh; vOjpa

Gj;jfk;: India’s First war of

Independence

[Pfhe;jh;

mDrpypad; rkpjp Jtf;fpa gj;jphpf;if:

[Pfhe;jh; fy;fj;jhtpy; Njhd;wpaJ

N`kre;jpu jh]; u\;a Fz;Lfs;

jahhpj;jhh;

,jd; Nghh;f; FOtpw;F khdpf;Nlhyh

fhh;ld; nrhirl;b vd;W ngah;

etghuj; nrhirl;b

Fthypahpy; Njhd;wpaJ

ghhprhh; rkpjp

fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ

uh[h g[hh;

fy;fj;jhtpy; Njhd;wpaJ

re;jpu Nrfh; Mrhh;:

,e;J];jhd; FbauRf; fofj;jpid

,e;J];jhd; Nrhryprf; FbauR vd

ngah; khw;wpath;.

fNfhfp tof;fpy; jiykiwT tho;f;if

elj;jpath;

1931y; Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;

#h;ahnrd;:

rpl;lfhq; khepyj;jpd; Gul;rpahsh;

,e;jpa FbauRg; giliar; rhh;e;jth;

,e;jpa tpLjiyg; gil

uh\; gpfhhp Ngh]; vd;gth; Ig;ghdpy;

,e;jpa tpLjiyf; fofj;ij Jtf;fpdhh;.

,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; NghJ

[g;ghdpa muR ,t;tpLjiyf; fofj;jpw;F

MjuT fhl;baJ

1942y; rpq;fg;G+iu [g;ghd; ifg;gw;wpaJ.

[g;ghd; gpujkh; ,e;jpah ,e;jpaUf;Nf

vdf; $wp ,e;jpa Rje;jpu tpLjiyf;F

[g;ghd; cjtp GhpAk; vdf; $wpdhh

,e;jpa tpLjiyf; fofk; Mq;fhq;F

,isQh;fSf;F ,uhZt gapw;rp

mspj;jJ.

,jd; gpupjpepjpfs; khehL ghq;fhq;fpy;

$l;lg;gl;lJ.

rpq;fg;G+iu [g;ghd; ifg;gw;wpaJk;

gphpl;b\; uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw;wpa ,e;jpa

,uhZt tPuh;fs; (Nghh;f; ifjpfs;)

Nfg;ld; Nkhfd; rpq; vd;gth; jiyikapy;

,e;jpa tpLjiyf; fofj;jpy; Nrh;e;jdh;.

ghq;fhq;fpd; ,e;jpa tpLjiyf; fofj;

jiyth; gPjhk;gh; rpq; Nkhfd; rpq;fpw;F

cjtp Ghpe;jhh;.

1-9-1942y; ,e;jpa Njrpa gil Kiwahf

mikf;fg;gl;lJ

,e;jpa Njrpa gilapd; %d;W

nfhs;iffs; xw;Wik> ek;gpf;if>

jpahfk;> ,g;gilapy; cs;s

xw;Wikapd;ik fhuzkhf uh\; gpfhhp

Ngh]; mth;fshy; Jtf;fg;gltpy;iy

Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; 16 Kjy; 17-1-1947

es;sputpy; ,e;jpahtpy; ,ue;J jg;gpdhh;.

Mth; n[h;kdpapy; ,Ue;J [g;ghDf;F

te;jhh;

mth; [g;ghd; gpujkiu re;jpj;J ,e;jpa

tpLjiy gw;wpa Nfhhpf;if itj;jhh;

[g;ghd; ,e;jpa tpLjiyia

Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ

Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; rpqfg;G+h; te;jTld;

uh\; gpfhhp Ngh]; ,e;jpa Njrpa

gilapd; nghWg;ig Rgh\; re;jpu

NghRf;F je;jhh;.

,e;jpa tpLjiyg; gilia rw;W khw;wp

Azad Hind Fauj vd ngah; itj;jhh;.

[g;ghd; ,uhZtj;jpy; Rgh\; gphpNfl;

vd;w Gjpa gilg;G gphpT

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; jiyikia

\h eth]; Vw;whh;.

,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpy; ngz;fs;

mzpg;gphpT Nfg;ld; yl;Rkp vd;gth;

jiyikapy; ,Ue;jJ

,e;jpa gh;kh vy;iyapy; Rkhh; 150 fp. kP.

Njhiyit ,e;jpa Njrpa gil

ifg;gw;wpaJ

by;yp rNyh> n[a; ,e;j; Nghd;w

Kof;fq;fs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ

,e;jpa Njrpa tpLjiyg; gil

gphpl;b\hhpd; fyhq; fyhq; vd;w Kf;fpa

,lj;ij ifg;gw;wpaJ

,e;jpa vy;iyf;Fs; [g;ghd; JizAld;

%th;zf; nfhb Vw;wg;gl;lJ

,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; NghJ

mZFz;L tPr;R Nghd;w fhuzj;jhy;

[g;ghd; gpd; thq;f Nehpl;lJ

rpe;j;tpd; Mw;wq;fiuapy; ,e;jpa

Njrpag;gil Njhy;tpaile;jJ. Rgh\;

re;jpu Ngh]; rpq;fg;G+hpy; ,Ue;J jg;gpr;

nrd;W kPz;Lk; Nghhpid Jtf;f

vz;zpdhh;

ghq;fhf;fpypUe;J Nlhf;fpNah nry;y

[g;ghd; gilj; jiyth;fSld;

tpkhdj;jpy; gazk; nra;j Nejh[p

ghh;Nkhrhtpy; czT mUe;jpa filrp

jfty; fpilj;Js;sJ.

mjd;gpd; mth; nrd;w tpkhdk;

jPg;gpbj;jJ vd;gh;. rpyh; ,ij ngha;

vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;.

,t;tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; Rkhh; 4000 ,e;jpa

Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpdh; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.

ifJ nra;ag;gl;l ,uhZt tPuh;fis

gphpl;b\; murhq;fk; ifJ nra;J jpy;yp

nrq;Nfhl;ilapy; tprhuiz nra;jJ

,t;tprhuiz jpy;yp nrq;Nfhl;il

tprhuiz vd;W $Wth;.

gp. Nf. nrdfy;> \h eth]; kw;Wk;

Fh;ghfh\; rpq; jpy;yhd; MfpNahh; kPJ

tprhuiz eilngw;wJ

,e;jpa Njrpa giltPuh;fSf;F Mjuthf

[t`h;yhy; NeU. Gyhgha; Njrha; kw;Wk;

Nj[;gfJ}h; rg;U MfpNahh; tprhuizapy;

thjhbdhh;fs;.

Kf;fpa rKjha kw;Wk; murpay; ,af;fq;fs;

rpfg;Gr; rl;l ,af;fk;: fhd; mg;Jy; fhgh;

fhd;

Njth rkh[;: rpthd;uq;fs; mf;dpNfhj;jphp

epy chpikahsh;fs; rq;fk;: Jtuhfehj;

jh$h;

,e;jpad; mNrhrpNa\d; 1876:

RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p

kjuh]; mNrhrpNa\d;: rp. v];. ma;ah;.

tp[auhft Mr;rhhp

<];l; ,e;jpah mNrhrpNa\d;: 1866:

jhjhgha; nesNuh[p: ,J yz;ldpy;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

,e;jpad; tpLjiyf; fofk; - 1942: uh\;

gpfhhp Ngh];

gpuk;k rkh[; - 1828: uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;

gpuj;jdh rkh[;: lhf;lh; Mj;kuhk;

ghz;Luq;

Mhpa rkh[;: Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp

uhkfpU\;zh kp\d;: Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh;

gpuk;k Qhd rig: Nklk; vr;. gp.

gpshl;];fp

jw;fhy ,e;jpahtpy; Njhd;wpa Kjy;

nghJr;rq;fkhd jp Nyz;l; Xy;lh;];

nrhirl;b 1837 kw;Wk; ngq;fhy; gphpl;b\;

,e;jpah nrhirl;b 1843. ,it ,uz;Lk;

Nrh;j;J 1851y; gphpl;b\; ,e;jpah

mNrhrpNa\d; vd Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

Ne\dy; ,e;jpad; mNrhrpNa\d; - 1867

Nkhp fhh;ngd;lh;

My; ,e;jpah fprhd; rgh – 1936 Rthkp

rf[de;j ru];tjp

tfhgp ,af;fk; - iraj; mfkJ g;Nuhg;yp

(,e;jpah)> ,ghd; mg;Jy; tfhg;

(mNugpah)

re;te;jp Gul;rp: ghz;l; rul;

gh;Njhyp rj;ahfpufk;: fhe;jp> rh;jhh;

ty;yggha; gNly;

fPh;j;jp fprhd; ghh;l;b: rp. vy;. Mz;l;&];

<fh ,af;fk;: kjd;ghrp

Mz;b rh;Fyh; ghh;l;b: fpU\;zFkhh;

kpj;uh

Mhpa ge;jh; ,e;jpad; nrhirl;b: jpyfh;

,e;jpad; Ne\dy; ghh;l;b: rk;rpukd;

gps;is

,sk; tq;fhs ,af;fk;: n`d;wp tptpad;

NlhrhhpNah

Nlf;fhd; v[PNf\dy; nrhirl;b: vk;. gp.

uhzNlt;

My; ,e;jpah bg;u];L fpshr];

mNrhrpNa\d; lhf;lh; gp. Mh;.

mk;Ngj;fhh;

aq; ,e;jpah: tp. b. rthh;f;fh;

,e;J];jhd; Nrhryp];l; hpgg;spf;

mNrhrpNa\d;

re;jpu Nrfh; Mrhj;

,e;jpad; hpgg;spf;fd; Mh;kp: rr;rpe;jpu

rd;ahy;

buhd;rpNyrd; nrhirl;b: 1864 – iraJ

mfkJ fhd;

gPfhh; khzth;fs; khehL: lhf;lh;.

uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;> nkl;uh]; nrhe;j rq;fk;

- 1852

kjuh]; kfhrd rgh - 1884

[p. Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah;> gp. Mde;j

Mr;rhh;aY kw;Wk; uq;ifa;a ehAL

MfpNahh;fshy; ,r; rq;fk; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

gphpl;b\; ,e;jpah mNrhrpNa\d; - 1851

ghk;Ng mNrhrpNa\d; - 1852

G+dh rh;t[dpf; rgh – 1870

ghk;Ng gpnurpnld;rp mNrhrpNa\d; - 1884

G+kp jhd ,af;fk; my;yJ G+jhd ,af;fk;:

mr;rhh;a tpNdhghthy; 18.4.1951y;

njYq;fhdhtpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjd;

Kjypy; Mjp jpuhtpl kf;fSf;F uhk

re;jpu nul;b vd;gth; 100 Vf;fh; epyj;ij

,dhkhf mspj;jhh;

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;l Kf;fpag;

gj;jphpf;iffs; kw;Wk; mjd; epWtdh;fs;

md;dp ngrz;l;: fhkd; nty;j;> jp

nkl;uh]; ];lhd;lh;l;> epA ,e;jpah

kfhj;kh fhe;jp: aq; ,e;jpah: `hp[d;

jpyfh; kw;Wk; mfh;fh;: Nfrhp> kuhj;jp

Nkhjpyhy; NeU: jp ,d;bngd;ld;l;

yhyhy[gjp uha; : jp gPg;s

ngNuh\h Nkj;jh: jp ghk;Ng f;uhdpf;fy;

rprph; Fkhh; Nfh\;: mk;hpjh g[hh;

gj;jphpf;fh 1868

jahs; rpq;: bhpgpA+d; 1878

rh.rhh;yh]; nkl;lNfg; kw;Wk; nkfhNy

gpuG: Liberatory of Indian Press

NjNte;jpuehj; jh$h;: jtNghjpdp

gj;jphpf;fh

fphp\; re;jpu Nfh\;: ngq;fhyp: ,e;J

Ngl;hpahl;

Nf. vk;. gzpf;fh;: jp ,e;J];jhd; ilk;];

N[hfpe;jh; ghG: tq;fghrp

[p. gp. th;kh: ,e;J];jhdp ml;tNfl;

uhgh;l; ngd;dl;: ghk;Ng ilk;];

n`d;wp tptpad; brhhpNah: ,];l;

,e;jpad;

rpahk;[p fpU\; th;kh: ,e;jpad;

Nrhrpahy[p];l;

uhkhde;j rl;lh;[p: khlh;d; hptpa;A

RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p: jp ngq;fhyp

NjNte;jpuehj; jh$h;: ,e;jpad; kpuh; -

1862

<];tu re;jpu tpj;ahrhfh;: Nrhk; gpufh\;

Kfe;juht; ghby;: jPd; kpj;uh>

,d;bngd;ld;l; ,e;jpah

gpuk;ge;jg; cghj;jpah: re;jpah

gpfh[pfhkh: ge;Nj khjuk;

fhjh; fl;rp: fhjh;

gpgpd; re;jpughy;: epA ,e;jpah

vk;. vd;. uha;

mutpe;j Nfh\;: te;Nj khjuk;

vk;. [p. Njrha;: jp ];ghh;f;

m[pj; rpq;: ghuj khjh

nksyhdh mGy; fyk; Mrhj;: my;

ehtj; tf;fPy;> my; ,yhy;> my; gyhf;

fpuhe;jp: xh;f;fh;]; mz;l; brz;l; ghh;b

ngfuhk;[p gyghhp: ,e;jpad; ];ngf;Nllh;

gf;fpk; re;jpu rl;lh;[p: fq;fjh;rdh –

1873

uhrhuhk; Nkhfd; uha;: gq;f jj;jh> kPuj; -

cy; - mf;gh;> rk;gj; fOjp

nrd;idapy; ntspahd Kjy; gj;jphpf;if

nkl;uh]; Fhpah;- 1785 hpr;rh;L [hd;];ld;

,e;jpahtpy; ntspahd Kjy; gj;jphpf;if

ngq;fhy; nf[l;. ,jid Jtf;fpath; -

N[k;]; mf];l]; `pf;fp - ,J

fy;fj;jhtpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ nra;jp ,jo; -

fy;fj;jh ml;th;ilrh;

Kjy; Kk;ig nra;jpj;jhs;: gk;gha;

n`uha;L – 1789

Kjy; cUJ nra;jpj;jhs;: gk;gha; rkr;rh;

Kjy; Mq;fpy jpdrhp: ,e;jpah kpuh;

Kjy; ,e;jpa nkhop nra;jpj;jhs; -

jpf;jh;\d; (m) rkhr;rhh; jh;gd;

Kjy; jkpo; nkhop nra;jpj;jhs; -

RNjrkpj;jpud;. ,r; nraj;jpj; jhs; 1882y;

[p. Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah; vdg;tuhy;

Jtf;fg;gl;L 1899y; jpdrhp jkpo;nkhop

nraj;jpj; jhshf khw;wg;gl;lJ

Kf;fpa jiyth;fSk; mth;fs; vOjpa

Gj;jfq;fSk;

fhe;jp – rj;jpa Nrhjid

nksyhd mGy;fyhk; Mrhj; - ,d;bah

tpd;]; gphPlk;

yhyh y[gjp – md; Neg;gp ,e;jpah

lhf;lh; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; - ,z;bah

bitll;

[t`h;yhy; NeU – b];fthp Mg;

,e;jpah

tpLjiyf;Fg; gpd; ,e;jpah

tpLjiy ngw;w ,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;

jiyik MSeuhf nksz;l; Ngl;ld;

gphpT 1947k; Mz;L Mf];l; 15 Mk;

ehspypUe;J 1948Mk; Mz;L [Pd; tiu

gzpahw;wpdhh;. mtUf;Fg;gpd; 1950k;

Mz;L [dthp 25k; ehs; tiu rp.

,uh[Nfhgyhr;rhhp Kjy; ,e;jpah;

jiyik MSeuhf ,Ue;jhh;

,e;jpar; rpw;wuRfspd; ,izT

,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngWk; Kd;dh; 562

rpw;wuRfs; ,Ue;jd. ,e;jpahtpd; ,Uk;G

kdpjh; my;yJ gp];khh;f; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;l rh;jhh; ty;yggha; gNly;

kw;Wk; tp. gp. Nkdd; 1947 [Piy 15 Mk;

ehs; midj;Jr; rpw;wurh;fisAk;

mioj;J ,izg;G Fwpj;J Ngrpdhh;.

nkszl; Ngl;ld; gpuG ,e;jpa

rpw;wurh;fis ,e;jpahTlNdh>

ghfp];jhDlNdh> ,iza miog;G

tpLj;jdh;.

xhprhTld; 39 rpw;wurh;fSk;> Kk;igAld;

300f;F Nkw;gl;l muRfSk;> nrd;id>

tq;fhsk;> mrhk;> cj;jpug; gpuNjrk;

Mfpa khepyq;fSld; rpy muRfSk;

,ize;jd.

#dhfhj; ,izT

fj;jpathh; jPgfh;g;gj;jpy; #dhfhj; vd;w

murpy; 80% ,e;Jf;fSk; 20% gpw

rkaj;jtUk;> mruh; ,RyhkpauhfTk;

,Ue;jdh;. murh; ghfp];jhDld; ,iza

tpUg;gk; njhptpj;jhh;. ,jdhy; fyfk;

Vw;gl;lJ. #dhfhj; jpthd; ,e;jpa

murpd; cjtpia ehbdhh;. ,e;jpa muR

fyfk; nra;Njhiu mlf;fp mikjp

Vw;gLj;jpaJ. gpd;dh; mq;F nghJkf;fs;

thf;nfLg;G Kiwahy; mg;gFjp

,e;jpahTld; ,ize;jJ.

i`juhghj; ,izT

i`juhghj; muruhf eprhk; ,Ue;jhh;.

mth; ,RyhkpauhapDk;> kf;fspy;

ngUk;ghNyhh; ,e;Jf;fs; Mthh;.

Rje;jpukile;jTld; ty;yggha; gNly;

mg;gFjpia ,e;jpahNthL ,iza

miog;G tpLj;jhh;. eprhk; mjid

Vw;ftpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;jpa muNrhL

jw;fhypf cld;gbf;if xd;iwr; nra;J

nfhz;lhh;. mjd;gb xU ,e;jpa Kfth;

(Agent) mth; ehl;by; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

mtNu eprhkpd; Kf;fpag; gzpfis

Nkw;nfhssyhdhh;. Nf. vk;. Kd;\p

vd;gth; Kftuhdhh;. Mjid uhrhf;fh;fs;

vdw; ,Ryhkpaj; jPtputhjpfs; vjph;j;jdh;.

mq;F rl;lk;> xOq;F epiy nflNt

ty;yggha; gNly; fhty; eltbf;ifia

jsgjp nrsj;jphp vd;gth; %yk;

Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. eprhk; i`juhghj;ij

,e;jpahNthL ,izf;f ,irT

njhptpj;jhh;. 1948 nrg;lk;ghpy;

,e;jpahNthL ,ize;jJ.

fh\;kPh; ,izT

fh\;kPh; ,e;J murh; Ml;rp nra;jhh;.

kf;fspy; gyh; ,Ryhkpah; Mf ,Ue;jdh;.

ghfp];jhdpd; J}z;Ljyhy; ,Ryhkpag;

goq;Fbapdh; fh\;kPiuj; jhf;fpdh;.

mth;fis mlf;f fh\;kPh; murh; ,e;jpa

murpd; cjtpia ehbdhh;. ,e;jpag;gil

mq;F mDg;gg;gl;lJ. fh\;kPh;

,e;jpahTld; ,ize;jJ.

nkhopthhp khepy mikg;G

,e;jpa If;fpak; rpjwpg; NghFk; vd

,e;jpaj; jiyth;fs; fUjpdh;. mjid

Muha muR v]. Nf. jhh; vd;w ePjpgjp

jiyikapy; FO xd;iw epakpj;jJ.

mJ nkhopthhpahf khepyq;fs;

miktjw;F gjpyhf epUthfj;jpw;F

cfe;j tifapy; khepyq;fs; mika

tpUk;gpaJ.

N[. tp. gp. FO

jhh; GOtpd; mwpf;ifia Muhaf;

fhq;fpuR N[. tp. gp. FO vd;w %th;

FO mikj;jJ. [t`h;yhy; NeU>

ty;yggha; gNly;> gl;lhgp rPj;jhuka;ah

MfpNahh; mf;FOtpy; ,Ue;jdh;. mf;FO

nkhopthhpahf khepyq;fs; mike;jhy;

ehl;L xw;Wik rpjwptpLk; vdf; fUjpaJ.

njYq;F khepyk; cUthFjy;:

1947y; ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mile; NghJ

nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; jkpo;ehL>

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; Nfushtpd; rpy

gFjpfs; mlq;fpajhf ,Ue;jJ.

njYq;F nkhop NgRk; kf;fSf;fhfj; jdp

khepyk; Nfhhp nghl;b =uhKY vd;ghh;

,wf;Fk; tiu gl;bdp Nkw;nfhz;L

,Wjpapy; kuzkile;jhh;. ,jdhy;

nrd;id khepyj;jpy; cs;s rpy

gFjpfis 1953y; gphpj;J Me;jpu

khepykhf kj;jpa muR mwptpj;jJ.

mJNt nkhopthhpahf kw;w khepyq;fs;

cUthfTk; fhuzkhf mike;jJ

khepyq;fs; kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lk; 1956d;

gb nrd;id khepyk; NkYk; gphpf;fg;gl;L

rpy gFjpfs; Nfush kw;Wk; ik#Uld;

Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ

1.4.1960y; rj;J}h; khtl;lj;jpd; rpy

gFjpfs; jkpofj;Jld; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

nrq;if khtl;lk; kw;Wk; Nryk;

khtl;lj;jpd; rpy gFjpfs; Me;jpuhTld;

,izf;fg;gl;lJ

1968 Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; nrd;id

khepyk; vd;gJ jkpo;ehL vd ngah;

khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpah; gFjpfs;:

,e;jpa Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpah;fspilNa

eilngw;w Nghhpy; 19.12.1961y;

Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpa fth;dh; n[duy; Manuel

Antonio Vassalo Silva ruz; mile;jhh;.

Nfhth kw;Wk; gpw Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpah;fspd;

gFjpfis ,e;jpah ifg;gw;wpaJ.

gpnuQ;Rg; gFjpfs;:

,e;jpag; gpnuQ;Rg; gFjpfs; ,e;jpahTld;

,izf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 12-3-1962

ghz;br;Nrhp tpLjiyg; ngw;w Mz;L 16-8-

1962

gQ;r rPyf; nfhs;if:

,e;jpahTld; rPdh gQ;r rPy nfhs;if

xg;ge;jj;jpy; 29.4.1954y; ifnaOj;jpl;lJ.

,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpy; rPdg; gpujkh; # vd;

yha; kw;Wk; ,e;jpag; gpujkh;

[t`h;yhy;y NeU MfpNahh;

ifnaOj;jpl;ldh;.

tq;fhs fth;dh; n[duy;fs; bNuf; 1756–58

,Ul;liw epfo;r;rp eilngw;wJ

gpshrp Aj;jk;

,uhgh;l; fpist; 1758 Ntd;rpl;lhh;l; 1760-65

1764y; gf;rh; Nghh;

tq;fhsj;jpy; ,ul;ilahl;rp

1765: ethg; rpuh[; cj;njhsTld;

myfhghj; cld;gbf;if

Kfyha murh; \ Myk; tq;fhsj;jpw;F

jpthdp chpik mspj;jy;

Nth];l; 1767-69

fhh;bah; 1769-1772

thud; N`];bq; 1772 Kjy; 1.2.1774 tiu

1772: tq;fhsj;jpy; ,ul;ilahl;rp xopg;G

1773y; xOq;F Kiwr; rl;lk;

xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk; 1773

tq;fhsj;jpd; fth;dh; n[duy;fs;

tpy;ypak; Nfhl;il fth;dh; n[duy;fs;

thud; N`];bq; 20.10.1774 Kjy; 1.2.1785

tiu

tq;fhsj;jpd; Kjy; fth;dh; n[duy;

,tNu

fy;fj;jhtpy; Kjy; ePjpkd;wk;

Fw;wtpay; kw;Wk; chpikapay;

ePjpkd;wq;fs;

Khtl;l mstpy; 1772y; khtl;l Ml;rpah;

mYtyfk;

Kjy; Mq;fpNyh – kuhj;jp Nghh;

,uz;lhtJ Mq;fpNyh – fh;ehlf Nghh;

ee;jFkhh;> n[apj; rpq; tof;Ffs;

muR fUT+yk; %h;\pjhghj;jpypUe;J

fy;fj;jhtpw;F khwwk;

rh; [hd; Nkf;gpah;rd; 1.2.1785 – 12.9.1786

tiu fhud;thyP]; gpuG 12.9.1786 – 28.10.1793

,e;jpahit ,uz;L Kiw Ml;rp

nra;jth;

Mnkhpf;f Rje;jpug; Nghhpy; ,q;fpyhe;J

rhh;ghf Nghhpl;lth;

1792y; %d;wthJ ik#h; Nghhpy; jpg;G

Ry;jhid Njhw;fbj;jth;. =uq;fg;gl;bzk;

cld;gbf;if

rh; [hd;N\hh; 28.10.1793 Kjy; .3.1798

tiu

jiyaplhf; nfhs;ifapdhy; Gfo; ngw;whh;

my;nul; fpshh;f; .3.1795 Kjy; 18.5.1798

tiu hpr;rh;L nty;ny]p 18.5.1798 – 30.7.1805

tiu

Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;ij

mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;.

1798-eprhk;> 1799 – ik#h; kw;Wk;

jQ;rhT+h; 1801 – mTj;> 1802 ng\thh;

1803 – Nghd;];Nyh> 1804 – rpe;jpah

MfpNahh; Jizg; gilj; jpl;lj;ij

Vw;wdh;.

rhh;y]; fhud; thyP]; 30.7.1805 – 5.10.1805

tiu

,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ fth;dh;

n[duyhf gjtpNaw;W rpwpJ fhyj;jpy;

caph; ePj;jhh;.

[hh;[; ghh;Nyh 10.10.1805 – 31.07.1807 tiu

1806: NtY}h; Gul;rp

kpz;Nlh gpuG 31.07.1807 – 04.10.1813 tiu

1808: jpUthq;$h; fyfk;

1809: mkph;jru]; cld;gbf;if

N`];bq; gpuG 4.10.1813 – 09.01.1823 tiu

mk;n`h;];l; gpuG 1823 - 1828

Kjyhk; Mq;fpy – gh;kpa Nghh; 1824

tpy;ypak; gl;lh;Nthh;j; NgNy 13.03.1828 –

04.07.1828 tiu

tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG 4.7.1828 - 1828

Kjyhk; Mq;fpy – gh;kpa Nghh; 1824

1829y; rjp xopg;G

1829 y; rjp xopg;G elimination of thugs

(1830)

ngz; rpR nfhiy jLg;G

ik#h; (1831)> $h;f; (1834)> kj;jpa fr;rhh;

gFjpfs; ,izg;G

nkf;fhNyh – fkp\d; ghpe;Jiug;gb

Mq;fpyk; gapw;W nkhop

Charter Act of 1833 epiwNtw;wpajd;

mbg;gilapy; tq;fhs fth;dh; n[duy;

gjtpf;F gjpyhf ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;

fth;dh; n[duyhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

Nkiy ehl;L kUj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hp

28.1.1835y; fy;fj;jhtpYk; ,uz;lhtJ

kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hp 2.2.1835y;

nrd;idapYk; epWtg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpahtpd; fth;dh; n[duy;fs;

gl;lar; rl;lk; 1833

tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG 4.7.1828 – 20.03.1835

rh; rhh;y]; Nkl;fhyg; - 20.3.1835 – 4.3.1836

,uh[h ,uQ;rpj; rpq; cld;gbf;if

gj;jphpf;if fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpyf;fg;gl;L

Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ

Mf;yhe;J gpuT – 4.3.1836 – 28.2.1842

Kjyhk; Mg;fhd; rz;il

vy;yd;gNuh gpuG – 28.2.1842 - .6.1844

rpe;J khfhzk; ,izg;G (1843)

tpy;ypak; tpy;gh;Ngh;]; Ngh;L gpuG .6.1844 –

23.7.1844

`h;bq; gpuG – 23.7.1844 – 12.1.1848

Kjyhk; rPf;fpah;fs; Nghh; 1845-46

1846: yh$h; cld;gbf;if

Ntiytha;g;gpy; Mq;fpyk;

ly;n`s]p gpuG – 12.1.1848 – 28.2.1856

thhpRhpik nfhs;if

rjhuh – 1848> rhk;gy;G+h; - 1849> n[a;G+h;

- 1849> ghfl; - 1850> cja;G+h; - 1852>

[hd;rp – 1853> ehf;g+h; 1854 Mfpa

ehLfs; Mq;fpy NguuRld;

,izf;fg;gl;lJ

,uz;lhk; Mq;fpNyh – rPf;fpag; Nghh;

1853: gk;gha; Kjy; jhdh tiu Kjy;

,Ug;Gg;ghij

1853: fy;fj;jh Kjy; Mf;uh tiu Kjy;

je;jp trjp

“Wood’s Despatch”

tq;fhsg; Gul;rp – 1854

re;jhy; Gul;rp – 1855

nghJg;gzpj;Jiw Jtf;fk;

fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Tl;]; FO

1856y; <];tu tpj;ah rhfh; Kaw;rpahy;

tpjitfs; kW jpUkzr; rl;lk;

fuhr;rp> Kk;ig> fy;fj;jh JiwKfq;fs;

Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

rpk;yh Nfhulf;fhy jiyefukhf;fg;gl;lJ

&h;Nfyhtpy; nghwpapy; fy;Y}hp

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

mwptpay;> tdk;> njhopy;> fdpkk; kw;Wk;

tzpfk; Mfpa Jiwfspy; Kd;Ndw;wk;

,uhZt jsthl jiyikaplk;

fy;fj;jhtpy; ,Ue;J kPul; efUf;F

khw;wg;gl;lJ.

1853: I.rp.v];. Njh;T Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

fhdpq; gpuG 28.2.1856 – 1.11.1858

,e;jpahtpd; filrp fth;dh; - n[duy;

it];uha;fspd; fPo; ,e;jpah ,e;jpa muRr;

rl;lk; 1858

fhdpq; gpuG 1.11.1858 – 21.3.1862

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; it];uha;

rpg;gha; fyfk; Vw;gl;lJ – 1857

eph;thfk; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpaplk;

,Ue;J Mq;fpy murpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ

Fw;wtpay; rl;lk;> ,e;jpa jz;lidr;

rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ 1858

,e;jpahtpy; fy;fj;jh> gk;gha;> nrd;id

Mfpa ,lq;fspy; gy;fiyf; fofq;fs;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

,yhf;fh Kiw cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

tUkhd thp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

tuT – nryTj;jpl;lk; (Budget) Kiw

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

Kjyhk; vy;[pd; gpuG – 21.3.1862 –

20.11.1863

tfhgp ,af;fk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

,uhgh;l; fhuyP]; Neg;gpah; - 21.11.1863 –

2.12.1863

tpy;ypak; nld;dprd; - 2.12.1863 – 12.1.1864

yhud;]; gpuG – 12.1.1864 – 12.1.1864

nrd;idapy; cah;ePjpkd;wk; epWtg;gl;lJ

INuhg;gpa ehLfSld; je;jp njhlh;G

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

fy;fj;jh> gk;gha; cah;ePjpkd;wq;fs;

epWtg;gl;lJ (1865)

,uz;L gQ;rq;fs; Vw;gl;lJ (1866 kw;Wk;

1868)

G+l;lhd; Nghh; (1865)

NkNah gpuG – 12.1.1869 – 8.2.1872

Kjy; kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G

Ntshz;ik kw;Wk; tzpfj;Jiw

1872y; me;jkhdpy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;

ehh;j; G&f; gpuG 1872 - 1876

nty;]; gpuG tUif 1875

gQ;rhg;gpy; Ffh ,af;fk;

ypl;ld; gpuG 1876 - 1880

fpuhz;l; jh;ghh; epWtg;gl;lJ

1877y; jpy;ypapy; nghpa jh;ghh; xd;W

elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; tpf;Nlhhpah

kfhuhzp ,e;jpahtpd; Nguurp vd

gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;lJ

1878Mk; Mz;L MAjr; rl;lk;

gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb ,e;jpah;fs;

MAjq;fs; itj;jpUg;gJ

jilnra;ag;gl;lJ.

,uz;lhk; Mg;fhd; rz;il – 1878

nth;dhFyh; gj;jphpf;ifr; rl;lk; 1878

,jd;gb ,e;jpag; gj;jphpf;iffspd;

Rje;jpuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j tl;lhu

nkhopfs; gj;jphpf;ifr; rl;lk; nfhz;L

tug;gl;lJ.

Rptpy; rh;tP]; Njh;TfSf;fhd taJ

tuk;G 21 ,y; ,Ue;J 19 Mf

Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ

gQ;rk; njhlh;ghf fkp\d; (Ricahrd

Stratchey) epWtg;gl;lJ

1876-Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1878 Mk; Mz;L

tiu ,e;jpahtpy; fLikahd gQ;rk;

Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; gy yl;rf;fzf;fhd

kf;fs; ,we;jdh;.

Hpg;gd; gpuG 1881 - 1884

Mg;fhd; rz;il KbT

gj;jphpf;if jzpf;if rl;lk; ePf;Fjy; -

1882

,e;jpah;fspd; ed;kjpg;ig ngw;wth;

Kjy; njhopw;rhiyr; rl;lk; 1881

xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l kf;fs; njhif

fzf;nfLg;G 1881

`z;lh; fkp\d; 1883

hpg;gd; gpuG rh; `z;lh; vd;gth;

jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;l

fy;tpf;FONt `z;lh; FO vdg;gLk;.

,f;FO njhlh;e;J fy;tp kw;Wk;

,ilepiyf; fy;tp Mfpatw;wpw;F

MNyhrid toq;fpaJ

khjphpg;gs;spfs; epWt ghpe;Jiuf;-

fg;gl;lJ. ngz; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

toq;fg;gl;lJ

gQ;rhg; gy;fiyf;fofk; epWtg;gl;lJ

jdpahh; gs;spfSf;F khdpak;

cah;j;jg;gl;lJ

cs;shl;rp murhq;fk; 1883

,y;gh;l; kNrhjh 1883

rp.gp. ,y;gh;l; vd;gth; xU rl;lkd;w

cWg;gpdh; ,jd;gb 1883y; xU rl;lk;

nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,y;gh;l; kNrhjhg;gb

,e;jpa ePjpgjpfs; Mq;fpy

Fw;wthspfisAk; tprhuiz nra;Ak;

chpik ngw;wdh;. mjd; %yk; ,e;jpa

ePjpgjpfs; Mq;fpNya ePjpgjpfSf;F

,izahd mjpfhuk; ngw;wdh;.

,jid ,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpah;fs;

tpUk;gtpy;iy vdNt ,k;kNrhjh

jpUj;jg;gl;lJ

,jd;gb Fiwe;j gl;rk; ghjpasNt

nfhz;l INuhg;gpa cWg;gpdh;fisf;

nfhz;l ePjpf;FOtpy; kl;LNk INuhg;gpa

Fw;wthspfis tprhhpf;fg;gLk; vd

khw;wg;gl;lJ.

Hpg;gd; jy Ra Ml;rpapd; je;ij

vdg;gl;lhh;.

lg;hpd; gpuG 1884-1888

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; NfhFy; jh];

Nj\;ghy; gs;sp Kk;igapy; Njhw;wk; 1885

%d;whk; gh;kh rz;il 28.12.85 kw;Wk;

gh;kh ,izg;G

tq;fhs Fj;jif rl;lk; 1885

gQ;rhg; Fj;jif rl;lk; 1887

Nyz;l];ld; gpuG 1888 - 1894

njhopw;rhiy rl;lk; 1891

njhopw;rhiyfspd; thuhe;jpu tpLKiw

Juhe; fkp\d;

,e;jpahtpw;Fk; Mg;fhdp];jhdpw;Fk;

,ilNa Juhe; vy;iyf;NfhL eph;zak;

kzpg;G+h; fytuk;

,uz;lhk; vy;[pd; gpuG 1894 - 1899

,uh[];jhdpy; (Lyall commission) fLk;

gQ;rk; 1896

Kk;igapy; gpNsf; Neha; 1896

fLikahd twl;rp 1899

,th; ,e;jpahit ths; Kidapy;

ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ vd;whh;

re;jy; vOr;rp

fh;rd; gpuG 1899-1905

North West Frontier Province vdg;gLk;

vy;iyg;Gw khfhzq;fs; cUthf;-

fg;gl;lJ

,e;jpah ehzak; kw;Wk; &gha; Nehl;Lfs;

rl;lk; 1899

$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; mwpKfg;-

gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,isQh;fSf;F ,uhZtg;

gapw;rp mspf;f fh;rd; NguuR

,isQh;gil xd;iw epWtpdhh;.

rh; Mz;l;& ngurh; jiyikapy; (1902)

NghyP]; fkp\d; mikf;fg;gl;lJ

njhy; nghUs; ,yhf;fh Jtf;fk;

njhy; nghUs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 1904

,jd;gb ehye;jh> jl;rrPyk;> rhQ;rp

rhuehj;> vypg;ngz;lh> m[e;jh> vy;Nyhuh

Fiffspy; cs;s tpiykjpf;fgl

Kbahj nghUl;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ

eph;thfk; fhuzkhf tq;fhsg; gphptpid

1905

nly;yp mUNf G+rh vd;Dkplj;jpy;

Ntshz;ik Muha;r;rpf; fofk;

NkYk; ngUksT fhy;tha;fs;

ntl;lg;gl;L ePh;ghrd Kiw

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ

Kitchner Test vdg;gLk; Nrhjid

,uhZtj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ

,uz;lhk; kpz;Nlh gpuG 1905-1910

RNjrp ,af;fk;

30.12.1905 lhf;fhtpy; ,e;jpa K];yPk; yPf;

Jtf;fk;

1906 fy;fj;jh khehL Rauh[;aNk

Fwpf;Nfhs;

1907 #uj; khehL

fhq;fpu]; kpjthjpfs; jPtputhjpfs; vd

gphpj;jy;

kpz;Nlh khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; 1909

md;dpngrd;l; ,e;jpah tUif

K];yPk;fs; jdp njhFjp Nfl;ly;

gy;fiyf; fofr; rl;lk;

Newspaper (Incitement of offences) Act,

1908

Explosive substances Act

,uz;lhk; `h;bq; gpuG 1910-16

tq;fg; gphptpid rhp nra;jy; - 1911

,e;jpahtpd; jiyefuk; fy;fj;jhtpy;

,Ue;J jpy;ypf;F 1911y; khw;wk; nra;jy;

1912 jpy;yp jiyefuhf nray;gLjy;

kd;dh; Ie;jhk; [hh;[; tUif – 1911

Kjy; cyfg; Nghh; - 1914

md;dpngrz;l; N`hk; &y; ,af;fk;

Jtq;Fjy;

nrk;];Nghh;L gpuG 1916 - 1923

fhe;jpabfs; Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fs;

Eiojy; 1915-16

rk;gpuhd; rj;jpahfpfk; - 1916

fy;tpf;fhd Saddler Commission

epakpf;fg;gl;lJ 1917

N`hk; &y; ,af;fk; jpyfh; kw;Wk;

md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh;fshy;

Jtf;fg;gly;

G+dh gy;fiyf; fofr; rl;lk;

rh; $ypd; ];fhl;Nkd; jiyikapy; ghrd

fkp\d;

fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];yPk;fSf;fpilNa

yf;Ndh cld;gbf;if

khz;NlFtpd; Mf];l; mwpf;if 1917

nflh rj;jpahfpufk; 1918

nusyl; rl;lk; 1919

[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy 13.4.1919

fpyhgj; ,af;fk;

xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;

1919 ,e;jpa rl;lk;

khz;NlF nrk;];Nghh;L rPh;jpUj;jk;

nrb\d; fkpl;b

Kjy; cyfg;Nghh; KbTWjy;

hPbq; gpuG 1921 - 26

Nty;]; ,sturh; ,e;jpah tUif

Nfush khg;sh ,af;fk; 1921

rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; mwptpg;G 1.2.1922

rThp rTuh epfo;r;rp 5.2.1922

I.rp.v];. Njh;T ,e;jpahtpy; vOj

mDkjp.

uh\;bhpa Rak; Nrth rq;fk;

(Mh;.v];.v];.) Nf. N`l;Nfth; vd;gtuhy;

ehf;G+hpy; 1925y; Jtf;fk;

Rauh[; fl;rp Jtf;fk;

gj;jphpf;ifr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; nusyl; rl;lk;

ePf;fk;

,h;tpd; gpuG 1926-31

irkd; fkp\d; ,e;jpah tUjy;

Nkhjpyhy; NeU mwpf;if

K];yPk; yPf; ,uz;lhf ciljy; rh;

Kfk;kJ \gp jiyikapy; xd;W KfkJ

myp [pd;dh jiyikapy; xd;W

,d;Fyhg; [pd;jhghj; gfj; rpq;

1931 fhe;jp - ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk;

gfj; rpq; J}f;fpypLjy;

gl;yh; fkpl;b mwpf;if

irkd; fkp\d; - 1927

[hd; irkd;> ghd;`hk;> ml;yp MfpNahh;

fkpl;b cWg;gpdh;fs;

1928 gh;Njyp rj;jpahfpufk; rh;jhh;

ty;yggha; gNly; jiyikapy;

Yhyh y[gjp uha; kuzk;

rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk;

yh$h; fhq;fpu]; khehL 29.12.1928

mfpy ,e;jpa ,isQh; fhq;fpu]; 1928

NeU mwpf;if 1928

31.12.1929 ,jpy; G+uz Rauh[;ak; Fwpj;J

jPh;khdk;> jPh;khdk; fhe;jpabfshy;

Kd;nkhopag;gl;L NeUtpdhy; top

nkhopag;gl;lJ

Kjy; Rje;jpu jpdk; 26.1.1930 md;W

mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ

rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; - 1930

jz;b ahj;jpiu 12.3.1930

rgh;kjp Mrpuk; Kjy; jz;b tiu 241

iky;fs; 24 ehl;fs;

6.4.1930 fhe;jpabfs; cg;ig fha;r;rpdhh;

Kjy; tl;lNkir khehL 1930 fhq;fpu];

fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy

fhe;jp ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk; 5.3.1931

ntypq;ld; gpuG 1932-36

,uz;lhk; tl;l Nkir khehL 1931

jdpegh; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk;

%d;whk; tl;l Nkir khehL 1932

tFg;Gthj jPh;T mwptpj;jy; - 1932

G+dh xg;ge;jk;

1935k; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR rl;lk;

Mr;rhh;a eNue;jpu Njt; kw;Wk;

n[agpufh\; ehuhazd; Mfpath;fshy;

1936y; fhq;fpu]; Nrh\ypr fl;rp Jtf;fk;

fth;dh; n[duy; fPo; ,e;jpah ,e;jpa murh;

rl;lk; 1935

ypd;ypj;Njh gpuG 1936 - 43

khfhzq;fs; Njh;jy; 1937

fhq;fpu]; Kjypy; 6 khfhzq;fspYk;

gpd;G xU khfhzj;jpYk; mikr;ruit

mikj;jy;

ghh;th;l; gpshf; fl;rp Jtf;fk;

,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; Jtf;fk; - 1939

K];yPk;fSf;F jdp khepyk; NfhUjy;

yh$h;

khehL 23-3-1940

1940 Mf];l; mwptpg;G

fphpg;]; J}Jf; FO – 1942

nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; - 1942

Ntty; gpuG – 1943 - 47

,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk; Jtf;fk;

1945 rpk;yh khehL

1946 Nfgpdl; J}Jf;FO

Neub eltbf;if 29-7-46

Kk;ig flw;gil fyfk;

,uz;lhk; cyfg;nghh; KbT

,ilf;fhy muR mikj;jy;

fth;dh; n[duy; fPo; ,e;jpah ,e;jpa

tpLjiyr; rl;lk; 1947 kTz;l; Ngl;ld; gpuG

khh;r; 1947 Kjy; [Pd; 1948 tiu

kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk;

Kjy; fth;dh; n[duy; Mg; Independent

,e;jpah

,e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lk; 1947

gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd; filrp it];uha;

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; khehLfs; eilngw;w

tUlKk;> ,lKk; mjd; jiyth;fSk;

1885 W. C. ghdh;[p Kk;ig

1886 jhjhgha; nesNuh[p fy;fj;jh

1887 iraJ gRUjpd; nrd;id

1888 [hh;[; A+y; myfhghj;

1889 rh;.tpy;ypak;

ntl;lh;gd;

Kk;ig

1890 rh;. ngh;Nu\h

Nkj;jh

fy;fj;jh

1891 Mde;jh rhUY ehf;G+h;

1892 ghdh;[p myfhghj;

1893 jhjhgha; nesNuh[p yh$h;

1894 v. ntg;. nrd;id

1895 RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p G+dh

1896 ufkj;Jy;yh rfhdp fy;fj;jh

1897 rq;fud; ehah; mk;Nuhl;b

1898 Mde;j Nkhfd;Ngh]; nrd;id

1899 uNk\; re;jpujj; yf;Ndh

1900 re;jputh;fhh; yh$h;

1901 jPd;\h thr;rh fy;fj;jh

1902 RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p myfhghj;

1903 yhy;Nkhfd; Nfh\; nrd;id

1904 rh;. n`d;wp fhl;ld; yf;Ndh

1905 NfhghyfpU\;z

NfhFNy

yh$h;

1906 jhjhgha; nesNuh[p fy;fj;jh

1907 uh\;gpfhhp Nfh\; #uj;

1908 uh\;gpfhhp Nfh\; nrd;id

1909 kjd;Nkhfd;

khstpah

yh$h;.

1910 rh;.tpy;ypak;

ntl;lh;gd;

myfhghj;

1911 gp. vd;. jhh; fy;fj;jh

1912 Mh;. vd;. Kjy;fh; ghl;dh

1913 iraj; KfkJ

gfJ}h;

fuhr;rp

1914 G+Nge;jpu ehj; Ngh]; nrd;id

1915 v];. gp. rpd;fh Kk;ig

1916 k[Pk;jhh; yf;Ndh

1917 md;dpngrz;l; fy;fj;jh

1918 kjd;Nkhfd;

khstpah

nly;yp

1919 Nkhjpyhy; NeU mkph;jru];

1920 yhyh y[gjpuha; fy;fj;jh

rpwg;Gf; $l;lk;

1920 rp. tp[auhft

Mr;rhhhp

ehf;G+h;

1921 rp. Mh;. jh]; mfkjhghj;

1922 rp. Mh;. jh]; fah

1923 mg;Jy; fyhk; Mrhj; nly;yp rpwg;G

$l;lk;

1923 nksyhdh KfkJ

myp

fhf;fpehlh

1924 Nkhfd;jh]; fuk;

re;j; fhe;jp

ngy;fhd;

1925 rNuh[pdp ehAL fhd;G+h;

1926 rPdpthr ma;aq;fhh; nfs`hj;jp

1927 vk;. V. md;rhhp nrd;id

1928 Nkhjpyhy; NeU fy;fj;jh

1929-30 [t`h;yhy; NeU yh$h;

1931 ty;yggha; gNly; fuhr;rp

1932 mk;jpj;yhy; nly;yp

1933 nrd;Fg;jh fy;fj;jh

1934-35 uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; Kk;ig

1936 [t`h;yhy; NeU yf;Ndh

1937 [t`h;yhy; NeU ng];G+h;

1938 Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; `hpGuh

1939 Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; jphpG+hp

1940-45 nksyhdh mg;Jy;

fyhk; Mrhj;

uhk;fhh;

1946 fpUghsdp kPul;

1947 uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; nly;yp

,e;jpa NjrPa fhq;fpu]; $l;lq;fs; rpy

Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;

Kjy; $l;lk; - 1885

Kjy; jiyth; - W. C. ghdh;[p

Kjy; nghJtlnrayhsh; - A. O. P̀ak;

Kjy; ,Ryhkpa jiyth; - iraJ

gfUjPd; jpahNg[p

Kjy; Mq;fpNya jiyth; - [hh;[; A+y;

Rauh[; vd;w thh;j;ij gad;gLj;jg;gl;l

Mz;L 1906

kpjthjpfs; - jPtputhjpfs; gphpjy; - 1907

kpjthjpfs;-jPtputhjpfs; NrUjy;-1916

md;dpngrz;l;-Kjy; ngz; jiyth; 1917

1921y; rp.Mh;. jh]; rpiwapy;

,Ue;jikahy; `[;ky;fhd; vd;gth;

jiytuhf nray;gl;lhh;

1925y; rNuh[pdp ehAL – Kjy; ,e;jpa

ngz; jiyth;

1927 – Kjy; Rje;jpu jPh;khdk;

1928 – Kjy; ,isQh; fhq;fpu];

Jtf;fk;

1929 – G+uz Rauh[; jPh;khdk;

1939 – fhe;jp Ma;T ngw;w Ntl;ghsh;.

rPj;jhuikah Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]plk;

Njhy;tp mile;jhh;. fhe;jp ,j;Njh;jiy

Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy. ,f;fl;lhd

#o;epiyapy; Ngh]; gjtp tpyfpdhh;.

uhN[e;jpugpurhj; jiytuhf

epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ghh;th;L gpshf; vd;w

fl;rp Ngh]; Jtf;fpdhh;.

,utPe;jpuehj; jh$h;

,th; vOjpa rdfdkd ,e;jpahtpd;

Njrpa fPjk;

,th; vOjpa mkh; Nrhdhh; gq;fsh

vd;gJ tq;fhs Njrj;jpd; Njrpa fPjk;

1913y; fPjhQ;ryp %yk; Nehgy; ghpR

ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpah; (,yf;fpak;)

fhe;jpabfis kfhj;kh vd;W

Kjd;Kjyhf mioj;jth;

,th; FUNjt; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;

1901 rhe;jp epNfjd; vd;w fy;tp

epWtdj;ij epWtpdhh;. gpd;dh; ,JNt

tp];tghujp gy;fiyf;fofkhf khw;wg;

ngw;wJ.

`h;Nfhtpe;j; Fuhdh

Guj rpijtjpy; kdpj [pd;fspd; gq;F

gw;wp Muha;r;rp nra;jikf;fhf ,th;

1968k; Mz;L kUj;Jtj;jpw;fhd Nehgy;

ghpR ngw;wth;.

md;id njurh

1979y; mikjpf;fh Nehgy; ghpR ngw;w

,th; A+Nfh];yhtpah ehl;by; gpwe;jhh;.

1929k; Mz;L fy;fj;jhtpw;F te;jhh;.

kp\pd; Mg; NruB]; vd;w ,af;fj;ij

Jtf;fpath;.

mkh;jpah nrd;

1998y; nghUshjhuj;jpw;fhf Nehgy; ghpR

ngw;w Kjy; Mrpa ehl;lth;. Nkw;F

tq;fj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;.

mutpe;Njh Nfh\;

mypg;G+h; ntbFz;L tof;fpy; <Lgl;lth;

,tUf;F rpj;juQ;rd; Mjuthf ,Ue;jhh;

jPtputhjpahf ,Ue;jgpd; Md;kPf

thjpahf khwpath;

ghz;br;Nrhpapy; cs;s mutpe;jh; Mrpukk;

,th; epWtNj

Political Freedom is the life breath of a

nation vdf; $wpath;.

fhd; mg;Jy; fhgh; fhd;

,th; vy;iyf; fhe;jp vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,thpd; Khuai

Khidmatgars vd;w rq;fNk rptg;G rl;l

,af;fkhf khwpaJ

kjd; Nkhfd; khstpah

,tuhy; gdhu]; ,e;J gy;fiyf;fofk;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

ghyfq;fhju jpyfh;

Rje;jpuk; vdJ gpwg;Ghpik vd $wpath;

“The Father of India Unrest” vdf;

$wg;gLgth;

,th; kuhj;jp vd;w Mq;fpy nra;jpj;

jhisAk;> Nfrhp vd;w kuhj;jp nra;jpj;

jhisAk; elj;jpdhh;

The Artic Home of the Vedas, fPjh ufrpak;

vd;w ,U E}y;fisAk; vOjpAs;shh;.

fzgjp tpoh> rpth[p tpoh Nghd;wtw;iw

elj;jpdhh;

31-7-1920 md;W ehnlq;Fk; xj;Jioahik

,af;fk; njhlq;fpa md;W ,th; ,we;jhh;

,th; ,e;jpa Njrpa vOr;rpapd; je;ij

vd;W (Father of Unrest) vd;Wk;

miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

,th; jf;fhz fy;tpr; rq;fj;ij

Jtf;fpdhh;.

Nyhf khd;ah; vdg;gl;lhh;

yhyh y[gjpuha;

,th; b.V.tp. fy;Y}hpia Jtf;fpdhh;

,th; te;Nj khjuk;> gQ;rhgp> jp. gpg;gps;

nghd;w ehspjo;fs; elj;jpdhh;

irkd; fkp\d; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ

fhty; Jiwapduhy; fLikahf

jhf;fg;gl;L caph; ,oe;jhh;

,th; gQ;rhgpd; rpq;fk; vdg;gl;lhh;

,th; Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India

vd;w E}iy vOjpath;

Indian Gladstone and the Grand Old Man

vd;w miof;fg;gLgth;

gphpl;b\; ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F Kjy;

,e;jpah;.

,th; ,e;jpa kf;fs; chpikfspd;

fhtyd; vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;

,th; 1851y; Rast Goftar vd;w ,jOk;>

1883y; Voice of India vd;w ,jOk;

njhlq;fpdhh;

Kjy; Kjypy; Rauh[; vd;w nrhy;iy

cUthf;fpdhh;

uhrhuhk; Nkhfd; uha; 1774-1883

,th; rjp jpl;lj;ij xopj;jhh;

,e;jpa kWkyh;r;rpapd; je;ij

gpuk;k rkh[j;ij cUthf;fpath;

uh[huhk;Nkhfd;uha; jdJ 16tJ tajpy;

Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin (Gift to

Monotheists) vd;w Gj;jfj;ij ngh;rpa

nkhopapy; vOjpajhy; tPl;il tpl;L

ntspNa mDg;ggl;lhh;.

1815y; Mj;kpa rgh vd;w mikg;gpid

Jtf;fpdhh;

1820 Precepts of Jesus vd;w E}iy

vOjpdhh;

20-8-1828y; gpuk;k rkh[j;ij Jtf;fpdhh;

,e;J kjj;jpy; cs;s r%f

nfhLikfis ePf;fTk;> fpUj;Jt kjk;

guTtij jLf;fTk; midj;J kj

xw;Wikf;fhfTk; gpuk;k rkh[k;

epWtg;gl;lJ.

“etPd ,e;jpahtpd; rpw;gp” vd

miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;

etPd ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jiyth;

my;yJ je;ij vd;w ,th;

miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

,th; vOjpa gpw E}y;fs; kw;Wk; nra;jp

VLfs; Bedanta Grantha (1815), Bedanta

Sara (1815), The Upanishads, Gauriya –

Vyakarana, Samvadmumudi MFk;.

NfhghyfpU\;z NfhfNy

,th; fhe;jpapd; murpay; FU Mthh;

1905-y; The Servanys of Indian Society

Jtf;fpdhh;.

murpayikg;Gf;Fl;gl;L ,e;jpa kf;fs;

tsh;r;rpaila Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpath;.

rKjha rPh;jpUj;jthjp

N`hk; &y; ,af;fk;

,q;fpyhe;J murpay; rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;L

,e;jpa kf;fs; jd;dhl;rp ngw Ntz;Lk;

vd;w fhuzj;jpw;fhf N`hk; &y; ,af;fk;

md;dpngrd;l; vd;gtuhy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

kfhuh\;buhtpy; ,jid ghy fq;fhju

jpyfh; cUthf;fpdhh;

Nrhjpgh G+Ny 1827 - 1890

kfhj;kh vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;

rj;jpa Nrhjid rkh[j;ij (tha;ikNa

NjLk; rq;fk;) Jtf;fpath;

G+dhtpy; ngz;fs; fy;tp Jtf;fpath;

rhjpf; nfhLikia vjph;j;jth;

gf;fpk; re;jpu rj;Njhg;jpahah

,th; vOjpa Mde;j khj; vd;w

Gj;jfj;jpy; ge;Nj khjuk; vd;w Njrpa

ghly; cs;sJ.

,g;ghly; tq;fnkhopapYk; rpy ,lq;fspy;

rk];fpUj nkhopapYk; vOjg;gl;lJ.

,J 1896k; Mz;L fhq;fpu]; khehl;by;

ghlg;gl;lJ

,jid mutpe;j Nfh\; Mq;fpyj;jpy;

nkhop ngah;j;jhh;

gz;bj ,ukhgha;

Mhpa kfpsh rkh[j;ij Jtf;fpath;

Dr. fhh;Nt

G+dhtpy; tpjitfs; ,y;yk; Jtf;fpath;

Bombay Women University ,tUila

Kaw;rpahy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ

V.D. rth;f;fhh;

jp ,e;jpad; thh; Mg; ,d;bngz;ld;];

vd;w E}iy vOjpAs;shh;. ,e; E}y; jil

nra;ag;gl;L ,th; Mq;fpy murhy; ifJ

nra;ag;gl;lhh;

mNrhf; Nkj;jh

1857- The Great Rebeliion

Mh;. rp. k[Pk;jhh;

The History of the Freedom Movement in

India

,d;Fyhg; [pe;jhghj; (Gul;rp Xq;Ff) vd

Koq;fpath;

ghfp];jhd; vd;w thh;j;ij cUthf;fpath;

,th;

rNfhjhp epNtjpjh

,th; tpNtfhde;jhpd; rPlh;

The British Empire is Rotten to the Core

…. vdf; $wpath;

gk;gha; jpU%h;j;jpfs;

1. ngNu];\h Nkj;jh 2. Nf. b. jpyhq; 3.

gj;UjPd; jpahNgfp

rp. Mh; jh];

Njr ge;J vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;

Rauh[;[pa fl;rpia Jtf;fpath; (brk;gh;

1922)

tpl;ly; uhk;fp rpz;Nlh

jPz;lhik xopf;f ghLgl;lth;

vy;yd;gNuh

mbik xopg;G Age if Consent Act:

Landsdown

ty;yggha; gNly;

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Jizg; gpujkh;

kw;Wk; cs;Jiw mikr;rh;

Rje;jpuk; ngw;wNghJ midj;J

rpw;wurh;fisAk; xUq;fpizj;J xNu

,e;jpah vd;w epiyia cUthf;fpath;

,e;jpahtpd; gp];khh;f;> ,e;jpahtpd;

,Uk;G kdpjh;> rh;jhh; vd Gfog;gl;lth;

fhe;jp 1948y; Rl;lg;gl;lNghJ cs;Jiw

mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jhh;

kfhj;kh fhe;jp

,q;fpyhe;jpy; ghhp];lh; gl;lk; ngw;w ,lk;

njd;dhg;gphpf;fh kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy;

tof;fwpQh; njhopy; Ghpe;jhh;.

Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy %yk; ,e;jpa

Njrpa fhq;fpurpw;F te;jhh;. 1916 Kjy;

1948 tiu ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; kpfTk;

,lk; gpbj;jth;

rhk;guhd; Nghuhl;lk;

fhe;jpapd; Kjy; Nghuhl;lk;

eilngw;w Mz;L 1917

Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;w ,lk; - Nkhj;jp mhp

fhe;jpAld; cld; Jiz epd;wth;fs; - 1>

lhf;lh; uhNre;jpugpurhj; 2. fpUgshzp

Nfjh Nghuhl;lk;

eilngw;w Mz;L 1918

gk;gha; khfhzj;jpy; thp tpyf;F Nfhhp

eilngw;w Nghuhl;lk;

cld; ,Ue;jth;fs; - rh;jhh; ty;yggha;

gNly;

mfkjhghj; kpy; Nghuhl;lk;:

kpy; njhopyhsh;fspd; Nghd]; gwpg;ghy;

,g;Nghuhl;lk; 1918y; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ

fhe;jpabfs; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J

nfhz;L Kjy; Kiwahf cz;zhtpuj

Nghuhl;lj;ij Jtf;fpdhh;

gh;Njhyp rj;ahfpufk;

1928k; Mz;L epythp cah;j;jpajhy;

,g;Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;wJ

,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhf rh;jhh; vd;w gl;lk;

ty;yggha; gNlYf;F fpilj;jJ

Broomfield fkp\d; ,e;j epythp

cah;it js;Sgb nra;jJ

nksyhdh mg;Jy; fyhk; Mrhj;

,th; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; fy;tp mikr;rh;

fhq;fpu]py; ek;gfj;jd;ik tha;e;j

K];yPk; jiyth;

n[agpufh\; ehuhazd;

Prison Diary

,th; Nrh\yprthjp Mthh;

gpw Kf;fpa

jpyfh;

,th; ,e;jpa kWkyh;r;rpapd; tpbnts;sp

vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,e;Jf;fisAk;

K];yPk;fisAk;> xUq;fpize;J Nghuhl

fhuzkhdth;.

jhe;jpah NjhNg:

Kjy; Rje;jpu Nghhpy; [hd;rp uhzpf;F

ngUk; cjtpfs; nra;jhh;. gpd; khd;rpq;

vd;gtuhy; fhl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;L

Mq;fpNyauhy; J}f;fpy; ,lg;gl;lhh;

NeUtpd; Kf;fpa Nkw;Nfhs;fs;:

1. Years ago we made a trust worth desting

and the tiwer coner when we shall

fedeem out pledge,

2. A unity of lomman subsection gave rise

to a unit of common nation

fhe;jpapd; Kf;fpa Nkw;Nfhs;fs;:

1. Vivicat we but don’t vivisect India

jPz;lj;jfhjth;fis flTspd;

Foe;ijfs; vd;W nghUs;gLk; mhp[d;

vd;W mioj;jhh;.

rNuh[pdp ehAL

,e;jpahtpd; iel;bq;Nfy; (ftpf;Fapy;)

vdg;gl;lhh;

RNue;jpu ehj; ghdh;[p

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ICS mYtyh;

1876y; Indian Asscoaition Jtf;fpath;

mUzh Mrhg; myp

fhe;jpabfSld; Jiz epd;W

rj;ahfpufk; kw;Wk; rl;lkWg;G

,af;fj;ij elj;jpath;.

fhe;jpabfspd; nts;isaNd ntspNaW

,af;fj;jpd; tPuhq;fid ,tNu. ,th;

Kk;igapy; cs;s Nfhthypah

ikjhdj;jpy; fhq;fpu]; nfhbia gwf;f

tpl;lth;

jiykiwT tho;f;if elj;jpath;

,lJ Nrh\yp];l; fl;rpia 1950y;

Jtf;fpath;.

Grand Old Lady the Independence

Movement vd miof;fg;gl;lth;

jpNz\; k[Ph;jhh;

Tegart vd;w fhty; Jiw mjpfhhpia

nfhiy nra;a Kad;wth;. 1936y;

J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;.

rf;jpglh uhrFU

gfj;rpq;fpd; neUq;fpa ez;gh;

jpy;yp rl;lkd;w ntbFz;L tof;F

kw;Wk; kfhuh\;buh fth;dh; nfhiy

Kaw;rpapy; gfj;rpq;Fld; cld; ,Ue;jth;

fhl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lL gpd; ifJ

nra;ag;gl;L gpd; gfj;rpq;> Rf;Njt;

MfpNahUld; 23.3.1931y; J}f;fpyplg;

gl;ldh;

Mde;j Nkhfd; Ngh];

1784y; Mrpahbf; nrhirl;b Mg;

ngq;fhy; Jtf;fpath;

tpy;ypak;]; Nfhl;il – fy;fj;jhtpy;

cs;sJ. [hh;[; Nfhl;il – nrd;idapy;

cs;sJ. Nltpl; Nfhl;il – flY}hpy;

cs;sJ

Jhon Bethune

,th; kfsphpilNa Nkwfj;jpa fy;tpia

gug;G Bethune fy;tpf; $lj;ij

epWtpath;

KfkJ gpd; fhrpk;

,e;jpahtpd; kPJ fp.gp. 712Mk; Mz;L

(rpe;J gFjp) gilnaLj;j Kjy;

,Ryhkpa murh;

lhf;lh; mk;Ngj;fhh; Jtf;fpa ,af;fq;fs;

1. All India Scheduled Casted Federation

2. Samaj Samata Sangh

3. The Independent Labour Party

<];th; re;jpu tpj;ahrhfh;

kfsph; fy;tpapy; nghpJk; mf;fiw

nfhz;lth;

Kf;fpa cld;gbf;iffs;

ghrpd; cld;gbf;if – 1802

rhy;ig cld;gbf;if – 1782

Deogaon cld;gbf;if – 1807

Gue;jh; cld;gbf;if – 1776

uh[;fhl; cld;gbf;if – 1806

= uq;fgl;lbdk; cld;gbf;if – 1792

kq;fSh; cld;gbf;if – 1784

yh$h; cld;gbf;if – 1846

myfhghj; cld;gbf;if – 1764

mkph;jru]; cld;gbf;if – 1809

Treaty of Tripartitie – 1838

Treaty of Bhirowal - 1846

Treaty if Tehran – 1809

Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi – 1833

Treaty of London - 1840

,lk; tho;e;j kuhj;jpah;fs;

1. G+dh – ng\hth;

2. gNuhNkh – nfa;f;thl;

3. ehf;G+h; - Nghd;];Nyh

4. ,e;J}h; - N`hy;fh;

Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh;

,uhkfpU\;zh guk`k;rhpd; Kjd;ikr;

rPlh; Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh;

tpNtfhde;jhpd; gpur;rhuk; tpOkpd;

vOkpd; ciokpd;

tpNtfhde;jhpd; rpfhf;Nfh gpur;rhuk;

,e;jpah gz;ghl;il cyfk; czur;

nra;jJ

,sk; tq;fhs ,af;fk;:

,jid Jtf;fpath; n`d;wp tptpad;

bNuhNrh vd;gth; Mthh;

,t;tpaf;fk; fy;fj;jhtpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

,t;tpaf;fk; gj;jphpf;if Rje;jpuk;>

coth;fis ghJfhj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy;

rPh;jpUj;jk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ

fe;JFhp tPNurypq;fk;:

ngz; fy;tp> tpjit kzj;jpw;fhf

Me;jpuhtpy; 19k; E}w;whz;by; r%f

rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fj;ij elj;jpath;

fhrp kj;jpa ,e;Jf; fy;Y}hp

1916,y; kjd; Nkhfd; khstpah kw;Wk;

md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; MfpNahhpd;

Kaw;rpahy; fhrp (gdhu];)y;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

Rgh\; re;jpuNgh];:

1897y; xhprh khepyj;jpy; fl;lhf;fpy;

gpwe;jhh;.

1920y; ICS Njh;tpy; ntw;wp ngw;W

murhqf;g gzpapy; Nrh;e;jhh;.

gpd; rp. Mh;. jhrpd; Ntz;LNfhis Vw;W

gjtpapidj; Jwe;J jPtpu murpaypy;

<Lgl;lhh;

Rauh[; fl;rpapd; ehNslhd „Forward‟

vd;gjd; Mrphpauhf gzpahw;wpdhh;.

1934y; fhq;fpu]; Nrh\yp];l; vd;w

mikg;ig Jtf;fpdhh;. ,jpy;

n[ag;gpufh\; ehuhazd;> Mr;rhh;a

eNue;jpu Njt; MfpNahh; ,Ue;jdh;

1939y; ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf fhq;fpu];

fl;rpapd; jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;L

gpd; gjtp tpyfpdhh;

1939y; ghh;th;L gpshf; vd;w mikg;ig

Jtf;fpdhh;

1940y; fhq;fpuir tpl;L ntspNawpdhh;

1940y; Hollwell vd;w rpd;dj;ij ,bf;f

Kad;wjhf ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh. 1941y;

tPl;L fhtypy; itf;fg;gl;l NghJ khW

Ntlj;jpy; jg;gp n[h;kd; nrd;whh;

1942y; `pl;yiu re;jpj;J Ngrpdhh;.

,e;jpa Nghh; ifjpfis mth; `pl;yhplk;

ngw;whh;. gpd; Azad Hind Fauj vd;w

mikg;ig Jtf;fpdhh;.

mthpd; Kf;fpa Ngr;Rfs;

1. Dilli Chalo

2. You give me blood, I promise your

freedom

ehJuhk; Nfhl;Nr:

30 rdthp 1948y; fhe;jpabfis Rl;Lf;

nfhd;wth;

rPfd; ghy;F

n[h;kdp ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j ,th; 9.7.1706

Mk; Mz;L juq;fk;ghbf;F te;jhh;.

jkpopy; Kjy; mr;rplg;gl;l gpujpfs;

jahhpj;jhh;.

md;dp ngrz;l;

,e;J kjk; ,y;iy vd;why; ,e;jpah

,Uf;fhJ vd;W $wpath;

,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpurpd; (1917

fy;fj;jh khehL) Kjy; ngz; jiyth;

fhkd; tPy; vd;w gj;jphpf;ifia

Jtf;fpath;

,tUf;F Jiz epd;wth;fs; - mUz;Nly;

kw;Wk; thbah

,th; ma;hp\; ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;

,th; ,e;jpahtpd; lhk; lhk; vd jk;ik

mioj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;

1916 nrg;lk;gh; 16y; nrd;idapy; N`hk;

&y; ,af;fk; Jtf;fpdhh;

,th; epA ,e;jpah vd;w ehspjio 14-7-

1915y; Jtf;fpdhh;

,th; jpuhtpl fyhr;rhuj;ij

vjph;j;jikahy; nry;thf;fpid ,oe;jhh;

nrd;idapy; gpuk;kQhd rig 1883y;

cUthf;fpdhh;

rhuz ,af;fj;ij ,e;jpahtpy; nfhz;L

te;jhh;.

Home Rule Movement

Kjd; Kjypy; Jtf;fpath; - jpyfh;

cld; Jiz epd;wth;fs; - Nfy;fh;

kw;Wk; ghg;];bah

jpyfh; - kfhuh\;buk; kw;Wk; kj;jpa

khepy gFjp md;dp ngrz;l; - jkpo;ehL>

Nfush> cj;jpug;gpNjrk;

cr;rf; fl;lk; mile;j fhyk; - 1917

kiwaf; fhuzk;

1. khz;nlF nrk;];Nghh;L jpl;lk;

2. gpuhkz my;yhjth;fspd; vOr;rp

Mhpa rkh[k;

Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp vd;gth;

Kk;igapy; 1875y; Mhp rkh[dj;ij

Jtf;fpdhh;. Ntjfhyj;Jf;F jpUk;Gq;fs;

vd mth; Fwpg;gpgl;lhh;

Ntjq;fSf;F gpwF rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l

gof;fq;fis xopj;J Ntjj;jpy;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sthW rKjhaj;ij jpUj;jp

mikf;f ghLgl;lhh;

,th; Guhzq;fis Vw;ftpy;iy. NkYk;

cUt topghl;il vjph;j;jhh;. flTspd;

mtjhuq;fis kWj;jhh;

Rj;jpahh;j;j gpufh\; vd;w E}iy

vOjpdhh;

,e;Jf;fs; my;yhjth;fis ,e;J

kjj;jpy; Nrh;f;f “Rj;jp” ,af;fj;ij

Muk;gpj;jhh;

xNu flTs; ek;gpf;ifia Mjhpj;jhh;

rhjp fl;Lg;ghL> ,sk; gUt jpUkzk;>

flw;gpuahzj;ij jLj;jy;> rlq;Ffs;>

tpyq;Ffis gypapLjy;> nrhh;f;fk;

Nghd;wtw;iw vjph;j;jhh;

ngz; fy;tp> tpjit jpUkzj;ij

Mjhpj;jhh;.

,tUf;Fg;gpd; yhyh y[gjpuha;> gz;bl;

FUjj;jh;> yhy y[gjpuha;> Rthkp

rpuj;jhde;jh; Nghd;w Kf;fpa rPlh;fs;

mtUila gzpfisj; njhlh;e;J

elj;jpdhh;fs;.

Mq;fpy fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

czh;j;jg;gl;lJ

yhyh `d;];uh[; jahde;jh; Mq;fpy

Ntjf; fy;Y}hpia yh$hpy; epWtpdhh;

gpuk;k rkh[k;

1828y; ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; vd;gtuhy;

tq;fhsj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Mj;jpf

epWtdNk gpuk;krig vd;W

toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J cUt topghl;il

ePf;fpaJ

flTspd; xUikg;ghl;bd; ek;gpf;if

nfhz;bUe;jJ

,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; ,we;jgpd;

NjNte;jpuehj; jh$h; ,jw;F Gj;Jzh;r;rp

Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

kfheph;thz je;jpuk; vd;w Muk;g rlq;F

GFj;jg;gl;lJ

jj;JtNghjpdp gj;jphpf;fh vd;Dk;

gj;jphpf;if NjNte;jpuehj; Jtf;fpdhh;

gpuk;k rkh[k; rl;lG+h;tkhd topfis

gpd;gw;wpa fPo;f;fz;l rKjha

rPh;jpUj;jj;ij cUthf;fg; ghLgl;lJ

1. gh;jh Kiw xopj;jy;

2. tpjit kWkzk; Mjhpj;jy;

3. gyjhu kzk; xopj;jy;

4. ,sk; gUt kzk; vjph;j;jy;

5. cah;ju Nkiy ehl;Lf;fy;tp mspj;jy;

6. rjp vd;fpd;w cld;fl;il ePf;Fjy;

7. jPz;lhik> kJ mUe;jJy; vjph;j;jy;

8. xNu flTs; Nfhl;ghL

9. cUt topghL ePf;Fjy;

10. rhjpia ,of;fhky; fly; fle;j

may;ehLfSf;F gazk; nra;jiy

Mjhpj;jy;

11. ngz; fy;tp Mjhpj;jy;

12. ngz; tpLjiy Mjhpj;jy;

13. fyg;G jpUkzk; Mjhpj;jy;

1857y; Nrt re;jpu nrd; vd;gth;

Nrh;e;jhh;. gpwF ,th; ,e;jpahtpd; gpuk;k

rkh[k; vd;w mikg;ig Jtf;fpdhh;.

NjNte;jpuehj; jiyikapy; ,Ue;j gpuk;k

rkh[k; Mjp gpuk;k rkh[k; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lJ

gpuhh;j;jid rkh[k;

,ij 1867y; lhf;lh; Mj;kuhk; ghz;Luq;

vd;gth; Kk;igapy; Jtf;fpdhh;

gpuhh;j;jid rkh[k; khfuh];buj;jpy;

ed;whf tsh;e;jJ

1870y; kfhNjt Nfhtpe;j uhdNl>

gz;lhh;fh; MfpNahh; ,jpy; Nrh;e;jdh;

jf;fhz fy;tp rq;fk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ

fyg;G jpUkzk;> tpjitfs; kWkzk;

Mjhpf;fg;gl;lJ. Foe;ijfs; Gfyplk;>

mdhij epiyak;> ,uTg;gs;spfs;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

,uhkfpU\;z kp\d;:

,J 1897y; Jtf;gg;gl;lJ. eNue;jpuehj;

jj;jh; vd;w ,aw;ngaUila Rthkp

tpNtfhde;jh; vd;gtuhy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.

Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh; rpf;fhNfh efhpy;

ele;j rkaq;fspd; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;

1893-y; fye;J nfhz;lhh;

,thpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;: vy;yhr; rakq;fspYk;

,Uf;Fk; cz;ikia ek;GtJjhd;.

khWgl;l vy;yhr; rkaq;fspd;

nfhs;ifSk; xNu Fwpf;Nfhis

miltj;wfhd gy topfNs vd;gJ

MFk;

ViofSf;fhf ,uf;fg;gLgtiu kfhj;kh

vd;Wk; gpwiu Juhj;kh vd;Wk; $wpdhh;.

rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> rkj;Jtk;> kdpj

Neaj;Jld; kjNtw;Wikapd;wp

kf;fspilNa xw;Wik Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;

gpwUf;F cjtp nra;tNj kdpjj;

jd;ikak; flTSf;F nra;Ak; rpwe;j

NritahFk; vd;whh;. NkYk; xt;nthU

kdpjDk; flTspd; xU ghfk; vd;Wk;

njhz;L nra;tjd; %yk; flTSf;F

njhz;L nra;jtuhth; vd;Wk; $wpdhh;.

jpahrgpfy; rq;fk; my;yJ gpuk;kQhd rig:

,r;rig fh;dy; My;fhl;> gpsthl;];fp

mk;ikahh; Mfpa INuhg;gpah;fshy;

mnkhpf;fhtpy; 1875y; epWtg;gl;lJ

gpd;dh; 1893y; ,jd; jiyikapy;

nrd;id milahWf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ

nrd;idapy; ,r;rq;fj;jpw;F

md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahuhy; ntw;wp

fpilj;jJ

jpahrgpfy; rq;fk; Muk;gpj;jNj ,e;J

kWkyh;r;rp ,af;fj;Jld; Nrh;e;J

nfhz;lJ

,e;Jf;fspd; fh;ktpid> kWgpwtp

Nfhl;ghLfspy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUe;jJ

md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; kj;jpa ,e;Jg;

gs;spia thuhzhrpapy; Jtf;fpdhh;.

Ntj rkh[k;

,J nrd;idapy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ

=ehuhaz FU:

Nfushtpd; 1903-y; =ehuhaz FU

jh;kghpghyd Nahfk; vd;w mikg;ig

epWtp %lek;gpf;iffisf; fz;bj;jhh;.

rhjp> rka> NtWghLfspy; mtUf;F

ek;gpf;ifapy;iy.

kJuh rpw;gq;fs;

nts;is kw;Wk; rptg;G fw;fshy;

fl;lg;lg;lJ.

Gj;jhpd; Kjy; cUtk;

tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ

fhe;jhuf; fiy

,e;Njh – fpNuf;f fiy

fdp\;fh; fhyj;jpy; tsh;r;rp mile;jJ

<];th; re;jpu tpj;ahrhfh;

tq;fhsj;ijr; rhh;e;j ,th; tpjitj;

jpUkzj;ijr; rl;lkhf;Ftjw;F kpfTk;

mjpfkhfg; ghLgl;L ntw;wp fz;lth;

,e;jpahtpy; tpjitg; ngz;fs; kWkzr;

rl;lk; 1856y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ

yypj; fyh mfhnjkp

[t`h;yhy; NeU mth;fshy; ,J

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

,e;jpahtpd; nry;tr; nropg;gpid

INuhg;gpah; mwpaf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ

khh;f;Nfh NghNyhtpd; Fwpg;Gfs;

fh;ehlfj;ij Ml;rp Ghpe;jth;fs; ethg;

,th;fspd; jiyefh; Mw;fhL>

jf;fhzj;ij <z;L te;jth;fs; ep[hk;>

jiyefh; i`juhghj;

,e;Njh – rhh;rdpf; fiy

,e;Njh – rhh;rdpf; fiy my;yJ ,e;Njh

Nfhj;jpf; fiy vdg;gl;lJ. 19k;

E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy;

Mq;fpNyah;fshy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpafk;> nrd;idapy;

cs;s hpg;gd; fl;blk; vd;W

miof;fg;gLk;. khefuhl;rpf; fl;blk;>

fy;fj;jhtpy; cs;s tpf;Nlhhpah

nkNkhhpay;> Kk;igapy; cs;s

tpf;Nlhhpah nlh;kpd];> ,e;jpahtpd;

EioT thapy; vdg;gLk; Nfl; Nt Mg;

,e;jpah kw;Wk; ik#h; muz;kid

Mfpait ,e;Njh – rhh;rdpf; fiyf;F

vLj;Jf; fhl;lhFk;.

,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;wJk; fhq;fpuirf;

fiyf;ff; Nfhhpath; fhe;jpabfs;. ,th;

,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;w NghJ by;ypapy;

,y;iy

Permanent Settlement: (rhRtj) epiyahd

epythpj; jpl;lk;:

Kjd; Kjypy; 1793k; Mz;L

fhud;thyp]; gpuG fhyj;jpy; tq;fhsk;

kw;Wk; gPfhhpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

,jd;gb [kPd;jhUf;Fk; muRf;Fk;

xg;ge;jk; Vw;gl;lJ. muRf;Fk;

tptrhapf;Fk; [kPd;jhUf;Fk; thapyhf

njhlh;G Vw;gl;lJ

uaj;Jthhp epythpj; jpl;lk;

Kjd; Kjypy; 1820k; Mz;L nrd;id

fth;dh; rh; jhk]; Nuh vd;gtuhy;

nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; mwpKfg;

gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb muRf;Fk;

tptrhapf;Fk; njhlh;G Vw;gl;lJ.

gaphpLgth;fs; NeubahfNt muRf;F

epythp nrYj;jpdh;.

rhyh; [q; mUq;fhl;rpafk;

rhyh; [q; mUq;fhl;rpafk; %rp

ejpf;fiuapd; Nky; (i`juhghj;)

mike;Js;sJ. i`juhghj; ep[hkpd;

Kjyikr;ruhf A+Rg; myp rhyh; [q;

,t;tUq;fhl;rpaj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;

Njrpaf;nfhb:

1904k; Mz;L tpNtfhde;jhpd; rPluhd

epNtjpjh vd;gth; rptg;G tz;zj;jpy;>

rJu tbtj;jpy;> kQ;rs; epwj;jpy;

cs;tbitf; nfhz;l Nghpbia

czh;j;Jk; tifapy; t[;[puj;ijAk;

nts;isj; jhkiuak; te;Nj khjuk;

vd;w nrhy;iyAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. ,J

epNtjpjh nfhb vdg;gl;lJ

tq;fg; gphptpidapd; NghJ 7.8.1906 md;W

re;jpu gpurhj; Ngh]; vd;gtuhy; rptg;G>

kQ;rs; kw;Wk; nts;is epwj;ijf;

nfhz;l nfhb xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

,J tq;ff; nfhb vdg;gl;lJ

fhk mk;ikahh; 22.8.1907 md;W

n[h;kdpapy; gr;ir ,sQ;rptg;G kw;Wk;

rptg;G tz;zq;fis nfhb xd;iw

mikj;jhh;. vl;Lj; jhkiufs; te;Nj

khjuk; vd;w nrhy;> gpiw epyT> #hpad;

Mfpait mf; nfhbapy; nghwpf;fg;gl;lJ.

fhkh mk;ikahh;> tPu rth;f;fh;> rpahk;[p

fpU\;z th;kh MfpNahh; ,f;nfhbia

Vw;wdh;. Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpy;

,f;nfhbia gad;gLj;jpajhy; ,J

ngh;ypd; nfhb vdg;gl;lJ. fhjh; fl;rpapy;

,f; nfhb ,e;jpahtpd; nfhbahf Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ

ghy fq;fhju jpyfh; kw;Wk;

md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; MfpNahh;

Jtf;fpa Ra Ml;rp fofj;jpw;F rptg;G

kw;Wk; gr;ir gl;ilfis nfhz;l nfhb

tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; rpd;dKk;>

el;rj;jpuDld; $ba gpiwepyT kw;Wk;

,e;Jf;fs; Gdpjkhf fUJk; rg;j hp\p

kz;lyj;ij nfhz;l 7 el;rj;jpuk;

mlq;fpa nfhb cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

Me;jpuhitr; rhh;e;j gpq;fyp ntq;fa;ah

vd;gth; 1916y; gr;irk w;Wk; rptg;G vd

,U tz;zq;fis nfhz;l nfhbapid

cUthf;fpdhh;

,f;nfhbapy; rf;fuj;ij mikf;FkhW

fhe;jpabfs; $wpdhh;. gpwF

jpUg;jpailahj fhe;jpabfs; midj;J

,e;jpa kjq;fs; cs;slf;fpathW nfhb

mika Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpajhy;

nts;is> rptg;G> gr;ir tz;zq;fis

cs;slf;fpa nfhb cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

,jpy; rf;fuk; midj;J tz;zq;fspYk;

,lk; ngw;wJ. ,f;nfhb mah;yhe;J

Rje;jpu Nghuhl;l nfhbf;F rkkhf

fUjg;gl;lJ. mfj;jpy; eilngw;w

fhq;fpuR khehl;by; ,f;nfhb Vw;wg;gl;lJ

1931y; fuhr;rpapy; $ba fhq;fpu];

khehl;by; gpq;fyp ntq;fa;ah tbtikj;j

fhtp> nts;is> gr;ir th;zq;fSld;

rf;fuj;ijf; nfhz;l %th;zf; nfhbia

Vw;wJ.

1947y; ,uhNre;jpu gpurhj; mth;fisj;

jiytuhf nfhz;l FO ePz;l

tpthjj;jpw;F ve;jtpjkhd kjr; rhaYk;

nfhbapy; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ vd;w

mbg;gilapy; rf;fuj;jpw;F gjpyhf

rhuehj;jpy; cs;s rhQ;rp ];J}gpapy;

cs;s jh;k rf;fuj;ij nfhbapy;

nghwpf;fyhk; vd njhptpj;jJ. ,f;nfhb

22.7.1947 md;W Vw;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa nghJ cilikf; fl;rp:

,u\;ahtpy; jh];fz;by; 17.10.1920

Njhd;wpa fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapd; tpisthf

,e;jpahtpy; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp (rp.gp.I)

26.12.1925y; Njhd;wpaJ. ,jd; epWtd

cWg;gpdh;fs; vk;.vd;.uha; kw;Wk; mtuJ

kidtp <thypdh buQ;r; uha;> mghdp

Kfh;[p kw;Wk; mtuJ kidtp Nuhrh>

mfkJ `hrd; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l KfkJ

myp> KfkJ rgPf; rpj;jpf; kw;Wk;

vk;.gp.gp.l;b. Mr;rh;ah MfpNahh; Mthh;.

jkpofj;jpd; ,j;d Kf;fpaj; jiyth;fs;

rpq;fhuNtY Mthh;. ,f; fl;rpapd;

njhopw;rq;f gphpthd All India Trade

Union Congress (AITUC) ,e;jpahtpd; kpf

gioikahd njhopw;rq;fk; MFk;. ,J

1920y; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.

1942y; ,f;fl;rp rl;lg;G+h;tkhfpaJ.

Nfushtpy; ,f; fl;rp Ml;rpia gpbj;jJ.

Kjy; mikr;ruhf ,.vk;.v]; ek;G+jphpghl;

gjtp Vw;whh;

1957y; ,u\;ahtpy; ele;j cyf

fk;A+dp];l; khehl;by; rPd fk;A+dp];l;

fl;rp Nfushtpy; Ml;rp gpbj;jjij

fz;ld tpkh;rdj;jpw;F cs;shf;fpaJ.

1962y; ,e;jpa – rPd Nghh; eilngw;w

NghJ xU gphptpdh; ,e;jpahit

Mjhpj;jdh;. rpyh; ,J xU

Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; nghJTilikf;Fk;

eilngWfpd;w Nghh; vdj; njhptpj;J rPd

murhq;fj;ij Mjhpj;jdh;

vdNt ,e;jpa fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapy;

%d;W gphpTfs; Vw;gl;lJ

1. ,e;jpa Mjuthsh;fs;: v];. V. lhq;Nf>

V. Nf. Nfhghyd; kw;Wk; ,.vk;.v];.

ek;G+jphpgl;

2. rPd Mjuthsh;fs;: gp.b. uzjPNt>

Re;jua;ah> gp. rp. N[h\p>

grtGd;ida;ah> N[hjp ghR kw;Wk;

`h;fp\d; Rh;[pj;

3. eL epiyik: m[a; Nfh\;

,e;jpa rPd Nghhpd; NghJ rPd

Mjuthsh;fs; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldh;.

vdNt mth;fs; xd;W $b 1964y; ,e;jpa

fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp khh;f;rp];l; vd;W

jdpNa fl;rpiaj; Jtf;fpdhh;. ,jd;

njhopw;rq;f gphpthf Centre of Indian

Trade Unions (CITU) 1970 Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

ghujPa [djh fl;rp:

,f; fl;rp ghujPa [d rq;fk; vd;w

ngahpy; 1951y; rpahk; gpurhj; Kfh;[p

vd;gtuhy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh;

th[;Ngap kw;Wk; mj;thdp MfpNahh;

brk;gh; 1980 ghujPa [djh fl;rp vd

ngah; khw;wj;Jld; Jtq;fpdh;. Nk khjk;

1996y; eilngw;w ehlhSkd;wj; Njh;jypy;

,f; fl;rp Ml;rpia gpbj;jJ. th[;Nga;

gpujk mikr;ruhf gjtp Vw;whh;

,e;jpad; gPdy; NfhL:

Kjy; rl;l fkp\d; nkf;fhNy gpuG

jiyikapy; mike;jJ. mth; ,e;jpad;

gPdy; NfhL cUthf;fpdhh;. 1860y; ,J

rl;lkhf;fg;gl;lJ

,e;jpuh fhe;jp:

Kjy; gpujkh; [t`h;yhy; kfs;.

,e;jpahtpd; gpujk mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jth;

1861 - ,e;jpah fTd;rpy; rl;lk;

,yhf;fh thhpahf eph;thfk; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ

Rl;lk; ,aw;w VJthf fth;dh; n[duy;

rig tphpthf;fg;gl;lJ

nrd;id> Kk;ig kw;Wk; tq;fhsj;jpy;

rl;l Nkyit cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

fhdpq; gpuG fhyj;jpy; ,r;rl;lk;

,aw;wg;gl;lJ

1892y; ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk;

kj;jpa rigapd; cWg;gpdh;fs; 10y;

,Ue;J 16f;F cah;j;jg;gl;ldh

nrd;id> tq;fhsk;> gk;gha; rl;l

Nkyit cWg;gpdh;fs; 15y; ,Ue;J

cah;j;jg;gl;ldh;.

cWg;gpdh;fs; tuT nryT Fwpj;J Ngr

chpik toq;fg;gl;lJ

nghJ eyd; Fwpj;J tpdhf;fs; vOg;g

mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ

kiwKf cWg;gpdh; Njh;e;njLf;fg;

gl;lhh;fs;.

Kf;fpa tptrha rl;lq;fs;:

Deccan Agricultural Relief Act 1879

Punjab Land Alienation Act 1900

Central Provinces Land Alienation Act

1904

North West Provinces Land Alienation Act

1916

Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tpKiw

fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l FOf;fs;

1854 Tl;]; FO

,J ly;n`srp fhyj;jpy;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

,e;jpa Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tp Kiwapd;

khf;dh fhh;l;lh vdg;gl;lJ

,J ,e;jpahtpd; mwpT rhrdk; vd

miof;fg;gLfpwJ

1883 `z;lh; fkp\d; jiyik 1> rh;

tpy;ypak; tpy;rd; `z;lh; gpw

cWg;gpdh;fs;:

1. Md;e;j Nkhfd; Ngh];

2. Bhudev Mukhopadhyay

3. Maharaja Jatindra Mohan Tagore

4. Kashinath Trimbak Teelang

5. Sayed Ahmad Khan

1918 rl;yh; fkp\d;

1929 `h;lq; fkp\d;

Nfhj;jhhp fkp\d;

thh;jh fkp\d;

lhf;lh; ,uhjhfpU\;zd; mwpf;if

1. fy;tpf; $lq;fs;

1781y; thud;N`];bq;R gpuG fy;fj;jh>

kjuhirAk; lq;fd; 1791y; fhrpapy;

tlnkhopf; fy;Y}hpAk; epWtpdhh;

2. Mq;fpynkhop topf;fy;tpAk;

tsh;r;rpf;F Nkiyehl;Lf; fy;tpAk;

1813Mk; Mz;L gl;lar; rl;lk;

,e;jpahtpy; etPd mwptpay; fw;f Cf;fk;

mspj;jJ. uh[huhk; Nkhfd; uha; Nkiy

ehl;Lf; fy;tp gug;G MjuT njhptpj;jhh;.

nkf;fhNy gpuG Mq;fpynkhop fy;tp

rpwe;jJ vd fUjpajpd; mbg;gilapy;

1835y; Mq;fpynkhop ghlnkhop MfpaJ.

3.fPo;Nehf;fpg; guTjy; nfhs;if

fy;tpf;F mjpfg; gzk; nryT nra;a

tpUk;ghj Mq;fpy muR fPo;Nehf;fpa

guTjy; vd;w nfhs;ifiaf;

filg;gpbj;jdh;. mjd; %yk;

th;j;jfj;jpy; cs;s rpyUf;Ff; fy;tp

fw;gpj;J> mth;fs; %yk; fPo;kl;lj;jpy;

cs;sth;fSf;Fk; fy;tp nrd;wila

Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjpdhh;. Mdhy;

mth;fs; vjph;ghh;j;jJ Nghy gh;kh

kf;fspilNa fy;tp guttpy;iy.

4. rhh;y]; cl; mwpf;if

1857y; rhh;y[;Tl;bd; mwpf;if

ntspaplg;gl;lJ. mJ ,e;jpahtpd;

mwpTg;gl;lak; vd;W ghuhl;lg;ngw;wJ.

,jd;gb fy;tp gug;Gjy; fw;w ,e;jpah

trk; tplg;gl;lJ. fy;fj;jh> nrd;id>

gk;gha; Mfpa efuq;fspy; gy;fiyf;

fofq;fisj; njhlq;fpdh;.

1. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ jtWjyhf

nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ?

m) th;jh jpl;lk; ]hfph; cNrd;

M) rhh;n[d;l; jpl;lk; fy;tpapd; kj;jpa

MNyhrid Nghh;L

,) `z;lh; fkp\d; fh;rd; gpuG

<) Tl;bd; fy;tpj;Jiw jPh;t ly;n`srp

gpuG

fhyf; fbfhuk;

3200-2000 rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk; fhyk;.

ehfhpfk; 2350 Kjy; 1750 tiu

nropg;gile;jJ

1200 – 1000 hpf; Ntjk; njhFf;fg;gl;l

fhyk;

1000-50 fhg;gpaf; fhyk; (623 – 543

Gj;jhpd; fhyk;)

540-468 kfh tPuhpd; fhyk;

377 itrhypapy; Gj;j khehL

326 ,e;jpah kPJ mnyf;rhz;lh;

gilnaLG;G

324 nkshpa tk;rk; re;jpuFg;juhy;

Jtf;fk;

273-232 mNrhfh; Ml;rp. rPdh kw;Wk;

fpof;F ehLfspy; Gj;j kjk; gug;Gjy;

190 ,e;jpahtpd; tl Nkw;fpy; fpNuf;f

ehLfs;

187 nkshpah;fspd; Ml;rp KbTw;wJ

187-75 rq;fh;fspd; Ml;rp

58 tpf;fpuk rfhg;jk; Jtf;fk;

A. D. (Death of Jesus Christ)

64-225 tlNkw;F ,e;jpahtpy;

F\hdh;fspd; Ml;rp> Nru> Nrho

ghz;bah;fspd; Ml;rp

78 g;ut fdp\;fh; gjtp Vw;wy;> rhfh

rfhg;jk; Jtf;fk;

320-475 Fg;jh;fs; Ml;rp Jtf;fk;.

m[e;jh kw;Wk; vy;Nyhuh rpw;gq;fs;

335-376 rKj;jpu Fg;jh; Ml;rp

376-414 ,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jhpd; Ml;rp

405-11 ghfpahd; rPdhtpy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpah

tUif

454 Kjy; `_zh;fspd; gilnaLg;G

480-90 Fg;jh;fspd; tPo;r;rp

606-647 `h;\ th;j;jdh; Ml;rp

636 ghjkp rhSf;fpah; Ml;rp. ,uz;lhk;

GypNfrp eh;kij ejpf;fiu tiu nrd;W

`h;\iu Njhw;fbj;jy;

630-644 rPd gazp Athd; Rthq; tUif

600-700 kj;jpa fpof;F ehLfs; kw;Wk;

n[UrNyj;jpy; ,];yhk; kjk; Jtf;fk;

kw;Wk; guTjy;

712 rpe;Jg; gFjp kPJ KfkJ fhrpk;

mNuhg;gpah; gilnaLg;G

730 Accession of Yasovarman of

Kanyakubja

735 kfj Ml;rpKjy; ghh;rp FbNaw;wk;

750-1202 kfj Ml;rptq;fhsj;jpy;

ghyj;jpah;fs; kw;Wk; Nrdhh;fspd; Ml;rp

820 kfj Ml;rp rq;fuhr;rhhpahh; kuzk;

800-900 kfj Ml;rp fh\;kPhpy; ,e;J

kw;Wk; Gj;j kj Nfhtpy;fs; mopg;G

960-1200 gz;ly; fz;by; rhz;bay;fspd;

Ml;rp

1000-1026 KfkJ f[pdp gilnaLg;G

1030 my;ng&dp tUif. KfkJ f[pdp

kuzk;

1191 KfkJ Nfhhp gilnaLg;G

1192 by;ypia Mz;L filrp ,uhrGj;jpu

kd;dh; gphpj;jptp uh[; ,uz;lhk;

njuapd;Nghhpy; Njhy;tp kw;Wk; kuzk;

1206-1290 tl ,e;jpahtpy;

,];yhkpah;fspd; Ml;rp. mbik tk;rk;

1221 Kjd; Kjypy; kq;Nfhypa tk;rk;

nrq;fp];fhd; gilnaLg;G

1228 m];]hik nty;yJy; By the

Ahoms

1230 njw;Fg; gFjpapy; tp[a efug;

NguuR

1290-1316 by;ypapy; fpy;[pfs; Ml;rp

1320-1412 by;ypapy; Ry;jhd;fs; Ml;rp

1347 jf;fhzj;jpy; ghkpdp Ml;rp Jtf;fk;

1398 ij%h; gilnaLg;G

1436 – 1533 tq;fhsj;jpy; irjd;a gpuG

fhyk;

1451 – 1526 by;ypapy; Nyhb Ry;jhd;fs;

Ml;rp

1469 – 1545 by;ypapy; Ry;jhd;fs; Ml;rp

1494 rpf;fe;jh; Nyhbahy; Mf;uh

cUthf;fk;

1498 th];Nfhlfhkh fly; topahf

fs;spf;Nfhl;il miljy;

1510 Nghh;r;RfPrpah;fs; gilnaLg;G kw;Wk;

Nfhth ifg;gw;Wjy;

1526 Kjyhk; ghdpg;gl; Nghh;. Ghgh;

Kfyha rhk;uh[;aj;ij epWTjy;

1539-45 n\h;\h Ml;rp

1556 – 1605 mf;gh; Ml;rp 1556y;

,uz;lhk; ghdpg;gl;Lg;Nghh;

1601 mrpfhh; Nfhl;il mf;guhy;

ifg;gw;wg;gLjy;

1597 ,uhzh gpujhg; kuzk;

1600 fpof;F ,e;jpa epWtdk; ,uhay;

rhh;l;lh; %yk; epWtg;gLjy;

1605 mf;gh; kuzk;

1612 #uj;jpy; Kjy; Mq;fpy

njhopw;rhiy epWtg;gLjy;

1615 rh; jhk]; kd;Nwh tUif. Nkhthh;

Kfyhah;fSf;F fl;Lg;gLjy;

1616 rh; jhk]; kd;Nwh [`hq;fPh;

re;jpg;G

1627 rpth[p gpwg;G

1627 – 57 \h[`hd; Ml;rp

1644 tq;fhsj;jpy; thzpfk; nra;a

Mq;fpNya mDkjp ngWjy;

1658-1707 mTuq;frPg; fhyk;

1668 #uj;jpy; Kjy; gpnuQ;R gz;lf

rhiy mikj;jy;

1675 Sikh resistance tp Moghuls

intensifies mTuq;frPg;ghy; rPf;fpah;fspd;

9tJ FU FUNj[; gfJ}h; nfhiy

nra;ag;gLjy;

1680 fy;fj;jhtpy; fpof;F ,e;jpa

fk;ngdp tzpf epWtdj;ij epWTjy;

1686-87 gP[g;g+h; kw;Wk; Nfhy;nfhz;lh

muRfs; tPo;r;rp

1698 The E. I. Co. obtained Zamindari of

three villages of Sutanati, Kalikata and

Gobindpur – nucleus of Calcutta

1707 mTuq;frPg; kuzk;

1734 by;ypia ehjh; \h mopj;jy;

1757 gpshrpg; Nghh;

1760 te;jthrpg; Nghh;

1761 %d;whk; ghdpgl; Nghh;

1764 gf;rh; Nghh;

1765 tq;fhsk;> gPfhh; kw;Wk; xhprh Mfpa

gFjpfSf;F jpthdp mjpfhuj;ij \h

Myk; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpw;F

toq;Fjy;

1770 tq;fhsj;jpy; gQ;rk;

1772 thud; N`];bq; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;

fth;dh; n[duyhf epakdk;

1773 xOq;F Kiwr; rl;lk;

1775 ee;jFkhh; J}f;fpyplg;gLjy;

1781 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gj;jphpf;if

ngq;fhy; nf[rl; ntspaplg;gLjy;

1784y; gpl; ,e;jpah rl;lk;

1786-90y; fhudl thyp]; rPh;jpUj;jk;

1790 %d;whk; ik#h; Nghh;

1793 tq;fhsj;jpy; epiyahd

epythpj;jpl;lk;

1799 jpg;Gr; Ry;jhd; kuzk;

1806 NtY}h; Gul;rp

1828 – 35 tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG

fth;dh; n[duy;

1829 gpuk;k rkh[j;ij ,uh[h uhk;

Nkhfd; uha; epWTjy;. cld; fl;il

VWk; rjp gof;fj;ij xopj;jy;

1835 gapw;W nkhopahf Mq;fpyk;

1839 uQ;rpj; rpq; kuzk;

1839-42 Mq;fpNyh – Mg;fhd; Nghh;

1853 gk;gha; - jhzh tiu Kjy;

,uapy;Nt Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; fy;fj;jh

– Mf;uh ,ilNa Kjy; je;jp

1854 Kjy; mQ;ry; jiy ntspapLjy;

1856y; mNahj;jpia ,izj;jy;. ,e;J

tpjit kWkzr; rl;lk;

1857 Kjy; Rje;jpug; Nghh;. fy;fj;jh>

Kk;ig> kw;Wk; nrd;idapy; gy;fiyf;

fofk;

1858 fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpaplk; ,Ue;J

,e;jpah gphpl;b\; murpw;F khw;wg;gLjy;

1861 ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$h; gpwg;G

1869 khfj;kh fhe;jp gpwg;G (mf;Nlhgh; 2)

1874y; tq;fhsj;jpy; fLk; gQ;rk;

1875y; Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp

mth;fshy; Mhpa rkh[k; Jtf;fk;

1881 njhopw;rhiyfs; rl;lk;

1882 `z;lh; fkp\d;

1883y; ,y;gh;l; kNrhjh

1885y; Kk;igapy; ,e;jpa Njrpa

fhq;fpu]; Jtf;fk;. tq;fhs Fj;jifr;

rl;lk;> Mq;fpNya gh;kh Nghh;

1889 Nty;]; ,sturh; ,uz;lhtJ

Kiwahf ,e;jpah tUif. [t`h;yhy;

NeU gpwg;G

1891 njhopw;rhiyfs; rl;lk;. kzpg;G+h;

fyfk;. jpUkz taJ eph;zak;

1892y; Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh; rpf;fhNfhtpy;

cyf rka khehl;by; fye;J

nfhs;Sjy; ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk;

1897y; Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]; gpwg;G.

Kk;igapy; gpNsf; Neha; gQ;rf; fkp\d;

epakdk;

1900 gQ;rf; fkp\d; epakdk;

1903 by;yp jh;ghh;

1905 tq;fg; gphptpid. vjph;g;G ,af;fk;

Njhd;Wjy;

1906 midj;jpe;jpa K];yPk; yPf;

cUthf;fk;

1907 fhq;fpu]; kpjthjpfs; kw;Wk;

jPtputhjpfs; gphpjy;

1908 ,e;jpa gj;jphpf;iffs; rl;lk;

1909 kpd;Nlh khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jk;. ,jd;

mbg;gilapy; v]. gp. rpd;fh fth;dh;

n[duy; fTd;rpy; epakdk;

1911 ,e;jpahtpd; jiyefuk;

fy;fj;jhtpy; ,Ue;J by;ypf;F khw;wk;.

tq;fg; gphptpid iftplg;gLjy;.

,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa fPjkhf [dfdkd

ghly; fy;fj;jh khehl;by; ghlg;gl;lJ.

jpy;yp jh;ghhpy; Ie;jhk; [hh;[; kd;dh;

,e;jpahtpd; rf;futh;j;jpahf Kb #ly;>

Kjy; Vh; nkapy; rh;tP]; Jtf;fk;. kf;fs;

njhif fzf;nfLg;G

1913 ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$Uf;F Nehgy; ghpR.

3.5.1913y; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;

jpiug;glkhd ,uh[h `hpr;re;jpuh

Kk;igapy; fhuNd\d; rpdpkh

jpiuauq;fpy; Nfhtpe;j gy;Nf (jhjh

rhfpg; gy;Nf) vd;gtuhy; jpiuaplg;gl;lJ

1913 fy;tpf;fhd jPh;khdq;fs;

1914 fhe;jp njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpy; ,Ue;J

,e;jpah brk;gh; khjk; Gwg;gl;L 1915y;

,e;jpah tUif. Kjy; cyfg;Nghh;

Jtf;fk;

1915 ,e;jpa ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;

1916 rl;yh; fkp\d;. ,e;jpa Njrpa

fhq;fpu]; K];yPk; yPf; yf;Ndh

cld;gbf;if. jyRa Ml;rp ,af;fq;fs;

Njhd;Wjy;. fhrp ,e;J gy;fiyf; fofk;

njhlf;fk;

1919 Vg;uy; 13 md;W mkph;juru]; efhpy;

[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy. khz;NlF

nrk;];Nghh;L rPh;jpUj;jk;. %d;whtJ

Mg;fhd; Nghh;. Kjy; cyfg; Nghh;

KbTWjy;. rPf;fpah;fs; Rje;jpu

Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhs;Sjy;

1920-22 fhe;jpapd; xj;Jioahik

,af;fk;.

1921 RNjr murh;fspd; rq;fk;.

khg;gps;iskhh;fspd; fyfk;> Nty;];

,sturh; ,e;jpah tUif

1922 xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;. fpyhgj;

,af;fk;

1922 gpg;uthp nrshp nrsuh fytuk;

1923 Rauh[;a fl;rp Jtf;fk;. tq;fhsj;

Njh;jypy; rp. Mh;. jh]; ntw;wp

1924 yh$h; K];yPk; yPf; khehL. 1916

yf;Ndh cld;gbf;iff;F gpwF K];yPk;

yPf; fhq;fpu]; jdpj;jdp khehLfs;

elj;jpaj

1924 fhd;G+hpy; ,e;jpa fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp

Jtf;fk;

1927-1929y; fhe;jpabfs; rj;jpa Nrhjid

vd;w jd;Dila Ra rhpijia

F[uhj;jpy; vOJjy;. mjid rh; KfkJ

,f;ghy; cUJ kw;Wk; ngh;rpa nkhop

ngah;j;jy;

1930 rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; kw;Wk; cg;G

rj;jpahfpufk;

1931y; Kjyhk; tl;l Nkir khehL

kw;Wk; fhe;jp ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk;

1932 ,e;jpa tpkhdg; gil Jtf;fk;. N[.

Mh;. b. lhlh tpkhdk; %yk; fuhr;rpapy;

,Ue;J Kk;igf;F tUif. ,uz;lhtJ

rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk;

1935 ,e;jpa muR rl;lk;

1937y; Vg;uy; 1 Kjy; gh;kh ,e;jpahtpy;

,Ue;J gphpjy;

1939 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; Jtf;fk;. 9

khfhzq;fspy; fhq;fpu]; mikr;rh;fs;

tpyfy;

1941y; Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; ,e;jpahtpy;

,Ue;J jg;gp ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;ij

mikj;jy;

1941y; [g;ghd; Nghhpy; Eioe;J Pearl

Harbour jhf;Fjy;

1942 rpq;fg;G+h; tPo;r;rp> fphpg;]; J}Jf; FO

Kk;igapy; $ba mfpy ,e;jpa

fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; nts;isaNd

ntspNaW ,af;fk; Jtq;f xg;Gjy;

1943 tq;fhsj;jpy; gQ;rk;

18.2.1946y; ,e;jpa flw;gil fyfk;>

19.2.1946y; Nfgpdl; kp\d; epakdk;.

16.5.1946y; Nfgpdl; kp\d; mwptpg;G.

[t`h;yhy; NeU jiyikapy; 2.9.1946y;

,ilf;fhy muR.

1947 – 8.6.1948w;F Kd; ,e;jpahtpw;F

Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gLk; vd ,q;fpyhe;J

mwptpj;jy;. 20.2.1947y; kTz;l;Ngl;ld;

gpuG epakdk; nra;jy;. ,e;jpa gphptpid

jpl;lj;ij 3.6.1947 md;W kTz;l; Ngl;ld;

mwptpj;jy;. cs;Jiw mikr;rh; rh;jhh;

ty;yggha; gNly; ,e;jpa rpw;wuRfis

xUq;fpizj;jy;. ,e;jpah kPJ ghfp];jhd;

fh\;kPUf;fhf Nghh; njhLj;jy;. ,uh[h

`hprpq; fh\;kPiu ,e;jpahTld;

,izj;jy;

1948 fhe;jpabfs; ehJuhk; Nfhl;Nrtpdhy;

Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gLjy;. fh\;kPh; kPJ

If;fpa ehl;L rig jPh;khdk;

1950 ,e;jpah FbauR ehlhf mwptpj;jy;.

rh;jhh; ty;yggha; gNly; kuzk;. lhf;lh;

,uhNre;jpugpurhj; Kjy; FbauRj;

jiytuhf Njh;T

fhyf; fbfhuk; - 1950f;Fg;gpd;

1951 Kjy; 5 Mz;Lj; jpl;lk; eilKiw

gLj;Jjy;

1952 Kjy; nghJj; Njh;jy;

1953 vtnu];l; rpfuj;jpd; kPJ nld;rpq;

kw;Wk; `py;yhhp Vwp rhjid gilj;jy;

1954 ,e;jpahtpy; gpnuQ;R FbNaw;wq;fs;

,izjy; k;wwk; gQ;r rPyf; nfhs;if

1956 ,e;jpahtpy; nkhopthhp khepyq;fs;

cUthFjy;. ,uz;lhtJ 5 Mz;Lj;

jpl;lk;. ghfp];jhdpy; Gjpa murpayikg;G

cUthFjy;

1957 ,e;jpahtpy; ,uz;lhtJ nghJj;

Njh;jy;.

1958 ,e;jpahtpy; vil Nghd;wtw;wpy;

nkl;hpf; eilKiw mKy;gLj;Jjy;

1960y; gk;gha; kw;Wk; nrsuh\;buh

gFjpfs; kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk; F[uhj; vd

khw;wJy;

1961y; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpahplkpUe;J Nfhth

ifgw;wg;gLjy; kw;Wk; mjid

,e;jpahTld; ,izj;jy;

1961y; mzpNruh ehLfs; cUthf;Fjy;

1962y; ,e;jpah rPdh Nghh;. %d;whtJ

nghJj; Njh;jy;

1963y; jk;gh jsj;jpy; Kjy; uhf;nfl;

VTjy;

1964 [t`h;yhy; NeU kuzk;. yhy;

gfJ}h; rh];jphp ,uz;lhtJ gpujk

mikr;ruhf epakdk;

1965-66y; ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd; Nghh;

1966y; ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd; jh\;fz;l;

xg;ge;jk;

1966y; ,e;jpuhfhe;jp gpujk mikr;ruhf

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLjy;. gQ;rhg; gQ;rhgp

NgRk; khepykhf gQ;rhg;Gk; ,e;jp NgRk;

khepykhf mhpahdhTk; gphpf;fg;gLjy;

1967 ,e;jpahtpy; ehd;fhtJ nghJj;

Njh;jy;

1968 fhq;fpu]; ,uz;lhtjhf ciljy;

1969 fhq;fpu]; fl;rp ,uz;lhtjhf

gphpjy;. tp.tp.fphp ,e;jpahtpd; FbauR

jiytuhf Njh;e;njLj;jy;

1970 Nkfhyah khepyk; cUthFjy;

1971 ,khr;ry gpuNjrk; cUthFjy;.

Mnkhpf;fh [dhjpgjp epf;rDld; ,e;jpuh

fhe;jp re;jpg;G. ,e;jpah Nrhtpaj;

,uh\;ahTld; xg;ge;jk; ,e;jpah

ghfp];jhd; Nghh;. tq;f Njrk; vd;w ehL

cUthFjy;

1972 rpk;yh xg;ge;jk;. Tlfpof;F

vy;iyg;Gw khfhzq;fis rPuikj;J

jphpGuh kw;Wk; kzpg;G+h; cUthFjy;.

5tJ nghJj; Njh;jy;

1973 ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd; by;yp xg;ge;jk;

1974y; nghf;uhdpy; Kjy; mZ Fz;L

Nrhjid

1975y; Nfhyhyk;G+hpy; eilngw;w cyf

`hf;fp Nghl;bapy; ntw;wp. Kjy;

,e;jpahtpd; tpz;ntspf; fyk; Mhpa

gl;lh Vtg;gLjy;. rpf;fpk; ,e;jpahtpd;

gFjpahf mwptpj;jy;. FLk;gf;

fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;. [Pd; 26> mtru

epiy gpufldk; nra;jy;

1976 jpUkz taJ Mz;fSf;F 21

vd;Wk; ngz;fSf;F 18 vd;Wk; eph;zak;

nra;jy;

1977-78 Njh;jypy; ,e;jpuh fhe;jp Njhy;tp

nkuhh;[p Njrha; Ml;rp ,oj;jy;. ruz;rpq;

gpujk mikr;rh; #iy 28y; gjtp Vw;W

Mf];l; 28y; Ml;rp ,oj;jy;

1980y; VohtJ nghJj; Njh;jy;. ,e;jpuh

fhe;jp ntw;wp

1980 xypk;gpf; Nghl;bapy; ,e;jpah `hf;fp

tpisahl;by; jq;fk; ntd;wJ

1981 =`hp Nfhl;lhtpy; ,Ue;J Nuhfpzp

Vtg;gLjy;. Kjy; njhiyj; njhlh;G

tpz;ntspf; fyk; Mg;gps; Vtg;gLjy;

1983 %d;whtJ cyf fphpf;nfl;

Nfhg;igia fgpy; Njt; jiyikapy;

nty;Yjy;

1982-84y; rPf;fpah;fs; gpe;jud; thNyh

jiyikapy; fhyp];jhd; vd jdp ehL

NfhUjy;. nghw;Nfhtpypy; ,uhZtk;

Eiojy;

31.10.1984 ,e;jpuh fhe;jp gLnfhiy

nra;ag;gLjy;

3.12.1984y; Nghghy; A+dpad; fhh;igL

tp\ thA rk;gtk;

1985 The Narcotic Drugs and

Psychotropic Substances Act

1985 rpwg;G ghJfhg;G gil (Speical

Protection Group_) cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

1985 ,e;jpuh fhe;jp Njrpa jpwe;jntsp

gy;fiyf; fofk;

1985 jlh rl;lk; (Terrorist and

Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act

(TADA)

The National Consumer Disputes

Redressal Commission is set up under the

Consumer Protection Act of 1986

1989y; 9tJ nghJj; Njh;jy;. ,uh[Pt;

fhe;jp jiyikapy; fhq;fpu];

Njhy;tpailjy;. tp. gp. rpq; gpujk

mikr;rh;

1990y; kz;ly; fkp\d; mwpf;if

1991 tp. gp. rpq; Ml;rp ek;gpf;if

ngWghd;ik ,oj;jy;. re;jpuNrfh;

gpujkuhf gjtp Vw;W rpwpJ fhyj;jpy;

ek;gpf;if ngWk;ghd;ik ,oj;jy;. uh[Pt;

fhe;jp nfhy;yg;gLjy;. eurpk;k; uht; gpujk

mikr;ruhf gjtp Vw;wy;

1992-94y; kd;Nkhfd; rpq; jiyikapy;

eurpk;kuht; Gjpa nghUshjhu nfhs;if

nghUshjhu rPh;jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

ghgh; k#jp ,bj;jy;

2000 Nk khjk; ,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs;

njhif 1 gpy;ypad; miljy;

History of School Education Department

Year Event

1826 – Board of Public Instructions established

1841 – Frist High School opened in Madras

1849 – High Schools for Girls Opened

1854 – Directorate of Public Instruction

established

1892 – Madras Educational Rules enforced

1910 – Board of Secondary Education

established

1911 – SSLC Public Examination conducted for

the first time

1921 – Madras Elementary Educational Rules

enforced

1924 – Compulsory and Free Education

introduced in some slected places

1953 – rl;lf; fy;tp ,af;Feufk;

cUthf;Fjy;

1956 kjpa czTj; jpl;lk; nray;gLj;Jjy;

1957 – njhopy; El;gf; fy;Y}hp ,af;Feufk;

Njhw;Wtpj;jy;

1960 – Scheme for Free supply of Uniforms for

School Children organized

1964 – Introduction of Free Educationl upto

high school level

1965 – fy;Y}hp ,af;Feufk; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;

1969 jkpo;ehL ghlE}y; epWtdk;

Njhw;Wtpj;jy;

1972 nghJ E}yfj; Jiw ,af;Feufk;

Njhw;Wtpj;jy;

1973 – Directorate of Government

Examinations and SCERT established

1976 – Directorate of Non-formal and Adult

Education established

1977 – Higher Secondary Edcuation (10+2)

introduced

1981 – Teachers in Panchayat Union Schools

become Government Employees

1982 – Nutirition Meal Scheme introduced

1985 – Free supply of Text Books and Uniforms

upto VIII Standard extended

1986 – Directorate of Elementary education

established. Implementation of National Policy

on Education, Teachers in Muncipal / Township

/ Corporation become Government Employees

1988-1990 – Introduction of revised syllabus

based on National Policy for I – XII standards

1990 – Directorate to Teacher Education

Research and Training established

2001 – Directorate of Matriculation School

formed

jkpof tuyhW

jkpof tuyhw;wpy;> tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l

fhyj;ij 1. Gioa fw;fhyk; 2. Gjpa

fw;fhyk; 3. cNyhf fyhk; 4. ngUq;fy;

fhyk; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;

uhgl; G&]; G+l; Kjd; Kjypy;

Fthh;l;irl; fUtpfis nrd;idf;F

mUfpy; cs;s gy;yhtuj;jpy;

fz;lwpe;jhh;

nrd;idia mLj;Js;s gy;ytGuk;

rkntspapYk;> tl kJiuapYk;

,f;fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j iff;Nfhlhhpfs;

kw;Wk; rpwpa fw;fUtpfs; fpilj;Js;sd

Gjpa fw;fhyk;

jkpofj;jpy; Gjpa fw;fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j

kl;ghz;lq;fs; jpUney;Ntyp> Nryk;>

GJf;Nfhl;ilk w;Wk; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp

khtl;lq;fspy; fpilj;Js;sd

Gjpa fw;fhy kf;fs; ,oe;Njhiu

topgl;ldh;

cNyhff; fhyk;

kdpjd; mwpe;j Kjy; cNyhfk; nrk;G

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; kdpjd; ,Uk;ig;

fz;lwpe;J gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpdh;.

nrd;idia mLj;Js;s ngUk;GJ}h; vd;w

,lj;jpy; fw;fhyf; fUtpfSld;

,Uk;gpdhy; Md fUtpfSk;

fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld.

ngUq;fy; fhyk;:

ngUq;fy; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ePj;jhh;

epidTr; rpd;dk; vd;gJ nghUs;

ngUq;fw;fhy ePj;jhh; epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;

fhQ;rpGuk;> NtY}h;> jpUtz;zhkiy>

flY}h;> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp kw;Wk;

GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lq;fspy;

fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

kw;nwhU tif cly; mlf;fj;jpw;F kz;

jhop mlf;fk; vd;W ngah;. jpUney;Ntyp

khtl;lk; Mjpr;r ey;Y}hpy; ,j;jifia

jhopfs; fpilj;Js;sd

jq;fk; kw;Wk; ,Uk;gpyhdh nghUl;fs;

,j;jhopfspy; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.

,Uk;gpdhyhd Nty; ,q;F

fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ.

jkpof tuyhW

Nrho muR: Kw;fhy Nrhourh;fs;

1. ,sNrl;nrd;dp 2. fhpfhy Nrhod;

2. neLq;fps;sp 4. eyq;fps;sp 5. fps;sp

tstd; 6. Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod; 7.

Nfhr;nrq; fz;zd; 8. ngUehw; fps;sp

Nrho muR:

Nrho ehL> fhtphp #o;ehL> ePh;ehL kw;Wk;

Gdy; ehL vdg;gl;lJ. fhtphp ejpg;

gs;sj;jhf;fpy; ePh; gha;tjhy; Nrho ehL

ePh;tsk; kpf;fjhf tpsq;fpaJ

Nrhoh;fspd; jiyefh; ciwA+h;>

JiwKfk; fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdk;

Nrhoh;fspd; rpd;dk; GypahFk;

fps;sp> tstd;> nrd;dp> Nrhod; Nghd;w

ngah;fisj; jhq;fpa NrhoehL

jw;Nghija jQ;ir jpUr;rp khtl;lk;

cs;slf;fpajhf ,Ue;jJ

fhpfhyd;

fhpfhyd; rq;ffhyr; Nrhoh;fspd; Gfo;

kpf;fth;. gl;bdg;ghiy kw;Wk;

nghUeuhw;Wg;gil fhpfhyidg; gw;wp

tpthpf;fpd;wd

fhtphpapd; FWf;Nf fy;yizia

mikj;jhh;.

rq;ffhyj;jpy; Gfhh; efuk; rpwe;j thzpg

efuhkhfTk;> JiwKfkhfTk;>

,uz;lhtJ jiyefukhfTk; jpfo;e;jJ

fhpfhyDf;Fg; gpwF eyq;fps;sp>

fps;sptstd;> Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod;

MfpNahh; Ml;rp Ghpe;jdh;.

rq;ffhy Nrhohpd; Ml;rp Nfhr;

nrq;fzhd; fhyj;NjhL KbTf;F te;jJ

fhpfhydhy; Mjhpf;fg;gl;l Gyth;

cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;. ,th; vOjpa ghly;

gl;bdg;ghiy

thifg;gue;jiyg; Nghhpy; ntd;w kd;dh;

fhpfhyd;

gy;yth;fs; Ml;rp tPo;r;rpAw;wNghJ

gpw;fhy Nrhoh;fs; Ml;rp Jtq;fpaJ

Nru muR:

rq;ffhyr; Nruh;fs; thdth;> tpy;yth;>

kiyah; vdg;gl;ldh;. Kjyhtjhf

cjpad; Nruyhjd; kuGk;> ,uz;lhtjhf

,Uk;nghiw kuGk; Nru ehl;il Ml;rp

Ghpe;jd

Nruh;fspd; jiyefuk; tQ;rp> mth;fspd;

JiwKfk; njhz;b> Krpwp Nruh;fspd;

rpd;dk; tpy; mk;G MFk;.

neLQ;rNruyhjd; flk;gh;fis ntd;whh;.

,th; ,katuk;gd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

rq;f fhyr; Nruh;fspy; jiyrpwe;j kd;dh;

nrq;Fl;Ltd;> gjpw;Wg;gj;J> mfehD}Wk;>

nrq;Fl;Ltd; gw;wpa nra;jpfis $wpaJ.

,th; fhpfhyd; Nrho ehl;il Ml;rp

nra;jNghJ Nruehl;il Ml;rp nra;jhh;

nrq;Fl;Ltdpd; ,styhd

,sq;Nfhtbfs; rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij

,aw;wpdhh;

Nruyhjd; ngUk; Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw>

fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiw MfpNahh;

Gfo;kpf;ftuhth;. rq;f fhy Nru ehL

jw;fhy Nfusg; gFjpia

cs;slf;fpajhf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt

NfusGj;jpuh;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

ghz;ba muR:

rq;f fhyg; ghz;ba muR kJiu.

jpUney;Ntyp> ,uhkehjGuk;

khtl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf ,Ue;jJ

ghz;ba murh;fs; khwd;> tOjp> nropad;

Nghd;w ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gl;ldh;

kJiu ghz;bah;fspd; jiyefuhkhfTk;

nfhw;if JiwKfkhfTk;> kPd;

rpd;dkhfTk; tpsq;fpaJ

KJFLkpg; ngUtOjp vd;w ghz;ba

kd;dd; jdJ ntw;wpfisg; Nghw;Wk;

tifapy; gy Nts;tpfisr; nrajjhy;

gy;ahrhiy vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngaiug;

ngw;whd;

G+jg;ghz;bad; vd;w murd; rpwe;j

tPudhfTk; Gytiug; Nghw;Wk;

ts;syhfTk; tpsq;fpdhd;.

G+jg;ghz;bad; kidtp ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L

rpwe;j ngz;ghw;Gytuhthh;

Mhpag;gil fle;j neLQ;nropad; vd;w

kd;dd; rpyg;gjpfhu ehafdhf

NfhtyDf;F jtwhf jz;lid toq;fp

gpd; czh;e;jTlNd capiu tpl;lhd;

jiyahyq;fhdj;J nrUntd;w

neLQ;nropad; jiyahyq;fhdk; vd;w

,lj;jpy; ele;j Nghhpy; Nru> Nrho>

kw;Wk; FWepy kd;dh;fspd;

$l;Lg;gilfis Kwpabj;jhd;

fpNuf;f ehLfSld; njhlh;Gilath;fs;

Gfo;ngw;w kd;dh; - neLQ;nropad;

rpwe;j nfhil ts;syhf tpsq;fpa

,td; khq;Fb kUjdhh; Nghd;w gy

Gyth;fis Mjhpj;Jg; Nghw;wpdhh;

rq;f fhyk;

jkpofj;jpd; njspthd tuyhW rq;f

fhyj;jpypUe;Nj njhlq;FfpwJ. rq;fk;

vd;w nrhy;Yf;F fofk; vd;gJ nghUs;

mNrhfhpd; ghiwf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk;

fhyNtydpd; mjpFk;gh fy;ntl;L jkpof

muRfis gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd

goq;fhyj; jkpo; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fisg;

gw;wp mwpe;Jf;nfhs;s fOF kiyf;

fy;ntl;Lfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.

jpUf;NfhtpY}h; fy;ntl;L FWepy

kd;dh;fisg; gw;wpAk; jkpo;g; Gyth;

fgpyhpd; Jaukhd Kbitg; gw;wpAk;

$WfpwJ

GfY}Uf;F mUfpYs;s Mh;ehl;lhh;

kiyf; fy;ntl;L Nru kd;dh;fis gw;wp

$Wfpd;wJ.

jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; Mjpr;r ey;Y}hpy;

uhgh; G&];G+l; vd;gth; mfoha;Tfis

Nkw;nfhz;lhh;

GJf;Nrhpf;F mUfpy; mhpf;fNkL vd;w

,lj;jpy; Jg;Nuy; kw;Wk; khh;bkh;tPyh;

Nghd;w mwpQh;fs; mfoha;Tfs;

nra;jdh;. mg;NghJ Nuhkhdpa

kl;ghz;lq;fs;> fz;zhbf;Ftisfs;>

,uj;jpdq;fs;> ehzaq;fs; Nghd;wit

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld

fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpw;F mUfpy; fPioA+h;

vd;w ,lj;jpy; rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;ijr;

Nrh;e;j Gj;j tpf;fpufk;

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

G+k;Gfhh; flw;gFjpapy; fz;L

gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s rq;f fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j

fg;gw; rpijTfs; kpfr; rpwe;j njhy;ypay;

rhd;whFk;

nkf]jdp]; vOjpa ,z;bfh ];l;uhNgh>

gpspdp jhykp Nghd;w Mrphpah;fSk; rq;f

fhyj;ijg; gw;wp gy mhpa jfty;fis

mspj;Js;sdh;. ,yq;if E}y;fshd

kfhtk;rk;> jPgtk;rk; Mfpad

rq;fq;fspd; fhyj;ij eph;zapf;fg;

gad;gLfpd;wd

fp. K. %d;whk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fp. gp.

%d;whk; E}w;whz;L tiu rq;f fhyk;

ePbj;jJ.

1. jiyr; rq;f fhyk; fp. K. 9654 – fp.

K. 5214

2. ,ilr; rq;f fhyk; fp. K. 5210 – fp.

K. 1510

3. filr; rq;f fhyk; fp. K. 1500 fp. K.

350

Kjw; rq;fk; eilngw;w ,lk; njd;

kJiu

,ilr; rq;fk; eilngw;w ,lk; fhghlGuk;

,g;gFjpfs; ,e;J khf;flypy; %o;fp

tpl;ljhy; ghz;ba murh;fs; kJiuapy;

%d;whtJ jkpo;r;rq;fj;ij epWtpdh;

filr;rq;fk; eilngw;w ,lk; tl kJiu

rq;f fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs;

njhy;fhg;gpak;> vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L

Mfpad rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fshFk;.

,tw;wpy; njhy;fhg;gpak; kpfTk;

njhd;ikahd rq;f ,yf;fz E}yhFk;

njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij ,aw;wpath;

njhy;fhg;gpah;

,ilr; rq;f fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;j ,e;

E}Ny ekf;F fpilj;j gioikahd

,yf;fz E}yhFk;

vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs;

1. ew;wpiz 2. FWe;njhif 3. Iq;FWE}W

4. fypj;njhif 5. mfehD}W 6.

GwehD}W 7. gjpw;Wg; gj;J 8. ghpghly;

gj;Jg;ghl;L

jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> ngUeuhw;Wg;gil>

ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil> rpWghzhw;Wg;gil>

kiygLflhk; (m) $j;juhw;Wg;gil>

FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L> Ky;iyg;ghl;L>

gl;bdg;ghiy> neLey;thil> kJiuf;

fhQ;rp

gjpndz;fPo;fzf;F E}y;fs;:

1. ehybahh; 2. ehd;kpzf;fbif 3. ,d;dh

ehw;gJ 4. ,dpait ehw;gJ 5. fhh; ehw;gJ 6.

fstpop ehw;gJ 7. jpUfLfk; 8. Mrhu Nfhit

9. Gopnkhop> 10. rpWgQ;r%yk; 11.

KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp 12. Vyhjp 13. jpUf;Fws; 14.

Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ 15. Ie;jpiz vOgJ 16.

jpiznkhop Ik;gJ 17. Jpizkhiy

E}w;iwk;gJ 10. ife;epiy

rq;f fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if

rq;f fhy jkpoh;fs; jpizfs; vdg;gl;l

Ie;J NtWgl;l ,aw;ifahd

epyg;gFjpapy; tho;e;jdh;. mit

1. FwpQ;rp 2. Ky;iy 3. kUjk; 4. nea;jy;

5. Ghiy

FwpQ;rp

kiyAk; mjidr; rhh;e;j kiyg;gFjp

kf;fspd; Ntl;Lth;> Futh; vdg;gl;ldh;.

KUfd; my;yJ NrNahd; vd;w flTis

tzq;fpdhh;

Ky;iy

fhLk; mjidr; rhh;e;j gFjp

Nka;r;ry; njhopy; kf;fs; Mah; my;yJ

Nfhtyh; vdg;gl;ldh;

flTs; jpUkhy; my;yJ khNahd;

ghiy

ghiytdj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;

kf;fs; kwth; my;yJ fs;th; vdg;gl;ldh;

nfhw;witia topgl;ldh;

FWepy kd;dh;fs;

jkpofj;jpd; gy gFjpfspy; FWepy

kd;dh;fSk; Ml;rp Ghpe;jdh;. ,th;fs;

Ntsph;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh.

Ntsph;fspy; kpfr; rpwe;jth;fs; filNaO

ts;sy;fs; Mthh;fs;

ghhp> Xhp> fhhp> vopdp> Ngfd;> Ma;> es;sp

MfpNahh; filnaO ts;sy; Mthh;

fgpyh;> mt;itahh;> ey;yhjdhh;>

ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; Nghd;w jkpo;g;

Gyth;fis ,th;fs; Mjhpj;jdh;.

mjpakhdpd; mitg; Gytuhf mt;itahh;

rpwe;j rkhjhdj; J}Jtuhf jpfo;e;jhh;

Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;

me;jzh;> murh;> itrpah;> Ntshsh; vd;w

ehd;F gphpT fhzg;gl;lJ

mt;itahh;> fhf;if ghbdpahh;>

er;nrs;isahh; Nghd;wth;fs; Kf;fpa

ngz;ghw; Gyth;fs;

fypq;fk; vd;gJ nky;ypa Miliaf;

Fwpf;Fk;.

njhlf;fj;jpy; gz;lkhw;W Kiw ,Ue;jJ

,we;j tPuh;fSf;F eLfy; el;ldh;

rq;F> ghiw> Foy;> ahop Nghd;w ,ir

fUtpfs; ,Ue;jd

fhpfhyd; Vopir ty;ytd; vd;W

Nghw;wg;gl;lhd;

Gfhh; efhpy; Mz;L NjhWk; ,e;jpu tpop

eilngw;wJ

md;whl eph;thfj;jpy; murDf;F

cjtpahf ,uz;L FOf;fs; nray;gl;ld.

mit Ik;ngUq;FO vz;Nguhak;

rq;f fhyj;jpy; muRfs; kz;lyk;> ehL>

tsehL> $w;wk; vd miof;fg;gl;ld

fpuhkq;fs; %j;Njhh; mlq;fpa mitfs;

kd;wk;> nghjpapy;> mit kw;Wk; mk;gyk;

vd;W miof;fg;gl;ld

fpNuf;f – cNuhkhdpaj; njhlh;Gfs;:

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; fpNuf;fh;fis

atdh;fs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd

gpspdp> lhykp> GUlhh;f;> nrq;flw; nryT

vd;w E}ypd; Mrphpah; MfpNahh; fpNuf;f

– cNuhkhdpah;fspd; th;j;jf cwTfis

Fwpf;fpd;wdh;. gpspdp vOjpa Gj;jfj;jpd;

ngah; Naturalis Historia (“Natural

History”)

GJNf vd;gJ mhpf;fNkl;il Fwpf;Fk;.

,q;F cNuhkhdpa th;j;jf epiyak;

,Ue;jJ. ,q;F fpNuf;f – cNuhkhdpa

ehzaq;fs; Nghd;wit fpilj;Js;sJ.

fpNuf;fh;fs; mhprpia xhpr vd;W

mioj;jdh;

rq;fk; kUtpa fhyk;: fsg;gpuh;fs;

fp.gp.3 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy; rq;f

fhyk; KbTf;F te;jJ

rq;f fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpg; gFjpia rq;fk;

kUtpa fhyk; vd;gh;

rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpait

rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy kw;Wk;

gjpnzd;fPof;fzf;F E}y;fs;

,f;fhyj;ij ,Uz;l fhyk; vd;W

miog;gh;

jkpo; ehtyh; rhpij> ahg;ngUq;fyk;>

nghpaGuhzk;> Nts;tpf;Fb kw;Wk;

jstha;Guk; nrg;NgLfs; jpUg;GfY}h;

fy;ntl;L kw;Wk; fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; cs;s

itFe;j ngUkhs; Nfhtpy; fy;ntl;L

Mfpait fsg;gpuh;fis Fwpj;J mwpa

cjTk; rhd;WfshFk;. mr;Rj fsg;ghsd;

vd;w fsg;gpu kd;didf; Fwpj;J

ahg;ngUq;fyk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

tlnkhopAk; gpuhfpUjKk; mwpKfg;

gLj;jg;gl;d. tl;nlOj;J vd;w Gjpa thp

tbtk; tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ

rPtf rpe;jhkzp> Fz;lyNfrp> epfz;Lfs;

,aw;wg;gl;ld

Gj;j> rkz rkak; Ntfkhf gutpaJ

Gj;j jj;jhp> Gj;j Nfh\h; kw;Wk; Nghjp

jh;kh; Nghd;w Gj;j mwpQh;fs; kw;Wk;

rh;tee;jp> t[;uee;jp Nghd;w rkz

mwpQh;fs; tho;e;jdh;.

jpUg;ghjphpGypA+hpy; rkzg;gs;sp xd;W

nray;gl;lJ

fsg;gpuh;fspd; ,Wjpapy; kd;dh;fs; irt

rkaj;ij jOtpdhh;

ghz;ba kd;dd; fLq;Nfhd; njd; jkpo;

ehl;ilAk; gy;yt murd; rpk;k tp\;Z

njhz;il kw;Wk; Nrho kz;lyj;ijak;

fsg;gpuh;fsplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wp fsg;gpuh;

Ml;rpia KbTf;F nfhz;L te;jdh;.

njd;dpe;jpa NguuRfs; (fp.gp. 601-1300)

gy;yth;fs;:

gy;yth;fs; Njhw;wk; gw;wp gy;NtW

fUj;Jfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Nrho murDf;Fk; ,yq;ifia mLj;j

kzpgy;ytj; jPitr; rhh;e;j ehf mur

Fkhhpf;Fk; ,ilNa Njhd;wpa

,se;jpiuad; vd;w kuigr; rhh;e;jth;fs;

(my;yJ) kfhuh\;buj;jpypUe;J te;j

Mhpah;fs; (my;yJ) guj;th[;

Nfhj;jpuj;ijr; rhh;e;j tl ,e;jpa

gpuhkzh;fs; (my;yJ) Me;jpuhit Mz;L

te;j rhjthfzh;fspd; fPo; rpw;wurh;fshf

,Ue;J gpd; rhjthfdh;fspd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg;

gpd; typik tha;e;jth;fshf

cUthdth;fs;.

gy;yth;fis 3 gphpthf gphpf;fyhk;

1. gpuhfpUj nkhopapy; gl;laq;fis

ntspapl;l Kw;fhy gy;yth;fs;

2. tlnkhopapy; gl;laq;fis ntspapl;l

,ilf;fhy gy;yth;fs;

3. fpue;j jkpo;nkhopapy; gl;laq;fis

ntspapl;l gpw;fhy gy;yth;fs;

Kf;fpa gy;yt kd;dh;fs;

Kjy; gy;yt kugpid Njhw;Wtpj;jth;

tPuFh;r;rdd; Mthh;

,thpd; kfd; rpy ];fe;j th;kd; ,th;

mRtNkf ahfk; nra;jhh;. ,tUf;F

kfhuhrhjpuhrd; vd;w gl;lg;ngah; cz;L

tp\;Z Nfhgd;:

gy;yt kd;dh;fspy; Kf;fpakhdth;

,th; rKj;jpu Fg;juhy;

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lth;

kNfe;jputh;kd;:

,tuJ fhyj;jpy; rhSf;fpa kd;dd;

,uz;lhk; GypNfrp Nghhpl;L ntq;fpia

ifg;gw;wpdhd;.

,th; kNfe;jpukq;fyj;jpy; (khkz;^h;)

rpj;jNkfj; jhflfk; vd;w Vhp mikj;jhh;

Rkzj;ij Mjhpj;j ,th; gpw;fhyj;jpy;

irt kjj;jpw;F khwpajhy;> rkz kjk;

jdJ nry;thf;fpid ,oe;jJ

,th; rpj;jufhu Gyp> tprpj;jpu rpj;jd;

kj;j tpyhrd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;

FLkpahd; kiyf; fy;ntl;L ,tuJ

,irg; Gyikia $Wfpd;wJ

Kjyhk; eurpk;kth;kd;:

,th; khky;yd; vdg;gl;lhh;

Athd; Rthq; fp.gp. 640y; fhQ;rpGuk;

te;jhh;.

gpd; rhSf;fpa ehl;bd; kPJ Nghh;

njhLj;J mth;fspd; jiyefh; thjhgpia

jPf;fpiuahf;fpdhh;

,jdhy; thjhgp nfhz;lhd; vdg; ngah;

ngw;whh;

rpq;fs kd;dd; khdth;kDf;F cjtpfs;

nra;J Ml;rpAhpikia ngw;Wj; je;jhh;

Nru> Nrho> ghz;bah;fis Nghhpy;

ntd;whh;

,thpd; Gfo; ngw;w jsgjp guQ;Nrhjp.

,th; rpWnjhz;l ehadhh; vd

miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

khky;yGuj;jpy; cs;s flw;fiu

Nfhtpy;fs; ngUk;ghYk; eurpk;k th;kDk;

mtuJ kfd; ,uh[rpk;k th;kdhYk;

fl;lg;gl;lJ.

rpk;k tp\;Z ,th; Nrhoh;> ghz;bah;

kw;Wk; fsg;gpuh;fis ntd;wjhy;

mtdprpk;kd; vdg;ngah; ngw;whh;

gy;yth;fspd; Kf;fpa efuq;fs;

1. fhQ;rpGuk; 2. khky;yGuk; 3. khkz;^h;

4. cj;jpuNk&h; 5. Thjhgp 6.

jpUtjpiy

gy;yth;fspd; fiyj; njhz;L:

fl;blf;fiy: tiffs;

1. ghiwf; Fiffs; 2. Xw;iwf; fy;

,ujq;fs; 3. fl;Lkhdf; Nfhapy;fs;

rpw;gf; fiy: tiffs;

1. Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; 2. Xw;iwf;

fy;Nfhapy;fs; 3. fl;blf; Nfhapy;fs; 4.

kz;lgq;fisf; nfhz;l Nfhapy;fs;

Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs;:

,it nghpa fw;ghiwfisf; File;J

mikf;fg;ngw;w Nfhapy;fs;

,tw;iw kNfe;jputh;kh; mikj;jhh;

fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs;

kNfe;jpu thb> gy;yhtuk;> jsthD}h;>

ehkf;fy;> jpUr;rp> ty;yk; kw;Wk;

khky;yGuk;

khky;yGuj;jpy; cs;s Kk;%h;j;jp Fif>

nfhw;witf; Nfhapy;> Nfhbf;fy; kz;lgk;

Mfpait Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; MFk;

xw;iwf;fy; Nfhapy;fs;:

eurpk;kth;kd; fhyj;jpy; xw;iwf;fy;

Nfhapy;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

khky;yGuj;jpy; cs;s VO fUg;G

gNfhlhf;fs; gQ;r ghz;lth; ,ujq;fs;>

kfplhFukz;lgk;> ahid> ee;jp> rpq;fk;>

mh;Rdd; jtk; nra;Ak; fhl;rp Mfpait

xw;iwf;fy; Nfhapy;fs; MFk;.

fl;blf; Nfhapy;fs;:

,uhr rpk;k th;kdhy; fl;lg;gl;l

khky;yGuj;jpy; cs;s flw;fiu Nfhtpy;

kw;Wk; fhQ;rp iryhr ehjh; Nfhapy;fs;

kz;lgq;fisf; nfhz;l Nfhapy;fs;:

mguh[pjth;kd; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;lit.

jpUtjpif tPul;lhNdRth; Nfhapy; kw;Wk;

jpUj;jzpif Nfhapy;

gy;yth;fs; fl;ba gpw Kf;fpa Nfhtpy;fs;:

kNfe;jptuth;kd; fl;baJ:

kNfe;jputhbapy; cs;s kNfe;jpug;gs;sp

rptd;nfhapy; kw;Wk; jpUtjpifapy;

fl;lg;gl;l Fzgu <r;ruk; GJf;Nfhl;il

Fd;whz;lhh; Nfhtpy;

,uz;lhk; ee;jpth;kd; fl;baJ

fhQ;rp – itFe;jg; ngUkhs; Nfhapy;

$uk; - Nfrtg; ngUkhs; Nfhtpy;

gy;yth;fs; fhy Ez;fiyfs;:

,ir> eldk;> Xtpak;> rpw;gk;

Mfpatw;iw xOq;Nf tsh;j;jth;

kNfe;jputh;kd; gy;ytd; Mthh;. vdNt

,th; rpj;jpufhug;Gyp vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

rpj;jd;dthry; Xtpaq;fs;> khkz;^h;

Fif Xtpaq;fs; fhQ;rp ifyhaehjh;

Nfhtpy; Xtpaq;fs;> gidkiyf; Nfhapy;

Xtpaq;fs; Mfpait gy;yth;fhy

Xtpaq;fs;

gy;yth;fs; fhy ,irf; fUtpfs;:

aho;> tpiz> Foy;> fpd;dhp kj;jsk;>

FlKoh

gpwKf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;:

kj;j tpyhr gpufrdk; vd;w E}iy

vOjpath; kNfe;jpu th;kd;

gy;yth;fspd; flw;fiug; gl;bdk; -

khky;yGuk;

Kjypy; rkz kjj;ijak; gpd; irt

kjj;ijAk; gpd;gw;wpath; kNfe;jputh;kd;

,tiu irt kjj;jpw;F khw;wpath; mg;gh;

eurpk;k gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; Athd; -

Rthq; fhQ;rpGuj;jpw;F te;jhh;

gpw;fhy gy;ytkuig epWtpath; rpk;k

tp\;Z

,uhr rpk;kd; mitapy; ,Ue;j Gyth; -

jz;b

jz;b – jz;bayq;fhuk; fhtpajhprdk;>

Fkhurhpjk; Mfpa E}y;fis vOjpdhh;

ghutp vOjpaE}y; rpuhjh; [Pdpak;

gy;yth;fspd; filrp kd;dd; -

mguh[pjth;kd;

gy;yth;fhyj;jpy; jpUke;jpuk; vd;w E}iy

vOjpa jpU^yh; tho;e;jhh;. ,th; xd;Nw

Fyk; xUtNd Njtd; vd;w jj;Jtj;ij

toq;fpdhh;.

gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j ehad;khh;fs;:

jpUehTf;furh; kw;Wk; jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;

gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j Mo;thh;fs;:

jpUkq;ifaho;thh; kw;Wk; jpUg;ghzho;thh;

fhQ;rp gy;fiyf; fofk;

gz;ila ,e;jpahtpd; Gfo;ngw;w

gy;fiyf;fofk;

,q;F gapd;wth;fs;:

1. jpf;ehfh; - ngsj;j rka E}yhrphpah;

2. kA+urh;kd; - flk;g kugpid epWtpah;

3. jUkghyh; - ehse;jhtpd; Nguhrphpah;

kNfe;jputh;kdpd; ,irj; jpwDf;F

vLj;Jf;fhl;L FLkpahd; kiyf;

fy;ntl;L MFk;

NkYk; gy;yhtuk; Fiff; Nfhapy;

fy;ntl;L rq;fpuzrhjp vd;w ,ir

Fwpg;gpidj; jFe;jJ.

nkhop: gy;yth;fs; Kjd; Kjypy; rkz

kjj;ij rhh;e;jth;fshf ,Ue;jjjhy;

gpufpUj nkhop gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; rk];fpUj nkhop

gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. gy;yth;fs; irtj;jpw;F

khwpaTld; jkpo; nkhop gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

,ilf;fhy Nrhourh;fs;

tp[ayha Nrhod; - 846 – 881

Mjpj;a Nrhod; - 871 – 907

Kjyhk; guhe;jf Nrhod; - 907 – 953

fz;lujpj;jpad; - 950 – 957

mhpQ;ra Nrhod; - 956 – 957

,uz;lhk; guhe;jf Re;ju Nrhod; - 957 – 970

cj;jk Nrhod; - 970 – 985

,uhr ,uhr Nrhod; - 985 – 1014

,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; - 1012 – 1044

,uhrhjp uhr Nrhod; - 1018 – 1054

,uz;lhk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; - 1051 – 1063

tPu ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; - 1063 – 1070

Mjp uhNre;jpu Nrhod; - 1070

rhSf;fpa Nrhoh;fs;

Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; - 1070 – 1120

tpf;uk Nrhod; - 1118 - 1136

,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; - 1133 - 1150

,uz;lhk; ,uh[ ,uh[ Nrhod; - 1146 – 1163

,uz;lhk; ,uhrhjp uhr Nrhod; - 1163 – 1178

%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; - 1178 – 1218

%d;whk; ,uh[ ,uh[ Nrhod; - 1216 – 1256

%d;whk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; - 1246 - 1279

jpUg;Gwk;gpak; Nghhpdhy; gy;yth;fs;

Ml;rp tPo;r;rpAw;w NghJ Nrho muR

kWgbAk; jiyJ}f;f Muk;gpj;jJ

tp[aghyd; vDk; Nrho kd;duhy;

kPz;Lk; jQ;ir Nrhoh; Ml;rp

Jtq;fg;gl;lJ

Nrhoh;fspd; jiyefuk;: jQ;rhT+h;

Murhq;f rpd;dk; : Gyp

rhd;Wfs;

1. kfhtk;rk; 2. nkf];jdp]; Nghd;w

ntspehl;Lg; gazpfspd; Fwpg;Gfs; 3.

My;G&zp vDk; Kfkjpa tuyhw;W

Mrphpahpd; Fwpg;GfshFk;

jQ;ir nghpa Nghtpy; gpufjP];tuh; Mya

fy;ntl;Lfs;

%d;whk; ,uhN[e;jpudpd; Ml;rpKiwiag;

gw;wp $Wk; jpUte;jpGuk; fy;ntl;Lfs;

fpuhk eph;thfk;> thp t#y;Kiw> epy

tUtha; Kiw Mfpait Fwpj;j

cj;jpuNk&h; fy;ntl;Lfs;

md;gpy; nrg;NgLfs;> fd;dpahFkhp

fy;ntl;Lfs;> fue;ij nrg;NgLfs; kw;Wk;

jpUthyq;fhL nrg;NgLfs; kw;Wk;

jpUtyq;fhL nrg;NgLfs;

fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuk; Nfhtpy;

jhuhGuj;jpYs;s IuhtjP];tuh; Myak;

jpUGtdj;jpYs;s fk;gfNu];tuh; Myak;.

,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpy;

Nrf;fpohh; tho;e;jhh;

n[ak; nfhz;lhhpd; fypq;fj;Jg;guzp

xl;lf;$j;jhpd; %d;W cyhf;fs;.

FNyhj;Jq;fd; gps;isj; jkpo;

tPu Nrhopak;> etNrho rhpjk;> ];jy

Guhzk;> Nrho tk;r rhpjk; Mfpait

Kf;fhy Nrhotk;rh; gw;wp mwpa cjTk;

rhd;Wfs; MFk;

gpw;fhy Nrho mur kuit cUthf;fpath;

tp[aghyd;

fp. K. 850y; jQ;iriaf; ifg;gw;wp Nrho

ehl;bd; jiyefuhf;fpdhh;.

gy;yt kd;dh; mguh[pjid Njhw;fbj;J

mtuJ ,uh[;[paj;ij ifg;gw;wpdhh;

,tUf;Fg; gpd; Mjpj;jpa Nrhod;

Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;. ,th; mguh[pjth;kd;

vd;w gy;yt kd;did Njhw;fbj;J

Ml;rpia epiy ehl;bdhh;.

Kjyhk; guhe;jfd; fp. gp. 907 – fp. gp. 953

cj;jpuNk&h; fy;ntl;Lfs; Kjyhk;

guhe;jfd; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ

,th; Mjpj;jadpd; kfdhthh;

ghz;ba kd;didj; Njhw;fbj;J kJiu

nfhz;lhd; vd;Wk; ,yq;if kw;Wk;

ghz;ba murh;fspd; $l;L ,uhZtj;ij

Njhw;fbj;J kJiuAk; <oKk; nfhz;lhd;

vdg; ngah; ngw;whh;

rpjk;guj;jpy; cs;s eluh[h; Myaj;jpw;F

nghd;dy; $iu Nta;e;jhh;. vdNt ,th;

nghd;Nta;e;ej Nrhod; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhh;

,uh\;bu$lturh; %d;whk; fpU\;zdplk;

jf;Nfhyk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; eilngw;w

Nghhpy; Njhw;whh;

Kjyhk; ,uhruhr Nrhod; fp. gp. 985 – fp.

gp. 1014

,uz;lhk; guhe;jfDf;Fk; thdtd; kfh

Njtpf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jth;

jpUtyq;fhL nrg;NgLfs; ,tiug; gw;wp

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ

Nruiu jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;jhh;

nfhy;yj;ij rhh;e;j gh];fu utp

vd;gtiu Njhw;fbj;J fhe;jSh; rhiy

fykUjUspa vd;w gl;lj;ij ngw;whh;

ghz;ba kd;dd; mku G[q;fis

ntd;whh;. ,yq;if kd;dd; Ie;jhk;

kfpe;jhit ntd;W mDuhjhGuj;ij

ntd;whh;. GydUth efuj;ij Gjpa

jiyefuhf;fpdhh;

Nru> Nrho> ghz;bah;fis ntd;wjhy;

Kk;Kbr; Nrhod; vdg;gl;lhh;

tpspq;fk; gFjpia ntd;W jpf;tp[ak;

elj;jpdhh;

epy msit Kiwia

mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;

,uhr ,uhr NrhoDf;F rptghj Nrfud;.

jpUkiwfz;l Nrhod;> mUz;nkhop>

,uhrNfrhp vd;w gl;lg; ngah;fs; cz;L

jQ;irapy; nghpa gpufjP];tuh; vdg;gLk;

rptd; Nfhapy; mikj;j kd;dd; Kjyhk;

uhruhrd; ,f;Nfhtpy; Nrhoh;fspd;

fl;blfiyf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;

ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; mike;j Gj;j

tpf;fpufj;jpw;F ,uhr ,uhrg; ngUk;gs;sp

vd ngahplg;gl;lJ

Mizkq;fyk; fpuhkj;ij Gj;jklj;jpw;F

ed;nfhilahf toq;fpdhh;

,uhr ,uhr Nrhodpd; gl;lj;J kidtp

cyf khNjtp

Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; fp.gp. 1012 – fp.gp.

1044

,th; Kjyhk; uhruhrdpd; kfdhth;

Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpuidg; gw;wp

jpUtyq;fhL nrg;NgLfs;> fue;ij

nrg;NgLfs; Mfpad $Wfpd;wd

tq;fhs murd; Kjyhk; kfpghyid

Njhw;fbj;J fq;ifj; jz;zPiu

fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpw;F mUNf

cs;s Nrho fq;fk; vd;w ePh;g;ghrd

Vhpapy; Nrh;j;jhh;. vdNt fq;if

nfhz;ltd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;

,yq;if> tq;fhsk;> flhuk; kw;Wk;

kNyrpah gFjpfis ntd;wjhy; flhuk;

nfhz;lhd; vd;w fl;lk; #l;lg;ngw;wJ

Knfhz;lhd;> gz;bj Nrhod;> cj;jk

Nrhod; Nghd;w gy gl;lq;fSk;

#l;lg;gl;ld.

,th; jd; jiyefiu jQ;irapy; ,Ue;J

fq;if nfhz;l Nrhog;Guj;jpw;F

khw;wpdhh;

mjpuhN[e;jpu Nrhod;

,th; fpUkp fz;l Nrhod; vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpwhh;

tp[ahya Nrho kutpd; filrp kd;dh;

,tNu

Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fp. gp. 1070 – fp. gp.

1120

,k;kuT rhSf;fpa Nrho kuG vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; gps;isj; jkpo;>

tpf;fpukNrhod; cyh Mfpa E}y;fs;

FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; eph;thfk;> ,uhZt

ntw;wpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ffpd;wd

FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpy; Nrhog;NguuR

kpfTk; gue;J fhzg;gl;lJ.

tpdahjpj;ahtplk; ,Ue;J ntq;fpapd;

Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

thp Rikapy; ,ue;J kf;fis kPl;ljhy;

,th; Rq;fk; jtph;j;j Nrhod; vd;w

rpwg;Gg; gl;lk; ngw;whh;

Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; ,yq;if kd;dd;

tp[aghFf;F jd; kfisf; nfhLj;J

ey;YwT nra;J nfhz;lhh;

fypq;f ehl;il ntd;whh;. nraq;nfhz;lhh;

vd;gth; fypq;fj;Jg;guzp vd;w E}iy

vOjpdhh;

,th; jpUePw;Wr; Nrhod; vd;Wk;

miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; 1133 - 1150

,th; mitapy; Nrf;fpohh; ,Ue;jhh;. ,th;

mWgj;J %d;W rptdbahh;fis nfhz;L

nghpaGuhzk; my;yJ rpWj;njhz;lh;

Guhzk; vd;w E}y; vOjpdhh;

,th; jPtpu irt kjj;jpidr; rhh;e;jth;.

,th; ,uhkhD[iu irt kjj;jpw;F

khWkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhh;

,uhkhD[h; Nrho ehl;by; ,Ue;J

ntspNawp ik#h; mUNf cs;s

n`a;ry murdplk; nrd;whh;

,tuJ mitapy; fk;gh;> xl;lf;$j;jh;>

GfNoe;jp Mfpa jkpo;g; Gyth;fs;

tho;e;jdh;.

Nrhoh;fs; Ml;rp

Nguhrphpah; K. V. epYfz;lrh];jphp

Nrhoh;fhy kf;fspd; r%f> nghUshjhu>

rka tho;f;ifiaf; Fwpj;J

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;

KOjQ;ir khtl;lk;> jpUr;rpapd;

xUgFjp> GJf;Nfhl;il njd;dhw;fhF

Mfpa gFjpfis cs;slf;fpajhf Nrho

kz;lyk; ,Ue;jJ.

Nrhog;NguuR 9 khfhzq;fshfg;

gphpf;fg;gl;L kz;lyq;fs; vdg;gl;lJ

xt;nthU kz;lyKk; Nfhl;lq;fs;

my;yJ tsehLfshf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.

xt;nthU Nfhl;lKk; ehLfshfTk;

xt;nthU ehLk; Ch; my;yJ

fpuhkq;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ

Nrho murhq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa tUtha;

Md epy tUtha; nghJthf

tpisr;rypy; Mwpy; xU ghfkhf (1/6)

,Ue;jJ.

Nrhoh;fs; vilapd; kPJ vilthp vd;w

thpiaAk; cg;gpd; kPJ cg;ghak; vd;w

thpiaAk; Rq;fthpahf thpahak; vd;w

thpiaAk;> tzpfj;jpd; kPJ nrl;biw

vd;w thpiaAk; vz;nza; nghUl;fspd;

kPJ nrf;fpiw vd;w thpiaAk; G+f;fspd;

kPJ filg;G+ vd;w thpiaAk;

nghw;nfhy;yh;fs; kPJ jjh;gl;lk; vd;w

thpiaAk; filfs; kPJ mq;fhb gl;lk;

vd;w thpiaAk; tpjpj;jdh;.

Nrho ,uhZtk; 70 gilg;gphpTfshfg;

gphpf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. Nrho uhZt

ahidg;gilapy; 60>000 ahidfs;

,Ue;jd. tpiyAah;e;j mNugpaf;

Fjpiufs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;L

Fjpiug;gil gyg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

gpuhkzh;fs; FbapUe;j gFjp rJh;Ntjp

kq;fyk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ

FlNthiy Kiw

Nrhoh;fspd; rpwg;gk;rk; fpuhk

$l;likg;ghFk;.

FlNthiy Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;

Kjyhk; guhe;jfr; Nrhod;

cj;jpuNk&h; fy;ntl;L

fpuhk thhpak; kw;Wk; rigfspd; cs;

FlNthiy Kiw %yk;

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh; vd cj;jpuNk&h;

fy;ntl;L $Wfpd;wJ

xt;nthU fpuhkKk; 30 thh;Lfshf

gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. xt;nthU gFjpf;Fk;

xU gpujpepjp FlNthiy Kiwapy;

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;

FlNthiy Kiwapy; Njh;e;njLf;

fg;gLgth; 35 Kjy; 70 taJf;Fs;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mth; jdf;F

nrhe;jkhf 1 Ntyp epyk; cilatuhfTk;

thp nrYj;JgtuhfTk;> nrhe;j epyj;jpy;

tPL cilatuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mbik Kiw ,Ue;jJ

tyq;if ,lq;if rKjhag; gphpTfs;

,Ue;jd. tyq;if gphptpy; 98 rhjpfSk;>

,lq;if gphptpy; 98 rhjpfSk; ,Ue;jJ

Nrho mur FLk;gj;Jg; ngz;fspilNa

rKjhaj;jpy; cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk;

,Ue;jJ

rPd ehl;LlDk; Nrhoh;fs; thzpg cwT

itj;jpUe;jjhf ,gpd;gl;Llh> khh;Nfh

NghNyh Nghd;wth;fspd; Fwpg;Gfs;

$Wfpd;wJ

kfhgypGuk;> fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdk;> NriyA+h;>

nfhw;if Mfpait Nrhoj;Jiw

Kfq;fshFk;

Nrho murh;fs; irth;fs; Mth;

,uhkhD[h; Nrhoh;fs; fhyj;jpy;

tho;e;jhh;

ek;gp Mz;lhh; ek;gp irt Kdpth;fspd;

,irg; ghly;fisAk;> ehjKdp vd;gth;

itzt Mo;thh;fspd; gf;jpg;

ghly;fisAk; njhFj;jhh;fs;.

jkpo; Gyth;fshd fy;yhldhh;> fk;gh;>

GfNoe;jp> xl;lf;$j;jh;> mt;itahh;>

jpUj;jf;fj; Njth; MfpNahh; Nrhoh;fs;

fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jdh;. fhtpaq;fs;> guzp>

Nfhit> cyh> fyk;gfk;> gps;isj;jkpo;

Mfpa ,yf;fpa tiffs; Nrhoh;

fhyj;jpy; Gfo; ngw;wpUe;jd.

jpUj;jf;fj; Njth; rPtf rpe;jhkzpia

vOjpdhh;

Kjyk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpy;>

,uz;lhk; fypq;fj;Jg; Nghiug; gw;wp

fypq;fj;Jg;guzp vd;w E}iy

n[aq;nfhz;lhh; vOjpdhh;

tpf;fpukNrhod;> ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;>

,uz;lhk; ,uh[uh[d; Mfpa %d;W

murh;fspd; mitapy; mitg;Gytuhf

xl;lf;$j;jh; ,Ue;jhh;

tpf;fpuk Nrhod; cyh> FNyhj;Jq;fd;

cyh> ,uh[uh[d; cyh vd;w %d;W

cyh E}y;fisAk;> FNyhj;Jq;fd;

gps;isj; jkpo;> ru];tjp me;jhjp vd;w

E}iyak; xl;lf;$j;jh; ,aw;wpdhh;

fk;guhkhazj;ij fk;gh; vOjpajhy;

%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fk;gehL vd;w

gFjpiaAk;> ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp vd;w

gl;lj;ijAk; toq;fp fk;giu fTutpj;jhh;.

rlNfhgh; me;jhjp> Kk;kzpf;Nfhit

Mfpa E}y;fisAk; fk;gh; vOjpdhh;

GfNoe;jp esntz;ghit ,aw;wpdhh;.

Mj;jpr;#b kw;Wk; nfhd;iwNte;jd;

Mfpa E}y;fis mt;itahh; vOjpdhh;

FNyhj;Jq;fd; Nfhit> jQirthzd;

Nfhit Mfpait Nrhoh;fhy

,yf;fpaq;fs; MFk;

kfh fhtpaq;fshd tisahgjp>

Fz;lyNfrp> cjazFkhufhtpak;>

aNrhjfhtpak;> rPur; Nrhopak;>

jz;bayq;fhuk;> ed;D}y; Mfpait

,f;fhyj;ij rhh;e;jit

Njthuk;> ee;jpf;fyk;gfk;> gujntz;gh>

rptQhd Nghjk; Mfpad Nrhoh;fhyj;jpy;

vOjg;gl;ld. ,sk;G+uzh;

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F tpsf;fTiu

vOjpdhh;.

GJf;Nfhl;il gFjpfspy;> Kw;fhy

Nrhokd;dh;fs; fl;bag y Nfhapy;fs;

,d;Wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Muk;g fhyj;jpy; Nrho kd;dh;fs;

nrq;fw;Nfhtpy;fisAk; gpw;fhyj;jpy;

fw;Nfhtpy;fisAk; fl;bdhh;

Kjy; Nrho murh; tp[aghyad;>

ehh;j;jhkiyapy; xU NfhapiyAk;>

Kjyhk; Mjpj;jpadpd; fhyj;jpy;>

GJf;Nfhl;il gFjpapy; cs;s

fd;dD}hpy; ghyRg;gpukzpad; NfhtpYk;>

jpUf;fl;lisf; NfhtpYk; fl;lg;gl;ld.

Fk;gNfhzj;jpy; cs;s ehNf];tuh;

Nfhtpy; jpUr;rp khtl;lk;> =dpthr

ey;Y}hpy; cs;s Nfhuq;fehjh; Myak;

Kjyhk; guhe;jfdhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ

nfhLk;gY}hpy; cs;s %th; Nfhtpy;

Nrhoh;fhy fl;blf; fiyf;Fk;> rpw;gf;

fiyf;Fk; xU rpwe;j vLj;jf;fhl;L

MFk;

njd; ,e;jpahtpd; jiy rpwe;j tuyhw;W

rpd;dkhf jQ;irapy; cs;s gpufjP];guh;

Nfhapy; kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; #hpaf;

flTSf;nfd;W Fk;gNfhzj;jpy; xU

Nfhtpiyf; fl;bdhh;. njd; ,e;jpa

fl;blf;fiy tuyhw;wpy; #hpaf;

flTSf;fhf fl;lg;gl;l Kjy; Nfhtpy;

,Jjhd;. ,uz;lhk; ,uh[uh[d;

jhuhRuj;jpy; IuhtjP];tuh; Nfhtpiyf;

fl;bdhh;.

Nrhoh;fhy Nfhtpy;fspy; fh;g;gf;

fpufq;fs; rJu> tl;l tbtq;fspy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd

Nfhtpy;fspy; J}z;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;l

kz;lgq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpw;F

mh;j;j kz;lgk;> kfh kz;lgk;> ee;jp

kz;lgk; vd;W ngah;

Nfhuq;fehjh; Myaj;jpYk; ehNf];tu

Rthkp Nfhtpy; Rth;fspYk; kpfr; rpwe;j

cUtg;glq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

fhs`];jp Myaj;jpy; NrhokhNjrp>

%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fs; MfpNahuJ

cUtg;glq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,irapy; 23 gz;fs; 7 ];tuq;fshfpa r>

hp> f> k> g> j> ep cgNahfpf;fg;gl;ld

Nksk;> cLf;if> tPiz> Gy;yhq;Foy;

Mfpad Gfo; kpFe;j ,irf;fUtpfs;

MFk;. Rflf;Nfhl;bfs; jiyikapy;

,irf; fiyQh;fs; FO ,Ue;jJ

Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; fjfsp> gujehl;bak;

Mfpa ,Utif eldq;fs; Nghw;wp

kjpf;fg;gl;ld

rptngUkhNd fudtof eldj;jpw;F

cjhuz ehafuhf fUjg;gl;lhh;

Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; jQ;ir nghpa

Nfhtpypy; ehl;baf;fiyia tsh;f;f 400

eldg;ngz;fis gzpapy; mkh;j;jpdhh;

jpUtpohf;fyq;fspy; ,uh[uhN[];tu

ehlfk;> ,uh[uh[tp[ak; Mfpa

elhfq;fs; elj;jg;gl;ld

Mhpaf; $j;J> rhf;fpaf; $j;J> re;jpf;

$j;J Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp> fy;ntl;Lfs;

$Wfpd;wd.

ghz;bag; NguuR

fLq;nfhd; fp.gp. 560 – fp.gp. 590

khw th;kd; mtdp #shkzp ghz;bad;

fp. gp. 590 – fp. gp. 620

nropad; Nre;jd; fp. gp. 620 – fp. gp. 640

mhpNfrhp guhq;Fr khwth;k ,uh[rpq;fd;

fp. gp. 640 – fp. gp. 674

Nfhr;rila ,uzjPud; fp. gp. 675 –

fp. gp. 730

mhpNfrhp guhq;Fr khwth;k ,uh[rpq;fd;

fp. gp. 730 – fp. gp. 765

guhe;jf neLQ;nropad; fp. gp. 765 –

fp. gp. 790

,uz;lhk; uh[rpq;fd; fp. gp. 790 – fp. gp.

800

Kjyhk; tuq;Fzd; fp. gp. 800 – fp. gp.

830

= khw = ty;yg fp. gp. 830 – fp. gp.

862

,uz;lhk; tuq;Fzd; fp. gp. 862 – fp. gp.

880

guhe;jf tPu ehuhazd; fp. gp. 862 fp. gp.

905

%d;whk; ,uh[rpk;kd; fp. gp. 905 – fp. gp.

920

Kjyhk; Re;jughz;bad;

Kjyhk; tPughz;bad;

,uz;lhk; tPughz;bad;

Mku G[q;f ghz;bad;

[lth;k Re;ju Nrho ghz;bad;

khwth;k tpf;uk Nrho ghz;bad;

[lth;kd; Nrho ghz;bad;

= ty;yg kzf;Fsr;r ghz;bad; fp. gp.

1101 – 1124

khwth;kd; rPh; ty;yg ghz;bad; fp. gp.

1132 – 1162

guhf;fpuk ghz;bad; fp. gp. 1161 – fp. gp.

1162

%d;whk; FyNrfu ghz;bad;

%d;whk; tPughz;bad;

[lth;kd; = ty;yg ghz;bad; - fp. gp.

1175 – 1180

[lth;kd; FyNrfu Njt ghz;bad; fp.

gp. 1180 – 1216

Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;jughz;bad; fp. gp.

1216 – 1238

,uz;lhk; Re;juth;k FyNrfud; fp. gp.

1238 – 1240

,uz;lhk; khwth;kd; Re;jughz;bad;

fp. gp. 1241 – 1251

Kjyhk; [lth;kd; Re;jughz;bad; fp. gp.

1251 – 1268

Kjyhk; khwth;kfd; FyNrfu ghz;bad;

fp. gp. 1268 – fp. gp. 1308

ehd;fhk; Re;jughz;bad; fp. gp. 1309 –

fp. gp. 1327

ehd;fhk; tPughz;bad; fp. gp. 1309 –

fp. gp. 1345

rq;f fhyj;jpy; Ml;rp nra;j

ghz;bah;fs; rq;f fhy ghz;bah; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;ldh;

fsg;gpuh;fis Njhw;fbj;J kPz;Lk; Ml;rp

nra;j ghz;bah;fs; Kjyhk; ghz;bah;fs;

vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh;. ,th;fspd; fhyk;

fp. gp. 550 Kjy; fp. gp. 950 tiu MFk;

gy;yth;fs; kw;Wk; Nrhoh;fs; tPo;r;rpf;F

gpwF fp. gp. 1190 – fp. gp. 1310 tiu

jkpofj;ij Mz;l ghz;bah;fs;

,uz;lhk; ghz;bah;fs; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;ldh;. Mf nkhj;jj;jpy; Rkhh;

400 Mz;Lfs; jkpofj;ij ghz;bah;fs;

kJiuia jiyefukhf nfhz;L

Mz;ldh;

ghz;bahpd; ehzaq;fspy; xU gf;fj;jpy;

xU kPNdh my;yJ xU N[hb kPd;fNsh

fhzg;gLfpwJ. kWgf;fk; me;j

ehzaj;ij ntspapl;l kd;ddpd; ngah;

fhzg;gLfpwJ

kJiu kPdhl;rp NfhtpYk;>

=uqf;j;jpYs;s muq;fehjh; NfhtpYk;

ghz;bahpd; rpwg;G kpFe;j epidTr;

rpd;dkhFk;.

thrg; khh;f;NfhNghNyh Nghd;w

may;ehl;L vOj;jhsh;fs; ghz;ba

kd;dh;fspd; Ml;rpiag; gw;wp $Wfpd;wJ.

ghz;bah;fisg; gw;wp mwpa cjTk;

rhd;Wfs;: nrg;NgLfs;:

Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgLfs;> rPtukq;fyk;

nrg;NgLfs;> jstha;Guk; nrg;NgLfs;>

rpd;dkD}h; nrg;NgLfs;> ghz;ba

kd;dh;fspd; eph;thfk; kw;Wk; Nghh;

ntw;wpfs; Fwpj;J $Wfpd;wd

fy;ntl;Lfs;:

1. rpjk;guk; fy;ntl;Lfs;:

ghz;bah;fspd; Nghh; jpwidg; gw;wp

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ

2. GJf;Nfhl;il khwth;kd; fy;ntl;Lfs;:

thp t#y;> ePjp eph;thfk; kw;Wk; eps

msit gw;wpAk; Fy Nrfu ghz;bad;

Fwpj;Jk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ

jphpte;jpGuk; fy;ntl;Lfs;> =uq;fk;

fy;ntl;Lfs; ghz;bah;fspd; Nghh;

Kiwfs; gw;wpAk; $Wfpd;wJ.

Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;jughz;abidg;

gw;wpa nra;jpfs;> FLkpahd;kiy>

uq;fkiy> njd;fhrp> jpUtl;B];tuk;

Mfpa fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

Kjyhk; khwth;kd; FyNrfud; Nru>

Nrhoiu ntw;wpf;nfhz;lJ gw;wp

jpUney;Ntpy fy;ntl;Lfs; $Wfpd;wd

ehzaq;fs;:

Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;ju ghz;badpd;

fhyj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;l ehzaq;fspy;

„NrhdhL nfhz;lhd;‟ vd;w ngah;

nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

rh; thy;lh; vypal; vDk; mwpQh; Nrhoh;

fhy ehzaq;fs; Fwpj;J vOjpAs;shh;

Kjyhk; [lhth;kd; FyNrfud; fp. gp. 1190

– fp. gp. 1210

%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;f NrhoNdhL

rkhjhd xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;.

,thpd; Ml;rp> ,uz;lhk; ghz;bauJ

tuyhw;wpNyNa kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd fhy

fl;lkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,th; kJiu>

,uhkehjGuk;> jpUney;Ntpy> fd;dpahFkhp

Mfpa gFjpfis murhz;lhh;. ,th; 1030

gpuhk Njaq;fs; mlq;fpa uh[fk;gPu

rJh;Ntjp kq;fyj;ij cUthf;fp

„uh[fk;gPuh;‟ vd;Dk; ngah; ngw;whh;

,th; “nghd; Nta;e;j ngUkhs;” “vk;

kz;lyKk; nfhz;lUspa” ghz;bad;>

jphpNghd rf;futh;j;jp vd;w gl;lq;fis

ngw;whh;. NkYk; ,th; “,uh[fk;gPuh;” vd;w

gl;lg;ngaiuAk; ngw;whh;.

Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;jughz;bad; fp. gp.

1216 – fp. gp. 1238

jpUney;Ntyp fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,tUf;F

“mjprag; ghz;baNjth;” vd;w gl;lk;

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sjha; njhpfpwJ. ,th;

„fypAfuhkd;‟ vdg; gy gl;lq;fs;

ngw;wpUe;jhh;.

,uz;lhk; khwth;kd; Re;jughz;bad; fp.gp.

1238 – fp. gp. 1251

,uz;lhk; khwth;kd; Re;jughz;bad;

Nfhtpy;fSf;F ed;nfhilfs; mjpfk;

nfhLj;jhh;

,th; Nrho murh; %d;whk;

,uhN[e;jpuidj; Njhw;fbj;jhh;

Kjyhk; [lth;kd; Re;jughz;bad; fp.gp.

1251 – fp. gp. 1268

,th; „jpUGtd rf;futh;j;jp‟ vd;Dk;

gl;lk; ngw;whh;

,th; „vk;kz;lyKk; nfhz;lUspa

ghz;bad;‟ vd;w rpwg;Gg;gl;lg;ngah;

ngw;whh;.

gpuhkz mwpQh;fSf;F jhdkhf

toq;fg;gl;l epyq;fs; gpuk;kNjaq;fs;

vd;W miof;fg;gl;ld.

Kjyhk; [lth;kd; Re;jughz;bad; kd;dh;

rpjk;guj;jpy; cs;s eluh[ NfhapYf;Fk;>

=uq;fj;jpy; cs;s uq;fehjh;

NfhtpYf;Fk; nghd; jfl;lhy;

$iuNta;e;jhh;. ,jdhy; ,th;

“nghd;Nta;e;j ngUkhs;” vd;Dk; gl;lk;

ngw;whh;

Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Fy Nrfud;: fp. gp. 1268

– fp. gp. 1308

,thpd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ tUif Ghpe;j

khh;NfhNghNyh vd;w may;ehl;L mwpQh;

jkpo;ehL gw;wp vOjpAs;shh;. thrhg; vd;w

K];yPk; tuyhw;W Mrphpah; jkpo;ehl;bd;

r%f epiyiaf; Fwpj;J vOjpAs;shh;

khwth;kd; Nruehl;bYs;s nfhy;yk; vd;w

gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wpajhy; ,th;

“nfhy;yk; nfhz;l ghz;bad;” vd;W

ngah; ngw;whh;

,th; ,yq;ifapd; kPJ gilnaLj;J

Rgfphp Nfhl;ilapy; ,Ue;j ngUk;

nry;tj;ijAk; epidTr; rpd;dkhd

Gj;jhpd; gw;fisAk; kJiuf;F nfhz;L

te;jhh;.

Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;:

GJf;nfhl;il khwth;kd; fy;ntl;Lfs;

ghz;bah; epjp eph;thfk;> thpt#y; epy

msit Kiw gw;wpf; $WfpwJ

Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;ju ghz;bad; gw;wp

FLkpahd;kiy> Vq;fkiy> njd;fhrp>

jpUtl;B];tuk; fy;ntl;Lfspy;

fhzg;gLfpwJ

jpUkiyGuk;> jpUg;guq;Fd;wk;>

Midkiy> Fd;wf;Fb> fOFkiy

Fiff; Nfhapy;fshFk;.

rpjk;guj;jpYs;s eluh[g; NfhtpYf;Fk;>

=uq;fk; uq;fehjh; NfhtpYf;Fk; nghd;

jfl;lhy; $iu Nta;e;jhh;

ghz;ba kd;dh;fshy; gpuhkz

mwpQh;fSf;F jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;l

epyq;fs; gpuk;k Njaq;fs; my;yJ

rJh;Ntjp kq;fyk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ

ghz;bag; NguuR tPo;r;rpAwf; fhuzkhd

gilnaLg;G khypf;fhG+h; gilnaLg;G

mbahh;f;F ey;yhy; tpsf;f ciu vOjpa

E}y; rpyg;gjpfhuk;

ghz;ba muz;kidapy; ,Ue;j jiyik

jkpo;g;Gyth; ef;fPuh;

kJiu khefuk; jkpo;f;$ly; vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpwJ

ghz;bah; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; jkpo;r;rq;fk;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l efuk; kJiu

=khwd;> =ty;yg ghz;bad; fhyj;jpy;

fl;lg;gl;l rpj;jd;dthry; Filtiuf;

Nfhtpy;fs;> eldkhjh;fs;> murh;fs;>

murpfs;> jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;> jhkiu

kyhpd; Xtpak;> ahidf;F Fspf;Fk;

fhl;rp> kPd;fs; tpisahLk; fhl;rp

Nghd;wit rpwg;G tha;e;jit MFk;

ghz;bah; Ml;rpg; gFjpapypUe;J 50f;Fk;

mjpfkhd Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs;

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jpUg;guq;Fd;wk;>

Midkiy> fhiuf;Fb> fOFkiy>

kiyabf;Fwpr;rp> jpUr;rp Nghd;w

gFjpfspy; Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

ghz;ba kd;dh; mjptPuuhkghz;bad;

ieljk; vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpAs;shh;

tJuq;fuhkghz;ba kd;dd; gjpw;Wg;gj;J>

fyj;Jiw me;jhjp> ntz;gh me;jhjp

Nghd;w %d;W E}y;fis ,aw;wpdhh;

= tpy;ypGj;J}hpy; cs;s tlgj;ufhsp

NfhapYk; mk;ghrKj;jpuj;jpy; cs;s

rptd; NfhtpYk;.

rhSf;fpah;fs;

rhSf;fpa kugpidj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth;

n[arpk;kd; Mthh;

rhSf;fpath;fspd; jiyefuk;: thjhgp

,th;fs; fd;dl rj;jphpa tk;rj;ijr;

rhh;e;jth;fs;

,th;fspd; Njtijf; Nfhapy; ehfh;[Pd

nfhz;lhtpy; cs;sJ

rhSf;fpah;fspd; %d;W gphpTfs;:

1. ghjhkpiar; rhh;e;j rhSf;fpah;fs;

2. fy;ahzpiar; rhh;e;j Nkiyr;

rhSf;fpah;fs;

3. ntq;fpiar; rhh;e;j rPior; rhSf;fpah;fs;

Kjyhk; GypNfrp fp. gp. 535 – rhSf;fpa

muRf;F mbNfhypath;

,uz;lhk; GypNfrp – fp. gp. 610

jdJ rpw;wg;ghit kq;fNsrid ntd;W

Ml;rp gpbj;jhh;.

mg;ghapfh> Nfhtpe;jh vd;w FWfpa

kd;dh;fis ntd;whh;

flk;g ehl;il ntd;W mth;fspd;

jiyefuk; tdthrpid ifg;gw;wpdhh;

nfhq;fzh;fs;> nkshpah;fs;> fq;fh;fs;

mYg;gh;fis ntd;whh;. fq;f kd;d;

Gjy;tpia kze;jhh;

$h;[h;> yhlh; khsth;fis ntd;whh;

`h;\h; eh;kij Mw;wq;fiuapy; ,uz;lhk;

GypNfrpaplk; Njhw;whh;

Nru Nrho ghz;bah;fis ntd;whh;

,Wjpahf Kjyhk; eurpk;khplk; Nghhpl;L

,we;jhh;

Kjyhk; tpf;fpukhjpj;jh;:

,th; ,uz;lhk; GypNfrpapd; kfd;. ,th;

Kjyhk; guNk];tud; vd;w gy;yt

kd;did Kjypy; ntd;whh;. gpwF filrp

Nghhpy; Njhw;whh;

rhSf;fpahpd; fl;blf; fiy:

jhh;thh; gFjpapy; cs;s my;N`hNytpy;

fw;Nfhapy;fs; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,J Nfhapy;

efuk; vdg;gl;lJ

ma;N`hNytpy; cs;s yhj;fhd Nfhapy;>

Jh;f;if Nfhapy;> `r;rpks;spf;Fb

Nfhapy; kw;Wk; gl;lf;fy;ypy; cs;s

tpUghl;rhh;Nfhtpy; Mfpait

rhSf;fpahpd; fl;blf; fiyf;F

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.

rhSf;fpahpd; Xtpaq;fs;:

ghjhkpapy; cs;s Filtiuf; Nfhapypy;

cs;s eurpk;k %h;j;jp> tuhf %h;j;jp

Xtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; kq;fNsrd; fl;ba

muz;kidapy; cs;s Xtpaq;fs; ghurPf

FOtpdiu tuNtw;wJ Nghd;w Xtpaq;fs;

cs;sJ

rhSf;fpa kugpd; filrp kd;dh;:

fPh;j;jpth;kh;

Athd; Rthq; ,uz;lhk; GypNfrp

Ml;rpapd; NghJ thjhgpf;F te;jhh;

,uz;lhk; GypNfrpapd; mitg;Gyth;: utp

fPh;j;jp

,uz;lhk; GypNfrpapd; gilnaLg;G

kw;Wk; ntw;wpfis Fwpg;gpLk; fy;ntl;L

ma;N`hNy fy;ntl;L

,uhl;bu$lh;fs;:

,uhl;bu$lh;fspd; kugpidj;

Njhw;Wtpj;jth;: jz;b Jh;f;fh; vd;fpd;w

jz;bth;kd;

,thpd; jiyefuk;: gPuhh; gFjpapy; cs;s

vypl;rG+h;

rhSf;fpa Nguurpd; filrp kd;dd;

,uz;lhk; fPh;j;jp th;kiuj; Njhw;fbj;J

tl kuhl;baj;jpy; Ml;rp nra;jdh;.

,th;fs; Mz;l gFjp jw;NghJs;s

Nrhyhg;G+h; gFjpahFk;

,th;fs; ahjt kugpidr; rhh;e;jth;fs;

Kf;fpa kd;dh;fs;

Kjyhk; fpU\;zd;

rhSf;fpa kd;dd; fPh;j;jpth;kid

KOikahf ntw;wp nfhz;lhh;

fq;fh;> ntq;fp> rhSf;fpah;> nfhq;fh;

MfpNahiu ntd;whh;

JUth;

Kjyhk; fpfd; ,uz;lhk; Nfhtpe;jd;

jpwikaw;wtuhf ,Ue;jikahy;

fpU\;zdpd; jk;gp JUth; Ml;rpia

ifg;gw;wpdhh;

%d;whk; Nfhtpe;jh;:

,kak; Kjy; Fkhp tiu ,uh\;bu

$lh;fspd; Ml;rp gutp ,Ue;jJ

Ntq;fp ehl;L kd;dd; ,uz;lhk;

tp[ahjpj;jd; kPJ gilnaLj;J mtiu

ntd;whh;

fd;Ndhrpia Mz;l rf;uhAjh kw;Wk;

jh;kghyiu ntd;whh;

Nfus> ghz;ba gy;yt kd;dh;fis

xd;whf vjph;j;J Nghhpl;L mth;fis

ntd;whh;

mNkhf th;\h;:

,sk; tajpy; gl;lk; Vw;whh;. vdNt

fq;fh; vd;gth; Ml;rpapy; nghWg;ig

Vw;whh;

Ntq;fp ehl;Lld;> fq;fh;fSld; jpUkz

cwTfs; %yk; el;ig Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhz;lhh;

,th; khdpaNrjk; vd;w jiyefiu

cUthf;fpdhh;.

,thpd; gl;lg;ngah;fs;: epUgJq;fd;

kw;Wk; tPu ehuhazd;

vy;Nyhuh ifyhrehjh; Nfhapiyf;

fl;bath; Kjyhk; fpU\;zd; ,J

xw;iwf;fy;ypy; nrJf;fg;gl;l cyfj;jpd;

xNu Nfhapy; MFk;

,uh\;bu $lh;fspd; rpw;gf; fiyapy;

rpwg;Gilait: jrhtjhu tbtq;fs;.

mNkhftpUj;jp vd;w E}iy vOjpath;”

rhajadh;

mNkhfth;\h; vOjpa E}y;: ftpuh[;

khh;f;fk;.

MjpGuhzk; vd;w E}iy vOjpath;:

[_dNrdh;

Fzpj rurf;fpuhjk; vd;w E}iy

vOjpath;: kfh tPuhr;rhhpahh;

,uhl;bu $lh;fs; rkz rkaj;ij

Nghw;wpdh;.

Mur Kj;jpiuapy; rptd; Nahf epiyapy;

cs;sJ NghyTk;> fUld; cUtKk;

fhzg;gl;lJ

vy;Nyhuh> vypngz;lh ,lq;fspy;

,th;fs; ngsj;j rkz ,e;J Fiff;

Nfhapy;fis mikj;jdh;.

ehq;FNehpapYs;s> tp[aehuhaz

NfhtpYk; Mj;J}hpy; cs;s yl;Rkp

ehuhaz NfhtpYk; ,uz;lhk; ghz;ba

kd;dh;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l Nfhapy;fshFk;.

Fd;wf;Fbapy; cs;s yl;rp ehuhaz

NfhtpYk; ,uz;lhk; ghz;ba

kd;dh;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l Nfhapy;fshFk;.

Fd;wf;Fbapy; cs;s eluhrh; rpw;gKk;

gy;yth;> Nrhoh; fhyj;J rpwg;Gj;jd;ik

nfhz;lit MFk;

E}y;fs; vOjpath;fs;

jpUg;ghit – Mz;lhs;

jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf; Nfhit – khzpf;fthrfh;

jpUg;gy;yhz;L – ek;kho;thh;

ieljk; - mjptPuuhk ghz;ba kd;dd;

fypj;Jiw me;jhjp – tuJq;fuhk ghz;bad;

= ftpuhah; - jpUfhsj;jpehjh; cyh

gjpw;Wg;gj;J – tuJq;f uhkghz;bad;

ed;D}y; tpsf;f ciu: kapiyehjh;

rpyg;gjpfhu tpsf;f ciu – mbahh;f;F

ey;yhh;

njhy;fhg;gpa tpsf;f ciu – Nrdhtiuah;

jpUf;Fws; ciu – ghpNkyofh;

rhjthfdh;fs;: (230 BC – AD 225)

Nfhjhthp> fpU\;zh ejpf;fSf;fpilNa

ngy;yhhp khtl;lj;ij Mz;lth;fs;.

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> kfhuh\;buhtpd; xU

gFjp Mfpatw;iw ,th;fs; Mz;ldh;.

Njhw;Wtpj;jth; : rpKfh rjfh;zp

Gfo;ngw;wth;: nfsjk Gj;jpu rjfh;zp

jiyefh;: Pratishthana (Paithan)

VohtJ murh;: Hala

Hala vOjpa E}y;fs;: Gatha –

Saptashati (700 ghly;fs;) kw;Wk;

Maharastri – Prakrit Kavya

Filrp murh;: aQ;d=

Kjyhk; rjfh;zpf;F jf;fhz gjhgjp

vd;w gl;lk; cz;L

Cuhl;rp kd;wq;fspy; ngz;fs; gq;F

ngw;wdh;

m[e;jh 9tJ kw;Wk; 10tJ Fiff;

Nfhapy; Vw;gLj;jpdh;

khypf;fhG+h; gilnaLg;G:

FyNrfu ghz;badpd; kfd;fs; Re;ju

ghz;bad; kw;Wk; tPu ghz;bad; Mfpa

,Uth;fSf;fpilNa thhpRg; Nghh;

eilngw;wJ. Nghhpy; Njhy;tpaile;j

Re;ju ghz;bad; myhTjPd; fpy;[papdlk;

kJiu kPJ gilnaLf;f Nfhhpdhh;

myhT+jpd; fpy;[p jdJ jsgjpahd

khypf;fhG+iu kJiuf;F mDg;gpdhh;.

khypf;fhG+h; kJiuia 1311y; jhf;f

ngUk; nry;tj;ij nfhs;isabj;jhh;.

NkYk; mth; ,uhNk];tuj;ijAk;

jhf;fpdhh;

khh;f;NfhNghNyh:

,j;jhypapy; cs;s ntdp]; efuj;ijr;

rhh;e;jth;

khwth;kd; FyNrfu ghz;bad; Ml;rpf;

fhyj;jpy; ghz;ba ehl;bw;F te;jhh;.

ghz;bahpd; Ml;rp gw;wp mwpa ,tuJ

Fwpg;Gfs; nghpJk; gad;gLfpwJ

rk;Gtuhah;fs;

NtY}h;> jpUtz;zhkiy Nghd;w

gFjpfis Ml;rp nra;jdh;. ,th;fspd;

jiyefuk; tphpQ;rpGuk; MFk;

,t;tk;rj;jpd; Kjy; kd;dd; Vfhk;gu

ehjh; Mthh;

tpra efu NguuR:

fk;gzh; vd;w tpra efu murh;

rk;Gtuhah;fis Njhw;fbj;J

tphpQ;rpGuj;ij ifg;gw;wpdhh;

jQ;ir kuhj;jpah;fs; Ml;rp:

jQ;irapy; kuhl;ba Ml;rpia

Njhw;Wtpj;jth; ntq;fh[p

ntq;fh[papd; NtW ngah; vf;Nfh[p

MFk;

,thpd; je;ij \h[p Nghd;RNy

,thpd; jha; Jfhgha;

rpth[papd; rpw;wd;id kfd; ntq;fh[p

jkpo;ehl;by; kuhl;ba Ml;rp Vw;gl;l tpjk;

gp[g;G+h; Ry;jhd; cj;jpuT Nghpy;

ntq;fh[p kJiu nrhf;fehjUf;F

Mjuthf Nghhpl;lhh;

ma;ak;Ngl;il vd;Dkplj;jpy; mofphp

ehaf;fiu Njhw;fbj;jhh;. nrq;fky jh];

vd;gtiu jQ;ir ehaf;fuhf epakpj;jhh;.

gp[g;G+h; Ry;jhd; ,we;jJk; 1675y;

nrq;fkyjhir ePf;fptl;L jhNk jQ;ir

kuhl;ba Ml;rpia elj;jpdhh;

Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;:

rpth[p jkpo; ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;J

nrQ;rp NtY}h; kw;Wk; jQ;rhT+h;

gFjpfis ntd;whh;.

,uz;lhk; ruNgh[p jQ;irapy; mr;Rf;

$lj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;

];ngapd; ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j nutuz;l; rp.

tp. Rthh;l;]; vd;gth; jQ;ir ruNgh[p

kd;dhpd; Mrphpah; Mthh;. ,th; epidthf

jQ;rhT+hpy; Rthh;l;]; rh;r; fl;lg;gl;lJ

,e;jpahtpNyNa ,e;J kd;duhy;

fl;lg;gl;l Kjyhk; rh;r; ,JNtahFk;.

NkYk; ,thpd; MNyhridg;gb ru];tjp

kfhy; E}yfk; fl;lg;gl;lJ

,J rpwe;j E}yfk; kw;Wk; Ma;Tf;

$lkhFk;

jQ;irapd; Kjy; kuhj;jp murh; -

ntq;fh[p

jQ;irapd; filrp kuhj;jp murh; -

rpth[p

kuhj;jpa ehl;bd; 3 ngUk; gFjpfs;:

1. GJf;Nfhl;il 2. kd;dhh;Fb 3.

Fk;gNfhzk;

kuhl;bah;fs; fl;ba rj;jpuk; xuj;j

ehl;by; cs;sJ

,uz;lhk; ruNgh[p jkJ muir

Mq;fpNyahplk; xg;gilj;jhh;.

rptfq;if muR Kjyhk; ruNgh[p

fhyj;jpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

NrJgjpfs;:

ehaf;f kd;duhy; NrJ rKj;jpuj;jpd;

ghJfhtyuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lth;fs;

NrJgjpfs;

GJf;Nfhl;il uh[;aj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpath;

fpotd; NrJgjp my;yJ ,uz;lhk;

NrJgjp

kwth;fspd; nghw;fhyk; vd

miof;fg;gLtJ fpotd; NrJgjp Mz;l

fhyk;

kJiu ehaf;fh;fsplk; ,Ue;J kwtd;

ehl;il kPl;lth; fpotd; NrJgjp Mthh;.

Itif miz kw;Wk;

,uhkehjGuf;Nfhl;il Mfpait fpotd;

NrJgjpahy; fl;lg;gl;lJ

,uz;lhk; rilaf;f Njth;

,uhNk];tuj;jpy; nrhf;fehjh; Myak;

fl;bdhh;

,uz;lhtJ NfhGuj;ij ,uFehjNrJgjp

fl;bdhh

,uFehj NrJgjpapd; Ml;rp nkhop: jkpo;

kw;Wk; njYq;F

Rthkp tpNtfhde;jiu ghuhl;baJ

gh];fu NrJgjp. ,th; Nkw;fj;jpy; fy;tp

gapd;w Ml;rpahsh; Mthh;

tp[auFehj njhz;ilkhd; uh[hgfJ}h;

vd fh;ehlf ethg;ghy; miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

kuhj;jpah;fspd; epUthf Kiwia

GJf;Nfhl;ilapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;

jpUkiy NrJgjp vd;W miof;fg;gl;lth;

,uFehj NrJgjp

,e;jpahTld; 1948y; Kjypy; ,ize;j

rk];jhdk; GJf;Nfhl;il rk];jhdk;

Mw;fhL ethg; thOk; Gfo;kpf;f

muz;kid mkPh;kfhy; MFk;. ,J

nrd;id ,uhag;Ngl;ilapy; cs;sJ.

ehaf;fh; Ml;rpapd; fPo; jkpo;ehL:

kJiuapy; ehaf;fh; Ml;rpia fp. gp.

1526y; cUthf;fptah; - tpRtehj

ehaf;fh;

,th; fpU\;zNjtuhauhy;

epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;

kJiuapd; filrp ehaf;fh; - kPdhl;rp

jQ;rhT+hpd; filrp ehaf;fh; - tp[auhft

ehaf;fh;

NtY}hpy; ehaf;fhpd; Ml;rpia

cUthf;fpath; - rpd;d ehaf;f nghk;kh;

ehaf;fh; Ml;rpapd; NghJ rptpy;> ,uhZt

tptfhuq;fspd; jiyik epUthfpahf

tpsq;fpath; jstha; vdg;gl;lhh;

Kjy; jstha; - mhpa ehjh;> tpRtehj

ehaf;fh; ntw;wpw;F fhuzkhapUe;jhh;

kJiu kPdhl;rpak;kd; Nfhapiy

rPh;gLj;jpath; - tPug;g ehaf;fh;

kJiu jpUkiy ehaf;fh; kfhiy

fl;bath; - jpUkiy ehaf;fh;

ghisaf;fhuh;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;

jhpRtehjehaf;fh;

jpUkiy ehaf;fh;: fp. gp. 1623 - 1659

kJiu jpUkiy ehaf;fh; kfhiy

fl;bath; - jpUkiy ehaf;fh;

jiyefiu jpUr;rpapy; ,Ue;J kJiuf;F

khw;wpath; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; Mthh;

ik#h; murh; fhe;jput eur ehaf;fiu

jpz;Lf;fy; Nghhpy; jpUkiy ehaf;fh;

Njhw;fbj;jhh;. Nghh; ifjpfs; %f;Ffs;

mWf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,J %f;fWg;Gg;

nghh; vdg;gl;lJ.

,uhzp kq;fk;khs;: fp.gp. 1689 - 1706

Kfyhag; gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ

kJiuia fhj;jth; ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;

,th; jpUthq;$h; murh; ,utpth;khit

ntd;whh;

kJiuapy; cs;s ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;

rj;jpuk; ,tuhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ

ehaf;fh; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs;:

E}y; vOjpath;

uFehj gAjak; - tp[auhftehaf;fh;

mUzhry Guk; - vy;yg;gehtyh;

fe;jh; fypntz;gh – FkuFUguh;

jpUg;Gfo; - mUzfphpehjh;

rpjk;guntz;gh – ekr;rpthag; Gyth;

jpUg;gjP];tuh;Guhzk; - Nutz;zrpj;jh;

rq;fPjRjh> gujRjh ,ir E}yhFk;

nrapd;l; [hh;[; Nfhl;il

1640,y; fl;lg;gl;lJ

epidtpw;nfhs;f

ehaf;fh; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy;

njYq;F ,yf;fpaq;fs; tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ

ehaf;fh; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; lr;Rf;fhuh;fs;

mbik rz;ilfis Muk;gpj;jdh;

fpU\;zNjtuhahpd; njd;dpe;jpag;

gilnaLg;gpd;NghJ cjtpa uhaf;f

kd;dh; Jg;ghf;fp fpU\;zg;gh

uhaf;fh;fs; kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd;

Nfhtpypd; uh[NfhGuk;> Mapuk;

fhy;kz;lgk;> gJkz;lgk;> nghpa

NfhGuq;fs;> gpufhuq;fs; = tpy;ypg;

Gj;J}hpYs;s Mz;lhs; - Nfhtpy;

fpU\;zGuj;jpYs;s jpUNtq;fl ehjh;

Nfhtpy; kw;Wk; = uq;fk; Nfhapy;>

ney;iyag;gh; Nghtpy; Nghd;wtw;iw

fl;bAs;shh;fs;.

fh;ehlf ethg;:

,th;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyk; 1690 Kjy;

1801 tiu MFk;

mTuq;frPg;ghy; epakpf;fg;gl;l ,th;fs;

Kfyha rhk;uh[;ak; rhpTw;wTld; jdpj;J

Ml;rp nra;a Jtq;fpdh;

,th;fs; Kjd; Kjypy; nrQ;rpia

jiyefuhkhfTk; gpd;dh; Mw;fhl;il

jiyefuhkhfTk; nfhz;ldh;.

jhT+j; fhd; vd;gth; nrQ;rp MSeuhf

,Ue;j NghJ fh;ehlfj;jpd; jiy efiu

nrQ;rpapy; ,Ue;J Mw;fhl;bw;F

khw;wpdhh;. ,jd; gpd;dh; Mw;fhL ethg;

vd miof;fg;gl;ldh;

nrQ;rpia Mz;l Gfo; ngw;w kd;dh;

Njrpq;F uh[d;. ,tuJ ez;gh; KfkJ

fhd;. ,UtiuAk; rjf;fj;Jy;yh fhd;

Nghhpy; nfhd;whh;

Gfo; ngw;wth; KfkJ myp tyhyh[h

(1749 Kjy; 1795 tiu) Mthh;. ,th;

RNal;irahf Mz;lhh;. =uq;fk;

NfhtpYf;F jhdq;fs; mspj;jhh;

13tJ ethg; Fyhk; KfkJ fT];fhd;

thhpR ,y;yhky; ,we;jikahy;

Mq;fpNya murhq;fk; thhpR ,og;Gf;

nfhs;if %yk; ,uzj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.

gpd;dh; ,uhzp tpf;Nlhhpah ,tUf;F

Xa;T+jpaj;ij mspj;jhh;. ,e;jpa murk;

Mw;fhL ,sturh; mfkJ myp

mth;fSf;F rYiffs; kw;Wk;

gl;lq;fis rl;lg; G+h;tkhf mspj;Js;sJ.

rh; jhk]; kd;Nwh:

1820y; nrd;id fth;duhf ,Ue;jhh;

jkpo;ehl;by; ,uaj;thhp Kiwiaf;

nfhz;L te;jth;

G+ypj;Njth;:

1801y; fhisahh; Nfhtpypy; fyfk;

Vw;gl;lJ

Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;j;J Nghhpl;l Kjy;

ghisaf;fhuh; G+ypj;Njth;. mth;

ghisaj;jpd; ngah; new;fl;lhd; Nrty;

MFk;.

G+ypj;Njtiu vjph;j;J Nghhpl;l

Mq;fpNyaj; jsgjp Nfk;gy; gpuT Mthh;

tPughz;b fl;lnghk;kd;:

Kjy; epiy: ghisaf;fhuh;fs; vjph;g;G

Gypj;Njth;> tPu ghz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;>

kUJ ghz;bah;

tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; faj;jhW vd;w

,lj;jpy; mf;Nlhgh; 1799y;

J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;

fl;lnghk;kid fhl;bf;nfhLj;jth;

vl;ilaGuj;ij rhh;e;j vl;lg;gh; vd;W

$Wthh;fs;

kUJ rNfhjuh;fs;:

njd;dpe;jhtpy; eilngw;w Gul;rpapy;

ghisaf;fhh;fSf;F jiyik Vw;wth;

kUJ rNfhjuh;fs;

kUJrNfhjuh;fs; J}f;fpyplg;gl;l ,lk;

jpUg;gj;J}h;

,uz;lhk; epiy: NtY}h; Gul;rp 1806Mk;

Mz;L [Piy 10 ehs; mjpfhiy 2

kzpf;F Gul;rp ele;J Nfhl;il

ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. 10 kzpf;F

Mq;fpNyah;fs; Nfhl;ilia kPl;ldh;

NtY}h; Gul;rpapd; NghJ nrd;id khepy

fth;dh; tpy;ypak;ngz;bq; gpuG Mthh;

tq;fg; gphptpid epfo;r;rpapy; fye;J

nfhz;lth;fs; t. c. rp. ghujp>

Rg;gpukzpa rpth

jkpofj;jpy; RNjrp ,af;fk;:

jkpofj;jpy; RNjrp ,af;fj;ij t. c.

rpjk;guk; gps;is> ghujpahh;> Rg;gpukzpa

rpth MfpNahh; Jtf;fpdhh;

t. c. rpjk;guk; gps;is:

1908 ney;iy Njrhgpkhdr; rq;fk; -

RNjrp ];By; NjrpNf\d; fk;ngdp –

RNjrp ePuhtpf; fg;gy; vd;w epWtdj;ij

mikj;J ,e;jpah ,yq;if ,ilNa

fg;gy; Xl;bajhy; fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod;

vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;

fhypah kw;Wk; yhNth vd;w ,U

fg;gy;fs; J}j;Jf;Fbf;Fk;

nfhOk;Gtpw;Fk; ,ilNa tplg;gl;lJ.

,th; njd;dhl;L jpyfh; vd;W

miof;fg;ngw;whh;

1908 Mk; Mz;L t. c. rpjk;guk;

gps;isf;F ,ul;il MAs; jz;lid

toq;fg;gl;lJ

cah;ePjpkd;w KiwaPl;by; xU MAs;

jz;lidahf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ

,th; Nfhak;Gj;J}hpy; rpiwr;rhiyapy;

nrf;fpOj;jhh;

tpLjiyahd gpd; kpfTk; tWikapy;

thbdhh;. gpd;dh; thyp]; vd;w ePjpgjp

cjtpahy; kPz;Lk; tof;fwpQh; Mdhh;

%d;whk; epiy: ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];:

Kjy; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; fye;J

nfhz;lth;fs; : 21

jz;b ahj;jpiu: jpUr;rp – Ntjhuz;ak;

16 ehl;fs; - uh[h[p

1932 fhe;jpabfs; ifJ Mdjw;F vjph;g;G

njhptpj;J rdthp 10 k; Njjp jpUg;G+hpy;

ele;j mwg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Fkud; caph;

,oe;jhh;

nrz;gf uhkd;

n[h;kdpapd; `pl;yiu Rgh\;re;jpuNgh];

cld; re;jpf;fr; nra;jth;

,e;jpah;fisg; gw;wp `pl;yh; ju

Fiwthf Ngrp gpd; kd;dpg;G Nfl;f

itj;jth;

vk;ld; vd;w fg;gypy; te;J nrd;idapy;

Fz;L tPrpdhh;

nrz;gfuhkd; - ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk; -

njhz;lh; gilj; jiyth;

xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;: fhe;jpabfs;

jkpofj;jpy; mwptpj;jJ

jkpo;ehl;by; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; khehLfs;:

fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; %d;whtJ khehL

nrd;idapy; 1887y; eilngw;wJ. ,jd;

jiyth Badruddin Tyabji

fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; gj;jhtJ khehL

nrd;idapy; 1894y; eilngw;wJ. ,jd;

jiyth; Alfred Webb.

fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; 14tJ khehL

nrd;idapy; 1898y; eilngw;wJ. ,jd;

jiyth; Ananda Mohan Bose

fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; 19tJ khehL

nrd;idapy; 1903y; eilngw;wJ. ,jd;

jiyth; Lalmohan Ghosh

fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; 23tJ khehL

nrd;idapy; 1914y; eilngw;wJ. ,jd;

jiyth Bhupendra Nath Basu

fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; 42tJ khehL

nrd;idapy; 1927y; eilngw;wJ. ,jd;

jiyth; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari

fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; 60tJ khehL

nrd;id – Mtbapy; 1927y;

eilngw;wJ. ,jd; jiyth; U. N. Dhebar

Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;

vl;ilaGuj;jpy; gpwe;j ,th; Njrpa

ftpahthh;

ghyfq;fhju jpyfuhy; ftug;gl;l ,th;

jkpopy; ,e;jpah vd;w thu ,jioAk;

tp[ah vd;w jpdrhpiaAk; Mq;fpyj;jpy;

ghy ghujp vd;w khj ,jioAk;

njhlq;fpdhh;. RNjrkpj;jpudpd; Jiz

Mrphpah; Mthh;. 1907 #uj; khehl;by;

fye;J nfhz;L jpyfUf;F MjuT

mspj;jhh;. ghz;br;Nrhpapy; #hpaNjhak;

vd;w thu ,jio ntspapl;lhh;

,thpd; ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> Fapy; ghl;L

kw;Wk; fz;zd; ghl;L Mfpait Gfo;

ngw;wit

jkpofj;jpd; Kf;fpa gj;jphpf;iffs;:

jkpofj;jpy; Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpy;

Njrpaj;ij tpopg;gilar; nra;j

gj;jphpf;iffs; RNjrkpj;jpud;> et rf;jp>

jp ,e;J Nghd;witfs; Kf;fpakhdJ

MFk;

M\; nfhiy tof;F (m) jpUney;Ntyp rjp

tof;F

gpgpd; re;jpughy; kw;Wk; t. c. rpjk;guk;

gps;is MfpNahh;fspd; tPu ciuahy;

ftug;gl;L J}j;Jf;Fb kw;Wk;

jpUney;Ntypapy; jPtputhjk; vOe;jJ

17-6-1911 md;W ghujkhjh rq;fj;ijr;

Nrh;e;j thQ;rp ehjd; vd;gth; kzpahr;rp

,uapy; epiyaj;jpy; M\; vd;gtiu

Rl;Lf;nfhd;whh;. gpwF jd;idj;jhNd

Rl;L kuzk; mile;jhh;

,f;nfhiyapy; njhlh;Gilath;fs;

nrq;nfhl;il jh;kuh[h; tf;fPy;

ntq;fNlrfh;> khlrhkp

thQ;rpehjd; jd;idj;jhNd

Rl;Lf;nfhz;L ,we;jhh;.

ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhhp – ghuj khjh rq;fk;

17 Mz;L rpiw gpd; Xq;fhu Rthkpfs;

Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth;:

jkpofj;jpy; Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpuNgh];

kw;Wk; Forward Blockfpw;F mtuJ

MjuT je;jth;

jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fis mtuizj;J

Miyaj;jpw;Fs; mDkjpf;fr; nra;jth;

rj;jpa%h;j;jp:

,th; fdy;ff;Fk; Ngr;rhsh; vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

thQ;rpehjd;

,th; fdy;ff;Fk; Ngr;rhsh; vd;W

miof;fg;ngw;whh;

lhf;lh; gp. tujuh[PY ehAL

,th; gpugQ;r kpj;jpud; vd;w

gj;jphpf;ifapd; Mrphpah; Mthh;

t.Nt.R. Iah;:

jkpofj;jpy; Gul;rpahsh;fspd; jiytuhf

,Ue;jhh;. Nrud; khNjtpahy; xU

FUFyj;ij epWtp Gul;rpahsh;fSf;F

gapw;rp mspj;jhh;

Ra Ml;rp fofq;fs;

N`hk; &y; ,af;fk; vdg;gl;l

,t;tpaf;fk; jkpof;j;jpy; Jtf;fpath;

md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahh; Mthh;.

,t;tpaf;fj;jpw;F v];. Rg;gpukzpa

ma;ah;

jpU. tp. fy;ahzRe;judhh;> lhf;lh;

tujuh[PY ehAL> <. Nt. uhkrhkp

ehaf;fh; Jiz epd;wdh;

fhe;jpabfspd; xj;Jioahik ,af;fq;fs;

fhe;jpabfs; xj;Jioahik ,af;f

jPh;khdj;ij ehf;G+h; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by;

nfhz;L te;jNghJ mk; khehl;bw;F

jiyik tfpj;jth; rp.

tp[auhfthr;rhhpahh;. mtUf;F

Jizahf rj;jpa%h;j;jp kw;Wk; <. Nt.

uhkrhkp ehaf;fh; MfpNahh; Jiz

epd;wdh;. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,uh[h[p

ifJ nra;ag;gl;L NtY}h; rpiwapy;

milf;fg;gl;lhh;

Nty;]; ,sturh; tUif:

1921y; Nty;]; ,sturh; nrd;id

tUifapd; NghJ ,uh[h[p kw;Wk; <.nt.

uhkrhkp ehaf;fh; MfpNahh; mjid

vjph;j;jdh;

irkd; fkp\d; tUif:

irkd; fkp\d; tUifia rj;jpa

%h;j;jp jiyikapy; vjph;j;jdh;

fh;dy; ePy; rpiy mfw;wk;:

1857 Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ kpf

nfhLikahf kf;fis Jd;GWj;jpa

fh;dy; ePy; vd;gthpd; rpiy nrd;idapy;

epWtg;gl;lJ. ,jid 1927y; mfw;wpdh;

jz;b cg;G rj;jpahfpufk;:

,uh[h[p jiyikapy; jpUr;rpapy; Jtq;fp

Ntjhuz;aj;jpy; cg;G fha;r;Rk;

Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;wJ. rh;jhh;

Ntjuj;jpdk; gps;is> b.v];.v];. uh[d;>

Uf;kzp ,yl;Rkpgjp MfpNahh; fye;J

nfhz;ldh;

fhkuh[h;

1920y; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapy; Nrh;e;jhh;

,th; Kingmaker vdg;gl;lhh;

,thpd; jpl;lk; murpay; tl;lhuq;fspy; K-

plan vdg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb %j;j mikr;rh;

gjtp tpyFjy;

,isath;fs; mikr;rh;fshf

epakpf;fg;gly;.

%j;j mikr;rh;fs; epakpf;fg;gly;

%j;j mikr;rh;fs; fl;rpia tYg;gLj;j

nry;Yjy; MFk;

,th; mtru epiyia vjph;j;jhh;

,tuJ kjpa czTj; jpl;lj;jhy;>

Mapuf;fzf;fhd Foe;ijfs; gs;spr;

rhiyia Nehf;fp te;jikahy; ,tuJ

gpwe;j ehs; fy;tp jpdkhf jkpof

murhy; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ

,uh[h[p

Rje;jpu fl;rpia 1959y; Jtf;fpdhh;

Nryk; khtl;lk; njhug;gs;sp vd;w

fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhh; (jw;NghJ njhug;gs;sp

fpU\;zfphp khtl;lj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;sJ)

The Temple Entry Authorization and

Indemnity Act 1939 ,uh[h[p jkpofj;jpd;

Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;jNghJ nfhz;L

tug;gl;lJ

,e;jpahtpd; fth;dh; n[duyhf 1948-50

y; gjtp tfpj;jhh;

vdJ kdrhl;rpapd; fhtyh; vd;W

fhe;jpabfshy; miof;fg;gl;lth;

1952 Kjy; 1954 tiu jkpofj;jpd;

Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;jhh;

Rje;jpu fl;rpia Jtf;fpath;

Fyf; fy;tp jpl;lj;ij nfhz;L te;jth;

Kj;Jyl;Rkp nul;b

fy;Y}hpf; fy;tp ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpa

ngz;kzp

mt;it ,y;yk;> ngz;fs; jq;Fk; tpLjp

epWtpath;

Kjy; ngz; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;

Njtjhrp xopg;Gr; rl;lk;> tpgr;rhu xopg;G

rl;lk; nfhz;L tuf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jth;

milahh; Gw;WNeha; fofk; Vw;gLj;jpath;

njd; ,e;jpa ey chpik rq;fk;

1916y; jpahfuhah; kw;Wk; b. vk;. ehah;

MfpNahh;fshy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh;

,J ePjpf;fl;rp vd ngah; khw;wk;

nra;ag;gl;lJ. jpuhtpl ,af;fq;fspd;

Jtf;fk; ,JNt.

ePjpf;fl;rp:

1919y; njhlq;fg;gl;l njd;dpe;jpa

tpLjiy fofj;jpw;F 1917y; ePjpf;fl;rp

vd kWngahplg;gl;lJ. ,J

njhlq;Ftjw;F lhf;lh; b. vk;. ehah;

lhf;lh; rp. eNlr Kjypahh; kw;Wk; gp.

jpahfuha nrl;bah; Mfpa %tUk; Mth;.

1920y; ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp Kjd; Kiwahf

mike;jJ

1920 jkpofj;jpd; ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rpapd;

Kjy;th; - Rg;guhaY nul;bah;

gp. b. ,uh[d;

ePjpf;fl;rpapd; jiyth;fspy; xUth;.

jkpofj;jpy; 1936y; Kjyikr;ruhf

,Ue;jth;. jw;NghJs;s rghpkiy

ma;ag;gd; rpiy ,thpd; Kaw;rpahy;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

1921y; ,l xJf;fPL Kiw ,e;jpahtpy;

Kjy; Kiwahf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

Njh;thizf;FO mikf;fg;gl;l tUlk;

1929

1921y; ,e;J mwepiyar; rl;lk;

gpuhkzuy;yhNjhh; Nfhapy;fspy;

mh;r;rfh;fshf gzpahw;w

toptFf;fg;gl;lJ

1921y; ngz;fSf;F thf;Fhpikr; rl;lk;

,aw;wg;gl;lJ

1921y; fs;sh; rPh;jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpid

ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rpapypUf;Fk;NghJ nfhz;L

te;jjJ.

je;ij nghpahh;

,aw;ngah; <. Nt. ,uhkrhkp MFk;.

gpwe;j Mz;L 17.9.1879. kiwe;j ehs;

24.12.1973 MFk;.

1920 Mk; Mz;L jkpo;ehL fhq;fpu];

fl;rpapd; jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;

itf;fk; rj;ahfpuf ,af;fk;

14.4.1924y; je;ij nghpahh; itf;fk;

NfhapYf;F jPz;lj; jfhj ,e;Jf;fis

mDkjpf;ff; Nfhhp nrd;buy; jpUthq;$h;

gFjpiar; rhh;e;j itf;fk; vd;w

rj;ahfpufk; elj;jp rpiwr; nrd;whh;. gpd;

mtuJ kidtp ehfk;ik itf;fk;

Nghuhl;lj;ij njhlh;e;J elj;jp

20.5.1924y; ifjhfp rpiw nrd;wdh;.

Rakhpahij ,af;fk;

1925y; Rakhpahij ,af;fk; nghpahh;

njhlq;fpdhh;

1925y; eilngw;wJ. 3tJ khehL>

<Nuhl;by; 1930y; eilngw;wJ

1940y; mfpy ,e;jpa K];yPk; yPf;

ghfp];jhd; vdj; jdp ehL NfhhpaJ

Nghy; Mf];l; khjk; 1940y; jpuhtpl ehL

Nfhhpf;if jpUth&hpy; je;ij nghpahh;

mth;fshy; vOg;gg;gl;lJ

jpuhtplh; fofk;

1944y; Nryk; khehl;by; ePjpf;fl;rp

jpuhtplh; ,af;fkhd jpuhtplh; fofk; vd

ngah; khw;wg;gl;lJ

1930y; jPz;lhik vjphg;Gr; rl;lk;

epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ

Nrud; khNjtp (jpUney;Ntyp)apy; epytp

te;j jdpgge;jp Kiwia xopf;f

ghLgl;lth; je;ij nghpahh;

je;ij nghpahh; 24.12.1973 Mk; Mz;L

,we;jhh;.

nrd;id jpuhtplr; rq;fj;ij Jtf;fpath;

eNlr Kjypahh;

gpuhkzuy;yhNjhh;nfd jdptpLjp

Vw;gLj;jpath; rp. eNlrd;

itf;fk; tPuh; vd miof;fg;gl;lth;

nghpahh; - <.nr. uhkrhkp ehaf;fh;

Njtjhrp xopg;Gr; rl;lk; ,aw;w

fhuzkhf ,Ue;jth; lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp

nul;b

1930y; Mz;L rl;lg;gb Njtjhrp Kiw

xopf;fg;gl;lJ

1929y; Me;jpug;gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk;

mz;zhkiyg;gy;fiyf;fofk; Mfpait

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ

jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fofk;:

17

.3.1949y; jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fofk;

nrd;id ,uhaGuj;jpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

1967y; jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;w fofk;

jkpofj;jpy; Ml;rp mikj;jJ

1968y; mz;zhJiu Kjyikr;ruhf

,Ue;jNghJ kjuh]; khepyk; vd;gij

jkpo;ehL vd ngah; khw;wpdhh;

kNdhd;kzpak; Re;juk; gps;is

,th; vOjpa ePuhUq; flYLj;j vd;w

ghly; [Pd; 1970y; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;jhf

mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;ghyl

kNdhkd;kzpak; vd;w E}ypy; ,Ue;J

vLf;fg;gl;L rpwpa khw;wj;Jld;

ghlg;gLfpwJ.

Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh;

Rptfq;if khtl;lj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;. ,e;J

kjj;jpd; kPJ kpfTk; gw;Ws;s ,th;fs;

jkpo; kw;Wk; irtj;ij tsh;j;jdh;

[Pthde;jk;

fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;ijr; rhh;e;j ,th;>

Nrud; khNjtp FUFyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l

gpur;rpid fhuzkhf je;ij nghpahUld;

,ize;jth;. nghpahhpd; Ra khpahij

,af;fe;j;jpy; gq;Nfw;whh;. gfj;rpq; vOjpa

ehd; Vd; ehj;jpfd; MNdd;? Vd;w E}iy

jkpopy; nkhop ngah;j;jhh;

jhkiu vd;w ,jioj; Jtf;fpdhh;. ,th;

“[drf;jp” vd;Dk; ,jio 1937y;

Jtf;fpdhh;.

gy;NtW ghly;fis jkpopy;

nghJTilik nfhs;ifAld; vOjpdhh;.

gpd;dh; ,e;jpa nghJTilikf; fl;rpapy;

jk;ik ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;

jkpof mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l murpay; fl;rpfs;

ghl;lhsp kf;fs; fl;rp:

1999y; ,f;fl;rp ,uhkjh]; vd;gtuhy;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

kWkyh;r;rp jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fofk;:

jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fofj;jpy; ,Ue;J

1994y; gphpe;j it. Nfhghy;rhkp (gpd;dh;

it.Nfh) vd;gth; ,f; fl;rpapid

njhlq;fpdhh;.

jkpof gjpT nra;ag;gl;l murpay; fl;rpfs;

Njrpa jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fofk;:

14.7.2005y; kJiuapy; ,f; fl;rp Njh;jypy;

gq;f ngw;whYk; ,e;jpa Njh;jy;

Mizaj;jpy; 2.3.2006 md;W gjpT

ngw;Ws;sJ

ghz;br;Nrhp

ghz;br;Nrhp 1674y; gpuhd;Nfhrp]; khh;bd;

vd;gth; nrQ;rp fth;dhplkpUe;J xU

fpuhkj;ij ngw;W xU fhydpia

cUthf;fpdhh;

1793y; ghz;br;Nrhpia Mq;fpNyah;fs;

gpbj;Jf;nfhz;ldh;. gpd;G 1802y;

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fSf;F jpUg;gp

mspf;fg;gl;lJ

jkpo;ehL Kjyikr;rh;fs; gl;bay;

1. v. Rg;guhaY – 17.12.1920 to 11.07.1921

2. gdfy; muR – 11.07.1921 to 03.12.1926

3. lhf;lh; gp. Rg;guhad; - 04.12.1926 to

27.10.1930

4. gp. KDrhkp ehAL – 27.10.1930 to

04.11.1932

5. nghg;gpyp murh; - ,uhkfpU\;z

uq;fhuht; - 05.11.1932 to 04.04.1936

6. gp. b. ,uh[d; - 04.04.1936 to 24.08.1936

7. nghg;gpyp murh; - 27.08.1936 to 01.04.1937

,uhkfpU\;z uq;fhuht;

8. fh;kh ntq;fl nul;b ehAL – 01.04.1937

to 14.07.1937

9. ,uh[h[p – 14.07.1937 to 29.10.1939

10. gpufhrk; - 30.04.1946 to 23.03.1947

11. X. gp. uhkrhkp nul;bah; - 23.03.1947 to

06.04.1949

12. gp. v];. Fkhurhkp uh[h – 06.04.1949

to 06.04.1949

13. ,uh[h[p – 10.04.1952 to 13.04.1954

14. Nf. fhkuh[; - 13.04.1954 to 02.10.1963

15. vk;. gf;jtr;ryk; - 02.10.1963 to

06.03.1967

16. rp. vd;. mz;zhJiu – 06.03.1967 to

03.02.1969

17. K. fUzhepjp – 10.02.1969 to 04.01.1971

2) 15.03.1971 to 31.01.1976

18. vk;.[p.Mh; 30.06.1977 to 17.02.1980

09.06.1980 to 15.11.1984

10.02.1985 to 24.12.1987

19. [hdfp ,uhkr;re;jpud; 07.01.1988 to

30.01.1988

20. K. fUzhepjp – 27.01.1989 to

30.01.1991

21. n[. n[ayypjh – 14.05.2001 to

21.09.2001

22. K. fUzhepjp – 13.05.1996 to

13.05.2001

23. n[. n[ayypjh – 14.05.2001 to

21.09.2001

24. X. gd;dPh;nry;tk; - 21.09.2001 to

12.05.2006

25. n[. n[ayypjh – 02.03.2002 to

12.05.2006

26. fiyQh; K. fUzhepjp – 13.05.2006

Kjy;

,uz;lhk; cyfj; jkpo; khehL

1968y; nrd;idapy; ,uz;lhk; cyfj;

jkpo; khehL $l;lg;gl;lJ.

Ie;jhk; cyfj; jkpo; khehL

1981y; kJiuapy; Ie;jhk; cyfj; jkpo;

khehL $l;lg;gl;lJ.

jkpo;ehL Gtpapay;

,e;jpahtpd; njd;Nfhb – njw;F tlf;F

jf;fhszj;jpd; njd; fpof;fpy;

mike;Js;sJ

ml;rNuif – 8.5° – 13.35° – tlf;F

jPh;f;fNuif – 76.15° – 80.20° fpof;F

Nkw;F

1639y; nrd;idg;gl;bdk; fl;lg;gl;lJ.

23.4.1640y; Gdpj [hh;[; Nfhl;ilf;fhd

mbf;fy; ehl;lg;gl;lJ

1653y; Gdpj [hh;[; Nfhl;il mjidr;

Rw;wpAs;s Nfhukz;lyf; flw;fiu

gFjpfs; Mfpait nrd;id khfhzk;

vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ

1953y; nrd;id khfhzk; kjuh];

khepyk; kw;Wk; Me;jpu khepyk; vd;W

gphpf;fg;gl;lJ

1956 khepy kWrPuikg;G gb jkpo;ehL

Nfush> ik#h; kw;Wk; nrd;id vd

gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.

1.4.1960y; rpj;J}h; khtl;lj;jpd; xU rpy

gFjpfs; jkpo;ehl;bYk;> nrq;fy;gl;L

kw;Wk; Nryk; khtl;lj;jpd; rpy gFjpfs;

Me;jpu gpuNjrj;jpYk; fQ;rk; vd;w gFjp

xhprhtpYk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ

nrd;id khfhzk; vd;w ngah; 1968

Kjy; mwpQh; mz;zhJiu

Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;j NghJ jkpo;ehL

vdg; ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ

jkpofj;jpd; muR rpd;dkhf

=tpy;ypGj;J}h; Nfhtpy; NfhGukhFk;.

epyg;gug;G – 1>30>058 r.fp.kP (4.24%)

khepyq;fspd; gug;gstpy; 11tJ khepyk;

Mz;> ngz;tpfpjk; 987

flw;fiu ePsk; 912 fp. kP

fhyepiy – 18° – 43°C

ruhrhp kioasT – 925 mm

tq;fhs tphpFlhtpid xl;ba flw;fiu

gFjpfs; Nrho kz;ly flw;fiu

gFjpfs; vdg;gLk;.

jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s khtl;lq;fs;: 32

1. nrd;id

2. Nfhak;Gj;J}h;

3. flY}h; (1993 njd;dhw;fhL khtl;lk;

,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

4. jh;kGhp (1965 Nryj;jpypUe;J

gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

5. jpz;Lf;fy; (1985 kJiuapypUe;J

gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

6. <NuhL (1976 NfhaKj;J}hpypUe;J

gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

7. fhQ;rpGuk; (1996 nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk;

,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

8. f&h; (1996 jQ;ir> jpUr;rpapypUe;J

gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

9. fd;dpahFkhp

10. kJiu

11. ehfg;gl;bdk; (1991 jQ;ir>

jpUr;rpapypUe;J gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

12. ehkf;fy;

13. fpU\;zfphp

14. nguk;gY}h; (1996 jQ;ir> jpUr;rpapypUe;J

gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

15. GJf;Nfhl;il (1974 jQ;ir>

jpUr;rpapypUe;J gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

16. ,uhkehjGuk;

17. Nryk;

18. rptfq;if (1984 ,uhkehjGuj;jpypUe;J

gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

19. jQ;rhT+h;

20. Njdp (1996 kJiuapypUe;J

gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

21. jpUts;Sh; (1996 nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk;

,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

22. jpUth&h; (1997 jQ;ir> jpUr;rpapypUe;J

gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

23. jpUtz;zhkiy (1989 tl Mw;fhL

khtl;lk; ,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

24. jpUney;Ntpy

25. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp

26. J}j;Jf;Fb (1986 jpUney;NtypapypUe;J

gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

27. NtY}h; (1989 tl Mw;fhL khtl;lk;

,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

28. tpOg;Guk; (1993 njd;dhw;fhL khtl;lk;

,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

29. tpUJefh; (1984 ,uhkehjGuj;jpypUe;J

gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)

30. ePyfphp

31. mhpaY}h; - ,J nguk;gY}h; khtl;lj;jpy;

,Ue;J 23-11-2007 md;W gphpf;fg;gl;lJ

32. jpUg;G+h; khtl;lk; (Nfhit kw;Wk; <NuhL

khtl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;J mf;Nlhgh; 2008y;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ)

Nkw;F khtl;lq;fs;: Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> <NuhL

kw;Wk; ePyfphp

njd; khtl;lq;fs;: Njdp

jw;NghJ jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s

khefuhl;rpfs;

1. nrd;id 2. Nfhak;Gj;J}h; 3. kJiu 4.

jpUr;rp 5. Nryk; 6. jpUney;Ntyp 7.

jpUg;G+h; 8. <NuhL 9. NtY}h; 10.

J}j;Jf;Fb

1.8.2008 NtY}h; jkpo; ehl;bd; 9tJ

khefuhl;rpahf juk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ

5.8.2008 J}j;Jf;Fb jkpo; ehl;bd; 10tJ

khefuhl;rpahf juk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ

jkpo;ehL fh;ehlf khepy vy;iyg;Gw

khtl;lq;fs;: jUkGhp> NtY}h; kw;Wk;

jpUts;Sh;

jkpo;ehL Me;jpu khepy vy;iyg;Gw

khtl;lq;fs;: jUkGhp> NtY}h; kw;Wk;

jpUts;Sh;

jkpo;ehL Nfush khepy vy;iyg;Gw

khtl;lq;fs;: ePyfphp> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> Njdp>

jpz;Lf;fy;> tpUJefh;> jpUney;Ntyp

kw;Wk; fd;dpahFkhp

jkpo;ehl;bd; jiyefuk; nrd;id.

nrd;id efhpd; ml;rNuif kw;Wk;

jPh;f;fNuif miktplk; 13.04° tlf;F

80.17° fpof;F

khtl;lk; gug;gsT

<NuhL : 8162 r.fp.kP

Nfhak;Gj;J}h; : 7471 r.fp.kP

tpOg;Guk; : 7222 r.fp.kP

fhQ;rpGuk; : 7857 r.fp.kP

jpUney;Ntyp : 6823 r.fp.kP

jpz;Lf;fy; : 6266 r.fp.kP

jpUtz;zhkiy : 6191 r.fp.kP

NtY}h; : 6077 r.fp.kP

Nryk; : 5205 r.fp.kP

fpU\;zfphp : 5143 r.fp.kP

GJf;Nfhl;il : 4663 r.fp.kP

J}j;Jf;Fb : 4621 r.fp.kP

jh;kGhp : 4497 r.fp.kP

jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp : 4403 r.fp.kP

tpUJefh; : 4232 r.fp.kP

rptfq;if : 4189 r.fp.kP

,uhkehjGuk; : 4175 r.fp.kP

kJiu : 3741 r.fp.kP

nguk;gY}h; : 3691 r.fp.kP

flY}h; : 3678 r.fp.kP

jQ;rhT+h; : 3603 r.fp.kP

jpUts;Sh; : 3424 r.fp.kP

ehkf;fy; : 3363 r.fp.kP

Njdp : 3242 r.fp.kP

f&h; : 2895 r.fp.kP

ehfg;gl;bdk; : 2715 r.fp.kP

ePyfphp : 2452 r.fp.kP

jpUth&h; : 2097 r.fp.kP

mhpaY}h; : 1937 r.fp.kP

fd;dpahFkhp : 1672 r.fp.kP

nrd;id : 174 r.fp.kP

jw;NfhJ <NuhL kw;Wk; Nfhit khtl;lq;fs;

gphpf;fg;gl;L jpUg;G+h; khtl;lk;

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jkpofj;jpd; flNyhu khtl;lq;fs;: 13

1. jpUts;Sh; 2. nrd;id 3. fhQ;rpGuk; 4.

flY}h; 5. ehfg;gl;bdk; 6. ,uhkehjGuk;

7. J}j;Jf;Fb 8. fd;dpahFkhp 9.

tpOg;Guk; 10. jQ;rhT+h;

rkntsp

jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s rkntspapid 3

gphpthf gphpf;fyhk; mit

1. Nrhokz;ly flw;fiur; rkntsp

2. fhtphp tz;ly; rkntsp

3. njw;Fg; gFjpapy; cs;s twz;l

rkntspg; gFjp

flw;fiuf;F ,izahf tq;fhs tphpFlh

fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiy 500 fp. kP.

Fiwthf Kf;fpa MWfs; - 1. Fhtphp 2.

itif 3. jhkpuguzp 4. njd;ngz;iz

5. ghyhW fhtphp MW njhlh;ghf

jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; fh;ehlfhtpw;F ,ilNa

gpur;rpid vOe;Js;sJ. ,J njhlh;ghf

ika muR Cauvery Water Disputes

Tribunal [Pd; 1990y; mike;Js;sJ.

fpU\;zh ejp ePh;j; jpl;lk;

,j;jpl;lk; fpU\;zh ejpapy; ,Ue;J

nrd;idf;F 15 b.vk.rp. Fb ePh; nfhz;L

tUk; jpl;lkhFk;

,j;jpl;lk; njhlh;ghf 18.4.1983y; jkpof

muR kw;Wk; Me;jpu muR ,ilNa

xg;ge;jk; Vw;gl;lJ

nrg;lk;gh; 1996 Kjy; fz;lNyW

ePh;j;Njf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePh; 152 fpNyh

kPl;lh; njhiytpy; cs;s jkpo;ehl;by;

cs;s G+z;b ePh;jNjf;fj;jpw;F tUfpd;wJ

,j;jpl;lj;jpw;fhf rj;jpa rha;ghgh

mth;fs; jw;NghJ cjtp nra;Js;shh;.

tPu ehuhazd; Vhp ePh;j; jpl;lk;

Nrhoh;fs; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l Vhp>

flY}h; khtl;lk; rpjk;guk; mUNf cs;s

,t; Vhpapy; ,Ue;J nrd;idf;F FbePh;

tug;gLfpwJ

,t; Vhp fy;fpapd; nghd;dpapd; nry;td;

ehtypy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ

gPlG+kp – 500 – 2000 m

fpof;F Nehf;fp rhpT

1. tlMw;fhL 2. jUkGhp 3. Nryk; 4.

Nfhit 5. kJiu 6. ,uhkehjGuk; 7.

jpUney;Ntyp

kiyfs;

jkpo;ehl;bd; kiyg; gpuNjrk;

1. fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiy

2. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy

fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiy

khepyj;jpd; FWf;fhf njd; Nkw;F

jpirapy; cs;sJ. cauk; Fiwe;jit

1. rt;thJ kiy 2. Nrh;tuhad; kiy –

Vw;fhL 3. nfhy;yp kiy 4.

fy;tuhad; kiy 5. gr;irkiy

Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy

jkpo;ehl;bd; Nkw;F vy;iy

caukhd kiy

fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiy – Nkw;F

njhlh;r;rp kiy ,izAkplk; - ePyfphp

1. cjfkz;lyk; 2. Fd;D}h; 3.

Nfhj;jfphp

cah;e;j rpfuk; - (njhl;lngl;lh)

ePyfphpf;F njw;Nf ghyf;fhl;Lf; fztha;

mjw;Fk; njw;Nf Miz kiyj; njhlh;

njd; ,e;jpahtpd; kpf cah;e;j rpfuk; -

MidKb njw;Nf – godpkiy –

nfhilf;fhdy;

njw;Nf – Vykiy – mfj;jpa kiy

1. Mhpad; fhT fztha;

2. Muy;tha; nkhopf; fztha;

jkpo;ehl;bd; gUtf; fhyq;fs;:

jkpo;ehl;by; fhzg;gLk; 6 Kf;fpa

gUtq;fs; kw;Wk; mit epyTk;

khjq;fs;:

1. fhh;fhyk;: Mtzp – Gul;lhrp (Mf];l; -

mf;Nlhgh;)

2. Fsph; fhyk;: Ig;grp> fhh;j;jpif

(mf;Nlhgh; - brk;gh;)

3. Kd;gdpf;fhyk;: khh;fop – ij (brk;gh; -

gpg;uthp)

4. gpd;gdpf;fhyk;: khrp> gq;Fdp (gpg;uthp –

Vg;uy;)

5. ,sNtdpw; fhyk;: rpj;jpiu> itfhrp

(Vg;uy; - [_d;)

6. KJNtdpw; fhyk;: Mdp – Mb ([_d; -

Mf];l;)

jkpo;ehl;by; mugpf; fliyf; fhl;bYk;

tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; Vw;gLk; #whtsp

fhuzkhf mjpf ghjpg;igAk;

kioiaAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ

jkpo;ehl;bd; kiog;nghopT:

jkpo;ehl;bd; ruhrhp kio msT: 985.0

kp.kp

jkpo;ehl;by; njd; Nkw;F gUtf; fhw;why;

Vw;gLk; kioapd; ruhrhp msT: 332.9

kp.kp

jkpo;ehl;by; tl fpof;F gUtf; fhw;why;

Vw;gLk; kioapd; ruhrhp msT: 459.2

kp.kp

jkpo;ehl;bd; fpof;Nf Vyf;fha;kiy

mike;Js;sjhy;> jkpo;ehL njd;Nkw;F

gUtf; fhw;wpd; kio kiwT gpuNjrkhf

mike;Js;sJ. vdNt jkpo;ehl;bd;

gFjpfs; njd;Nkw;F gUtf; fhw;why;

mjpf kiog; nghopit ngw;W gyd;

miltjpy;iy.

efu ntg;gj; jPTfs;:

jkpo;ehl;by; nrd;id> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;>

kJiu jpUr;rp Nghd;w efuq;fspy; kf;fs;

njhif kpf mjpfkhf ngUfp tUfpd;wJ.

,tw;wpd; fhuzkhf mlh;j;jpahd

FbapUg;Gfs; kw;Wk; kf;fs; njhif

mlh;j;jp Mfpait fhuzkhf ntg;gk;

cz;lhfpd;wJ. ,itNa efu ntg;gj;

jPTfs; vdg;gLk;

jkpo;ehl;by; fhzg;gLk; kz; tiffs;:

jkpo;ehl;by; ngUksT nrk;kz;

fhzg;gLfpwJ

jkpo; ehl;by; cs;s kz; tiffis

fPo;f;fz;lthW gphpf;fyhk;:

1. tz;ly; kz;: flw;fiu khtl;lq;fs;

kw;Wk; nly;lh khtl;lq;fspy; ,k; kz;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jQ;rhT+h;> jpUth&h;>

ehfg;gl;bdk;> jpUr;rp> tpOg;Guk;> flY}h;>

jpUney;Ntyp> fd;dpahFkhp Nghd;w

khtl;lq;fspy; ,k; kz; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,J ney;> fUk;G> thio> kQ;rs;

Mfpait tpistpf;f gad;gLfpwJ

2. fhpry; kz;: ,k; kz; Nfhak;Gj;J}h;>

kJiu> jpz;Lf;fy;> ,uhkehjGuk;>

jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp> GJf;Nfhl;il> jQ;rhT+h;>

tpUJefh; Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k; kz;zpy; gUj;jp>

Nrhsk; kw;Wk; fhy;eilj; jPtdq;fs;

gaph; nra;ag; gLfpwJ

3. nrk;kz;: jkpofj;jpy; ,k;kz; mjpfkhf

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fhQ;rpGuk;> flY}h;>

NtY}h;> ,uhkehjGuk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;>

jpUr;rp> GJf;Nfhl;il> jQ;rhT+h;>

rptfq;iF. tpUJefh;> kJiu>

jpz;Lf;fy;> ehfg;gl;bdk;> J}j;Jf;Fb>

jpUney;Ntyp> Nryk;> <NuhL Nghd;w

khtl;lq;fspy; ,k; kz; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,k; kz;zpy; ePh; ghrd trjpAld; gaph;

nra;ag;gLfpwJ. kz;zpy; cs;s ,Uk;Gr;

rj;J Nja;tjhy; nrk;kz; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

4. fspkz;: ,k; kz; nrq;fy; jahhpf;f

gad;gLfpd;wJ. gpR gpRj; jd;ik

fhzg;gLk;.

5. cth; kz;: flw;fiu Xuq;fspy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Ntjhuz;ak; Nghd;w

gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k; kz;

fd;dpahFkhpapy; fhzg;gLtJ ,y;iy.

ill;lhdpak; rpwpjsT fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

jpUts;Sh;. fhQ;rpGuk;> jQ;rhT+h;>

ehfg;gl;bdk; Nghd;w khtl;lq;fspy;

fhzg;gLfpwJ

jkpo;ehl;bd; fhLfs;:

jkpo;ehl;by; fhLfs; rPuw;w Kiwapy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. khtl;lq;fSk; mjpy;

fhzg;gLk; fhLfspd; rjtPjKk;

gpd;tUkhW:

1. ePyfphp - 53.13%

2. Nryk; - 37.78%

3. jUkGhp - 24.77%

4. jpz;Lf;fy; - 24.21%

5. jpUtz;zhkiy - 22.56%

6. jpUney;Ntyp - 19.37%

7. tpOg;Guk; - 16.52%

8. jpUts;Sh; - 10.89%

nrd;idapy; 1.62 rjtPjKk; NtY}hpy;

0.031 rjtPjKk; fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

jkpo;ehl;by; jpUth&h; khtl;lj;jpy; 0.02

rjtPjf; fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,JNt

kpff; Fiwe;j msT MFk;

jkpo;ehl;by; fhLfspy; nkhj;jg; gug;gsT

22.865 rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;. ,J

jkpo;ehl;bd; nkhj;jg; gug;gstpy; 17.41

rjtPjk; MFk;

jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjd;ikj; njhopyhd

Ntshz;ikj; njhopypy; 56 rjtPjk;

kf;fs; <Lgl;Ls;sdh;.

jkpo;ehl;bd; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L

cw;gj;jpapy; Ntshz;ikapd; gq;F 13

rjtPjk; MFk;.

Southern Frest Rangers College (SFRC)

Coimbatore

Tamilnadu Forestry Training Colege –

Vaigai dam

jkpo;ehL Njapiy Njhl;lf; fofk;>

Fd;D}h; 1968

jkpo;ehL tdj; Njhl;lf; fofk;> jpUr;rp

13.6.1974

muR ,ug;gh; fofk; ehfh;Nfhtpy;

jkpo;ehl;by; epyj; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; kiog;

nghopT Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; 5

tifahd fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mit:

1. kpj ntg;g kz;ly kiyf;fhLfs;:

ePyfphp> Mizkiy> godp kiy Nghd;w

,lq;fspy; 1500 kPl;lUf;F Nky; <uk;

cila kpj ntg;g kz;ly

kiyf;fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ

2. Jiz ntg;g kz;ly kiyf;fhLfs;:

ePyfphp kw;Wk; godp kiyapy; 1500

kPl;lUf;Fk; Fiwthd Jiz ntg;g

kz;ly fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

3. ntg;g kz;ly twz;l gRikf; fhLfs;:

flw;fiu gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mlh;e;j Fl;ilahd Gjh;fs; cz;L

4. Kl;Gjh;f; fhLfs;: twz;l fhyk; ePz;Lk;

Fiwe;j kiog;nghopTk; cs;s

,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F

Kl;Gjh;fs; cz;L.

5. khq;FNuht; fhLfs;: fpof;F flw;fiuapy;

,t;tif fhLfs; cz;L. Ntjhuz;ak;>

gpr;rhtuk; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;

,t;tif fhLfspy; Re;jhp tif kuq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ

njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtf; fhw;wpd; kio

kiwTg; gpuNjrkhf cs;sJ

jkpo;ehl;bd; ngUk;gFjp tlfpof;Fg;

gUtf;fhw;why; kio ngWfpwJ

fhy;tha; ghrdk;

nkhj;jg; ghrdg; gug;gpd; ngUk; gFjp

fhy;tha;g; ghrdkhFk;

Gy;yk;ghb fl;liy> fPo;gthdp> jlg;gs;sp>

muf;fd;Nfhl;il> fhspq;fuhad;>

fy;yiz> Nkl;^h; Nghd;w gy

fhy;tha;fs; ghrdj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd

1932Mk; Mz;ly; Mq;fpy Ml;rpapd;

NghJ jkpo;ehl;by; Nkl;^h; miz

fl;lg;gl;lJ

Muzp Mw;Wj;jpl;lk;

Muzp ejp nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lj;jpy;

gha;fpwJ.

mkuhtjp mizj;jpl;lk;

fhtphpapd; Jiz ejpfspy; xd;whd

mkuhtjp ejp Nfhak;Gj;J}h; khtl;lk;

topahfg; gha;fpwJ.

Nkl;^h; miz

Nryk; khtl;lj;jpy; Nkl;^h; vd;Dkplj;jpy;

fhtphp ejpapd; FWf;Nf Xh; miz

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nkl;^h; - jpUr;nrq;NfhL fhy;tha;

Nryk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s jpUr;nrq;NfhL

kw;Wk; rq;ffphp tl;lq;fspYk; <NuhL

khtl;lj;jpYk; Vwj;jho 16>200 n`f;Nlh;

epyk; ePh;g;ghrd trjp ngWfpwJ

Gjpa Gs;sk;ghb fhy;tha; jpl;lk;:

jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s

Nkyizf;F Nkw;F gf;fj;jpy;

fhtphpapypUe;J fhy;tha;

ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

kzpKj;jhW jpl;lk;

jhkpuguzpapd; Jizahwhd

kzpKj;jhw;wpd; FWf;Nf jpUney;Ntyp

khtl;lj;jpy; Xh; miz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

jhkpuguzp ejpapd; kPJ kUJ}h;>

=itFz;lk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ,U

mizfs; fl;b ePh;g;ghrd trjp

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ

itifaizj; jpl;lk;

itif ejpapd; FWf;Nf kJiuf;F

mUNf Xh; miz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

itif ejpf;Fg; nghpahw;W ePh;j;

Njf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePh;

jpUg;gptplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

nghpahh; jpl;lk;

itif ejp gy khjk; twz;L tpLtjhy;

nghpahh; jpl;lk; tFf;fg;gl;lJ. Vyf;fha;

kiyapd; Nkw;Fr; rhptpy; cw;gj;jpahfhp>

Nfus khepyj;jpd; topahf Xb> mugpf;

flypy; fyf;Fk; ,e;ejpapd; FWf;Nf –

Njf;fbf;F mUfpy; Xh; miz fl;b

kiyiaf; File;J> fpof;Fg; gf;fk;

ePiuf; nfhz;Lte;J itifr; rkntsp

tsg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jUkGhp khtl;lj;jpy; njd;ngz;iz

ejpapy; fpU\;zfphp vd;Dkplj;jpy;

njd;ngz;iz ejpapy; fpU\;zfphp

vd;Dkplj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rhj;jD}h; miz

jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy;

njd;ngz;iz ejpapy; ,t;tiz

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

tPLh; miz

jpz;btdk; tl;lj;jpy; gha;fpd;w tuhf

ejpGk; njhz;il MWk; $Lk; ,lj;jpy;

tPLh; miz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

MspahW – guk;gpf;Fsk; jpl;lk;

guk;gp MW Nfhak;Gj;J}h; khtl;lj;jpy;

Midkiyfspy; Njhd;wp> Nkw;F Nehf;fp

Nfus khepyk; topahf XLfpwJ.

,e;ejpapy; Xh; mizfl;b> ePiuj; jpUg;gp

19 fp.kP ePs kiyiaf; File;J mjd;

topahf nghs;shr;rp tl;lj;jpy; ghAk;

Mspahw;Wld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

Vhpg;ghrdk;

jkpo;ehl;by; nghpaJk; rpwpaJkhf

Vwj;jho 33>000 VhpfSk; Fsq;fSk;

cs;sd

fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; mjpf mstpy;

nghpa Vhpfs; gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

kpfg;nghpa Vhpfshd nrk;guk;ghf;fk; Vhp>

Goy; Vhp> kJuhe;jfk; Vhp> nrq;fy;gl;L

Vhp> Nghd;w gy nghpa Vhpfs;

,k;khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sd. vdNt ,jid

tl;lk; vd miof;fpNwhk;. fhNthpg;ghf;fk;

Vhp> njd; Mw;fhl;by; cs;s tPuhzk; Vhp

Kjypad kpfg; nghpa Vhpfs; MFk;

G+z;b ePh;j Njf;fk;

jpUts;Sh; khtl;lj;jpy; mike;j G+z;b

ePh;Njf;fk; rj;jpa%h;j;jp rhfh; miz

vdg;gLk;. nrd;id FbePh; Njf;fp

itf;fg;gLk; Kf;fpa ,lkhFk;

jkpo;ehl;bd; Kf;fpa Muha;r;rp epiyaq;fs;

1. ,e;jpa mUkz; njhopw;rhiy –

fd;dpahFkhp

2. kpd; Muha;r;rp epiyak; - kz;lgk;>

,uhkehjGuk;

3. kj;jpa ,urhad kpd; Muha;r;rp

epiyak; fhiuf;Fb rptfq;if

4. ney; Muha;r;rp epiyak; - MLJiw>

jQ;rhT+h;

5. kj;jpa fly; Muha;r;rp epiyak; -

nrd;id

6. ,uapy;ngl;b njhopw;rhiy – nrd;id

(nguk;G+h;)

7. mz;zh Gw;WNeha; Ma;T epiyak; -

nrd;id (milahW)

8. ,e;jpa njhopy;El;gf; fofk; - nrd;id

9. fduf thfd njhopyfk; - nrd;id

(Mtb)

10. ghuj kpFkpd; epiyak; - jpUr;rp

,uhzpg;Ngl;il

jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs;

1. fpz;b Njrpa G+q;fh> nrd;id

2. kd;dhh; tisFlh kw;Wk; Njrpa G+q;fh

3. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp Njrpa G+q;fh> Midkiy

4. kJiu Njrpa G+q;fh – ePyfphp

5. Kf;$h;j;jp Njrpa G+q;fh - ePyfphp

tdtpyq;F ruzhyaq;fs;

1. KJkiy tdtpyq;F ruzhyak;

Kf;$h;j;jp ePyfphp khtl;lk;

2. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; -

Mizkiy> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;

3. fshf;fhL tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; -

jpUney;Ntyp

4. Kz;le;Jiw tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; -

jpUney;Ntyp

5. Point Calimere tdtpyq;F ruzhyak;

- ehfg;gl;bdk;

6. =tpy;ypGj;J}h; Grizzled Giant Squirrel

ruzhyak; - tpUJefh; (mzpy;)

7. tsehL fUg;G thj;J ruzhyak; -

J}j;Jf;Fb

gwitfs; ruzhyaq;fs;

1. Ntle;jhq;fy; gwitfs; ruzhyak; -

fhQ;rpGuk;

2. Ntl;lq;Fb gwitfs; ruzhyak; -

,uhkehjGuk;

3. Karikill gwitfs; ruzhyak; -

fhQ;rpGuk;

4. Gypfhl; gwitfs; ruzhyak; -

jpUts;Sh;

5. fhQ;rpuq;Fsk; gwitfs; ruzhyak; -

,uhkehjGuk;

6. cjakhh;j;jz;lGuk; gwitfs;

ruzhyak; - ehif

7. rpj;jpuq;Fb gwitfs; ruzhyak; -

,uhkehjGuk;

8. t^h; gwitfs; ruzhyak; - jQ;rhT+h;

9. $j;jd;Fsk; gwitfs; ruzhyak; -

jpUney;Ntyp

10. Karaivetti gwitfs; ruzhyak; -

nguk;gY}h;

11. Vellode gwitfs; ruzhyak; - <NuhL

12. Melselvanur – Keelselvanur

gwitfs; ruzhyak; - ,uhkehjGuk;

Biosphere Reserve:

1. Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park

2. Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve

3. Agasthiyarmalai Biopshere Reserve

jkpo;ehl;bd; ghiy epyq;fs;:

jkpo;ehl;bd; fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLtjhYk;

Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy kio kiwT

gpuNjrkhf ,Ug;gjhYk; ghiy epyq;fs;

Vw;glj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ

jkpo;ehl;by; Njdp kw;Wk; Nghb

ehaf;fD}Uf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s

fpuhkq;fs; Nkw;F njhlh;r;rpkiyapd;

kio kiwT gpuNjrkhFk;. jw;NghJ

,q;F kzy; Gay; tPRfpd;wJ

njd; Nkw;F fhw;Wfs; ,g; gFjpapy;

cOJ fplf;Fk; tay;fspy; ,Ue;J

kz;iz Nrfhpj;J Mq;fhq;F kzy;

NkLfis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.

jkpo;ehl;bd; Ntshz;ik:

jkpo;ehl;by; 5.75 kpy;ypad; n`f;Nlh;

epyj;jpy; Ntshz;ik nra;a cfe;j

epyq;fs; cs;sJ

jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s kz;zpy;

nghl;lh\pak; Fiwthf cs;sJ. vdNt

mjpf nghl;lh\pak; Njitg;gLfpwJ

jkpo;ehl;by; 2007-2008 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd

ney; cw;gj;jp Rkhh; 75.60 ,yl;rk;

nkl;hpf; ld; MFk;

jkpo;ehl;by; gUj;jp tpisAk;

khtl;lq;fs; <NuhL> kJiu> Njdp.

jpz;Lf;fy;> jpUney;Ntyp> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;>

Nryk; Mfpait MFk;.

jkpo;ehl;by; ePyfphp> Mizkiy kw;Wk;

Nrh;tuhad; kiyj; njhlh;fspy; fhgp

gaph; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

jkpo;ehl;by; fhgp gaph; tpisAk;

gFjpfspy; ntg;gfhyq;fspy; nga;Ak;

kio nghJthf G+ G+f;Fk; J}uy;

(Blossom Showers) vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpwJ

jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s Ngg;gh; Miyfs;:

1. Seshasayee Paper & Board Ltd.,

gs;spg;ghisak; ehkf;fy; khtl;lk;

2. Talent Paper & Boards Ltd., -

Sathyamangalam

3. Tamilnadu Newsprint and Papers

Limited, Kagithapuram, Karur District

jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s $l;LwT kw;Wk; muR rhh;G

rh;f;fiu Miyfs;:

1. Mk;G+h; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>

tlGJg;gl;L fpuhkk;> NtY}h; khtl;lk;

2. NPKRR $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>

Thalainayar ,isahe;Njhg;G>

kapyhLJiw> ehfg;gl;bdk; khtl;lk;

3. mkuhtjp $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>

fpU\;zhGuk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}h; khtl;lk;

4. fs;sf;Fwpr;rp $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>

fs;sf;Fwpr;rp tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk;

5. fs;sf;Fwpr;rp $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>

%q;fpy;Jiwg;gl;L> tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk;

6. Rg;gpukzpa rpth $l;LwT rh;f;fiu

Miy> NfhghyGuk;> jUkGhp khtl;lk;

7. jUkGhp $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>

ghyf;NfhL> jUkGhp khtl;lk;

8. nra;ahW $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>

mdf;fhT+h;> njd;jz;ly; fpuhkk;>

jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lk;

9. kJuhe;jfk; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>

ghlyk;> fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk;

10. vk;. Mh;. fpU\;z%h;j;jp rh;f;fiu

Miy> Nrj;jpah Njhg;G> rpjk;guk;>

flY}h; khtl;lk;

11. Ne\dy; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>

Nkl;Lg;gl;b> myq;fhey;Y}h;> kJiu

khtl;lk;

12. Fk;kpbg;G+z;b $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>

GJtay;> jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk;

13. jpUg;gj;J}h; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>

Nfjhz;lgl;b> NtY}h; khtl;lk;

14. nrq;fy;tuhad; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu

Miy> nghpa nrthiy> tpOg;Guk;

khtl;lk;

15. NtY}h; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>

mk;Kz;b fpuhkk;> NtY}h; khtl;lk;

16. Nryk; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>

NkhfD}h;> ehkf;fy; khtl;lk;

17. mwpQh; mz;zh rh;f;fiu Miy>

FWq;Fsk;> jQ;rhT+h; khtl;lk;

18. jpUj;jzp $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>

jpUtyq;fhL> jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk;

19. nguk;gY}h; rh;f;fiu Miy> viuA+h;

nguk;gY}h; khtl;lk;

20. kJuh rh;f;fiu Miy> ghz;bauh[Guk;>

kJiu khtl;lk;

jdpahh; rh;f;fiu Miyfs;

Rajshree Sugars & Chemicals Ltd., Andipatti

Ponni Sugar & Chemicals Ltd., Erode

Bannari Amman Sugars Ltd.,

Sathyamangalam

jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s muR rhh;G rpnkz;l;

Miyfs;

1. Myq;Fsk; rpnkz;l; xh;f;];>

Myq;Fsk;> tpUJefh; khtl;lk;

2. mhpaY}h; rpnkz;l; xh;f;];> mhpaY}h;

khtl;lk;

3. jkpo;ehL M];ng];lh];> Myq;Fsk;>

tpUJefh; khtl;lk;

4. ];Nlhd; igg; njhopyfk;> tpUjhr;ryk;>

flY}h; khtl;lk;

5. Jkpo;ehL M];ng];lh];> khaD}h;>

f&h; khtl;lk;

jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; jhioA+j;Jtpy;

rq;fh; rpnkz;l; njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ

jkpo;ehl;bd; fdpk tsq;fs;

fhh;dl; (Garnet)> nth;kpFNyl;> [ph;fhd;

(Zircon)> ypf;idl; kw;Wk; &l;ily;

(Rutile)> Mfpatw;wpy; ,e;jpahtpy;

Kjyplj;ij jkpofk; tfpf;fpd;wJ

Nkf;dirl; kw;Wk; NkhNdhirl;

(Monazite) Mfpatw;wpy; ,e;jpahtpy;

,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ.

jkpo;ehl;by; ehif khtl;lj;jpy; ehpkzk;

vd;W cs;s fhtphp nly;lh gFjpapy;

ngl;Nuhypak; fpilf;fpd;wJ

,y;kidl; (Ilmenite)> [pg;rk;> fpuhigl;>

ngy;gh; kw;Wk; fsp kz; Mfpatw;wpy;

%d;whtJ ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ.

flw;fiu khtl;lq;fshfpa fd;dpahFkhp>

jpUney;Ntyp> J}j;Jf;Fb> ,uhkehjGuk;

kw;Wk; ehfg;gl;bdk; Mfpa

khtl;lq;fspy; fd jdpkq;fs; Garnet,

Ilmenite, Rutile, Leucoxene, Monazite and

Zircon fpilf;fpd;wd.

Rkhh; 30275 kpy;ypad; ld;fs; ,Ug;G

,Ug;gjhf $wg;gLk; ypf;idl; flY}h;

khtl;lk; nea;Ntypapy; fpilf;fpd;wJ.

kd;dhhFb> n[aq;nfhz;lhd; kw;Wk; =

K\;zk; Mfpa ,lq;fspYk; ypf;idl;

,Ug;G cs;sJ

Rkhh; 73 kpy;ypad; ld;fs; ,Ug;G

,Ug;gjhf $wg;gLk; Nkf;dirl; Nryk;>

ehkf;fy;> Nfhit kw;Wk; <NuhL Mfpa

khtl;lq;fspy; cs;sJ. cyfj;jpy;

rpwe;j Nkf;dirl; jkpofj;jpd; kw;Wk;

jpUney;Ntyp Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy;

fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,it Vw;Wkjp juk;

tha;e;jit MFk;.

cyf Vw;Wkjp juk; tha;e;j Fthh;l;

kw;Wk; Feldspar Mfpait

jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp> Nryk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;>

kJiu> jpUney;Ntyp> <NuhL kw;Wk;

jpz;Lf;fy; Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy;

fpilf;fpd;wJ. kpd;dpay; fUtpfs; kw;Wk;

xspf; fUtpfspy; gad;gLk; Fthh;l; 8

kpy;ypad; ld;Dk; nruhkpf;

njhopw;rhiyapy; gad;gLk; Feldspar 7

kpy;ypad; ld;Dk; ,Ug;gpy; cs;sJ.

ghf;irl; nfhilf;fhdy;> godp> Vw;fhL

kw;Wk; nfhy;yp kiy Mfpa ,lq;fspy;

fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; ,Ug;G 26 kpy;ypa;d

ld;fs; MFk;.

fspkz; flY}h;> GJf;Nfhl;il>

jpUney;Ntyp> jpUts;Sh;> fhQ;rpGuk;

kw;Wk; jpUtz;zhkiy Mfpa gFjpapy;

fpilf;fpd;wJ

jkpo;ehl;bd; Rkhh; 710 kpy;ypad; fd

kPl;lh; mstpw;F fpuhidl; fw;fs;

fpilf;fpd;wJ. jpz;btdj;jpy; Kunnam

Black tif fw;fSk;> jUkGhpapy;

Paradiso tif fw;fSk;>

GJf;Nfhl;ilapy; Jubrana tif fw;fSk;

kJiuapy; Kashmir White tif

fw;fSk; fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; fUg;G tif

fw;fSk; fpilf;fpd;wd.

,aw;if vhpthA ehfg;gl;bdk; kw;Wk;

,uhkehjGuk; khtl;l flw;fiu gFjpapy;

fpilf;fpd;wJ

Nryk; khtl;lk; fQ;r kiyapy;

,Uk;Gj;jhJ fpilf;fpd;wJ

,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf ghf;irl;

fpilf;Fk; khepyq;fspy; jkpo;ehLk; xd;W

rh;f;fiu Miy cs;s ,lq;fs; -

ney;ypf;Fg;gk;> myq;fhey;Y}h;>

tlkhjpkq;fyk;> jpUtyk;> ngd;dlk;

kJiu kw;Wk; Nfhak;Gj;J}iur;

Rw;wpAs;s gFjpapy; nerTj;

njhopw;rhiyfs; mike;Js;sd.

Nfhitia njd;dpe;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh;

vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ

nrd;id nguk;G+hpy; ,uapy; ngl;bfs;

jahhpf;Fk; njhopyfk; cs;sJ

jkpofj;jpy; rpg;fhl; cs;s ,lq;fs;

1. gh;$h; 2. ,Uq;fhl;Lf;Nfhl;il 3.

GJf;Nfhl;il 4. nra;ahh; 5. khdhkJiu

6. ,uhzpg;Ngl;il 7. flY}h; 8.

epyf;Nfhl;il 9. rpWNrhp 10. fq;if

nfhz;lhd; 11. Xuflk; 12.

jpUg;ngUk;GJ}h; 13. Fk;kpbg;G+z;b 14.

ngUe;Jiw 15. J}j;Jf;Fb 16. X#h;

jkpo;ehl;by; bl;Nfh (1956) %yk;

Jtf;fg;gl;l jpl;lq;fs;

1. lhl;lh epWtdj;Jld; ,ize;J 1985y;

ill;ld; thl;r; epWtdj;ij X#hpy;

epWtg;gl;lJ

2. vy;fhl; epWtdj;Jld; ,ize;J nrd;id

jukzpapy; illy; ghh;f;

(TIDEL = TIDCO + ELCOT) epWtdk;

3. illy; ghh;f; epWtdj;Jld; ,ize;J

ilry; gNahnlf; ghh;f; epWtdk;

nrd;idapy; epWtg;gl;lJ. gNahnlf;

nfhs;ifia ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy;

mwpKfk; nra;j khepyk; jkpo;ehL MFk;.

(nrg;lk;gh; 2000)

4. Nryk; mUNf rjh;d; mah;d; mz;l;

];By; fk;ngdp vd;w epWtdk; jw;NghJ

[pe;jhy; FOkj;Jld; ,ize;J

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

5. nrq;fw;gl;L mUNf kNfe;jpuh Nthh;y;L

rpl;b vd;w efuj;ij cUthf;fpAs;sJ

jkpo;ehL fhjp kw;Wk; fpuhk njhopy;

thhpak; mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1960

jkpo;ehL khR fl;Lg;ghL thhpak;

Jtf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1982

jkpofj;jpy; cs;s rpwg;G nghUshjhu

kz;lyq;fs; jpUg;ngUk;GJ}hpy; Nehf;fpah

kw;Wk; Flextronics MFk;.

jkpofj;jpy; cs;s Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs;:

jkpofj;jpy; jw;NghJ 24 Njrpa

neLQ;rhiyfs; nry;fpd;wJ.

cj;jpugpNjrk; kw;Wk; gPfhh; mLj;J

jkpo;ehl;by; jhd; mjpf neLQ;rhiyfs;

nry;fpd;wd

jkpofj;jpy; cs;s Njrpa

neLQ;rhiyapd; ePsk; 4462 fp. kP. MFk;.

12 Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs; jkpofj;jpy;

kl;Lk; nry;fpd;wJ. jkpofj;jpy; ,Ue;J

ehd;F rhiyfs; NfushitAk;> %d;W

rhiyfs; fh;ehlfj;ijAk; ,uz;L

rhiyfs; Me;jpu gpuNjrj;ijAk;

,izf;fpd;wJ %d;W rhiyfs; gy;NtW

khepyq;fisAk; ,izf;fpd;wJ.

vd;. vr;. 4 Kk;ig – nrd;id rhiy

vdg;gLk;. ,r; rhiy jq;f ehw;fu

jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; mike;Js;sJ.

vd;. vr. 5 nrd;id – fy;fj;jh

,izg;Gr; rhiyahFk; ,r;rhiy Me;jpu

gpuNjrk;> xhprh topahf jkpofj;ij

,izf;Fk;

vd;. vr. 7 thuzhrp – fd;dpahFkhp

rhiy vdg;gLk; ,r;rhiy kpfg;nghpa

Njrpa neLQ;rhiy MFk;. cj;jpu

gpuNjrk;> kj;jpa gpuNjrk;> kfhuh\;buh>

Me;jpu gpuNjrk; fh;ehlfh topahf

jkpo;ehl;il ,r;rhiy te;jilfpd;wJ.

,jd; nkhj;j ePsk; 2369 fp. kPl;lh; MFk;

vd;. vr;. 7 v jpUney;Ntyp – J}j;Jf;Fb

rhiy

vd;. vr;. 45gp nrd;id – jpz;Lf;fy; -

NjdP rhiy

vd;. vr;. 45v tpOg;Guk; - ghz;br;Nrhp

rhiy

vd;. vr;. 45gp jpUr;rp – J}j;Jf;Fb

rhiy

vd;. vr;. 46 fpU\;zfphp -

,uhzpg;Ngl;il rhiy

vd;. vr;. 47 Nryk; - nfhr;rpd; -

fd;dpahFkhp rhiy

vd;. vr;. 49 nfhr;rpd; - ,uhNk];tuk;

rhiy

vd;. vr;. 66 fpU\;zfphp – ghz;br;Nrhp

rhiy

vd;. vr;. 67 ehfg;gl;bdk; - $lY}h;

rhiy

vd;. vr;. 68 cSe;J}h;Ngl;il – Nryk;

rhiy

vd;. vr;. 205 nrd;id – mde;jG+h;

rhiy

vd;. vr;. 209 ngq;fSh; - jpz;Lf;fy;

rhiy

vd;. vr;. 210 jpUr;rp - ,uhkehjGuk;

rhiy

vd;. vr;. 219 fpU\;zfphp – kjdg; gs;sp

rhiy

vd;. vr;. 220 NjdP – nfhy;yk; rhiy

vd;. vr;. 226 jQ;rhT+h; - khdhkJiu

rhiy

vd;. vr;. 227 jpUr;rp – rpjk;guk; rhiy

,Ug;Gg; ghij

jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjy; ,Ug;Gg; ghij

nrd;id muf;Nfhzj;ij ,izj;jJ.

jkpo;ehL vf;];gpu]; nrd;id GJ

jpy;ypia ,izf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j uapy;

nrd;id> tp[athlh> thuq;fy;> ehf;G+h;>

Nghghy;> [hd;rp> Fthypah; Mf;uh kw;Wk;

eprhKjPd; topahf nry;fpwJ.

fpuhz;l; buq;f; vf;];gpu]; nrd;id GJ

jpy;ypia ,izf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j uapy;

nrd;id> Fz;^h;> thuq;fy;> ehf;G+h;>

Nghghy;> Fthypah;> Mf;uh topahf

nry;fpwJ

nrd;id ep[hKjPd; uh[jhzp vf;];gpu];

nrd;id ep[hKjPid ,izf;fpd;wJ.

nrd;id> tp[athlh> thuq;fy;> ehf;G+h;>

Nghghy;> Fthypah;> Mf;uh topahf

nry;fpwJ.

ney;iy vf;];gpu]; nrd;id

jpUney;Ntypia ,izf;fpwJ.

nrq;fy;gl;L> jpz;btdk;> tpUj;jhr;ryk;>

jpUr;rp> jpz;Lf;fy;> kJiu kw;Wk;

Nfhtpy;gl;b topahf nry;fpwJ. Nfhit

vf;];gpu]; muf;Nfhzk;> Mk;G+h;> Nryk;>

<NuhL kw;Wk; jpUg;G+h; topahf Nfhit

nry;fpwJ.

kf;fs; njhif 2001 Mz;L fzf;fpd;gb

kf;fs; njhif – 62>405>679

Mz;fs; - 31>400>9000 – ngz;fs; - 31>004>700

jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; - 19% - 1>18>57>079

kiy rhjpapdh; - 1.04% - 6>49>019

jkpo;ehl;bd; 1991-2001 Mz;bd; kf;fs;

njhif tsh;r;rp tpfpjk; 11.19% MFk;

ruhrhp tho;ehs;: Mz; - 62.9 Mz;L.

ngz; - 63.1 Mz;L

,uapy; ghij ePsk; - 4012 Km

rhiy ePsk; - 7>70>499 sf. Km.

tWikf; Nfhl;Lf;F fPo; - 32.8%

jkpofj;jpd; 2001 Mz;L

fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif

6>24>05>679

jkpofj;jpd; 1.7.2008 Mz;L nkhj;j

kf;fs; njhif 6>63>96>000 ,J ,e;jpa

kf;fs; njhifapy; 5.79% MFk;

2001y; jkpofj;jpd; kf;fs; njhif

mlh;j;jp 480 / rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;

2008y; jkpofj;jpy; kf;fs; njhif

mlhj;jp 511 / rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;

khtl;lk; njhif

nguk;gY}h; - 493646

mhpaY}h; - 695524

ePyfphp - 762141

f&h; - 935685

Njdp - 1093950

rptfq;if - 1155356

jpUth&h; - 1169474

,uhkehjGuk; - 1187604

GJf;Nfhl;il - 1459601

ehfg;gl;bdk; - 1488839

ehkf;fy; - 1493462

J}j;Jf;Fb - 1572273

fd;dpahFkhp - 1676034

tpUJefh; - 1751301

jpz;Lf;fy; - 1923014

jpUtz;zhkiy - 2186125

jQ;rhT+h; - 2216138

flY}h; - 2285395

jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp - 2418366

kJiu - 2578201

<NuhL - 2581500

jpUts;Sh; - 2754756

jpUney;Ntyp - 2723988

jUkGhp - 2856300

fhQ;rpGuk; - 2877468

tpOg;Guk; - 2960373

Nryk; - 3016346

NtY}h; - 3477317

Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 4271856

nrd;id - 4343645

jkpofj;jpd; ngz;fs; kf;fs; njhif

3>10>04>770

khtl;l thhpahf ngz;fs; kf;fs; njhif

nguk;gY}h; - 247505

mhpaY}h; - 348761

ePyfphp - 383790

f&h; - 470148

Njdp - 540964

rptfq;if - 588409

jpUth&h; - 588690

,uhkehjGuk; - 604228

ehkf;fy; - 733911

GJf;Nfhl;il - 735301

ehfg;gl;bdk; - 749765

J}j;Jf;Fb - 805450

fd;dpahFkhp - 843765

tpUJefh; - 880925

jpz;Lf;fy; - 954877

jpUtz;zhkiy - 1090266

jQ;rhT+h; - 1119500

flY}h; - 1134487

jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp - 1209832

<NuhL - 1272222

kJiu - 1274838

jpUts;Sh; - 1357349

jUkGhp - 1382703

jpUney;Ntyp - 1390049

fhQ;rpGuk; - 1420226

Nryk; - 1452713

tpOg;Guk; - 1467931

NtY}h; - 1736234

Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 2095825

nrd;id - 2124106

jkpo;ehl;bd; 2001 fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb kf;fs;

njhif mlh;j;jp 480 MFk;

mlh;j;jp mjpfk; cs;s khtl;lk;

nrd;id MFk;

kf;fs; mlh;j;jp tptuq;fs;

nrd;id - 24231

fd;dpahFkhp - 992

jpUts;Sh; - 800

kJiu - 733

jQ;rhT+h; - 649

fhQ;rpGuk; - 647

flY}h; - 626

NtY}h; - 573

Nryk; - 573

Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 566

ehfg;gl;bdk; - 548

jpUr;rp - 542

jpUth&h; - 538

ehkf;fy; - 436

jpUney;Ntyp - 411

tpUJefh; - 409

tpOg;Guk; - 406

mhpaY}h; - 358

Njdp - 357

jpUtz;zhkiy - 352

J}j;Jf;Fb - 339

jpz;Lf;fy; - 317

<NuhL - 314

GJf;Nfhl;il - 312

f&h; - 311

ePyfphp - 300

jh;kGhp - 294

,uhkehjGuk; - 287

nguk;gY}h; - 278

rptfq;if - 275

jkpo;ehl;bd; Mz; ngz; tpfpjk; 1000/987

MFk;

J}j;Jf;Fb - 1050

jpUney;Ntyp - 1042

rptfq;if - 1038

,uhkehjGuk; - 1036

jQ;rhT+h; - 1021

GJf;Nfhl;il - 1015

fd;dpahFkhp - 1014

ePyfphp - 1014

jpUth&h; - 1014

ehfg;gl;bdk; - 1014

tpUJefh; - 1012

f&h; - 1010

nguk;gY}h; - 1006

mhpaY}h; - 1006

jpUr;rp - 1001

NtY}h; - 997

jpUtz;zhkiy - 995

jpz;Lf;fy; - 986

flY}h; - 986

tpOg;Guk; - 984

kJiu - 978

Njdp - 978

fhQ;rpGuk; - 975

<NuhL - 972

jpUts;Sh; - 971

ehkf;fy; - 966

Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 963

nrd;id - 957

fpU\;zfphp - 944

jUkGhp - 938

Nryk; - 929

jkpo;ehl;bd; kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rp 11.72

rjtPjk; MFk;

Fiwe;j tsh;r;rp tpfjk; cs;s khtl;lk;

Njdp MFk;

mjpf tsh;r;rp tpfpjk; cs;s khtl;lk;

jpUts;Sh; MFk;

mjpf efh;Gw kf;fis cila khtl;lk;

nrd;id MFk;. ,uz;lhtjhf

Nfhak;Gj;J}h; khtl;lk; MFk;

Fiwe;j efh;Gw kf;fis cila

khtl;lk; tpOg;Guk; MFk;

jkpo;ehl;bd; ruhrhp fy;tpawpT 73.47

rjtPjk; MFk;

ngz;fs; fy;tpawpT kpff; Fiwe;j

khtl;lk; jh;kGhp MFk;

fy;tpawpT rjtPjk;

1. fd;dpahFkhp - 88.11

2. J}j;Jf;Fb - 81.96

3. nrd;id - 80.14

4. ePyfphp - 81.44

5. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp - 79.16

6. fhQ;rpGuk; - 77.61

7. kJiu - 78.65

8. Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 76.95

9. jpUney;Ntyp - 76.97

10. jpUth&h; - 76.90

11. ehfg;gl;bdk; - 76.89

12. jpUts;Sh; - 76.54

13. jQ;rhT+h; - 76.07

14. tpUJefh; - 74.23

15. ,uhkehjGuk; - 73.05

16. NtY}h; - 73.07

17. rptfq;if - 72.66

18. NjdP - 72.01

19. GJf;Nfhl;il - 71.96

20. flY}h; - 71.85

21. jpz;Lf;fy; - 69.83

22. f&h; - 68.74

23. ehkf;fy; - 67.66

24. jpUtz;zhkiy – 68.22

25. Nryk; - 65.72

26. <NuhL - 65.51

27. nguk;gY}h; - 65.88

28. tpOg;Guk; - 64.68

29. jUkGhp - 59.23

jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s fy;tp / gy;fiyf;

fofq;fs;:

jkpo;ehl;by; jw;NghJ 350 nghwpapy;

fy;Y}hpfs;> 25 kUj;Jt fy;Y}hpfs;> 1150

fiyf; fy;Y}hpfs;> 2550 gs;spfs; 5000

kUj;Jt kidfs; cs;sd

midtUk; mwptpay; fy;t gapy

Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ jpuhtpl ,af;fq;fspd;

nfhs;if MFk;

nkl;uh]; fpwp];Jtf; fy;Y}hp 1837y;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science

and Higher Education for Women. ,e;j

epWtdk; 8.6.1998y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J

Nfhak;Gj;J}hpy; cs;sJ.

ghujpahh; gy;fiyf; fofk; 1981y;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J Nfhak;Gj;J}hpy;

cs;sJ.

ghujpjhrd; gy;fiyf; fofk; gpg;uthp

1982y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J jpUr;rpapy;

cs;sJ

Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha

1918y; kfhj;kh fhe;jp mth;fshy;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J nrd;idapy; cs;sJ

Gandhigram Rural Institute, jpz;Lf;fy;>

3.8.1976y; gy;fiyf;fof epiyiag;

ngw;wJ

mofg;gh gy;fiyf; fofk; 1985y;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J nrd;idapy; cs;sJ

mz;zhkiy gy;fiyf;fofk; 1929y;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J mz;zhkiy efhpy;

cs;sJ

Indian Institute of Technology, Madras

1959y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J nrd;idapy;

cs;sJ

kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf; fofk; 1966y;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J kJiuapy; cs;sJ

kNdhd;kzp Re;judhh; gy;fiyf; fofk;

27.8.1990 jpUney;Ntypapy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

md;id njurh ngz;fs; gy;fiyf;fofk;

1984y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J

nfhilf;fhdypy; cs;sJ

Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University

20.09.1997y; nrd;idapy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; rl;lg;gy;fiyf;fofk;

,JNt MFk;.

Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University

1987y; nrd;idapy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher

Education 9.11.1992

Tamil Nadu Veterinary And Animal

Sciences University 1876 y; nrd;idapy;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

jkpo;ehL Ntshz;ik gy;fiyf;fofk;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

2002y; jkpo;ehL jpwe;jntsp

gy;fiyf;fok; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

17.09.1997y; nghpahh; gy;fiyf;fofk;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

16.10.2002y; jpUts;Sth; gy;fiyf;fofk;

NtY}hpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

Jkpofj;jpy; mfpy ,e;jpahitg; Nghd;W

10 + 2 + 3 jpl;lk; 1978y; nfhz;L

tug;gl;lJ.

jkpo;ehl;bd; Kf;fpa muR epWtdq;fs;

jkpo;ehL kpd;rhu thhpak; Jtf;fg;gl;L 50

Mz;Lfs; epiwtile;Js;sJ

jkpo;ehL epy msit Jiw 150

Mz;Lfs; epiwtile;Js;sJ

Tamil Nadu Adi Dravidar Housing

Development Corporation (TAHDCO) –

1974

The Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB)

– 1.7.1957

ELCOT – 1977

Tamil Nadu Housing Board – 1961

Tamil Nadu Industries Development

Corporation TIDCO – 1965

Tamil Nadu Mineral Ltd., - 1978 TAMIN

TNPL – 1979

Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage

Board (TWAD Board) – 14.4.1971

Science City - 1998

jkpo;ehL khRf; fl;Lg;ghL thhpak; 1982

jkpo;ehL tzpfh; ey thhpak; 1989

TAMPCOL – Tamil Nadu Medical Plant

Farms & Herbal Medical Corporation

TANCOF – Tamil Nadu Co-op Oil Seeds

Growers Federation

TANHOPE – Tamil Nadu Horticultural

Producers Co-op Enterprises Ltd.,

TANSI – Tamil Nadu Small Industries

Corporation

TANSIDCO – Tamil Nadu Small Industries

Development Corportaion

TANUVAS – Tamil Nadu Veterinary

Animal Sciences University

TAPCO – Tamil Nadu Poultry

Development Corporation

TASMAC – Tamil Nadu Spirit Marketing

Corporation

TDFC – Transport Development Finance

Corporation

TANTEA – Tamil Nadu Tea Plantations

Corporation Ltd.,

TEL – Tamil Nadu Industrial Explosives

Ltd.,

TEDA – Tamil Nadu Energy Development

Agency

TNCSF – Tamil Nadu Co-operation Sugar

Federation

TNEB – Tamil Nadu Electricity Board

TNHB – Tamil Nadu Housing Board

TNPHC – Tamil Nadu Police Housing

Corporation

TNPL – Tamil Nadu Paper Ltd.,

TNPSC – Tamil Nadu Public Service

Commission

TNUDP – Tamil Nadu Urban Development

Project

TTDC – Tamil Nadu Tourism &

Development Corporation

TUFIDCO – Tamil Nadu Urban Finance and

Infrastructure Development Corporation

Ltd.,

TWAD – Tamil Nadu Water Supply &

Drainage Board

TAI – Tamil Nadu AGri Industries

Corporation

TALCO – Tamil Nadu Leather

Development Corporation

TAFCORN – Tamil Nadu Forest Plan

Corporation

TABCEDCO - Backward Classes Economic

Development Corporation

SHRC – State Human Rights Commission

SIPCOT – Small Industries Promotion

Corporating of Tamilnadu Ltd.,

TEDA – Tamil Nadu Energy Development

Agency

POWERFIN – Power Finance &

Infrastructureal Development

Corporation Ltd.,

ELCOT – Electronic Corporation of

Tamilnadu Ltd.,

fzpdp nkd;nghUs; cw;gj;jp

,e;jpahtpy; fzpdp nkd; nghUs;

cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplj;ij ngq;fSUk;

,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij nrd;idAk;

cs;sJ.

2007-2008 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd jkpofj;jpd;

nkd;nghUs; Vw;Wkjp 284>900 kpy;ypad;

&gha; MFk;

,-gg;sp\pq; vdg;gLk; Gj;jf gjpg;gfq;fs;

,e;jpahtpy; nrd;idapy; mjpfk;

mike;Js;sJ. HCL, Wipro, TCS, Satyam,

Infosys, Cognizant Technology Solutions,

Covansys, Ford Information Technology,

Xansa, Verizon, iSoft, iNautix, Electronic

Data Systems, Bally Mfpa epWtdq;fspd;

fpisfs; nrd;idapy; mike;Js;sJ.

,e;jpahtpy; fzpdp nkd; nghUs;

Vw;Wkjpapy; 35.28 rjtPjk; fh;ehlfh

jkpo;ehL 13.72 rjtPjk; ngw;W KiwNa

Kjyplk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij

gpbj;Js;sJ.

,e;jpahtpy; fhfpj cw;gj;jpapy; 24.33

rjtPjk; Me;jpu gpuNjrKk; jkpo;ehL

14.56 rjtPjk; ngw;W KiwNa Kjyplk;

kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij gpbj;Js;sJ.

,e;jpahtpy; rpnkz;l; cw;gj;jpay; 14.86

rjtPjk; ,uh[];jhd;. kj;jpa gpuNjrk;

12.88 rjtPjk; Me;jpu gpuNjrk; 11.38

rjtPjk; jkpo;ehL 10.04 rjtPjk; ngw;W

KiwNa Kjy; ehd;F ,lj;ij

gpbj;Js;sJ. jkpo;ehl;bd; rpnkz;l;

cw;gj;jp Rkhh; 140 ,yl;rk; ld;fs;

MFk;

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s nkhj;j 16.66 ,yl;rk;

tpirj;jwpfspy; jkpo;ehl;by; 4.00 yl;rk;

tpirj;jwpfs; jkpo;ehl;by; cs;sJ. ,J

Rkhh; 24 rjtPjk; MFk;. ,J ,e;jpa

mstpy; kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk; F[uhj;

khepyq;fSf;F mLj;j %d;whtJ

epiyahFk;

ntspehl;L KjyPLfis ngWtjpy;

,e;jpahtpd; Kjyplj;ij kfhuh\;buh

kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij jpy;ypAk;

%d;whtJ ,lj;ij jkpo;ehLk;

gpbj;Js;sJ

nrd;id khtl;lk;

jkpo;ehl;bd; kpfr; rpwpa khtl;lk; ,JNt

MFk;.

irf;fps;> yhhp> lhq;F> ,uapy;ngl;b>

vz;nza; Rj;jpfhpg;G> mr;Rj; njhopy;>

gjpg;Gj; njhopy;> Gj;jf ntspaPL>

Nkhl;lh; igf;> Njhy; gjdpLjy;

jkpo;ehL fhy;eil kUj;Jtg;

gy;fiyf;fofk;:

nrd;idapy; tptrhaf; fy;Y}hpapd; xU

gFjpahf 1876y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

1903y; fy;Y}hp epiy ngw;wJ. Royal

Commission on Agriculture gb

,e;jpahtpd; (nrd;id gy;fiyf; fofk;)

gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;l

Kjy; fy;Y}hp ,JNt MFk;

20.9.1989y; gy;fiyf; fof epiy

toq;fg;gl;lJ. Mrpahtpd; Kjy;

fhy;eil kUj;Jtg; gy;fiyf; fofk;

,JNtahFk;

,uz;lhtJ fy;Y}hp ehkf;fy;

khtl;lj;jpy; 1985y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

nrd;idapy; Centre of Central Marine

Fisheries Research Institute cs;sJ.

fpof;F flw;fiuapy; nrd;id

JiwKfj;ij ,k; khtl;lk;

nfhz;Ls;sJ nrd;id ngUefh; tsh;r;rp

FOkj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ tiuT jpl;lk;

ntspaplg;gl;l ehs; 4 nrg;lk;gh; 2008

fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk;: jw;NghJ ,k;khtl;lk;

,e;jpahtpd; nll;uhapl; vd

miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cyfpd; rpwe;j fhh;

njhopw;rhiy Ford kw;Wk; BMW Mfpa

epWtdq;fs; nrq;fy;gl;L mUfpYk; HYUNDAI

epWtdk; =ngUk;GJ}h; mUfpYk;

mikf;ff;gl;Ls;sJ

,k;khtl;lj;jpy; fy;ghf;fk; mZkpd;

epiyak; cs;sJ. ,q;F cs;s mZ

ciyf;F fhkpdp (fy;ghf;fk; kpdp) vd;W

ngah;.

gy;yth;fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;j khky;yGuk;

kw;Wk; fhQ;rpGuk; ifyhr ehjh; Nfhtpy;

Mfpait ,k; khtl;lj;ij rhh;e;jit

MFk;. Kl;Lf;fhL vd;w ,lj;jpy; Central

Institute of Brackish Water Aquaculture

cs;sJ.

jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk;: ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;

jpUf;Fg;gk; (jp&h;) vd;Dkplj;jpy; ney;

Muha;r;rp epiyak; cs;sJ Mitsubishi

epWtdk; jpUts;Sh; mUfpYk; mike;Js;sJ.

mk;gj;J}h; efhpy; TI irf;fps;

njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ. jpUntw;wpA+h;

MRF lah; kw;Wk; Royal Enfield

njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ.

Ashok Leyland njhopw;rhiy kw;Wk;

JiwKfj;ijAk; vz;Z}h; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

Nryk; khtl;lk;:

Nryj;jpy; ,Uk;G cUf;F Miy cs;sJ.

fQ;r kiyapy; ,Uk;Gj; jhJ nghUl;fs;

fpilf;fpd;wJ. fpof;F kiyj; njhlh;

Nrh;tuhad; kiyj; njhlhpy; Vw;fhL efuk;

mike;Js;sJ.

Nkl;^h;

kUe;Jfs;> mYkpdpaj; njhopw;rhiy

khy;Nfh cs;sJ. Mj;J}h; tl;lj;jpy;

cs;s Gj;jpufTz;ld;ghisak;

(Yethapur) vd;w ,lj;jpy; Mkzf;F

Muha;r;rp epiyak; cs;sJ.

ePyfphp khtl;lk;: kiyfspd; ,uhzp vd;W

miof;fg;gLk; cjfkz;lyk; ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;

cs;sJ.

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1847y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

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gpypk; njhopw;rhiy epiyak; cs;sJ

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kj;jpa cUis Muha;r;rp epiyak;

cs;sJ.

Mtuq;fhL vd;w ,lj;jpy; fhh;ill;

njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ

jkpo;ehl;bd; cah;e;j rpfukhd

njhl;lngl;lh ,k;khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ.

,jd; cauk; 2636 kPl;lh; MFk;.

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gFjpapy; Fd;D}h; mike;Js;sJ. ,J

1858 kPl;lh; cauj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ

Fd;D}hpy; Gfo; ngw;w Sims Park cs;sJ.

Kf;$h;j;jp (cauk; 2554 kPl;lh;) vd;w

,lj;jpy; Montane Grasslands kw;Wk;

shrublands Nrhyh tdq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

jpUr;rp khtl;lk;: ,k;khtl;lj;jpy; ghuj kpF

kpd; epiyak; cs;sJ. NkYk; kj;jpa murpd;

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gUtf; fhw;why; kio ngWk; khtl;lk;

,JthFk;. mjpf kioia tl fpof;F gUtf;

fhw;why; ngWfpd;wJ.

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gilfSf;Fk; lr;Rg; gilfSf;Fk;

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eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; lr;Rg; gil

Njhy;tpaile;jJ

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cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Nfushtpy; cs;s

jpUthq;$h; rk];jhdj;jpy; mlq;fpapUe;j

,k; khtl;lk; jkpofj;jpd; gpd;

,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

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rq;fkkhfpd;wd

,k;khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Ngr;rpg; ghiwapy;

Njhl;lf; fiy Muha;r;rp epiyak;

mike;Js;sJ

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kNyrpa ehl;L cjtpAld; nghpa

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tpNtfhde;jh; ,y;yKk; mike;Js;sJ

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- NrNfh rh;t;

fUk;G Muha;r;rp epiyak; cs;s

,lq;fs; flY}h;> rpWfkzp> Nkyhyj;J}h;

njd;id Muha;r;rp epiyak; cs;s

,lq;fs; Ntg;gq;fsk;> Mopahh; efh;

MFk;

kz; kw;Wk; ePh; eph;thf Muha;r;rp

epiyak; jQ;rhT+hpy; cs;sJ

ney; Muha;r;rp epiyak; cs;s ,lk;

jp&h; (jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk;) kw;Wk;

mk;ghrKj;jpuk;.

jkpo;ehL ney; Muha;r;rp epiyak;

jQ;rhT+h; khtl;lk; MLJiwapy; cs;sJ

Njhl;lf; fiy Muha;r;rp epiyak;

nfhilf;fhdy; kw;Wk; Ngr;rpg;ghiwapy;

cs;sJ

flNyhu cth; Muha;r;rp epiyak;

,uhkehjGuj;jpy; cs;sJ

kuts;sp kw;Wk; Mkzf;F Muha;r;rp

epiyak; Vj;jhg;G+hpy; cs;sJ

fha;fwp Muha;r;rp epiyak; ghY}hpy;

cs;sJ.

Kis tpl;l gaph; Nrhjidg; gz;iz

fz;zhk;ghisak;

vz;nza; tpj;J Muha;r;rp epiyak;

tk;gdpy; cs;sJ

gUj;jp Muha;r;rp epiyak;

jpUtpy;ypg;Gj;J}hpy; cs;sJ.

jkpo;ehl;bd; Ntshz;ik nfhs;if:

jkpo;ehl;bd; Ntshz;ik nfhs;if Kjd;

Kiwahf mf;Nlhgh; 2008y;

ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ

,jd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;

1. The share of processed food in the

market to be increased from to 10%

2. Value addition of food to be increased

from 7% to 30%

3. Tamil Nadu Agriculture Export

Development Authority cUthFjy;

mf;khh;f;: mf;khh;f; vd;gJ czT

gz;lq;fspd; juj;jpw;F mspf;fg;gLk; jur;

rhd;W MFk;. ,jd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;

Efh;NthUf;F fyg;glkw;w czTg;

nghUl;fs; fpilf;fr; nra;tJ MFk;

jfty; njhopy; El;gj; Jiw:

,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; jfty;

njhopy; El;g nfhs;ifia ntspapl;l

Kjy; khepyk; jkpo;ehL MFk;. 1997 Mk;

Mz;L jfty; njhopy; El;g nfhs;if

ntspaplg;gl;lJ. 2000 Mk; Mz;L

illy; G+q;fh mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

,ytr tz;z njhiyf;fhl;rp ngl;b

toq;Fk; jpl;lk; 15.9.2006 md;W

eilKiwf;F te;jJ.

Kf;fpa murpay; jiyth;fspd; gpwe;j /

epidT ehl;fs;

rdthp

17 vk;.[p.Mh; gpwe;j ehs;

23 Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; gpwe;j ehs;

30 fhe;jpabfspd; epidT ehs;

Vg;uy;

14 lhf;lh; mk;Ngj;fhh; gpwe;j ehs;

27 rh. gpl;b jpahfuhah; gpwe;j ehs;

29 ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrd; gpwe;j ehs;

[Pd;

5 fhapNj kpy;yj; gpwe;j ehs;

24 fz;zjhrd; gpwe;j ehs;

[Piy

15 fhkuhrh; gpwe;j ehs;

17 jpahfpfs; jpdk; gh\;ak; (v) jpahfp Mh;ah

17 jpahfp rq;fuypq;fdhh;

nrg;lk;gh;

5 t. c. rp. gpwe;j ehs;

15 NguwpQh; mz;zh gpwe;j ehs;

17 je;ij nghpahh; gpwe;j ehs;

29 Kd;dhs; Nkah; rptuh[; gpwe;j ehs;

mf;Nlhgh;

2 fhe;jpabfs; gpwe;j ehs;

30 Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth; gpwe;j ehs;

etk;gh;

14 NeU gpwe;j ehs;

brk;gh;

10 ,uh[h[p gpwe;j ehs;

11 ghujpahh; gpwe;j ehs;

,J jtpu Nfhtpy;gl;bapy; tPud; moF

Kj;JNfhd; gpwe;j ehs; tpoh>

ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpapy; tPughz;ba

fl;lnghk;kd; tpoh> ,uhkehjGuj;jpy;

hpngy; Kj;Juhkypq;f NrJgjp gpwe;j

ehs; tpoh> <NuhL khtl;lk; Xlh

epiyapy; jPud; rpd;d kiy epidT

tpoh> nfhy;yp kiyapy; ty;tpy; Xhp

tpoh> njhug;gs;spapy; ,uh[h[p gpwe;j

ehs; tpoh nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

jkpo;ehl;L muR tpohf;fs;

Fd;D}hpy; Njapiy kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh tpoh

– rdthp

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Kf;fpakhd Rw;Wyh

ikaq;fspy; nghq;fy; tpoh – rdthp

khky;yGuj;jpy; rpjk;guj;jpy; ehl;batpoh

– rdthp – gpg;uthp

rpjk;guj;jpy; ehl;bahQ;ryp – gpg;uthp –

khh;r;

kJiuapy; rpj;jpiu jpUtpoh – Vg;uy; -

Nk

cjfkz;lyj;jpYk; Vida kiytho;

,lq;fspy; Nfhil tpoh – Nk

fpU\;zfphpapy; khk;go fz;fhl;rp – [Pd;

Fw;whyj;jpy; rhuy; tpoh – [Piy –

Mf];l;

KJkiy ahidfs; jpUtpoh

fd;dpahFkhp FkhpKid jpUtpoh

=tpy;ypGj;J}hpy; jpUg;ghit tpoh

Kf;fpa muR epidtplq;fs;:

jpUg;G+h; Fkud; epidtplk;> jpUg;G+h;

gFj;jwpT ftpuhah; cLkiy

ehuhazftp kzp kz;lgk;>

cLkiyg;Ngl;il

je;ij nghpahh; epidtfk;> itf;fk;>

Nfush

ebfh; jpyfk; rpth[pfNzrd; epidT

kz;lgk; nrd;id milahW

Kd;dhs; Kjyikr;rh; Xke;J}uhh;

,uhkrhkp nul;bah; kzpkz;lgk; -

tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk;> jpz;btdk; tl;lk; -

Xke;J}uhh; fpuhkk;

jpahf rPyh; ff;fd; kzp kz;lgk;>

Jk;igg;gl;b

jpahfp tp];tehj jh]; epidT kz;lgk;>

jpUkq;fyk;

kUJ ghz;bah; epidT kz;ltk;>

jpUg;gj;J}h;

jtj;jpU Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh; kzp

kz;lgk;> Fd;wf;Fb

ftpauR fz;zjhrd; kzpkz;lgk;>

fhiuf;Fb

jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik epidtfk;>

jpy;iyahb

gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk;

kzpkz;lgk;> gl;Lf;Nfhl;il

t. Nt. Rg;gpukzpak; epidtfk;>

tufNdhp mf;u`huk; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp

ngUe;jiyth; fhkuh[h; gpwe;j ,y;yk;>

tpUJefh;

ntUe;jiyth; fhkuh[h; E}w;whz;L

kzpkz;lgk;> tpUJefh;

kfhftp ghujpahh; kzpkz;lgk;>

vl;laGuk;

kfhftp ghujpahh; ,y;yk;> vl;laGuk;

fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod; t.c.rp.

kzpkz;lgk;> jpUney;Ntyp

tPud; moF Kj;;Jf;Nfhd; kzp kz;lgk;>

fl;luhq;Fsk;> J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lk;

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPud; Re;juypq;fk;

epidtfk;> fth;zfphp> J}j;Jf;Fb

khtl;lk;

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPud; nts;isaj;

Njtd; epidtfk;> ty;yehL> J}j;Jf;Fb

khtl;lk;.

ckWg;Gyth; epidtfk;> vl;laGuk;

G+ypj;Njtd; epidT khspif> new;fl;Lk;

nrty;> jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk;

nghJTilik tPuhh; g. [Pthde;jk;

kzpkz;lgk;> ehfh;Nfhtpy;> fd;dpahFkhp

khtl;lk

fhe;jp epidT kz;lgk;> fd;dpahFkhp

ngUe;jiyth; fhkuh[h; kzpkz;lgk;>

fd;dpahFkhp

Rjhtjhdp nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyh; epidT

kz;lgk;> ,lyhf;Fb> ehfh;Nfhtpy;

NguwpQh; mz;zh epidT ,y;yk;>

fhQ;rpGuk;

Kj;J kz;lgk; (,yq;ifapd; filrp

jkpo; kd;dd; tpf;uk uh[ rpq;fd;

epidtfk;) NtY}h;

jpahfp nrz;gfuhkd; - fpz;b fhe;jp

kz;lgj;jpy; epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ

nrQ;rpf;Nfhl;il murd; Njrpq;F uh[d;

cah; ePj;j ,lkhd tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk; -

nrQ;rp tl;lk; - flyp fpuhkj;jpy;

epidtfk;

,ul;il kiy rPdpthrd; - epidTr;

rpd;dk; kw;Wk; epidT kz;lgk;

gRk;nghd; Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth; filrp

fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kJiu – jpUefh;

,y;yk; - muR epidtplk;

GJ jpy;yp ehlhSkd;w tshfj;jpy;

lhf;lh;. v];. ,uhjhfpU\;zd; kw;Wk;

je;ij nghpahh; rpiyfs; jUkGhp

khtl;lk;> mjpakhd; Nfhl;ilapy;

mjpakhd; Nfhl;lk; kw;Wk; jpUkz

kz;lgk;

nrd;id VO fpzW gFjpapy; ts;syhh;

tho;e;j ,lk;

nrk;nkhopj; jkpoha;T kj;jpa epWtdk;

fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk; ngUk;ghf;fj;jpy;

mikaTs;sJ

fd;dpahFkhpapy; cs;s jpUts;Sth;

rpiy 2000 Mz;L mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2007 Mk; Mz;L jpU.tp.f. tpUJ:

Kidth; nghpahz;ltd;

2007 Mk; Mz;L ghujpahh; tpUJ: vk;.

v]; ntq;flhryk;

2007 Mk; Mz;L fp. M. ng. : ftp

Nte;jh; fh. NtoNte;jd;

2008 Mk; Mz;L jpUts;Sth; :

Fd;wf;Fb nghd;dk;gy mbfshh;

2007k; Mz;L ehl;Llikahf;fg;gl;l

E}y;fs;> rpq;fhuNtyh;> kUjfhrp>

Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh;> fp. M. ng.

tpRtehjk;> fp. th. [fd;ehjd;> mt;it

Jiurhkpg; gps;is> m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jdhh;>

jpUf;Fws; KDrhkp> ctikf; ftpQh;

Rujh> rhtp> kh ntz;Nfh vd;fpd;w t.

Nfh. rz;Kfk;> jPgk;> eh. ghh;j;jrhujp>

v];. v];. njd;duR> rp. gp. rpw;wuR> V.

tp. gp. Mirj;jk;gp> b. Nf. rPdpthrd;>

,uhk muq;fz;zy;> ftpQh; thzpjhrd;>

ftpQh; fUzhee;jk;> [yfz;lGuk; g.

fz;zd;

2008 Mk; Mz;L ehl;Llikahf;fg;gl;l

E}y;fs;: ftpQh; nghparhkpj; J}ud;>

Nguhrphpah; nts;isthuzdhh;> gz;bjh;

fh. mNahj;jp jhrh;> Mgpufhk; gz;bjh;>

rjhtjhdp nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyh;> lhf;lh;.

uh. Gp. NrJg; gps;is> kfhtpj;Jthd; uh.

uhfitaq;fhh;> cLkiy ehuhaz ftp>

F. K. mz;zy;jq;Nfh> mt;it jp. f.

rz;Kfk;> tpe;jd;> yh. Rh. uhkhkph;jk;>

ty;ypf;fz;zd;> eh. thdkhkiy> ftpQh;

GJit rptk;> m. ,uhftd;> njh. K. rp.

uFehjd;> rf;jpjhrd; Rg;gpukzpad;>

lhf;lh;. eh. rQ;rPtp> Ky;iy Kj;ijah>

ftpQh; v];. B. Re;juk;> ftpQh;> kPuh>

Nguhrphpah; M. fhh;Nkff; Nfhdhh;> Gyth;

KfkJ eapdhh; kiuf;fhah;> R.

rKj;jpuk> Nfhit ,sQ;Nrud;>

Nguhrphpah; e. Rg;Gnul;bah;

ctiff; ftpQh; Rujhtpd; rpiy

jpwg;Gtpohtpy; NjtNeag; ghthzh;

E}y;fs; ehl;Llikahf;fg;gLk; vd

mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. E}w;whz;L fz;l

jkpo; vOj;jhsh;fs;

1. nkhop NjtNeag; ghthzh;

2. vOj;jhsh; F. g. uh

3. kzpf;nfhb rPdpthrd;

mwptpay; jkpo; rpwe;j nkd;nghUs;

tpUJ fypa;d G+q;Fd;wdhh; tpUJ

rpwg;ghf nray;gLk; kfsph; Ra

cjtpf;FOf;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; tpUJ:

kzpNkfiy tpUJ MFk;.

Kf;fpa jpl;lq;fs;:

kjpa czTj; jpl;lk;: Kjyikr;rh;

fhkuh[h; mth;fshy; 1906y; ,j; jpl;lk;

nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ

rj;JzTj; jpl;lk;: Kjyikr;rh;

vk;.[p.Mh;. mth;fshy; 1982y; ,j; jpl;lk;

nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ

rkj;JtGuk;: Kjyikr;rh; fUzhepjp

mth;fshy; 1997y; ,j; jpl;lk; nfhz;L

tug;gl;lJ. kJiu khtl;lk;

Nkyf;Nfhl;ilapy; Kjy; rkj;JtGuk;

jpwf;fg;gl;lJ

%d;W Kl;ilfs; toq;Fk; jpl;lk;:

Kjyikr;rh; fUzhepjp mth;fshy;

ngUe;jiyth; fhkuh[h; gpwe;j ehshd

15.7.2007 Kjy; ,j; jpl;lk; nfhz;L

tug;gl;lJ

,ytr tz;z njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;b

toq;Fk; jpl;lk;: Kjyikr;rh; fUzhepjp

mth;fshy; 15.9.2006 md;W Kjy; ,j;

jpl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ

fy;tp tsh;r;rp ehs;: ntUe;jiyth;

fhkuh[h; gpwe;j ehshd 15.7.2007 fy;tp

tsh;r;rp ehshf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mjp jpuhtplh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbfs; eyj;Jiw:

2001Mk; Mz;L jkpofj;jpd; kf;fs;

njhif 624.06 ,yl;rk;. ,jpy; Mjp

jpuhtplh; 118.58 ,yl;rk; (19 tpOf;fhL

MFk;. goq;Fbapdh; 6.51 ,yl;rk; (1.04

tpOf;fhL) MFk;.

jkpofj;jpd; nkhj;j vOj;jwpT tpfpjk;

73.45 rjtPjk; MFk;. Mjp jpuhtpl

kf;fspd; vOj;jwpT tpfpjk; 63.19 MFk;.

goq;Fb kf;fspd; vOj;jwpT tpfpjk;

41.53 MFk;

1955 FbAhpik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;

1976 nfhj;jbik xopg;Gr; rl;lk;

1989 td;nfhLikfs; jLg;Gr; rl;lk;

jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s kf;fpa

goq;Fbapdh;fs; Njhlh> Nfhl;lh];>

FUk;gh];> fhl;L ehaf;fd;> ,Us; kw;Wk;

gdpad;

tpOg;Guk; khtl;lj;jpy; fy;tuhad; kiy

cs;sJ. mjpy; nts;sp kiy

mlq;fpAs;sJ.

goq;FbapdUf;F Muha;r;rp ikak; cjf

kz;lyj;jpy; cs;sJ

jkpo;ehL goq;Fbapdh; ey thhpak;

20.4.2007

,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpd; gphpTf;$W

275 (1) goq;Fbapdh; eyd;fisf;

Fwpf;fpd;wJ

kdpj Nea thu tpoh jkpofj;jpy; rdthp

24k; Njjp Kjy; 30 Mk; Njjp tiu

eilngWfpd;wJ

Nyhk;g; - nghpa mstpyhd gy; Nehf;F

$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;

goq;Fbapdh; mUq;fhl;rpafk; cs;s

,lk; mhpaY}h; kw;Wk; cjif

$l;LwT> czT kw;Wk; Efh;Nthh;

ghJfhg;Gj; Jiw:

fpNyh mhprp ,uz;L &gha; jpl;lk;

Jtf;fg;gl;l ehs; 3.6.2006 Jtf;fg;gl;l

,lk; nrd;id Njdhk;Ngl;il jpU. tp.

f. Fby; MFk;.

kpfTk; twpath;fSf;fhd jpl;lk;

me;jpNahjah md;d Nah[dh jpl;lk;

MFk;. ,jid Kjd; Kjypy;

nray;gLj;jpa khepyk; ,uh[];jhd;

MFk;.

Njrpa Efh;Nthh; jpdk; brk;gh; 24k; ehs;

Efh;Nthh; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 1986

jkpo;ehL Efh; nghUs; thzpgf; fofk;

19726; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

jkpo;ehL Nrkpg;Gf; fplq;F epWtdk;

1957y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

r%f eyj; Jiw – fy;gdh rht;yh

tpUJfs;:

2006: Nguhrphpah; tre;jh fe;jrhkp

2007: khtl;l Ml;rpah; N[hjp eph;kyh

2009 lhf;lh; G\;ghQ;ryp Mh;.

,uh[yl;Rkp> lhf;lh; vd;. uh[kNf\;thp

2010y; N[. jPgh (khw;Wj; jpwdhsp)

CdKw;Nwhh; kW tho;tpw;F jdpj;Jiw

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L : 1992

jkpo;ehL CdKw;Nwhh; tpjpfs; : 2002

Ntiytha;gw;w ghh;itaw;NwhUf;F

eptuhzj; njhif toq;Fk; jpl;lk;: 1981

jkpo;ehl;by; eilKiwapy; cs;s r%f

eyj;jpl;lq;fs;

1. kfsph; Ra cjtpf; FO

2. GJ tho;Tj; jpl;lk;

3. ngz; Foe;ijg; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs;

4. njhl;by; Foe;ij jpl;lk;

5. r%fg; ghJfhg;G eyj;jpl;lk;

6. Rdhkp Nguiy – Mjutw;w Foe;ijfs;

vjph;fhy itg;Gepjp

7. ,ytr Kl;il toq;Fk; jpl;lk;

8. tsh; ,sk; ngz;fs; Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;

9. <. Nt. uh. kzpak;ikahh; epidT Vio

tpjitauJ kfs; jpUkz cjtpj;

jpl;lk;

10. %tY}h; ,uhkkph;jk; mk;ikahh; epidT

jpUkz epjp cjtpj; jpl;lk;

11. lhf;lh; jh;khk;ghs; mk;ikahh; epidT

tpjit kWkz jpUkz epjp cjtpj;

jpl;lk;

12. md;id njuhrh epidT Mjutw;w

ngz;fs; epidT cjtpj; jpl;lk;

CdKw;NwhUf;F Nrit Mw;Wtjpy;

mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy; rpwe;j khtl;lk;:

,uhkehjGuk;

jkpof murpd; Kof;fk;: Cl;lr;rj;J

Fiwghby;yh khepykhf jkpofj;ij

cUthf;FNthk;

jkpo;ehL r%f ey thhpak; 1954

jkpo;ehL khepy kfsph; Mizak; 1993

brk;gh; 3> midj;J ehLfspy; cly;

CdKw;Nwhh; ehshf nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; rPh;jpUj;jg;gs;sp

nrq;fy;gl;by; 1887y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

rj;JzTld; toq;fg;gLtJ:

jpq;fl;fpoik – Ntfitj;j

cUisf;fpoq;F (kw;w ehl;fspy; 3

Kl;ilfs;)

nts;spf;fpoik – gr;irg;gapW (my;yJ)

fUg;gf; nfhz;ilf; fliy

rpiwfs;:

jkpo;ehl;by; jw;NghJ ika rpiwr; rhiyfs;

cs;s ,lq;fs; 1. nrd;id (Goy;) 2.

Nfhak;Gj;J}h; 3. flY}h;> 4. kJiu 5.

ghisak;Nfhl;il 6. Nryk; 7. NtY}h; 8.

jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp jw;NghJ etPd gLj;jg;gl;l

rpiw Goy; rpiwahFk;.

ngz;fSf;fhd rpiw Kjypy;

Jtf;fg;gl;l ,lk; NtY}h;> jkpo;ehl;by;

cs;s kpfg; nghpa rpiwr;rhiy Goy;

rpiwr;rhiy MFk;

Gtpapay;

mz;lq;fs;

kpy;ypad; fzf;fpy; $l;lk; $l;lkhf

fhzg;gLk; #hpaidg; Nghd;w el;rj;jpuj;

njhFjpfs; mz;lq;fs; vdg;gLk;

#hpaf; FLk;gk; cs;s mz;lk; ghy;top

mz;lk;

,jid Mfh\; fq;fh vd;W $Wth;

ekJ ghy;top mz;lj;jpw;F kpf mUfpy;

cs;sJ Andromeda vd;w mz;lk;

MFk;

ghy;top mz;lkhdJ RUs; Nghd;w

mikg;ig nfhz;lJ

ghy;topapd; ntspr; Rw;wpy; #hpaf;

FLk;gk; mike;Js;sJ

Nguz;lk;

ghy;top mz;lk; Nghd;w kpy;ypad;

kpy;ypad; mz;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ

Nguz;lk; v.fh. Mz;luNklh

thy; el;rj;jpuq;fs;:

Nguz;lj;jpy; tyk; tUk; cile;J

rpjwpa ghiwj; Jz;LfNs thy;

el;rj;jpuq;fs;

,tw;wpd; jiyg;gFjp ngUj;Jk;

cly;gFjp thy; Nghd;W ePz;Lk;

fhzg;gLk;

thy; el;rj;jpuq;fSf;F el;rj;jpuq;fs;

Nghd;W jhdhfg; gpufhrpf;Fk; jd;ik

fpilahJ

thy; el;rj;jpuq;fs;> #hpa FLk;gj;jpw;F

mUfpy; tUk;NghJ #hpa ntspr;rj;jpy;

gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ

\P Nkf;fh; nytp vd;w el;rj;jpuk; 1994k;

Mz;L #iy 17Mk; ehs; tpahod; kPJ

NkhjpaJ

vhpel;rj;jpuq;fs;

Nguz;lj;jpy; tyk; tUk; ghiwj;

Jz;Lfs; Gtp<h;g;G tpirapy; <h;f;fg;gl;L

Gtpapd; fhw;W kz;lyj;jpy;

EioAk;NghJ cuha;tpdhy; vhpe;J

rhk;gyhfpwJ. ,JNt vhp el;rj;jpuq;fs;

vdg;gLk;

#hpaid ePs;tl;lg; ghijapy; 9

Nfhs;fs; Rw;Wfpd;wd

,t;thW #hpaid ePs;tl;lg; ghijapy;

Nfhs;fs; Rw;Wfpd;wd vd;w fUj;ij

ntspapl;l mwpQh;fs; Mhpa gl;lh>

Nfhgh;epf]; kw;wk; fyPypNah Mthh;

#hpaid Rw;Wk; 8 Nfhs;fs;

1. Gjd;> 2. Rf;fpud; 3. G+kp> 4. nrt;tha;

5. FU (tpahod;) 6. Rdp> 7. ANud]; 8.

neg;bA+d;

1930 Kjy; 2006 tiu G+Sl;Nlh xU

Nfhshf fUjg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;

midj;Jyf thdpay; xd;wpak; xU

NfhSf;Fhpa jFjpapy;iy vd;Wk;

Fapg;gh; gl;ilapy; cs;s xU nghUs;

vd;Wk; njhptpj;jjpd; mbg;gilapy;

G+Sl;Nlh ePf;fg;gl;lJ

jw;NghJ G+Sl;Nlh xU FWq;NfhshFk;

#hpa kz;lyj;jpy; cs;s FWq;Nfhs;fs;:

1. Vhp]; 2. G+Sl;Nlh 3. nru];

G+kp #hpaid 107>2000 fpkP / kzp

Ntfj;jpy; Rw;Wfpd;wJ.

#hpadpd; Nkw;Gw ntg;gepiy 6000°

nry;rpa];

ikag;gFjp ntg;gepiy 1>00>000°

nry;rpa];

mZf;fis gpsg;gjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk;

ntg;gj;ijtpl gyklq;F ntg;gk; ,U

mZf;fis ,izg;gjd; %yk;

fpilf;fpd;wJ

#hpadpy; cs;s iel;u[d; kw;Wk;

P̀ypak; Nghd;w thAf;fspd; mZf;fspd;

gpizthy; mstw;w ntg;gk; ntspg;gl;Lf;

nfhz;bUf;fpwJ

#hpa FLk;gj;jpy; #hpad; kl;Lk; jhdhfg;

gpufhrpf;Fk; jd;ik cz;L

Nfhs;fs;> jd;idj; jhNd xUKiwr;

Rw;wpf; nfhs;s 25 ehl;fs; MFk;.

tyk; tUjy;

ghy;top mz;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s #hpad;

jd; FLk;gj;Jld; ghy;top mz;lj;jpd;

ikaj;ij xUKiw tyk; tu 250

kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs; Mfpd;wJ. ,jid

mad Mz;L vd;gh;

cl;Nfhs;fs;: tpahod;> rdp> ANud];>

neg;ba+d; Mfpa 4 Nfhs;fSk;

ntspf;Nfhs;fs;

Gjd;

#hpaDf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s Nfhs;

nts;sp

G+kpf;F mUfpy; cs;s Nfhs;

,jid tpb nts;sp vd;gh;

,jid khiy el;rj;jpuk; vd;gh;

,jid mofpd; Njtij vd;gh;

nrt;tha;: rptg;G Nfhs; vdg;gLk;

tpahod;:

#hpa kz;lyj;jpd; kpfg;nghpa Nfhs;

,jw;F 63 Jizf; Nfhs;fs; cz;L

Ganymede vd;w Jizf;Nfhs; #hpa

kz;lyj;jpd; kpfg; nghpa Jizf; Nfhs;

MFk;

rdp

rptg;G epw tisaKs;s Nfhs;

Jizf;Nfhs;fs;

G+kpapd; Jizf; Nfhs;fs; re;jpud;

Gjd;> nts;spf;F Jizf;Nfhs; ,y;iy

rdpapd; Jizf;Nfhs; ill;ld; MFk;.

rdpapw;F 20f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l

Jizf;Nfhs;fs; cz;L

G+kp

Gtpapd; cs; mikg;G (Core of the earth)>

NifFe – Nickel (Ni) and Iron (Fe) Mfpa

nghUl;fshy; mike;Js;sJ.

G+kp jd;idj; jhNd Rw;wp tUtjhy;

Nfhs tbtk; ngw;Ws;sJ

G+kp Nfhs tbtk; cilaJ vd;gjw;fhd

fhuzq;fs;

xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J xNu

jpirapy; njhlh;e;J gazk; nra;jhy;>

kPz;Lk; Gwg;gl;l ,lj;jpw;Nf te;J Nru

KbfpwJ

fpufzj;jpd; NghJ Gtpapd; epoy;>

tl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahf mike;Js;sJ

gpw Nfhs;fs; Nfhs cUtpy;

mike;jpUg;gjhy; GtpAk; Nfhs

cUtpidf; nfhz;ljhf ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;

cyfpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; #hpa

cjak;> kiwT Mfpad ntt;NtW

Neuq;fspy; Vw;gLfpd;wd. Nkw;fpy; cs;s

gFjpfistplf; fpof;fpy; cs;s gFjpfs;

#hpa xspia Kd;djhfg; ngWtjhy;

Gtp xU Nfhs tbtKilaJ vd;gJ

njspthfpwJ

fiuia neUq;Fk; fg;gy;fspd;

gha;kuq;fs; KjypYk;> fg;gypd; kw;wg;

gFjpfs; gpd;dUk; ek; ghh;itapy;

tpOfpd;wd

caur; nry;yr; nry;y ekJ ghh;itapd;

tiuaiw mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ

Gtp eLf;Nfhl;bypUe;J JUtg; gFjpf;Fr;

nry;y nry;y el;rj;jpuq;fspd; cauk;

mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. Gtpapd; Nkw;gFjp

tisthf mike;Js;sij ,J

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ

Gtp eLf;Nfhl;bypUe;J JUtg; gFjpf;Fr;

nry;y nry;y el;rj;jpuq;fspd; cauk;

mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. Gtpapd; Nkw;gFjp

tisthf mike;Js;sij ,J

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ

tpz;ntspg; gazk; nra;j tPuh;fs;

vLj;jDg;gpa glq;fs; G+kp Nfhs

tbtKilaJ vd fhl;Lfpd;wd.

G+kp epyj;jhYk; ePuhYkhdJ

ePh;gug;G 71% MFk;. epyg;gug;G 29%

MFk;

G+kpapd; Rw;wsT 40>067 fp. kP

G+kpf;F mUfpy; cs;s el;rj;jpuk;

#hpad;.

G+kpf;Fk; #hpaDf;Fk; cs;s njhiyT

Rkhh; 150 kpy;ypad; fpNyh kPl;lh;fs;

MFk;.

#hpa FLk;gj;jpw;F kpf mUfhikapy;

cs;s el;rj;jpuk; gpuhf;]pkh nrz;lhh;

G+kpapd; ntg;gepiy 15°nr

#hpaDf;F kpfj; njhiytpy; cs;s

fpufk;

neg;bA+d;

Jizf;Nfhs; ,y;yhj Nfhs;fs; Rf;fpud;>

Gjd;> GSl;Nlh

tpahod; vd;w nfhSf;F 14

Jizf;Nfhs;fs; cz;L

ekJ #hpa kz;lyk; ghy;tPjp

kz;lyj;jpy; cs;sJ

G+kp #hpadpy; ,Ue;J %d;whtJ ,lj;jpy;

cs;sJ

#hpadplj;jpy; G+kpf;F xsptu 8 epkplk;

16 tpdhbfs; Mfpd;wJ

G+kp Rw;Wjy;

G+kpapd; tbtk; MuQ;R go tbtj;jpy;

Nky; fPo; cr;rpapy; jl;ilahf

fhzg;gLfpwJ

G+kp jd;idj;jhNd Rw;wpf; nfhs;fpwJ

G+kp Rkhh; 1700 fp. kP Ntfj;jpy;

jd;idj;jhNd Rw;WfpwJ

G+kpapd; mr;R 23½° Nfhzj;jpy; rw;W

rha;e;J cs;sJ. vdNt G+kj;jpa Nuif

gFjpapy; #hpad; fjph;fs; nrq;Fj;jhfTk;

JUtg;gFjpapy; rha;thfTk; tpOfpd;wJ

G+kpapd; ntg;gk; gfy; 2.00 kzpf;F

mjpfkhfTk;> G+kpapd; Fsph; tpbaw;fhiy

3.00 kzpf;F mjpfkhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;

G+kp Nkw;F – fpof;F jpirapy;

Rw;WfpwJ. vdNt #hpad; fpof;fpy;

cjpj;J Nkw;fpy; kiwfpwJ

G+kp jd;idj;jhNd Rw;wpf;nfhs;s 23

kzp Neuk; 56 epklk; MfpwJ

G+kp #hpaidr; Rw;wptu 365 ½ ehl;fs;

MFk;.

re;jpud; G+kpia Rw;wptu 27 ehl;fs;

Mfpd;wJ

G+kp jd;idj;jhNd Rw;Wtjhy;

Vw;gLgit

,uTk; gfYk;

fhyNeuk;

flypy; miyfs;> Xjq;fs;

fly; fhw;Wfs; kw;Wk; fly;

ePNuhl;lq;fspy; Nghf;Ffs;

G+kp #hpaid Rw;Wtjhy;

Vw;gLgit

gUt fhyq;fs;

rk ,uT rk gfy; ,y;yhky; rw;W

khWgLfpwJ

ez;gfy; #hpad; ,lj;jpw;F ,lk;

khWgLtJ

rkNeu ,uT> gfy; ehl;fs;

nrg;lk;gh; khjk; 23k; NjjpAk; khh;r; 21k;

NjjpAk; rkNeu ,uT gfy; ehl;fshFk;

khh;r; 21k; Njjp Kjy; nrg;lk;gh; 21k;

Njjp tiu 6 khjk; tlJUtj;jpy; gfy;

,Ue;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;

nrg;lk;gh; 22 Kjy; khh;r; 20k; Njjp tiu

6 khjk; njd; JUtj;jpy; gfy; ,Ue;J

nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;

khh;r; 21k; Njjp Kjy; nrg;lk;gh; 21k;

Njjp tiu 6 khjk; njd;JUtj;jpy; ,uT

,Ue;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.

ml;rNuiffs; (Latitudes)

G+kpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; fpof;F Nkw;fhf

tiuag;gl;l tl;ltbkhd fw;gidf;

NfhLfs;

JUtj;ij Nehf;fp nry;y nry;y

Rw;wstpy; Fiwfpd;wd

kpfg;nghpa ml;rNuif G+kj;jpa Nuif

0° ml;rNuif G+kj;jpa Nuif

23 ½° tl ml;rNuif flfNuif

23 ½° njd; ml;rNuif kfuNuif

66 ½° tl ml;rNuif Mh;bf; tl;lk;

66 ½° njd; ml;rNuif tl JUtk;

90 njd; ml;rNuif njd; JUtk;

ml;rNuiffs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W

,izahfTk; Vwf;Fiwa rk

,ilntspAlDk; mike;Js;sikahy;

,jid ,izf;NfhLfs; vd;gh;.

xt;Nthh; ml;rNuiff;F ,ilg;gl;l J}uk;

69 iky; Kjy; 110.4 fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu

cs;sJ

0° ml;rNuif 110 fp. kP

20° ml;rNuif 104 fp. kP

40° ml;rNuif 84.8 fp. kP

60° ml;rNuif 6.0 fp. kP

90° ml;rNuif 0 fp. kP

jPh;f;fNuif (Longitudes)

ml;rNuiffis ntl;bf; nfhz;L ,U

JUtq;fisAk; ,izj;jgb tiuag;gLk;

fw;gidf; NfhLfSf;F jPh;f;f Nuiffs;

vdg;gLk;. ,tw;iw nkhpbad; (ez;gfy;)

vd;W $Wth;

yz;ldpy; cs;s fphpd;tpr; uhay; Ma;Tf;

$lk; topahf nry;Yk; jPh;f;f Nuif 0°

MFk;. fphpd;tPr;rpw;F fpof;fpy; 180° jPh;f;f

NuifAk; Nkw;fpy; 180° jPh;f;f NuifAk;

cs;sJ.

rh;tNjr Njjpf; Nfhl;il flf;Fk;NghJ 1

ehs; Mfpd;wJ. vdNt ,f;Nfhl;bid;

fpof;fpypUe;J Nkw;fhf fle;J nrd;why;

1 ehs; $LfpwJ.

1884y; th\pq;ld;dpy; $ba Internation

Meridian Conference Greenwhich

Universal World time vd mwptpj;Js;sJ.

International Dateline:

,f;Nfhl;bid tiue;jth; Nltpl;rd;

vd;gth;. ,f;NfhL grpgpf; ngUq;fliy

ikakhf nfhz;L tiuag;gLfpwJ

fhyq;fis eph;zapf;f G+kp 24 Time

Zones fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

,e;jpahtpd; jpl;l Neuk; 82° 30

myfhghj; topNa nry;Yk; jPh;f;f Nuif

itj;J fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ

jPh;f;f Nuifapy; xt;nthU bfphpf;Fk; 4

epkplq;fs; fpof;F Nehf;fp mjpfkhf

cs;sJ

,e;jpahtpd; jpl;lf;NfhL 82.50 fpof;F

(82.5 X 4 = 330 epkplq;fs;)

vdNt fphpd;tpr; kzp Neuj;ij tpl

,e;jpa Neuk; 5½ kzp Neuk; (330

epkplq;fs;) mjpfk;

re;jpud;

#hpa FLk;gj;jpd; Jizf; Nfhs;fspy;

kpfg;nghpa Jizf;Nfhs; re;jpud;

re;jpud; jd;idj;jhNd xUKiw

Rw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;F 29½ ehl;fs; MFk;.

re;jpud; G+kpia XUkiw tyk; tUtjw;F

29 ½ ehl;fs; MFk;

re;jpudpd; Gtp<h;g;G tpir G+kpapd; <h;g;G

tpirapy; 1/6 gq;F vdNt G+kpapd; 60

fpNyh vil re;jpudpy; fhw;W ,y;iy.

vdNt ve;j xypAk; Nfl;gjpy;iy

re;jpud; G+kpia tyk; tUtjhy;

Vw;gLk;

%d;W tpjkhd tpisTfs;:

1. re;jpudpd; epiyfs;

2. xspkiwg;G

3. Xjq;fs;

mkhthir

mkhthirad;W #hpaDf;Fk; G+kpf;Fk;

,ilapy; re;jpud; fhzg;gLfpwJ

ngsh;zkp

ngsh;zkpad;W #hpaDf;Fk;

re;jpuDf;Fk; ,ilapy; G+kp

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

#hpa xspkiwg;G

#hpa xspkiwg;G Vw;gl #hpad;> re;jpud;

kw;Wk; Gtp Mfpait xNu Neh;f;Nfhl;by;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

,J mkhthir gfypy; jhd; mikak;

#hpa xspkiwg;G 8 epkplq;fs; kl;LNk

epfOk;

re;jpu xspkiwg;G

Re;jpu xspkiwg;G Vw;gl #hpad;> G+kp

kw;Wk; re;jpud; Mfpa %d;Wk; xNu

Neh;f;Nfhl;by; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

,J ngsh;zkp ,uTfspy; mikAk;

re;jpud; Gtpapd; epow;gFjpiaf; flf;f

100 epkplq;fs; MFk;. vdNt re;jpu xsp

kiwg;G flf;f 100 epkplq;fs; MFk;

cah;juk;

re;jpuid Nehf;fpAk; Gtpapd; gFjpapy;

cs;s fly; ePh; re;jpudpd; <h;g;G

tpirahy; fly;ePh; kl;lk; cah;tjhy;

mg;NghJ Vw;gLk; rkkw;w epiyia

<Lfl;l Gtpapd; kWgf;fj;jpYs;s

gFjpapYk; fly;ePh; kl;lk; cah;fpwJ.

,t;thW re;jpud Nehf;fpAs;s Gtpapd;

gFjpapYk; mjw;F kWGwk; cs;s

gFjpapYk; fly; ePh; kl;lk; cah;e;J

fhzg;gLk;. vdNt xNu rkaj;jpy;

Gtpapd; ,U Gwj;jpYk;> cah; Xjk;

Vw;gLk;.

jho; Xjk;

,U cah; Xjq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l

gFjpfspYs;s fly; ePh; cah;

Xjg;gFjpfSf;Fr; nrd;WtpLfpd;wJ.

vdNt ,U cah; Xjq;fSf;F

,ilg;gl;l gFjpfspy; fly; ePh;kl;lk;

jho;e;J fhzg;gLk;

mjp Xjk;

mkhthirad;Wk;> ngsh;zkpad;Wk;

#hpad;> re;jpud; kw;Wk; Gtp Mfpa

%d;Wk; xNu Neh;f;Nfhl;by; tUfpd;wd.

mg;NghJ re;jpud; kw;Wk; #hpadpd; <h;g;G

tpirfs; xNu jpirapy; nray;gLtjhy;

NkYk; mjpfkhf re;jpuid Nehf;fp

fly;ePh; <h;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy;

jpdKk; Vw;gLk; cah; Xjj;ij tpl rw;W

mjpfkhf ,e;j ,uz;L ehl;fspYk; fly;

kl;lk; cah;fpwJ. ,JNt mjp Xjk;.

kpj Xjk;

re;jpud; xU jpirapYk; #hpad; kw;nwhU

jpirapYk; fly; ePiu <h;f;fpd;wd.

,jdhy; fly; ePh; kl;lk; ehd;F

gf;fq;fspYk; <h;f;fg;gLfpwJ. MfNt

jpdKk; Vw;gLk; cah; Xjj;ijtplr;

rw;Wf; Fiwthff; fly; kl;lk; ,t;tpU

jpdq;fspy; cah;fpwJ. ,JNt kpj Xjk;

Xjq;fspd; tpisTfs;

cs;ehl;Lg; gFjpapy; nghpa MWfspy;

mike;Js;s JiwKfq;fSf;Ff; flypy;

,Ue;J fg;gy;fs; nry;y cah; Xjj;jpd;

NghJ Vw;gLk; ePh;kl;l cah;T

gad;gLfpwJ. Xjq;fs; kpd;rhuk;

jahhpf;fg;gad;gLfpdwd.

kPdth;fs; flYf;Fs; jq;fSila

glFfisr; nrYj;jTk;> jpUk;g fiuf;F

tuTk; cah; Xjk; gad;gLfpwJ

buNgh]; ];gpah;

,J G+kpapd; Nky; 8 Kjy; 18 fp. kP

tiu gutpAs;sJ

gUt khw;wq;fs; ,q;Fjhd;

eilngWfpwJ

,e;j gFjpapy; tpkhdq;fs; gwf;fhJ

];l;NuhNlh];gpah;

thdpiy khw;wq;fs; fpilahJ

,q;F Nkfq;fs;> ePh;jptiyfs; VJkpy;iy

vdNt Mfha tpkhdq;fs; gwf;fpd;wd

XNrhd; ,Lf;F cilaJ

GwCjhf; fjph;fis jLf;Fk;

kPNrh];gpah;

G+kp ntg;gk; ngWtij jLg;gJ

maNdh];gpah;

,jd; cauk; 150 fp. kP

kpd;rhuj;ij flj;Jk;

,J kpd; madk; nfhz;lJ

NubNah miy thpirfis jpUg;Gk;

miyAk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ

vf;N]h];gpah;

tsp kz;lyj;jpd; vy;iy

mjpf ntg;gKld; fhzg;gLk;

i`l;u[d;> P̀ypak; Nghd;w thAf;fs;

fhzg;gLk;

ntg;gj;jpd; fpilg;gutiy ghjpf;Fk;

fhuzpfs;

G+kpapd; rha;T mr;R

#hpa xspapd; fhy ePl;rp

epyg;gug;gpd; gz;Gfs;

Nguhopapd; ePNuhl;lq;fs;

tPRk; fhw;Wfs;

caph;f;Nfhsk;

Gtpapd; jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j mikg;G

tspkz;lyk;

fhw;Wk; kioAk; Vw;gLtjw;Ff;

fhuzkhdJ

vf;N]h];gpah;

tspkz;lyj;jpd; Nky; vy;iyahff;

fUjg;gLtJ

caNu nry;y nry;y fhw;W kz;lyk;

nky;ypajhfpd;wJ

tspf;Nfhsk;

Gtpf;Nfhsj;ijr; #o;e;j Nghh;it

caph;epiyr;#oy;

jhtuq;fisAk; gpuhzpfisAk;

cs;slf;fpaJ.

G+kpapy; ntg;gk; NtWghL

fhzg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

fly;kl;lj;jpypUe;J cauk;

flypypUe;J J}uk;

tPRk; fhw;Wfs;

fly; ePNuhl;lq;fs;

50>000 rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; grhy;l;

yhthtpdhy; %lg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,J 65-60

kpy;ypad; Mz;bw;F Kd; cUthd gFjp

tpahghuf; fhw;Wfs;:

G+kj;jpa Nuifia Nehf;fp 30° tlf;F

kw;Wk; 30° njw;fpy; ,Ue;J tPRk;

fhw;WfNs tpahghuf; fhw;Wfs; vdg;gLk;.

SODAR: Sonic Detection and Ranging

,J fhw;wpd; Ntfj;ij gy;NtW

cauq;fspy; mwpa gad;gLfpwJ

Horse latitudes:

G+kj;jpa Nuifia Nehf;fp 30° Kjy; 35°

tlf;F kw;Wk; 30° Kjy; 350° njw;fpy;

cs;s gFjpNa Horse latitudes vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpwJ

cyfg; Gtpapay;

cyfpd; fz;lq;fs;

fz;lj;jpd; ngah; mjd; rjtPjk;

1. Mrpah 29.5

2. Mg;hpf;fh 20.0

3. tl mnkhpf;fh 16.5

4. njd; mnkhpf;fh 11.8

5. INuhg;gpah 6.5

6. M];jpNuypah 5.2

7. mz;lhh;bfh 9.5

G+kpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s epyj;Njhw;wk;

3 tifahf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. kiyfs; 2. gPl G+kpfs; 3. rkntspfs;

kbg;G kiyfs;

cyfpd; Nkw;Gwj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;

ngUk;ghd;ikahd kiyfs; kbg;G

kiyfs; mFk;. G+kpapd; ngUk; gFjp

efUtjd; %yk; Njhd;WfpwJ. My;g;];>

,kakiy> uhf;fP]; kw;Wk; Mz;b];

Nghd;w kiyj; njhlh;fs; kbg;G kiyfs;

MFk;.

fUg;G kiyfs;:

mOj;jk; fhuzkhf ,k; kiyfs;

Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. gpsT gs;sj;jhf;fpy; ,k;

kiyfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpd;

rhj;G+uh kw;Wk; tpe;jpa kiyfs; fUg;G

kiyfshFk;. ghfp]jhdpy; cs;s rhy;l;

njhlh;fs; gpuhd;rpy; cs;s NkNah

kiyj; njhlh;fs;> kpahd;khhpy; cs;s

Nghgh kiyj; njhlh;fs; Nghd;wit ,k;

kiyfSf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;lhFk;

vQ;rpa kiyfs;

G+kpdpa;d Nkw;gug;gpy; mhpg;G> gbT

Nghd;witfshy; ,k; kiyfs;

Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,e;jpahtpy; ePyfphp

kiyj; njhlh;> fPh;ehh; kiyj; njhlh;>

];fhl;yhe;jpy; cs;s i`yhz;l;

Nghd;wit ,k; kiyfSf;F

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.

gPlG+kpfs;: xU epyg;gug;G mjidr;

Rw;wpAs;s epyg;gFjpfisf; fhl;bYk; rw;W

caukhdjhfTk; mjd; Nkw;gFjp

jl;ilahfTk; ,Ue;jhy; gPlG+kp> vdg;gLk;.

cyfpd; caukhd gPl G+kp jpngj;

gPlG+kpahFk;.

rkntsp: gue;j> jho;e;j rkkhd epyg;gug;G

rkntsp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. rkntspfs;

3 tifg;gLk;. mit:

1. Mw;Wg;gbfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Mw;Wr;

rkntsp

2. fhw;Wg; gbTfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l

fhw;whb tz;ly; rkntsp

3. fly; miyfspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l

flw;fiur; rkntsp

thdpiy: xU ,lj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l ehspy;

mq;Fs;s tsp kz;lyj;jpy; epyTk; ntg;g

epiy> fhw;wOj;jk;> fhw;W tPRk; jpir

kw;Wk; mjd; Ntfk;> fhw;wpd; <ug;gjk;>

Nkf%l;lk;> kiog;nghopT Mfpatw;wpd;

msitf; Fwpg;gJ mt;tplj;jpd; thdpiy

vdg;gLk;

fhyepiy: Xhplj;jpy; xt;nthU ehSk;

tspkz;lyj;jpy; epyTk; ntg;g epiy>

fhw;wOj;jk;> fhw;W tPRk; jpir kw;Wk; mjd;

Ntfk;> fhw;wpd; <ug;gjk; Nkf%l;lk;>

kiog;nghopT Mfpatw;iw Fiwe;jJ 35

Mz;Lfshf gjpT nra;J mit

xt;nthd;wpd; ruhrhp msitf; fz;lwpe;J

Fwpg;gpLtNj mt;tplj;jpd; fhy epiyahFk;.

fhy epiy 6 gphpthf gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ

1. G+kj;jpa Nuir fhy epiy

2. ntg;g kz;ly fhy epiy

3. Jiz ntg;g kz;ly fhy epiy

4. kpj ntg;g kz;ly fhy epiy

5. Jiz Jut kz;ly fhy epiy

6. Jut kz;ly fhy epiy

,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fs;: Gtpapy; fhzg;gLk;

,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fs; ehd;F ngUk; gphpthf

gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mit 1. fhLfs; 2.

Gy;ntsp 3. ghiytdj; jhtuq;fs; 4. JUtg;

gpuNjrj; jhtuq;fs;

1. fhLfs;: mbg;gilapy; fhLfs; 3

tifahf gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. 1. gRik

khwhf; fhLfs; 2. ,iyAjpf;fhLfs; 3.

Crpapiyf;fhLfs;.

1. gRik khwhf; fhLfs;: G+kj;jpa Nuif

kz;lyj;jpy; mjpf ntg;gKk; mjpf

kiog;nghopTk; ,Ug;gjhy; gRik khwhf;

fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Njf;F>

khNfhfdp> vNghdp> Nuh];Tl; Nghd;w ku

tiffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. njd;

mnkhpf;fhtpYs;s fhq;Nfh ,e;jpahtpy;

Nfushtpd; mikjpg; gs;sj;jhf;fpy;

,t;tif fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

2. ,iyAjph;f;fhLfs;: ,iyAjph;f;fhLfs;

,uz;L tifg;gLk;: mit

1. ntg;g kz;ly ,iyAjpf;fhLfs;

2. kpj ntg;g kz;ly ,iyAjph;f;

fhLfs;

1. ntg;g kz;ly ,iyAjph;f;fhLfs;:

ntg;g kz;lyf; fhyepiyg; gFjpfspy;

Mz;bd; rpy khjq;fspy; kl;Lk; kiog;

nghopT ,Ug;gjhy; kiog;nghoptpy;yhj

fhyq;fspy; twl;rpiaj; jhf;Fgpbf;f

,iyfs; cjph;e;J tpLfpd;wd. vdNt

gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhLfs; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

Njf;F> rhy;> re;jdk;> gps;s kUJ

Nghd;w kuq;fs; ,q;F mjpfkhf

tsh;fpd;wJ

2. kpj ntg;g kz;ly ,iyAjph;f;fhLfs;:

Fsph; fhyj;jpy; mjpf Fsph;

epyTtjhYk; gdp nfhl;LtjhYk;

,f;fhLfspy; tsUk; kuq;fs;

Fsph;fhyj;jpw;F Kd;ghf ,iyfis

cjph;j;JtpLfpd;wd. ,q;F Xf;> irg;u];>

Nkg;gps; kw;Wk; xypt kuq;fs;

tsh;fpd;wd. ,it ku

Ntiyg;ghLfSf;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

3. Crpapiyf;fhLfs;: ,f;fhLfs; kpj

ntg;g kz;ly gFjpfis mLj;Js;s

Jiz JUtg; gFjpapy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F Nfhilf;

fhyj;jpy; ntg;gk; kpjkhfTk; Fsph;f;

fhyj;jpy; ntg;g epiy ciwepiyf;F

fPNOAk; fhzg;gLtjhy; kuq;fs;

gdpg;nghopT Njq;fhky; ,Uf;f $k;G

tbtj;ijAk; ,iyfs; ePuhtpg;

Nghf;fhy; ePh; ,og;g Vw;gLtij

jtph;f;fTk;. CrpNghd;W jbj;Jk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. /gph;> yhh;r; Nghd;w

kuq;fs; ,q;F tsUk; Kf;fpa tiffs;

MFk;

Gy;ntspfs;: G+kpapy; Mz;bw;F 100 nr. kP

Fiwthd kiog;nghopT ngWk;

,lq;fspYk; Gy;ntspfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Gy;ntspfs; ntg;g kz;lyg; Gy;ntspfs;

kw;Wk; kpj ntg;g kz;lyg; Gy;ntspfs;

vd ,U tifg;gLk;

ntg;g kz;ly Gy;ntspfs;: Mg;gphpf;fh

fz;lj;jpy; cs;s rthdh Gy;ntsp –

Humid summers and dry winters

kpjntg;g kz;lyg; Gy;ntsp> ,u\;ahtpy;

cs;s ];nlg;gp Gy;ntsp> tl

mnkhpf;fhtpy; cs;s gpnua;hp Gy;ntsp

mh;[d;ildhtpy; cs;s ghk;gh]; Gy;ntsp

Mfpait kpj ntg;g kz;lyg; Gy;ntspfs;

MFk;. ,it ntg;g kz;lyg;

Gy;ntspfis tpl cauk; FiwT. Mdhy;

glh;e;J ,Uf;Fk;.

Gy;ntspfs;

Gy;ntsp ehL

];nlg;gp - u\;ah

g;nua;hp]; - mnkhpf;fh

ghk;g]; - mnkhpf;fh

nty;l; - njd; mnkhpf;fh

lTd;]; - M];jpNuypah

rtdh - Mg;gphpf;fh

gadh]; - njd; mnkhpf;fh

ghiytdj; jhtuq;fs;

jhtuq;fs; VJkpd;wp gue;J tphpe;J

fhzg;gLk; twl;rpahd gFjp ghiytdk;

vdg;gLk;. ghiytdk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.

mit 1. ntg;gg; ghiytdk;> 2. Fsph;

ghiytdk;

1. ntg;gg; ghiytdk;: rg;ghj;jpf; fs;sp>

fw;whio> Kl;Gjh;fs; Nghd;wit

tsh;fpd;wJ. Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; cs;s

rfhuh> fyfhhp> ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s jhh;>

M];jpNuypahtpy; cs;s nghpa

M];jpNuypag; ghiytdk; Mfpait

ntg;gg; ghiytdk; MFk;.

2. Fsph; ghiytdk;: kiog; nghopT

,y;yhj cah; ml;rg; gFjpfspy; Fsph;g;

ghiytdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

irdhtpy; cs;s Nfhgp> jpngj;jpy;

cs;s jf;ykfhd;> njd; mnkhpf;fhtpy;

cs;s fLNfhdpad; ghiytdq;fs;

Nghd;wit Fsph;g; ghiytdq;fs; MFk;

3. my;igd; my;yJ J}e;jpuj; jhtuq;fs;

J}e;jpu vd;why; kuq;fs; ,y;yhj ,lk;

vd;w nghUs; MFk;. JUtg; gFjpapy;

Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; kl;Lk; rpwpjsT #hpa

ntg;gk; fpilf;fpd;wJ. mf; fhyj;jpy;

JUtg; gFjpapy; Nkhr];> ypr;rd; Nghd;w

ghrp ,dj; jhtuq;fs; tsh;fpd;wJ.

,itNa my;igd; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;.

cyf mhprp cw;gj;jpapy; rPdh Kjyplk;

cyf NfhNfh cw;gj;jpapy; fhdh

Kjyplk;

cyfj;pd; kpfg;nghpa ,uapy;Nt Trans –

Siberian Railway

fy;tp efuk; - vbd;ghh;f;

ngUq;fly;fs;:

G+kpapd; tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; epyk;

kw;Wk; ePh; Mfpait 1 : 1.5 vd;w

tpfpjj;jpYk; cs;sJ.

G+kpdpa;d ngUq;fly;fs; 1. gRgpf;

ngUq;fly;fs; 2. ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;fly;

3. ,e;jpa ngUq;fly; MFk;

gRgpf; ngUq;fly;

G+kp 71 rjtPjk; ePuhy; MdJ. mjpy;

32.25 rjtPjk; gRgpf; ngUq;fly; MFk;.

,f; fly; Kf;Nfhz tbtj;jpy;

mike;Js;sJ

gRgpf; ngUq;flypd; gug;G 165>242>000

rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;

cyfpd; gioikahd fly; ,JNt

MFk;

cyfpd; kpf Mokhd gFjpahd khpahdh

buQ;r; gRgpf; ngUq;flypy; cs;sJ.

Challenger deep khpahdh buQ;r;rpy;

cs;s Mokhd gFjpahFk;.

Pacific Ocean Trench

Tonga - Trench

Alentian - Trench

Kuril - Trench

Kermadec - Trench

Japanese - Trench

Mindanao - Trench

Pern – Chile - Trench

Atacama - Trench

gRgpf; ngUq;fly; ePNuhl;lq;fs;:

fypNghh;dpah - Fsph;

ngUtpad; / ek;Nghy;l; - Fsph;

FNuh\pNah - ntg;gk;

Xah\pNah - Fsph;

Okhotsk - Fsph;

myh];fhd; - ntg;gk;

ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;fly;:

G+kpapd; gug;gstpy; Rkhh; 21%

ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;fly; MFk;. ,J S

tbtj;jpy; cs;sJ.

,jd; gug;gsT : 82>362>000 rJu fpNyh

kPl;lh; MFk;

,jd; Mok; Rkhh; 8390 iky; MFk;

,jid kpy;tht;fp Mok; vd;gh;

Atlantic Ocean Trenches

Nares - Trench

Puerto Rico - Trench

Santh Sandwich - Trench

Milwaukee Deep - Trench

Kf;fpa ePNuhl;lq;fs;:

GNshhpah - ntg;gk;

gpNurpy; - ntg;gk;

fy;g; - ntg;gk;

Mz;b]; - ntg;gk;

tl ml;yhz;bf; - ntg;gk;

nygulhh; - Fsph;

NfdhP]; - Fsph;

ghf;yhe;J - Fsph;

,e;jpag; ngUq;fly;

14.60 rjtPjk; G+kpapd; gug;gpy;

gutpAs;sJ. ,jd; gug;gsT 73>556>000

rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;

Indian Ocean Trenches

Java - Trench

Sunda - Trench

,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; ePNuhl;lq;fs;

nkhrg;gpf; - ntg;gk;

mFyh]; - ntg;gk;

Nkw;F M];jpNuypah - ntg;gk;

Mh;bf; ngUq;fly;:

,f;fly; tl;l tbtkhd gRgpf;

ngUq;flypd; ghjpasNt ,f;fly; MFk;

ngUq;flypy; cs;s epyj;Njhw;wq;fs;

ngUq;flypy; cs;s epyj;Njhw;wq;fs;

%d;W gphpthf gphpf;fyhk;:

1. fz;l jpl;L (Continental Shelf)

2. fz;l rhpT (Continental Slope)

3. ngUq;fly; jho;r;rp (Ocean trough)

1. fz;ljpl;L (Continental Shelf): 150

Kjy; 200 kPl;lh; tiu Mok; nfhz;lJ.

fz;l jpl;Lfspy; gpshq;ld;fs;

tsh;fpwJ. kPd;fs; ,tw;iw czthf

cl;nfhs;tjhy; fz;l jpl;Lf;fs; rpwe;j

kPd; gpb jskhFk;.

2. fz;l rhpT (Continental Slope): 3000

kPl;lh; Kjy; 6000 kPl;lh; tiu Mok;

nfhz;lit.

3. ngUq;fly; jho;r;rp (Ocean trough):

Kf;fpa fly;fs;:

1. kj;jpa jiuf;fly;

2. njd;rPdhf;fly;

3. Nghpq;fly;

4. fhpgPad; fly;

5. nkf;rpNfh tisFlh

STRAITS

tq;fhs tphpFlh – ghf; Flh Palk

tq;fhs tphpFlh – [hth kyhf;fh

kj;jpa jiuf;fly; - ml;yhz;bf; fly; -

[pg;uhy;lh;

tl gRgpf; - tlf;F ml;yhz;bf; - nkf;fyd;

nrq;fly; - mugpf; fly; - Babel Manden

Mh;bf; fly; - gpahpq;fly;

Bering

fUq;fly; - kh;Nkhuh Ngh];Nguh];

tl fly; - ml;yhz;bf; Nlhthh;

nkf;rpNfh tisFlh – ml;yhz;bf; -

GNshhplh

nghpa Vhpfs;

Mrpah - fh];gpad; fly;

Mg;hpf;fh - tpf;Nlhhpah

M];jpNuypah - mah;

INuhg;gh - yNlhfh

tl mnkhpf;fh - Rg;gPhpah;

,e;jpah - rpy;fh

Mg;hpf;fh

cyfpd; kpfg; nghpa ghiyepyq;fs;

1. rfhuh: Mg;hpf;fh fz;lj;jpy; cs;sJ

my;[phpah> #lhd;> vfpg;J> rhl;> ypgpah

kw;Wk; gy ehLfspy; gutpAs;sJ

2. M];jpNuypah

3. mNugpah

4. Nfhgp : kq;Nfhypah kw;Wk; rPdhtpy;

cs;sJ

5. fy`hhp: Nghl;];thdh

6. jhh; ghiytdk; : tlNkw;F ,e;jpah

kw;Wk; ghfp];jhdpy; cs;sJ

Ntshz;ikapd; tiffs;

1. Shifting Cultivation

2. Sedentary Agriculture

3. Intensive Agriculture – jPtpu tptrhak;

4. Extensive Agriculture – guelj

tptrhak; ghk;g];> gpnua;hp]; Nghd;w

ntg;g kz;ly Gy;ntspfspy;

eilngWfpd;wJ

5. Commerical Agriculture

6. Mixed Farming – fyg;G tptrhak;

7. Dairy Farming

8. Terrace Farming: gbf;fl;L tptrhak; -

kiyg; ghq;fhdg; gFjpfspy;

eilngWfpd;wJ

ejp efuq;fs;

iey; - nfa;Nuh

mnyf;rhz;bhpah

Njk;]; - yz;ld;

ilfPhp]; - ghf;jhj;

kPdk; - ghq;fhf;

];gphp - ngh;ypd;

Iud; - ghd;

nra;d; - ghhp];

`l;rd; - epA+ahh;f;

,z;l]; - fuhr;rp

uhtp - yh$h;

kh];fhth - kh];Nfh

jpy;thuh - gpynly;gpah

,uthb - ahq;$d;

Rkplh - Nlhf;fpNah

lhd;A+g; - tpad;dh

ngy;fpNuL> Glhng];l;

nghNlhkh - th\pq;ld;

nrapd;l; yhud;] ; - fpA+ngf;> xl;lth

rpq; rpahq; - \hq;fha;

ilgh; - Nuhk;

fhG+y; - fhG+y;

tp];Lth - thh;rh

cyfpd; Kf;fpa JiwKfq;fs;:

Nghf;Ftuj;J JiwKfq;fs;: epA+ahh;f;>

yz;ld;> Kk;ig

Entereport: xU ehl;by; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk;

ruf;Ffis mj;JiwKfj;jpy; cs;s

fplq;Ffspy; itj;J thp nrYj;jhky; gpw

ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; ,lj;jpw;F ngah;

Enterport MFk;.

cjhuzk; rpqf;gG+h; JiwKfk;

flw;gilj; JiwKfq;fs;: fhh;thh;> nfhr;rpd;

vz;nza; Rj;jpfhpg;G JiwKfq;fs;: jphpNghyp

cyfpd; nghpa fz;lk; Mrpah MFk;

cyfpd; rpwpa fz;lk; M];jpNuypah

MFk;

kpfg;nghpa gdpg;ghiw rpahh;r;rpd;

fpNshrpah;

kpfg; nghpa jPT fphpd; yhz;L MFk;

kpf caukhd ePh; tPo;r;rp VQ;ry; mFk;

kpfg;nghpa ghiytdk; rfhuh ghiyepyk;

xNu ehspy; mjpf kio nga;j ,lk;

Kk;ig

cyfpd; mjpf kio nga;Ak; ,lk; -

Mawsynram

cyfpd; mjpf cauhd kiy -

,kakiyfs;

cyfpd; caukpy;yhj kiy – Bheinna

Bhaile

cyfpd; rpwpa FbauR nes&

cyfpd; rpwpa ehL thbfd;

cyfpd; mjpf kf;fs; njhif cs;s

efuk; \hq;fha;

cyfpd; mjpf Fsph; cs;s gFjp

irgPhpah

cyfpd; caukhd efuk; Wenchuan

(jpngj;)

#a]; fhy;tha; cs;s ehL vfpg;J.

kpFe;j kf;fs; neUf;fKila efuk;

\q;fha; MFk;. thpirg;gb:

1. St. Antony Parish, Macao

2. Manila, Philippines

3. St. Lazarus Parish, Macao

4. Barcelona, Spain

5. Hong Kong,

11. New York City, USA

kpFe;j kf;fs; neUf;fKila efuq;fs;:

Mumbai – 15 million, Kolkata – 12 million,

Delhi – 9 million, Chennai – 6 million,

Bangalore – 5 million, Hyderabad – 5

million, Ahmadabad – 3.7 million

gdhkh fhy;tha; cs;s ehL kj;jp

mnkhpf;fh> gdhkh fhy;tha; grpgpf;

fliyAk; ml;yhz;bf; fliyAk;

,izf;fpd;wJ

M];jpNuypahtpy; tPRk; Gaw; fhw;wpw;F

tpy;yp – tpy;yp vd;W ngah;

fly; my;yJ MW Nghd;wtw;wpy;

cUthFk; kzy; jpl;bw;F Spit vd;W

ngah;. ,q;F kPz;Lk; ePh; tu tha;g;Gz;L.

Kf;fpa vy;iyf;NfhLfs;

vy;iyf;NfhLfs; ehLfs;

uhbfpspg; NfhL - ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd;

(gphptpid NghJ vy;iyf;FOj; jiyth;

uhbfpspg;)

khf; Nkhfd; NfhL - ,e;jpah – jpngj; -

rPdh

J}ue; NfhL - ghfp];jhd; -

Mg;fhdp];jhd;

16tJ ,izNfhL - ekPgpah – mq;Nfhyh

38tJ ,iz NfhL – tl-njd; nfhhpah

49tJ ,izNfhL – mnkhpf;fh – fdlh

17tJ ,izNfhL – tltpal;ehk;

njd;tpal;ehk; - nkf;dpdhl; NfhL

- gpuhd;]; - n[h;kdp

(gpuhd;];) nrap[; gpuha;l; NfhL

n[h;kdp – gpuhd;];

(n[h;kdp) n`a;ld;gh;f; NfhL

n[h;kdp – Nghye;J

(Kjy; cyfg; NghUf;Fg;gpd;)

Xlh; nu];]p NfhL

Nghye;J – n[h;kdp

mnkhpf;fhtpd; Kf;fpa njhopw; gpuNjrq;fs;:

1. The New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore

region

2. The southern New England Region

3. The Southern Lake Michigan Region

4. The Detroit Region - Automobile

Nkw;F n[h;kdpapd; Kf;fpa njhopw;

gpuNjrq;fs;:

1. The Rhur – Steel and Engineering

M];jpNuypah kw;Wk; mh;n[d;ildh

ehLfs; fk;gsk; kw;Wk; khkprj;jpw;F

Gfo; ngw;w ehLfs; MFk;

cyfpd; Kf;fpa kdpj kw;Wk;

kiytho; ,dq;fs;

,yq;if - Vedda

M];jpNuypah - Aborgines

mNugpah - Badahin

,e;NjhNd\pah - Dayak, Papuans

ngy;[pak; - Flemings

epA+rpyhe;J - Kiwis. Maoris

`q;Nfhp - Magyars

[g;ghd; - Ainu

jha;yhe;J - Karen

jhd;rpdpah - Shwahili

kNyrpah - Sakai

mnkhpf;fh – yhguhlh; - Eskimos

tl mnkhpf;fh - Aztecs (Red Indians)

`q;Nfhp - Magyars

ehh;Nt - Sami

fpof;F Mg;gphpf;fh - Masai, Kikuyu

njd; Mg;gphpf;fh - Berbers, Zuius

tlNkw;F Mg;gphpf;fh – Hamites

u\pah - Khirgis

cyfpd; rpwpa ehLfs;

1. thbfd; efuk; 2. nkhdhNfh 3. Nauru

5. Tuvalu 6. rhd; khpNdh

cyfpd; nghpa jPgfw;gq;fs;

7. mNugpah

8. ,e;jpah

9. my];fh

10. nyg;ulh;

11. ];fhz;bNetpah

cyfpd; nghpa jPTfs;

12. fPhpd;yhe;J

13. New Guinea

14. Boneo

15. Madagascar

16. Baffin Island

cyfpd; nghpa G+fk;gq;fs;

17. 1989 Loma Preita Earthquake

18. 1994 Northridge Earthquake

19. 1995 NfhNg ([g;ghd;) Earthqauke

20. 2001 Olympia. Washington Earthquake

21. 2003 Bam, Iran Earthquake

22. 2004 Rkj;jpuh G+fk;gk; kw;Wk; Rdhkp

23. 2005 fh\;kPh; G+fk;gk;

ehLfspd; Njrpa rpd;dq;fs;

ehL rpd;dk;

,e;jpah - rpq;fKj;jpiu

M];jpNuypah - fq;fhU

fdlh - nts;is ypy;yp

nld;khh;f; - flw;fiu

gpuhd;]; - fjph;

,uhd; - Nuh];

,j;jhyp - nts;is ypy;yp

ghfp]jhd; - gpiw

];ngapd; - gUe;J

,q;fpyhe;J - Nuh];

mnkhpf;fh - nghw;gpuk;G

mah;yhe;J - %d;W ,iyfSld;

$ba jz;L

nfhbfs;

fUg;Gf; nfhb - vjph;g;G

Gwh - rkhjhdk;

nfhbia miuf;fk;gj;jpy; gwj;jy; – Njrpa

Jf;fk;

nfhb jiyf;fPohf gwj;jy; - Njrpa ftiy

jhkiu – gz;ghL kw;Wk; ehfhpfk;

rptg;G rpYit – kUj;Jt cjtp kw;Wk;

nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk;

MyPt;kuf;fpis – mikjp

nfhbapy; rf;fuk; - Kd;Ndw;wk;

nts;isf;nfhb Vw;Wjy; - rkhjhdk;

rptg;G Kf;Nfhzk; - FLk;gf; fl;LghL

kz;il XL kw;Wk; ,U FWf;nfYk;Gfs; -

kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; Mgj;J

rptg;Gf; nfhb – Mgj;J kw;Wk; cjtp

kQ;rs; nfhb Vw;Wjy; - njhw;WNeha;

,e;jpag; Gtpapay;

cyfk;

cyfj;jpd; nkhj;j gug;gsT 510.072

kpy;ypad; rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;

,jpy; epyj;jpd; gug;gsT 148.94 kpy;ypad;

r.fp. kP. ePhpd; gug;gsT 361.132 kpy;ypad;

r.fp.kP

nkhj;jj;jpy; 70.8 rjtPjk; ePUk; 29.2

rjtPjk; epyKk; MFk;

gug;gstpy; ehLfspd; thpir 1. Urpah 2.

fdlh 3. rPdh 4. mnkhpf;fh 5. gpNurpy;

6. M];jpNuypah 7. ,e;jpah MFk;

cyfpd; kpfr; rpwpa ehL: nkhdhNfh

[Piy 2007 Mk; Mz;L cyfj;jpd;

kf;fs; njhif 6>602>224>174 MFk;.

cyfj;jpd; kf;fs; njhifapy;

fpUj;Jth;fs; 30.03%> ,];yhkpah;fs;

20.12%> ,e;Jf;fs; 13.34% Gj;j kjj;jpdh;

5.89 rjtPjKk; cs;sdh;. 6>602>224>174

MFk;.

cyf kf;fspy; Mandarin Chinese

13.69%, Spanish 5.05%, English 4.84%,

Hindi 2.82%, Portuguese 2.77%, Bengali

2.68%, Russian 2.27%, Japanese 1.99%,

nkhopfis NgRfpd;wdh;.

fz;lq;fSk; kf;fs; njhif rjtPjKk;

ANurpah 17% Mrpah 60%

Mg;gphpf;fh 14% tl mnkhpf;fh 8%

njd; mnkhpf;fh 6% - mz;lhh;bf;fh 0.00002%

INuhg;gh 11% Oceania 0.6%

M];jpNuypah – New Guinea 0.5%

M];jpNuypah epyg;gug;G 0.3%

,e;jpahtpd; Njhw;wk;

epytpay; gyif Nfhl;ghL

Rkhh; 225 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F

M];jpNyypah flw;fiuf;F mg;ghy;

Vwf;Fiwa 6>400 fpNyh kPl;lh;

njhiytpy; xU nghpa jPthf ,Ue;j

,e;jpah> Rkhh; 80 kpy;ypad;

tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dh; xU E}w;whz;bw;F

9 kPl;lh; vd;w tpjj;jpy; tlNehf;fp

efuyhapw;W Rkhh; 40-50 kpy;ypad;

Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; ,e;jpa epyg;gyif

Mrpah fz;lj;Jld; NkhjpaJ. Mjd;

tpisthf ,e;jpah vd;w epyg;gug;G

Njhd;wpaJ

xNu khjphpahd ghiw mlh;j;jp nfhz;l

xU epyg;gyif kw;nwhU epyg;gyifia

mj;d fPNo js;s ,aytpy;iy. mjdhy;

Vw;gl;l Nkhjy; kw;Wk; Ntff; Fiwg;G

fhuzkhf caukhd kiy Vw;gl;lJ.

Nkhjypy; Vw;gl;l mOj;jk; ,kakiy

caukhf vOk;gpajhy; Fiwe;jJ. ,jd;

tpisthf fly; kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J Rkhh;

7300 kPl;lh; cauj;jpw;F Nky; 30

rpfuj;jpw;Fk; Nky; ,kakiy

cUthapw;W.

,e;jpah xU njd;fpof;F gUtfhw;W

Mrpa ehlhFk;

,e;jpahtpd; gug;gsT 32>87>263 r.fp.kP

cyf nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 2.4% gug;G

,e;jpah MFk;

cyfpy; 7tJ nghpa ehL ,e;jpah

gpw nghpa ehLfs;:

ml;r Nuif 8°4‟28” tlf;F Kjy;

37°17‟53” tlf;F tiu

jPh;f;fNuif 68°7‟53” fpof;F Kjy;

97°24‟47” fpof;F tiu

me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs; 6°39> tlf;F

ml;rj;jpy; ,Ue;J 13°34 ml;rk; tiu

cs;sJ

tlf;F – njw;F J}uk; 3>214 fp.kP

fpof;F – Nkw;F J}uk; 2>933 fp. kP

flw;fiu ePsk; 7>516 fp.kP. (5700 fp.kP

me;jkhd; - epNfhghh; jPTfspd; flw;fiu)

nkhj;j epyg;gug;G 15>200 fp.kP

nghpa flw;fiu cilaJ

1. F[uhj; 2. Me;jpugpuNjrk;

01. kpf mjpf ePskhd flw;fiuiaf;

nfhz;l khepyk;

m. Me;jpu gpuNjrk; M. Nfush

,. kfhuh\;buh <. jkpo;ehL

nfhLf;fg;gl;ltifspy; mjpf ePskhd

flw;fiu nfhz;l khepyk; Me;jpu gpuNjrk;

230½ bfphp flf Nuif ,e;jpahit ,U

gphpthf gphpf;fpwJ

flfNuif nry;Yk; 8 khepyq;fs;>

kpNrhuhk;> jphpGuh> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;>

[hh;fz;l;> rl;B];fh;> kj;jpa gpuNjrk;>

,uh[];jhd;> F[uhj; ,e;jpahitAk;

,yq;ifiaAk; ghf; ryre;jp gphpf;fpwJ

kd;dhh; tisFlhitAk; tq;fhs

tphpFlhitAk; ghf; ryre;jp gphpf;fpwJ

jD\;NfhbiaAk; jiykd;dhiuAk;

,izg;gJ – Adam’s Bridge

mjpf khepyq;fSld; vy;iy nfhz;L

flw;fiu gpuNjrk; ,y;yhj khepyk;

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

Nkfq;fs; #o;e;j khepyk; Nkfhyah

rpd;l;buy;yh vdg;gLtJ mrhk; kw;Wk;

vy;iyg;Gw khepyq;fs;

nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 43.3% rkntspfs;

nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 10.7% kiyfs;

nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 18.6% Fd;Wfs;

nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 27.7% gPlG+kpfs;

,e;jpahtpd; jpl;l Neuk; 82½° fpof;F

jPh;f;f Nuif MFk;. fphpd;tpr; Neuj;jpy;

,Ue;J 5½ kzp Neuk; NtWgLfpwJ

Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpy; #hpad;

cjpf;Fk; khepyk; - mUzhry gpuNjrk;

#hpad; fj;jpathhpy; Njhd;Wk;

Neuj;jpw;Fk; Kjd; Kjypy; Njhd;Wk;

mUzhr gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s

Neuk; Rkhh; 1 kzp Neuk; MFk;

,e;jpahtpd; vy;iyfs;

fpof;F - tq;fhsNjrk;> kpahd;khh;>

tq;fhs tphpFlh> ghf; ryre;jp> kd;dhh;

tisFlh

Nkw;F - ghfp];jhd;> mugpf;fly;

tlf;F - ,kakiy

njw;F - ,e;jpa ngUq;fly;

tlfpof;F - rPdh> Neghsk;> G+l;lhd;

tlNkw;F - Mg;fhdp];jhd;> ghfp];jhd;

Neghsj;Jld; vy;iy cila khepyq;fs;

gPfhh;> cj;juhQ;ry;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> rpf;fpk;>

Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

tq;fhs Njrj;Jld; vy;iy cila

khepyq;fs;

mrhk;> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> kpNrhuhk;>

Nkfyhah> jphpGuh

G+l;lhDld; vy;iy cila khepyq;fs;

rpf;fpk;> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> mUzhry gpuNjrk;>

mrhk;

kpahd;kUld; vy;iy cila khepyq;fs;

mUzhry gpuNjrk;> ehfyhe;J> kzpg;G+h;>

kpNrhuk;

ghfp];jhDld; vy;iy cila khepyq;fs;

[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;> gQ;rhg;> ,uh[];jhd;>

F[uhj;

rPdhTld; vy;iy cila khepyq;fs;

[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;> ,khr;ry gpuNjrk;>

cj;juhQ;ry;> rpf;fpk; mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk;

Mg;fhdp];jhDld; vy;iy cila

khepyq;fs;

[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;

vy;iyf;NfhLfs;

,e;jpahitAk; - ghfp];jhidAk; gphpf;Fk;

vy;iyf;nfhL rh; uhl;fpspg; vy;iyf;NfhL

,e;jpahitAk; - rPdhitAk; gphpf;Fk;

vy;iyf;NfhL kf;Nkhfd; vy;iyf;NfhL

G+kj;jpa Nuiff;F mUfpy; cs;sJ njd;

,e;jpah

,e;jpahtpd; gug;G mnkhpf;fhtpd; gug;gpy;

%d;wpy; xU gq;F MFk;

,e;jpahtpd; gug;G ghfp];jhidtpl 4

klq;F mjpfk;

,e;jpahtpd; ePh; vy;iyg;gug;G 12

ehl;bf;fy; iky; MFk;. xU ehl;bf;fy;

iky; vd;gJ 18.52 kPl;lh; MFk;

,e;jpahtpd; miktpl #a]; fhy;tha;

(1869 –y; jpwf;fg;gl;lJ) topahf fpof;F

Nkw;F fly; khh;f;fj;jpy;

mike;jpUg;gjhy; rpwe;j gd;dhl;L tzpf

jykhf jpfo;fpwJ

,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; kiyg;gphpTfs;

1. Muty;yp kiyj; njhlh;fs; 2. Mid

kiyj; njhlh;fs; 3. Vyf;fha;

kiyj;njhlh;fs; 4. fh%h;

kiyj;njhlh;fs; 5. fpof;F njhlh;r;rp

kiyj; njhlh;fs; 6. fhNuh Fd;Wfs; 7.

,kakiyj; njhlh;fs; 8. fhrp Fd;Wfs;

9. n[dPjh Fd;Wfs; 10. Kzpg;G+h;

Fd;Wfs; 11. kPNrh Fd;Wfs; 12. Ehfh

Fd;Wfs; 13. ePyfphp Fd;Wfs; 14. Glhf;fp

Fd;Wfs; 15. G+h;thQ;ry; njhlh;fs; 16.

rhj;G+uh kiyj;njhlh; 17. rpthypf;

Fd;Wfs; 18. tpe;jpa kiyj; njhlh;fs;

19. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyj; njhlh;fs;

,e;jpahtpd; ,aw;if gphpTfs;

,ka kiyfs;> jPgfw;g ,e;jpah> rpe;J>

fq;if> rkntspfs; kw;Wk; flw;fiur;

rkntspfs;

,kakiyfs;

,kakiyf;fhLfs; kj;jpa Mrpahtpd;

cyfj;jpd; $iu vdg;gLk; ghkPh;

Kbr;rpy; ,Ue;J Jtq;FfpwJ

,e;J F\; kiyj; njhlh; kw;Wk;

fhuNfhuh kiyj;njhlh; Mfpait NrUk;

,lNk Aksai Chin vdg;gLk;. ,e;jpahtpw;F

nrhe;jkhd ,t;tplk; rPdhtpd;

Mf;fpukpg;gpy; cs;sJ (1962 ,e;jpah –

rPdh Nghh;)

,kakiy kPnrhN[hapf; fhyj;jpy; nghpa

gs;skhf ,Ue;jJ.

,q;F ,Ue;j flYf;F nljp]; fly;

vdg;gl;lJ

nljp];flYf;F tlf;Nf mike;j gFjp

mq;fhuh epyg;gFjp

nljp]; flYf;F njw;Nf mike;j gFjp

fhz;Lthdh epyg;gFjp

nlh;\pah fhyj;jpy;> ,t;tpU

epyg;gFjpfs; ,uz;Lk; xd;W Nrh;e;J

mOj;jk; Vw;gl;L kbg;ghf ,kakiy

Njhd;wpaJ

,kakiy ,sikahd (Gtpapay; hPjpahf

filrpapy; Njhd;wpa) gbTg;ghiwfshy;

cUthd kiyfshFk;. ,J Rkhh; 40-50

kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh;

Njhd;wpaJ.

kiyapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 2400 fp.kP mfyk;

Rkhh; 150 Kjy; 500 fp.kP

Syntaxial Bend ,kakiyapy;

fhzg;gLfpwJ

,ka kiyia fpof;F Nkw;fhf ePsj;jpy;

%d;W tifahf gphpf;fyhk;

1. Nghpa ,ka kiyj; njhlh;fs;

2. Kj;jpa ,ka kiyj; njhlh;fs;

3. rpthypf; Fd;Wfs;

[k;K & fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;s

Phalgaon kiyj;njhlhpy; mkh;ehj; Fif

cs;sJ. ,q;F gdpahy; Md ypq;fk;

mike;Js;sJ.

nghpa ,kakiyj; njhlh;fs;

,tw;wpd; cauk; 5000 kP Nky;

,k;kiyj; njhlh; eq;f gh;tjk; Kjy;

ekr;rgh;tjk; tiu gutpAs;sJ

,q;F fhzg;gLk; rpfuq;fs; vtnu];l;

8848 kP. fhl;rptpd; M];bd; (Nf2) 8611

kP. fd;[d;[q;fh 8598 kP

vtnu];l; rpfuj;jpw;F rhfh;khjh vd;Wk;

ngah;

cyfj;jpd; kpf cauhkhd rpfuk;

vtnu];l; Neghsj;jpy; cs;sJ

,e;jpahtpd; kpf cah;e;j rpfuk; fhl;rpd;

M];bd; ghfp];jhdpd; ifg;gw;Wjypy;

cs;sJ

,jw;F ,khj;jphp vd;W ngah;

ifgh; kw;Wk; Nghyd; fztha;fs;

jw;NghJ ghfp];jhdpy; cs;sJ

kj;jpa ,kakiyj; njhlh;fs;

,tw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; rpfuq;fs; 3500-5000

kPl;lh;fs; caukhFk;

,q;F fhzg;gLk; Nfhil thr];jyq;fs;

1. rpk;yh – njsyjhh; thpir - ,khr;ry

gpuNjrk;

2. iedplhy; - cj;jpuhQ;ry;

3. Knrshp

4. lhh;[pypq; - Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

5. ly;n`srp - ,khr;ry gpuNjrk;

6. jh;krhyh - ,khr;ry gpuNjrk;

7. my;Nkhuh – cj;jpuhQ;ry;

,q;F Gfo; ngw;w gPh;ghQ;rhy; kw;Wk;

fh\;kPh; gs;sj;jhf;F cs;sJ

,jw;F ,khr;ry; vd;w ngah; cz;L

rpW rkntspfSk;> Murg, Payar vd;w

Gy;ntspfSk; cz;L

mjpf cauj;jpy; cs;s Nfhil

thr];jyk; - Fy;khh;f;

rpthypy; Fd;Wfs;

jho;e;j ,ka kiyj; njhlh;fs;

1500 kPl;lh; cauKilait

,jw;F njuha; fhLfs; vdg;ngah;

,J ,kakiy MWfs; FWf;fpLk; gFjp

Kj;jpa ,kakiy gFjpf;Fk; rpthypf;

Fd;WfSf;Fk; ,ilNa gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;

fhzg;gLfpwJ

,q;F Nkw;fpy; cs;s

gs;sj;jhf;FfSf;F ^d; (Duns)

gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; vd;W ngah;

,k;kiyj; njhlh; nghlthh; gPlG+kp tiu

gutpAs;sJ

Nkw;F gFjpfs;

ghkPh; Kbr;rpypUe;J Nkw;fpy; ,e;J F\;

kiyfs; tiu gutpAs;sJ

,g;gFjpapy; ,e;J F\;> fpjhh; kw;Wk;

Riykhd; kiyj; njhlh;fs;

fhzg;gLfpwJ

fpjhh; kiyj;njhlh;fs; gY];rp];jhd;

kw;Wk; rpe;J gFjpfis gphpf;fpd;wJ

Riykhdpd; caukhd rpfuk; jhf;j;-I-

Riykhd; MFk;

,q;F fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa fztha;fs;

kw;Wk; MWfs;

fztha;fs; MWfs;

ifgh; - ng\hth; fhG+y;

Fuhk; - Nfh`hl; Fuhk;

Njhr;rp – ghD Njhr;rp

Nfhky; - Njuh Nfhky;

,];khapy; fhd; Nghyd; - Fntl;lh

,q;F fhrpf;> fhNuh> n[ae;jpah> ehfh

Mfpa Fd;Wfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ

fpof;Fg; gFjpfs;

fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa

Fd;Wfs;

gl;Nfha;> n[ae;jpah> Yrha; fhrp> fhNuh

kw;Wk; ehf Fd;Wfs;

,g;gFjp mrhik gh;khtplk; ,Ue;J

gphpf;fpd;wJ

buhd;]; ,kakiyj; njhlh;fs;

,kakiyia njw;F – tlf;fhf

FWf;fpy; 5 tifahf gphpf;fyhk;

1. fh\;kPh; ,kakiy 2. gQ;rhg;

,kakiy 3. Fkzd; ,kakiy 4.

Neghy; 5. m];]hk; ,kakiy

,g;gFjpapy; ,e;J F\;> fhuNfhuk; kw;Wk;

ifyha kiyfs; mike;Js;sJ

,e;J F\; kiyia (,kakiyapd; Nkw;F

njhlh;r;rp) Slayer of the Hindus vd;Wk; Indian

Caucasus vd;Wk; miog;gh;

Nurba gs;sj;jhf;F ,q;F cs;sJ. ,J

[k;K – fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpy; ghAk; Shyok

ejpapd; Jizejp Nurba ejpapdhy;

cz;lhf;fg;gl;l gFjp

rpahr;rpd; gdpg;gFjp ,q;F cs;sJ.

cyfj;jpd; cr;rkhfpa ,t;tplj;jpy; ,e;jpah

ghfp];jhd; Nghh; eilngWfpwJ. ,J ylhf;

khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,jw;F Nuhrh vd;w

ngah; cs;sJ.

,e;jpahtpd; kpf cah;e;j kw;Wk;

cyfj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ cah;e;j kw;Wk;

cyfj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ cah;e;j rpfuk;

fhl;tpd; M];bd; ,t;tpjj;jpy; cs;sJ

rpfuk; kiyj;njhlh;

1. vtnu];l; `pkhj;jphp

2. fhl;tpd; M];bd; (Nf2) – fhuNfhuk;

3. jtsfphp ,khj;jphp

4. fhkj; rh];fhh;

Kf;fpa ,e;jpa rpfuq;fs;

1. Nf 2 8611

2. fQ;rd; [q;fh 8598

3. eq;f gh;tj; 8126

8. ee;jh Njtp 7817

11. fhkj; 7756

15. rTf;fk;gh (gj;jphpehj;) 7138

17. ehd;Fd; 7135

18. Jdfphp 7066

Kf;fpa fztha;fs;

Riykhd; gFjp ifgh; Nghgyd;

rpg;fp fztha; rpk;yh – jpngj;

fhuNfhuh fztha; Ny jpngj;

[yg;gh fztha; lhh;[pypq; - yh]h

gQ;rhg; ,kakiyfs;

,z;lh]; Kjy; rl;ny[; tiu Rkhh; 917

fpNyh kPl;lh; fpof;F Nkw;fhf gutpAs;sJ –

f];uh gs;sj;jhf;F kw;Wk; FW gs;sj;jhf;F

,q;F fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,k; kiyapd; ngUk;

gFjp ,e;jpahtpy; mike;Js;sJ. kpf cah;e;j

,lk; eq;f gh;tjk;

FkhA+d; ,kakiyfs;:

rl;ny[; Kjy; fhsptiu Rkhh; 300

fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu gutpAs;sJ. FkhA+d;

vd;W miof;fg;gLk; gFjp cj;uhQ;ry;

MFk;

fq;if> aKid Njhd;Wkplq;fs; cs;sJ

fq;Nfhj;jphp> aKNdhj;jphp> Knrhhp

Nghd;w Rw;Wyh ,lq;fs;

ee;jh Njtp rpfuk; ,g;gFjpapy; cs;sJ

Neghs ,kakiyfs;

1. Nkw;F Neghs ,kakiyfs;

,jpy; ngUk;gFjp Neghsj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.

,e;jpahtpy; cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; ngUk; gFjp

mike;Js;sJ. 498 fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu fpof;F

Nkw;fhfTk; 617 fpNyh kPl;lh; tlf;F

njw;fhfTk; gutpAs;sJ. ,jpy; fQ;rd;[q;fh

cah;e;j rpfukhFk;. jw;NghJ ,e;jpa

vy;iyapy; cs;s kpf cah;e;j rpfuk; ,JNt

MFk;

2. kj;jpa Neghs ,kakiyfs;

,jpy; ngUk;gFjp Neghsj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.

,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh; khepyj;jpy; ngUk; gFjp

mike;Js;sJ. 466 fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu fpof;F

Nkw;fhfTk; 476 fpNyh kPl;lh; tlf;F

njw;fhfTk; gutpAs;sJ. ,jpy; cyfj;jpd;

cah;e;j vtnu];l; rpfuk; mike;Js;sJ.

,jd; gphpTfs; 1. md;dhG+h;zh ,kakiy

(Neghsk;) cah;e;j rpfuk; md;dG+h;zh

1. $h;fh ,ka kiy (Neghsk; kw;Wk;

rPdh) cah;e;j rpfuk; kd];Y

2. fNz\; ,kakiy (rPdh kw;Wk;

Neghsk;) cah;e;j rpfuk; fNz\;

3. Xixabangma Feng (rPdh kw;Wk; Neghsk;)

cah;e;j rpfuk; Xixabangma Feng

4. Khumbu ,kakiy (rPdh kw;Wk;

Neghsk;) cah;e;j rpfuk; kTz;l;

vtnu];l;

5. fhl;kz;L njuha; (,e;jpah kw;Wk;

Neghsk;) ,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh; khepyj;jpy;

gutpAs;sJ. fsp Kjy; nl];lh tiu

– jtsfphp Nghd;wit fhzg;gLfpwJ

m];]hk; ,kakiyfs;

nl];lh Kjy; gpuk;kGj;jpuh tiu Rkhh; 460

fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu fpof;F Nkw;fhf

gutpAs;sJ. ,k; kiyapd; ngUk; gFjp

,e;jpahtpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,q;F ehJyh

kw;Wk; [Pypghyh Mfpa ,U fztha;fs;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. kpf cah;e;j ,lk; ekr;r

gh;tjk;

Nfhil thr];jyq;fs;

1. my;Nkhuh (Fkzd; kiy) –

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

2. rpuG+Q;rp (\py;yhq; kiy) – Nkfhyah

3. cjf kz;lyk; (ePyfphp) – jkpo;ehL

4. nfhilf;fhdy; - jkpo;ehL

5. ly;n`srp - ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrk;

6. nfsyp (rpk;yh) - ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrk;

7. lhh;[pypq; - Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

8. Fy;khh;f; - fh\;kPh;

9. kfhgNy];th; - kfhuh\;buh

10. mGkiy - ,uh[];jhd;

11. KNrhhp – cj;juhQ;ry;

12. uhQ;rp – [hh;fz;l;

13. \py;yhq; (fhrp kiy) - Nkfhyah

rpe;J tbepyKk; fq;if tbepyKk;

rpe;J tbepyj;jpy;> gQ;rhg; rkntsp

mike;Js;sJ. ,g;gFjpapy; fpof;Fg;

gQ;rhg;> mhpahdh Mfpa khepyq;fs;

cs;sd

fq;if tbepyj;ij Nky;fq;ifr;

rkntsp> kj;jpa fq;ifr; rkntsp>

fPo;fq;ifr; rkntsp vd %d;W

gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;

Nky; fq;ifr; rkntspapy; gP`hh;

khepyj;jpd; ngUk; gFjpAk;

Nrhl;lhefGhpg; gPlG+kpapd; rpWgFjpAk;

mlq;Fk;. fPo; fq;ifr; rkntspapy;

Nkw;F tq;fhsk; mike;Js;sJ. fq;if

tbepyk; ,e;jpahtpNyNa kpfTk;

nropg;ghdjhFk;.

gpuk;kGj;jpuh gs;sj;jhf;F

,e;jpahtpd; tlfpof;Ff; NfhapYs;s

,kakiyg; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk;

m];]hkpYs;s fhrp> fhNuh>

n[ae;jpf;fhf Fd;WfSf;Fk; ,ilapy;

gpuk;kGj;jpuh gs;sj;jhf;F mike;Js;sJ.

,g;gs;sj;jhf;F m];]hk;> Nkfhyah

Mfpa khepyq;fspy; tskhd gFjpahf

mike;Js;sJ.

,uh[Gjd Nkl;LepyKk; kj;jpa ,e;jpag;

gPlG+kpAk;

,uh[Gjd Nkl;Lepyj;jpy; ,uh[];jhd;

khepyk; mike;Js;sJ. ,jd; Nkw;Fg;

gFjpapy; jhh; ghiytdk; cs;sJ.

jPgfw;g ,e;jpah

jPgfw;g ,e;jpah xU gPlG+kpahFk;. ,jd;

Nkw;fpy; khy;th gPlG+kpAk;> njw;fpy;

jf;fhz gPlG+kpAk; fpof;fpy; Nrhlh

ehfG+hpAk; cs;sJ

tlgFjp mfd;Wk; njd;gFjp FWfpAk;

Kf;Nfhz tbtk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. gioa

fbdkhd cUkhwpa ghiwfshy; MdJ

Nkw;fpy; ,Ue;J fpof;fhf rhpe;Js;sJ.

vdNt MWfs; Nkw;Nf cw;gj;jpahfp

fpof;Nf Xb tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;

fyf;fpwJ

,J kio kiwT gpuNjrk;

eh;kij ejp jPgfw;g ,e;jpahit

khy;tha; gPlG+kp kw;Wk; jf;fhz gPlG+kp

vd;w ,U ngUk; gphptfh gphpf;fpd;wJ

khy;th gPlG+kp: kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F

gFjpNa khy;th gPlG+kpahFk;. ,J kj;jpa

gpuNjrj;jpd; Nkw;F gFjp ,uh[];jhd;

khepyj;jpd; njd; fpof;F gFjp kw;Wk; F[uhj;

khepyj;jpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpahf mike;Js;sJ.

500 kPl;lh; cauj;jpy; mike;Js;s ,g; gPlG+kp

tlf;F Nehf;fp rhpe;Js;sJ. ,jpy; khfp kw;Wk;

rhk;gy; ejpfs; gha;fpd;wJ. kpf 60 Kjy; 68

kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; gioik tha;e;j

Cretaceous fye;J ghiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

Nrhlh ehf;g+hp gPlG+kp: ,jd; ngUk; gFjp

[hh;fz;l; khepykhFk;. Xhprh> gPfhh; kw;Wk;

rl;B];fh; khepyj;jpd; vy;iyg; gFjpfs;

,g;gPlG+kpapy; mike;Js;sJ. Precambrian

fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;j ghiwfs; ,g; gPlG+kpapy;

mike;Js;sJ. jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F

,g;gPlG+kpapy; cs;sJ

jf;fhz gPlG+kp

,e;jpa fq;ifr; rkntspf;F fpof;F

gFjpapy; mike;jJ jf;fhz

gPlG+kpahFk;

njd; Nkw;F gUtfhw;why; nga;af;$ba

kioia Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfshy;

jLj;J tpLtjhy; ,q;F kio FiwT

,g;gPlG+kpapd; tlf;F gFjpapy; Nfhjhthp

kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz MWfSk; njd;

gFjpapy; fhNthp MWk; gha;fpd;wJ

eh;kij gs;sj;jhf;F njd; ,e;jpahit

,uz;L gphpthf gphpf;fpd;wJ

tl gFjp – khy;th gPlg+kp

njd;gFjp – jf;fhz gPlG+kp vd;W ngah;

jf;fhz gPlg+kp kiyfs; gpz;l kiyfs;

eh;kij> jgjp> ejpfs; gpsT

gs;sj;jhf;fpy; cs;sJ

Gtpapy; hPjpahf jf;fhz gPlG+kp 9 ngUk;

gphpthf gphpf;fyhk;

mit

1. Muty;yp kiyj;njhlh;

2. kj;jpa gPlG+kpfs;

3. tpe;jpa kiyfs;

4. rhj;G+uh kiyfs;

5. fpof;F gPlG+kp

6. fj;jpathh; kw;Wk; fl;r; tisFlh

7. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs;

8. Fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs;

9. nlf;fhd; buhg;

cyf kiyfs; jpdk;: brk;gh; 11

1. Muty;yp kiyj;njhlh;fs;: Pre

Cambrian fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;j

,e;jpahtpd; kpf goikahd kbg;G

kiyj; njhlh;fs; MFk;.

Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 300 iky;fs;

tl fpof;fpy; ,Ue;J njd; Nkw;F tiu

,uh[];jhd; topahf gutpAs;sJ

kTz;l; mG kiyapy; cs;s FUrpfhh;

,jd; cah;e;j rpfuk; MFk;

Muty;yp kiyj; njhlhpy; kpf cah;e;j

kiy cr;rp ghe;Nkhp

,uh[];jhdpd; njw;F rhptpy; M[;kPh;

efuk; mike;Js;sJ

Y}dp MW cw;gj;jpf;F fl;r;

tisFlhtpy; tbfpd;wJ

nrk;G cw;gj;jpf;F Gfo; ngw;w Nfj;jphp

efuk; Muty;yp kiyfshy;

#og;gl;Ls;sJ

,e;jpahtpd; tlNkw;F gFjpfspd; fhy

epiyia ghjpf;fpd;wJ

3. tpe;jpa kiyj;njhlh;fs;:

tpe;jpa rhj;G+u kiyfs; ,e;jpahit

tlgFjp njd;gFjp vd gphpf;fpd;wJ

tpe;jpa kiyfs; eh;kij ejp

gs;sj;jhf;fpw;F ,izahf Nkw;F

fpof;fhf nry;fpd;wJ. ,k;kiyfs;

eh;kij ejp gs;sj;jhf;fpd; gf;fr;

Rth;fNs MFk;. vdNt ,jid kiyNa

,y;iy vd;W $Wth;. ,k; kiyfs;

thuzhrpf;F mUfpy; Kbfpd;wJ

4. rhj;G+uh kiyj; njhlh;fs;:

eh;kij> jgjp ejpfSf;fpilNa rhj;G+uh

kiyj;njhlh; cs;sJ

tpe;jpa kiyf;F njw;fpy; mtw;wpw;F

,izahf nry;fpd;wJ. ,k; kiyapd;

ghiwfs; jf;fhz yhth gPlG+kp ghiw

tifiar; rhh;e;jjhFk;

jf;fhz gPlG+kpf;F tlf;Nf tpe;jpah

rhj;G+uh kiyj;njhlh;

rhj;G+uh kiyj; njhlhpd; kpf cah;e;j

rpfuk; J}g;fhh;

ntapd; fq;fh kw;Wk; thh;jh Mfpa

MWfs; rhj;g+uh kiyj; njhlhpy;

cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ.

5. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs;

jgjp ejp Kfj;Jtuhj;jpy; ,Ue;J

njhlq;fp Nkw;F flw;fiuf;F ,izahf

Fkhp Kid tiu njhlh;r;rpahf tlf;F

njw;fhf Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs;

gutpAs;sJ

Kf;fpa kiyfs;

1. Mid kiy 2. Vyf;fha; kiy 3.

godp kiy 4. nfhilf;fhdy; kiy 5.

Fw;why kiy

1. Mid kiy: Nkw;F njhlh;r;rpapd;

Kf;fpakhd gphpthd ,jpy; njd;

,e;jpahtpd; cah;e;j rpfukhd Mid

Kb cs;sJ. ,J Nfushtpd; ,Lf;fp

khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,g; gFjpapy;

metamorphic gneiss ,d fw;fs;

fpilf;fpd;wJ. mtw;wpy; feldspar and

quartz, porphyrite Nghd;w tiffs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. MopahW miz>

mkuhtjp miz> fhlk;ghb miz>

NrhiyahW miz> ,e;jpahtpd;

nfhs;ssT mjpfk; nfhz;l

guk;gpf;Fsk; miz Mfpait ,k;

kiyj; njhlhpy; cs;sJ. Miz

kiy> Vyf;fha; kiy kw;Wk; godp

kiy Mfpait NrUkplj;jpy;

,utpf;Fsk; Njrpa g+q;fh

mike;Js;sJ. itif ejp Miz

kiyapy; njhlq;fp tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;

fyf;fpwJ

2. godp kiy: godp kiyapy; Nfhil

thr];jykhfpa nfhilf;fhdy;

cs;sJ

Kf;fpa fztha;fs;

1. tlf;fpy; jhy;fhl;

2. tlf;fpy; Nghh;fhl;

3. njw;fpy; ghyf;fhL fztha; - Nkw;F

njhlh;r;rp kiyapy; fhzg;gLk;

,f;fztha; ,J kJiuiaAk;

nfhy;fj;jhitAk; ,izf;fpwJ.

ghyf;fhL khtl;lj;ijAk; Nfhit

khtl;lj;ijAk; ,izf;fpwJ. njd;

Nkw;F gUt fhw;wpid ,f; fztha;

jLj;J epWj;jhjjhy; Nfhit khtl;lk;

kio ngWfpd;wJ

Kf;fpa MWfs;

1. fhtphp

2. fpU\;zh

3. Nfhjhthp

njd; ,e;jpahtpd; ePz;l MW Nfhjhthp

Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfSf;F rahj;jphp

vd;w ngah; cz;L

Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs; “Ecological hot

spot” vd;W $Wth;

Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfSf;F fpof;F

njhlh;r;rp kiyfSk; xd;W NrUkplk;

ePyfphp MFk;. ePyfphpapy; N\hyh fhLfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd

njhl;lngl;lh rpfuk; ,q;F cs;sJ

rptrKj;jpuk; ePh;tPo;r;rp kfhj;kh fhe;jp

ePh;tPo;r;rp Mfpait ,k;kiyj; njhlhpy;

fhzg;gLfpwJ

ghGjhd; Fd;Wfs; jf;fhz gPlG+kp

gFjpfspy; cs;sJ

,k;kiyapd; kNfe;jpufphp ,uz;lhtJ

caukhd rpfuk;

8. fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs;

khfejp cld; njhlq;fp ePyfphp kiy

tiu gutpAs;sJ. xhprh khepyj;jpy;

,Ue;J Me;jpu khepyk; tiu fpof;F

flw;fiuia xl;b nry;fpd;wJ

,it jdpf; Fd;Wfshf fhzg;gLk;

1. efhp Fd;Wfs; 2. jpUg;gjp kiyfs; 3.

[t;thJ Fd;Wfs; 4. Nrh;tuhad; kiy

5. nfhy;yp kiy 6. gr;ir kiy

rpe;J – fq;ifr; rkntspfs;

,r;rkntspfs; ,kakiyj;

njhlh;fSf;Fk; tpe;jpa

kiyfSf;Fkpilapy; mike;Js;sd

mugpf; flYf;Fk; tq;fhs tphpFlhf;

flYf;Fk; ,ilapy; mike;js;s

,g;gue;j rkntsp gpiwr;re;jpu tbtpy;

tlf;F Nehf;fp tise;J mike;js;sJ

,r;rkntspapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 2>400 fp. kP

Mfyk; 300 fp. kP

,r;rkntspapd; gug;Gr; Rkhh; 4>00>000

r.fp.kP

,J cyfpNyNa kpf nghpa

rkntspahFk;

Nkl;L epyq;fspy; gioa tz;ly; ghq;fh;

fhzg;gLfpwJ

jho;epyg;gFjpfspy; Gjpa tz;ly; fhjh;

fhzg;gLfpwJ

flw;fiur; rkntspfs;

jPgfw;g ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F fpof;Fg;

gFjpfspy; flw;fiur; rkntspfs;

cs;sd

flw;fiufs; cil glhky; Neuhf

,Uf;fpd;wd

flypd; Mok; FiwT> vdNt ,aw;ifj;

JiwKfq;fs; mjpfkhf ,y;iy

Nkw;Ff; flw;fiur; rkntsp

,J mugpf; flYf;Fk;> Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp

kiyfSf;Fkpilapy; fhk;NgapypUe;J

fd;dpahFkhp tiuapy; mike;Js;sJ.

Nkw;F flw;fiur; rkntspfis %d;W

gFjpfshf gphpf;fyhk;

1. tlf;fpYs;s nfhq;fd; gFjp

2. kj;jpapYs;s fduh gFjp

3. njw;fpYs;s Nfusg; (kyghh;) gFjpfs;

flw;fiuNahukhfg; gy cg;gq;fopfs;

cs;sd. mit fhay;fs; vdg;gLk;.

,it Nfushtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; Nkw;Fr;

rhptpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; MWfs;

,r;rkntspapy; gha;fpd;wd. mtw;wpd;

ePsk; FiwT. Mdhy; Ntfk; kpFjp.

vdNt gy ,lq;fspy; ePhpkpd; rf;jp

epiyaq;fs; cs;sJ

fpof;F flw;fiur; rkntsp

,J fpof;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfSf;Fk;>

tq;fhs tphpFlhf; flYf;Fkpilapy;

fq;if Mw;wpd; Kfj;Jthuj;jpy; ,Ue;J

fd;dpahFkhp tiu gutpAs;sJ. ,J

Nkw;Ff; flw;fiur; rkntspia tpl

mfykhdJ

fpof;F flw;fiur; rkntspia %d;W

gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;

1. jkpo;ehl;Lf; flw;fiur; rkntsp fhtphp

nly;lh

2. Me;jpuf; flw;fiur; rkntsp fpU\;zh

Nfhjhthp

3. cj;fy; flw;fiur; rkntsp kfhejp

nly;lh

nrd;id Kjy; Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; tiu

cs;s flw;fiuia Pyan Gnat vd;gh;.

njw;Fg; gFjp Nrhokz;ly flw;fiu

,e;jpahtpd; nghpa ePsKs;s flw;fiu –

nrd;id flw;fiu

,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa flw;fiufs;:

Lawsons Bay Beach – Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

Rishikonda Beach – Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

Anjuna Beach – Nfhth

Calangute Beach – Nfhth

Colva Beach – Nfhth

Dona Paula Beach – Nfhth

Miramar Beach – Nfhth

Palolem beach – Nfhth

Sinquerim Beach – Nfhth

Vagator Beach – Nfhth

Arambol Beanch – Nfhth

Agonda Beach – Nfhth

Mandri Beach – F[uhj;

Gopnath Beanch – F[uhj;

Devbath Beach – F[uhj;

Kanwar Beach – F[uhj;

Marwanthe Beach – fh;ehlfk;

Malpe Beach – fh;ehlfk;

Kapped Beach – Nfush

Kovalam Beach – Nfush

Jhu Beach – kfhuh\;buh

Puri Beach – xhprh

Marine Beach – jkpo;ehL

Elliot Beach – jkpo;ehL

Digha Beach – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

Shankarput Beach – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

Junpet Beach – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

Bakkhali Beach – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

Sagardwip Beach – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

jhh; ghiytdk;

gQ;rhg;gpw;F njd;gFjpapYk; rpe;J -

fq;if rkntspf;F Nkw;Fg; gFjpapYk;

Vwf;Fiwa uh[];jhdpd; KO gFjpapYk;

gutp Muty;yp kiyf; Fd;Wfs; tiu

gutpAs;sJ

gPlG+kpfs;

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Kf;fpa gPlG+kpfs;

1. khy;th gPlg+kp 2. Nrhlhehf;G+h; gPlG+kp

3. jf;fhz gPlG+kp 4. ik#h; gPlG+kp

,e;jpaj; jPTfs;

,e;jpahtpy; nkhj;jk; 247 jPTfs;

fhzg;gLfpwJ

209 jPTfs; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; cs;sJ

vQ;rpa jPTfs; mugpf; flypy; cs;sJ

tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; cs;s jPTfs;

me;jkhd; epNfhghh; jPTfs; tq;fhs

tphpFlhtpy; mike;js;sJ

gj;J bfphp fztha; me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh;

jPTfis gphpf;fpd;wJ

,e;jpah ,yq;iff;F eLNt ghk;gd;

jPTfs; cs;sJ

,e;jpahtpd; njd; Kidahd ,e;jpuh

Kid nghpa epNfhghhpy; cs;sJ

nrapd;l; [hh;[; fztha; rpwpa

epNfhgiuAk; nghpa epNfhgiuAk;

gphpf;fpd;wJ

jD\;NfhbiaAk; jiy kd;dhiuAk;

Mlk; ghyk; gphpf;fpd;wJ

ahidf; fztha; ,yq;ifapy; cs;sJ

Sombreto fztha; tpl;by; epNfhghiuAk;

fr;rj;jPitAk; gphpf;fpd;wJ

ghk;gd; jPT ,e;jpah - ,yq;if

(,uhkehjGuk;) eLtpy; cs;sJ

ghk;gd; jPTfspy; fpof;F gFjpapy;

jD\;Nfhb cs;sJ

Nghh;l; gpNsah; - njw;F me;jkhdpy;

cs;sJ

me;jkhd; jPtpd; nghpa jPT: eL

me;jkhd;

me;jkhdpd; rpwpa jPT: Nuh]; jPT

epNfhhgh; jPtpd; nghpa jPT: nghpa

epNfhghh;

epNfhghh; jPtpd; rpwpa jPT: gpNyhkpNyh

jPT

ghud; jPT:

ghud; kw;Wk; ehh;nflhk; jPTfspy;

(Barren and Narcodam) vhpkiy cz;L

me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfspy; cs;s

cah;e;j rpfuk; - Saddle Peak (732 kPl;lh;)

epNfhghpy; kpf cah;e;j rpfuk; Jypah;

kiy (672 kPl;lh;)

mugpf; flypy; cs;s jPTfs;

mugpf; flypy; ,yl;rj;jPTfs;> kpdpfha;>

fz;Z}h; vd 27 gtoj; jPTfs; cs;sJ

,yl;rj;jPtpd; gug;G 32 fp. kP

vl;L bfphp fztha; kpdpf;fha; jPtpy;

cs;sJ

mugpf; flypy;; fhzg;gLk; jPtpy; gtog;

ghiwfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ

fl;r; tisFlhtpy; cs;s kf;fpa jPTfs;

1. fhjPh; 2. ghr;rk; 3. gPyh

MWfs;

,e;jpa MWfis %d;W tbfhy;fshf

gphpf;fyhk;

mit

1. tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; fyf;Fk;

MWfs;

2. mugpf; flypy; fyf;Fk; MWfs;

3. cs; ehl;L MWfs;

1. tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; fyf;Fk;

MWfs;

1. gpuk;kGj;jpuh kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz

MWfs;

2. fq;if kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz

MWfs;

3. Nkw;F tq;fhs MWfs;

4. kfhejp MWfs;

5. Nfhjhthp MWfs;

6. fpU\;zh MWfs;

7. Me;jpug; gpuNjr MWfs;

8. ngd;dhh; MWfs;

9. fhNthp MWfs;

10. jkpo;ehL flw;fiu MWfs;

1. gpuk;kGj;jpuh

,J ifyha kiy – khdrNuhth;

vd;w ,lj;jpy; Chemayungdung vd;w

gdp Mw;wpy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. ,j;d

Jiz ejpfs; - jprha;Ngh> jprhq;>

b];lh> Njhrh

,J jprhq;nfh vd;w ngaUld; jpngj;

topahf fpof;F Nehf;fp gha;e;J gpd;

gpuk;kGj;jpuh vd;w ngaUld; mrhk;

khepyj;jpy; gha;e;J gpd; fq;if

ejpapd; fpis ejpahd gj;khTld;

Nrh;e;J tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;

fyf;fpd;wJ

2. fq;if

National River

Conservation Plan – 1995

Central Ganga Authority -

1995

,J ,kakiyapd; fq;Nfhj;jphp

(Alaknanda) vd;w ,lj;jpy; Njhd;WfpwJ.

,jid ,uz;lhf gphpf;fyhk;.

1. ghfPujp 2. igutp

myf;ee;jhTk; ghfPujpAk; NrUkplk;

Njtgpuahf; vdg;gLk;

ghfPujpapd; Jiz ejpfs;: aKid>

Nfhkjp> uhk;> fq;fh> rhujh> Nfhfpuh>

fz;lfp> Nfhrp> rk;gy;> Nrhd;

igutpapd; Jiz ejpfs;: fk;yh> jhNkhjh;

,J cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; topahf gha;e;J

tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpd;wJ

aKid – aKNdhj;jphp vd;w ,lj;jpy;

cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. myfhghj; rq;fkj;jpy;

fq;ifAld; ,izfpd;wJ

Nfhkjp – gpspgpl; mUfpy;

cw;gj;jpahfpwJ ,j;d fpis> ejp – rha;

ruA> gh;kh

uhk; - fq;fh – iedplhy; mUfpy;

cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ ,jd; fpis ejpfs; -

jpNahfh> Nfh];> fq;fd;

fhq;uh - ,jd; fpis ejp – rhujh

kw;Wk; uhg;jp

fz;lfp – jpngj; mUfpy;

cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. ,juid ehuhazp

vd;W miog;ghh;

jhNkhjh; - NrhlhehfGhp mUfpy; - Njhhp

vd;w ,lj;jpy; Njhd;WfpwJ. ,J P̀f;sp

ejpAld; fyf;fpwJ

fq;if ejp rkntspapy; Kjypy; rpthypf;

kiyapd; mbthuj;jpy; `hpj;Jthhpy;

Eiofpd;wJ

3. Rth;z Nufh: ,jd; Jiz MW fhuif

,J [hh;fz;l khepyj;jpy; Nrhl;lh

ehfGhp gPlG+kpapy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.

Nkw;F tq;fhsk; topahf gha;e;J xhprh

khepyj;jpy; cs;s jhy;rhhp vd;w

,lj;jpy; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;

fyf;fpd;wJ. ,jpy; cs;s ePh;tPo;r;rp

Hudru falls vdg;gLk;

4. kfhejp

fpof;fpe;jpa ejpfspy; xd;whd ,J

kj;jpa ,e;jpahthd kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy;

rhj;G+uh kiyj; njhlhpy; g];jhh;

Fd;Wfspy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. xhprhtpy;

gha;e;J tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpd;wJ.

rl;b];fh; rkntsp ,e;j MW gha;tjhy;

Vw;gLk; rkntsp MFk;

,e;ejp ghAk; khepyq;fs; rl;B];fh;>

xhprh> [hh;fz;l; kw;Wk; kfhuh\;buh

MFk;

,e; ejpapd; kPJ `puhFl; miz

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

5. Nfhjhthp

,J tpUj;j (gioa) fq;fh my;yJ

jl;rpz (njw;F) fq;fh vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpwJ

,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ nghpa ejp vd;W

$Wth;

jf;fhz gPlg+kp> ehrpf; mUfpy; -

jphpak;gf; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Njhd;WfpwJ.

Mdhy; njd; fpof;fhf kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;.

fh;ehlfh> xhprh kw;Wk; Me;jpu gpuNjrk;

Mfpatw;wpd; topahf gha;e;J tq;fhs

tphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpd;wJ

Jiz MWfs; - ngz; fq;fh> ntapd;

fq;fhth;jh> kQ;rpuh> ,e;jpuhtjp> rghp>

th;jh kw;Wk; gpe;J rhuh Mfpait MFk;

,e;ejpapd; fiuapy; ehrpf;> jphpak;gf;>

gj;uhryk; Mfpa Gdpj efuq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd

ehrpf;> mTuq;fhghj;> ehf;G+h;> eprhk;ghj;>

uh[hKe;jphp kw;Wk; ghyfhl; Mfpait

cs;sJ

njd; ,e;jpa ejpfspy; mjpf khepyq;fs;

,e;j ejp ePiu gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd

njd; ,e;jpa ejpfspy; kpfTk; ePskhdJ

,jd; ePsk; - 1560 fpkP

khfp

khfp – cja;G+h; khtl;lj;jpy;

Njhd;WfpwJ

6. fpU\;zh

ghAk; khepyq;fs; - kfhuh\;buk;>

fh;ehlfk;> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapy;

kfhgNy];tuj;jpw;F mUfpy; Njhd;WfpwJ

Jiz MWfs; - Jq;fgj;jpuh> gPkh

Ntzp> fl;lgpugh> kyg;gpugh> nfha;dh>

jz;b kw;Wk; %rp

ePsk; - 1300 fp.kP

Me;jpu gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s `k;ryhNjtp

vd;w ,lj;jpy; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;

fyf;fpd;wJ

Jq;fgj;jpuh:

fh;ehlfhtpd; Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapy;

Jq;f kw;Wk; gj;jpuh vd ,U ejpfshf

Njhd;Wk; ,e; ejpfs; fh;ehlfh kw;Wk;

Me;jpu gpuNjrj;jpd; topahf gha;e;J

fpU\;zh ejpAld; fyf;fpd;wJ. ,e;

ejpf;fiuapd; kPJ tp]a efu NguuR

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ

7. ngz;zhW:

fh;ehlfhtpd; Nfhyhh; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s

ee;jp Jh;f;fj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. Me;jpu

gpuNjrj;jpy; gha;e;J tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;

fyf;fpd;wJ

8. fhNthp

Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy gpuk;k fph; kiy

thpirapy; FlF kiy – nkh;f;fhuh –

jiyf; fhtphpapy; Njhd;WfpwJ

Jiz MWfs; - gthdp> neha;ay;>

mkuhtjp> jpUkzpKj;jhW> fgpdp>

N`khtjp> rpk;rh> Nyhfghzp kw;Wk;

,yl;Rkzd; jPh;j;jk; Mfpait MFk;

ghAk; khepyq;fs; - fh;ehlfk;> jkpo;ehL>

ghz;br;Nrhp> ,J tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;

fyf;fpd;wJ

,jd; ePsk; - 800 fp. kP

njd; Nkw;Fg; gUtfhykhd [Pd; Kjy;

nrg;lk;gh; tiu fhtphpapy;

nts;sg;ngUf;F mjpfkhf cs;sJ.

fhtphpapd; FWf;Nf fh;ehlf khepyj;jpy;

fz;zk;ghb vd;Dkplj;jpy;

fpU\;zuh[rhfh; vd;w mizAk;> Nryk;

khtl;lj;jpy; Nkl;^hpy; ];lhd;yp

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; rptrKj;jpuk;

kw;Wk; xNfdf;fy; Mfpa ,lq;fspy;

ePh;tPo;r;rpfs; cs;sd

gthdp> neha;ay;> mkuhtjp>

jpUkzpKj;jhW Mfpad fhtphpapd;

Jiz MWfs; MFk;. gthdp vd;Dk;

,lj;jpy; gthdp ejp fhtphpAld;

fyf;fpwJ. jpUr;rpf;F rpwpJ Nkw;fpy;

fhtphp ,uz;lhfg; gphpe;J mit

nfhs;splk;> fhtphp vd;w ngaUld;

gha;fpd;wd. nfhs;splk; Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf

Nkyiz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tpU

MWfSk; jpUr;rpf;F fpof;Nf ,ize;J

=uq;fj;jPitj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.

fhtphpapd; FWf;Nf fhpfhy; Nrhodhy;

fl;lg;gl;l Gfo;tha;e;j fy;yiz

cs;sJ. ,q;Ff; fhtphp MW nfhs;splk;

fhtphp> ntd;dhW vd %d;W

fpisfshfg; gphpfpd;wJ. jQ;rhT+h;

khtl;lkhf khw;wpAs;sJ. fhtphpahW

rhpj;jpug; Gfo; ngw;w G+k;Gfh;

vd;Dkplj;jpy; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;

fyf;fpwJ.

Nkl;^h;

Nryk; khtl;lk; fhNthp Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf

Nkl;^hpy; fl;lg;gl;l mizapypUe;J

kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ

itif – Vyf;fha; kiyapy; Njhd;wp

kd;dhh; tisFlhtpy; gha;fpd;wJ. ,jd;

FWf;Nf fk;gd; miz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

jhkpuguzp

mfj;jpa kiyapy; Njhd;wp kd;dhh;

tisFlhtpy; fyf;fpwJ

kzpKj;jhW kw;Wk; rpw;whW ,jd; Jiz

MWfs; MFk;

,jw;F Kw;fhyj;jpy; nghUie ejp vd;W

ngah;

Ghgehrk;> rpw;whW kw;Wk; Fw;whyk; Mfpa

,lq;fspy; ePh;tPo;r;rpia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ

Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyapy; Njhd;wp

mugpf; flypy; fyf;Fk; rpy Kf;fpa

MWfs; - nghpahW> \uhtjp>

Nej;jpuhtjp> nghd;dhdp> MspahW

ghyhW

fh;ehlhf khepyj;jpy; cs;s ee;jp

kiyapy; Njhd;wp fh;ehlfk;>

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; topahfg; gha;e;J

rJuq;fg;gl;bdj;jpw;F mUfpy; tq;fhs

tphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpwJ. nra;ahW>

Ntftjp vd;gd ,jd; JizahWfs;

MFk;

itif

Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapy; cs;s

nghpahh; gPlG+kpapy; itif ejp

cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. itif ejpf; fiuapd;

Nky; kJiu efuk; cs;sJ. ,jdhy;

fk;gk; gs;sj;jhf;F tskile;Js;sJ.

,jd; JizahWfs; RUspahW>

kQ;rshW> Ky;iyahW kw;Wk; tuhf

ejpahFk;. Nfush muR Ky;iy nghpahW

gpur;rpidahy; itif ejpapy; ePh;

,Ug;gjpy;iy. itif mizf;fl;L NjdP

khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,uhkehjGuj;jpy;

cs;s ghf; ryre;jpapy; tq;fhs

tphpFlhtpy; itif fyf;fpd;wJ. Ky;iy

nghpahW mizia fl;bath; [hd;

ngd;dp Fapf; kw;Wk; gpujhdp Kj;jpUg;g

gps;is Mthh;

njd;ngz;iz

fh;ehlf khepyj;jpy; cs;s nrd;dNfrt

kiyapy; Njhd;wp> jkpo;ehl;bw;Fs;

gha;fpwJ. flY}h; mUNf tq;fhs

tphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpwJ. jUkGhp

khtl;lj;jpy; fpU\;zfphp vd;Dkplj;jpYk;>

jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy; rhj;jD}h;

vd;Dkplj;jpYk; ,e;j Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf

,U mizfs; fl;lg;glbUf;fpd;wd.

fpof;F Nehf;fp – tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;

fyf;Fk; ejpfs;

1. rghp 2. Jq;fgj;jpuh 3. Tlngz;iz

2. mugpf; flypy; fyf;Fk; MWfs;

1. Nfus flw;fiu MWfs;

2. fh;ehlf flw;fiu MWfs;

3. Nfhth flw;fiu MWfs;

4. kfhuh\;buh flw;fiu MWfs;

5. jgjp MWfs;

6. eh;kjh MWfs;

7. khfp MWfs;

8. rgh;kjp MWfs;

9. rpe;J MWfs;

1. Nfus flw;fiu MWfs;

nghpahW Nfushtpd; caph; ehb MW

MFk;. Nfushtpd; kpfg; nghpa MW

,JNt MFk;. ,t;thw;wpd; FWf;Nf

,Lf;fp miz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

2. fh;ehlf flw;fiu MWfs;

Nej;uhtjp MW rpf;;kq;fSh; khtl;lk;

fq;f%yh vd;w ,lj;jpy;

cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. kq;fSh; efUf;F

FbePh; toq;Fk; MW ,JNt MFk;

\uhtjp MW \pNkhfh khtl;lj;jpy;

cs;s mk;GjPh;j;jk; vd;w ,lj;jpy;

cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. ,uhkh; rPijia

kzf;f mk;gpid cilj;j ,lk;

vdg;gLfpwJ. Gfo;ngw;w N[hf; ePh;tPo;r;rp

,t;thw;wpy; cUthfpAs;sJ

2. Nfhth flw;fiu MWfs;

[Pfhhp MW Nfhthtpd; kpfg; nghap

MwhFk;. ,jd; Kfj;Jthuj;jpy;

th];Nfhlh fhkh JiwKf efuk;

cs;sJ

kz;Nlhtp MW

4. kfhuh\;buh flw;fiu MWfs;

5. jgjp MWfs;

kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; ghAk; Kf;fpa

MWfspy; jgjpAk; xd;whFk;. kj;jpa

gpuNjrj;jpd; njw;F gFjpapy; rhj;G+uh

kfhNjt; Fd;Wfspy; Njhd;wp rhj;G+uh

kiyfSf;Fj; njw;fpy; Nkw;F Nehf;fpg;

gha;e;J (kj;jpa gpuNjrk; - kfhuh];buh

– F[uhj;) topahf fhk;Ng

tisFlhtpy; fyf;fpd;wJ

,e;ejpapd; njw;F gFjpapy; F[uhj;

kw;Wk; kfuh\;buh vy;iyg; gFjpapy;

Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy my;yJ

rahj;jphpj; njhlh; njhlq;FfpwJ

kfhuh\;buhtpd; tpjhh;gh khtl;lk; ,e;

ejpahy; nghpJk; gad;ngWfpd;wJ

,e;ejpapd; Kfj;Jthuj;jpy; #uj; efuk;

mike;Js;sJ

Y}dp – Muty;ypkiyj; njhlhpy;

m[;kPh; mUNf Njhd;WfpwJ

6. eh;kjh MWfs;

kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; ikf;fhy; kiyj;

njhlhpy; mkh;fz;lf; vd;w ,lj;jpy;

cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. tpe;jpa rhj;G+uh

kiyfSf;fpilapy; Nkw;F Nehf;fpg;

gha;e;J mugpf; flypYs;s fhk;Ng

tisFlhtpy; fyf;fpd;wJ

eh;kjh ejpf; nfhg;giu 98>796 rJu

fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu gutpAs;sJ. ,J

,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;jg; gug;gpy; 3 rjtPjk;

MFk;. ,g;gFjp kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;>

F[uhj; kw;Wk; kfhuh\;buh Mfpa

gFjpfis cs;slf;fpaJ

7. khfp MWfs;

khfp MW Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyj;

njhlhpy; kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy;

cw;gj;jpahfp ,uh[];jhd; topahf

F[uhj; khepyj;jpy; fhk;Ng tisFlh

topahf mugpf; flypy; fyf;fpd;wJ

Nfhkjp MW ,uh[];jhd; khepyj;jpy;

cjaG+h; khtl;lj;jpy;

cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ

8. rgh;kjp MWfs;

rgh;kjp MW ,uh[];jhd; khepyj;jpy;

cjaG+h; khtl;lj;jpy; Muty;yp

kiyj;njhlhpy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ.

F[uhj; khepyj;jpy; fhk;Ng tisFlh

topahf mugpf; flypy; fyf;fpd;wJ.

mfkjhghj; kw;Wk; fhe;jpefh; ,jd;

fiuapy; mike;Js;J. fhe;jpabfspd;

rgh;kjp Mrpukk; ,jd; fiuapy;

cs;sJ

9. rpe;J MWfs;

,J ifyha kiyapy; khdrNuhth;

vd;Dkplj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. ,jd;

tyJGw Jiz ejpfs; - fpy;fpl;> fhG+y;>

];thl;> gQ;r;Nfhuh> Fzhh;> Fh;uk;

,jd; ,lJGw Jiz ejpfs; - rPyk;>

rPdhg;> uhtp> gpah];> rl;ny[;

gpw Jiz MWfs; - rpfhh;> m];lhh;>

[hd;[;fh;> jpuh];> i\Nahf;> ];fhh;L

Mfpait MFk;

,J fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpy; gha;fpd;wJ

,J fuhr;rp mUNf mugpf; flypy;

fyf;fpd;wJ

,J ,e;jpahtpd; nghpa ejp

,jd; ePsk; - 2900 fp.kP

,jpy; 709 fp. kP. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ.

rPyk;

fh\;kPh; gs;sj;jhf;fpy; Verinag vd;w

,lj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ

,e;jpah ghfp];jhdpd; vy;iyfahFk;

rPdhg; - yh$y; vd;Dkplj;jpy;

Njhd;WfpwJ. rPdhg; tyJ Gwj;jpy;

rPyj;ijAk; ,lJ Gwj;jpy; uhtpiaAk;

,izj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ

uhtp - ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrk; FYtpy;

cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. ,J rl;ny[; cld;

,izfpd;wJ. rPdhg; kw;wk; rl;ny[;

ghQ;ehl; (Panjnad) vd;w ngahpy;

,izfpwJ. gpd; mit ghfp];jhdpy;

cs;s kpjhd;Nfhl; vd;w ,lj;jpy;

rpe;Jtpy; ,izfpwJ. ,t;thW 5 ejpfs;

ghAk; gpuNjrk; vd;gjhy; gQ;rhg; vd

ngah; ngw;wJ (Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;)

Nkw;F Nehf;fp ghAk; ejpfs;

ejpfs; Jiz ejpfs;

1. eh;kij – jhth> xh;rhq;> G\;Neh;>

ghq;jh;> `puh> jpNah – fq;fh

2. jgjp – ghhp> yh$h;> G+h;zh> ghQ;ruh

3. rgh;kjp thl;uhf; - `hjpkjp> `hh;et;>

nra;> thFy;

4. mkuhtjp

5. Y}dp

,e;ejpfs; Nkw;F Nehf;fp gha Gtpapd;

Fault Line mikg;Ng fhuzk; MFk;.

\uhtjp

fh;ehlf khepyj;jpy; \pNkhfh

khtl;lj;jpy; \uhtjp Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf

,J mike;Js;sJ. ,J kfhj;kh fhe;jp

ePh; kpd;rf;jp jpl;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;

jkpofj;jpd; Kf;fpa MWfs;

neha;ay; fhtphpapd; JizahW –

Nfhitapd; gy;ylk; kw;Wk; <NuhL

khtl;lj;jpd; jhuhGuk; Mfpait gad;

ngWfpwJ

nra;ahW Nfhyhh; khtl;lj;jpy;

cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. ,J fhtphpapd;

JizahW MFk;. jpUtz;zhkiy

khtl;lj;jpy; ,J nrq;fk; topahf

nry;fpwJ

fhtphpapd; JizahW mkuhtjp

Nfuhspty; cs;s m[e;jh gs;sj;jhf;fpy;

cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. f&h; mUNf

fhtphpapy; fyf;fpd;wJ. cLkiyg;Ngl;il

,jd; fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ

nrd;idapy; cs;s milahW

nrk;guk;ghf;fk; Vhpapd; mUNf

cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ

gthdp MW Nfushtpd; mikjp

gs;sj;jhf;fpy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ.

NkhahWTld; fye;J rj;jpakq;fyj;jpd;

topahf gthdp vd;Dkplj;jpy;

fhNthpAld; fyf;fpd;wJ. ,t;thWfs;

fyf;Fkplj;jpy; rq;fNk];thp Nfhtpy;

cs;sJ. ,jd; JizahWfs; rpWthzp

kw;Wk; Fe;jh MFk;

njYq;F fq;ifj; jpl;lk;

nrd;id efUf;F FbePh; fpU\;zh

ejpapy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L tUk; jpl;lk;

gad; ngWk; khepyq;fs; -

Me;jpugpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL

tl ,e;jpah kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpa ejpfis

,izf;Fk; jpl;lj;jpw;F Garland Canal

Project vd;W ngah;

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rpy Kf;fpa gy;Nehf;F

jpl;lq;fs;

gy;Nehf;F jpl;lq;fs; Fwpf;Nfhs;

1. ghrd trjp

2. nts;sg;ngUf;F fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;

3. ePh;kpd; rf;jp cw;gj;jp nra;jy;

4. FbePh; trjp

5. Rw;Wyh trjp

6. kpd; cw;gj;jp

7. kz; mhpkhdk;

8. ePh; topg; Nghf;Ftuj;J

gy;Nehf;Fj; jpl;lq;fs; ghjpg;Gfs;

1. fhLfs; ngUk; mstpy; mof;fg;gLjy;

2. ,aw;if ,lh;ghLfshd G+fk;gk;

Nghd;wit Njhd;w fhuzkhf ,Uj;jy;

3. ePhpd; cg;Gj;jd;ik mjpfhpj;jy;

eh;kjh mizj;jpl;lj;ij vjph;j;J Nkjh

gNjfhpd; ,af;fk; eh;kjh gr;rh

me;Njhyd;

fhLfis mopg;gij vjph;j;J

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ rpg;Nfh ,af;fk;.

Re;jh;yhy; gFFzh Jtf;fpdhh;

kioePh; Nrfhpg;G my;yJ nuapd; thl;lh;

`hh;t];bq; vdg;gLtJ kioePh;

tPzhtij jLf;Fk; jpl;lkhFk;.

nkhl;ilkhb Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; cs;s

kioePiu Foha; %yk; G+kpf;F nfhz;L

nrd;W epyj;jb ePh; kl;lj;ij

cah;j;JjNy kioePh; Nrfhpg;G MFk;

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ePh;kpd; jpl;lk; -

rptrKj;jpu jpl;lk;

gy;Nehf;F jpl;lq;fs;

jpl;lk; ejp

jhNkhjh; jhNkhjh;

,e;jpuhfhe;jp gpah];

Jq;fgj;jpuh fpU\;zh

rh;jhh; rNuhth; eh;kjh

uhzh gpujhg; rhfh; rk;gy;

eh;kjh eh;kjh

gj;uh gj;uh

ehj;gh [fhhp

gf;uh eq;fy; rl;ny[;

rhk;gy; rhk;gy;

ghuf;fh kfhejp

`puhFl; kfhejp

Njapd; uhtp

Cf;if jgjp

mh;[Pdh fpU\;zh

rpdy; nrdhg;

rhujh rahf; fhf;uh

n[aftb Nfhjhthp ([g;ghd; cjtp)

Jq;fgj;jpuh – fh;ehlfh kw;Wk; Me;jpu

gpuNjrk;

jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;Fj; jpl;lk;

gad;ngWk; khepyk; - Nkw;F tq;fk;

kw;Wk; gPfhh;

mnkhpf;fhtpd; nld;rpy; gs;sj;jhf;fpy;

fl;lg;gl;l gy;Nehf;F jpl;lk; Nghd;wJ

,j;jpl;lk; MFk;

Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gy;Nehf;Fj;

jpl;lk; ,JNt MFk;

,j; jpl;lk; 7.7.1948 md;W Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

1953 jpiyah – jhNkhjh; ejpapd;

JizahW ghuhf;fh; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ

1955y; Nfhdhh; - jhNkhjh; ejpapd;

JizahW Nfhhdh; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ

1957y; ikjhd; – jhNkhjh; ejpapd;

JizahW ghuhf;fh; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ

1959y; gQ;rpl; - jhNkhjh; ejpapd; kPJ

fl;lg;gl;lJ

jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;Fj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;

ikjhd;> jpiyah> gQ;rpl; kw;Wk; Nfhdhh;

,izapd; jpiyah> gQ;rpl; kw;Wk;

Nfhdhh; mizapd; %yk; kpd; cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gLfpwJ

nghf;fhNuh> Jh;f;fhG+h;> re;jpuG+uh Mfpa

,lq;fspy; mdy; kpd; rf;jp cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gLfpwJ

Jh;f;fhG+h; - ejp ePh; Nghf;Ftuj;J ghrd

trjp

gf;uh eq;fy;

gad;ngWk; khepyk; - gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh>

,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; ,uh[];jhd;

,khr;ryg;gpuNjr khepyj;jpy; rl;ny[;

ejpf;F FWf;fhf fl;lg;gl;l miz gf;uh

miz MFk;. ,jd; gpd;Gwj;jpy; FU

Nfhtpe;j; rhfh; cs;sJ

Nfhtpe;j rhfh; Vhp xU nraw;if

VhpahFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; kdpjdhy;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l kpfg; nghpa VhpahFk;

eq;fy; miz gf;uh mizf;F fPNo 13

fpNyh kPl;lh; njhiytpy; &g;efh; vd;w

,lj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

cyfj;jpd; caukhd (Highest

Straightway Gravity) miz – gf;uh

MFk;

`puhFl; jpl;lk;

xhp]htpy; kfhejpapy; cs;s `puhFl;

mizapy; ,j;jpl;lk; cs;sJ

cyfj;jpd; kpf ePskhd miz `puhFl;

miz

Nfhrp jpl;lk;

,e;jpa – Neghs vy;iyapy; mDkhd;

efhpy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

gad;ngWk; khepyk; - gPfhh;

Neghsk; ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; gad;ngWfpwJ

rhk;gy;

gad;ngWk; khepyq;fs; - ,uh[];jhd;

kw;Wk; kj;jpagpuNjrk;

,j;jpl;lj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l mizfs;

1. Rtfh; rhfh; miz

2. uhzh gpujhg; rhfh; miz

hpfz;l – hpfz;l miz hpfz;l MW

kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; fhy;tha;

Nfhtpe; ty;yg;ge;h; rhfh; MFk;

3. fhe;jp rhfh; miz

fq;lhf;

gad;ngWk; khepyq;fs; - gPfhh; kw;Wk;

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

,j;jpl;lj;jpy; Neghsk; gad;gLfpwJ

ehfh;Rdh rhfh; jpl;lk;

gad;ngWk; khepyk; - Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

fpU\;zh ejp Nky; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

Jq;fgj;jpuh jpl;lk;

gad;ngWk; khepyq;fs; - Me;jpu gpuNjrk;

kw;Wk; fh;ehlfk;

gpah]; jpl;lk;

gad;ngWk; khepyq;fs; gQ;rhg;>

`hpahdh> uh[];jhd; kw;Wk; ,khr;ryg;

gpuNjrk;

gpah]; ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ miz

nfha;dh jpl;lk;

gad;ngWk; khepyk; - kfhuh\;buk;

epyeLf;fj;jhy; ,j;jpl;lk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ

jz;lfhuz;ah jpl;lk;

gad;ngWk; khepyq;fs; - xhprh> kj;jpa

gpuNjrk; kw;wk; Me;jpu gpuNjrk;

ghuhf;fh jpl;lk;

,e;jpah – tq;fhs Njrk; Mfpa ,U

ehLfs; gad;ngWk; jpl;lk;

Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; fq;if ejp Nky;

fl;lg;gl;l jpl;lk;

,j;jpl;lj;jhy; Nkw;F tq;fhsk; kw;Wk;

gPfhh; khepyq;fs; gad; ngWfpd;wd

fy;fj;jhtpw;F FbePh; toq;Fk; jpl;lk;

ehfh;[Pdrhfh; jpl;lk;

,j;jpl;lj;jpy; gad; ngWk; khepyq;fs;

Me;jpuh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh MFk;

,uhk fq;fh jpl;lk;

,j;jpl;lj;jpy; gad; ngWk; khepyk;

Me;jpu gpuNjrk;

nghpahh; jpl;lk;

,j;jpl;lj;jhy; gad; ngWk; khepyk;

Me;jpu gpuNjrk;

cf;fa; jpl;lk;

jgjp ejpapd; kPJ mikak; ,j;

jpl;lj;jhy; gad; ngWk; khepyk; F[uhj;

MFk;

kA+uf;\p jpl;lk;

,j;jpl;lj;jhy; gad; ngWk; khepyk;

Nfush kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL MFk;

jhth jpl;lk;

,j;jpl;lj;jhy; gad; ngWk; khepyk;

kfhuh\;buh MFk;

G+h;zh jpl;lk;

,j; jpl;lj;jhy; gad;ngWk; khepyk;

kfhuh\;buh MFk;

Nky; fpU\;zh jpl;lk;

,j; jpl;lj;jhy; gad;ngWk; khepyk;

fh;ehlfk; MFk;

ghj;uh jpl;lk;

,j; jpl;lj;jhy; gad; ngWk; khepyk;

fh;ehlfk; MFk;

khyhgpugh jpl;lk;

,j;jpl;lj;jhy; gad;ngWk; khepyk;

fh;ehlfk; MFk;

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rpy Kf;fpa ePh; kpd;

jpl;lq;fs; kr;fz;l; jpl;lk;

,j;jpl;lk; Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; xhprh

Mfpa ,U khepyq;fspd; $l;Lj; jpl;lk;

MFk;. kr;fz;l ejp FWf;Nf [yhghl

vd;w ,lj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l miz %yk;

,q;F kpd; rf;jp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ

=iryk; jpl;lk;

,j;jpl;lk; Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; fpU\;zh

ejpapd; FWf;Nf ehfhh;[Pdrhfh;

mizapd; Nky; xU fy;yiz

fl;lg;gl;L mjpypUe;J kpd;rhuk;

jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

fPo; irNyU jpl;lk;

,j;jpl;lk; Me;jpuh khepyk; irNyU

ejpapd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;l miz %yk;

kpd;rhuk; jhahpf;fg;gLk; jpl;lkhFk;

,Lf;fp ePh; kpd; jpl;lk;

,j; jpl;lk; Nfush khepyk; ]hpahh;

kiyj; njhlhpy; fl;lg;gl;l miz %yk;

kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;fg;gLk; jpl;lkhFk;.

\uhtjp ePh; kpd; jpl;lk;

,j;jpl;lk; fh;ehlf khepyk; \uhtjp

ejpapd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;l miz %yk;

kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;fg;gLk; jpl;lkhFk;

ghypNkhyh ePh; kpd; jpl;lk;

,j;jpl;lk; Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; xhprh

Mfpa ,U khepyq;fspd; $l;Lj; jpl;lk;

MFk;

aKid ePh; kpd; jpl;lk;

,j;jpl;lk; cj;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; ghAk;

hpfz;l; kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz ejpahd

Nrhid Mfpatw;wpd; ePhpy;> ,Ue;J

kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;Fk; jpl;lkhFk;. ,J xU

fbdkhd jpl;lkhFk;.

jpl;lj;jpd; ngah; khepyk;

Nky;fPo;irNyU Me;jpuhg;gpuNjrk;

Rghpkiy Nfush

fhe;jprhf; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

nfha;dh kfhuh\;buh

Jq;fgj;jpuh fh;ehlfk;

uhzhgpujhg;rhfh; ,uh[];jhd;

nghpahW jkpo;ehL

Fe;jh jkpo;ehL

NfhijahW jkpo;ehL

guk;gpf;Fsk;> MspahW – jkpo;ehL

Nfhrp gPfhh;

fh];lhf; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

xguh cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

hpfz;l; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

rh;jhh; rNuth; F[uhj;

jy;`h];jp [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;

flk; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

n[urg;gh (rpt rKj;jpuk;) fh;ehlfk;

rhk;gy; uh[];jhd;

,e;jpahtpd; caukhd (Tallest) ePh; tPo;r;rpfs;

Kunchikal Falls – 1>496 feet – fh;ehlfh

Varahi

Barehipani Falls – 1>309 feet – xhprh

Langshian Falls – 1>107 feet –

NkfhyahNohkalikai Falls – 1>100 feet –

Nkfhyah

Nohsngithiang Falls – 1>035 feet – Nkfhyah

Dudhsagar Falls – 1,017 feet – Nfhth

Kynrem Falls – 1>000 feet – Nkfhyah

Meenmutty Falls – 984 feet – Nfush

Thalaiyar Falls – 975 feet – jkpo;ehL

116th Place in the world # 226 place in the

world ,e;jpahtpd; nghpa (Largest) ePh;

tPo;r;rpfs;

1. fhNthp my;yJ rptrKj;jpuk; ePh;tPo;r;rp –

fhNthp

2. N[hf; ePh;tPo;r;rp my;yJ n[urg;gh -

\uhtjp ejp

16 place in the world # 39 place in world

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rpy Kf;fpa mdy; kpd;

rf;jp jpl;lq;fs;

Me;jpu gpuNjrk;

1. Nfhj;jf;Flk; mdy; kpd; epiyak;

Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpd; kpd; Njirf;fhf

,j;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ

2. tp[athlh mdy; kpd; epiyak;

3. rpk;khj;jphp mdy; kpd; epiyak;

mrhk;

e`h;fjpah mdy; kpd; epiyak;

m];]hk; khepyj;jpd; ehg;&g; cuj;

njhopw;rhiyf;F kpd;rhuk; mspg;gjw;fhf

cUthdJ. e`h;fjpah vz;nza; taypy;

,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; thA ,q;F vhpnghUshf

gad;gLfpwJ

gnusdp mdy; kpd; epiyak;

tlf;F gPfhh; khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf

,j;jpl;lk; 5 Mz;L jpl;lj;jpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ

gj;uhJ mdy; kpd; epiyak;

gPfhh; khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitfhf;f ,j; jpl;lk;

Jtq;fg;gl;lJ

Jtuhd; (fhk;Ng) mdy; kpd; epiyak;

F[uhj; khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf

,j;jpl;lk; fhk;Ng tisFlh mUfpy;

Jtq;fg;gl;lJ

rhj;G+uh mdy; kpd; epiyak;

,uh[];jhd; kw;Wk; kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; Mfpa

,U khepyq;fspd; kpd Njitf;fhf ,j;

jpl;lk; kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ

ehf;g+h; (fhu\;) mdy; kpd; epiyak;

kfhuh\;buh khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf

,j;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ

jhy;rh; mdy; kpd; epiyak;

xhprh khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf ,j;jpl;lk;

Jtq;fg;gl;lJ

xg;uh mdy; kpd; epiyak;

cj;jpug;gpuNjr khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf

,j;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhd epyf;fhp

rpq;f;nusdp taypy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fpd;wJ

ghe;njy; mdy; kpd; epiyak;

Nkw;F tq;f khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf

,j;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ

[hh;fz;l;

1. Tenughat Thermal Power Station

2. Patratu Thermal Power Station

3. Damodar Valley Corporation

fh;ehlfh

1. ngy;yhhp mdy; kpd;epiyak;

jpl;lj;jpd; ngah; khepyk;

nghfhNuh gPfhh;

re;jpuGuh gPfhh;

nfhh;gh kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

rhj;G+uh kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

buhk;Ng kfhuh\;buk;

ehrpf; kfhuh\;buk;

nea;Ntyp jkpo;ehL

vz;Z}h; jkpo;ehL

`h; JtfQ;r; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

[.gp. ];Nl\d; by;yp

cNrd;rfhh; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

mdy; kpd; rf;jpahy; mjpf gad;ngWk;

khepyk; Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

mZ kpd; rf;jp epiyaq;fs;

,e;jpa mZkpd; epiyaq;fs; ,e;jpa

mZ rf;jp Jiwapd; fPo; ,aq;Fk;

epA+f;fpspah; gth; fhh;g;gNu\d; fPo;

,aq;Ffpd;wJ

jhuhg;g+h;: ,J kfhuh\;buh khepyj;jpy;

cs;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; gioikahd

kw;Wk; nghpa mZ kpd; epiyak; ,JNt

MFk;. ,j;jpl;lk; mnkhpf;f cjtpAld;

epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ

,uhthgl;lh: ,J ,uh[];jhd;

khepyj;jpd; Nfhl;lh mUfpy;

mike;Js;sJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpd;

,uz;lhtJ jpl;lkhFk;. ,j;jpl;lj;jpw;F

]pzP]PzP wpr\PzPkPzP[P \pzPhPzPr\P

vd;W ngah;. fdlh ehl;L cjtpAld;

,j;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa

mZFz;L Nrhjidahy; fdlh cjtp

nra;a kWj;Jtpl;lJ

fy;ghf;fk;: ,J jkpofj;jpy; fhQ;rpGuk;

khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,jw;F

,e;jpuh fhe;jp epA+f;fpspah; gth;

];Nl\d; vd;W ngah;. ,J ,e;jpahtpd;

%d;wthJ jpl;lkhFk;. ,q;F

GSNlhdpak; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

,e;jpah RakhfNt ,jid fl;baJ

eNuhuh - ,J cj;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy;

mike;Js;sJ

iffh - ,J fh;ehlfh khepyj;jpy;

mike;Js;sJ

Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (CAPE)

fhf;ughuh - ,J F[uhj; khepyj;jpy;

#uj; mUfpy; mike;Js;sJ

$lq;Fsk; - ,J jkpofj;jpy;

jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy;

mike;Js;sJ. ,J ,u\;ahtpd;

cjtpAld; mike;Js;sJ

Research Reactors

Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) –

buhk;Ng

Apsara Research Reactor - ,e;jpahtpd;

gioikahd mZ ciy. ,q;fpyhe;J

cjtpAld; buhk;Ng – Kk;igapy;

fl;lg;gl;lJ

Canadian – India Research U S (CIRUS) –

buhk;Ng Dhurva Research Reactor Largest

Research - buhk;Ng

Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBRT) –

fy;ghf;fk;

Kalpakkam Mini Reactor (KAMINI) –

fy;ghf;fk;

Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) –

fy;ghf;fk;

Purnima I – II – III (Plutonium Reactor for

Neutornic Investigation in Multiplying

Assemblies) – buhk;Ng

Zerlina (Zero Energy Reactor for Lattice

Investigations and New Assemblies) –

buhk;Ng Kk;ig

fdePh; ciyfs;

gNuhlh fdePh; ciy

`rhhpah fdePh; ciy

Nfhl;lh fdePh; ciy

khdFU fdePh; ciy

eq;fy; fdePh; ciy

jhy;rh; fdePh; ciy

jhy; fdePh; ciy

J}j;Jf;Fb fdePh; ciy

,e;jpah mZ rf;jp %yk; 3160 nkfh

thl; kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ

10 Mz;Lfs; fopj;J ,e;jpahtpw;F

Njitg;gLk; kpd;rhuj;jpd; msT 300>000

nkfhthl; MFk;

fhw;whiy:

jkpo;ehl;by; fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpy;

cs;s Muy;tha; nkhop kw;Wk; Kg;ge;jy;

Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fhw;whiy %yk;

kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpah

[Piy 2008 md;W 8>696 nkfhthl;

kpd;rhuj;ij fhw;W rf;jp %yk;

jahhpf;fpd;wJ. ,jpy; jkpo;ehL Kjyplk;

tfpf;fpd;wJ. jkpo;ehL 3873 nkfhthl;

kpd;rhuj;ij fhw;W rf;jp %yk; cw;gj;jp

nra;fpd;wJ. ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij F[uhj;

khepyKk; mile;Js;sJ.

gNah Bry;

fhl;lhkzf;F vdg;gLk; n[l;Nuhgh

tpijapypUe;J gNah Bry;

jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ

fhyepiy

Vg;uy; khjj;jpy; Nfhilf; fhyj;jpy;

khq;fha; kio vdg;gLk; kio nga;fpwJ

fhyepiyia fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

1. G+kj;jpa Nuifapy; ,Uf;Fk; J}uk;

2. fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J cauk;

3. flw;fiuapy; ,Ue;J cauk;

4. fhw;Wk; mjd; jpirAk;

5. kiyfSk; fhLfSk;

6. epyr;rhpT

7. kz; tiffs;

8. fly; ePNuhl;lq;fs;

,e;jpahtpd; fhyepiyia gpkPwPwPkP`;

vd;w Gtpapayhh; Ma;T nra;Js;shh;.

,e;jpahtpd; fhyepiyia mad kz;ly

gUtf;fhw;W fhy epiy vdg;gLk;

1. Fsph;fhyk; - brk;gh; Kjy; gpg;uthp tiu

2. Nfhilf;fhyk; - khh;r; Kjy; Nk tiu

3. njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhyk; - [Pd; Kjy;

nrg;lk;gh; tiu

4. tlfpof;F gUtf; fhyk; my;yJ

gpd;dilAk; gUtf;fhyk; - mf;Nlhgh;

Kjy; etk;gh; tiu

Fsph;fhyk;: brk;gh; - gpg;uthp

tlf;fpypUe;J njw;fhf nry;y nry;y

ntg;gepiy mjpfhpf;fpwJ. tlNkw;fpy; Fiwe;j

ntg;gepiy 5 bfphp nrd;bfpNuL Nfhilapy;

ntg;gepiy 24 bfphp nrd;bfpNuL

Nfhilf;fhyk; khh;r; - Nk

,e;jpahtpd; Nfhil ntg;gk; njd;dpe;jpahtpd;

Nfhil ntg;gj;ijtpl mjpfkhf cs;sJ.

,jw;F fhuzk; tl,e;jpah nghpa

epyg;gug;gpid MrpahTld; ,ize;Js;sJ.

NkYk; flw;fiuapypUe;J njhiytpy;

cs;sJ. xNu ml;rj;jpYs;s ehfGhp

gk;ghiaptl mjpf ntg;gkhf cs;sJ. ,jw;F

fhuzk; gk;gha; flw;fiuapy; cs;sJ

njd;Nkw;F gUt fhyk; - [Pd; - mf;Nlhgh;

,J [Pd; khjj;jpy; njhlq;FfpwJ. Nfhil

fhy ,Wjpf; fl;lj;jpy; tlNkw;F ,e;jpahtpd;

ngUk;gFjpapYk; kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; jho;e;j

gFjpfspYk; cr;r ntg;gepiy fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Vnddpy; #hpad; flf Nuiff;F mUfpy;

mjd; fjph;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; nrq;Fj;jhf

tpOfpd;wd. cr;r ntg;gepiy fhuzkhf

mq;Fs;s fhw;W ntg;gile;J tphptilfpwJ.

tphptilfpd;w fhuzj;jhy; fhw;W Nyrhfp xU

jPtpu jho; mOj;jk; tlNkw;F ,e;jpahtpy;

cz;lhfpwJ. ,j;jho;tOj;jj;ij Nehf;fp

njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W tPRfpwJ. ,f;fhw;W

tPrj;njhlq;FtJ kiof; fhyj;jpd;

njhlf;fj;ij Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,r;rkaj;jpy;

G+kj;jpa Nuiff;F njw;fpy; kfuNuif

gFjpapy; fhw;wpd; mOj;jk; mjpfkhf

cs;sJ. ,t;Tah; mOj;j kz;lyj;jpypU;eJ

tl,e;jpahtpy; cUthfpAs;s jPtpu jho;

mOj;j kz;lyj;ij Nehf;fp fhw;W tPrj;

njhlq;FfpwJ. kfuNuif gFjpapypUe;J

njd;fpof;F jpirapy; tPRk; fhw;W

G+kj;jpaNuifia fle;Jk; g+kpapd; Row;rpapd;

fhuzkhf jpir khwp njd;Nkw;F

gUtf;fhw;whf ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ tPRfpwJ.

,g;gUt fhw;W ,e;jpa ngUq;flypypUe;J

tPRk;NghJ ,J fpisfshf gphpfpwJ

1. mugpf;fly; fpis

2. tq;fhs tphpFlh fpis

1. mugpf;fly; fpis

mugpf;fly; fpis Nfush Kjy; fhk;Ng

tisFlh tiu tPRfpwJ. ,f;fhw;W Nkw;Fj;

njhlh;r;rp kiyfshy; jLf;fg;gl;L

NknyOk;GfpwJ. caNu nry;Yk; fhw;W

Fsph;tjhy; ePuhtpia jhq;Fk; rf;jp

FiwfpwJ. vdNt mjpfg;gbahd ePuhtp

kioahf nghopfpwJ. Mjyhy; Nkw;F

njhlh;r;rp kiyia fle;J. jf;fhz gPlG+kp

kPJ ,f;fhw;W tPRfpd;w nghOJ mf;fhw;W

twz;l fhw;whf tPRfpwJ. vdNt kiokiwT

gpuNjrkhd jf;fhz gPlG+kp ,f;fhw;why; kio

ngWtjpy;iy

2. tq;fhs tphpFlh fpis

jf;fhz gPlG+kp kPJ tPRk; twz;l fhw;W

tq;fhs gphpFlhit flf;Fk;NghJ kpFe;j

ePuhtpia ngWfpd;wJ. tq;fhsj;jpd; kPJ tPRk;

,f;fhw;W m];]hk; Fd;Wfshy;

jLf;fg;gLtjhy; mg;gFjpapy; mjpf kio

nghopfpwJ. Nkfhyahtpy; cs;s rpuGQ;rp

vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; mjpf kio nghopfpwJ.

,f;fhw;W ,ka kiyfshy; jLf;fg;gLtjhy;

jpir khwp fq;if rkntsp kPJ tlNkw;fhf

tPrj; njhlq;FfpwJ. tq;fhs tphpFlhtpypUe;J

Nkw;Nf nry;y nry;y fhw;wpd; <ug;gjk;

Fiwe;J tpLfpwJ. vdNt fq;if

rkntspapypUe;J Nkw;Nf nry;y nry;y

kioapd; msT Fiwe;J tpLfpwJ

,e;jpah ngUk; mstpy; njd;Nkw;F

gUtfhyj;jpy; kio ngWfpwJ

tlfpof;F gUtf;fhw;Wf;fhyk; my;yJ

gpd;dilAk; gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhyk;

nrg;lk;gh; khj ,Wjpapy; #hpad; G+kj;jpa

Nuifia fle;J njd; Nfhshh;j;jj;jpy;

gpufhrpg;gjhy; jhop mOj;j kz;ly njw;F

Nehf;fp efh;fpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf ,Jtiu

tPrpa njd;Nkw;F gUtfhw;W rpwpJ rpwpjhf

gpd;thq;FfpwJ. ,jid tlfpof;F

gUtf;fhw;W my;yJ njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;wpd;

gpd;dilT vd;W $wyhk;. ,f;fhw;W tq;fhs

tphpFlhit fle;J ePuhtpia Rke;J fpof;F

flw;fiuapy; tPrp jkpo;ehl;bw;F kioia

nfhLf;fpwJ. ,Jjhd; jkpo;ehl;bw;F

kiof;fhyk;. ,g;gUt fhyj;jpy; tq;fhs

tphpFlhtpd; fhw;wpd; mOj;jk; Fiwe;J

#whtspAk; Njhd;WfpwJ. ,r;#whtspfs;

,e;jpahtpy; fpof;F flw;fiuapy; cs;s

jkpo;ehL Me;jpuh> xhprh Mfpa khepyq;fspy;

flw;fiu gFjpfspy; kpFe;j kioiaAk;

Nrjj;ijak; nfhLf;fpwJ

kpf mjpfkhf (200 nr.kP) kio ngwk;

gFjpfs;

1. m];]hk;

2. tq;fhsk;

3. Nkw;F ,kakiy

4. Nkfhyah

5. Nkw;Fflw;fiuapd; rpygFjpfs;

6. mUzhry gpuNjrk;

7. rpf;fpk;

8. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy

200 nr.kP Nky;; kio ngWk; efuq;fs; -

\py;yhq;> jpUtde;jGuk;> Kk;ig

mjpfkhf (100-200 nr.kP) kio ngWk;

gFjpfs;

1. Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

2. gPfhh;

3. cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpd; fpof;F gFjp

4. kj;jpa gpuNjrj;jpd; fpof;F gFjp

5. Nrho kz;ly flw;fiu

6. Xhprh

7. ,kakiyapd; mbthuk;

8. jkpofj;jpd; fpof;F flw;fiu gfjp

kpjkhd kio (50-100 nr.kP) ngWk;

gFjpfs;

1. fq;if rkntsp

2. kj;jpa ,e;jpah

3. jf;fhz gPlG+kp

4. F[uhj;

5. cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpd; Nkw;F gFjp

kpf Fiwthd kio ngWk; ,lq;fs; (50

nr.kPf;fFk; fPo;)

1. ,uh[];jhd;

2. njd;Nkw;F gQ;rhg;

3. fl;r;

4. jhh;ghiytdk;

jf;fhz gPlG+kp kio kiwT

gpuNjrkhFk;

kiog; nghopT 3 tifg;gLk;. mit:

1. Frontal rainfall: Gay; Nghd;w ,aw;if

khw;wj;jhy; Vw;gLfpwJ

2. Orgraphic rainfall: kiyfshy;

Vw;gLtJ. jf;fhz gPlG+kpapy; ,t;tif

kio Vw;gLfpwJ

3. Conventional rainfall: fhw;W #lhfp

mjdhy; Nkfq;fs; mq;F te;J Fsph;e;J

kio nghoptjhy; Vw;gLtJ

mjpf mstpy; kiog; nghopT 25 [Piy

khjk; 2005Mk; Mz;L Kk;igapy;

Vw;gl;lJ. 94.9 nrd;b kPl;lh; (37.1 ,d;r;)

mstpw;F xNu ehspy; mjpf kio

nga;jJ. ,jw;F Kd;G Nkfhyahtpy;

cs;s rpuGQ;rpapy; 83.82 nrd;b kPl;lh;

mstpw;F 12.7.1910 Mz;L nga;jJ.

#oy;

gtoj; jpl;Lfs;

,e;jpahtpy; ehd;F gtoj; jpl;Lfs;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. mit

1. kd;dhh; tisFlh

2. me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs;

3. ,yl;rj; jPTfs;

4. fl;r; tisFlh

Atoll – gtog; ghiwfshy; cUthd jPT

yl;rj;jPT - ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s gtoj;

jPT ,JNt MFk;

M];jpNuypah (Great Barrier Reef)tpy;

cs;sit cyfpd; kpf;nghpa

gtoj;jpl;Lfs; MFk;. ,it Fapd;yhz;l;

flw;fiuapy; cs;sJ

28° tlf;F Kjy; 20° njw;F ml;r

Nuifapy; ,J tsUk;

ePhpd; ntg;g epiy 20°rp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fly; ePh; 180 mbf;F Nky; Mok; ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;

ePhpd; cthpg;Gj; jd;ik 27 Kjy; 35

rjtPjk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

,e;jpahtpy; Fringing reef kd;dhh;

tisFlh kw;Wk; ghf; ryre;jpapYk;

Platform reef fl;r; tisFlh gFjpapYk;

Atoll reef ,yl;rj; jPtpYk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ

fhLfs;

,e;jpahtpy; fhLfspd; nkhj;jg;gug;G

6>75>333 r.fp.kP

nkhj;jg; gug;gstpy; ,J 20.64% rjtPjk;

,e;jpa fhLfs; nfhs;ifg;gb 2012f;F

33.3% fhLfs; ,uf;f eltbf;if

vLf;fg;gl;L tug;gLfpwJ

mlh;j;jpahd fhLfs; - 1.56%

Rkhuhd mlh;j;jpahd fhLfs; - 10.32%

jpwe;j fhLfs; - 7.95%

kuq;FNuht; fhLfs; - 0.15%

Gjh; fhLfs; - 1.74%

fhLfs; mjpfk; cs;s khepyk; kj;jpa

gpuNjrk;

nkhj;jg;gug;gpy; 50 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk;

mjpfkhf fhLfs; cs;s khepyq;fs; -

mUzhry gpuNjrk;> Nkfhyah> kzpg;G+h;

kw;Wk; jphpGuh;

khepyk; fhLfs; gug;G rjtPjk; gug;G

r.fp.kP

kj;jpagpuNjrk;: 94>689 30.72% 4239

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;: 63>821 61.55% 130

kfhuh\;buh: 61>939 20.13% 8191

rl;b];fh;: 59>722 44.21% 2256

xhprh: 58<136 37.34% 538

mUzhry;: 51>540 23.20% 14411

fh;ehlfh: 38>284 19.96% 464

,khr;ry;: 37>033 66.52% 1097

cj;uhQ;ry;: 34>662 64.79% 4002

,uh[];jhd;: 32>488 9.30% 1446

mrhk;: 26>832 34.21% 1444

[hh;fz;l;: 23>065 29.61% 2544

jkpo;ehL: 22>877 17.59% 2650

[k;K & fh\;kPh;: 20>230 9.10% 2135

F[uhj; 18>962 9.67% 114

kzpg;G+h;: 17>418 78.01% 923

cj;jpugpuNjrk;: 16>796 6.79% 1297

kpNrhuk;: 16>717 79.30% 133

Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 11>879 13.38% 2302

Nfush: 11>265 28.99% 1024

Nkfhyah: 9>496 42.34% 338

ehfyhe;J: 9>222 55.62% 236

me;jkhd;: 7>171 86.93% 3359

gPfhh;: 6>473 6.87% 110

jphpGuh: 6>294 60.02% 61

rpf;fpk; 5>841 82.31% 498

gQ;rhg; 3>084 6.12% -

`hpahdh 1>559 3.53% -

Nfhth 1>224 33.06% 55

nly;yp 85 5.73% -

rz;bfh;: 33 28.95% 1

tdkNfhj;rtk;: 1950y; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.

mjpfkuq;fis el;L tsh;g;gNj ,jd;

Nehf;fk; MFk;

National Forest Policy: 1988

1. Afforestation and Development waste

lands

2. Reforestation and Replantation in

existing forests

3. Encouraging the wood substitutes and

supplying other types of fuel

fhLfs; Ma;T epiyaq;fs;

National Museum of Natural History –

New Delhi

National Zoological Park – New Delhi

Central Pollution Control Board – Delhi

Central Zoo Authority – New Delhi

G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan

Environment and Development, Almora

Botanical Survey of India – 1890 –

nfhy;fj;jh

Zoological Survey of India – 1916 –

nfhy;fj;jh

Forest Survey of India – 1981 – Nluh^d;

Forest Research Institute – Dehradun

Directorate of Forest Education –

Dehradun

Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy –

Dehradun

Arid Zone Forestry Research Institute –

Jodhpur

Institute of Rain and Moist Deciduous

Forests – Jorhat

Institute of Wood Science and Technology

– Bangalore

Indian Plywood Industries Research and

Training Institute – Bangalore

Centre for Ecological Sciences – Bangalore

Tropical Forestry Research Institute –

Shimla

Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree

Beeding – Coimbatore

Temperature Forest Research Centre –

Shimla

Himalaya Forest Research Institute –

Shimla

Centre for Forest Productivity – Ranchi

Institute of Social Forestry and

Ecorehabilitation – Allahabad

Institute of Forestry Research and Human

Resource of Development – Chhindwara

Advanced Centre for Bio-Technology and

Mangrove Forest – Hyderabad

Indian Institute of Forest Management –

Bhopal

Centre for Social Forestry and

Environment – Allahabad

CPR Environmental Education Centre –

Chennai

Centre for Mining Environment –

Dhanbad

Centre for Environmental Educational

Ahmedabad

Tropical Botanical Garden and Research

Institute – Thiruvananthapuram

Forest Research Institute – Dehra Dun

,k;gPhpay; td Muha;r;rp epiyak; vd

1906y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. fpNuf;f Nuhkhdpa

fiyak;rj;Jld; rp. [p. Gsk;gPy;l;

vd;gtuhy; fl;lg;gl;l ,f; fl;blk; xU

National Heritage mFk;.

,e;jpa tdr; rl;lk; 1927 Indian Forest

Act. 1927

,e;jpa tdr; rl;lj;jpd; gb fhLfs; 3

Mf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

1. xJf;fg;gl;l fhLfs; (Reserved Forest)

2. ghJfhf;fg;gl;l fhLfs; (Protected

Forest)

3. fpuhkf; fhLfs; (Village Forest) National

Forest Commission - 2003

Biosphere Reserves: Genetic Diversity

fhf;Fk; nghUl;L ,e;jpahtpy; 14 Bioshre

Reserves mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

1. ePyfphp – jkpo;ehL

2. ee;jh Njtp – cj;jpuhQ;ry;

3. Nokrek – Nkfhyah

4. nghpa epNfhghh; - me;jkhd; epNfhghh;

jPTfs;

5. kd;dhh; tisFlh – jkpo;ehL

6. Manas – mrhk;

7. Re;jutsk; - Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

8. rpkpypghy; - xhprh

9. Dibru Saikhowa – mrhk;

10. Dehang – Debang

11. Pachmarhi – mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk;

12. fQ;rd;[q;fh – rpf;fpk;

13. Agasthya Malai – jkpo;ehL

14. Achnakmar - Amarkantak

,tw;wpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fs;

1. To conserve diversity and integrity of

plants animals and micro – organisms

2. To promote research on ecological

conservation and other environmental

aspects and

3. To provide facilities for education,

awareness training

ika murpd; khRf; fl;Lg;ghL thhpaj;jhy;

mjpfkhf khRg;gLj;jg;gl;l gFjp vd 15

gFjpfs; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit

1. thgp - F[uhj;

2. rpq;nuhsp - cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

3. nfhh;gh - kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

4. uhl;yhk; - kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

5. ehf;lh - kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

6. jpf;gha; - mrhk;

7. jhy;rh; - xhprh

8. gj;uhtjp - fh;ehlfk;

9. n`uh - Nkw;Ftq;fhsk;

10. jhd;ghj; - gPfhh;

11. ghyp - uh[];jhd;

12. N[hj;G+h; - uh[];jhd;

13. kzyp - jkpo;ehL

14. NtY}h; khtl;lk; - jkpo;ehL

15. tprhfg;gl;bdk; - Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

khq;FNuht; (m) rJg;G epyf;fhLfs;:

flYk; MWk; NrUkplj;jpy; ,t;tif

fhLfs; fhzg;gLk;

,jw;F Re;jphp tif fhLfs; (m)

njuha;f; fhLfs; vd;W ngah;

fq;if> kfhejp> nly;lh gFjpfs;> Nkw;F

tq;fhsk;> jkpo;ehl;by; gpr;rhtuk; Mfpa

gFjpfspy; ,t;tif fhLfs; cs;sJ

,e;jpahtpy; 6740 r.fp.kP tiu ,f;fhLfs;

cs;sJ

cyfj;jpd; nkhj;j khq;FNuht; fhLfspy;

,J 7 tpOf;fhL MFk;

,e;jpahtpy; 38 ,lq;fspy; rJg;G epyf;

fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ

,tw;wpy; gy;NtW tifahd jhtu>

tpyq;fpdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ

Rhizophora anmmalayana vd;w jhtuk;

gpr;rhtuj;jpYk; kw;Wk; Heritiera

Kanikensis vd;w jhtuk; xhprhtpy; cs;s

gpjhh; fdpfh vd;w gFjpapy;

fhzg;gLfpwJ

,it Tropical kw;Wk; sub-tropical

gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ

,jw;F Littoral my;yJ tidal fhLfs;

vd;Wk; ngah; cz;L

khq;FNuht; fhLfs; cs;s Kf;fpa ,lq;fs;

fhLfs; khepyq;fs;

1. tlf;F me;jkhd; kw;Wk; me;jkhd; (k)

epNfhghh; jPTfs;

2. epNfhghh; jPTfs;

3. Re;jutdf;fhLfs; Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

4. gplhh; fdpfh (Bhitarkanika) xhprh

5. fhh;dpfh (Corniga)

6. Nfhjhthp nly;lh

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

7. fpU\;zhejp Kfj;Jthuk;

8. kfhejp nly;lh – xhprh

9> 10 gpr;rhtuk; Kj;Jg;Ngl;il – jkpo;ehL

11. Nfhth Nfhth

12. fl;r; kw;Wk; fhk;Ng tisFlh – F[uhj;

13. Coondapur fh;ehlfk;

14. mr;uh / uj;jpdfphp kfhuh\;buk;

15. Ntk;gehL Nfush

<uepyq;fs; (Wet Lands)

Mz;L KOtJk; <uk; ,Uf;Fk; epyq;fs;

<u epyq;fs; MFk;

Ramsar Convention, (Waterfouwl

Hanitat) gb <u epyq;fs; Fwpj;J

tiuaiw nra;ag;gLfpwJ

,J Fwpj;J mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy; xU

FO cs;sJ. mjd;gb 71 <uepyq;fs;

mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 6 <uepyq;fs; cyf

mstpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;sJ

fq;if> gpuk;kGj;jpuh> eh;kjh> jgjp>

Nfhjhthp Mfpa ejpfs; ghAk; gFjpapy;

,e;j <u epyq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ

gpw <uepyq;fs;

Ntk;gehL Nfush

ml;lKb Nfush

rh];jhf; Nfhl;il Nfush

nfhy;Y}U Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

fghh; gPfhh;

fpof;F fy;fj;jh Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

&ghh; gQ;rhg;

fhQ;yp gQ;rhg;

Ngh]; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

Rfhdh ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk;

bNrh Kuhhp - [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Kf;fpakhd MW Wet

Lands

1. Keoladeo National Park

2. ghuj;G+h; kw;Wk; rhk;ghh; (uh[];jhd;)

3. rpy;fh (xhprh)

4. Nyhf;Nlf; (kzpg;G+h;)

5. cyhh; ([k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;)

6. `hpf; (gQ;rhg;)

Kl;Gjh; fhLfs;

tlNkw;F ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ

kio kpf Fiwthf nga;Ak; twz;l

gpuNjrj;jpy; tsUk;

Ntykuk;> NghPr;ir> ghGy; Nghd;wit

tsUk;

gRikapiyf;fhLfs;

300 nr.kP mjpfkhf kio nga;Akplj;jpy;

tsUk;

m];]hk;> fpof;F ,akiyj;njhlh;>

Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; Nkw;F

rhpTfspy; tsUk;.

Njf;F> Nuh];Tl;> vNghdp Nghd;w

cWjpahd kuq;fs; tsUk;

gUt fhw;Wf;fhLfs;

jf;fhz gPlG+kpapd; Nkw;Fg;Gwk; cs;sJ

100 nr.kP – 200 nr.kP. tiu kio

nga;Ak; ,lj;jpy; tsUk;

,it ,e;jpahtpy; ,iyAjph; fhLfs;

vdg;gLk;

Njf;F> rhy;> fUq;fhyp> <l;b> re;jdk;

Nghd;w nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;j kuq;fs; tsUk;

re;jd kuk; ik#h; fhLfspy; mjpfkhf

tsUfpwJ

,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk;

fhLfs; ,itNa

kiyf;fhLfs;

,it ,kakiy (m) My;igd; fhLfs;

vdg;gLk;

,kakiy> jf;fhz gPlG+kp Mfpa

caukhd ,lq;fspy; tsUk;

gph;> igd;> NjtjhU My;igd; kuq;fs;

tsUk;

fhl;L tpis nghUl;fSk; mjd; gad;fSk;

tpisnghUs; gad;fs;

fw;G+uj;ijykuk; - jiytyp ijyk;

rpd;Nfhdh - nfha;dh kUe;J

tpy;Nyh kuk; - fphpf;nfl; kl;il

Njf;F> <l;b fg;gy; fl;Ljy;> nuapy;ngl;b

nra;jy;> ,Ug;Gg;ghij> tPL fl;Ljy;

re;jd kuq;fs; - mofpa rpw;gq;fs;>

thridg;nghUl;fs;> Nrhg;Gfs;

muf;F - thh;dp\; ngapz;l; jahhpf;f

NghPl;ir – czTg;nghUl;fs; kUe;J

%q;fpy; - Ngg;gh; jahhpf;f

tdtpyq;Ffs; Ma;T epiyaq;fs;

Wild Life Institute of India – Dhra Dun Salim Ali

Centre for Ornithology and Natural History –

Coimbatore

Wild Life Protection Act – 1972

Njrpag; G+q;fhf;fs; - ruzhyaq;fs;

,e;jpahtpy; jw;NghJ 87 Njrpa

G+q;fhf;fs; kw;Wk; 480 tdtpyq;F

ruzhyaq;fs; cs;sJ

,it Gtpapay; mikg;gpy; ,e;jpahtpd;

4.66% gug;ig nfhz;lit

Project Tiger jpl;lk; 1972y; nfhz;L

tug;gl;L 1.4.1973y; eilKiwg;

gLj;jg;gl;lJ

Project Tiger jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;f;fz;l

28 ,lq;fs; Gyp tsh;f;Fk; ,lq;fs; vd

mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 37>761 r.fp.kP

gug;gstpy; Gypfs; tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. 2008

Gypfs; fzf;nfLf;fpd;gb jw;NghJ

,e;jpahtpy; 1411 Gypfs; kl;LNk

cs;sJ

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; ,uh[pt; fhe;jp tdr;

ruzhyak; ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; cs;s kpf

nghpa ,lkhFk;. 2007y; mjpf Gypfs;

cs;s ,lk; Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s

Re;ju tdf; fhLfs; MFk;

Corbett Uttarakhand

Bandipur Nagarhole, Karnataka

Kanha Madhya Pradesh

Manha Assam

Palamau Jharkhand

Ranthambhore Rajasthan

Similipal Orissa

Sunderbans West Bengal

Melghat Maharashtra

Periyar Kerala

Sariska Rajasthan

Namdapha Arunachal Pradesh

Indravati Chhatisgarh

Buxa West Bengal

Dudhwa – Katerniaghat – Uttar Pradesh

Kalakad – Mundanthurai – Tamilnadu

Valmiki Bihar

Pench Madhya Pradesh

Bandhavgarth Madhya Pradesh

Panna Madhya Pradesh

Dampha Mizoram

Tadoba Andheri, Maharashtra

Bhadra Karnataka

Nameri Assam

Pench Maharastra

Bori – Satpura – Panchmari – Madhyra Pradesh

Pakhui Arunachal Pradesh

caphpapay; G+q;fhf;fis Central Zoo

Authority vd;w mikg;G fz;fhzpf;fpwJ

Project Elephant – 1992 y;

eilKiwf;F te;jJ

jw;NghJ Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;> mUzhryg;

gpuNjrk;> mrhk;> [hh;f;fz;l;> fh;ehlfk;>

Nfush> Nkfhyah> ehfyhe;J> xhprh>

jkpo;ehL> cj;uhQ;ry;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

kw;Wk; Nkw;F tq;fhsk; Mfpa 13

khepyq;fs; / A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy;

,j;jpl;lk; cs;sJ

Kf;fpa ruzhyaq;fs;

ruzhyak; khepyk; tpyq;fpdk;

1. gz;bg;G+h; fh;ehlfk; ,e;jpaf;

fhl;nlUik> Gs;spkhd;

2. nuq;fh jpl;L fh;ehlfk; gwitfs;

3. re;jpug;gpugh c.gp.

4. fhh;nghl;> iedplhy; - c.gp. Gyp

5. fPh; F[uhj; ,e;jpa

rpq;fq;fs;

6. j\pfk; fh\;kPh; fiykhd;

7. [lhguh Nk.t fhz;lhkpUfk;

8. khd];ghh; Ngl;lh - Gyp

9. Ntle;jhq;fy; jkpo;ehL gytpj

gwitfs;> kpUfq;fs;

10. ee;jd; fz;zd; xhprh

11. ,Lk;gpf;Fsk;> ,Lf;fp> ,uh[kiy–Nfush

12. guk;gpf;Fsk;> ghyf;fhL Nfush

13. nghpahh; Nfush

14. KJkiy - jkpo;ehL – ePyfphp ahidfs;

15. rpk;gypahy; Gypfs; xhprh

16. fhrpuq;fh Njrpa G+q;fh mrhk; - xw;iwf;

nfhk;G cila fhz;lhkpUfk;

17. kd;dh]; mrhk;

18. Re;jutd Gypf;fhLfs; Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

19. ge;jt;fhh; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

20. mrhhpghf; gPfhh;

21. nfsjk Gj;jh; - gPfhh;

22. fPh; F[uhj; Mrpa rpq;fq;fs;

Kf;fpa Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs;

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

1. Kasu Brahma Reddy National Park

2. Mahavir Harina Vanastual National Park

3. Mrugavani National Park

4. Sri Venkateswara National Park

mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk;

5. Monling National Park

6. Namdapha National Park

mrhk;

7. Kazi Ranga Natinal Park – Golaghat

8. Manas National Park – Barpeta

9. Nameri National Park – Sonitpur

10. Dibru National park

11. Orang National Park

gPfhh;

12. Valmiki National Park - Pashchim

rl;B];fh;

13. Indravati National Park

14. Kangerghati National Park

15. Sanjay National Park

Nfhth

16. Bhagawan Mahavir National Park

F[uhj;

17. Gir National Park

18. Marine National Park

19. Vansda National Park

20. Velavadhar National Park

[hfh;yhz;l;

21. Palamau National Park

22. Hazaribagh National Park

fh;ehlfk;

23. Anshi National Park

24. Bandipur National Park

25. Banner Ghata National Park

26. Kudremukh National Park

27. Nagar Hole National Park

Nfush

28. Priyar National Park

29. Eravikulam National Park

30. Silent Valley National Park

`hpahdh

31. Sultanpur National Park

,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk;

32. Great Himalayan National Park – Kullu

33. Pinvalley National Park

[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;

34. Dachigam National Park

35. Hemis Leh National Park

36. Kishtwar Doda National Park

kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

37. Bhandhavgarh National Park – Umaira

38. Fossil National Park

39. Khana National Park

40. Madhav National Park

41. Panna National Park

42. Priyadarshini National Park

43. Sanjay National Park

44. Satphra National Park

45. Van viher National Park

kfhuh\;buh

46. Sanjay Gandhi National Park

47. Gugamal National Park

48. Pench National Park

49. Naregaon National Park

50. Tadoba National Park

kzpg;G+h;

51. Keibul Hamjao National Park

(cyfj;jpd; xNu kpjf;Fk; G+q;fh)

52. Shiroi Hill National Park

Nkfhyah

53. Balphakram national park

54. Nokrek National Park

kpNrhuhk;

55. Murlen National Park

56. Phawngpui National Park

ehfyhe;J

57. Intanki National Park

xhprh

58. Bhitarkanika National Park

59. Simlipal National Park

gQ;rhg;

Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs; ,y;yhj khepyk;

uh[];jhd;

60. Desert National Park

61. Keoladeo Ghana National Park

62. Ranthambhore National Park

rpf;fpk;

63. Kanchenjunga National Park

jkpo;ehL

64. Guindy National Park

65. Indira Gandhi National park

66. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve and

National Park

67. Mudumalai National Park

68. Mukurithi National Park

jphpGuh

Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs; ,y;yhj khepyk;

cj;jpuhQ;ry;

69. Corbett National park – Nainital

70. Gangotri National Park

71. Govind National Park

72. Nanda Devi National Park

73. Rajaji National Park

74. Velley of Flowers National Park

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

75. Dudhwa National park

Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

76. Neora Valley National Park

77. Singalila National Park

78. Gorumar National Park

by;yp

Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs; ,y;iy

me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs;

79. Mahatona Gandhi Marine National Park

80. Jhansi Marine National Park

81. Middle Button National Park

82. Mount Harriet National Park

83. North Button National Park

84. Saddle Peak National Park

85. South Button National Park

epf;Nfhhghh; jPTfs;

86. Campbell bay National Park

87. Galathea National Park

rz;bfh;> ghz;br;Nrhp> lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA+>

yl;rj;jPTfspd; Njrpa g+q;fhf;fs; ,y;iy

ePh;g;ghrdk;

,e;jpah xU Ntshz;ik ehlhFk;

,e;jpah Nfhilf; fhyj;jpy; njd;

Nkw;Fg; gUtf; fhw;wpdhy; kio

ngWfpwJ

,e;jpa Ntshz;ikia gUtf; fhw;wpd;

#jhl;lk; vd;W $Wth;

,e;jpa tptrhapfSf;F Njitg;gLk;

nghOJ ePh; fpilg;gjpy;iy. NkYk;

Njitg;gLk; nghOJ kio

nghoptjpy;iy

,e;jpahtpd; %d;W tifahd ePh;g;ghrd

Kiwfs;

1. fhy;tha;g;ghrdk;

2. Vhpg;ghrdk;

3. fpzw;Wg; ghrdk;

fhy;tha;g;ghrdk;

,e;jpahtpd; epyg;gug;gpy; 50%

epyg;gug;gpy; fhy;tha; ghrdk; %yk;

ghrd trjp ngWfpwJ

,e;jpahtpy; fhy;tha; ghrdk;

Kf;fpakhdJ. fhuzq;fs;

1. fhy;tha; mikg;gJ vspJ

2. nryT FiwT

3. ePh; rPuhf fpilf;Fk;

,e;jpahtpy; ,uz;L tifahd

fhy;tha;fs; cs;sd

1. nts;sg; ngUf;Ff; fhy;tha;

2. tw;whf; fhy;tha;

,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa ghrd fhy;tha; -

,e;jpuhfhe;jp ghrd fhy;tha;

nts;sg; ngUf;Ff; fhy;tha;

,f;fhy;tha;fspy; MWfspy; nts;sk;

tUk; NghJ jz;zPh; ghAk;> gpw

rkaq;fspy; twz;bUf;Fk;

gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpd; rl;ny[; Mw;Wg;

gFjpapy; ,j;jifa fhy;tha;fs;

cs;sd

tw;whf;fhy;tha;

,f;fhy;tha;fspy; Mz;L KOtJk; ePh;

XLk;

,j;jifa fhy;tha;fs; fq;ifr;

rkntspapYk; njd; ,e;jpahtpYk;>

mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

gQ;rhgpy; gf;uh> eq;fy; fhy;tha;fSk;>

cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; Nky; fq;if

fhy;tha;> fPo;fq;if fhy;tha;> fpof;F

aKidf; fhy;tha;> Mf;uh fhy;tha;>

rhujh fhy;tha;> Mfpait cs;sd

jkpo;ehl;by; fhtphp nly;lh fhy;tha;fs;

Nkl;^h; fhy;tha;fs;> fPo;gthdpf;

fhy;tha;fs; mkuhtjpf; fhy;tha;fs;

MfpadTk; cs;sd

Vhpg;ghrdk;

jPgfw;f ,e;jpahtpy; (jf;fhz gPlg+kp)

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL> ik#h;> xyprh

Mfpa khepyq;fspy; Vhpg;ghrdk;

mjpfkhf cs;sJ

cyfj;jpd; caukhd Pangong TSO [k;K

kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Kf;fpa Vhpfs;

Vhp khepyk; Vhptif

rpy;fh xhprh cg;GVhp

Gypf;fhl; jkpo;ehL cg;GVhp

nfhy;NyW Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; cg;GVhp

cNrd; rhfh; i`juhghj; Me;jpug;

gpuNjrk;

ntk;gehL Nfush

jhy; Vhp fh\;kPh;

cyhh; Vhp fh\;kPh; Crator Lake

Ydhh; Vhp kfhuh\;buk;

cjarhfh; ,uh[];jhd;

n[a;rhy;khh; ,uh[];jhd;

uh[h rhy;khh; ,uh[];jhd;

G\;fhh; ,uh[];jhd;

Deedwana ,uh[];jhd;

Loonkaransa ,uh[];jhd; cg;GVhp

gQ;r;ghj;uh ,uh[];jhd; cg;GVhp

Nyhf;lhf; kzpg;G+h;

ehdpjhy; cj;uhQ;ry;

rfhdh rz;bfh;

eprhk; rhfh; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

gPk;jhy; cj;uhQ;ry;

rhk;ghh; ,uh[];jhd;

rhk;ghh; Vhp - ,J ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;

nghpa Vhp MFk;. ,q;F Nrhbak; ry;Ngl;

jahhpg;G epiyak; cs;sJ

jkpofj;jpy; mjpf Vhpfs; fhQ;rpGuk;

khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,jid Vhpfs;

khtl;lk; vd;gh;

jkpofj;jpy; Vhpg;ghrdk; mjpf mstpy;

eilngWfpwJ

fpzw;Wg;ghrdk;

fpzWfs; %yk; epyj;jb ePh;g;

ghrdj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; KiwNa

fpzw;Wg; ghrdk;> epyj;jb ePh; kl;lj;ijg;

nghWj;Jf;fpzw;wpd; Mok; NtWgLfpd;wJ.

MWfs;> Vhpfs; ,y;yhj ,lq;fspYk;>

Nfhilapy; tw;Wk; MWfs; cs;s

,lq;fspYk;> Nfhilapy; tw;Wk; MWfs;

cs;s ,lq;fspYk;> ePh;j;Njf;fk; mikf;f

Kbahj ,lq;fspYk;> fpzw;Wg; ghrdk;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;>

gQ;rhg;> jkpo;ehL> Me;jpuk;> fh;ehlfk;>

kfhuh\;buk;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;>

,uh[];jhd; Mfpa khepyq;fspYk; kio

Fiwthd gFjpfspYk;> fpzw;Wg; ghrdk;

eilngWfpwJ

jkpo;ehL> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> `hpahdh>

gPfhh;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; Mfpa

khepyq;fspy; Foha;f; fpzWfs;

mikf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. kpFe;j

Moj;jpy; cs;s epyePiuAk; Foha;f;

fpzWfs; %yk; ePh;g;ghrdj;jpw;Fg;

gad;gLj;j KbfpwJ. Foha;f; fpzWfs;

%yk; ngWk; mstpy; epyePh; fpilg;gjhy;

mjpf epyg;gug;gpw;Fg; ghrd trjp

mspf;f Kbfpd;wJ

kpf vspikahd ePh;g;ghrd Kiwfspy;

fpzw;Wg; ghrdk; xd;whFk;

fhw;whb ,ae;jpuk;> ghurPfr; rf;fuk;>

gpf;Nfhl;lh> ftiy Vw;wk; Nghd;w gy

Kiwfis gad;gLj;jp epy ePh;

Gtpg;gug;gpw;F nfhz;Ltug;gLfpwJ

jPgfw;g ,e;jpahtpy; flw;fiur;

rkntspfspy; fpzWfs; cs;sd

jkpo;ehl;by; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp

khtl;lj;jpw;F tlf;fpYs;s gFjpfspYk;>

NfhaKj;J}h;> kJiu> ,uhkehjGuk;

Mfpa khtl;lq;fspYk; fpzw;Wg; ghrdk;

eilngWfpwJ

,e;jpahtpy; ePh;g;ghrdk; ngWk;

epyg;gug;gpy; Rkhh; 25 rjtPjk; epyg;gug;Gf;

fpzw;Wg; ghrdk; %yk; gadilfpwJ

kz;tiffs;

tz;ly; kz;

MWfspdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ

goikahd tz;ly; kz; ghfh;

,sikahd tz;ly; kz; fhjh;

nghl;lh\; kw;Wk; gh];gu]; rj;J mjpfk;

iel;u[d; FiwT

vy;yh gapUf;Fk; Vw;wJ

rkntspfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ

tl,e;jpa rkntspfs;> eh;kjh> jgjp

Mw;Wg;gs;sj;jhf;FfspYk;> jPgfw;g

,e;jpahtpd; fpof;Ff; flw;fiuapy; cs;s

MWfspy; nly;lhg; gFjpfspYk; (kfh

ejp> Nfhjhthp> fpU\;zh kw;Wk; fhNthp)

F[uhj;jpYk;> rl;b];fh; rkntspapYk;

tz;ly; kz; gbTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

fhpry; kz;

,J nufh; vdg;gLk;

,J yhth Fok;Gfspdhy; MdJ

gOg;G epwj;jpy; ,Ue;J fUik epwk;

tiu fhzg;gLfpwJ

<ug; gjj;ij mjpf ehl;fs; jhq;Ftjhy;

gpRgpRg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt ,e;j

epyj;ij kiof; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;G

cOtJ ey;yJ

Rz;zhk;G> ,Uk;G> nghl;lhrpak;>

mYkpdpak;> fhy;rpak; fhh;gNdl;L>

kf;dPrpak; fhh;gNdl;L kw;Wk;

mYkpdarj;J FiwT

gUj;jp> Gifapiy> kpsfha; Nghd;w

gapUf;F Vw;wJ. fk;G> Nrhsk;> jpiz

Nghd;witfSf;F Vw;wJ

jf;fhz gpuNjrq;fspy; fpilf;fpwJ

khuh\;buh khepyj;jpd; ngUk;gFjp>

kj;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjp>

fh;ehlfk;> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> F[uhj;

Mfpa khepyq;fspy; rpy gFjpfs;

jkpo;ehl;by; NfhaKj;J}h;> ,uhkehjGuk;>

jpUney;Ntyp Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy;

fhpry; kz; fhzg;gLfpwJ

fspkz;

,Uk;Gr; rj;J mjpfk;

Mkpyj; jd;ik cilaJ

Rz;zhk;G rj;J ,y;iy

Nkw;Fkiyj; njhlh; kw;Wk; fpof;F

kiyj; njhlh; mbghfq;fspy;

fpilf;fpwJ

nrk;kz;

tz;ly; kz;zpw;Fk; kzYf;Fk;

,ilg;gl;l Jfs;fshy; cUthd kz;>

Jfs;fSf;fpilNa XusT ,ilntsp

cz;L. ePiu cwpQ;Rk; jd;ikAilaJ.

<uj;ij Njf;fp itf;Fk; rf;jp FiwT

gioa gbfg; ghiwfSk;

khw;WUg;ghiwfSk; rpijtiltjhy;

nrk;kz; cUthfpd;wJ. jkpo;ehL>

fh;ehlfk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy;

ngUk;gFjp> kfhuh\;buhtpd; njd;fpof;Fg;

gFjp> Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;> xhprh Mfpa

khepyq;fspy; fpof;Fg; gFjpfs;> Nrhl;l

ehfGhp Mfpait nrk;kz; fhzg;gLk;

Kf;fpakhd gFjpfshFk;

fpuhidl; kw;Wk; gioa gbTg;

ghiwfspdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ

,Uk;G Mf;irL mjpfk; cs;sJ.

gh];gu];> iel;u[d;> Rz;zhk;G rj;J

Mfpait FiwT mkpyj; jd;ik mjpfk;

gaphpl fbdkhd kz; vdNt ePh;g;ghrd

trjpAs;s ,lq;fspy; kl;LNk gaph;

nra;a KbAk;. gpd; nra; gaph;fshd

mtiu> Jtiu Nghd;w gaW tiffs;>

fliy> Mkzf;F Nghd;w vz;nza;

tpj;Jf;fs; ,jpy; gaph; nra;a Vw;wJ.

ghiy kz;

ghiytdj;jpy; cs;s kzy; ghiy kz;.

<uj;ij jhq;Fk; rf;jp fpilahJ

jhh; ghiytdj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ

kz; mhpg;G: kz; mhpg;gpdhy; kz; tsk;

Fiwe;J tpisr;ry; Fiwfpd;wJ. vdNt kz;

mhpg;ig jLf;f Ntz;Lk;

XLk; ePh;: XLk; ePuhy; kz; mhpg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

,jid jtph;f;f rhptpw;F FWf;fhf epyk;

cog;gl Ntz;Lk;. rhpTfspy; kuk;> nrb> nfhb

Nghd;wit tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;

fhw;W: fhw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; kz; mhpg;igj;

jLf;f fhw;W tPRk; jpirf;F FWf;fhf

kuq;fs; elNtz;Lk;.

Nka;r;ry;: Nka;r;ry; epyq;fis msTld;

gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. tskhd kz;iz

fl;blq;fs; fl;l gad;gLj;jf; RlhJ

gaph; Row;rp Kiw: xNu tifahd jhtuj;ij

njhlh;r;rpahf gaphpl;L te;jhy; mj; jhtuk;

mk; kz;zpy; jkf;F Njitahd rj;ij

kw;Wk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;. vdNt mk;kz;zpy;

Fwpg;gpl;l mr;rj;J kl;Lk; kpf Fiwe;J kz;

tsk; Fiwfpd;wJ. vdNt kz;zpd; tsk;

ngUf gaph; Row;rp Kiwia gad;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk;.

tbfhy;fs;: kz;zpd; cg;Gr; rj;J fiuahky;

,Uf;f epyj;jpd; Nkw;Gwk; ePh; Njq;fhky;

,Uf;f tbfhy;fis mikf;f Ntz;Lk;

kz; mhpkhdj;jhy; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gLk;

khepyk; - ehfyhe;J

jhtuq;fspy; nghl;lh\paj;ij

gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;

It regulates osmotic pressure in the plant

It regulates more than 60 enzyme systems

in the plant

It favours stomatal regulation of water

It aids in photosynthesis

It favours translocation of photosynthates

It enhances N uptake and protein

synthesis

Ntshz;ik

,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j cs;s ehl;L

cw;gj;jpapy; 22 rjtPjk; Ntshz;ik

kw;Wk; mjidf; rhh;e;j nghUl;fs; %yk;

fpilf;fpd;wJ

,e;jpahtpd; Vwf;Fiwa nkhj;j gug;G

143 kpy;ypad; Vf;fh;> Ntshz;ik gug;G

Vwf;Fiwa 56 kpy;ypad; Vf;fh; (43%

rjtPjk;)

Ntshz;ik ,e;jpa nghUshjhuj;jpd;

jpwTf;Nfhy;

,e;jpahtpy; jdpegh;fs; czT

nghUl;fis ngWk; tpfpjk; 467 gms /

per day

IADP – Intensive Agricultural District

Programme mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L

1960-61

,e;jpahtpy; nfhz;L tug;gl;l gRikg;

Gul;rp vd;gJ NfhJikg; Gul;rp vd;gh;

ghrdf; FO mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1972

Ne\dy; fkp\d; Md; mf;hpfy;rh; 1976

IAAP – Intensive Agricultural Area

Programme mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L

1964-65

CAD – Command Area Development

DDP – Desert Development Programme

DPAP – Drought Prone Area Programme

Target Group Approach – 1971

Cash Schemes for Rural Employment –

1971

Pilot Intensive Rural Employment – 1971

Food for Work Programme – 1977

National Rural Employment Programme

1980

Rural Landless Employment Guarantee

Programme – 1983

Jawahar Rozgar Yojana – 1989

WDPSCA – Water Shed Development

Project in Shifting Cultivation Areas

NWDPRA – National Watersed

Development Project in the rainfed areas

1990-91

Farm centered Agriculture Resource

Management Programme – 1994

Farm Machinery Training and testing

Institutes

Budni kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

Hissar `hpahdh

Garladinne Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

Biswanath Chariali mrhk;

tptrhapfspd; czT nghUs;fSf;F

nfhs;Kjy; tpiyia eph;zapg;gJ

Crop Agriculture Produce Loan – First

Launched by Corporation Bank with effect

from 1-4-2005

mjpfkhf Waste Land cs;s khepyk;

F[uhj;

Agricultural Prices Commission ,J jw;NghJ

Commission for Agricultural Costs and

Price vd eph;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

Food Corporaiton of India - 1965

kj;jpa muR kjpa czT jpl;lj;ij

Jtf;fpa Mz;L 15.8.1995

LAMPS – Large Sized Multipurpose

Socieites

FSS – Farmer Service Socieites

PACS – Primary Agricultural Co-operative

Socieites

Ntshz;ik re;ijfis gw;wp jfty;fs;

mspg;gJ National Council for Applied

Economic Research

,e;jpahtpd; new;fsQ;rpak; - gQ;rhg;

jkpofj;jpy; new;fsQ;rpak; - jQ;ir

mrhkpy; Jhum vd;w Kiwapy;

gaphplg;gLfpwJ

,jpy; Slash and Burn vd;w Kiw

gad;gLfpwJ.

,jpy; kz;tsk; Fiwe;j fhyj;jpy;

mope;JtpLk;

,e;jpa kf;fs; njhifapy; Rkhh; 64%

tptrhaj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;sdh;

ehl;bd; nghUshjhuk; tptrhaj;ijr;

rhh;e;Js;sJ

,e;jpahtpy; 52% epyg;gug;gpy; tptrhak;

eilngWfpwJ

gzg;gaph;fistpl> czTg; gaph;fs;

mjpf mstpy; gapuhfpwJ

nkhj;j tptrhag; gug;gpy; Vwj;jho 75%

gug;gpy; czTg; gaph;fs; gapuhfpd;wd

,e;jpahtpd; 2005-2006 Mz;L

czTg;gaph;fs; cw;gj;jp 210.01

kpy;ypad; ld;fs; mFk;

6.7 gpy;ypad; lhyh; czTg;nghUl;fs;

Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ

3.6 gpy;ypad; lhyh; ,e;jpahtpd; Food

Basket of the country and granary of India

vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. gQ;rhg; khepyk;

gaph;r; rhFgb mlh;j;jp 186 rjtPjk;

MFk;. ,JNt ,e;jpahtpy; kpf cah;e;j

gaph;r; rhFgb mlh;j;jp MFk;.

Cental Agricultural Research Institute,

Port Blair

Aarid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur,

Rajasthan

Central Inland Fisheries Research

Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal

Central Institute for Cotton Research,

Nagpur, Maharashtra

Central Institute for Research on goats,

Farah, UP

Central Institute for Arid Hortinculture,

Bikaner, Rajasthan

Central Institute for Research on

Buffaloes, Hissar, Haryana

Central Institute for Fisheries Education,

Mumbai, Maharashtra

Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla,

HP

Central Research Institute for Dryland

Agriculture, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack,

Orissa

Central Soil Salinity Research Institute,

Karnal, Haryana

Central Tuber Crops Research Institute,

Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala

Indian Agricultural Research Institute,

New Delhi

ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Ela Old,

Goa

Indian Insitute of Spieces Research

Calicut, Kerala

Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research

Lucknow, UP

Indian Institute of Vegetable Research,

Varanasi, UP

National Research Centre on Camel,

Bikaner, Rajasthan

National Research Centre for Medicinal

and Aromatic Plants, Boriavi, Gujarat

National Research Centre for Soybean, MP

National Research Centre for Yak, Dirang,

Arunchal Pradesh

NRC for Citrus, Nagpur, Maharashtra

NRC for Mushroom, Solan, Himachal

Pradesh

NRC for Oilpalm, Pedavegi, Andhra

Pradesh

NRC for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra

NRC for Medicinal & Aromatic Plants,

Boriavi, Anand, Gujarat

NRC for Onion & Garlic, Rajgurunagar,

Pune, Maharashtra

NRC for Banana. Trichi, Tamilnadu

NRC on Seed Spieces, Tabiji, Ajmer,

Rajasthan

,e;jpa tptrhaj;jpy; cs;s gpur;rpidfs;

1. epiyaw;w kiog;nghopT

,e;jpa tptrhak; ngUk;ghYk; gUt

kioiaNa ek;gp ,uf;fpwJ. gUt

kioFwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; nga;tjpy;iy.

vdNt tptrhak; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

2. Fiwe;j kz; tk;

gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; ,iltplhJ

gaph;njhopy; nra;ag;gl;L tUtjhy; kz;

tsk; kpfTk; Fiwe;Js;sJ. jhtuq;fis

mopg;gjhYk; kz;tsk; mhpf;fg;gl;L

kz;tsk; Fiwe;J tpisr;ry; FiwfpwJ

3. cuk;

tsk; Fd;wpa epyj;jpw;F ,urhad

cuq;fspd; tpiy mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy;

rpwpa tptrhapfs; mtw;iw gad;gLj;j

Kbtjpy;iy

4. juk; Fiwe;j tpij

tptrhapfs; tpijfisAk;> cah;e;j uf

tpijfisAk; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy

jq;fs; epyq;fspy; tpisAk; gapdh;fspy;

,Ue;J xU gFjpia tpijf;nfd xJf;fp

itf;fpd;wdh;. mtw;iw ghJfhg;ghd

Kiwapy; itg;gjw;fhd trjp

,Ug;gjpy;iy. ,jdhy; tptrhak; nghpJk;

ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ

5. epyTlik

guk;giu guk;giuahf gps;isfSf;F

,ilNa epyq;fs; gq;fplg;gLtjhy;

tptrhapfs; ,lj;jpy; cs;s epyq;fspd;

gug;G kpf kpf FiwT

6. gaph; ghJfhg;G

gaph;fis jhf;fp mopf;Fk; G+r;rpfis

mopf;f G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfis thq;Ftjw;F

nghUshjhu trjp ,y;iy

gpw fhuzq;fs;

1. tptrhapfs; fy;tpawpT mw;wth;fs;.

tPhpa tpijfs; gw;wpAk; G+r;rp nfhy;yp

gw;wpAk; gaph; nra;Ak; Gjpa Kiw

gw;wpAk; mth;fshy; rhptu Ghpe;J

nfhs;s Kbtjpy;iy

2. epyTilik rpwpajhf ,Ug;gjhy;

,ae;jpuq;fis gad;gLj;j Kbtjpy;iy

3. rpwpa tptrhapfs; jdpegh;fsplk;

fld;gl;L nghpJk; ghjpf;gg;Lfpd;wdh;

4. Njitahd fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g ePh;ghrd

trjpfs; ,y;iy

5. nts;sf; fhyq;fspy; rhpahd gaph;

ghJfhg;G VJkpy;iy

6. tpise;j nghUis Nrkpf;fTk;> mjid

mq;fhbapy; rhpahd tpiyf;F tpw;Fk;

cs;fl;likg;G trjpfs; VJk; ,y;iy.

vdNt ,ilj; jufh;fs; mjpf yhgk;

ngWfpd;wdh;.

7. ,aw;if cuq;fis vhpnghUshf

gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.

2003-2004 Mk; Mz;bd; fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb

cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah ghy;>

goq;fs;> Ke;jphp> Njq;fha;> ,Q;rp>

kQ;rs;> thiog;gok;> rg;Nghl;lh> gUg;G

tiffs; kw;Wk; kpsF Mfpa

cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplk; tfpf;fpd;wJ.

Nth;f;fliy> NfhJik> fha;fwpfs;>

rh;f;fiu kw;Wk; kPd; cw;gj;jpapy;

cyfpd; ,uz;hltJ ,lj;ijAk;>

%d;whtJ cw;gj;jpapy; Gifapiy

kw;Wk; mhprp cw;gj;jpiaAk;

tfpf;fpd;wJ. fhhpg; gaph;fs; my;yJ

Nfhilf; fhyg; gaph;fs; (Khariff)

ney;> Nrhsk;> kf;fhr;Nrhsk;> rzy;>

fk;G> gUj;jp> fUk;G> epyf;fliy

epyj;ij gz;gLj;Jk; fhyk; - Vg;uy;> Nk

kio – njd;Nkw;F gUt fhw;wpy;

nga;Gk; kio

tpijf;fg;gLk; fhyk; - [Pd; khjk;

mWtilf;fhyk; - etk;gh;

uhfp gaph;fs; my;yJ Fsph; fhy gaph;fs;

NfhJik> Gifapiy> gUg;G tiffs;>

vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; Kjypad

tpijf;fg;gLk; fhyk; - mf;Nlhgh; khj

,Wjpapy; my;yJ etk;gh; njhlf;fj;jpy;

mWtilf;F tUk; fhyk; - khh;r; khjk;

MFk;

,e;jpahtpy; gapuhFk; Kf;fpag; gaph;tif

,Utifg;gLk; mit

1. czTg; gaph;fs; 2. gzg; gaph;fs;

ney;> NfhJik> ghh;yp> fk;G> Nrhsk;>

Nfo;tuF

gUg;G tiffs;

Jtiu> cSe;J> gr;irg; gapW>

jl;ilg;gapW> fliyg;gUg;G> nfhs;S

eWkzg; nghUs;fs;

kpsF> Vyf;fha;> kQ;rs;> ,Q;rp

czTg; gaph;fs; - gzg;gaph;fs;

vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;

epyf;fliy> vs;> fLF> Mkzf;F>

Njq;fha;> Msptpij

,iog;gaph;fs;

gUj;jp> rzy;

Njhl;lg;gaph;fs;

Njapiy> fhg;gp> ug;gh;> ,Q;rp> kQ;rs;>

Njq;fha;> kpsfha;

epue;jug; gaph;fs;

Mg;gps;> fUk;G> fhgp> NfhNfh Mfpait

epue;jug; gaph;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wJ

kw;wgaph;fs;

fUk;G> Gifapiy> ney;

,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa gaph; ney; MFk;.

,g;gaph; mjpfg; gug;gpy; gapuhfpwJ.

Mz;Lr; ruhrhp ntg;gepiy 24 bfphp

nr.kPAk; kioasT 150 nr.kP cs;s

gFjpfspy; mjpfkhf ney; gapuhfpwJ.

Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;> xhprh> Me;jpuh>

jkpo;ehL> Nfush> fh;ehlfk; Mfpa

khepyq;fspy; ney; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.

nrOikahd fspkz; fye;j

tz;ly;kz;Zk; ePh; Njq;fp epw;f

rkepyKk; mjpfg;gbahd ePUk; ney;

gapuhtjw;F mtrpak;. rkntspg; gFjp

nly;lhg;gFjp Mw;W tbfhy; gpuNjrq;fs;

Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ney; gapuhfpd;wJ

,e;jpahtpd; 29 rjtPjk; epyg;gug;gpy;

gaphplg;gLfpwJ

cyfpy; cw;gj;jp 13 ghfk; ,e;jpahtpy;

cw;gj;jp

mjpfk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; khepyk; Nkw;F

tq;fhsk;> ,uz;lhtJ ,lk;

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> %d;whtJ ,lk;

gQ;rhg;.

,e;jpahtpy; 400 kpy;ypad; n`f;Nlh;

epyg;gug;gpy; (mjpf epyg;gug;gpy;) ney;

gaphplg;gLfpwJ

,e;jpahtpy; Njapiyf;F mLj;jgbahf

Vw;WkjpahFk; czTg; nghUs; mhprp

MFk;.

mjpfkhf tpisr;ry; (Average yield per

acre) Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; (1210 lbs)

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

jPgfw;g ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfk; ney;

tpisAk; khepyk; Me;jpu gpuNjrk; MFk;

jQ;rhT+h; khtl;lj;jpy; ney;Yf;fhd tl;l

Muha;r;rp epiyak; MLJiwapy; cs;sJ

NfhJik

NfhJik xU kpj ntg;gkz;ly gaph;

nkhj;jk; 13 kpy;ypad; n`f;Nlh;fspy;

NfhJikg; gaphplg;gLfpwJ

NfhJik mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;

khepyk; cj;jpugpuNjrk;

mjpfkhd tpisr;ry; (Yield per acre)

,uh[];jhdpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ

,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j cw;gj;jpapy; 1/5

ghfk; NfhJik gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy;

,Ue;J fpilf;fpwJ. vdNt

,g;gFjpapid ,e;jpahtpd; NfhJikf;

fsQ;rpak; vd;W miog;gh;

Fsph;r;rpahd <ukpf;f fhy epiyapy;

NfhJik gapuhfpwJ.

NfhJik 35° Kjy; 55° jPh;f;fNuifapy;

NfhJik tpisfpd;wJ

NfhJik tpia 10° nr. Kjy; 20° nr

tiu ntg;gKk; 50 nr. kP Kjy; 100 nr.

kP tiu kioAk; Njit

kf;Nuhdp tif NfhJik kj;jpa

,e;jpahtpy; fhpry; kz;zpy; ed;F

tpisfpd;wJ

NfhJikapd; tpisr;ry; fhyk; 5 Kjy;

5 ½ khjq;fs;

NfhJik tpijf;fg;gLk; fhyk; -

mf;Nlhgh; Kjy; etk;gh; khjq;fs;

fjph; Kw;Wk;NghJ kio $lhJ. XusT

fspkz fye;j tz;ly; kz;

tpisr;rYf;F Vw;wJ. gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh>

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; khepyq;fspy; epH;ghrd

trjpfSlDk; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;>

kfhuh\;buk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy;

khdhthhpahfTk; NfhJik gapuhfpwJ

kf;fhr;Nrhsk;

Nrhsk;: 27 bfphp nr. Kjy; 32 bfphp nr.

tiu ntg;gKk; 30 nr. kP Kjy; 100

nr.kP tiu kioak; Njit

fk;G: cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> uh[];jhd;>

`hpahdh> jkpo;ehL. kfhuh\;buk;

Kjypa khepyq;fspy; gapuhfpwJ

Nfo;tuF: ,J cw;gj;jpahFk; nkhj;j

epyg;gug;gpy; ghjpf;F Nky; fh;ehlfk;>

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL Mfpa

,lq;fspy; cs;sJ. 50 nr.kP. Kjy; 100

nr. kP tiu kio ngWk; gFjpfspy;

Nfo;tuF gapuhfpwJ

gUg;G tiffs;

gUg;G cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah cyfpd;

Kjyplk; tfpf;fpd;wJ. cyf

cw;gj;jpapy; 28% ,e;jpah cw;gj;jp

nra;fpd;wJ. Rkhh; 12-15 kpy;ypad; ld;

gUg;G tiffis ,e;jpah cw;gj;jp

nra;fpd;wJ.

Jtiu> mtiu> fliy> cSe;J>

nfhs;S> gUg;G tiffs; Gd;nra;

gaph;fs; MFk;. cw;gj;jpapy; Kjy; ,lk;

kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> ,uz;lhtJ ,lk;

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> %d;whtJ ,lk;

,uh[];jhd;

gQ;rhg;> gP`hh;> kfhuh\;buk;> fh;ehlfk;>

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL Mfpa

,lq;fspy; gapuhfpwJ.

Indian Institute of Pulses Research

cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s fhd;G+hpy;

mike;Js;sJ

eWkzg; nghUl;fs;

eWkzg; nghUl;fs; Nfushtpy; mjpfk;

tpisfpd;wJ

Fq;Fkg; G+ mjpfkhf tpisAk; khepyk;

[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; MFk;

kpsF

,J Nfusj;jpy; mjpfkhf tpisfpwJ.

cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,uz;lhtJ ,lk;.

fh;ehlfk; kw;Wk; Nfushtpy;

tpisfpd;wJ. md;dpa nryhtzp <l;bf;

nfhLg;gjpy; kpsF %d;whtJ ,lj;ij

tfpf;fpd;wJ

Vyf;fha;

,jd; cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah

Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp

kiyg; gFjpfs;> Nrh;tuhad;

kiyg;gFjpfs;> Nghbehaf;fd; gFjpfspy;

gapuhfpwJ. Nfushtpd; ,Lf;fp khtl;lk;

Gfo;ngw;wJ

kQ;rs;

,J Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; mjpfkhf

tpisfpwJ. jkpo;ehl;by; <NuhL

khtl;lj;jpy; mjpfk; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.

rhak;> kUe;J> czT nghUshf

gad;gLfpwJ

,Q;rp

,Q;rp Nfusj;jpy; mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gLfpwJ. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;>

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL> fh;ehlfhtpy;

gaph; nra;ag;gLfpwJ

kpsfha;

Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL> kfhuh\;buh

kw;Wk; fh;ehlfj;jpy; mjpfk;

tpisfpd;wJ. Fz;^h; kpsfha;

Gfo;ngw;wJ. eWkz nghUl;fspy; mjpf

md;dpa nryhtzpia kpsfha;

(,uz;lhtJ ,lk;) <l;bf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ.

nkhj;j kpsfha; cw;gj;jpapy; 60 rjtPjk;

Me;jpuhtpy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ

ghf;F

Mjpfkhf tpisAk; ,lk; Nfush MFk;.

fh;ehlfk;> mrhk;> kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk;

jkpofj;jpy; mjpfk; tpisfpd;wJ

Gjpdh (kpd;l;)

md;dpa nryhtzp mjpfkhf <l;bj;

jUk; thridj; jputpaq;fspy; kpd;l;

Kjyplj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ.

gzg;gaph;fs;

vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;

cyfpy; vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;

cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah Kjyplk;

tfpf;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j tptrha

gug;gpy; 10 rjtPjk; vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;

gaphplg;gLfpwJ

,e;jpahtpy; 2004-2005 Mk; Mz;L 26.1

nkl;hpf; ld;fs; vz;nza; cw;gj;jpj

nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

twz;l #o;epiyapYk; tsuf; $ba gaph;

vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; MFk;

vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; mjpfkhf tpisAk;

gFjp jf;fhz gPlg+kpahFk;

The Technology Mission on Oilseeds –

1986

mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;

vz;nza; tpj;J

1. NrhahgPd;]; (27%) 2. epyf;fliy (26%)

NrhahgPd;];

mjpf Gujr;rj;J cilaJ

kj;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpy; mjpfk; cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gLfpwJ

epyf;fliy

,J xU ntg;gkz;lyg; gaph;

,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 86.72 ,yl;rk;

n`f;Nlhpy; ,g;gaph; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.

jf;fhz gPlG+kpapy; fhpry; kz;> nrk;kz;

cs;s gFjpfspy; epyf;fliy gaphpl

kpfTk; Vw;wjhf cs;sJ. Me;jpuhtpy;

mjpf epyg; gpug;gpy; ,g;gaph;

gaphplg;gLfpwJ. F[uhj;jpy; ngUksT

tpisfpwJ

Rkhh; 50 nr. kP Kjy; 70 nr. kP tiu

kio Njit. jkpo;ehl;by; rdthp Kjy;

Nk tiu tpijf;fg;gLfpwJ. Vg;uy; Kjy;

Nk tiu mWtil nra;ag;gLfpwJ

jkpo;ehL> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfk;>

F[uhj; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; nkhj;jk;

80% epyf;fliy cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gLfpwJ. nkhj;j vz;nza;

cw;gj;jpapy; ,J 25 rjtPjk; MFk;.

F[uhj; Kjyplk; tfpf;fpd;wJ.

,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij jkpo;ehL my;yJ

Me;jpu gpuNjrk; tfpf;fpd;wJ

ey;y #oypy; jw;NghJ epyf;fliy

cw;gj;jp Rkhh; 8 kpy;ypad; ld;fs;

MFk;. jkpo;ehlb;y; 1 kpy;ypad; ld;

epyf;fliy tpisfpd;wJ. Kf;fpa

Vw;Wkjp ehL nrdfy; kw;Wk;

mh;n[d;ildh MFk;.

vs;

jf;fhz gPlG+kpapy; mjpfkhf

gaphplg;gLfpwJ. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

mjpfkhf gaphplg;gLk; khepyk; MFk;

fLF

fLF gaphpl twz;l Fsph;fhyKk;

tskhd tz;ly; kz;Zk;

Njitg;gLfpwJ. rl;ny[;> fq;if Mw;Wg;

gs;sj;jhf;Ffspy; fLF mjpfkhf

gapuhfpwJ. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; cw;gj;jpapy;

Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ

Mkzf;F

jf;fhz gPlG+kpapy; mjpfkhf

gaphplg;gLfpwJ. cyf cw;gj;jpapy;

gpNurpYf;F mLj;jjhf ,e;jpah ,uz;lhk;

,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ. Mkzf;F vz;nza;

rpwe;j cah;T nghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; mjpf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;

khepyk;

Njq;fha;

cah;e;j ntg;gepiy> <ug;gjk;> mjpf

jio nghopT> tbfhy; trjpAs;s kz;

Mfpait Njitg;gLk;. ,e;jpahtpd;

Njq;fha; cw;gj;jpapy; 70 rjtPjk;

NfushtpypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ.

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfk;> kfhuh\;buh>

xhprh> jkpo;ehl;by; mjpfk; tpisfpd;wJ

Msptpij

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> gP`hh;>

uh[];jhd;> kfhuh\;buk;> Mfpa

khepyq;fspy; ,e;jpahtpd; cw;gj;jpapy;

90 rjtPjk; fpilf;fpwJ.

Ke;jphp

Nfushtpy; mjpfk; tpisfpd;wJ

ghh;yp

Mhprp kw;Wk; NfhJik tpisahj

,lj;jpy; ghh;yp gaphplg;gLfpwJ.

mjpfkhf gaphplg;gLk; khepyk; -

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

,iog;gaph;fs;

gUj;jp

ekJ ehl;L thzpfg; gaph;fSs; Kjyplk;

tfpf;fpwJ. ,J tsu fhpry; kz;

my;yJ fUQ;rptg;G kz; Njit

ntg;gkz;lyj;jpYk; kpj ntg;g

kz;lyj;jpYk; gUj;jp ed;F tpisAk;.

,jw;F 75 nr.kP Kjy; 100 nr.kP kio

Njit. ,g;gaph; tpisa 200 gdpaw;w

ehl;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J jf;fhz

gPlG+kpapd; tlNkw;Fg; gFjpapy; ed;F

tpisfpwJ. jf;fhz gPlG+kpapd;

kfhuh\;buk;> F[uhj;> kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;>

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfk; Mfpa

gFjpfs; ,e;jpahtpd; gUj;jp gpuNjrk;

vd;gh;

mjpfkhf gaphplg;gLk; ,lk;: kfhuh\;buh

mjpfkhf cw;gj;jpnra;agLk; ,lk;:

F[uhj;

mjpfkhf Yield per hectare F[uhj;

,J xU ,aw;ifahd ehh;g;gaph;

cyfpy; gUj;jp mjpfkhf mnkhpf;fhtpy;

jahh; nra;ag;gLfpwJ

,e;jpah cyf gUj;jp cw;gj;jpapy; 14%

rjtPjk; cw;gj;jp nra;aJ %d;whtJ

,lk; tfpf;fpd;wJ

gUj;jp gaphpl Muk;gj;jpy; cah;e;j ntg;g

epiyAk; gUj;jp fha; Kw;Wk; fhyj;jpy;

mjpf twl;rpAk; Njit

gUj;jp ntg;g kz;lj;jpYk;> kpj ntg;g

kz;lyj;jpy; ed;F tpisAk;.

,e;jpahtpy; Fl;ilapiog; gUj;jp

gaphplg;gLfpwJ

cah;e;j uf nel;biog; gUj;jp

tl ,e;jpahtpy; Mf];l; - khh;r; tiu

gUj;jp gaphplg;gLfpwJ

,e;jpahtpy; gUj;jp 75% jf;fhz (yhth)

gpuNjrj;jpy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gUj;jpapd; gaph;f;fhyk;

Nk Kjy; brk;gh; tiu MFk;

,e;jpah nel;ilapiog; gUj;jpia

vfpg;J> mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,Ue;J ,wf;Fkhjp

nra;ag;gLfpwJ

gUj;jp tiffs; - Mcu – 5> R[hjh>

tunyl;Rkp

2007-2008 Mz;L cw;gj;jp 310 ,yl;rk;

Ngy;fs; MFk;. xU Ngy; vd;gJ 170

fpNyh MFk;

jkpo;ehl;by; ,j;d cw;gj;jp kpff;

FiwT. Mdhy; njhopw;rhiyfspy;

gad;gLj;Jtjpy; ,e;jpahtpy; Kjyplk;

jkpo;ehL MFk; 2007-2008

khepyk; gug;G cw;gj;jp kf#y;

F[uhj; 25.16 110.00 743

kfhuh\;buh 31.91 60.00 320

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 10.96 43.00 667

gQ;rhg; 6.48 24.00 630

kj;jpa gpuNjrk; 6.62 21.00 539

`hpahdh 4.78 16.00 569

,uh[];jhd; 3.68 9.00 416

fh;ehlfh 3.71 8.00 367

jkpo;ehL 1.23 5.00 691

nkhj;jk; 310.00

Central Institute for Cotton Research –

Nagpur 1976

kz;ly epiyaq;fs; 1. Coimbatore 2. Sirsa

rzy;

Rzy; xU kypthd ,iog;gaph;. ,J

ntg;g kz;lyg; gaph;. Rzy; gaphpl 28

nrd;bfpNul; ntg;gKk; 200 nr.kP kioak;

Njit. GJ tz;ly; kz; rkntspfspy;

rzy; ed;F tpisAk;. ,e;jpahtpy; rzy;

gaphplg;gLk; epyg;gug;gpy; 55% epyg;gug;G

Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;sJ.

cyfpNyNa rzy; ,e;jpahtpy; mjpf

cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy;

Rkhh; 971>000 Vf;fh; epyg;gug;gpy; rzy;

gaphplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd;

gphptpidapy; rzy; cw;gj;jp

ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ

Rzy; khh;r; Kjy; Nk khjk; tiu

tpijf;ggLfpwJ. Vg;uy; Kjy; [Pd; tiu

gaph;fs; mjpfkhf tsUk;. gaph;fhyk; 5

khjq;fs;. mWtil fhyk; [Piy Kjy;

mf;Nlhgh; tiu. cyf cw;gj;jpapy;

,e;jpah tq;fhsNjrk; 96%

nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpahtpy; cw;gj;jp

MFk; rzypd; msT 10940>000 Ngy;fs;

MFk;.

Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; njd;gFjpfspy;

Fwpg;ghf n`suh> `{f;sp> ghh;j;Jthd;>

gh;fhdhf;fs;> kpl;dhG+h;> ehbah Mfpa

khtl;lq;fspy; rzy; mjpfkhfg;

gaphplg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 77

rzy; kpy;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mjpy; 60

kpy;fs; Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpYk; Me;jpug;

gpuNjrj;jpy; 7> gPfhhpy; 3 c.gpapy; 3

mrhk; khepyj;jpy; xd;Wk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rzy; jz;by; ,Ue;J

rziy gphpj;jnjLf;Fk; Kiwf;F nul;bq;

vd;W ngah;. Rkhh; 90>000 Ngh;

NehpilahfTk; Rkhh; 1.50 ,yl;rk; Ngh;

kiwKfkhfTk; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;.

rzy; cw;gj;jpapy; Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

KjyplKk; ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij gPfhUk;

%d;whtJ ,lj;ij m];]hKk;

ehd;fhtJ ,lj;ij Me;jpu gpuNjrKk;

tfpf;fpd;wd.

Njhl;lg;gaph;fs;

Njapiy

Njapiyapd; gpwg;gplk; rPdh MFk;

tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG fhyj;jpy;

Njapiy tzpf gapuhf gaphplg;gl;lJ

cyfpNyNa mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;

ehL ,e;jpah

mjpfkhf Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; ehLfs;

,yq;if> rPdh kw;Wk; ,e;jpah MFk;.

Njapiy Vw;Wkjp jw;NghJ Fiwe;J

nfhz;L tug;gLfpwJ

Mjpfkhf Njapiyia gad;gLj;Jk; ehL

,e;jpah MFk;

cyf cw;gj;jpapy; 28 rjtPjKk; cyf

Vw;Wkjpapy; 16 rjtPjKk; gq;F

tfpf;fpd;wd

,e;jpahtpy; Njapiy gaphplg;gLk; gug;G

435 ,yl;rk; n`f;Nlh; MFk;

2000-01y; ,e;jpahtpy; Njapiy cw;gj;jp

8.05 ,yl;rk; ld;fs; mFk;

Njapiy xU ngUe;Njhl;l Ntshz;ik

MFk;

,J xU ntg;g kz;ly kiof;fhl;L>

ntg;ge;jho;e;j <uf;fhy epiyAs;s

gpuhe;jpa gapuhFk;. ,jw;F mjpf msT

ntg;gk; Njit

,jw;F 250 nrkP kio Njit. Nthpy; ePh;

jq;fhky; tope;J Xlf; $ba 300 Kjy;

1800 kPl;lh; tiu cauKs;s kiy

rhpTfspy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ. cjphpahd>

jz;zPh; Njq;fhj kzw;ghq;fhd tz;ly;

kz; Njapiy cw;gj;jpf;F rpwe;jjhFk;.

Njapiy gaphpLk; ehLfs; midj;Jk;

tlf;fpy; 35 bfphpf;Fk; njw;fpy; 30

bfphpf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l ml;rq;fspy;

mike;Js;sd

Pruning Kiw Njapiy cw;gj;jpapy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ

,e;jpahtpy; Njapiy gaphplg;gLk; gFjpfis

2 gphpTfshf gphpf;fyhk;

1. tlfpof;F 2. njd;dpe;jpa gFjp

tlfpof;F gFjp

m];]hkpy; gpuk;kGj;jpuh #h;kh Mfpa

MwWg;gs;sj;jhf;Fg; gFjpapYk;

gpuk;kGj;jpuh Mw;Wf;F tlf;fpy; fhk&g;>

jhuq;> yf;fpk;g+h;> rhbah Mfpa

khtl;lq;fspYk;> njw;fpy; rpg;rhfh;>

et;fhq; Mfpa khtl;lq;fspYk; #h;kh

gs;sj;jhf;fpYs;s fhrh;f; Fd;WfspYk;

Njapiy mjpfkhfg; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.

,e;jpahtpy; Njapiy mjpfkhfg;

gaphplg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Njapiy

gaphplg;gLk; epyg;gug;gpy; 52% m];]hkpy;

cs;sJ

mrhkpy; Njapiy gaphplg;gLk; ,lq;fs;:

Darrang, Goalpara, Kamrup, Lakhimpur,

Dibrugarh, Sibsagar, Nowgong, Cachar,

Karbi Anlong, North Cachar

Nkw;F tq;fj;jpy; (Darjeeling, Teria,

Dooars) lhh[pypq;> [hy;gha;Fhp kw;Wk;

$r;gPfhh; khtl;lq;fspy; Njapiy

gaphplg;gLfpwJ

Darjeeling Tea Research and Development

Centre Kurseong

njd;dpe;jpa gFjp

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; jkpo;ehL> Nfush Mfpa

khepyq;fspYs;s Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp

kiyr; rhpTfspy; Njapiy

gaphplg;gLfpwJ. njd;dpe;jpa Njapiy

cw;gj;jpapy; ghjpf;F Nky; jkpofj;jpy;

,Ue;J fpilf;fpwJ

jkpo;ehl;by; ePyfphp> Nfhit> kJiu>

jpUney;Ntyp kw;Wk; fd;dpahFkhp

khtl;lq;fspy; Njapiy gaphplg;gLfpwJ

Nfushtpy; ,Lf;fp> taehL> Nfhl;lak;>

jpUtde;jGuk;> jpUr;#h; Nfhopf;NfhL>

ghyf;fhL> fz;Z}h; kw;Wk; nfha;yhd;

Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy; gaphplg;gLfpd;wJ

fh;ehlfhtpy; rpf;kq;fSh;> `rd;> $h;f;

khtl;lq;fspy; gaphplg;gLfpd;wJ

,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 980 kpy;ypad; fpNyh

Njapiy cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

jkpo;ehl;by; 163656>000 fpNyhf;fs; 2006y;

cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ

Tea Board of India : 1.1.1954

jiyikaplk;: Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy;

fy;fj;jh> kz;ly mYtyfq;fs;:

Fd;D}h;> nfs`hj;jp> GJ jpy;yp> rpy;Fhp>

Kk;ig> nfhr;rpd;> nrd;id> rpy;rhh;>

Nfhl;lak;> mfh;jyh> N[hul;> Nj];G+h;>

Fhprpahq; kw;Wk; gsk;G+h;

fhgp

fhgp tzpf Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf 1820 Kjy;

,e;jpahtpy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ

,e;jpahtpy; gaphplg;gLk; Nuhg];lh kw;Wk;

mugpfh ufq;fs; cyf juk; tha;e;j fhgp

MFk;

ePhpy; mjpfk; jq;ff; $lhJ. 600 kPl;lh;

Kjy; 1200 kPl;lh; cauKs;s kiyr;

rhpTfspy; gapuhfpwJ. 20 bfphp nr. Kjy;

25 bfphp nr. tiu ntg;gk; Njit.

Njapiyiaf; fhl;bYk; Fiwthd

ntg;gk; NghJk;. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; kio

kpFe;j Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfspy;

Nkw;F rhpTfspy; NjapiyAk; fpof;F

rhpTfspy; fhgpAk; gapuhfpwJ. ,g; gaph;

xU epoy; tpUk;Gk; jhtuk; MFk;.

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fhgp Njhl;lq;fspy;

ghjpf;F Nky; fh;ehlfh khepyj;jpy;

cs;sJ. fLh;> rpNkhfh> Mrd;> FlF

kiy Mfpa ,lq;fspYk; jkpo;ehl;by;

Nrh;tuhad; kiy> Mizkiy> ePyfphp

kiy Kjypa gFjpfspYk; fhgp

Njhl;lq;fs; cs;sd

Nfushtpy; fhg;gp ,Lf;fp> Nfhl;lak;>

ghyf;fhL Mfpa ,lq;fspy;

gaphplg;gLfpwJ

,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 354840 Vf;fh;

epyg;gug;gpy; fhg;gp gaphplg;gLfpwJ.

,e;jpahtpy; fhg;gp cw;gj;jpapy; 70%

fh;ehlfj;jpYk; 23.6% NfushtpYk; fhg;gp

tpisfpwJ.

jkpofj;jpy; fhg;gp 5.6 rjtPjk;

gaphplg;gLfpwJ. jkpofj;jpy; fhg;gp godp

kiyapy; mjpfk; cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gLfpwJ

cyf fhg;gp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpahtpd;>

gq;F 4% MFk;. 2008-2009 Mk; Mz;L

jkpo;ehl;bd; fhg;gp cw;gj;jp 16>625

nkl;hpf; ld; vd vjph;ghh;ffg;gLfpwJ.

jkpo;ehl;by; Pulneys gFjp mjpf fhg;gp

cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; gFjpahFk;.

,e;jpahtpy; mjpf fhg;gp cw;gj;jp

nra;Ak; gFjp FlF kiy MFk;.

,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf gaphplg;gLk; fhg;gp

,j;jhyp ehl;bw;F mjpfk; Vw;Wkjp

nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ

ug;gh;

ug;gh; Njhl;lq;fs; Nfus khepyj;jpYk;

(85%) jkpo;ehl;bYk; 4% cs;sd

jkpo;ehl;by; ePyfphp> kJiu> fd;dpahFkhp

khtl;lq;fspy; ug;gh; gaphplg;gLfpwJ

jpUtde;jGuk; kw;Wk; kyghh; gFjpapy;

1880 Kjy; ug;gh; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.

,Ug;gpDk; tzpf Nehf;fkhf 1902 Kjy;

gaphplg;gLfpwJ

ug;gh; kuq;fs; 300 nr. kP mjpfkhf kio

nga;Ak; ,lq;fspy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.

NkYk; ,jw;F 25 Kjy; 35 bfphp nrz;b

fpNuL ntg;gk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;

300 Kjy; 450 kPl;lh; fly; kl;lj;jpy;

,Ue;J cauk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 700

kPl;lUf;F Nky; cauk; ,Uf;ff;%lhJ

cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpahtpd; gq;F 8

rjtPjkhFk;

400>000 n`f;Nlh; epyg;gug;gpy; 630>000

ld;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ

kw;w gaph;fs;

fUk;G

,J xU ntg;g kz;lyg; gaph;. 24 nr. kP

Kjy; 30 nr. kP ntg;gKk; Njit.

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> gP`hh;> gQ;rhg; Mfpad

fUk;G gaphpLk; Kf;fpakhd ,lq;fs;

2004-2005 Mk; Mz;L fUk;G cw;gj;jp

23.23 Nfhb ld;fs;

cyfj;jpd; rh;f;fiu fpz;zk; fpA+gh

,e;jpahtpd; rh;f;fiu fpz;zk;

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

fUk;G kw;Wk; rh;f;fiu cw;gj;jpapy;

cyfj;jpy; ,e;jpah ,uz;lhtJ ,lk;

ngWfpwJ. Kjyplk; gpNurpy; MFk;

rh;f;fiu gad;gLj;Jtjpy; ,e;jpah Kjy;

,lk; ngWfpwJ

,J %q;fpy; FLk;gj;ij rhh;e;jJ

fUk;gpd; tpisr;ry; fhyk;: 12 khjq;fs;

MFk;. ney; tpisAk; gFjpfspy;

tpisAk; gaph; fUk;G MFk;

tl ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fUk;gpidf;

fhl;bYk; njd; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s

fUk;gpy; rh;f;fiu mjpfk; cs;sJ

fUk;gpd; rf;if Bagasse vdg;gLk;

,J fhfpj njhopw;rhiyf;F

gad;gLfpwJ. ,t;tif fhfpjq;fs;

GfSh; njhopw;rhiyapy;

jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ

mjpfkhf gaphpLk; khepyk;: 1.

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; (38.57%) 2. kfhuh\;buh

(17.76%) 3. fh;ehlfh (12.20%)

2008-2009Mk; Mz;L fzf;fpd;gb

mjpfkhf rh;f;fiu jahhpf;Fk; khepyk;: 1.

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 2. kfhuh\;buh 3.

fh;ehlfh 4. jkpo;ehL 5. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

(Kd;G Kjyplk; kfhuh\;buh)

rh;f;fiu ePh; fopT nkhyhr]; vdg;gLk;.

,jpy; ,Ue;J vhp rhuhak;

jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ

,J Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oiy khRgl

nra;tjhy; ,jid ,Uk;G njhl;bapy;

Njf;fpitf;f Ntz;Lk;

,e;jpahtpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; fUk;gpy;

ngUk;gFjp fz;lrhhp rh;f;fiu nra;a

gad;gLfpwJ

fh;ehlfj;jpy; fUk;G mjpfkhf tpisAk;

khtl;lk; khz;bah MFk;

Gifapiy

,J xU ntg;g kz;lyg; gaph;. Fspkz;

my;yJ Rz;zhk;G fye;j nrk;kz;

,jw;F Njit

cyf cw;gj;jp nkhj;jk; 6137 Mapuk;

ld;fs; MFk;. ,jpy; rPdh 2299 Mapuk;

ld;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;J cyfpd;

Kjyplk; tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,uz;lhtJ

,lj;ij gpNurpy;> ,e;jpah 595.4 Mapuk;

ld;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;J cyf

cw;gj;jpapy; 8 tpOf;fhL ngw;W

%d;whtJ ,lj;ijAk; tfpf;fpd;wJ

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; (0.16 kpy;ypad; ld;)>

F[uhj; (0.15 kpy;ypad; ld;)> kw;Wk;

fh;ehlfk; (0.03 kpy;ypad; ld;) Mfpait

Gifapiy Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy;

tpistpf;fg;gLfpwJ

Gifapiyia 1508y; ,e;jpahtpw;F

mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;fs; Nghh;r;RfPrpah;fs;.

Gifapiyapy; epNfhbd; vd;w er;Rg;

nghUs; cs;sJ

Gifapiy thhpak; Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy;

cs;s Fz;^hpy; nray;gLfpwJ

goj;Njhl;lq;fs;

,e;jpah 43 kpy;ypad; ld; goq;fisAk; -

86 kpy;ypad; ld; fha;fwpfisAk;

cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ

goq;fs;> fha;fwpfs; cw;gj;jpapy;

cyfpy; ,uz;lhtJ ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wJ

cyf khk;gok; cw;gj;jpapy; 65

rjtPjKk; thiog;gok; cw;gj;jpapy; 11

rjtPjKk; ,e;jpahtpy; tpisfpd;wJ

khk;gok; kw;W; thiog;gok; cw;gj;jpapy;

cyfpy; Kjyplk;

Viofspd; Mg;gps; - nfha;ahg;gok;

thiog;gok; - tpisAk; khepyq;fs; -

jkpo;ehL> kfhuh\;buh> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;>

Nfush> F[uhj;

jpuhl;ir – tpisAk; ,lq;fs; -

fh;ehlfj;jpy; - $h;f;> Nfushtpy; taehL

jkpofj;jpy; - ePyfphp kw;Wk; ,khr;ry

gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; Nkfhyah Mfpa

,lq;fs;

khk;gok; - cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; mjpf

cw;gj;jp gPfhh;> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> Nkw;F

tq;fk;> xhprh> jkpo;ehL Mfpa

khepyq;fspy; tpisfpwJ

czTg; gaph;fs;

czTg;gaph;fs; mjpfk; tpisAk;

khepyq;fs;

1. mhprp Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

2. ghh;yp cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

3. Nrhsk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

4. fLF cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

5. gl;L fh;ehlfh

6. Fq;Fkg;G+ [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;

7. Ke;jphp Nfush

8. Njapiy mrhk;

9. NfhJik cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

10. gUj;jp kfhuh\;buh

11. re;jdk; fh;ehlfk;

12. fUk;G cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

13. ug;gh; Nfush

14. Vyk; Nfush

15. Gifapiy Me;jpuh

16. fpuhk;G Nfush

17. epyf;fliy F[uhj;

18. fhg;gp Nfush

19. kQ;rs; Nfush

20. ,Q;rp fh;ehlfk;

21. Njq;fha; Nfush

22. tpsf;nfz;nza; - Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

Shifting Cultivation

fhLfis mopj;J rpy ,lq;fspy;

tptrhak; eilngWfpwJ. ,jid

Shifting Cultivation vd;W $Wth;. ,J

gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; ntt;NtW

ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ

[Pk; mrhk;

NghL Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

Nghzk; Nfush

fhy;eilfs;

cyfpNyNa fhy;eilfs; mjpfk; cs;s

ehL ,e;jpah

Kjy; fhy;eilfis fzf;nfLg;G 1919-

1920 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;wJ

16tJ fhy;eilfs; fzf;nfLg;G 1997

Mk; Mz;L eilngw;wJ

17tJ fhy;eilfs; fzf;nfLg;G 2003

Mk; Mz;L eilngw;wJ

17tJ fhy;eilfs; fzf;nfLg;G 2003

ghy; cw;gj;jp 88.81 kpy;ypad; ld;fs;

Kl;il cw;gj;jp 34 gpy;ypad;

fk;gsp cw;gj;jp 53 kpy;ypad; fpNyh

nkhj;j fhy;eil 185181 (000)

cattle 38.2%

buffaloes 20.2%

sheep 12.7%

goats 25.6%

pigs 2.8%

other animals are less than 0.50%

cyfpd; nkhj;j khLfspy; 57 rjtPjKk;

MLfspy; 14 rjtPjKk; ,e;jpahtpy;

cs;sJ

cyfpd; nkhj;j fhy;eilfspy; 19

rjtPjk; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ

,e;jpahtpd; Ntshz;ikapy; fpilf;Fk;

cw;gj;jpapy; 37 rjtPjKk; (nkhj;j

DPapy; 5.30 rjtPjk;) fhy;eilfs; %yk;

fpilf;fpd;wJ.

gz;izj; njhopypy; ,e;jpahtpy;

Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; khepyk;

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

fhy;eilfSf;fhd fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lk;

Insurance Scheme 21.2.2006 Kjy;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

Nfushtpy; mjpfkhf kPd;gpbj;jy;

eilngWfpwJ

kd;dhh; tisFlh> fhk;Ng tisFlh

Mfpa ,lq;fspy; Kj;J Fspj;jy;

eilngWfpwJ. fhy;eilfs; jhf;Fk;

Neha;

vy;dh fhy;eilfs; - Me;j;uf;]; khLfs;

fhy; kw;Wk; tha; Neha;

[hd; Neha; Nfhopfs; - khh;f Neha;

uhzpfz;l;

ML> khLfs; - hpz;ld;ng];l;

nts;isg;Gul;rp – ghy; cw;gj;jp

nts;spg;Gul;rp – Kl;il cw;gj;jp

jqfg; Gul;rp – goq;fs; cw;gj;jp

kQ;rs; Gul;rp – vz;nza;tpj;jf;fs;

cw;gj;jp

gpuTd; Gul;rp – Njhy; / Non

Conventional cw;gj;jp

gRikg; Gul;rp – Ntshz;ik cw;gj;jp

fpNu Gul;rp – cuq;fs; cw;gj;jp

gpq;f; Gul;rp – kUe;J cw;gj;jp

rptg;Gg; Gul;rp – khkprk; kw;Wk; jf;fhsp

cw;gj;jp

tl;lg; Gul;rp – cUisf;fpoq;F cw;gj;jp

,it midj;Jk; xUq;fpize;J

nray;gLj;JtJ thdtpy; Gul;rp

vdg;gLk;.

Ntz;ikg;Gul;rp - ,e;jpahtpy; ntz;ik

Gul;rp Vw;gl fhuzkhdth; lhf;lh; th;fP];

#hpad;. ghy; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jpNa

ntz;ik Gul;rp Kjy; ntz;ikg; Gul;rp

eilngw;w Mz;L – 1970 – 81

,uz;lhtJ ntz;ikg; Gul;rp eilngw;w

Mz;L 1981-85

gRikg; Gul;rp – Kjy; gRikg; Gul;rp

Vw;gl;l Mz;L 1967 – 68

gad; mile;j khepyq;fs; - gQ;rhg;>

mhpahdh kw;Wk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpd;

Nkw;F gFjp

,uz;lhtJ gRikg; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l

Mz;L – 1983 – 84

gad; mile;j khepyq;fs; - Nkw;F

tq;fhsk;> xhprh> gPfhh;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

kw;Wk; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

gRikg; Gul;rp Vw;gl fhuzkhdth; -

lhf;lh; vk;.v];. Rthkpehjd; kw;Wk; rp.

Rg;gpukzpad;

gpuTd; Gul;rp – NfhJik cw;gj;jpNa

gpuTd; Gul;rp MFk;. (gioa

Gj;jfq;fspy;)

ghy; gz;izj; njhopy;

,e;jpah 91 kpy;ypad; ld; ghy; cw;gj;jp

nra;J cyfpd; Kz;zdp ehlhf

jpfo;fpd;wJ.

kfhuh\;buhtpYs;s MNuh ghy;

gz;izAk;> nrd;idapYs;s khjtuk;

ghy; gz;izAk;> F[uhj;jpYs;s> Mde;;j;

ghy; gz;izAk; Kf;fpakhf ghy;

gz;izfshFk;

ghy; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah Kjy; ,lk;

tfpf;fpwJ

ghy; gz;izj; njhopiy ngUf;fk;

nra;a ngq;fSh;> fh;D}y;> F[uhj;>

kfuh\;buk; Kjypa ,lq;fspy; gapw;rp

epiyaq;fs; cs;sJ

ghy; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpa mstpy;

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; Kjy; ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ

fk;gsp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpa mstpy;

,uh[];jhd; Kjy; ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ

Nfhopg;gz;iz

Kf;fpa ,dq;fs; xapl; ny`hd; gpshf;

ikdhh;f;fh> Nuhl; Iyz;l

Nfhop tsh;g;G gz;izfs; jkpo;ehL>

Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;> m];]hk;>

kfhuh\;buk;> kj;jpa gpuNjrk; Mfpa

khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sd

Kl;il cw;gj;jpapy; 5tJ ,lj;jpy;

,e;jpah cs;sJ

45 kpy;ypad; Kl;ilfs; cw;gj;jp nra;J

cyfpd; 6 ehLfspy; xd;whf

jpfo;fpd;wJ.

Kl;il Gul;rp

cyf Kl;il cw;jg;jpapy; ,e;jpah

jw;NghJ 3tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.

Kjyplj;jpy; rPdh cs;sJ

,uz;lhtJ ,lj;jpy; mnkhpf;fh cs;sJ.

,e;jpahtpy; Me;jpu khepyj;jpy; mjpf

Kl;il cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. mjpf

Kl;il nryT nra;tjpy; kfhuh\;buh

khepyk; Kjyplk; MFk;

khLfs;

cyfpy; khLfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy;

,e;jpah Kjyplk; ngWfpwJ. fhq;Nfak;>

Xq;Nfhy;> rpe;jp Nkthjp Mfpad rpy

Kf;fpa khLfspd; ,dq;fshFk;.

`hpahdh> gQ;rhg;> uh[];jhd;> F[uhj;>

kfuh\;buk;> jkpo;ehL> fh;ehlfk;>

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy;

khLfspd; juk; mjpfk; cs;sJ

MLfs;

,e;jpahtpy; 61.47 kpy;ypad;

nrk;kwpahLfSk; 124.36 kpy;ypad;

MLfSk; cs;sd. ,J cyfj;jpy; 3tJ

epiyahFk;.

Rkhh; 45 kpy;ypad; fpNyh fk;gsp

cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,J cyf

cw;gj;jpapy; 3.1 rjtPjkhFk;

,e;jpahtpd; nrk;kwpahLfspd;

vz;zpf;ifapy; Rkhh; 40rjtPjk;

uh[];jhd;> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; Mfpa

khepyq;fspy; cs;sJ. jf;fhzj;jpy;

mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jkpo;ehL>

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> kfhuh\;buk;> F[uhj;>

[k;K> fh\;kPh;> gPfhh;> gQ;rhg; `hpahdh

Mfpa khepyq;fspy; nrk;kwpahLfs;

tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. Vio kf;fspd; gR

vd MLfs; fUjg;gLfpd;wd

16tJ fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb ,uh[];jhd;

17tJ fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

Fjpiufs;

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> gPfhh;>

F[uhj;> kfhuh\;buk; Mfpa

khepyq;fspy; Fjpiufs;

tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd

xl;lfq;fs;

ghiytdf; fg;gy; vd miof;fg;gLk;

xl;lfq;fs; gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh> Nkw;F

uh[];jhd; Mfpa gFjpfspy;

tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd

thj;J

thj;Jf;fs; cyfpd; nkhj;j

vz;zpf;ifapy; Vwj;jho 20 rjtPjk;

,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ. jkpo;ehL Me;jpuk;>

Nkw;F tq;fhsk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy;

thj;Jf;fs; mjpfk;

kPd; gpbf;Fk; njhopy;

cyf kPd; cw;gj;jpapy; rPdh

Kjyplj;ijAk;> [g;ghd; ,uz;lhtJ

,lj;ijAk; ,e;jpah %d;whtJ

,lj;ijAk; tfpf;fpd;wJ.

cs;ehl;L kPd; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah

,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ

cs;ehl;L kPd; gpbg;gjpy; Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

njhlh;e;J Kd;dpiyapy; cs;sJ.

,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij Me;jpu gpuNjrKk;

tfpf;fpd;wJ.

kPd; gpbf;Fk; ,lj;ij

1. Mo;fly; kPd;gpbg;G

2. flNyhu kPd;gpbg;G

3. cs;ehl;L kPd;gpbg;G vd %d;W

tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;

1. Mo;fly; kPd;gpbg;G

,e;j kPd;gpbg;G eilngWk; ,lq;fs;

nfhq;fzf; flw;fiu> Nfusf; flw;fiu>

Nrhokz;lyf; flw;fiu MfpaitahFk;

2. flNyhu kPd;gpbg;G

F[uhj;> fh;ehlfk;> kyghh; flw;fiu

Xuq;fspYk; kd;dhh; tisFlhtpYk;>

jkpo;ehL> Me;jpuk; Mfpa khepyq;fspd;>

flw;fiu Xuq;fspYk;> xhprh> Nkw;F

tq;fhsk; Mfpa khepyq;fspYs;s

cg;gq;fopfspYk; flNyhu kPd;gpbg;G

eilngWfpwJ

3. cs;ehl;L kPd;gpbg;G

Nfhjhthp> fpU\;zh> fhtphp> fq;if>

gpuk;kGj;jpuh> kfhejp Kjypa

MWfspYk; mtw;wpd; FWf;Nf

fl;lg;gl;Ls;s mizf;fl;LfspYk;

fhy;tha;fspYk; ePh;tif kPd;fs;

gpbf;fg;gLfpd;wd

Ma;T epWtdq;fs;

Central Institute of Brackishwater

Aquaculture, Chennai, Tamilnadu

Central Inland Fishereis Research

Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal

Central Institute of Freshwater

Aquaculture, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa

Central Marine Fisheries Research

Institute, Kochi, Kerala

Central Institute of Fisheries Technology,

Kochi, Kerala

National Bureaue of Fish Genetic

Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

National Research Centre on Coldwater

Fisheries, Bhimtal, Uttaranchal

jhJg;nghUl;fs;

,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf epyf;fhp cs;sJ

,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf fpilf;Fk; fyit

jhJf;fs;: khq;fdPR> FNuhikl;>

ill;lhdpak;

,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf fpilf;Fk; Flux

jhJf;fs; Rz;zhk;G> [pg;rk;> Nlhyikl;

,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf fpilf;Fk;

Refractorses jhJf;fs;: khf;idl;>

rpypkidl; kw;Wk; ifidl;

,e;jpahtpy; Njitf;Fk; Fiwthf cs;s

,Uk;gw;w (Non Ferrous) jhJf;fs;:

nrk;G> Jj;jehfk;> lq;];ld;> fpuhigl;

kw;Wk; ghjurk;

cuj; jahhpg;gpw;F Njitg;gLk;

,e;jpahtpy; fpilf;fhj jhJf;fs;: fhg;gh;>

nghl;lh\;> kw;Wk; gh];Ngl;

,e;jpahtpy; Fiwthf fpilf;Fk; fdpk

Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; rikay; fhp kw;Wk;

ngl;Nuhypak;.

jhJg;nghUl;fis fz;lwpAk; gzpapy;

cs;s epWtdq;fs;

1. Geological Survey of India

2. Mineral Ex;oration Corporation Limited

3. Indian Bureau of Mines

2000-2001 Mk; Mz;L 480.17 gpy;ypad;

kjpg;Gs;s jhJg; nghUl;fs; ntl;b

vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1950-95y; 892 kpy;ypad;

kjpg;Gs;s jhJg;nghUl;fNs

vLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J jw;NghJ cs;sJ

Nghy; 538 klq;F MFk;

cw;gj;jp tpfpjq;fs;: (2000-2001)

vhpnghUs;: 88.87 rjtPjk;

cNyhfq;fs;: 7.26 rjtPjk;

mNyhfq;fs;: 3.86 rjtPjk;

,e;jpahtpy; ntl;b vLf;fg;gLk; nkhj;j

jhJg;nghUl;fs; Rkhh; 68 MFk;.

mtw;wpy; 1 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhdit

fhp: 41.11 rjtPjk;

ngl;Nuhypak; 30.69 rjtPjk;

,aw;if vhpthA 14.88 rjtPjk;

,Uk;G 4 rjtPjk;

Rz;zhk;G 2.60 rjtPjk;

ypf;idl; 2.19 rjtPjk;

fdpk tsk; njhlh;ghf ,e;jpahit 3

ngUk; gFjpahf gphpf;fyhk;

mit

1. tlfpof;Fg; gFjp:

,tw;wpy; Nrhl;lhehfGhp> xhprh kw;Wk;

fpof;F Me;jpuh mlq;Fk;

,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf fdpk tsk;

fpilf;Fk; gFjp ,JNt MFk;

,Uk;G> khq;fdPR> ikf;fh> ghf;irl;>

Rz;zhk;G> Nlhyikl;> Njhhpak;>

A+Nuhdpak;> FNuhkpak;> rpykidl;>

gh];Ngl; Kjypad jhJf;fs;

,g;gFjpapy; fpilf;fpd;wd

jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F kw;Wk; rl;B];fh;

gFjpapy; epyf;fhp kpFjpahf fpilg;gjhy;

,g;gFjpapy; Vuhskhd ,Uk;G>

mYkpdpak; Nghd;w njhopw;rhiyfs;

cs;sJ

ngl;Nuhypak;> vhpthA Nghd;wit

,g;gFjpapy; fpilf;fpd;wJ. NkYk;

nts;sp> nrk;G> <ak; kw;Wk; Jj;jehfk;

Nghd;wit ,g;gFjpapy; fpilf;fpd;wJ

,Jjtpu gpuk;kGj;jpuh rkntspapy;

ngl;NuhypaKk; Nfush flw;fiuapy; fd

cNyhfkhd ,y;kidl; Nghd;witAk;

fpilf;fpd;wd

jhJg;nghUl;fSk; mit ,e;jpahtpy;

mjpfkhf fpilf;Fk; ,lq;fSk;

1. Mz;bkzp – gQ;rhg;> xhprh> jkpo;ehL

2. mYkpdpak; - gPfhh;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

3. FNuhikl; - gPfhh;> xhprh> kfhuh\;buk;

4. m];ng];lh]; - Me;jpukhepyk;>

fh;ehlfk;> uh[];jhd;

5. ,UkGj;jhJ – gPfhh;> xhprh> jkpo;ehL>

Nkw;Ftq;fhsk;

6. mgpufk; (ikf;fh) – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

(`rhhpghg;> fah)

7. ,k;kidl; - Nfush

8. <ak; - uh[];jhd;> Me;jpuh> xhprh

9. epyf;fhp – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;>

Me;jpuh> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> m];]hk;>

jkpo;ehL

10. fy;ehh; - fh;ehlfk;> uh[];jhd;>

m];]hk;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

11. fhh;Nghuz;lk; - jkpo;ehL> fh\;kPh;

12. fpuhigl; - uh[];jhd;> Me;jpuh>

kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

13. FNuhikl; - gPfhh;> fh;ehlfk;> xhprh>

kfhuh\;buk;

14. ryitf; fw;fs; - uh[];jhd;

15. rpfg;Gf;fy; - gPfhh;> jkpo;ehL> xhprh

16. nrk;G – Me;jpuh> fh;ehlfk;

17. lq;];ld; - gPfhh;

18. jfuk; - gPfhh;

19. Jj;jehfk; - uh[];jhd;> xhprh

20. Rz;zhk;G – gPfhh;> jkpo;ehL

21. irdhf;fspkz; - gPfhh;> uh[];jhd;

22. Njhhpak; - Nfush> jkpo;ehL

23. ngl;Nuhy; - m];]hk;> F[uhj;

24. Nghpak;ry;Ngl; - jkpo;ehL> Me;jpuh>

Nfhth

25. ikfh – gPfhh;> Me;jpuh> uh[];jhd;

26. ANudpak; - gPfhh;> Nfush

27. ituk; - kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

28. nts;sp – fh;ehlfk;> gPfhh;

29. [pg;rk; - uh[];jhd;> jkpo;ehL> F[uhj;

30. ghf;irl; - gPfhh;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

31. khq;fdP]; - kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> xhprh>

kfhuh\;buh

nts;is ryitf;fy;

khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;

uh[];jhd; kuf;fhdh

kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; [gy;G+h;

fpuidl;

khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;

gPfhh; rpq;G+k;> kA+h;gQ;r;

Me;jpuh ney;Y}h;

ANudpak;

khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;

gPfhh; rLFlh

Jj;jehfk;

khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;

uh[];jhd; [hh;thh; Fd;Wfs;

epyf;fhp

,jid fUg;G jq;fk; vd;gh;

Mother of Industry vd;Wk; $Wth;

ngUk;ghyhd epyf;fhp Ruq;fq;fs; gbTg;

ghiwfspy; cs;sd

,e;jpahtpy; epyf;fhp Rkhh; 1200 kPl;lh;

Moj;jpy; fpilf;fpd;wJ

2001Mk; Mz;L Geological Survey of

Indiatpd; fzf;Fg;gb 2>13>905.51

kpy;ypad; ld; epyf;fhp cs;sJ

,J cyf epyf;fhp ,Ug;Gfspy; 1

rjtPjk; MFk;

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s epyf;fhp ngUk;ghYk;

gpl;Lkdh]; tifiar; rhh;e;jit. Juk;

Fiwe;j rhk;giy mjpfk; juf;$ba

epyf;fhp tay;fNs ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ

,e;epyf;fhp tay;fs; ejpr; rkntsp

kl;Lk; fpof;F jPgfw;gj;jpYk;

mike;Js;sJ.

vdNt ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s

njhopyfq;fspy; epyf;fhp gw;whf;Fiw

cs;sJ

,e;jpahtpy; vhprf;jp jahhpf;f mjpf

msT epyf;fhp gad;gLfpwJ

epyf;fhpapy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; Jiz

nghUl;fs;

1. jhh;> 2. Nfhf;> 3. ry;gpA+hpf; mkpyk;

epyf;fhp fpilf;Fkplq;fs;

,e;jpahtpy; epyf;fhp fpilf;Fk;

,lq;fis ,U gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;

1. fhz;Lthdh epyf;fhp tay;fs;

2. nlh;\pahp epyf;fhp tay;fs;

fhz;Lthdh epyf;fhp tay;fs;

,e;jpahtpy; epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; 97

rjtPjk; fhz;Lthd epyf;fhp

tay;fspypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wJ

,it 200 kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs; goik

tha;e;jJ

fhz;Lthd epyf;fhp tay;fis ehd;F

ngUk; gphpthf gphpf;fyhk;

1. jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F : [fhh;yhz;l;

kw;Wk; Nkw;F tq;fhsk; mlq;fpaJ.

2. Nrhd; gs;sj;jhf;F: kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;>

rl;B];fh; kw;Wk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

mlq;fpaJ

3. kfhejp gs;sj;jhf;F: rl;B];fh; kw;Wk;

xhprh mlq;fpaJ

4. thh;jh – Nfhjhthp gs;sj;jhf;F:

kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk;

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

[hh;fz;l;:

,e;jpahtpd; 32.34 rjtPj epyf;fhpia

,Uk;G nfhz;lJ ,k; khepyk;. ,jpy;

[hhpah> nghf;fhNuh> fph;\;> fhd;Guh>

uhk;fhh;> lhy;ld;fQ;r;> mTuq;fhghj;>

`hl;lh; kw;Wk; uhzpfQ;r; taypd; xU

gFjp Mfpa epyf;fhp tay;fs; ,k;

khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ

epyf;fhp ,Uk;G Kjy; 4 khepyq;fs;

[hh;fz;l;> xhprh Nkw;F tq;fhsk; kw;Wk;

kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;

kfhuh\;buh

re;j – te;jh> fhk;b kw;Wk; ge;jh;

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;: rpq;fNuzpapd; xU gFjp

nlh;\pahp epyf;fhp tay;fs;

n[a;rhykh;> jkpo;ehl;by; nea;Ntyp

Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; fpilf;fpwJ

,it 50 kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs; goik

tha;e;jJ

Nkfhyah: jhud;[php> rpuGQ;rp> Langrin,

Laitryngew kw;Wk; kht;yhq;

mrhk;: khFk;> n[a;G+h; kw;Wk; erphpah

mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk;: ek;rpf; kw;Wk;

ek;Gf;

[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;: fyhfhl;

kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;: nfhh;gh

ypf;idl; : mjpf <ug;gjKk; Fiwe;j

msT fhh;gDk; cilaJ

jkpo;ehL : nea;Ntyp

,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa

epyf;fhp Ruq;fk; - uhzpfQ;r;

,e;jpahpty; mjpfkhf epyf;fhp

fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F

,Uk;Gj;jhJ

khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;

1. [hh;fz;l; uhQ;rp kw;Wk; Palamau

2. F[uhj; nfa;uh> [hk;efh;> #uj;

kw;Wk; rgh;fhe;jh

3. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; - [gy;G+h;> nua;fhh;>

ikf;fhy; kiyj;njhlh; kw;Wk; mkh;fz;l;

gPlG+kp

4. fh;ehlfk; - ngy;fhk;

5. jkpo;ehL – Nryk;> jpUney;Ntyp>

Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> kJiu

6. kfhuh\;buh – nfhyhgh kw;Wk; uj;jpdfphp

7. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; - ghz;lh

[pg;rk;

,e;jpahtpd; [pg;rk; cw;gj;jpapy; gjpf;Fk;

Nky; ,uh[];jhdpy; Nkw;Fg;

gFjpfspypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ

khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;

1. ,uh[];jhd; N[hj;G+hp> n[a;rhy;kh;

2. jkpo;ehL jpUr;rp

3. fh\;kPh; gpuKy;yh> A+hp

4. F[uhj; ghth efh;

Nkhdirl;L ,y;kidl;L

1. Nfush jpUtde;jGuk; flw;fiu kzy;

2. Nrhokz;lyf; flw;fiu gpuNjrk;

[Ph;fhd;

kyghh; kw;Wk; Nfhukz;ly; flw;fiuapy;

fpilf;fpd;wJ

ngl;Nuhypak;

khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;

m];]hk; - jpf;fha;> ehfh;fhbah> P̀f;hpad;>

Nkhud;

F[uhj; - fhNyh];> mq;fNy];th;> fhk;gl;

Kk;gha; - ghk;Ng i`

jkpo;ehL – fhtphp nly;lh gFjp

ghdpgl; vz;nza; Rj;jpfhpg;G epiyak;

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ISO 9002 kw;Wk; ISO

14001 ngw;w epiyakhFk;

,aw;if vhpthA

m];]hk; ehfh;fhbah> P̀f;hpad;>

];thyKfp uh[];jhd; - n[a;rhy;khh;

1270 fp. kP ePsKs;s cyfj;jpd;

kpfg;nghpa Pipeline – [hk; efh; - Nyhzp

LPG Pipeline MFk;.

HBJ – Pipeline `rhpah – gp[g;G+h; -

n[fjP];G+h; topNa nry;fpwJ

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jput ,aw;if vhpthA

fplq;F F[uhj; khepyk; Dahej vd;w

,lj;jpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

nrk;G

khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;

kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; ghyfhl;

,uh[];jhd; Nfj;jphp> cjaG+h;>

gpy;thuh

[hh;fz;l; rpq;f;Gk;> rhe;jy;

gPfhh; `rhhpghf;> fah

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; fhh;thy;

Nkw;F tq;fhsk; lhh;[pypq;

fh;ehlfh rpl;lJh;fh> `rhd;

nrk;G mjpf gad;ghL ,Ug;gjhy;

,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ

nts;sp

khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;

,uh[];jhd; [thh; Fd;Wfs;

gPfhh; kd;G+k;

fh;ehlfk; Nfhlh Fd;Wfs;

[hh;fz;l; jhd;ghj;

,e;jpahtpy; nts;sp Fiwe;j mstpy;

fpilf;fpd;wJ. nts;sp cw;gj;jp mjpfk;

nra;Ak; khepyk; ,uh[];jhd;

jq;fk;

khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;

fh;ehlfk; Nfhyhh;> `l;b

nua;r;#h;> jhh;thh;> `hrd;

Me;jpuh rpj;J}h;> uhkfphp

Kolar Gold Fields (KGF):

cyfj;jpy; cs;s Mokhd Ruq;fq;fspy;

nfhyhh; Ruq;fKk; xd;W . ,J 1871y;

Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. 2003y; ,r;Ruq;fk;

%lg;gl;lJ. Nfhyhh; ypl;b; ,q;fpyhe;J

vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ

Hutti Gold Mines Limited (HGML):

jw;NghJ ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fk; cw;gj;jp

nra;Ak; xNu Ruq;fk; ,JNt MFk;.

`l;b kw;Wk; rpj;jpuJh;fh Mfpa ,U

,lq;fspy; ,e;j epWtdj;jhy; jq;fk;

cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. cyf jq;f

fTd;rpy; Kjy; ,e;jpa cWg;gpdh; ,e;j

epWtdk; MFk;.

Deccan Gold Mines:

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jdpahh; jq;fr;

Ruq;fk; ,JNt MFk;. fh;ehlf khepyk;

jhh;thhpy; ,e;j epWtdk; jq;fk;

,Ug;gij fz;lwpe;Js;sJ

jfuk;

khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;

kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; Nuth

Njhhpak;

khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;

Nfush nfha;yhd;

ituk;

khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;

kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; gd;dh> jpNahNghf;

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; uhknfy;yh

ikf;fh

cyfpd; ikf;fh cw;gj;jpapy; Rkhh; 70

rjtPjk; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fpwJ

,e;jpahtpy; ikf;fh cw;gj;jpapy; Rkhh;

75 rjtPjk; gPfhhpypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ

,e;jpahtpy; fpilf;Fk; ikf;fh

(Muscovite Sheet Mica vdg;gLk;

Pottassium Mica) &gp ikf;fh MFk;

khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;

gPfhh; fah> `rhpghf;> gfy;G+h;

[hh;fz;l; nfhlh;kh

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; Fz;^h;> tprhfg;gl;bdk;

uh[];jhd; gpy;thuh> cja;G+h;

khq;fdpR

khq;fdPR cw;gj;jpapy; xhprh Kjyplk;

ngw;wJ

cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah %d;whtJ

,lk; mFk;

khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;

xhprh – fpNahQ;rhh;> Re;jh;fhh;> nfhuGl;>

rhk;gyG+h;

kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; - ghyfhl; kw;Wk; rpe;j;tuh

kfhuh\;buh - ,uj;jpdfphp> ehf;G+h;

[hh;fz;l - rpq;G+k; khtl;lk;

fh;ehlfk; - ngy;yhhp> rpj;ju Jh;fh>

\pNkhfh

M];ng];lh];

,J xU fibre mineral MFk;.

vz;nza;

,jid Liquid Gold vd;gh;

rh;kh gs;sj;jhf;fpy; fpilf;fpwJ

,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa vz;nza;

Rj;jpfhpg;G epiyak; nfhahyp

Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC)

,jd; jiyikafk; Nluh^d; MFk;

khepy fpilf;Fkplk;

m];]hk; - jpnfhgha;> ed;kjp> Nkhud;>

efunal;gh> yhfpk;G+h;> nghq;iffhd;> rpg; rhfh;

F[uhj; - Uj;jpurhfh;> mq;fNy\;th;

ghk;Ngi`> fhk;Ng tisFlh (my;yJ) Lunej

Field

gQ;rhg; [PthyhKfp

jkpo;ehL fhtphp nly;lh> ehpkzk;

Nrhokz;ly flw;fiu

kfhuh\;buh – ghk;Ng i`> ghrpd;

mikg;Gfs;

,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; goikahd vz;nza;

fpzW jpNfhgha;

vz;nza; Rj;jpfhpg;G epiyaq;fs;

JiwKfq;fis xl;bNa mikfpd;wd

Kf;fpa Rj;jpfhpg;G epiyak; khepyk;

`hy;bah Nkw;F tq;fk;

nrd;id jkpo;ehL

tprhfg;gl;bdk; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

epNfhgha;> nfsfhj;jp mrhk;

Ez;kjp mrhk;

nfhr;rpd; Nfush

buhk;Ng kfhuh\;buk;

g;nusdp gPfhh;

kJuh mrhk;

,e;J];jhd; ngl;Nuhypak; fhh;g;gNu\d; (HPCL)

1. Kk;ig 2. tprhfg;gl;bdk;

,e;jpad; ngl;Nuhnfkpf;fy; fhh;g;gNu\d;

ypkpnll; (PCL)

2. Vadodara 2. Nagothane (near Mumbai)

3. Dahej (Narmada estuary in bay Khambat)

Rabale, Navi Mumbai

,e;jpad; Mapy; fhh;g;gNu\d; (IOC)

1. nfs`hj;jp> 2. g;nusdp 3. Nfhahyp 4.

`hy;ba 5. kJuh 6. epNfhgha; 7.

ghdpgl; 8. nrd;id 9. ehpkzk; 10.

nghq;iffhd; kq;fSh; hpigdhp];

kw;Wk; ngl;Nuhnfkpf;fy; ypkpnll;

(MRPL) kq;fSh;

rkPf fhyj;jpy; ngl;Nuhypaj;jpd; gad;ghLfs;

mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy; thfdq;fspy;

vhpnghUshf ngl;Nuhypaj;jpw;F khw;Wk;

nghUs; fz;Lgpbf;f Ma;Tfs; elj;jg;gl;L

tUfpwJ

Kf;fpa njhopy;fs;

Indian Institute of Entreprenuer

Development Ahmedabad

mjpf njhopy; tsh;r;rpAw;w khepyk; -

kfhuh\;buh

jhNkhjh; ejp gs;sj;jhf;F – Rurh Basin

of India

Gjpa njhopw;nfhs;if – 24.7.1991

mjpf msT Ntshz;ikia

mbg;gilahfj; njhopw;rhiyfs; cs;s

khepyk; - cj;jpugpuNjrk;

Nrhl;lh ehf;G+h; gFjp – Heart of

Industrial India vdg;gLk;.

,e;jpa njhopy; kz;lyq;fs;

1. `_f;sp kz;lyk;

2. Kk;ig – G+dh kz;lyk;

3. mfkjhghj; - #uj; kz;lyk;

4. Nrhlh – ehfG+hp kz;lyk;

5. kJiu kz;lyk;

nerTj; njhopy;

nerTj; njhopw;rhiyfs; - kfhuh\;buh>

F[uhj;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL

Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;sJ

,e;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh; vd; Kk;ig

miof;fg;gLfpwJ

njd;dpe;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh;

Nfhak;Gj;J}h;

mjpf mstpy; kf;fs; ,lk; ngWk;

njhopy; nerTj; njhopy;

nerTj; njhopy; eilngWk; ehd;F Kf;fpa

gphpTfs;

nerTj; njhopw;rhiyf;F <ug;gjk; kpFe;j

fhw;Wj; Njit. ntg;gj;jpy; ,iofs;

KWf;Fj;jd;ik kw;Wk; njhlh;r;rpahd

ePsk; milahJ

1. kfhuh\;buh – F[uhj;

2. Nfhit – Nryk; - kJIu

3. fhd;g+h; - Fthypah; - jpy;yp

4. Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; xU rpy gFjpfs;

1. kfhuh\;buh – Kk;ig> Nrhyhg;G+h;>

G+Nd> F[uhj; - mkfjhghj; > tNjhuh>

uh[;fhl;> #uj;> ghth efh;

mjpf mstpy; mfkjhghj;jpy; nerTj;

njhopw;rhiyfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ

gl;L cw;gj;jp

cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah 18

rjtPjj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;J cyfpd;

,uz;lhtJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.

,e;jpahtpy; mjpf msT ky;nghp> Eri,

Tasar, and Muga gl;L tiffs; cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

mjpf mstpy; gl;L njhopy;

fh;ehlfj;jpy; eilngWfpwJ

Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> gPfhh; Mfpait gl;L

cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; kf;fpa khepyq;fs;

MFk;

fk;gspj; njhopy;

gQ;rhg;gpy; jhhpthy;> Yjpahdh>

mkph;jru]; ngNuh];G+h;> kfhuh\;buhtpy;

Kk;ig> cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; fhd;G+h;>

Mf;uh> kph;rhG+h; Mfpa ,lq;fspy;

fk;gspj; njhopy;fs; mjpfk;

eilngWfpd;wJ

rzy; njhopy;

cyfj;jpy; rzy; mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp

nra;Ak; ehLfspy; ,e;jpahTk; xd;W

Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; mjpfk; cs;sJ.

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> gPfhh;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

kw;Wk; kj;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpy; Mfpait

mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; khepyq;fs;

mFk;

Rje;jpuk; mile;jnghOJ mjpfkhf

ghjpf;fg;gl;l njhopy;

fhfpj njhopw;rhiy

Kjy; fhfpjnjhopw;rhiy Nkw;F

tq;fhsj;jpy; rPuk;G+hpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.

gpd; 1870 Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; ghypfQ;r;

vd;w ,lj;jpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.

kj;jpa gpuNjrk; - Negh efh; gj;jphpf;if

fhfpjk; - The National Newsprint and

Paper Mills Ltd., ,J ,e;jpahtpd;

kpfg;nghpa fhfpjj; njhopw;rhiy MFk;.

fh;ehlfk; - Mysor Paper Mills

ITC Bhadrachalam: Sarapaka, Andhra

Pradesh

Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers

Limited: Kagithapuram in Karur District

Pudumjee Pulp & Paper Mills: Pune –

Maharashtra

The West Coast Paper Mills: Dandeli,

Karnataka

The Andhra Pradesh Paper Mills:

Rajahmundry

JK Paper : Jaykaypur, Rayagada, Orissa

Star Paper: Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh

Titagarh Paper Mills: Titagarh and

Kakinara

Sirpur: Kaghaznagar, Andhra Pradesh

Sir Krishna Paper Mills: Bahadurgarh,

Delhi

Vikarabad Pulp and Paper Mills:

Vikarabad, Rangareddy, AP

Nghl;Nlh gpypk; njhopw;rhiy

,e;J];jhd; Nghl;Nlh gpypk; njhopw;rhiy

cjfkz;lyk; (jkpo;ehL)

,urhad cu cw;gj;jp njhopy;

ik#hpy; ngsFyhtpy; mk;Nkhdpaj;

njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ

Nfushtpy; My;thapy; ,urhad

njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ

gpk;ghpapy; ngd;rPypd; njhopw;rhiy

cs;sJ

gPfhhpy; rpe;jphpapy; mk;Nkhdpak; ry;Ngl;

jahhpf;Fk; njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ

jkpofj;jpy; nea;Ntypapy; A+hpah

jahhpf;Fk; njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ

National Fertilizers Limited: Vijaipur,

Guna, Madhyra Pradesh, Panipat, Haryana,

Bathinda, Punjab, Ropar. Punjab

Fertilizers & Chemicals Travancore Ltd.,

(FACT) cj;jpNahfkz;ly;> nfhr;rp>

Nfush

Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited

(RCF)

Madras Fertilizers Limited: kzyp>

nrd;id

Paradeep Phosphates Limited (PPL)

Jagatsinghpur

Pyrites, Phosphates & Chemicals Lted.,

Rohtas, Bihar Saladipura, Rajasthan

Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation Limited

(HFC) Durgapur – West Bengal Barauni –

Bihar Haldia – West Bengal

Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer

Corporation Limited Namrup – mrhk;

The Fertilizer Corporation of India

Limited (FCIL) Sindri – [hh;f;fz;l;>

Ramagundam – Andrapradesh. Talcher –

xhprh> Gorakhpur – cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL) Nfj;hp>

,uh[];jhd;

FCI Aravli Gypum And Minerals India

Limited Namrup – mrhk;

Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited

(KRIBHCO) Hazira – F[uhj;

Gujarat State Fertilizer and Chemical

Limited Fertilizer nagar (Vadodara),

Kosamba (Surat), Sikka (Jamnagar),

Nandesari (Vadodara)

Coromandel Fertilizers Limited

Vishakhapatnam Ennore, Ranipet, Navi

Mumbai

Sriram Fertilizers and Chemicals, Kota,

Rajasthan

Zurai Industries Limited – Fertilizer

Limited, Goa

Southern Petrochemicals Inds. Corpn. Ltd.,

Tuticorin

Duncans Industries Limited, Kanpur

Mangaore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited,

Panambur, Mangalore

Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizer Co. Ltd.,

Bharuch, Gujarat

Deepak Fertilizers & Petrochemicals Ltd.,

Taloja – Maharashtra

Indo – Gulf Fertilizers & Chemicals

Corporation Limited – Jagdishpur – Uttar

Pradesh

Godavari Fertilizer & Chemicals Limited –

Kaminda Nagarjuna Fertilizers &

Cehmicals Limited – Kakinada Indian

Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited –

IFFCO 1967y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

Kalol, Gujarat A+hpah

Kandla, Gujarat NPK/DAP

Phulpur, Aonal – Uttar Pradesh –

mk;Nkhdpah kw;Wk; A+hpah cw;gj;jp

,urhad njhopw;rhiy cs;s ,lq;fs;

khepyk; njhopw;rhiy

kfhuh\;buh buk;Ng

gQ;rhg; eq;fs;

jkpo;ehL vz;Z}h;> nea;Ntyp

Nfush My;tha;> nfhr;rp

Xhprh &h;Nfyh

Nkw;F tq;fhsk; Jh;f;fhG+h;

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; tprhfg;gl;bdk;

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; fhd;G+h; (ghd;fp)> thudhrp>

nfhuf;G+h;

kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; nfhh;gh

mrhk; ehk;&g;

F[uhj; fz;l;yh

Central Fertilizar Quality Control at Training

Institute - Faridabad

rh;f;fiuj;njhopy;

fUk;G cw;gj;jpapy; cyfj;jpy; ,e;jpah

Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ

rh;f;fiuj; njhopy; mjpfk; cs;s

khepyq;fs; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; gPfhh;

MFk;

,g;gFjpfis ,e;jpahtpd; rh;f;fiu

kz;lyk; vd;W $Wth;

,e;jpah rh;f;fiuj; njhopy; El;g

Muha;r;rpf; fofk; fhd;G+hpy; cs;sJ

fUk;G Muh;a;r;rp epiyak; Nfhak;Gj;J}hpy;

cs;sJ

rh;f;fiu mjpfk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;

khepyq;fs; - kfhuh\;buk;>

kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfk;> jkpo;ehL>

gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh> uh[];jhd;

mYkpdpak; cUf;Fjy; njhopy;

mYkpdpak; fpilf;Fkplk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J>

kpd;rhuk; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L mYkpdpa cUf;Fjy;

njhopw;rhiyfs; mikfpwJ

xhprhtpy; `uhFl;> nfhuhGl;

cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; NuZFl;>

kj;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpy; nfh;gh>

kfhuh\;buhtpy; mYkpdpa cUf;Fjy;

njhopw;rhiyfs; eilngWfpd;wJ

jhkpu cUf;F njhopy;

,uh[];jhd; khepyj;jpy; Nfj;jphp>

My;thh;> [Pd;[PFD> [hh;fz;l;

khepyj;jpy; rpq;G+k; Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy;

mf;dpFlyh Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;sJ

ghJfhg;Gj;Jiwj; njhopy;

kfhuh\;buhtpy; cs;s mk;gh;ehj;jpy;

Aj;j jsthlq;fs; nra;ag;gLfpwJ

ePyfphpapy; cs;s mutq;fhl;by;

ntbkUe;J jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ

jpUr;rpapy; rpWtif Nghh;f;fUtpfs;

jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ

nrd;id Mtbapy; lhq;fpfs;

jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ

fy;fj;jhtpy; fhh;ld;hPr; gzp kidapy;

Nghh;f;fg;gy;fs; fl;lg;gLfpwJ

Kk;gha; nkrfhd; fg;gy; jsk; cs;sJ

ngq;fShpy; cs;s ,e;J];jhd; tpkhdj;

njhopw;rhiyapy; ,e;jpa tpkhdg;gilf;F

Njitahd #gh;rhdpf; n[l;

tpkhdq;fisAk; Ntk;gah; n[Nghh;

tpkhdq;fisAk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd

G\;gf;> fpUTf; vd;w rpwpa tpkhdq;fSk;>

,q;fpyhe;J ehl;Lj; JizAld;

ehl;tpkhdq;fSk;> mNyhal; vd;w

n`hpfhg;lh;fSk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd

fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopy;

,e;jpahtpd; Kjd; Kjypy;

tprhfg;gl;bdj;jpy; rpe;jpah ];Bk;

NerpNf\d; fk;ngdpahy; epWtg;gl;lJ

1952Mk; Mz;L muRj;Jiw ,jid

Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fg;gy; fl;Lk; Jiwfs;

mit:

1. tprhfg;gl;bdk;

2. fy;fj;jh

3. gk;gha;f;F mUfpYs;s krfhd;

4. nfhr;rpapYs;s fg;gy;fl;Lk; Jiw

tprhfg;gl;bdk;

Hindustan Shipping Yard ,q;Fjhd;

cs;sJ

,q;F gazpfs; kw;Wk; tzpf fg;gy;fs;

jahh; nra;ag;gLfpwJ

,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa fg;gy; fl;Lk;

njhopyfk;

,J Mo;fly; gFjpapy; cs;s ,aw;ifj;

JiwKfk;. ,q;F fl;lg;gLk;

fg;gy;fisf; flypy; nrYj;j trjp

cs;sJ. lhy;gpd; Kid kw;Wk; fiuapd;

mikg;G Mfpatw;why; ,j;Jiw

ngUk;Gay;fspy; ,Ue;J

ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ

fpof;Ff; flw;fiuapy; nrd;idf;Fk;

fy;fj;jhtpw;Fk; ,ilNa ,Ug;G ghij

topapy; mike;Js;sJ

jhNkhjh; ejpg; gs;sj;jhf;Fg; gpuNjrj;jpd;

epyf;fhpAk;> lhlh efhpd; v/Fj;

jfLfSk;> Nrhl;lh ehfGhpf; fhLfspy;

kuq;fSk; ,j;Jiwapy; fg;gy; fl;lg;

nghpJk; gad;gLfpwJ

fy;fj;jh

fy;fj;jh lf;];-ruf;if Vw;wpr;nry;y

ghh;[]; bnul;n[]; vd;w rpW

fg;gy;fisAk;> thzpff; fg;gy;fisAk;

cUthf;FfpwJ. Garden Reach Workshop

,q;F cs;sJ

k];fhd; fg;gy; fl;Lk; Jiw – Kk;ig

,e;jpa fg;gw;gilf;F Njitahd

Nghh;f;fg;gy;fs; kw;Wk; gazpfs;

nghUl;fis Vw;wpr; nry;yf;$ba

fg;gy;fis jahhpf;fpwJ

nfhr;rpd;

nfhr;rpd; \pg;gp]; ahh;L ,q;F cs;sJ.

gj;uhtjp ,Uk;Gj; njhopw;rhiyapy;

,Ue;J ,Uk;G> N[hf; ePh;tPo;r;rpapy;

,Ue;J ePh;kpd; rf;jpAk;> gh;khtpy; ,Ue;J

Njf;Fk; fpilg;gjhy; ,q;F fg;gy;

njhopy; ed;F tpsq;Ffpd;wJ

Nfhth

Nfhth \pg;gpq ahh;L ,q;F cs;sJ.

,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopy;

,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,Uk;G v/F

njhopw;rhiy 1874y; tq;fhsj;jpy;

guhf;fh; vd;Dkplj;jpy; epWtg;gl;lJ.

gpwF ghd;G+h; vd;Dkplj;jpy; cs;s

kw;nwhU njhopw;rhiyAld; ,ize;J

,e;jpa ,Uk;G v/F fofk; 1889y;

Njhd;wpaJ

1907y; lhlh ,Uk;G v/F njhopw;rhiy

[hk;n\l;G+hpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ

lhlh ,Uk;G v/F njhopw;rhiy - TISCO

jw;NghJ [hh;fz;l; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ.

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ,Uk;G v/F

njhopw;rhiy %yg;nghUl;fs;

fpilf;Fkplq;fs;: rpq;G+h;> xhprhtpy;

kA+h;gQ;r; - ,Uk;Gj;jhJ

gPfhhpy; [hhpah> fpUjp – epyf;fhp

khy;lh – khq;fdPR

rpq;Gk; - Rz;zhk;G> lhyikl;

Rth;z Nufh fhh;if – jz;zPh;

gPfhh;> tq;fhsk;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; -

Ntiyf;F Ml;fs;

fy;fj;jh – JiwKfk;

&h;Nfyh ,Uk;G v/F njhopw;rhiy

,J xhprhtpy; cs;sJ

,uz;lhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpy;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

Nkw;F n[h;kdp cjtpAld; epWtg;gl;lJ

%yg;nghUl;fs;

[hhpah> Nfhh;gh – epyf;fhp

`uhFl; jpl;lk; - kpd;rhuk;

kfhejp – jz;zPh;

tp];Nt];tua;ah ,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopw;rhiy

1923y; gj;uhtjpapy; ,J epWtg;gl;lJ

1962y; muR Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ

,J fh;ehlfj;jpy; cs;s gj;uh

Mw;wq;fiu kPJ cs;sJ

%yg;nghUl;fs;

ghGjhd; kiy - ,Uk;Gj;jhJ

\pNkhfh> rpf;kq;fSh; - tpwF

ee;jp nfhz;lh – khq;fdPR> Rz;zhk;G

gj;uhtjp – jz;zPh;

gpyha; ,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopw;rhiy

,J rl;B];fh; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ

Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; xj;Jiog;Gld;

Jtq;fg;gl;lJ

,uz;lhtJ 5 Mz;L jpl;lj;jpy;

Jtf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

%yg;nghUl;fs;

Jh;f; ,Uk;G

Nfhh;gh epyf;fhp

ee;jpdp Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;

ghyf;fhL khq;fdPR

Nfhh;gh mdy; kpd; epiyak; - kpd;rhuk;

khejp jz;zPh;

Jh;f;fhG+h; ,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopw;rhiy

,J Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;sJ

,J ,q;fpyhe;J cjtpAld;

epWtg;ngw;wJ

,uz;lhtJ 5 Mz;L jpl;lj;jpy;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

kw;nwhU nghpa njhopw;rhiy ghh;d;G+hpy;

cs;sJ

%yg;nghUl;fs;

rpq;Gk;> rpNahQ;rhh; - ,Uk;Gj;jhJ

jhNkhjh; - jz;zPh;

[hhpah – epyf;fhp

ghh;d;G+h; ,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopw;rhiy

Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;sJ

tprhfg;gl;bdk; ,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopw;rhiy

Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;sJ

nghfhNuh ,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopw;rhiy

,J [hh;fz;l; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ

Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; cjtpAld;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

,J jhNkhjh; ejpf;fiuapd; Nky;

mike;Js;sJ

[hh;fz;l; khepyj;jpy; cs;s kw;nwhU

Kf;fpa ,Uk;G v/F njhopw;rhiy –

lhlhefh;

%yg;nghUl;fs;

fphpGU> nghidfhh; - ,Uk;Gj;jhJ

[hhpah – epyf;fhp

jhNkhjh; MW – jz;zPh;

fz;zhbj; njhopy;

ngNuhrghj; tisay;fSf;F Gfo;ngw;wJ

mjpfkhf eilngWk; khepyq;fs; kw;Wk;

,lq;fs;

khepyq;fs; ,lq;fs;

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; - ngNuhrghj;> ghythyp

kw;Wk; rpf;fh;ghj;

kfhuh\;buh – Kk;ig> Nfhyhg;G+h;> G+dh

Nkw;F tq;fhsk; - fy;fj;jh> uhzp Q;r;

mrzhy; kw;Wk; 24 gh;fdh khtl;lk;

gQ;rhg; - Yjpahdh

nraw;if fw;fs; njhopy;

mnkhpf;fd; ituk; vdg;gLk; nraw;iff;

fw;fis ntl;b mjid nkUNfw;wp

tpw;gid nra;Ak; njhopypy; ,e;jpah

Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;js;sJ

Rkhh; 90 rjtPj fw;fs; mnkhpf;fh>

`hq;fhq;> ngy;[pak;> [g;ghd; kw;Wk;

jha;yhe;J Mfpa ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp

Mfpd;wJ

jkpo;ehl;by; jpUr;rp ,j;njhopYf;F Gfo;

ngw;wJ

xspUk; nraw;iff; fw;fs; jahhpf;fg;gLk;

njhopw;$lk; jkpo;ehl;by; vq;Fs;sJ?

m. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp M. NtY}h;

,. Nkl;Lg;ghisak; <. Nryk;

kz;ghz;l njhopy;

fy;fj;jh kw;Wk; ngq;fSh; Gfo;

ngw;wit

rikay; ghz;lq;fs; - nly;yp> Kk;ig>

ngq;fSh;

igg;Gfs; - &gehuhazG+h; kw;Wk; [gy;G+h;

Njhy; njhopy;

Nkw;F tq;fk;> kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk;

jkpofk; Mfpatw;wpy; eilngWfpwJ

Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s ghl;lh efh;

\_ jahhpg;gpw;F Gfo; ngw;wJ

Kjy; njhopyfk; - fhd;G+h; - 1860

jkpofj;jpy; NtY}h;> jpz;Lf;fy; Mfpa

khtl;lq;fs;

Gfo; ngw;w ,lq;fs; - fhd;G+h;> fy;fj;jh>

Kk;ig> Mf;uh> n[a;g+h;

kpd;dZ njhopy;

Electronic City of India vd ngq;fSh;

miof;fg;gLfpwJ

irgh; rpl;b efuk; i`juhghj;

illy; ghh;f; cs;s ,lk; nrd;id

1991 – 2000 Mz;Lfspy; mjpf mstpy;

nkd;nghUs; (software) Vw;Wkjp nra;j

khepyk; fh;ehlfk;

thfd njhopw;rhiyfs;

$h;fhd; - khUjp fhh;

nrd;id - P̀z;lha;> Nghh;L> b.tp.v];

,e;jpahtpd; nll;uha;L vd;W

miof;fg;Lk; khepyk; jkpo;ehL MFk;

mk;ghrplh; fhh; jahhpg;G njhopw;rhiy

fy;fj;jhtpy; cs;sJ

irf;fps; njhopw;rhiyfs;

Nrhdpgl; vd;w ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ

fduf njhopw;rhiyfs;

BHEL – ghuj kpFkpd; epiyak;

etuj;jpdq;fspy; xd;W

Nghghy;> `hpj;Jthh;> jpUr;rp>

i`juhghj;> ngq;fSH> ,uhzpg;Ngl;il>

rfjP\;G+h; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;sJ

HMT - ,e;J];jhd; kp\pd; ^y;];

ngq;fSh;> i`juhghj;> =efh;> gpQ;#h;

kw;Wk; fskNrhp Mfpa ,lq;fspy;

cs;sJ

Nghf;Ftuj;J

mjpf ePsKs;s rhiy cs;s

khepyq;fs;

1. kfhuh\;buh (3>61>983 fp.kP)

2. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; (2>55>467 fp.kP)

3. jkpo;ehL (2>06>503 fp.kP)

,yl;rj;jPtpy; cs;s rhiyapd; ePsk; 1

fp. kP

rhiyfspd; tpfpjk; Nfushtpy; mjpfkhf

cs;sJ 100 rjU fp. kPl;lh; gug;gpw;F

365 fp. kP J}uk; cs;sJ

jkpofj;jpy; 100 rJu fp. kP gug;gpw;F 140

fp.kP. J}uk; rhiyfs; cs;sJ

neLQ;rhiyfs; mjpfk; cs;s

khepyq;fs; 1. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 2.

kfhuh\;buh

jq;f ehw;fu jpl;lk; ,e;jpahtpy; jpy;yp –

Kk;ig – nrd;id – fy;fj;jh Mfpa

ehd;F ngU efuq;fis neLQ;rhiy

topNa ,izf;Fk; jpl;lk;

NADP – National Highways Development

Project - 1988

cyfj;jpd; caukhd rhiy: rz;bfh; -

kzhyp – Ny (ylhf;) rhiy MFk;

rhiy topfs;

cyfpNyNa ,e;jpa rhiy topfs; 33

yl;rk; fp.kP ePsKila rhiyfis

nfhz;l kpfg;nghpa njhFg;ghf

tpsq;FfpwJ. ,e;jpa rhiyfis 1.

Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs; 2. khepy

rhiyfs; 3. khtl;l rhiyfs; 4. Fpuhk

rhiyfs; vd ehd;F rhiyfshf

gphpf;fyhk;

Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs;

nkhj;j rhiyfspy; Rkhh; 1.8% Njrpa

neLQ;rhiyfs; MFk;

ika murpd; guhkhpg;gpy; cs;sit.

vy;iyg;Gwk;> khepy jiyefuq;fs;

JiwKfq;fs;> Kf;fpa efuq;fis

,izf;Fk; rhiyfs;> uhZt rhiyfs;

Mfpatw;iw ika muR guhkhpf;fpwJ

Kf;fpa Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs;

Njrpa vz; jlq;fs;

vd;. vr;. 1 jpy;yp – mk;ghyh – [ye;jh;

- mkph;jru];

1. jpy;yp – kJuh – Mf;uh – fhd;G+h; -

myfhghj; - thudhrp – fy;fj;jh

2. Mf;uh – Fthypah; - ehrpf; - Kk;ig

3. jhNd – G+dh – ngy;fhk; - nrd;id

4. fy;fj;jh – nrd;id

5. fy;fj;jh – uha;G+h; - ehf;G+h; - jy;

6. thudhrp – [gy;G+h; - ehf;G+h; -

i`juhghj; - ngq;fSh; - fd;dpahFkhp

7. nly;yp – n[a;g;G+h; - mfkjhghj; -

Kk;ig

22 mk;ghyh – fy;fh – rpk;yh –

uhk;G+h;

24 jpy;yp – ngNuhyp – yf;Ndh

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Kf;fpa Njrpa

neLQ;rhiyfspd; nkhj;j ePsk; - 58.112

fp.kP

khepy neLQ;rhiyfs;

khepy jiyfiu khtl;l jiyefUld;

,izf;Fk; ,iy Njrpa

neLQ;rhiyfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,it mbj;js rhiyfs; vdg;gLk;

khtl;l rhiyfs;

khtl;l jiyefuq;fis khtl;lj;jpy;

kw;w efuq;fSld; ,izf;Fk; rhiyfs;

fpuhkr; rhiyfs;:

fpuhkq;fisAk; mUfpYs;s khtl;l

rhiyfisAk; ,izf;Fk;

uapy;

uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J ly;n`srp fhyj;jpy;

16 Vg;uy; 1853y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

Kjy; Nghf;Ftuj;J gk;gha; Kjy; jhdh

tiu njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; J}uk; 34 fp.

kP.

Mrpahtpd; Kjy; nghpa uapy;Nt

,e;jpad; uapy;Nt. nkhj;j ePsk; 63.140

fp.kP

cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa uapy;Nt: mnkhpf;fh

jpdrhp 11>000 ,uapy;fs; ,af;fg;

gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpy; 7>000 ,uapy;fs;

Nghf;Ftuj;J ,uapy;fs; MFk;.

Mapuk; rJu fpNyh kPl;lUf;F 19 fp.kP

vd;w tpfjj;jpy; ,uapy;Nt Nghf;Ftuj;J

cs;sJ

mjpf tpfpjk; - gQ;rhg;

1853y; gk;gha; - jhdh

1854y; nrd;id – uhzpfQ;r;

1856y; nrd;id – muf;Nfhzk;

1947y; jdpahh; ,uapy; epiyaq;fs; xd;W

Nrh;j;jy; (gz;bj; `hpNlh ehj; FQ;RU)

jw;NghJs;s nkhj;j ,uapy; epiyaq;fs;

7068

nkhj;j ,uapy;fs; 7>525

1925 Kjy; ,uapy;Nt epjpepiy mwpf;if

Kjy; kpd;rhu ,uapy; gk;gha; - tNuhyp

1905 Kjy; ,uapy;Nt Nghh;L

Kjy; kpd;rhu ,uapy; nlf;fhd; Fapd;

Ntfkhf uapy; Nghghy; rjhg;jp

vf;];gpu]; (1989) NeU E}w;whz;L tpoh

Nrhd; Mw;wpd; Nky; cs;s NeU NrJ

,uapy;Nt ghyk; ,e;jpahtpd; kpf

ePskhd uapy;Nt ghykhFk;

fd;dpahFkhp Kjy; [k;Kjhtp tiu

,k;rhfh; tpiuT tz;b nry;fpwJ. ,JNt

ePz;l J}uk; gazk; nra;Ak; tz;bahFk;

fhuf;G+h; kpf ePskhd uapy;Nt gpshl;ghuk;

cs;s ,lkhFk;

cyfpd; Kjy; kUj;Jtkid ,uapy;

(16.7.1991) [Ptd; Nufh (m) iyg; iyd;

vf;];gpu];

,uapy;Nt Njh;thizak; - myfhghj;

,uapy;Nt gzpahsh; fy;Y}hp – tNlhuh

,uapy;Nt mUq;fhl;rpafk; - by;yp

Kjy; Ruq;fg;ghij ,uapy; epiyak; -

fy;fj;jh

National Rail Vikas Yojana nghpa efh;fs;

kw;Wk; nghpa JiwKfq;fis

,izf;Fk; jpl;lkhFk;.

Deccan Odyssey Nfhthtpw;F nry;Yk;

nrhFR ,uapy;

ghijfs; jz;lthsj;jpd; ,ilj;J}uk;

mfyg;ghij 1>676 kPl;lh; J}uk;

kPl;lh; ghij 1>000 kPl;lh; J}uk;

FWfpa ghij 0.762 kPl;lh; J}uk; Kjy;

0.610 kPl;lh; J}uk; tiu

FWfpa ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J eilngWk;

,lq;fs;

1. rpk;yh 2. lhh;[pypq; 3. Cl;b

,uapy;Nt nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs;

fd;nla;dh; fhh;g;gNu\d; Mg; ,e;jpah -

CONCOR

nrd;lh; ghh; ,uapy;Nt ,d;gh;Nk\d;

rp];lk; - CRIS

,e;jpad; ,uapy;Nt fd;];bud; fk;ngdp

ypkpnll; - IRCON

,e;jpad; ,uapy;Nt igdhd;];

fhh;g;gNu\d; ypkpnll; - IRFC

nfhq;fd; ,uapy;Nt fhh;g;gNu\;d – KRC

,uapy;Nt ,e;jpa nlf;dpf;fy; md;l;

vf;dhkpf;]; rh;tP]]; ypkpnll; - RITES

,e;jpad; ,uapy;Nt Nfl;lhpq; md;l;

^hprk; fhh;g;gNu\d; ypkpnll; - IRCTC

Kk;ig ,uapy;Nt tpfh]; fhh;g;gNu\d;

(12.7.1999y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ) – MRVC

jahhpg;G njhopw;rhiyfs;

1. Chittaranjan Locomotive Works:

1950y; Gfo; ngw;w Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l

jiyth; rpj;juQ;rd; jh]; ngahpy;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

cyfpd; kpfg; nghpa jahhpg;G epiyak;

MFk;

,j; njhopw;rhiyapy; electric

locomotives, AC & DC Traction motors,

Switch gears / Control gears Mfpa

jahhpg;Gg; gzpfSk; Bogies cast &

fabricated, Wheel sets & Steel casting

Mfpa ,izg;Gg; gzpfSk;

eilngWfpd;wd

2. Diesel Electric Locomotives Works -

Varanaso

1961y; mnkhpf;fh cjtpAld;

Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

1964y; ehl;bw;F mh;gzpf;fg;gl;lJ

3. The Integral Coach Factory - Perambur

2.10.1955 ghujg; gpujkh; [t`h;yhy;

NeUthy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. yhy; gfJ}h;

rh];jphp ,uapy;Nt mikr;rh;. ,q;F

,uapy; ngl;bfs; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd

4. Rail Wheel Factory (Wheel and Axle Plant)

1983 – Vyf;fhdh rf;fuk; kw;Wk;

Mr;rpy;fs; (fh;ehlfh)

1964- thuhdhrp Bry; vQ;rpd;fs;>

\d;gh];

1985 – fG+h;jyh cjphp ghfq;fs;

ghl;bahyh cjphp ghfq;fs;

Nghghy; kpd;rhu uapy;

[hk;n\l;G+h; - kPl;lh; Nf[; uapy;

,d;[pd;fs;

nfhq;fd; ,uapy;Nt

J}uk; 760 fp.kP gk;gha; (Nuhfh) Kjy;

kq;fSh; tiu MFk;. ,J kfhuh\;buh>

Nfhth kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh topNa

nry;fpwJ. ,j;d jiyikaplk; Kk;ig

MFk;.

gad;ngWk; khepyq;fs; kfhuh\;buh>

Nfhth> fh;ehlfh> Nfush

,e;jpa ,uapy;Ntapd; kz;lyq;fs;

kz;lyq;fs;

jiyikaplk;

1. njw;F ,uapy;Nt nrd;;id

2. Nkw;F ,uapy;Nt Kk;ig(rh;r;Nfl;)

3. fpof;F ,uapy;Nt fy;fj;jh

4. tlf;F ,uapy;Nt jpy;yp

5. kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt Kk;ig (tpb)

(rpth[p nlh;kpdh;)

6. tlfpof;F ,uapy;Nt Nky;fhd; Nfhuf;G+h;

7. tlfpof;F vy;iyg;gFjp – nfs`hj;jp

8. tlkj;jpa ,uapy;Nt – myfhghj;

9. tlNkw;F ,uapy;Nt – n[a;G+h;

10. njd;kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt – nrfe;jpuhghj;

11. njd;fpof;F ,uapy;Nt – fy;fj;jh

12. njd;Nkw;F ,uapy;Nt - `{g;sp (ngq;fSh;)

13. kj;jpa fpof;F ,uapy;Nt - `hrpG+h;

14. fpof;F flw;fiu ,uapy;Nt – GtNd\;th;

15. kj;jpa Nkw;F ,uapy;Nt – [gy;G+h;

16. njd; fpof;F kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt –

gpyh];G+h;

thpir vz;fs; 6> 9> 12> 13> 14. 15

Mfpa ,uapy;Nt kz;lyq;fs; 1996Mk;

Mz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ

,e;jpa JiwKfq;fs;

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s nghpa JiwKfq;fs;

- 12: rpwpa JiwKfq;fs; - 184

nghpa JiwKfq;fs; ika murpd;

fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; rpwpa JiwKfq;fs;

khepy murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYk; cs;sJ.

rpwpa JiwKfq;fs; nghJg; gl;baypy;

cs;sJ

Major Port Trusts Act 1963

jw;NghJ 300 kpy;ypad; ld;Df;F Nky;

ruf;Ffis ,e;jpa JiwKfq;fs;

ifahSfpd;wd

Mz;bw;F 15000f;F Nkw;gl;l ruf;F

thfdq;fs; nghpa JiwKfj;jpy;

tUfpd;wJ

fpof;F flw;fiu JiwKfq;fs; - 6

tlf;fpy; ,Ue;J fpof;fpy; cs;s

JiwKfq;fs; fy;fj;jh> ghujPg;>

tprhfg;gl;bdk;> nrd;id J}j;Jf;Fb

1. fy;fj;jh

,J ilkz;l; JiwKfk; vdg;gLk;

,J `_f;sp ejpapd; Nky; mike;j ejpj;

JiwKfk; MFk;

Tidal Port ,J vdg;gLk;

`_f;sp epjpapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT ePh;

kl;lk; ,Ue;jhf Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhy;

guhf;fh fhy;thapy; ,Ue;J ePh;

mDg;gg;gLfpwJ

,J ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa

JiwKfkhFk;. fg;gy;fs; cs;ehl;bw;Fr;

nry;y KbahJ. vdNt `hy;bah vd;w

,lj;jpy; xU Jiz JiwKfk;

fl;lg;gLfpwJ. fy;fj;jh JiwKfj;jpd;

gpd;dpyk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; Kjy;

m];]hk; tiu gutpAs;sJ. Njapiy

kw;Wk; rzy; Vw;Wkjpf;F ,J Kf;fpa

JiwKfkhFk;.

[g;ghd; kw;Wk; mnkhpf;fh Mfpa

ehLfSf;F nry;Yk; topahf

,j;JiwKfk; cs;sJ

2. guhjPg;

xhprh khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.

,Uk;Gj;jhJit [g;ghd; ehl;bw;F

Vw;Wkjp nra;a ,j;JiwKfk;

mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpd;dpyq;fs;:

xhprh> gPfhh;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;>

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

3. tprhfg;gl;bdk;

lhy;gpd; Neh]; vd;w ghiw flypDs;

nrd;wpUg;gjhy; Xh; ,aw;ifj;

JiwKfkhf ,J tpsq;FfpwJ

epyj;jhy; #og;gl;l ghJfhf;fg;gl;l

JiwKfk;

gpd;dpyk;:

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> xhprh> kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;>

jkpo;ehl;bd; epy gFjpfs;

Mjpf mstpy; ,Uk;Gj; jhJ Vw;Wkjp

nra;ag;gLfpwJ

4. nrd;id:

,J xU nraw;ifj; JiwKfkhFk;.

gpd;dpyk;: Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL>

fh;ehlfhtpd; rpy gFjpfs;

mf;Nlhgh; - etk;gh; khjq;fspy; tPRk;

#whtspfshy; fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J

ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ

5. J}j;Jf;Fb

,J jkpofj;jpd; njw;F Kidapy; cs;s

JiwKfk; MFk;

6. vz;Z}h;

nrd;idapy; ,Ue;J 25 fpNyh kPl;lh;

njhiytpy; mike;Js;sJ. The Ennore

Port Company Limited vd;w Nkw;F

flw;fiu JiwKfq;fs; - 6

1. fhz;l;yh – TIDAL – Free Trade Zone

,J F[uhj;jpYs;sJ

fuhr;rpj; JiwKfk; ghfp];jhDld;

,ize;j gpwF fhz;l;yh

tphpTgLj;jg;gl;L cs;ehl;Lld; ,izf;fg;

gl;bUf;fpwJ

,j;JiwKfk; fl;R tisf;Flhtpd;

Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; mike;Js;sJ.

gpd;dpyk;: F[uhj;> uh[];jhd;> gQ;rhg;>

fh\;kPh;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;

,j;JiwKfk; #a]; fhy;tha; topapy;

cs;sJ

2. Kk;ig

,J xU ey;y ,aw;if JiwKfkhFk;.

,J xU jPtpy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. fly;

mikjpahf ,Ug;gjhy; fg;gy;fs;

jq;FtJ vspjhf cs;sJ

#a]; fhy;tha; topahf tUk; fg;gy;fs;

gk;ghapy; jq;fpg; gpd;dh; nry;fpd;wd.

Nkw;F INuhg;gpa – Mg;gphpf;f ehLfis

Nehf;fpapUf;Fk; ,j;Jiwia ,e;jpahtpd;

Nkw;F thapy; vd;fpNwhk;

,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa JiwKfk; kw;Wk;

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; JiwKfk; ,JNt

MFk;.

gpd;dpyk;:

Nkw;F ,e;jpahTk; jf;fhzKk;

Kk;igf;Fg; gpd;dpyq;fshf

tpsq;Ffpd;wd

3. [t`h;yhy; NeU JiwKfk;

etNrth vd;w ,lj;jpy; ,J

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kk;ig JiwKfj;jpd;

nehpriy jtph;f;f fl;lg;gl;Ls;s etPd

JiwKfk;. etNrth JiwKfk; MFk;

4. kh;kNfhth

1963f;F Kd;G Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpaj;

JiwKfkhf ,Ue;j kh;k Nfhth xU

Kf;fpakhd ,e;jpa ,aw;if

JiwKfkhFk;. ,e;jpahtpypUe;J

Vw;WkjpahFk; ,Uk;Gj; jhJtpy; Rkhh; 60

rjtPjk; ,j;JiwKfj;jpd; topahf

Vw;Wkjpahfpd;wJ. kfhuh\;buk;> ik#h;>

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; Mfpad mjd;

gpd;dpyq;fshf cs;sd

5. Gjpa kq;fSh; JiwKfk;

fh;ehlf khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.

FjpNuKf; vd;w ,lj;jpy; cs;s

,Uk;Gj;jhJ Vw;Wkjp nra;a ,j;

JiwKfk; gad;gLfpwJ. ,Uk;Gj;jhJ

Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gad;gLfpwJ

6. nfhr;rpd;

[g;ghdpah;fspd; xj;Jiog;Gld; ,J

epWtg;gl;lJ

,J Kj;Jj; JiwKfkhFk;. ,J Nkw;Ff;

flw;fiuapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;. Xh; mofhd

,aw;if JiwKfkhFk;.

M];jpNuypah kw;Wk; J}uf;fpof;F

ehLfSf;Fr; nry;y ,j; JiwKfk;

gad;gLfpwJ

,jd; gpd;dpyq;fs;:

1) Nfush 2) njd; fh;ehlfh kw;Wk;

njd;Nkw;F jkpo;ehL Mfpait MFk;.

jpUg;G+h;> NfhaKj;J}h;> kJiu> Nryk;>

f&h; kw;Wk; ngq;fSh; Mfpait ,jpy;

mlq;Fk;

rpwpa JiwKfq;fs; mjpfk; cs;s

khepyq;fs;:

1. kfhuh\;buh – 53

2. F[uhj; - 40

3. me;jkhd; epNfhghh; jPTfs; - 23

4. jkpo;ehL – 15

fpof;F flw;fiuapy; cs;s gpw Kf;fpa

JiwKfq;fs;

ehfg;gl;bdk;> ghz;br;Nrhp> k#ypg;gl;bdk;>

fhf;fpehlh

Nkw;F flw;fiuapy; cs;s gpw Kf;fpa

JiwKfq;fs;

xfh> Nghh;ge;jh;> Nth;th jiyr;Nrhp

cs;ehl;L ePh; topfs;

,e;jpahtpy; epH; topfs; Nghf;Ftuj;J

14>500 fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;. ,jpy; 5200

fpNyh kPl;lh; J}uk; Mw;wpd; topahfTk;

4000 fp.kP fhy;tha; topahfTk;

Nghf;Ftuj;J eilngWfpd;wJ

cyfj;jpy; cs;ehl;L ePh; topfs;

Nghf;Ftuj;J mjpfk; mnkhpf;fhtpy;

eilngWfpd;wJ

cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;ehl;L ePh;topfs;

kpf mjpf J}uk; cs;sJ

,e;jpahtpy; cs; ehl;L ePh;top

Nghf;Ftuj;J Waterways Authority of

India fz;fhzpg;G nra;fpd;wJ

Kf;fpa ePh;topfs;

1. fq;if fhy;tha;

2. Nfhth fhy;tha;

3. rhhpe;j fhy;tha;

4. Nkw;F tq;fhs fhy;tha;

5. gf;fpq;fhk; fhy;tha;

Njrpa ePh; top 1: `_f;sp ejpapy;

`hy;bah Kjy; myfhghj; tiu

Njrpa ePh; top 2: gpuk;kGj;jpuh ejpapy;

cs;s Nghf;Ftuj;J

Njrpa ePh; top 3: Nfushtpy; Nkw;F

flw;fiu fztha; nfhy;yk; Nfhl;lGuk;

top

gd;dhl;L ePh;topfs;:

1. #a]; fhy;tha;

2. ed;dk;gpf;if Kid

tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J:

Father of civil aviation: J R D Tata

Vh; ,e;jpah epWtdk; JRD lhlh

mth;fshy; 1932y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

15.10.1932 md;W lhlh fuhr;rpapy; ,Ue;J

Kk;igf;F mfkjhghj; topahf tpkhdk;

%yk; te;jhh;.

1970y; Vh; ,e;jpah tpkhdj;ij ee;jh

Njtp vd;w Nghapq; 707 tpkhdj;ij

thq;fpaJ

midj;J tpkhdq;fSk; Nghapq; vd;w

epiyia 1962y; mile;j cyfpd; Kjy;

ehL ,e;jpah MFk;

jw;NghJ ,e;jpahtpy; 11 gd;dhl;L tpkhd

epiyaq;fs; cs;sJ

tpkhd epiyaq;fs; 4 tifahf

gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ

1. gd;dhl;L tpkhd epiyaq;fs;

2. Kf;fpa (Major) tpkhd epiyaq;fs;

3. eLj;ju (Medium) tpkhd epiyaq;fs;

4. rpwpa (Minor) tpkhd epiyaq;fs;

IAAI – International Airport Authority of

India 1972

tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J kioapdhy;

ghjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy; fLk; gdp

fhuzkhf tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J

ghjpg;gilfpd;wJ

Vw;Wkjp

1. Njapiy – mnkhpf;fh> u\;ah> fdlh>

,q;fpyhe;J

2. Rzy; kw;Wk; rzy; nghUs;fs; -

,q;fpyhe;J> mnkhpf;fh> mh;n[d;bdh>

ghfp];jhd;> M];jpNuypah

3. gUj;jpj; Jzpfs; - ,yq;if>

njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfs;> ,q;fpyhe;J

4. gUj;jp - ,q;fpyhe;J> ghfp];jhd;>

[g;ghd;

5. vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;> vz;nza; -

,q;fpyhe;J> mnkhpf;fh> fdlh>

M];jpNuypah

6. Njhy;> Njhy; nghUl;fs; - ghfp];jhd;>

,q;fpyhe;J> mnkhpf;fh

kq;fdPR> mgpufk;> ,Uk;Gj;jhJ>

Gifapiy> fhg;gp> gGy;fs;> rh;f;fiu

Nghd;w nghUl;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J

kw;w ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp MfpwJ

vd;l;hpNghl; thzpfk; vd;gJ kW –

Vw;Wkjp thzpfk; MFk;

Rw;Wyh:

cyfj;jpd; Rw;Wyh th;j;jfj;jpd;

,e;jpahtpd; gq;F 1 rjtPjk; MFk;

kf;fs; njhif

rPdhtpw;F mLj;jgbahf kf;fs;

njhifapy; ,e;jpah cyf ehLfspilNa

,uz;lhtJ ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ

rPdhit ,e;jpah 2050 Mk; Mz;L

kf;fs; njhifapy; kpQ;rptpLk; vd;

fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ

cyf kf;fs; njhifapy; jw;NghJ 16

rjtPjk; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sdh;

kf;fs; njhif kpf mjpfkhf

ngUFtjw;Ff; fhuzq;fs;

1. nfhba njhw;W Neha;fshd fhyuh>

nghpak;ik Nghd;w Neha;fs;

jLf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld

2. kUj;Jt trjp ngUfptpl;ljhy;

Foe;ijfs; gpwe;jTlNdAk;> gpwe;j

Kjyhz;bYk;> Foe;ij gUtj;jpYk;

,wg;gJ kpfTk; Fiwe;Js;sJ

3. kf;fspd; MAl;fhyk; ePz;Ls;sJ

4. MWfs; FWf;Nf mizfs; fl;b

nts;sg;ngUf;Fj; jLf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ljhy;

nts;sj;jhy; kf;fs; Nrjk;

ePf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ

5. gQ;rk;> gl;bdp Nghd;wtw;why; Vw;gLk;

,wg;G jLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

6. ehl;bd; gof;ftof;fq;fs; %lek;gpf;if

cilajhf cs;sJ

kf;fs; njhif neUf;fk; gpd;tUk;

Gtpapay; fhuzpfisg; nghWj;J

mikfpwJ

1. jl;gntg;gepiy 2. kz;tsk; 3.

,aw;ifr; nry;tq;fs; 4. epyj;jpd;

mikg;G 5. kio 6. ePh;g;ghrd trjpfs;

7. Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp 8. njhopy;

tsh;r;rp 9. ehl;bd; mikjp

kf;fs; neUf;fk; mjpfkhf cs;s gFjpfs;:

Nky;fq;ifr; rkntsp> fPo;fq;ifr;

rkntsp> Nkw;Ff; flw;fiur; rkntsp>

fpof;Ff; flw;fiur; rkntsp kf;fs;

neUf;fk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ

,g;gFjpapy; mlq;Fk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;>

gPfhh;> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> F[uhj;>

kfhuh\;buk;> fh;ehlfk;> Nfusk;>

jkpo;ehL> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> xhprh

khepyq;fspy; kf;fs; neUf;fk; mjpfk;

,kakiyg; gpuNjrk;> khstgPlG+kp>

Nrhl;lh ehfGhpg; gPlG+kp> juha; rJg;G

epyk;> Re;jutdf; fhLfs;> jhh;

ghiytdk;> uh[hGjd Nkl;L epyk;

Mfpatw;wpy; kf;fs; neUf;fk; Fiwthf

cs;sJ

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; kpf mjpf kf;fs;

njhif cs;s khepyk; MFk;

ePh; mspg;gpw;F mUfhikapy;

miktplj;ijg; ngw;w FbapUg;GfSf;F

ePh; ehba FbapUg;G vd;W ngah;

kf;fs; njhif mjpfk; cs;s efuq;fs;

1. Greater Mumbai 16>368>084

2. fy;fj;jh 13>216>546

3. nly;yp 1>791>458

4. nrd;id 6>424>624

5. ngq;fSh; 5>686>844

6. i`juhghj; 5>533>640

7. mfkjhghj; 4>519>278

8. G+dh 3>755>525

9. #uj; 2>811>466

10. fhd;G+h; 2>690>486

11. n[a;g;G+h; 2>324>319

12. yf;Ndh 2>266>933

13. ehf;G+h; 2>266>933

14. ghl;dh 1>707>429

15. ,e;J}h; 1>639>044

16. tNjhjuh 1>492>398

17. Nghghy; 1>454>830

18. Nfhak;Gj;J}h; 1>446>034

19. Yjpahdh 1>395>053

20. nfhr;rp 1>355>406

21. tprhfg;gl;bdk; 1>329>472

22. Mf;uh 1>321>410

23. thuzhrp 1>211>749

24. kJiu 1>194>665

25. kPul; 1>167>399

,e;jpahtpd; efh; Gw kf;fs; njhif:

1. kfhuh\;buh 41>100>980

2. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 34>539>582

3. jkpo;ehL 27>483>998

4. Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 22>427>251

5. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 20>808>940

6. F[uhj; 18>930>250

7. fh;ehlfh 17>961>529

8. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 15>967>145

9. uh[];jhd; 13>214>375

10. by;yp 12>905>708

11. gPfhh; 8>681>800

12. Nfush 8>266>925

13. gQ;rhg; 8>262>511

14. `hpahdh 6>115>304

15. [hh;fz;l; 5>993>741

16. Xhprh 5>517>238

17. rl;B];fh; 4>185>747

18. mrhk; 3>439>240

19. [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; 2>516>638

20. cj;ufhz;l; 2>179>074

21. rz;bfh; 808>515

22. Nfhth 670>577

23. ghz;br;Nrhp 648>619

24. ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 595>581

25. kzpg;g+h; 575>968

26. jphpGuh 545>750

27. Nkfhyah 454>111

28. kpNrhuhk; 441>006

29. ehfhyhe;J 342<787

30. mUzhr;rygpuNjrk; 227>881

31. me;jkhd; kw;Wk;

epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs; 116>198

32. rpf;fpk; 59>870

33. lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA+ 57>348

34. jjuh kw;Wk; ehfh; `Ntyp 50>463

35. yl;rj;jPTfs; 26>967

,e;jpahtpd; mjpf goq;Fb kf;fs; - re;jy;

gFjpfs; thOk; kiytho; kf;fs;

me;jkhd; jPTfs; Onga

ePyfphp Njhlh;fs;

2001 kf;fs; njhif (1-3-2001)

fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb kf;fs; njhif:

,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; njhif nfhs;if:

2000

,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; njhif 1 gpy;ypaid

11.5.2000 md;W jhz;baJ

,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; njhif 1.2 gpy;ypad;

MFk;

nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif – 1>027>015>247

Mz;fs; - 531>277>078

ngz;fs; - 495>738>169

,e;jpa kf;fs; njhifapy; jkpof kf;fs;

njhifapd; gq;F – 6.04%

,e;jpahtpd; filrp kf;fs; njhif

fzf;nfLg;G 2001Mk; Mz;L

eilngw;wJ

,e;jpahtpy; mLj;j kf;fs; njhif

fzf;nfLg;G 2011 jw;NghJ eilngw;W

tUfpd;wJ

kf;fs; njhif thpirapy; jkpo;ehL 6tJ

,lk;:

1. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 166>197>921

2. kfhuh\;buh 96>878>627

3. gPfhh; 82>998>509

4. Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 80>176>179

5. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 76>210>007

6. jkpo;ehL 62>405>679

7. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 60>348>023

8. uh[];jhd; 56>507>188

9. fh;ehlfh 52>850>562

10. F[uhj; 50>671>017

11. Xhprh 36>804>660

12. Nfush 31>841>374

13. [hh;fz;l; 26>945>829

14. mrhk; 26>655>528

15. gQ;rhg; 24>358>999

16. `hpahdh 21>144>564

17. rl;B];fh; 20>833>803

18. nly;yp 13>850>507

19. [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; 10>143>700

20. cj;jpufhz;l; 8>489>349

21. ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 6>077>900

22. jphpGuh 3>199>203

23. kzpg;G+h; 2>166>788

24. Nkfhyah 2>318>822

25. ehfhye;J 1>999>036

26. Nfhth 1>347>688

27. mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 1>097>968

28. ghz;br;Nrhp 974>345

29. rz;bfh; 900>635

30. kpNrhuhk; 888>573

31. rpf;fpk; 540>851

me;jkhd; kw;Wk; epf;Nfhgh; jPTfs; 356>152

jjuh kw;wk; ehfh; `Ntyp 220>490

lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA+ 158>204

,yl;rj;jPTfs; 60>650

gpwg;G tpfpjk; - 21.24 1991 – 2001

Mz; - ngz; tpfpjk; - 1000:933

gbj;jth;fs; - 64.84 rjtPjk;

Mz;fs; gbj;jth;fs; - 64.84 rjtPjk;

ngz;fs; gbj;jth;fs; - 53.67 rjtPjk;

khepyk; gbj;jth; Mz; ngz;

1. Nfush 90.92 94.20 87.86

2. kpNrhuhk; 88.49 90.69 86.13

3. Nfhth 82.32 88.88 75.51

4. kfhuh\;buh 77.27 86.27 67.51

5. ,khr;ry; 77.13 86.02 68.08

6. jphpGuh 73.66 81.47 65.41

7. jkpo;ehL 73.47 82.33 64.55

8. cj;jpuhQ;ry; 72.28 84.01 60.26

9. F[uhj; 69.97 80.50 58.60

10. gQ;rhg; 69.95; 75.63 63.55

11. rpf;fpk; 69.68 76.73 61.46

12. Nk. t 69.22 77.58 60.22

13. kzpg;G+h; 68.87 77.87 59.70

14. `hpahdh 68.59 79.25 56.31

15. ehfhye;J 67.11 71.77 61.92

16. fh;ehlfh 67.04 76.29 57.45

17. rl;B];fh; 65.18 77.86 52.40

18. mrhk; 64.28 71.93 56.03

19. kj;jpa gp 64.11 76.80 50.28

20. xhprh 63.61 75.95 50.97

21. Nkfhyah 63.31 66.14 60.41

22. Me;jpu gp 61.11 70.85 51.17

23. uh[];jhd; 61.03 76.46 44.34

24. c. gp. 57.36 70.23 42.98

25. mUzhr;ry; 54.74 64.07 44.24

26. fh\;kPh; 54.46 65.75 41.82

27. [hh;fz;l; 54.13 67.94 39.38

28. gPfhh; 47.53 60.32 33.57

29. ,yl;rj;jPTfs; 87.52 93.15 81.56

30. nly;yp 81.82 87.37 75.00

31. rz;bfh; 81.76 85.65 76.65

32. ghz;br;Nrhp 81.49 88.89 74.13

33. me;jkhd; 81.18 86.07 75.29

34. lhkd; (k) ilA+ 81.90 88.40 70.37

35. jjuh ehfh; 60.03 73.32 42.99

Mz;-ngz; tpfpjk; (Females Per 1000 males)

khepyk; tpfpjk;

,e;jpah 933

Nfush 1058

ghz;br;Nrhp 1001

rl;B];fh; 990

jkpo;ehL 986

kzpg;G+h; 978

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 978

Nkfhyah 975

Xhprh 972

,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 970

cj;juhQ;ry; 964

fh;ehlfh 964

Nfhth 960

jphpGuh 950

,yl;rj;jPTfs; 947

[hh;fz;l; 941

kpNrhuhk; 938

Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 934

mrhk; 932

,uh[];jhd; 922

kfhuh\;buh 922

gPfhh; 921

F[uhj; 921

kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 920

ehfhye;J 909

mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 901

[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; 900

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 898

rpf;fpk; 875

gQ;rhg; 874

`hpahdh 861

me;jkhd; epNfhghh; 946

nly;yp 821

jjuh ehfh; 811

rz;bfh; 773

lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA+ 709

Mz; - ngz; tpfpjk; Nfushtpy;

1000:1058 vd mjpfk; cs;sJ

Mz; - ngz; tpfpjk; jkpofj;jpy;

1000:986 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; cs;sJ

gbj;jth;fs; mjpfk; cs;s khepyk;

Nfush – 90.86%

gbj;jth;fs; Fiwthf cs;s khepyk;

gPfhh; - 47.00 rjtPjk;

Mz;fs; - Fiwthf gbj;jth;fs; cs;s

khepyk; - gPfhh; - 59.68 rjtPjk;

ngz;fs; - Fiwthf gbj;jth;fs; cs;s

khepyk; - Nfush – 87.86 rjtPjk;

ngz;fs; - Fiwthf gbj;jth;fs; cs;s

khepyk; - gPfhh; - 33.17 rjtPjk;

jkpofj;jpy; gbj;jth;fs; tpfpjk; - 73.47

rjtPjk;

Mz;fs; gbj;jth;fs; tpfpjk; - 82.33 %

ngz;fs; gbj;jth;fs; tpfpjk; - 64.55%

gbj;jth;fs; mjpfk; cs;s A+dpad;

gpuNjrk; - yl;rj;jPTfs;

gbj;jth;fs; mjpfk; cs;s khtl;lq;fs;

1. Aizwal (kpNrhuk;) 2. Serchhip (kpNrhuk;)

3. Nfhl;lak; (Nfush)

gbj;jth;fs; Fiwthf cs;s khtl;lq;fs;

1. Dantewada (rl;b];fh;)

2. Pakaur ([hh;fz;l;)

Njrpa ruhrhp (64.80%) tpl Fiwthd

khepyq;fs;

1. gPfhh; 2) [hfh;yhz;l; 3) [k;K kw;Wk;

fh\;kPh;

2001 Mz;L kf;fs; njhif

fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb 7 taJf;F Nkw;gl;l

vOj kw;Wk; gbf;f njhpe;jth;fs;

fy;tpawpT cilath;fs; vd

fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ

mlh;j;jp:

,e;jpahtpd; mlh;j;jp – 324 Ngh; / r.fp.kP

jkpo;ehl;bd; mlh;jjp – 478 / r.fp.kP

mjpf mlh;j;jp cs;s khepyk; - Nkw;F

tq;fhsk; 903

mjpf mlh;j;jp cs;s A+dpad; gFjp

9340 (jpy;yp)

mlh;j;jp Fiwthf cs;s khepyk; -

mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk; 13

mlh;j;jp Fiwthf cs;s A+dpad; gFjp

(43) MFk;

Population Density (per Square Km)

2001

1. ,e;jpah 324

2. Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 904

3. gPfhh; 880

4. Nfush 819

5. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 689

6. gQ;rhg; 482

7. jkpo;ehL 478

8. `hpahzh 477

9. Nfhth 363

10. mrhk; 340

11. [hh;fz;l; 338

12. kfhuh\;buh 314

13. jphpGuh 304

14. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 275

15. fh;ehlfh 275

16. F[uhj; 258

17. Xhprh 236

18. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 196

19. uh[];jhd; 165

20. cj;jpuhQ;ry; 159

21. rl;B];fh; 154

22. ehfhye;J 120

23. ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 109

24. kzpg;G+h; 107

25. Nkfhyah 103

26. [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; 99

27. rpf;fpk; 76

28. kpNrhuk; 42

29. mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 13

30. nly;yp 9294

31. rz;bfh; 7903

32. ghz;br;Nrhp 2029

33. ,yl;rj;jPTfs; 1894

34. lhkd; ilA 1411

35. jjuh ehfh; 44

36. me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; 43

(16.7 tpOf;fhL)

gug;gsT:

Gjpa khepyq;fs; gphpg;gjw;F Kd; nghpa

khepyk; - kj;jpa gpuNjrk;

Gjpa khepyq;fs; gphpf;fg;gl;lgpd;

gug;gstpy; nghpa

Kjy; khepyk; uh[];jhd;

,uz;lhtJ khepyk; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

%d;whtJ khepyk; kfhuh\;buh

ehd;fhtJ khepyk; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

thpir khepyk; gug;gsT (r.fp.kP)

1. ,uh[];jhd; 342>236

2. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 308>144

3. kfhuh\;buh 307>713

4. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 275>068

5. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 238>566

6. [k;K & fh\;kPh; 222>236

7. F[uhj; 196>024

8. fh;ehlfk; 191>791

9. xhprh 155>707

10. rl;B];fh; 135>194

11. jkpo;ehL 130>058

12. gPfhh; 94>164

13. Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 88>752

14. mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 83>743

15. [hh;fz;l; 79>700

16. mrhk; 78>483

17. ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 55>673

18. cj;jpuhQ;ry; 53>566

19. gQ;rhg; 50>362

20. `hpahzh 44>212

21. Nfush 38>863

22. Nkfhyah 22>429

23. kzpg;G+h; 22>327

24. kpNrhuhk; 21>081

25. ehfhyhe;J 16>579

26. jphpGuh 10>492

27. me;jkhd; & epNfhghh; jPTfs;-8>249

28. rpf;fpk; 7>096

29. Nfhth 3>702

30. jpy;yp 1>483

31. ghz;br;Nrhp 492

32. jjuh ehfh; `Ntyp 491

33. rz;bfh; 144

34. lhkd; ilA+ 122

35. ,yl;rj;jPTfs; 32

Kjyplk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; - 166>052>859 –

16.17 tpOf;fhL

,uz;lhtJ ,lk; kfhuh\;buh –

96>752>247 - 9.42 tpOf;fhL

kf;fs; njhif Fiwthf cs;s khepyk;:

rpf;fpk; (5>40>493)

gpwg;G ,wg;G tpfpjk;:

,e;jpahtpd; gpwg;G tpfpjk; : 24.8

,e;jpahtpd; ,wg;G tpfpjk; : 8.9

jkpo;ehl;bd; gpwg;G tpfpjk;: 11.19

Fiwe;j gpwg;G tpfpjk; (Kjy;) Nfush –

9.42

mjpf gpwg;G tpfpjk; (ehfhye;J) – 64.41

jkpofk; Fiwe;j gpwg;G – tpfpjj;jpy;

,uz;lhtJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ

efh;g;Gwk;

efuj;jpy; thOk; kf;fs; - 72 Nfhb>

fpuhkj;jpy; thOk; kf;fs; - 27.78 Nfhb

efh;Gw tsh;r;rp tpfpjk; - 2.1%

tpiuthd efh;Gw tsh;r;rp – Kjyplk;

kpNrhuk; - 49.5% jkpo;ehL – 43.9%

,uz;lhtJ – Nfhth – 49.4%

%d;whtJ – jkpo;ehL - 44%

,e;jpahtpy; ngz;fs; jpUkzj;jpd; %yk;

Xh; ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F

FbGFfpd;wdh;

jkpofj;jpd; efh;Gw kf;fs; njhif –

2.70 Nfhb

efuq;fspd; Kf;fpa tiffs;

Nfhl;il efuk; - jpUr;rp

Nfhtpy; efuk; - kJiu

kiy thr];jyk; - Cl;b> nfhilf;fhdy;>

rpk;yh

fyhr;rhu efuk; - jQ;rhT+h;

Rw;Wyh efuk; - kfhgypGuk;

Foe;ij ,wg;G tpfpjk;:

,e;jpah 71

Nfush 16

ghz;br;Nrhp 21

kpNrhuk; 23

kzpg;G+h; 25

me;jkhd; epNfhhgh; jPTfs; 30

,yl;rj;jPTfs; 30

rz;bfh; 32

Nfhth 36

mUzhryg;gpuNjrk; 44

[k;K & fh\;kPh; 45

kfhuh\;buh 49

jphpGuh 49

by;yp 51

Nkfhyah 52

rpf;fpk; 53

Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 53

gQ;rhg; 54

fh;ehlfh 58

jjuh ehfh; `Ntyp 61

F[uhj; 64

,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 64

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 66

gPfhh; 67

`hpahdh 69

mrhk; 78

uh[];jhd; 83

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 85

kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 97

xhprh 98

ehfhye;J NA

lhkd; ilA+ NA

taJ

Mz;fspd; taJ fhyk; 62.3%

ngz;fspd; taJ fhyk; - 65.27%

KjpNahh; ngz;fspd; gbg;gwpT tpfpjk; -

43.5

,Uk;Gr;rj;J Fiwthf cs;s NgWfhy

ngz;fs; - 88%

ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; cs;s ngz;fs;

tpfpjk; 8.9%

mjpf goq;Fbfs; cs;s khepyk; -

kj;jpa gpuNjrk; (khepyk; gphpg;gjw;F

Kd;)

jw;NghJ gQ;rhg; 28.85 rjtPj

jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; trpf;fpd;wdh;

kf;fs; gphpTfs; 2001

,e;Jf;fs; 80.5% (827 kpy;ypad;)

K];yPk;fs; 13.4% (138 kpy;ypad;)

fpwp];jth;fs; 2.33% (24 kpy;ypad;)

rPf;fpah;fs; 1.84% (19 kpy;ypad;)

Gj;jkjk; 0.76% (7.9 kpy;ypad;)

rkz kjk; 0.4% (4.2 kpy;ypad;)

kw;wth;fs; 0.64% (6.6 kpy;ypad;)

gbj;jth;fs;:

rkzh;fs; 94.1%

fpUj;Jth;fs; 80.3%

Gj;jkjj;jpdh; 72.7%

rPf;fpah;fs; 69.4%

,e;Jf;fs; 65.1%

,Ryhkpah;fs; 59.1%

,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; ,Ryhkpah;fspy;

gbj;j ngz;fs; Fiwthf cs;sdh;

rkzh;fspd; gpwg;G tpfpjk; mjpfkhf

cs;sJ

Mz; - ngz; tpfpjk; rPf;fpah;fspilNa

Fiwthf cs;sJ

,e;jpahtpy; ngUk;ghd;ik nkhop

NgRgth;fs; ,e;Njh Mrpah;fs; vdg;gLk;

tFg;igr; rhh;e;jth;fSk; jpuhtpl

,dj;ijr; rhh;ej;th;fSk; trpf;fpd;wdh;.

rpwpa mstpy; Austro – Asiatic and Tibeto

– Burman nkhop NgRgth;fs; cs;sdh;

,e;jpahtpy; thOk; goq;Fbapdh;

Arunachal Pradesh – Abors, Aptanis, Aka,

Dafla, Kampti

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; - Chenchus, Konda,

Khonds

mrhk; - Chakma, Garoshamr, Kanchani,

Khasiskuki, Lalung, Mikir

gPfhh; - Chend, Ho, Oraon, Santhalstharu

F[uhj; - Bhil, Koli

,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; - Gaddo, Gujar,

Kinnara, Adivasis, Bhot

kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; - Baiga, Bhills, Birhos<

Gond, Kol, Korker

kzpg;G+h; - Anami, Mizo, Sema, Kuki

Nkfhyah – Garos, Lakahes, Khasiskuki,

Mizo, Jaintias, Khasi

kpNrhuk; - Garo, Hmar, Khasi, Kulki

ehfhye;J – Baige, Birhar, Kol, Munda,

Santhals

,uh[];jhd; - Bhils, Gurassa, Mine

rpf;fpk; - Bjatia, Lepchas

jkpo;ehL – Badagar, Toda, Kota

cj;juhQ;ry; - Bhotia

jphpGuh – Chakma

xhprh – Chenchus, Santhals, Mundas

me;jkhd; kw;Wk; epNfhghh; - Sentinelese,

Shompern, Onge, Jarawas

kfhuh\;buh – Warlis

Nfush – Utalis

M];bf; nkhopthhpahd ,d kf;fs; gPfhh;>

Nkw;F tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; xhprh gFjpapy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;

fl;Lkhdq;fSk; NritfSk;

Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; nrwpe;J

fhzg;gLk; gFjp rkntspg; gFjpahFk;

Mrpahtpy; kpf mlh;j;jpahd

Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpapdiuf; nfhz;Ls;s

ehL ,e;jpah

jkpo;ehL muR Vio kw;Wk; thhpak;

%yk; tPLfis fl;bj; jUfpd;wJ

,e;jpahtpy; thd; topg; Nghf;Ftuj;J

1930y; Jtf;fg;ngw;wJ

1994 Kjy; ,uapy;Ntapy; fhg;gPl;Lr;

rl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

1991y; Fiwe;j gl;r fy;tp vd;w

Kiwia cUthf;fpath; Nguhrphpah;

jhNt Mthh;

ey;y tho;tpd; milahsk; vdg;gLtJ

fpuhk kw;Wk; efuj;jpy; thOk; kf;fSf;F

vt;tsT ey;y FbePh; toq;fg;gLfpwJ

vd;gJ jhd; vd cyf Rfhjhu ikak;

njhptpj;Js;sJ

Nghf;Ftuj;J> fy;tp> ey tho;T>

tPl;Ltrjp Mfpait Nritfs;

tifiar; rhh;e;jJ

,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp epWtdk;

1968y; If;fpa ehLfs; rigf;fhf

mh;g;gzpj;j VTjsk; Jk;gh VTjsk;

MFk;. ,jid epyeLf;Nfhl;L VTjsk;

vd;W miog;gh;

I.Mh;.v];. 1 rp vd;gJ KOtJk;

,e;jpahtpNyNa jahhpf;fg;gl;l

tpz;fydhFk;. ,e;jpahtpd; kpf Gfo;

ngw;w njhopy; efuq;fs;

Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;

,e;jpahtpy; mjpf ePh;kpd; rf;jp cw;gj;jp

nra;fpd;wJ

,uhkFz;lk; - cw;gj;jp njhopw;rhiy

tprhfg;gl;bdk; - ,Uk;Gj; njhopw;rhiy>

fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopw;rhiy> fg;gy; fl;Lk;

njhopy; (,e;J];jhd; \pg;ahh;L) kw;Wk;

ghuj; n`tp gpNsl; kw;Wk; ntry;];

Nghr;rk;ghb – miz

Fz;^h;: Gifapiy njhopw;rhiy kw;Wk;

nthp[pdpah Gifapiyf;F Gfo;ngw;wJ.

`hpahdh:

kfhghujg; Nghh; eilngw;w FUN\j;jpuk;

,k; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ

ghdpgl; Nghh; eilngw;w ,lk; ,k;

khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ

khUjp fhh; njhopw;rhiy $h;fhd; ,k;

khepyj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

National Dairy Research Institute – Karnal

Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes

– Hisar

mrhk;

E}d;kjp> nghq;iffhd;> jpNfhgha;>

Ekypfhh; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; vz;nza;

fpzWfs; cs;sJ

ehk&g;gpy; cuj; njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ.

gPfhh;

mjpfkhd epyf;fhp ,Ug;G cs;sJ\

mjpfkhd ikf;fh kw;Wk; ypj;jpak;

cs;sJ

mjpfkhd muf;F cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ

ifidl; cw;gj;jp

ngsudP – cuj; njhopw;rhiy

lhy;kpah efh; : rpnkz;l;

[LFlh – A+Nudpak;

rpe;jphp – cucw;gj;jp

rl;B];fh;

gpyha; - ,Uk;Gj; njhopw;rhiy

Nrhd; ejp

rgh;zNufh jpl;lk;

nfh;th – cuj; njhopw;rhiy

Bella Delah – Iron and Steel

Nfhh;gh mYkpdpaj; njhopw;rhiy

Nfhth:

fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopw;rhiy> Nrhd; ejp

rgh;zNufh jpl;lk;

nfh;th – cuj; njhopw;rhiy

Bella Delah – Iron and Steel

Nfhh;gh mYkpdpaj; njhopw;rhiy

F[uhj;:

mfkjhghj;> #uj; - gUj;jp

njhopw;rhiyfs;

rgh;kjp jpl;lk;> rh;jh; rNuhthh; eh;kij

jpl;lk; kh`p jpl;lk;> fh;rd; jpl;lk;

Kf;fpa efuq;fs; tNjhuh> uh[;Nfhl;>

[hk; efh;> ghth efh;> Nrhkehj; Nfhtpy;

,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk;

ehj;gh [fphp jpl;lk;> Fy;khh;f; Nfhil

tho;tplk;

[hh;fz;l;

,uhQ;rp – n`tp vd;[pdpahpq;

fhh;g;gNu\d;> n`tp nk\pd

fhh;g;gNu\d;

nghf;fhNuh - ,Uk;Gj; njhopw;rhiy

[hk;n\l;g+h; - ,Uk;Gj; njhopw;rhiy

rpq;G+k; - jhkpuj; njhopw;rhiy

fh;ehlfk;

Nfhyhh; kw;Wk; `l;b jq;fj;

njhopw;rhiy

gj;uhtjp tp];Nt];tua;ah ,Uk;Gj;

njhopw;rhiy

ngq;fSh; - ,e;J];jhd; VNuhehl;bd;>

,e;jpah nlypNghd;];

ngy;yhhp – tp[a efh; ,Uk;Gj;

njhopw;rhiy

[y`y;yp – ghuj; vyf;l;uhdpf;];

fhyz;b – ePh;kpd; epiyak;> gj;uh jpl;lk;

Nfush

[ph;Nfhdpak; kw;wk; Njhpak;

My;tha; - cuj; njhopw;rhiy (FACT –

Fertilizer and Chemical Travancore

Limited)

My;tha; - Hindustan Insecticide

My;tha; - Indian Rare earth

nfhr;rpd; - Fertilizer

nfhr;rpd; - Ship Yard

jpUtde;jGuk; - Hindustan Latex

,Lf;fp – Hydro Project

guk;gpf; Fsk; - Aziyar Project

kfhuh\;buh

Kk;ig i` - ngl;Nuhy; fpilf;Fkplk;

buhk;Ng – cuk;

,uj;jpdfphp – mYkpdpak;

m[e;jh kw;Wk; vy;Nyhuh Fiffs;

gQ;rhg;

mypfhh; - G+l;L jahhpg;gpw;F Gfo; ngw;wJ

eq;fy; - cuj; njhopw;rhiy

kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

f[PuhNgh Nfhtpy; cs;sJ

cj;jpufhz;l;:

,q;F cs;s Knrshpapy; ,e;jpa Ml;rpg;

gzpahsh;fSf;F gapw;rp mspf;Fk; Lal

Bahadur National Academy of

Administration cs;sJ.

`hpj;Jthh;> iedplhy; Nghd;w Nfhil

thr];jyq;fs; ,k; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ

Nfjhh;ehj;> gj;hpehj;> fq;Nfhj;jphp kw;Wk;

aKNdhj;jphp Nghd;w Gdpj jyq;fs; ,k;

khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ

cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;:

,e;jpahtpd; kpfr; rpwe;j Ntshz;ik

khepykhf cj;jpu gpuNjrk;

tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk;

mq;F ghAk; ejpfSk; tskhd tz;ly;

kz; MFk;

Fk;gNksh jpUtpoh ,q;F eilngWfpwJ

Kf;fpa efuq;fs;: Allahabad, Varanasi,

Ayodhya and Mathura

Nkfhyah:

fhrp kw;Wk; fhNuh Fd;Wfs; ,k;

khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ

uh[];jhd;

kf;uhdh – nts;is gspq;F fw;fs;

Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

lhh;[pypq; - Njapiy> jpl;lfhh; - fhfpjk;

Gtpapay; Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;

,e;jpah Kf;Nfhz mikg;ig

ngw;Ws;sJ. ,J tlNfhsj;jpy;

mike;Js;sJ

njd;dpe;jpah G+kj;jpa Nuiff;F mUfpy;

,Ug;gjhy; (mjhtJ flfNuiff;F fPNo

,Ug;gjhy;) tl ,e;jpah Nghd;W

fLikahd ntg;gj;ijAk; FspiuAk;

ngWtjpy;iy

cyfpNyNa kpfg;nghpa vhpkiyg;

gpuNjrk; jf;fhz gPlG+kpahFk;

Kjypy; ,J 500>000 rJu fp.kP grhy;l;

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