saidai sa. duraisamy’s manidhanaeyam free ias academy · saidai sa. duraisamy’s manidhanaeyam...
TRANSCRIPT
Saidai Sa. Duraisamy’s
Manidhanaeyam Free IAS Academy (Run by Manidha Naeyam Charitable Trust)
A-Block Old No. A9, New No.A41, 6th Street, Anna Nagar East, Chennai - 600 102.
Ph: 044-2435 8373 Cell: 9840646303 Email : [email protected] Website : www.saidais.com
,e;jpa tuyhW
“New;iwa ekJ md;whl eltbf;iffs;
,d;iwa tuyhwhk;. mt;tg;NghJ epfOk;
epfo;Tfs; Mtzg;gLj;jg;glhjjhy; ,e;jpa
tuyhw;iw tbtikj;jypy; kpf;f
rpuj;ijahdJ” – Nubad;
fhy khWghl;bd; gy;NtW nray;ghLfspd;
jhf;fk; kdpj nray;ghl;by; Vw;gLj;jpa
jhf;fk; - tuyhw;Wf; nfhs;if – tp. V. ];kpj;
tpag;ngd;why;> mJ ,e;jpahNt – V.vy.gh\k;
tuyhw;wpd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLgth;
n`nuhNlhl]; (fpNuf;fk;)
fw;fhyk; - gpwh; mwpAk; tz;zk;
Mtzg;gLj;jpaJjhd; ,thpd; rpwg;G
kpf gioa fw;fhyk; 250000–100000 fp.K.
eL gioa fw;fhyk; 100000–40000 fp.K.
Gjpa gioa fw;fhyk; 40000-10000 fp.K.
filrpf; fw;fhyk; 10000-4000 fp.K.
Gjpa fw;fhyk; 5000-25000 fp.K.
gioa fw;fhyk; (Palaeolithic)
gioa fw;fhyj;jpw; ,Wjpfhyk; Rkhh;
fp.K. 35000 Kjy; fp.K. 10000.
kf;fs; ePf;hpl;Nlh ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;fs;.
ehNlhbfshf tho;e;jdh;.
Fthh;l; irl; vd;w fw;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpdh;.
Ntshz;ik> fhy;eilfs; gad;fs;
njhpahJ.
kug;gl;ilfs;> jiofs; Milahf
nfhz;ldh;.
gr;ir fha;fwpfs;> tpyq;Ffspd;
,iwr;rpfis cz;ldh;.
neUg;gpd; gad; njhpahJ.
Kf;fpa njhopy; Ntl;ilahLjy; MFk;.
Fiffspy; Xtpak; jPl;bdh;.
kl;ghz;lk; nra;aj; njhpahJ.
,we;jth;fis Gijj;jdh;.
1863-Mk; Mz;L nrd;idf;F mUNf
gy;yhtuj;jpy; ,uhghh;l; G&];/Nghh;l;
iff;Nfhlhp fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.
tl ,e;jpahtpy; fh\;kPh;> gQ;rhg;>
kj;jpag;gpuNjrdk;> xhprh> tq;fhsk;>
gPfhh;> njd;,e;jpahtpy; gP[g;G+h;> ngy;fhk;>
jhh;thh;> i`juhghj;> nrd;idf;F mUNf
nrq;Fd;wk;> mj;jphpghf;fk; Mfpait
gioa fw;fhyk; ehfhpf ikakhFk;.
Gjpa fw;fhyk; (Neolithic)
kf;fs; epue;jukhf thoj; njhlq;fpdhh;.
gsgsg;ghd Njitf;Nfw;w tbtq;fspy;
fw;fis cUthf;fpdh;.
mwptpay; tsh;r;rpapd; Kjy;gbahd
rf;fuk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
Ntshz;ik nra;jdh;.
Kjd; Kjypy; tsh;j;j gpuhzp ML
MFk;.
gR> vUik> ML eha; tpyq;Ffis
gad;gLj;jpdh;.
neUg;ig cz;lhf;fpdh;.
kw;ghz;lq;fs; nra;jdh;.
gUj;jp> fk;gsp E}y; E}w;wdh;.
goq;fs;> fha;> kPd;> ghy; fwpfs;
cz;ldh;.
flw;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.
Ntl;ilahLjy;> eldkhLjy;> Nghd;w
rpj;jpuq;fis jPl;bdh;.
,we;jth;fis kw;ghz;lq;fspy; ,l;L
Gijj;jdh;.
lhy;nkd;]; vdg;gLk; fy;yiwapd;
J}z;fis cUthf;fpdh;.
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ehfhh;[_dnfhz;lh>
kh];fp> gpuk;kfphp> fh\;kPh; gs;sj;jhf;F>
jf;fhzgPlG+kp> Nryk;> flg;gh> ngy;yhhp>
mde;jG+h;> njYq;fhdh> F[uhj;>
fj;jpathh; Mfpait Gjpa fw;fhy
,lq;fshFk;.
cNyhff;fhyk;
nrk;G gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fhyk; nrk;Gf;
fhyk;.
kdpjd; gad;gLj;jpa Kjy; cNyhfk;
nrk;G MFk;.
fp.K. 800 Kjy; 150 ,ilNa cs;s
fhyk; ,Uk;G fhyk;.
,Uk;Gfhyj;jpy; fyg;ig> fj;jp
Nghd;wit nra;ag;gl;lJ.
cNyhff;fhy kf;fs; nrk;G> ,Uk;G>
nts;sp> jq;fk; Mfpa cNyhfq;fis
gad;gLj;jpdh;.
kf;fs; gspq;F – fz;zhb Mfpatw;iw
gad;gLj;jpdh;.
cNyhf fhyk; %d;whf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1) nrk;Gf;fhyk;
2) ntz;fyf;fhyk;
3) ,Uk;Gf;fhyk;
Mjpr;r ey;Y}h;> GJf;Nfhl;il> ePyfphp
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; mjpfkhd cNyhff;
fUtpfs; fpilj;Js;sJ.
,we;jth;fspd; epidthf epidTr;
rpd;dk; vOg;gpdh;.
,we;jth;fis KJkf;fs; jhop vdg;gLk;
kw;ghz;lq;fspy; ,l;L Gijj;jdh;.
nja;t topghl;L Kiw fhzg;gl;lJ.
Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; ,jw;fhd rhd;Wfs;
fpilj;Js;sJ.
jpuhtpl ehfhpfk;
fhyj;jhy; gioikahdJ jpuhtpl
ehfhpfk;.
Fkhpy gl;lh; vOjpa Tantravrttika vd;w
E}ypy; ,Ue;J jpuhtplk; vd;w nrhy;iy
fhh;Lnty; jhk; vOjpa jpuhtpl
nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk; vd;w E}ypy;
Kjd; Kjypy Mq;fpyj;jpy;
ifahz;Ls;shh;.
rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk; (Indus Valley
Civilization)
`ug;ghtpd; rpijtile;j gFjpfis
rhh;y]; Nkrd; vd;gth; jk;Kila
Narrative of Various Journeys In
Balochistan, Afghanistan and Punjab,
vd;w E}ypy; Fwpg;Gfspy; 1838y;
njhptpj;Js;shh;. mf;fhyj;jpy; mjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; czug;gltpy;iy.
,e;ehfhpfj;jpd; ngUk; gFjp fhf;uh
ejpf;fiuapd; Nky; mike;Js;sjhy;
,jid Indus Ghaggar – Hakra
Civilization vd;Wk; $Wth;. ru];tjp
ejpapd; mbg;gilapy; rpe;J-ru];tjp
ehfhpfk; vd;Wk; $Wth;.
rh; [hd;khh;ry; $w;Wg;gb fp.K. 3250
Kjy; 2750 tiu
1945Mk; Mz;L mfo;tuhr;rp elj;jpa
khh;l;bkh; tPyh; fp. K. 2500 Mz;bw;Fk;
fp.K. 1500 Mz;bw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyk;
rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk; fhyk; vd
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
mfh;thypd; $w;Wg;gb fp.K. 2300 Kjy;
1750 tiu
1784y; Asiatic Society of India vd;w
rq;fj;ij rh; tpy;ypak; N[hd;]; vd;gth;
epWtpdhh;. ,r;rq;fk; gz;ila
fy;ntl;Lf;fis Nrfhpj;jJ.
,tw;wpy; cs;s vOj;Jf;fis 1837y;
N[k;]; gphpd;nrg; vd;gth; gbf;Fk;
Kiwia fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.
fp.gp. 1826k; Mz;L `ug;ghTf;Fr; nrd;w
rhh;y]; Nkrd; vd;gth; mq;F
FbapUg;Gfspd; rpijTfisf; fz;lhh;.
1872k; Mz;L rh; mnyf;rhz;lh;
fd;dp];`hk; `ug;ghtpd; rpy
nghUl;fis Nrfhpj;jhh;.
1862y; njhy;ypay; Jiw epWtg;gl;lJ.
,jd; Kjy; ,af;Feuhf mnyf;rhz;lhh;
fd;dpq;`hk; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th;
,e;jpa njhy;nghUs; ,yhf;fhtpd; je;ij
vdg;gl;lhh;.
Alexander Cunningham, the first Director
– General of the Archaeological Survey of
India (ASI), (ASI - jw;NghJ
gz;ghl;Lj;Jiwapd; fPo; cs;sJ)
fd;dpq;`hk; Gj;j kjk; njhlh;Gila
fhQ;rp> rhuehj;> Gj;jfah> jl;rryk;
Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; cs;s mhpa tuyhw;W
rpd;dq;fis fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.
gpd; njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rp Jiw
epWtg;gl;lJ. rhh; [hd; khh;\y; vd;gth;
mjd; ,af;Feuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
,tiuAk; njhy;ypapay; Jiwapd; je;ij
vd;W $Wth;.
njhy;nghUs; Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapy;
,e;jpa tuyhw;iw vOjpath;: tp.V. ];kpj;
Mthh;.
rh; [hd; khh;ry; vd;gth; ,e;jpa
njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rp jiytuhf ,Ue;j
NghJ mth; 1922k; Mz;L Mh;.b.ghdh;[p
vd;gtUl;d Nrh;e;J xU Gije;J fple;j
Gj;j klhya mfo; Muha;r;rp gzpapy;
,Ue;j NghJ rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk;
fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.
mjd; gpwF N[. v[;. Nkf;Nf> [p. v/g;.
Nly;];> vk;. v];. thl;]; MfpNahh;
nkhfQ;rjhNuhtpy; mfoptuha;r;rpia
Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.
rpyh; ,jid Garden of Sind vd;Wk;
Nakhlistan vd;Wk; $Wth;. rpe;J ejp
,jid 9 Kiw mopj;jjhfTk; 9 Kiw
,e;j efuk; fl;lg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; $Wth;
,th;fs; RNkhpah> ghgpNyhdpah> vfpg;J
Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; thzpfk; nra;jdh;
RNkhpah ehfhpfj;jpw;Fk; rpe;J rkntsp
ehfhpfj;jpw;Fk; xw;Wik ,Ue;jjhy;
,jid ,e;Njh-RNkhpa ehfhpfk; vd;Wk;
gpd; ,J jdpehfhpfk; vd;gjhy; rpe;J
rkntsp ehfhpfk; vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
rpe;J rkntsp kf;fs; rptid
tzq;fpdh;. `ug;gh efuq;fspy; ,ypq;f
cUtq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. jha;j;
nja;tk;. tpyq;Ffs; #og;gl;l %d;W
jiyf;nfhz;l Nahf epiyapy; cs;s
gRgjp vdg;gLk; flTspd; Kj;jpiu
fpilf;fg;ngw;wJ.
Nineteenth century
1875 – Report of Alexander Cunningham
on Harappan seal
Twentieth Century
1921 M. S. Vats begins excavations at
Harappa
1925 Excavations begin at Mohenjodaro
1946 R. E. M. Wheeler excavates at
Harappa
1955 S. R. Rao begins excavations at
Lothal
1960 B. B. Lal and B. K. Thapar begin
excavations at Kalibangan
1974 M. R. Mughal begins explorations in
Bahawalpur
1980 A team of German and Italian
archaeologists begins surface
explorations at Mohenjodaro
1986 American team begisn excavations
at Harappa
1990 R. S. Bisht begins excavations at
Dholavira
rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfj;jpd; Kf;fpa
,lq;fs;
1. nkhfQ;rjhNuh 2. `ug;gh 3. Nyhjhy;
4. fspgq;fd; 5. ghz;Ftuh`p 6.
mk;hp 7. &g;gh; 8. rhz;F – jhNuh
nkh`Q;rjhNuh (125 n`f;Nlh; gug;G)
1922-y; Mh;. b. ghdh;[p mfoptuha;r;rp
nra;jhh;.
rpe;J ejpf;fiu Nky; mike;Js;sJ.
jw;NghJ ghfp];jhdpy; cs;s rpe;J
gFjpapy; yhh;fhdh khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ
,Uk;gpd; gad; njhpatpy;iy.
efuq;fs; ed;F jpl;lkpl;L
fl;lg;gl;bUe;jd.
njUf;fs; NeuhfTk; mfykhfTk;> fpof;F
Nkw;fhfTk;> tlf;F njw;fhfTk;
mike;Js;sJ.
nkh`Q;rjhNuhtpy; nghpa Fspay; Fsk;
xd;W cs;sJ. ,J 11.8 kP ePsKk;> 7.01
kP mfyKk; 2.43 kP MoKk; nfhz;lJ.
Milkhw;Wk; miw fhzg;gl;lJ.
,f;Fsj;jpy; ePh; cs;tu nrq;fy;yhy;
Foha;fs; cs;sd. ePUf;Fs; nry;y
mfykhd gbf;fl;Lfs; ,Ue;jd. r%ff;
$lKk; khbf;fl;blKk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
jhdpaf;fsQ;rpaKk;> eldkhJ rpiyAk;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ.
NfhJik> ghh;yp Kf;fpa czthFk;.
kf;fs; Xa;T Neuj;jpy; rJuq;fk;
tpisahbdh;.
,ir> eldk;> Nfhopr; rz;il> fhis
rz;il Nghd;wit eilngw;wJ.
kf;fs; rpj;jpu vOj;Jf;fis
gad;gLj;jpdh;. ,t;ntOj;Jf;fs; jkpo;
vOj;Jf;fNs vd ,uhR ghjphpahh;
$Wfpwhh;.
mth;fs; tykpUe;J ,lkhfTk;
,uz;lhtJ thpia ,lkpUe;J tykhfT;
vOjpdhh;.
rpe;J rkntsp vOj;Jf;fSf;F
Pictograph vd;W ngah;. ,J vfpg;J
i`NuhFspgpf; kw;Wk; rNkhpah;
f;Adpghh;k; vOj;Jfs; fye;jJ. xw;iwf;
nfhk;G cila vOj;J cila Kj;jpiu
fhzg;gl;lJ.
,e;ehfhpfj;jpd; mikg;G ,q;fpyhe;jpd;
yhq;fh\ah;> khd;nr];lh; efiuj;ij
Nghd;W cs;sjhf rh;[hd; khh;ry;
$Wfpwhh;.
nkhfQ;rjhNuh vd;w nrhy;Yf;F Mount
of Killed, Mount of Dead, Mount of
Confluence vd gy nghUs;gl nghUs;
cz;L
`ug;gh
1921 – 23 apy; jahuhk; rfhdp
vdg;tuhy; mfo;tuha;r;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
`ug;gh ehfhpfk; epytpa fhyk; fp.K.
3250 Kjy; fp.K. 2750 tiu MFk;. ,e;
ehfhpfk; nrk;Gf; fw;fhyk; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;l Gjpa cNyhf fhyj;ijr;
rhh;e;jJ.
jw;NghJ ghfp];jhdpy; cs;sJ.
,e;efuk; nkh`Q;rjhNuhit tplrw;W
nghpaJ.
rpe;J khtl;lj;jpy; ,yhh;f;fdh vd;w
khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. `ug;gh –
nkhfQ;rjhNuh ,ilj;J}uk; 640 fp. kP.
MFk;.
`ug;gh uhtp ejpf;fiuapd; Nky;
khz;lNfhkhp khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
,jpy; kpfg;nghpa jhdpaf;fsQ;rpaq;fs; 6
cs;sJ.
,J 47.71 kP ePsKk; 15.23kP mfyKk;
nfhz;lJ.
,k;kf;fs; vUJfis tzq;fpdhh;.
gUj;jp gaphpl;ldh;.
16 kw;Wk; mjd; klq;Ffis
gad;gLj;jpdh;;.
Fjpiu gw;wp ,th;fSf;F njhpahJ.
`ug;gh gz;ghl;bd; kpfr; rpwe;j
fz;Lgpbg;G Kj;jpiufs; MFk;.
Kj;jiufspy; fhisapd; cUtq;fSk;
gpwtpyq;Ffspd; cUtq;fSk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. tpahghuj;jpw;F ,th;fs;
Kj;jpiufis gad;gLj;jpdh;.
fhspgq;fd;
,uh[];jhd; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ.
fhspgq;fd; ru];tjp ejpf;fiuapd;
(fhf;fuh) kPJ ,J mike;Js;sJ
coT njhopy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
Nyhjy;
v];.Mh;.uht; vd;gtuhy; 1957apy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
F[uhj; khepyj;jpy; mfkjhghj;
khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ.
rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpj;jpd; thzpf
JiwKf efuk; Nyhjhy;.
,J ghf;Fthh; ejpf;fiuapd; kPJ
mike;Js;sJ.
,J ntsp ehl;Lld; njhlh;GilaJ.
,J kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Kjy;
JiwKfk;.
,e;ehfhpfk; Mhpah; tUif my;yJ
Mw;W nts;sj;jhy; mope;jpUf;ff;$Lk;.
Njhytpuh
kpfg;nghpa mfo;tplk;. F[uhj;jpy;
cs;sJ. ePh;j;Njf;fk; cs;sJ
&g;gh;
,J gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ
`ug;gh my;yhj mjw;F Ke;ija
fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ.
1953y; xa;.b. rh;kh vd;gtuhy;
mfo;tuha;r;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
ghd;typ – (`hpahdhtpy;)
`ug;gh my;yJ mjw;F Ke;ija
fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ.
Myk;fPh;G+h;
Nkw;F cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;sJ
rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk; vd;w jiyg;gpy;
gy;NtW tpdhj;jhspy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;l
mry; tpdhf;fs;
Mhpah;fs;:
Ke;jpa Ntjfhyk; (,Uf;F Ntj fhyk;)
fp.K. 1500-800
gpe;jpa Ntjfhyk; (fp.K. 1000-600)
fhg;gpaq;fspd; fhyk;
Mhpah;fs; kj;jpa Mrpahtpy; ,Ue;J
te;jth;fs; vd;W khf;kpy;yh; $Wfpwhh;.
ghyfq;fhju jpyfh; ,th;fs; Mh;bf;
gpuNjrj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;jth;fs; vd;W
$Wfpwhh;.
Mhpah;fs; ifgh; Nghyd; fztha;
topahf gilnaLg;gpd; thapyhf
,e;jpahtpw;Fs; te;jth;fs;.
Mhpah;fs; Kjd; Kjypy; FbNawpa
gpuNjrk; rg;jrpe;J vdg;gLk;. rg;jrpe;J
vd;gJ gQ;rhg;> fh\;kPh;> rpe;J> fhG+y;>
fhe;jhuk; vd;gJ gQ;rhg;> fh\;kPh;> rpe;J>
fhG+U> fhe;jhuk; MFk;.
VO ejpfs; XLk; gpuNjrk; vd;gjhy;
rg;jrpe;J vdg;gl;lJ. VO MWfs;: rpe;J>
[Pyk;> rPdhg;> uhtp> gpah];> rl;ny[;>
ru];tjp
gpd;G ,itaidj;Jk; Nrh;e;J
Mhpath;j;jh vdg;gl;lJ.
hpf;Ntjk; Kd;Ntjfhy Mhpah;fs;
FBaw;wg;gFjpfis gw;wp mwpa
cjTfpwJ.
Fgh-fhG+y;
]Pt];J - ];thj;
FJK – Fuk;
Hpf; Ntjj;jpy; eh;kij ejp tpe;jpakiy
gw;w Fwpg;G fhzg;gltpy;iy
Kw;fhy Mhpah;fs; Fjpiufsg; gw;wp
mwpatpy;iy
Ntjf;fhyk;
Ntjf;fhy rKjhaj;jpd; mbg;gil
FLk;gk; MFk;.
,J xU fpuhk ehfhpfk; MFk;
,Uf;Fk; Ntj fhyj;jpy; GNuhfpjh;>
Nrdhdp> fpuhkdp MfpNahh; ,Ue;jdh;.
Mayh> Kl;fydp> tp];tuh>
NyghKj;jpuh> Nfh\h Mfpa Gyik
ngw;w ngz;bh; ,Uf;F Ntj fhyj;jpy;
,Ue;jdh;.
,ir> eldk;> #jhLjy; ,Uf;F Ntj
fhy kf;fspd; nghOJ Nghf;F MFk;.
tUzd;> ,e;jpud; (The God of Strength)
mf;dp (The God of Fire) #hpad;> khUjp
vd;w Gaw;flTs;> thA (The God of
Winds), Uj;jpuh> c\h (The Goddess of
Dawn), gpUj;tp (The Goddess of Earth),
Nrhkh (The God of intoxicating juice),
vkd; (The God of Death), tUzh (The
God of Water), Mfpa flTsh;fis
topgl;ldh;.
Jnana – Knowledge
Bhakti – Devotion
Bhajans – Devotional songs
Satang – In the company of the pious
Samsara – Worldliness
Vairagya – Detachment
,Uf;F Ntjfhy kf;fs; #hpaf; flTis
kpj;jpud;> #hpad;> rhtpj;jphp G\d;>
tp\;Z> tpUf;ukh Mfpa ngah;fspy;
topgl;ldh;.
NfhJik> ghh;yp> ghy;> gok;> kuf;fwp
czitAk;> khkpr czitAk;
cz;ldh;.
,J gz;lkhw;W Kiw (Barter)
fhzg;gl;lJ.
,Uf;F Ntjfhy Mhpah;fs; eptp vd;w
fPohiliaAk;> thr]; vd;w
cs;shiliaAk;> mjpthr]; vd;w
NkyhiliaAk; mzpe;jdh;.
Ntshz;ik> fhy;eil tsh;j;jy;>
thzpgk; nra;jy;> nerT nea;jy;> jr;R
Ntiy> mzpfyd;fs;> kUj;Jtk;>
Nrhjplk;> ehtpjk; Mfpa njhopy;fisAk;
nra;jdh;.
FLk;gj; jiyth; tpuh[gjp (m) fpufgjp
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
,e;jpud; vd;w flTs; gpw;fhy
Ntjfhyj;jpy; nry;thf;fpid ,oe;jhh;.
Nrhkh> Ruh Mfpa kJghdq;fs;
fhzg;gl;lJ.
Nrdhg; epjp Akesines vd fpNuf;fh;fshy;
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
Ntjq;fs;
Ntjk; vd;why; mwpT vdg; nghUs;gLk;.
Ntjq;fis ehd;fhf njhFj;jth; Ntj
tpahrh;.
ehd;F tif:
1. ,Uf;F Ntjk;
2. a[Ph; Ntjk;
3. rhk Ntjk;
4. mjh;td Ntjk;
Ntjq;fis ehd;fhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ
1. ke;jpuq;fs;
2. gpukhzq;fs;
3. cgep\j;Jf;fs;
4. Muz;aq;fs;
Hpf; Ntjk; (1700 – 1100 fp.K)
cyfpd; gioikahd rka E}y;
hpf; Ntj ghly;fis tpahr Kdpth;
Nrfhpj;jhh;. ,e;jpahtpd; tlNkw;F gFjp
kw;Wk; rpe;Jr; rkntsp> tl Nkw;F
gFjpapy; jw;NghJ ghfp];jhdpy; cs;s
Rthj; vd;w gFjp hpf; Ntjj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. (Rthj; gFjp
ghfp];jhdpy; cs;s Rthj; vd;w gFjp
hpf; Ntjj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. (Rthj;
gFjp ghfp];jhdpd; Rtpl;rh;yhe;J
vdg;gLfpwJ)
VO ejpfs; gha;e;j fhuzj;jhy;
gyjug;gl;l flTs;fisg; gw;wp
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
flTis Nghw;wg;gLk; gf;jp ghly;fs;
cs;sJ.
#hpaid topgLk; fhaj;jphp ke;jpuk;
,jpy; cs;sJ.
cUt topghL fhzg;gl;lJ.
Xk; vd;w nrhy; ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Hpf; Ntj fhyj;jpy; rhjp NtWghLfs;
VJkpy;iy.
Hpf; Ntjj;jpy; cs;s ghly;fs; 1028.
Ntjq;fspy; goikahdJ.
ghly;fspy; Gdpj jd;ik fhg;ghw;w kpf
ePz;l fhykhf hpf; Ntjj;ij tha; top
%ykhf nrhy;yp te;jdh;.
ehd;F Ntjq;fs; vOjg;gl;l fhyg;gFjp
rk;fpjh.
Hpf; Ntjk; 10 kz;lyq;fspy; 1017
nra;As;fshf ,iwtidg; gw;wpAk;
10tJ kz;lyj;jpy; r%f> murpay;>
nghUshjhu rhjp Kiw Njhd;wpa
tuyhw;iwAk; $WfpwJ.
ehd;F tUzq;fs; hpf; Ntjj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
Kjy; kz;lyk; kw;Wk; 10tJ kz;lyk;
gpw;fhyj;jpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;W
$Wth;.
Kjy; kz;lyj;jpy; 191 ghly;fs;
cs;sJ. mf;dpiag; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
mf;dp vd;w nrhy; hpf; Ntjj;jpd; Jtf;f
nrhy;yhFk;.
kz;lyk; ghly; Fwpg;gpLtJ
1 191 mf;dp
2 43 ..ritsamada Kdp
3 62 .. svamitra gathinah,
fhaj;jphpke;jpuk; cs;sJ.
4 58 ..nadeva gautama
5 87 .. Hp\p> c\h> rhtpj;hp
6 75 gpuf];gjp topapy; te;j
Mq;fpu]; hp\p
7 104 .. asistha maitravaruni
8 103 ..d;t> Mq;fpur hp\p
9 114
10 191 Nadistuti sukta,
Nadistuti Sukta – ejpfs; kw;Wk; Ntj
fhy Gtpapy; mikg;Gfsig; gw;wpAk;
Purusha Sukta – Ntjfhy rKjha
mikg;G.
Nasadiya Sukta – Njhw;wq;fs; Fwpj;Jk;
jpUkz ke;jpuq;fs; ,wg;G Fwpj;j
ghly;fs; Nghd;witfSk; hpf; Ntjj;jpy;
mlq;fpAs;sJ.
hpf; Ntjj;jpy; ahid> kapy;> khd;> vUJ
kw;Wk; ,e;jpa fhl;nlUik Nghd;w
kpUfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
hpf; Ntjj;jpy; Gyp kw;Wk; mhprpiag;
gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
gpuhkzq;fs;
hpf; Ntj gpuhkzq;fs;
ma;j;Nua gpuhkzk;
nfs\pfp gpuhkzk;
gpe;ija Ntj fhyk; fp.K. 1000 Kjy;
600 tiu
gpe;ija Ntj fhyj;jpy; kd;dh;
flTs;fshf fUjg;gl;lhh;.
tlf;F gFjp murh;fs; ituh[;ah vd;Wk;
njw;Fg; gFjp murh;fs; - gh];ah
fpof;Fg; gFjp murh;fs; - fhkuh];ah
Nkw;F gFjp murh;fs; - ];tuh[;ah
miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
a[_h;> rhk;> mjh;tz Ntjq;fs;>
cgepljq;fs;> gpuhkzq;fs;> Muz;aq;fs;
Njhd;wpa fhyk; gpe;jpa Ntjfhyk;
vdg;gLfpwJ.
kd;dh;fs; mRtNkj ahfk;> uh[#ak;>
th[;gak;> GU\Nkjk; Nghd;w ahfq;fis
nra;jdh;.
mth;fs; rhk;uhl;> Vf;uhl; rhh;tngskp
vd;w gl;lj;ij $l;bf; nfhz;ldh;.
gpd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; fhh;fp> ikj;Nuap
Nghd;w fy;tpapy; rpwe;j ngz;fs;
,Ue;jdh;.
ep\;fh vd;w ehzak; fhzg;gl;lJ.
a[_h; Ntjk;
,J nts;is a[_h; Ntjk; vd;Wk;
fWg;G a[_dh; Ntjk; vd;Wk; ,U gphpthf
gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fUg;G Ntjk; gioikahdJ nts;is
Ntjj;jpy; ghly;fs; cs;sd.
fUg;G Ntjj;jpy; ciueil cs;sJ.
rk];fpUjj;jpd; Kjy; ciueil
,Jjhd;.
a[_h; Ntjj;ij mj;thh;A+ vd;w
gpuhkzh;fs; ghLthh;fs;
Nts;tpfs; nra;Ak; Kiwfs;
mRtNkjahfk;> uh[#aahfq;fs; gw;wp
a[_h; Ntjk; tpsf;FfpwJ.
fpU\;z gpuhkzk; gy rk;`pijfshf
gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rhk Ntjk;
rhk Ntjk; ,ir> nja;tk;> Nrhk Nahfk;
gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.
Rhk Ntjk; ke;jpuq;fisg; gw;wp
tpsf;FfpwJ.
1810 my;yJ 1549 ghly;fis cilaJ.
Nrhk Nts;tpapd; NghJ ghlg;gLfpwJ.
cj;jp fhj;hp vd;w gpuhkzh;fs;
ghLthh;fs;.
rhk Ntj gpuhkzq;fs;
jz;b kfh gpuhkzk;
rj;tpd;r gpuhkzk;
n[a;kpNda gpuhkzk;
mjh;tz Ntjk;
,J gpuk;k Ntjk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
gpuk;kj;ij mwpahky; Nkhl;rk; mila
KbahJ.
];fk;kh vdg;gLtJ G+kp
gpuhdh vdg;gLtJ Rthrk;
fhkh vdg;gLtJ Mir
fyh vdg;gLtJ Neuk;
cgep\j;Jf;fs; mjpfk; mlq;fpAs;s
Ntjk; ,JNt MFk;.
mkh;tz Ntjj;jpy; 73 ghl;Lf;fs;
cs;sJ.
741 nra;As;fspy; jPa rf;jpfs;> Jh;
Njtijfs; gpy;yp> #dpak;> trpak;
Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fis cilaJ.
Nfhj;jpuk; vd;w nrhy; cs;sJ.
kUj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gpuhkzq;fs; Paippalada: Gopatha
Brahmana
Guhzq;fs;
ngUk;ghyhd Guhzq;fs; Fg;jh;fs;
fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ.
Guhzq;fs; 18 cgGuhzq;fs; 18 MFk;.
1. mf;fpdp Guhzk;> tp\;Z gw;wp
$WfpwJ.
2. gpuk;k Guhzk;> universe and cosmos
gw;wp $WfpwJ.
3. ghftj Guhzk;> gf;jp Nahfj;ijak;
kw;Wk; tp\;Ztpd; 10 mtjhuq;fis
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
4. ghtp\;a Guhzk; past repeats itself in
future. Book of Prophecies vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
5. gpuk;kiythh;j;j Guhzk;> tpehafh;>
fpU\;zh Nghd;w flTs;fspd; Njhw;wk;
kw;Wk; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; gw;wp
$Wfpd;wJ.
6. gpuk;khde;j Guhzk;: yypjh rf];uehkk;
cs;sJ.
7. fUl Guhzk;: kdpjdpd; ,wg;Gf;F gpd;
epfof;$bait gw;wp $WfpwJ.
fpUj;Jt kjj;jpy; cs;s ePjp toq;Fk;
ehs; Nghd;wJ.
8. $h;j Guhzk;: tp\;Ztpd; $h;k
mtjhuk;.
9. ypq;f Guhzk;: ypq;fj;jpd; mtrpak;
kw;Wk; G+kp Njhw;wk;.
10. kr;r Guhzk;: tp\;Ztpd; kPd;
mtjhuk;.
11. khh;f;fz;Nla Guhzk;> [kPdp kw;Wk;
khh;f;fz;NlaDf;FkpilNa eilngWk;
ciuahly;.
12. ehuj Guhzk;: Gz;zpaj; jyq;fs;
13. gj;k Guhzk;: essence of religion and
cosmos
14. fe;j Guhzk;: KUfhpd; tho;f;if
tuyhW.
15. tp\;Z Guhzk;: tp\;Z gw;wp
$WfpwJ.
16. thA Guhzk;: fhw;Wf; flTs; thAitg;
gw;wp $WfpwJ.
17. thh;\ Guhzk;: tp\;Z gw;wp $WfpwJ.
18. thkd Guhzk;: tp\;Ztpd; thkd
mtjhuk;.
Ntj ,yf;fpaq;fs;:
gpuhkzq;fs; kw;Wk; cgepljq;fs; Ntj
,yf;fpaq;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,it rk;`pj];
vd;Wk; gpuhkz]; vd;Wk; ,Utifg;gLk;.
gpuhkzh]; %d;W tifg;gLk;.
1. gpuhkzq;fs; 2. Muz;aq;fs; 3.
cgepljq;fs;
,itaidj;Jk; ];Ujp vdg;gLk;.
tdj;jpy; thOk; Kdpth;fs; gbg;gjw;fhf
vOjg;gl;lit Muzaq;fs; MFk;.
cgep\j;Jf;fs; vd;why; mUfpy; mkh;e;J
ufrpakhf Nfl;ly; vdg; nghUs;gLk;.
,it fp.K. 800 – 500 tiu gy;NtW
fhyf;fl;lq;fspy; vOjg;ngw;wJ.
kdpjdpd; kuzk;> Mj;kh> kW gpwg;G
Fwpj;J Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
,e;j kjj;jpd; cah;e;j jj;Jtq;fs; vd
cgep\j;Jf;fs; MFk;.
Kf;fpa cgep\j;Jf;fs;
Kz;lf cgep\j;Jf;fs;> gpurz
cgep\j;Jf;fs;> fPd cgep\j;Jf;fs;>
mapj;NuNa cgep\j;Jf;fs;> ,\h
cgep\j;Jf;fs;> gpUf jz;ahfh
cgep\j;Jf;fs;> fhj;j cgep\j;Jf;fs;
cg Ntjq;fs;
MAh;Ntjk; - kUj;Jtk;
jDh; Ntjk; - rz;il
fhe;jhu Ntjk; - ,ir
rpy;g Ntjk; - Ez;fiyfs;
Ntjhe;jq;fs;
6 Ntjhe;jq;fs; - rpf;\h> fy;gh>
tpahf;fuzh> epUf;jh> rP\z;lh kw;Wk;
N[hjp\h
rpf;\h – cr;rphpg;Gld; njhlh;Gilait
fy;gh – G+i[ Kiwfs;
tpahf;fuzh - ,yf;fzk;
epUf;jh – nrhy;ypyf;fzk;
rP\z;lh – msT
N[hjp\h – N[hjplk;
,J Ntjq;fspd; KbTiu vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
jh;\zq;fs;
MW tif ,e;jpa jj;Jtg; gs;spfs;
cs;sd. mit rhj;-jh;\zh vdg;gLk;.
mit goq;fhyj;jpypUe;J 6 jj;Jt
Qhdpfisf; nfhz;lJ.
epahah (Muha;gth;) jh;\zh – nfsjkh
it\f;\h jh;\zh
hp\p (mZit fz; / mZ vdf;
$wpath;)
fd;f;\h jh;\zh – fgpyh;
Nahfh jh;\zh – gjQ;ryp
G+h;t kpkhk;\h jh;\zh – [ha;kpdp
cj;ukPkhd;\h jh;\zh – ghjh;ahdh
(m) tpah\h; (k`h Ntjhe;j
jj;Jtq;fisf; nfhLj;jJ)
kD vd;gth; ];kpUjpfis vOjpdhh;.
Ntjk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F mwpT vd;W
nghUs;.
rgh> ekpjp vd;w ,U mitfs;
kd;dUf;F cjtp nra;jJ.
rghtpd; jiyth; rghgjp. Rghtpy;
nryte;jh;fs;> GNuhfpjh;fs; fhzg;gl;ldh;.
rkpjp – nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;
fhzg;gl;ldh;.
tpjhjh vd;w rig Nghh; nray;fis
ftdpj;jJ.
gpujk ke;jphp – gpujhdh
fUT+y ke;jphp – Rkj;uh
tUtha; Jiw ke;jphp – MNkj;jpahh;
Nrhk; ghdk;> Ruh ghdk; mUe;jpdh;.
fhg;gpa fhyq;fs;
kfhghujk;> ,uhkhazk; Nghd;wit
cUthapw;W. gftj;fPij vOjg;gl;lJ.
cyfj;jpd; kpfg;nghpa fhg;gpak;
kfhghujk; MFk;. ,jid vOjpath;
Ntjtpahrh;.
,uhkhazj;ij vOjpath; thy;kPfp
Kdpth;. ,uhkhazj;jpy; ,yl;Rkzd;
kidtpapd; ngah; Ch;kpsh.
#j;jpu tFg;gpdh; Nky; [hjp ngz;fis
jpUkzk; nra;tJ gpuj;jpNyhkh vd;W
jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Nky; [hjp Mz;fs; jho;e;j Fy
ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;jy; mENyhkh
vd;W Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
njd;dpe;jhatpw;F te;j Kjy; Mhpah;
mfj;jpah;.
jpUkzk; vl;L tifg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
tho;f;ifapy; ehw;gJ rlq;Ffs; nra;a
typAWj;jg;gl;lJ.
epNahfh – tpjitg; ngz; jd;
fztdpd; jk;gpAld; Mz; Foe;ij
ngWk; tiu trpg;gJ.
gpu[hgj;jpak; - rhjhuzkhf jpUkzk;
nra;jy;.
nja;tk; - Nts;tp elj;Jk; nghOJ
me;jzUf;F kfis toq;Fjy;.
gpuk;kk; - rPjdj;Jld; jd; kfis jd;
Fyj;jpy; kzk;.
mh;\k; - gRf;fis ngw;Wf; nfhz;L
kzk;.
fhe;jh;tk; - Rak;tuk; (m) fhjy; kzk;.
igrhrk; - gyhj;fhu kzk;.
uhl;rrk; - ngz;fis flj;jpf; nfhz;L
jpUkzk; nra;jy;.
th;zq;fs; - rhjpfs;
Mhpah;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F tUtjw;F Kd;
,e;jpahtpy; ehd;F tFg;Gfs; ,Ue;jjhf
Zend Avesta vd;w <uhdpa E}y;
Fwpg;gpLtJ.
me;j ehd;F tFg;gpdh;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. GNuhfpjh; 2. Nghh;tPuh; 3. Fbahdth; 4.
iftpidQh;
,e;j ehd;F th;zq;fSk; Ntjfhy
th;zq;fSk; ntt;Ntwhdit.
,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy; 10tJ kz;lyj;jpy;
cs;s GU\#f;jk; vd;w gFjp Ntjfhy
th;zj;ij gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ mjd;gb
th;zk; vd;w nrhy; Mhpa epwj;ijf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
jh];ath;zk; vd;w nrhy; jhrh;fs;>
jh];A+f;fs;> vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
,Uf;F Ntj fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa
ehy;tif th;zq;fs;.
a[_h; Ntj fhyj;Jf;Fs; ed;F
tsh;r;rpaile;jJ.
hpf; Ntjj;jpd; 10tJ kz;lyk;
gpw;Nrh;f;if vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
jh];A+f;fsplk; Nghh; Ghpe;jth;fs;
,uh[d;ah; vd;Wk; Nghhpy; Njhy;tpaile;j
jh];A+f;fs; (mbikfs;) #j;jpuh;fs;
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
tptrha njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;l „tp];‟
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lth;fs; itrpah;fs;
vd;Dk; ,th;fSf;F ke;jpuq;fis Xjp
ahfq;fis elj;jpath;fs; gpuhkzh;fs;
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
Hitopadesha (Hita + Upadesha. = Counsel
or advice with widom. Hitopadesha vd;w
E}iy vOjpath; ehuhaz gz;bl; Mthh;
,e;E}y; gQ;r je;jpu fijfSf;F %y
fhuzkhf tpsq;fpaJ.
gQ;r je;jpuf; fijfis (200 B.C)
vOjpath; tp\;Z rh;kh Mthh;.
fp.K. Mwhk; E}w;whz;by; cyfpd; gy
gFjpfspy; rka mikapd;ik
fhzg;gl;ljhy; rPdhtpy; fd;/G+rpahf>
ghurPfj;jpy; ghh;rp kjj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;j
n[huh];luh;> ,e;jpahtpy; kfhtPuh;> Gj;jh;
MfpNahh; rkfhyj;jpy; tho;e;jdh;.
Gj;j rkak; 563 fp.K.
567 fp.K. vd;Wk; $Wth;.
Gj;j kjj;ij epWtpah; - Gj;jh;
Gj;jh; vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F Qhdxsp
ngw;wth; vd;W ngah;.
,aw;ngah; - rpj;jhh;j;jh;
je;ij – fgpyt];J ehl;bd; kd;dh;
Rj;Njhjdh;. jha; - khahNjtp
,dk; - rhf;fpah; tk;rk; - rj;hpah; fhyk;
487
tsh;g;Gj;jha; - nfsjkp (khahtpd;
jq;if)
gpwe;j ,lk; - Yk;gpdp tdk;
kidtp – aNrhij> kfd; - ,uhFyd;
Qhd xsp fpilj;j ,lk; - fia (gPfhh;)
Kjd; cgNjrk; nra;j ,lk; - rhuehj;
(khd; G+q;fh)
,aw;if va;jpa ,lk; - Frp> taJ: 80
NtW ngah;: rhf;fpa Kdp : Mrpa
xsptpsf;F
JwT Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l NghJ taJ : 29
Qhdk; ngw;w NghJ taJ : 35
Kjy; cgNjrk; ngw;wth;fs;: 5
gpuhkzh;fs;
Gj;j rka fUj;Jfs; $WtJ –
jphpgPlfk;
jphpgPlfq;fs; (%d;W $ilfs;)
1. tpea gPlfk; - XOf;fk;
2. Rj;j gPlfk; - J}a;ik
3. mgpjk;k gPflk;-mwnewp fUj;Jf;fs;
tpea gPlfk;: 2 gphpTfis cilaJ
1. tpea gPlfk;
tpjpfs; kw;Wk; xOq;FKiwfis
cilaJ.
rq;fq;fspd; tsh;r;rp gw;wpaJ
2. ghjp Nkhl;rk;
Gj;jhpd; tho;f;if gw;wpaJ
Rj;j gPlfk;:
,J gpw;fhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
5 gphpTfis nfhz;lJ.
gy ,lq;fspy; Gj;jh; toq;fpa
cgNjrq;fs; kw;Wk; ciufs; gw;wpaJ.
rhhpGj;jh> Mde;jh MfpNahh; njhFj;jdh;.
1. jPf epfhak;: 34 #j;jpuq;fis cilaJ.
#j;jpuk; kfhghpepfhah – Gj;jhpd;
tho;f;ifapd; filrp fhy fl;lj;ij
tpsf;FtJ.
2. rk;Af;j epfhak; : 56 #j;jpuq;fs;
3. mq;Fj;ju epfhak;: 11 gphpTfs;
4. kj;jpk epfhak;: 152 #j;jpuq;fs;
5. Fl;l epfhak;: ,yf;fpaq;fs;
mgpjk;k gPlfk;:
,J Gj;j rka ,yf;fpaq;fs; kw;Wk;
Gj;jhpd; Ke;ija gpwg;Gfspy; eilngw;w
fdTfs; ([hjff; fijfs;) gw;wpaJ. ,J
ghyp nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;lJ.
VO gphpTfis cilaJ.
1. jh;krq;fzp 2. tpgq;fk; 3. fjtj;J 4.
gz;zj;jp 5. jhJfij 6. akfk; 7.
gl;lhdk;
Kjy; 5 rPlh;fs;: 1. nrhz;ld;dh 2.
kfhdhkh 3. tg;gh 4. gj;jp[p 5. m];]h[p
Kf;fpa rPlh;fs;:
1. Mde;jh 2. cghyp 3. kfh f];]gh 4.
mDUj;jh
Kf;fpa gy;fiyf; fofq;fs;:
(fhy thpirg;gb)
1. jl;rrPy gy;fiyf;fofk;
2. ehfh;[_dh gy;fiyf;fofk;
3. ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofk;
4. thjhgp gy;fiyf;fofk;
5. tpf;uk; rPy gy;fiyf;fofk;
Kf;fpa E}y;fs;
jphpgPlq;fs; - kpypz;lghzh
krdtpg\h - #j;jpu myq;fhuk;
kfhahzk; gs;spfs;:
1. kj;jpakpfh 2. Nahfrhuh
`Pdahzg; gs;spfs;:
1. itgh\pfh
Gj;jhpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw tpsf;FtJ
[hjff; fijfs;.
Gj;j khehLfs;:
Kjy; Gj;j khehL:
Gj;jh; ,we;j rpy thuq;fspy;
eilngw;wJ.
487 my;yJ 483 fp. K.tpy; uhrfpUfk;
vd;w ,lj;jpy; rl;lghzp vd;w Fifapy;
eilngw;wJ.
gy;NtW rq;fq;fisr; Nrh;e;j 500 Gj;j
kj FUf;fs; fye;Jf; nfhz;lhh;fs;.
Gj;jhpd; cgNjrq;fs; tpea gPlfk; kw;Wk;
jk;k gPlfk; vd;w ,U gphpTfshf
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
tpea gPlfj;ij njhFj;jth;: Mde;jh
(Ananda)
,k;khehl;il jiyik Vw;W elj;jpath;
kfhf];gh (Mahakasspa)
,uz;lhtJ Gj;j khehL:
Rkhh; fp.K. 387 my;yJ 383y; itrhyp
vd;w ,lj;jpy; eilngw;wJ.
Itrhypapy; tho;e;j Gj;j gpf;Ffs; tpea
gPlfj;jpy; ,Ue;J khWgl;ldh;.
gioikthjp gpf;Ffs;: ];jtPh;
(Sthaviras) vd;Wk; rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs;
kfhrkpfh (Mahasamhikas) vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gl;lhh;fs;.
%d;whtJ Gj;j khehL:
Rkhh; fp.K. 250y; ghlypGj;jpuj;jpy;
mNrhfh; fhyj;jpy; eilngw;wJ.
,k;khehl;il jiyik Vw;W elj;jpath;
nkhfhyp Gj;j jprh
,k;khehl;by; mgpjk;k gPlfk; vd;w
%d;wthJ gPlfk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
ehd;fhtJ Gj;j khehL:
fdp\fh; fhyj;jpy; fh\;kPuk; (m)
[ye;jhpy; eilngw;wJ
thRkpj;uh kw;Wk; mRtNfh\; (horses
that listen to Bodhisattva) MfpNahh;
jiyik Vw;whh;fs;.
%d;W gPlfq;fSf;F tpsf;f ciuahf
tpg\hf;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ
5tJ kw;Wk; 6tJ khehL: `h;\h;
fhyj;jpy; fd;Ndhrp kw;Wk; myfhghj;jpy;
eilngw;wJ
%d;W nfhs;iffs;:
1. Gj;jk; 2. jh;kk; 3. rq;fk;
Gj;j rkaf; nfhs;iffs;
1. kdpj tho;f;if Jd;gk; epiwe;jJ
2. Jd;gj;jpw;F fhuzk; Mir
3. Jd;gj;jpid ePf;f Miria xopf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
4. Miria mlf;f 8 tif ghij
vz;topg; ghij
1. ed;dk;gpf;if – rk;af; jpU\;b
2. ey;nyz;zk; - rk;af; rq;fy;gk;
3. ey;thf;F – rk;af; thf;F
4. ew;nray; - rk;af; fh;kk;
5. ey;tho;T – rk;af; m[_tk;
6. ed;Kaw;rp – rk;af; tpahahkk;
7. ew;rpe;jid – rk;af; ];kpUjp
8. ew;wpahdk; - rk;af; rkhjp
mth; Kjypy; Fwpg;gpl;lJ jh;k rf;fu
ghpthj;j;jNd vd;w thrfk; MFk;
fh;kh cz;L
Kjy; FU: Muhjfyhkh
ehd;F cz;ikfs; (my;yJ) Mhpa
rj;jpaq;fs;. (Jf;fh> rKjha> epNuhyh>
khh;f;fh)
Gj;j kj E}y;fs; ghyp nkhopapy;
VOjg;gl;lit
kfhtrk;rk;> jPg tk;rk; Mfpait
,yq;ifapy; cs;s Gj;j E}y;fs;
Gj;j kj mwpQh; ehfh;[_dh doctrine of
Shunyata Nfhl;ghl;il tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
Gj;j kj gphpTfs;
1. kfhahdk; - Gjpath;fs;
2. `pdhahdk; - gioikthjpfs;
eph;thzj;ij – mila Gj;jh; $wpa %d;W
topfs;:
jd;idj;jhNd tUj;jpf; nfhz;L jhNd
eph;thzk; miljy; (Arhat – yana)
kw;wth;fSf;F cjtp nra;J jd;id
tUj;jp eph;thzk; miljy; (Pratyaka)
kw;wth;fSf;F cjtp nra;J> gpwUf;fhf
tho;e;J jd;id tUj;jp eph;thzk;
miljy; (Buddha Yana)
kfhahdk; P̀dahdk;
rk];fpUj nkhop ghyp nkhop
Gj;jhpd; cUt
topthL> rpiy
jpUtbfs; ghjpku
kw;Wk; Nghjp rj;Jt
rpiyfs; topghL
Gj;jh; flTs; Gj;jh; kjj;jiyth;
,e;jpah> rPdh>
,yq;if> gh;kh
Mfpa ehLfs;
[g;ghd;> njd;
fpof;F Mrpa ehL
Gj;jkjj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wgth;fs; Nghjpr;
rj;Jth;fs; vdg;gl;lhh;fs;
cyfk; vq;Fk; gutpAs;sJ kfhahdk;
kfhahdj;ij tsh;j;jth; : fdp\;fh;
P̀dahdj;ij tsh;j;jth;: mNrhfh;
Gj;jh; ,wf;Fk; NghJ kfj kd;dh;
m[hjrj;JU.
Gj;j rhpjk;:
m];tNfh\h; vd;gtuhy; ,e;E}y;
rk];fpUjj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lJ
rkzh;fs; - [Pdh;fs;
Rkzh;fs; vd;why; nrd;wth;fs; vd;gJ
nghUs;
Rkz kjj;jpy; nkhj;jk; 24 jPh;jjq;fuh;fs;
,Ue;jdh;. mth;fspd; tptuk; gpd;tUkhW:
KjyhtJ jPh;j;jq;fuh; hp\pg Njth;
,th; gujd; vdg;gLk; (,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
kd;dh;) kd;dhpd; je;ij vd;W $Wth;
,tiug;gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; tp\;ZGuhzk;
kw;Wk; ghftjh; Guhzj;jpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
M[pjh
rhk;gth
mgpee;jdh
rhe;jp
22tJ jPh;j;jq;fuh; - mhp\;lNekp
23tJ jPh;j;jq;fuh; - gh;rt ehjh;
24tJ jPh;j;jq;fuh; - kfhtPuh;
jPh;j;jq;fuh; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F tho;f;if
vd;Dk; gpwtpg; ngUq;fliy flg;gjw;F
ghij mikj;jth; vd;W nghUs;
ghh;rtehjh;:
je;ij - mRtNrdh;
jha; - thkNjtp
kidtp - gpughtjp
tk;rk; - ehf tk;rk;
kuzk; mile;j ,lk; - kTz;l; Rke;jh
Mjhu E}y; - fy;g$j;jpuk;
,tiu gpd;gw;wpath;fs; RNtjhk;guh;fs;
vdg;gl;ldh;. ,th;fs; ,uz;L
nts;isahil mzpe;J ,Ue;jdh;
gh;trehjhpd; nfhs;iffs;:
jPq;F nra;ahJ ,Uj;jy; (mfpk;rh)
cz;ik NgRjy; (rj;jpah)
gw;ww;W ,Uj;jy; (mghpfpU`h)
jpUlhJ tpyfp ,Uj;jy; (ma;ja)
,tw;Wld; kfhtPh; jdJ nfhs;ifahf
gpuk;krh;aj;ij Nrh;j;Jf; nfhz;lhh;
kfhtPuh;
kfhtPuhpd; je;ij – rpj;jhh;j;jh> Fe;jGuj;
jiyth;
,aw;ngah; - th;j;jkhdh;
jha; - jphpriy itrhyp mUfpy; Fe;j
fpuhkk;
gpwe;j Mz;L – fp. K. 539
kidtp – aNrhjh
kfs; ngah; - mNdh[h
rNfhjuh; ee;jp th;j;jedhh;
Qhdk; ngw;w ,lk; - hp[Pghypfh
caph;ePj;j ,lk; - ghth
Nfhrhyh; vd;Dk; JwtpAld; Kjypy;
,Ue;jhh;. gpd; kfhtPuh; jdpNa gphpe;J
nrd;whh;. Nfhrhyh; M[Ptfh; (Ajivika)
vd;w rkag;gphpit cUthf;fpdh;.
kfhtPuh; [pUk;gpfh fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s
hp[Pghypfh ejpf;fiuapy; xU gioa
Nfhtpy; mUfpy; cs;s rhy;kuj;jbapy;
NftyQhdk; (Kevala Jnana) ngw;whh;.
,tUf;F toq;fpa gpw ngah;fs; :
1. ifty;ah; 2. kfhtPuhh; 3. i[dh; 4. eph;f;fpue;jh;
rkz Kdpfs; Nekre;jpud; fzf;Fg;gb
kfhtPuh; fp. K. 468y; ,we;jhh;.
,th; gpuk;kr;rhpaj;ij Nghjpj;jhh;.
nfhs;iffs;:
flTs; ,y;iy
cyfk; jhkhfNt ,aq;fp tUfpwJ.
fh;k Nfhl;ghL cz;L
vy;yh nghUs;fSf;Fk; caph; kw;Wk;
Md;kh cz;L
mNehfhe;jthj (Many – sidedness of
reality) Nfhl;ghl;bid tpthjpg;gJ rkz
kjk; MFk;.
jPtpu mfpk;ir nfhs;iff;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
mq;fhf;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
11 rq;fq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lJ
rq;fj; jiyth;fs; fzjhuh;fs;
vdg;gl;ldh;
Nfhba gQ;rj;jhy; gj;jpuhF jiyikapy;
(jpfk;guh;fs;) re;jpu Fg;j nkshpah;
kw;Wk; gy rkz Jwtpfs; njw;fpy;
cs;s ik#h; rputzngyNfhyh
vd;Dkplj;jpw;F nrd;whh;
mq;F re;jpu Fg;jh; caph; ePj;jhh;
gQ;rk; ePq;fpaJk; rkzh;fs; tlf;F
jpUk;gpdh;
,th;fis tlf;F rkzh;fs;
(RNtjhk;guh;fs;) Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy
tlf;F rkzh;fspd; jiyth;: ];J}y
gj;jpuh;
,k;kjj;ij Mjhpj;jth;fs;: m[h;jrj;U>
fhuNtyd;> gy;yth;fs;> rhSf;fpah;fs;>
fq;fh;fs;> uh\;bu $lh;fs;
rkz kjj;ij gpd;gw;wpa gy;ytkd;dd;
Kjyhk; kNfe;jpud;
KjyhtJ rkz khehL: fp. gp. 3Mk;
E}w;whz;L
ghlypGj;jpuj;jpy; eilngw;wJ
jiyik: ];J}ygj;jpuh;
,q;F 14 G+h;thf;fSF;F gjpy; 12
mq;fhf;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,uz;lhtJ rkz khehL: fp. gp. 5Mk;
E}w;whz;L
ty;ygp efhpy; eilngw;wJ
,jw;F jiyik Vw;wth;: f\;k];kzh
rkz fUj;Jf;fs; gug;gg;gl;l nkhop:
mh;j;jkfe;jp
rkzh;fspd; Nfhtpy;fis mopj;J:
myhTjPd; fpy;[p
%d;W ,uj;jpdq;fs;:
1. ed;dlj;ij (Samyak Charitra)
2. ek;gpf;if (Samyak Darshan)
3. ey;ywpT (Samyak dnayan)
ey;ywpT 5 tifg;gLk;. mit:
1. kjp 2. ];Ujp 3. Mtjp 4. khdhgpNuNa
5. Nfty;
%d;W ,uj;jpdq;fis filgpbg;gjhy;
„rpj;jprPy‟ vd;w epiy cz;lhFk;.
Kf;fpa gphpTfs;
1. jpfk;guh;fs; Mfhaj;ij cilahf
mzpe;jth;fs; eph;thz rkzh;fs;
2. RNtjk;guh;fs; nts;is cil
mzpe;jth;fs;
rkzh;fspd; E}y;fspy; njhFg;gpw;F Mf
rpj;jhe;jq;fs; vd;W ngah;. ,jid 14
G+h;thq;fs; vd;gh;.
,jid njhFj;jth;: gj;jpughF
epge;jidfSld; $ba jw;nfhiy Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
rkzf; Nfhapy;fs; cs;s ,lq;fs;:
1. kTz;l; mG 2. vy;Nyhuh 3. Cjafphp 4.
rputzngyNfhyh
,uh[];jhdpy; cs;s kTz;l mG
miyapy; cs;s jpy;thuh> f[PuhN`h>
rpj;J}h;> uhdf;G+h;> Mfpa ,lqf;spy;
cs;s Nfhtpy;fs;> cjafphp> `jpFk;gh>
vy;Nyhuh kw;Wk; fph;dhtpy; cs;s
rpw;gq;fs;> fh;ehlfj;jpy; ik#Uf;F
mUNf cs;s rputzngyNfhyh vd;Dk;
,lj;jpy; cs;s NfhkjP];tuh; rpiy
Nghd;wit rkzh;fspd; fiy jpwDf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;L MFk;.
nkhfhypGj;uh (Nfhryh;) vd;gtuhy;
Jtf;gg;gl;lJ.
Gj;j kjk; kw;Wk; rkz kjj;ij
Nghd;Nw ,k;kjKk; Vw;gl;lJ.
mNrhfhpd; fw;ghiwfspy; ,J Fwpj;j
Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ
guhguh; Fiffs; M[ptfh kjj;jpw;fhf
mNrhfuhy; xJf;fg;gl;lJ.
KO eph;thzj;ijAk;> fLikahd
xOf;fj;ijAk; ,k;kjk; Nghjpj;jJ.
mnyf;rhz;lhpd; ,e;jpag; gilnaLg;G:
mnyf;rhz;lhpd; ,e;jpag; gilnaLg;G
Fwpj;J ,e;jpar; rhd;Wfs; VJk;
Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
mnyf;rhz;lh; khrpNlhdpah ehl;L
kd;dd; ,uz;lhk; gpypg; vd;gthpd; kfd;
,thpd; Mrphpah;: jj;JtQhdp
mhp];lhl;by;.
,thpd; Mir: cyfk; KOtijAk; xNu
Filapd; fPo; Ms Ntz;Lk;
,e;jpahit fpof;F khrpNlhdpah vd
mnyf;rhz;lh; epidj;jpUe;jhh;
Kjyhk; iru];
ghurPfj;jpy; mfNkdpa tk;r Ml;rpia
epWtpath;
fp. K. 558-530y; ,e;jpah kPJ
gilnaLf;f Kaw;rp nra;jhh;. ghf;bhpah>
fhe;jhuk; Mfpa gFjpfis ntd;whh;.
Kjyhk; NlhhpR fp. K. 522-486
ghurPfj;jpd; %d;whtJ murh;.
rpe;J khepyj;ij ntd;W ghurPfj;Jld;
,izj;jth;.
mhpngy;yh Nghh;: fp. K. 330
%d;whk; NlhhpR fhyj;jpy; ghurPf ehl;bd;
kPJ mnyf;rhz;lh; Nghh; njhLj;jhh;.
%d;whk; NlhhpR nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
mnyf;rhz;lh; ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; Eioe;jhh;.
mnyf;rhz;lh; ruzile;j Kjy; kd;dd;
jl;rrPyj;ij Mz;L te;j mk;gp Mthh;.
mnyf;rhz;lh; rpe;J ejpia flf;f
cjtp nra;jth;.
mnyf;rhz;lUf;F ruzila kWj;jth;
Nghu]; vd;w GUN\hj;jkd;. ,th; Mz;l
gFjp [Pyj;jpw;Fk; rPdhg;gpw;Fk; ,ilNa
cs;s gFjp
Nghu]; kd;dd; jd;id Nghh;f ifjpahf
elj;jhky; kd;ddhf el;j tpUg;gk;
njhptpj;jhh;.
Nghu]; kd;did kjpj;J mnyf;rhz;lh;
mth; ehl;bid jpUg;gp mspj;jhh;.
mnyf;rhz;lh; ,we;j Mz;L fp. K. 323
,we;j ,lk; ghgpNyhd;
mnyf;rhz;lh; gilnaLg;G gw;wp mwpa
cjTtJ mthpd; ez;gh; epahh;r
vd;gthpd; Fwpg;Gfs; MFk;
gpahR ejpf;fiuapy; 12 gypg;gPlq;fis
epWtpdhh;.
mnyf;rhz;lhpd; gilnaLg;Gfs;
tpisthf ghf;bhpah> ghh;jpah Nghd;w
fpNuf;f FbNaw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld
fpNuf;f–ghf;bhpa rpw;gpfs; fhe;jhuj;jpw;F
te;jdh;. mth;fs; fdp\;fh;> Gj;jh;>
Nghjprj;Jth; rpiyfis nra;jdh;.
fhe;jhuf;fiy vdg;gLk; ,e;Njh–fpNuf;f
(ghurPf) fiy cUthapw;W
,e;jpahtpy; thdtpay;> fiy>
ehzaKiw Njhd;wpaJ.
kfh[dgjhf;fs;:
Gj;juJ fhyj;jpy; mjhtJ 6-k;
E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpahtpy; gy;NtW epyk;
rhh;e;j muRfs; Njhd;wpd.
murpay; hPjpapy; ,J xU Kf;fpakhd
jpUg;Gkid MFk;. epyk; rhh;e;j muRfs;
cUthdJ Kjd; Kjyhf fp. K. 6-k;
E}w;whz;by; MFk;.
Gj;j rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;j mq;Fjhu
epf;fhah E}y;> [hjf ,yf;fpaq;fs;
kw;Wk; rkz E}yhfpa gftjp #j;jpuk;
Mfpait mbg;ilapy; iu]; Nltp];
vd;w Mq;fpNyNa tuyhw;W Mrphpah;
fp.K. 6-k; E}w;whz;by; 16 epyk; rhh;e;j
ehLfs; ,Ue;jjhf $Wfpwhh;. ,e;j epyk;
rhh;ej ehLfs; nrhyr kfh[dgjhf;fs;
vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,e;epyg; gug;Gfs; fhG+y; gs;sj;jhf;fpy;
,Ue;J Nfhjhthp ejpf;fiu tiu
gutpapUe;jJ. ,it
RNjr muRfs; jiy efuq;fs;
fhrp thuzhrp
..fhryk; ..ut];jp (mNahj;jp)
..q;fk; ..k;gzfphp
..fjk; ..hpt;uh[;/uh[fpUjk;
..h[;[p ..trhyk; (kpjpiy)
..y;yh ..rp efuk; kw;Wk; ghtGhp
..rb ..f;jpkjp
..hl;rh (tk;rh) ..fhrhk;gp
…U `];jpdhGh;> ,e;jpu
gpU];jk; kw;Wk; …Rfhuh
..Q;rhyk; ..`prl;hpah kw;Wk;
fk;gpy;ah
..hl;];ah ..ul;efh;
..unrd; kJuh
…rhfh ..gslhd;ah
..te;jp c[;[apdp
…he;jhuh jl;\rPyk;
..hk;Ng[; ..fG+h; (Jthufh)
1. mq;fh ,J gpk;gprhuh; fhyj;jpy;
kfjj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J
jw;NghJs;s fpof;F gPfhh; gFjpahFk;.
2. Kfjh – gpUfujh vd;gth; ,jid
Njhw;Wtpj;jth; Mthh;. ehd;F ehLfs;
Nrh;e;jjhy; ,J Kjd;ik ngw;wJ. ,J
jw;NghJs;s ghl;dh> fah gFjpfs;
mlq;fpa njw;F gPfhh; gFjpahFk;.
3. th[p – ypr;rhtp> tpj;Njfh;fs; Nghd;w 8
fyj;jth; ,jid epWtpdh;.
4. ky;yh - ,J xU gphpthf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ
5. fhrp – tUz; kw;Wk; mrp vd;w
,Uejpfs; XLfpwJ. gy Nghh;fSf;F
gpwF Nfhryhj;Jl;d ,ize;jJ.
6. Nfhryh – gy Nghh;fs; kw;Wk; jpUkz
cwtpd; mbg;gilapy; kfjj;Jld;
,ize;jJ. ,J c. gp. khepyj;jpd;
mtj; gFjpahFk;.
7. tr;rh - ,J jw;NghJ cs;s myfhghj;
gFjpahFk;.
8. Nrb – gz;ly;fz;l gFjpNa nrb
ehlhFk;.
9. FU – nly;yp> kPul;> jhNd];tuk;
gFjpNa FU ehlhFk;. ,jd; jiyefuk;
m];jpdhG+h; (,e;jpu gpu];jh) MFk;.
10. ghQ;rhyh – gNuhyp> gjhT+jd;>
Nuhfpy;fz;l; gFjpNa ghQ;rhyh MFk;.
11. #uNrdh – kJuhGhp gFjpNa #uNrdh
ehlhFk;.
12. kj;rah – n[a;G+iu Rw;wp cs;s gFjp
13. mte;jp – rhk;gy; kw;Wk; khst
gFjpahFk;.
14. k];tkh - ,J Nfhjhthp rkntspapd;
Nkw;FGuk; ,jd; jiyefuk; Patlia
15. fhe;jhuk; - ,J Ng\hth; kw;Wk;
,uhty;gpz;b gFjpahFk;.
16. fhk;Ngh[k; - ,J fh\;kPh; gFjpahFk;.
,e;j 16 kfh[dgjhf;fs; kw;Wk; FbauR
ehLfs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; 4 nghpa murhf
cUthfpaJ. mit 1. mte;jp 2.
Nfhryk; 3. tj;rah 4. kfjk;
FbauRfs;
fq;if fiuapy; NguuRfs; Njhd;wpd.
Mdhy; mNj Neuj;jpy; gQ;rhg;>
gq;iff;fiuapd; ntspg;Gw ,lq;fspYk;
kw;Wk; ,kakiy mbthuq;fspYk; [dh
vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; FbauRfs; Njhd;wpd.
Gj;j kw;Wk; rkz ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa FbauRfs;
ehL goq;Fbfs;
1. fgpyt];J rhf;fpah;fs;
2. itrhyp ypr;rhtpfs;
3. ky;yhf;fs; ghth
4. Frp efuk; ky;yhf;fs;
5. kpjpiy tpNjfh;fs;
6. ijrhyp Qhj;jphpfh;fs;
7. my;yfg;gh Gy;ypah;fs;
8. NfrGl;lh fyk;gh;fs;
9. gpg;ghyp tdk; Nkhhpfs;
10. rk;Rkhuh gh;fh;fs;
mh;j;j rh];jpuj;jpy; NkYk; gy
FbauRfspd; ngah;fs; fhzg;gl;lJ.
,f;FbauRfs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; typik
nghUe;jpa mz;il ehLfSld; Nghh;fs;
%yk; ,izf;fg;ngw;wJ.
Nkw;$wpa ehLfspy; kfjk; typikngw;w
ehlhf tpsq;fpaJ.
mjid Mz;l Mh;aq;f kuG kd;dh;fs;
gpk;gprhuh; kw;Wk; m[hjrj;U fhyq;fspy;
kfjk; typik kpf;f ehlhf tpsq;fpaJ
fpy;Lfs;
murhq;fj;ijg; NghyNt tpiythrpiaAk;
nghUl;fspd; juj;ijAk;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,Ue;j mikg;Ng
tpahghpfspd; rq;fk; vdg;gLk; fpy;L
MFk;.
gpk;gprhuh;
,th; mh;aq;f kugpd; Kjy; kd;dh;> ,k;
kuNg gpd; rpRehj tk;rkhf khwpaJ.
,th; ,uh[fpU`h vd;w jiy efiu
cUthf;fpdhh;.
gpk;gprhuh; jiyefiu fphptpuh[h vd;Dk;
,lj;jpypUe;J uh[fpufj;jpw;F khw;wpdhh;.
Uh[fpUfj;jpd; vQ;rpa rpijTfis
ghl;dhTf;F mUNf nuf;fp]; vd;Dk;
,lj;jpy; fhzyhk;.
kfjj;jpd; rpwg;ig Vw;gLj;jpa Kjy;
murh; ,th;
rkz ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,tiu ];Nudpfh
vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd
kfhtPuUk;> nfsjkGj;jUk; ,thpd;
cwtpdh;fs;.
Gj;jUf;F tpUe;J nfhLj;jhh;;
gpuk;k jj;jhit ntd;W mq;f ehl;il
Nrh;j;Jf;nfhz;lhh;.
Nfhry ehl;L Nfhryh Njtpia kze;J
nfhz;L fhrpia jpUkz ghprhfg;
ngw;whh;.
m[hj rj;JU:
,th; jdJ je;ijia rpiwapy; milj;J
gpd; nfhd;W Ml;rpia ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
,tUf;F vjpuhf ypr;rhtpfs;> ky;yh;fs;>
ghyh;fs;> rpuhtRjp kd;dh;fs; MfpNahh;
,ize;jdh;. ,JNt tphp[p $l;bizT
vdg;gLk;.
,th;fs; midtiuAk; m[hj rj;JU
ntd;W tphp[pfs; ehl;il kfj ehl;Lld;
,izj;jhh;.
,e;j tphp[p $l;bizTfs; ghlyp vd;w
fpuhkj;jpy; fl;ba Nfhl;ilNa
gpw;fhyj;jpy; ghlypGj;jpuk; vdg;gl;lJ.
,th; Nghhpy; ,uz;L Gjpa MAjq;fisf;
fz;L gpbj;jhh;. it
1. kfhrPyfz;lfh 2. ujKrhyh
,th; Gj;jiu gyKiw re;jpj;jhh;
,th; Kjy; Gj;j rq;fj;ij
,uhrhfpUfj;jpy; $l;bdhh;
,th; uh[fpUfj;jpy; xU ];J}gpia
fl;bdhh;
,tuJ kfd; cjagj;jpud; nfhiy
nra;ag;gl;L rpRehfh; Ml;rpia
ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
rpRehfh; tk;rj;jpw;F gpwF ee;jtk;rk;
Ml;rpf;F te;jJ.
ee;j tk;rk; fp.K. 345 – fp.K. 362
Guhzq;fs; 9 ee;jh;fs; 100 Mz;L fhyk;
Ml;rp nra;jjhf Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Kjy; ee;j murd; : kfhgj;k ee;jd;
,th; ehtpjh; vd fpNuf;f Mrphpah;fs;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
,th; rj;jphpfis mopj;jikahy;
,uz;lhk; guRuhkd; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
,th; fypq;f ehl;il ntd;wij
fhuNtyhpd; mjpFk;gh fy;ntl;L %yk;
mwpayhk;.
,th; kfjj;Jld; ,izj;j gpwehLfs;:
ghQ;rhyk;> fhrp> mRkfh> kpjpiy> FU
kw;Wk; #uNrdh MFk;.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Kf;fpa Nguurh; mth;
Vf;uhl; vd;Dk; gl;lj;ij #l;bf;
nfhz;lhh;.
ee;j tk;rj;jpd; filrp murh;: jdee;jh;.
,th; mf;uNrdh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
,thplkpUe;J Ml;rpia nkshpa
tk;rj;ijr; rhh;e;j re;jpuFg;j nkshpah;
ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
nkshpag; NguuR
rhd;Wfs;
1. nfsby;ahpd; mh;j;j rh];jpuk;
2. nkf];jdp]; vOjpa ,z;bfh
3. tprhfj;jhpd; Kj;jpuh uhl;rrk;
4. ,yq;ifapd; Gj;j rkz E}y;fshf
jPgtk;rk;> kfhtk;rk;
5. mNrhfhpd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
6. Uj;ujhkd; vd;gtuJ fph;dhh; fy;ntl;L
7. Mhpad;> GSlhh;f;> gpspdp> [];bd;
Nghd;w fpNuf;f mwpQh;fspd; gilg;Gfs;
8. gpw rhd;Wfshd kDjh;kk;>
fhk#j;jpuk;> gQ;rje;jpuk;> fkz;lfk;>
jz;bayq;fhuk;
9. thA Guhzk;> tp\;Z Guhzk;> kj;ar
Guhzk;
re;jpuFg;j nkshpah; (fp.K. 321-291)
,th; nkshpa tk;rj;ij epWtpath;.
,tuJ jha; Kuh tk;rj;ij rhh;e;jth;
vd;Wk;> ,th; kapy; tsh;g;gthpd; kfd;
vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ.
nry;A+f]; epNflUld; Nghh; - Nghhpy;
ntw;wp. nry;A+f]; jdJ kfs; n`yid
re;jpuFg;j nkshpaUf;F jpUkzk; nra;J
itj;jhh;. re;jpuFg;jh; epidthf
fl;lg;gl;l gioikahd Nfhtpy;
re;juhgh];b
nry;A+f]; J}Jth; nkf];jdP];
nkf];jdP]; vOjpa E}y; ,z;bfh
,z;bfh ekf;F KOikahf
fpilf;ftpy;iy. fpNuf;f ,yj;jPd;
Mrphpah;fshd ];l;uhNgh> mh;hpad;> gpspd;
MfpNahh; ,zbfhtpypUe;J Nkw;
Nfhs;fshf fhl;bAs;s rpWrpW gFjpfs;
ekf;F fpilj;Js;sd.
re;jpuFg;j nkshpah; mur gjtpia
Jwe;J rkz kjj;ij jOtp gj;u ghF
jiyikapy; rputz ngyNfhyhtpy;
nrd;W fp.K. 298y; kuzkile;jhh;.
rputzngyNfhyhtpy; cs;s
NfhkjP];tuh; rpiy rhKz;bah;fshy;
fl;lg;gl;lJ.
F[uhj; khepyk; fph;ehh; khtl;lj;jpy;
Gfo;ngw;w Rjh;rd Vhp ntl;bdhh;
gpe;J rhuh
re;jpuFg;j nkshpaUf;Fg;gpd; Ml;rpf;F
te;jth;. fpNuf;fh;fs; “mkph;jjflh”
(vjphpfis nfhy;gth;) vd;wdh;.
nkf];jdPRf;F gpwF “nla;Nkf;f];”
“ilNahdPrpa];” Mfpath;fs; fpNuf;f
ehl;bd; J}Jth;fs;
mNrhfh; (fp.K. 273 – 236)
fp. K. 273y; gpe;Jrhuh; ,we;jpUg;ghh;
vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ
,jw;F gpd; gjtp Vw;wtiu mNrhfh; vd
kh];fp fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
mNrhfh; fhyj;J fy;ntl;L mtiu
Njthdhk;gpa gpajrp vd;W $WfpwJ.
Njthdhk;gpa vd;why; flTshhy;
Nerpf;fg;gLgth; vd nghUs;gLk;
Gpajrp vd;why; fdpe;j ghh;itAilath;
vd nghUs;gLk;
,tUila kidtp Njtp. Rptid
topgl;l ,tiu Gj;jkjj;jpw;F khw;wpath;
jprh vd;w cgFg;jh;
,e;jpahit Mz;l kpf rpwe;j kd;dh;
Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig Vw;wTld; 13
Mz;Lfs; Nghhpy; fhyk; fopj;jhh;
fp.K. 261Mk; Mz;by; jw;NghJ xhprh
vdg;gLk; fypq;fj;jpd; kPJ Nghh;
njhLj;jhh;. Nghhpy; 1>50>000 Ngh;
ifjpfshfg; gpbgl;ldh;. gy ,yl;rk; Ngh;
caph; Jwe;jdh;.
vdNt ,dp NghhpLtjpy;iy vd rgjk;
vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhh;.
mNrhfh; Nghhpl;l fypq;f kd;ddpd; ngah;
njhpatpy;iy
NghUf;Fg;gpd; jpf; tp[ak; vdg;gLk;
rz;ilapLjiy tpl;L tpl;L jh;k tp[ak;
vd;w mfpk;irapy; nry;y Jtq;fpdhh;
mNrhfh; %d;whtJ Gj;j khehl;bid
ghlypGj;jpuj;jpy; $l;bdhh;
fy;g #j;uh vd;w E}iy gj;jpu ghF
vOjpAs;shh;.
mNrhfhpd; NtW ngah;fs;:
Njtdhk;gphpah;> gphpajh;\pzp
,th; jdJ Nghjidfis gug;g ghyp
nkhopia gad;gLj;jpdh;
mNrhfhpd; kfd; kNfe;jpud; kw;Wk; kfs;
rq;fkpj;jpiu Gj;j kjj;jpid gug;g
,yq;if nrd;wdh;.
,th; Gj;j> jh;kh Mfpatw;wpy; ek;gpf;if
nfhz;L mjd; top ele;jjhy; mNrhfh;
kpfr; rpwe;jth; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwhh;
mNrhfhpd; Ngud; jrujd; Mthh;. ,th;
mNrhfUf;F gpwF fpof;FGw
khfhzq;fis Ml;rp nra;jhh;.
mNrhfhpd; fy;ntl;Lfs; - tifg;ghLfs;
14 ghiw Mizfs;
gjp%d;whtJ ghiw fy;ntl;L fypq;f
ntw;wpia Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
fpNuf;f ehLfSf;F mNrhfh; mDg;gpa
J}Jf;FOf;fis Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
mNrhfhpd; ed;ndwp kw;Wk;
nfhs;iffis $WfpwJ
,U rpW ghiw Mizfs;
Kjy; rpW ghiwf; fy;ntl;L
mNrhfUila jdpg;gl;l tho;f;if gw;wp
$WfpwJ.
,uz;lhtJ ghiwf; fy;ntl;L mNrhfhpd;
jh;knfhs;ifs; gw;wp $WfpwJ.
,U fypq;fh ghiw Mizfs;
,it gjpehd;F ghiwf; fy;ntl;Lfspd;
,izg;ghFk;.
vy;iyg;Gwq;fspy; cs;s goq;Fb
kf;fsplk; ele;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba
Kiwfis $WfpwJ.
ghq;& fy;ntl;L Miz:
Gj;j rkaf; fy;ntl;LfspypUe;J VO
gFjpfis ,f;fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
guhgh; Fiff;fy;ntl;Lf;fs;:
mNrhfhpd; gazq;fis Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
7 fw;W}z; Mizfs;
rpW J}z; fy;ntl;Lfs;
,it nkhj;jk; ehd;F J}z;fshFk;.
1. Rhuehj; 2. rhQ;rp
3. Uk;kpz;b 4. myfhghj;
mNrhfUila ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLk; xNu
xU fy;ntl;L Miz k];fp fy;ntl;L
Miz MFk;.
Kf;fpa ghiwf; fy;ntl;L Mizfs;
1. \hgh]; fhh;fp – ng\htUf;F mUfpy;
2. khd; nr ;̀uh - ng\htUf;F mUfpy;
3. fhy;rp – cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
4. fph;dhh; - fj;jpathh;
5. Nrhghuh – Kk;igf;F mUfpy;
6. njsTyp – xhprh
7. n[sflh – nrd;idf;F mUfpy;
8. nga;uhj; - n[a;g;G+h;
9. rf];uhk; - tq;fhsk;
10. k];fp – i`juhghj; mUfpy;
mNrhfhpd; J}z; fy;ntl;lhzifs;
1. Uk;kpz;b – Neghsk;
2. ghuehj; - gdhuR
3. nyshpah ee;jd fh; - gPfhh;
4. Njhguh – mk;ghyh
5. rhe;jp – Nghghy;
,f;fy;ntl;Lfs; ngUk;ghYk; gpuhkp
vOj;Jf;fNs
rhzf;fpah;
,thpd; G+h;tPfk; Nfush
,thpd; NtW ngah; : nfsby;ah;> tp\;Z
Fg;jh;
,th; vOjpa Ml;rp E}y;: mh;j;j
rh];jpuk; ,e;j E}y; nkshpah;fspd;
murpay;> (States craft) rKjhak;> rkak;
kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk; Fwpj;J mwpa
cjTfpwJ. ,J rk];fpUjj;jpy;
vOjg;gl;lJ.
tpw;gid thpia Kjd; Kjypy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;
,tiu ,j;jhypapd; Nkf;fpty;yp vd;w
murpay; rpe;jidahsUld;
xg;gpLfpd;wdh;. (Nkf;fpty;yp vOjpa E}y;
gphpd;];) ,th; re;jpuFg;jh; kw;Wk;
gpe;Jrhuhplk; Kjd;ik mikr;ruhf
gzpahw;wpdhh;.
tprhfjj;jh;
,th; kfhuh[h gh];fujj;jhtpd; kfd;
Mthh;
,th; %d;W ehlfq;fis vOjpAs;shh;
1. Kj;uh uhl;rfk; 2. Njtp re;jpuFg;jk;
3. Abisarika Vancitaka
nkshpah;fspd; eph;thfk;
nkshpah;fs; jq;fsJ eph;thfj;ij 7
tifahf gphpj;jdh;
1. ika muR
2. khfhz muR
3. cs;shl;rp muR
4. ePjpj;Jiw
5. tUtha;j;Jiw
6. ,uhZtj;Jiw
7. Xw;wh; gil
nkshpa murUf;F epUthfj;jpy; cjtp
nra;a ke;jphp ghP\j; vd;w FO ,Ue;jJ.
xt;nthU fpuhkKk; fpuhkzp
Nkw;ghh;itapYk;> gj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
fpuhkq;fs; ];jhdpfh; fPOk;> ehd;F Kjy;
gj;J fpuhkq;fs; Nfhgh;fs; fPOk;>
efuq;fs; efuh;fs; fPOk; ,Ue;J te;jJ.
nkshpa muR jhAs;sj;NjhL eph;thfk;
nra;j murhFk;. ,jdhy;jhd; mNrhfh;
jdJ fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; midj;J kdpjg;
gpwtpfSk; jdJ Foe;ijfs; vd;W
$Wfpwhh;.
Kf;fpakhd mikr;rh;fs; ke;jphpfs;
vdg;gLth;. ,th;fis gpwh; rr;rpth (m)
MNkj;ah vd;W $Wth;
jh;k kfh khj;jpuh;fs; - kj Nghjfh;>
,th;fs; jh;kj;ij Nghjpg;gth;fs;
gpuNjrpfh;fs; - epythp> fh;ty;
uh[Pfh;fs; - epyq;fis msg;gJ
me;j kfh khj;jpuh;fis – vy;iyg;Gw
fhtyh;fs;
nkshpa tk;rj;jpd; filrp kd;dd;
gpufjhuh
nkshpag; NguuRk;> Rq;f tk;rKk;
tPo;r;rpAw;w gpd; atdh;fs;> rfh;fs;>
gfyth;fs;> F\hzh;fs; MfpNahh;
,e;jpahit Mz;ldh;.
,th;fSf;F ghf;bhpah;fSk;
ghh;j;jpah;fSk; ,e;jpa fpNuf;fh;fs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd
Rq;f tk;rk; fp.K. 186 - 76
Rq;fh;fisg; gw;wp mwpa cjTk;
rhd;Wfs; fhspjhrhpd; khstpfhf;dpkpj;uk;>
ghzhpd; `h;\rhpjk;> gjQ;rypapd; kfh
gh\;ak; MFk;.
nkshpa tk;rj;jpd; filrp kd;dh;
gpUfuj;jhuhit mtuJ mikr;rh; G\;a
kpj;uh nfhd;W Rq;f tk;rj;ij epWtpdhh;.
,th;fs; ghuj;th[ Nfhj;jpuj;ijr; rhh;e;j
gpuhkzh;fs; Mth;.
,th;fspd; jiyefuk; ghlypGj;jpuk;
G\;a kpj;jpuh;: tpjh;g;g ehl;Lld; Nghhpl;L
ntw;wp ngw;W mRtNkj ahfk; nra;jhh;.
fhuNtyhplk; ,UKiw Nghhpl;L Njhw;whh;.
,e;J kjk; jioj;jJ. fspkz;zhy;
mNrhfh; fl;ba rhQ;rp ];J}gpia
fUq;fw;fs; nfhz;L G\;a kpj;jpuh;
mikj;jhh;. ,tUf;Fg;gpd; ,tuJ kfd;
mf;dpkpj;jpuh; Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;.
fiy> rkak; Mfpait
jioj;Njhq;fpajhy; ,th;fs; Fg;jh;fspd;
nghw;fhy Ml;rpf;F tpj;jpl;ldh;.
Rq;fh;fs; fpNuf;f gilnaLg;ig jLj;J
epWj;jpaJ Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;.
Rq;f tk;rj;jpd; filrp kd;dd; NjtG+l;b
,tiu ,tuJ mikr;rh; thRNjtfz;th
nfhd;whh;.
fz;th;fs; fp.K.76-31
thRNjtNu fz;th; tk;rj;ij
Njhw;Wtpj;jth;fs;
fypq;f tk;rk;
fypq;f tk;rj;jpd; kpfr; rpwe;j kd;dd;
fhuNtyh
Kfjk;> rhjthfdh;fs; kw;Wk; njw;Nf
Nfhjhthpf;F gpwFk; ntw;wp ngw;whh;.
fhuNtydpd; ntw;wpwia mwpa cjTk;
fy;ntl;L mjpFk;gh fy;ntl;L MFk;.
rhfh;fs; fp.K. 20 – fp.gp. 22
rhfh;fspd; Kjy; kd;dh; nks]; gh;d];
ghh;j;jpah;fs; fp.K. 20 – fp.gp.22
F\hzh;fs; A+r;rp vd;w rPd kugpd; xU
fpis kugpidr; rhh;e;jth;fs;
FaP \ht;]; vd;gNj gpd;dh; F\hz;
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ
tlNkw;fpy; cs;s ghh;j;jPah;fis
,th;fs; mg;Gwg;gLj;jpdh;
F\hd tk;rj;jpd; Kjy; murh; F[pyh
frh fl;gP]]; my;yJ Kjyhk;
fl;g{]];
,th;fspd; jiyefh;: ng\hth; vdg;gLk;
GU\hGuk;
,th; cNuhkhdhpah;fSld; njhlh;G
itj;jpUe;jhh;
,th; ehzaq;fs; ntspapl;lhh;. mit
mf];l];> kw;Wk; ilgPhpa]; MfpNahhpd;
ehzaq;fis xj;jpUe;jd.
F[Pyh fl; gP]];: fp.K. 15 – fp.gp. 65 tiu
,th; Kjyhk; fl;gP]]; vd;W
miof;fg;gLth;
ghh;j;jpgh;fis Njhw;fbj;J [Pyk;
ejpf;fiu tiu Ml;rpia mikj;jhh;.
tPkhd fl; gP]];: fp.gp. 64 – 78 tiu
,th; Kjyhk; fl;gP]]; vd;W
miof;fg;gLth;
rPdhTld; Nghhpl;L Njhw;whh;. ,th;
fhyj;jpy; rPd kw;Wk;
cNuhkhdpah;fSld; tzpfj; njhlh;G
itj;jpUe;jhh;.
,th; fhyj;jpy; cNuhkpypUe;J Vuhskhd
jq;f ehzak; ,e;jpah nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ.
,th; fpof;fpy; kJuh tiu Ml;rp
nra;jhh;
,th; irtj;ij rhh;e;jth;. ,tuJ
ehzaq;fs; kPJ rptd;> rptdJ vUJ
kw;Wk; #yk; Mfpait fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,thpd; gl;lg;ngah;fs; kfhuh[h>
uh[hjpuh[h> rh;tNuhf <];tuh;>
k`Pthuuh[h
fdp\;fh;: fp.gp. 78 – 102 tiu
F\hd tk;rj;jpd; rpwe;j murh; Kjyhk;
fdp\;fh;.
,th; fh\;kPiu ifg;gw;wp jdJ
ntw;wpapd; epidthf fdp\;f Guk; vd;w
Xh; efiu epWtpdhh;.
fdp\;fh; Gj;j rkaj;ij gpd;gw;wpdhh;.
,th; 4-tJ Gj;j khehl;bid Fz;ld;
thd (=efh;) vDkplj;jpy; $l;bdhh;.
ghlypGj;jpuj;ij ntd;whh;. mq;F ,Ue;j
mRtNfh\uiu jk;Kld; mioj;Jf;
nfhz;lhh;.
rPdhTld; ,UKiw Nghhpl;lhh;. Kjy;
Kiw Njhy;tpaile;jhh;.
fdp\;fh; rPdhTld; Nghhpl;L ntd;w
gFjpfs;: fh\;fh;> ahh;ffz;L Nfhlhd;
Gj;j rhpjk; vd;w E}iy “mRtNfh\h”
vd;gth; vOjpAs;shh;
mRtNfh\iu fPioehl;bd; mhp];lhby;
vd;W $Wth;.
kpfr; rpwe;j mwptpay; jj;Jt Qhdp
ehfhh;[Pdh
,e;jpahtpd; “Id;];Bd;” vd;gh;
rufh vd;w kUj;Jt mwpQh;. R];Ujh
kw;Wk; ruf rk;`pij Mfpa E}y;fis
vOjpAs;shh;.
fdp\;fiu ,uz;lhk; mNrhfh; vd;W
$Wth;.
rPdhtpy; Gj;j kjj;ij
mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; fhr;rpag;g khjq;fh;
fdp\;fh; Gj;j tuyhW. #j;jpu myq;fhuk;
Mfpa E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;
ehfhh;[Pdh;:
fdp\;fiu Gj;j kjj;jpw;F khw;wpath;
ehfhh;[Pdh; (fhQ;rp)> ,th; kfhahdj;jpw;F
MjuT mspj;J rk];fpUj nkhopf;F
MjuT mspj;jhh;.
,jdhy; ehfhj;[Pdh; Gj;j rkaj;jpd;
khh;bd;Yjh; vd;gth;. ,th; vOjpa E}y;
kj;jpa kpf #j;jpuk;.
Athd; Rthq; ehfhh;[Pdiu cyf
khNkij vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
thR kpj;uh: kfh tpNg\ #j;jpuk; vd;w
E}iy vOjpdhh;. ,e;E}y; kfhahdj;jpw;F
tpsf;fk; mspj;jJ. NkYk; nrse;ju ee;jk;
vd;w E}iyAk; rhhpGj;jpu gpufh;zk; vd;w
ehlfj;ijAk; vOjpAs;shh;.
fhe;jhuf;fiy:
fdp\;fh; fhyj;jpy; kJuh kw;Wk;
fhe;jhuf; fiy kpfTk; rpwg;ghf
tsh;r;rpAw;wJ. ,e;jpa fpNuf;fk; Nrh;e;j
rpw;g fiyNa fhe;jhuf; fiy.
kfhahd Gj;j rkaj;jpd; tsh;r;rpNa
fhe;jhuf; fiy tsuf; fhuzkhFk;
,J fdp\;fh; fhyj;jpy; cr;r epiyia
mile;jJ
Gj;jh; rpiyAk; fhe;jhuf; fiyAk;:
Gj;jUf;F gpd;dhy; Qhd tl;lk;
fhzg;gl;lJ. epw;Fk; tbtj;jpy;
Nghjprj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fk; fpNuf;f
ghzpapy; cil> Gj;jUf;F kPir
Mfpait Kf;fpa mk;rq;fshFk;.
rfh rfhg;jk;
fp.gp. 78-k; Mz;L rfh rfhg;jk; my;yJ
rhypthfd rfhg;jk; vdg;gLk;
Kjy; nghw;fhRfis ntspapl;lth;fs;
F\hdh;fNs
F\hdh;fspd; tPo;r;rp
fdp\fhpd; topj; Njhd;wy;fspy;
Kf;fpakhdth; Kjyhk; thRNjth; Mthh;.
tlNkw;fpy; ghurPf rrhdpahpd; Ml;rp
F\hdh;fspd; tPo;r;rpf;F Kf;fpa
fhuzkhFk;
Fg;jh;fs; fhyk; fp.gp. 270 Kjy; 570 tiu
rhd;Wfs;:
,yf;fpa rhd;W
1. thA Guhzk;
2. kr;r Guhzk;
3. gpuk;khz;l Guhzk;
4. rpfehh; vOjpa fhke;jfPa rhuk;
5. tprhfjj;jh; vOjpa Njtp re;jpuFg;jk;
kw;Wk; Kj;jpuh uhl;rrk;
6. gputu Nrdh; vOjpa NrJ ge;jd
fhtpak;
7. ghzh; vOjpa mh;\ rhpjk;
8. fhspjhrh; vOjpa UJ rk;fhuk;>
khstpfhf;dp kpj;jpuk;> Fkhu rk;gtk;
rhFe;jyk;> NkfJ}jk;> uFtk;rk;
9. fpNrhhpfuh kw;Wk; tp[;[pfuh vOjpa
nfsKjp kNfhj;trk;
10. ehujh;> gpuf];gjp MfpNahh; vOjpa
];kpjpfs;
11. Nrk Njth; vOjpa fhj;jrhpj rhfh;
12. Rjhfuh vOjpa kpUr;rfbjk;
13. Tpahrh;> `hpjh; kw;Wk; gpjhkfh; vOjpa
E}y;fs;
14. ,yq;if E}y;fs; jPg tk;rk; kw;Wk;
kfh tk;rk;
Njtp re;jpuFg;jk;: ,uhk Fg;jh; kw;Wk;
,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jh; MfpNahUf;fpilNa
eilngw;w murpay; Nghuhl;lj;ij
tpsf;FfpwJ.
may; ehl;lth; Fwpg;Gfs;:
rPd gazpfspd; Fwpg;Gfs;:
1. Ghfpahd; vOjpa Ngh-FNah-fp (Fo-Kuo-
Ki)
2. ,l; rpq;
3. Athd; Rthq;
4. thq;-Aapd;-Nr
fy;ntl;Lfs;:
1. rKj;jpu Fg;jhpd; myfhghj;
fy;ntl;Lfs;.
2. ,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jhpd; cjafphp
kw;Wk; fhQ;rpf; fy;ntl;Lfs;
3. Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;jhpd; Ml;rpia
tpsf;Fk; gpy;rhl; fy;J}z; fy;ntl;L>
fj;th fy;J}z; fy;ntl;L kq;Fthh;
fy;ntl;L> gPjhh; J}z; fy;ntl;L>
,e;J}h; jhkpu rhrdk; kw;Wk; nk`nusp
,Uk;Gj;J}z; fy;ntl;L
ehzaq;fs;
re;jpu Fg;jh; kw;Wk; rKj;jpu Fg;jhpd;
ehzaq;fs;. re;jpu Fg;jh; tPiz
thrpg;gJ Nghd;w ehzaq;fs;
cUtr;rpiyfs; kw;Wk; Xtpaq;fs;
Fg;jh; fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;j m[e;jh
Xtpaq;fs;
Fg;j muR: fp./gp. 270
Fg;j tk;rj;jpd; Kjy; murh; : =Fg;jh;
,th; tlf;F tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; njw;F
gPfhh; gFjpia Mz;ljhf njhpatUfpwJ.
gpd; ,tuJ kfd; fNlhjf[ Fg;jh Ml;rp
nra;jhh;
,tUf;Fg;gpd; ,tuJ kfd; Kjyhk;
re;jpu Fg;jh; Ml;rp nra;jhh;
jiyefuk;: ghlypGj;jpuk;
Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;jh;:
kfhuh[hjpuh[h vd;w gl;lk; Kjd;
Kjyhf ngw;wth;
Fg;j rfhg;jj;ij fp. gp. 320y;
Njhw;Wtpj;jth;.
kidt: irthypiar; rhh;e;j ypr;rhtp
,sturpahd FkhuNjtp
kidtpAld; ,ize;J jq;f
ehzaq;fis ntspapl;lhh;
rKj;jpu Fg;jh;
fp. gp. 330 Kjy; 380 tiu Ml;rp
nra;jhh;.
rhd;Wfs;:
1. Vuhd; nrg;NgL> fiar; nrg;NgL> ehse;jh
nrg;NgL
2. je;jphpfh kz;lfk; vd;w E}y;
3. thq; - `pA+d; - Nr vd;w rPd gazp
Fwpg;Gfs;
4. `hp Nrdhpd; myfhghj; J}z; fy;ntl;L
,tuJ gilg;G 5 tiffshf gphpf;fyhk;
1. Mhpa th;j;jj;jpd; ,Ue;j 5 muRfis
ifg;gw;Wjy;
2. 5 vy;iyg;Gw khfhzq;fs;
3. kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpd; goq;Fbfs;
4. jf;fhzk; kw;Wk; njw;F ,e;jpahtpy;
muRfs;
5. Mg;fhdp];jhdpd; xU rpyg; gFjpfs;
Njhw;w murh;fs;:
Njhw;w 9 tl ,e;jpa muRfs;:
1. Thfhl – cUj;jpuNrdd; 2. kJuhGhp –
fzgjp ehjh; 3. ehfjj;jhh; 4. ehfNrdh;
5. mr;Rjh; 6. gyth;kd; 7. Kjpyh; 8.
re;jpth;kd; 9. ee;jpdp
ifg;gw;wp 5 vy;iyg;Gw muRfs;
1. rhkjhjh 2. jhtfh 3. Fhk&gh 4.
Neghsk; 5. fh;j;jpGuh
kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpd; 9 goq;Fbfs;:
1. mgpuh]; 2. fhfh]; 3. fughpfh];
5. mh;Rdehaf]; 5. khh;th]; 6. khl;ufh];
7. gpuhh;[Pdh]; 8. Rhdfdpfh]; 9.
nasNjah];
jf;fhzj;jpy; Njhw;w 12 murh;fs;:
1. Nfhry ehL – kNfe;jpud;
2. fhe;jhu ehL – tpahf;fpufuh[d;
3. nfsuhyh - khe;j uh[h
4. fhQ;rp - tp\;Z Nfhg;gh;
5. ntQ;rp - m];jpth;kh;
6. gpj;jhGuk; - kNfe;jpufphp
7. F\;e;jyGuk; - jdQ;nrad;
8. gy;yf;f ehL – cf;fpuNrdd;
9. Nfhl;^uh - Rthkpj;jh;
10. Vuz;lgy;ytk; - jhkdh;
11. mtKj;jk; - ePyuh[h
12. Njtuh\;buk; - FNguk;
myfhghj; J}z; fy;ntl;L – mhpNrfh;
mRt Nkj ahfk; nra;jhh;
ehzaq;fspy; ,th; MAjq;fSlDk;>
GypAlDk; NghuhLtJ Nghd;W
ntspapl;lhh;.
,th; Nghh;Ghptjpy; jpwikAilath;.
vdNt lhf;lh; tpd;nrz;l ];kpj; ,tiu
,e;jpa neg;Nghypad; vd;W $wpAs;shh;.
jq;f ehzaq;fis ntspapl;lhh;
tpf;fpukhq;fh vd;w gl;lj;jpid ngw;whh;
<o kd;d; Nkfth;zd; Nfl;lthW
fiaapy; Gj;j klhyak; fl;bdhh;.
,jdhy; mDfk;gtd; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
ftpuhrh vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;;
,tuJ rigapid mhpNrdh; kw;Wk;
tRge;J myq;fhpj;jdh;
tRge;J ,thpd; Mrphpah; Mthh;
Fg;jh; fhy ,yf;fpak; ,e;jpahtpd;
vyprngj; fhyk; vd;W $Wth;.
Fg;jh;fspd; fhyk; gpuhkzh;fspd; fhyk;
vd;Wk; $Wth;. Fg;jh;fspd; fhyk;
gpuhkzh;fspd; fhyk; vd;Wk; ,e;J kj
kWkyh;r;rp fhyk; vd;Wk; ,e;J kj
kWkyh;r;rp fhyk; vd;gjhy; ,jid
nghw;fhyk; vd;W $Wth;.
,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jh; (fp.gp.380-413)
,th; tpf;fpukhjpj;jpad; vd;w ngaUld;
mhpaiz Vwpdhh;
INuhg;gpa tuyhw;wpy; Bourbous kw;Wk;
Hapsburqs Nghd;W jpUkzq;fs; %yk;
cwit tsh;j;Jf; nfhz;lhh;
ypr;rhtp Fyj;jpy; nfhz;l njhlh;G>
ehfh;fspd; kfs; FNgh; ehifAld;
jpUkzk;> jdJ kfs; gpughtjpia
,uz;lhk; cUj;jpuNrdDf;F jpUkzk;
nra;J itj;jy; Mfpait Kf;fpa
epfo;r;rpahFk;
rPd ahj;jphpah; ghfpahd; ,th; fhyj;jpy;
,e;jpahtpw;F te;jhh;
c[;[apdpia ,uz;lhtJ jiyefuhf
khw;wpdhh;
FJg;kpdhUf;F mUfpy; cs;s ,Uk;Gj;
J}z; ,th; epWtpaJ MFk;
rfh;fis ntd;wjhy; rhfhhp< rrhq;fd;
vd;w ngah;fs; ,tUf;F cz;L
rpq;fj;ij tPo;j;JtJ> Fjpiuapy; rthhp
nra;tJ> fUld; gwg;gJ> nfhw;wf;
Fifapd; fPo; epw;tJ> jpUkhy;
tho;j;JtJ Nghd;w ehzaq;fis
ntspapl;lhh;.
,th; fhyj;jpy; etuj;jpdq;fs; vdg;gLk;
mit ,Ue;jJ. mjd; tptuq;fs;
gpd;tUkhW.
1. jd;te;jphp: kUj;Jt epGzh;
2. Kshapanaka
3. mkuNfh\k; vOjpa mku rpk;kh;
4. rhq;f gl;lh; 5. Ntjy;y gl;lh;. 6.
Fjfghuh 7. tuhfkpfpuh
,th; rpwe;j thdtpay; mwpQh;>
fzpjtpay; kw;Wk; Nrhjpl ty;Yeh;>
etuj;jpdq;fspy; xUth;> gpufj;rk;fpjh>
gQ;r rpj;jhe;jpfh> yq;FQhlfh Mfpa
E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;.
,th; fhyj;jpy; 5 rpj;jhe;jq;fs; ,Ue;jd.
mit
#hpa rpj;jhe;jh: ngUq;fub vdg;gLk;
el;rj;jpuf; $l;lj;ij gw;wpajhFk;.
,jid njhFj;jth; ypkh
itNrh\pj rpj;jhe;jh: ngUq;fub
vdg;gLk; el;rj;jpuf; $l;lj;ij
gw;wpajhFk;. ,jid njhFj;jth;
tp\;Zfhe;jh
Gypr rpj;jhe;jh: ,J fpNuf;f ehl;by;
cs;sJ. ,jid njhFj;jth; Gypr
Nukfh rpj;jhe;jh: Nuhkdpa muirg;
gw;wpaJ ,jidj; njhFj;jth; \h;\pfh.
gpuk;k rpj;jhe;jh: gpuk;k Fg;jh; vd;gtuhy;
njhFf;fg;gl;lJ.
,uz;lhk; re;jpu Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; mitg;
Gytuhf fhspjhrh; ,Ue;jhh;
fhspjhrh; vOjpa ehlfq;fs;:
1. khstpfhf;fpdp kpj;jpuk; - Rq;f murh;
tuyhW
2. rhFe;jyk; - ehlfk;
3. tpf;uk Ch;trp – ehlfk;
fhspjhrh; vOjpa fhg;gpaq;fs;:
1. uFtk;rk; - uhkh; tuyhW
2. Fkhurk;gtk; - KUfd; tuyhW
fhspjhrh; vOjpa ghly;fs;:
1. Nkf J}jk;
2. hpJ rk;rhuk; - gUt fhy khw;wk;
,th; ,e;jpahtpd; N\f;];gpah; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhh;
m[e;jh Xtpak;> jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s
rpj;jd;d thry; Xtpak; Fg;h; fhyj;ij
Nrh;e;jit
ghfpahd;
Gj;j E}y;fis Nrfhpf;fTk;> Gj;j
tpfhuq;fis ghh;itaplTk; ,e;jpahtpw;F
te;jhh;.
Mhpag;gl;lh
Fg;jh;fspd; Ml;rp KbTw;w nghOJ
tho;e;jhh;
rpwe;j fzpj Nkij
rpwe;j thd E}ywpQh;
$hpa rpj;jhe;jh vd;w E}iy vOjpdhh;
G+kp jd;idj;jhNd Rw;wpf nfhs;fpwJ
vd;W fz;Lgpbj;jth;
mhpNrdh – rpwe;j ftpQh;
Fkhu Fg;jh;
ehye;jh gy;fiyf; fofj;ij
Njhw;Wtpj;jth;.
Kf;fpa E}y;fs;:
tprhf jj;jh;: Kj;uh uhf;bak; (nkshpah;>
ee;jh;fs;> Nghh;fs;) Njtp re;jpu Fg;jk;
(re;jpu Fg;jh; - II Jut Njtp) tuyhW
#j;jpufh;: kpUr;rpf fbjk; (rhUjj;jd; +
tre;j Nrid)
ghutp: fhh;j;jhh;[Pdpak;
thj;];ahdh;: fhk#j;jpuk;
thfg;gl;lh;: m\;lhq;f rq;fpujk;>
m\;lhq;f fpUjark;`pij
gQ;rje;jpu fijfs; tp\;Z rh;khtpdhy;
njhFf;fg;gl;lJ
nly;ypapy; nk ;̀Uyp vd;Dkplj;jpy;
,Uk;Gj; J}z; fl;lg;gl;lJ
];fe;j Fg;jh;: fp.gp.455 Kjy; fp.gp.467 tiu
,th; Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;jhpd; kfd;
P̀dh;fs; vdg;gLk; Kul;L ,dj;ij
ntd;W tpf;fpukhjpj;ad; vd;w ngaiu
#l;bf;nfhz;lhh;. ,tiug; gw;wpa
jfty;fs; fjhrhprhfuk; vd;w E}ypy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
G\;akpj;jpuh;fis Njhw;fbj;jhh;
itzth;
gpd; Njhd;wy;fs;:
fp. gp. 467 fp. gp. 477
1. GUFg;jh;
2. eurpk;kFg;jh;
3. ,uz;lhk; Fkhu Fg;jh;
fp.gp. 477 – 496 Gj Fg;jh;
fp.gp. 446 – 550 jjhfj Fg;jh;
ghyhj;jpah; - eurpk;kFg;jh;
ghyhj;jpah; kPz;Lk; P̀zh;fis
Njhw;fbj;jhh;.
ghyhj;jpah; kw;Wk; tp\;Z Fg;jh;fs;
,tUtUk; Fg;jh;fspd; filrpkd;dh;fs;
fl;bl fiyapy; Kjd;ikahf fUjg;gLk;
ehfug; ghzpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;fs;
Fg;jh;fs; Mthh;fs;.
murNu ,uhZtj; jiyth;
mthpd; fPo; kfhNrdhjpgjp
kfh Nrdhjpgjpapd; fPo; kfh jz;lehah;
Fjpiug; gilapd; jsgjp – m];tgjp
ahidg;gilapd; jsgjp – gPYgjp
Nghh;fhyj;jpy; ,uhZt nryTfis
ftdpf;f uzgz;lhufh;
jz;l ghrpfh; vd;gth; cah; fhty;
mYtyh;
fhty;Jiw gzpahsh;fs; gl;lh;> rl;lh;
vdg;gl;ldh;.
ntspAwTj; Jiw mikr;rh; kfh rhe;jp
tpf;fpujpfh;.
ntspehLfSld; 16 tifahd
cld;ghLfs; fhzg;gl;ljhf fhke;jfPa
ePjp rhuk; vd;w E}y; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
tpf;ukrpyh gy;fiyf;fofk; jh;kghyh;
vd;w ghy murhpd; MjuTld;
fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,g; gy;fiyf; fofk;
jhe;hpf; Gj;jkjj;Jld; njhlh;GilaJ.
,q;F Gfo; ngw;w Mrphpah;fshf
ehfh;[Pdh; kw;Wk; mjprh jPgq;fh;
MfpNahh; ,Ue;jdh;.
rfh Fyk;:
rfh murh;fspy; Kjyhk; Uj;u jhkd;
Rjh;rd; Vhpapd; kuhkj;J gzpia
Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
myfhghj; J}z; fy;ntl;lil
nrJf;fpath; `hpNrdh;
mjpFk;gh fy;ntl;L – fhuNtyh;
th;j;jd Fyk;
th;j;jd Fyj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth;
G\;aG+jp
,f;Fyj;jpd; gpw Kf;fpa murh;fs;
1. euth;j;jdh;
2. uh[;a th;j;jdh;
3. Mjpj;jpa th;j;jdh;
4. gpghfu th;j;jdh; fp.gp. 583-605
,uh[;a th;j;jdh;: fp.gp. 605 - 606
jq;ifapd; fztd; fpuf th;kd; khst
kd;dd; Njt Fg;jdhy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
nfsl murd; rhrq;fdhy; jq;if
,uh[;a= rpiwg;gpbf;fg;gl;lhh;.
Njtrh;kDld; Nghhpl;L ntd;whYk;
nfsl murdhy; ,th; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
,tUf;F gpd; ,tuJ rNfhjhh;
\h;\th;j;dh; gjtpNaw;whh;.
`h;\th;j;jdh;
rhd;Wfs;
1. ma;N`hNy fy;ntl;L
2. kJgd; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; `h;\h;f;F gpd;
cs;s 4 jiyKiwfis gw;wp
$WfpwJ. Nrhdg;gl;laq;fs; jiyKiw
Fog;gq;fis jPh;j;J itf;fpwJ
3. `h;\hpd; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpia
ghd;Nrfuh fy;ntl;Lfs; vLj;Jf;
fhl;LfpwJ
4. Ghzhpd; `h;\; rhpjk;
5. Athd; Rthq;fpd; rpAf;fp
6. `h;\hpd; ehfhde;jh> uj;jpdhtsp>
gphpajh;rpfh
`h;\hpd; ehfhde;jh> uj;jpdhtsp>
gphpajh;rpfh
jikad;: uh[th;j;jdh;
jq;if: uh[;a=
ikj;Jdh;: fpufth;kd;
jiyeh;: fd;Ndhrp vd;w jhNd\;th;
Fg;j NguuR tPo;r;rpf;F gpd; Njhd;wpa gy
rpw;wuRfspy; th;j;jd Fy rpw;work; xd;W
,t;tk;rj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j kd;dh; `h;\h;.
,th; tl ,e;jpahtpd; xU gFjpia
Ml;rp nra;jhh;.
njd; ,e;jpahtpy; rhSf;fpa ehl;L
kd;dd; ,uz;lhk; GypNfrp kiwtpw;F
gpd;dh; fQ;rd; gFjpia ntd;whh;. ,JNt
mthpd; filrp ntw;wpahFk;.
,th; fhyj;jpy; midj;J rkaq;fspd;
khehL fd;Ndhrpapy; eilngw;wJ
myfhghj; efhpy; rka khehl;il kPz;Lk;
elj;jpdhh;
ehse;jhg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
,jd; jiyth; jh;kghyh;
,jid epWtpath;fs; Kfhhp murh;fs;
fhQ;rp jh;kghyh; jj;Jt Nguhrphpah;
mrhk; rPygj;jpuh; Jiz Nte;jh;
1500 Mrphpah;fs;: 10000 khzth;fs;
gjQ;ryp – kfhgh\;ak;
gy;fiyf;fof jiyth; - rpy;gjhuh
kjr;rz;ilapy; ,g;gy;fiyf;fofk;
mope;jJ
`h;\h; jdJ ehl;il Gf;jp – tp\ak; -
gj;k vd gphpj;jhh;.
Cjuq;fk; vd;w epythp t#ypf;fg;gl;lJ
`h;\h; vOjpa E}y;fs;
1. uj;jpdhtsp 2. gphpajh;rpfh 3. ehfh
ee;jk; 4. rhe;jp rjfk; 5. ghh;thp
ghpzak;
ghzgl;lh;:
,th; `h;\ rhpjk;> fhjk;ghp kw;Wk;
ghh;tjp ghpzhk; Mfpa E}h;fis
vOjpAs;shh;
gpw E}y;fs; - gh;j;U `hp – thf;fpaghbak;
n[aNjth; vOjpa fPjhNfhtpe;jk;
yypj tp];jhuk;:
,e;e}y; ePl;ly; msitg; gw;wp
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
ePl;lsitapd; kpf nghpa gFjp Nahid
MFk;
Nahrid vd;gJ murhpd; ,uhZtk; xU
ehspy; flf;Fk; J}uk; MFk;
Athd; Rthq;:
Athd; Rthq; rPd gazp ,th; fhyj;jpy;
,e;jpahtpw;F te;jhh;
,th; fhyj;jpy; rPdh;fs; ,e;jpahit bd;
- R,d;- L> n\d;-L> rPd;-lt; vd;Wk; rPd
,yf;fpaq;fs; ,e;j;th;dh vd;Wk;
mioj;jdh;
Athd; Rthq; vOjpa Fwpg;Gfs; Si-Yu-Ki
(rpAfp) vdg;gLk;
,th; Gj;j Myaq;fis ghh;itaplTk;
Gj;j E}y;fis jpul;lTk; ,e;jpahtpw;F
te;jhh;
,th; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j fhyk; fp.gp. 630
Kjy; 644 tiu MFk;
`h;\h ,tiu uh[; kfhYf;F mUNf
cs;s f[d;fyh $lhuj;jpy; re;jpj;jhh;
Athd; Rthq; ,e;jpa vOj;Jf;fis
gpuk;kNjtuhy; vOjg;gl;lit vd
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. mjd;gb nkhj;j
vOj;Jf;fs; 47 MFk;.
,th; fhyj;jpy; hpf; Ntjj;ijg; gw;wp
Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy
,th; a[Ph;> rhk> mjh;tz Ntjj;ijg;
gw;wp Fwpg;Gfs; je;Js;shh;.
Gj;j kjk; Sthaviras kw;Wk;
Mahasanghikas vd ,U ngUk; gphpthf
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;Wk; Sthavirasy; 16
gphpTfSk; Mahasanghikas 4 gphpTfSk;
Mf 20 gphpTfs; Njhd;wpaJ. ,tw;wpy;
gphpTfs; kl;LNk eilKiwg;
gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
tl ,e;jpa muRfs; (fp.gp. 800-1200)
,uh[Gj;jpuh;fs;
`h;\hpd; kiwTf;Fg; gpd;G tl
,e;jpahtpy; gy rpW muRfs; Njhd;wpaJ
vl;lhk;> xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy;
Vwj;jho ehD}W Mz;Lfs;
uh[Gj;jpuh;fs; Ml;rp nra;jdh;
,uh[Gj;jpuh;fs; jPapypUe;J
Njhd;wpath;fs; vdf; $wpf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;
mth;fSf;fpilNa 36 muR gphpTfs;
,Ue;jikahy; xw;Wikapy;yhky;
jq;fSf;filNa vg;NghJk;
Nghhpl;Lf;nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jdh;.
Gahadwals: Gfo; ngw;w kd;dh; n[a
re;jpud; Mthh;. ,th; KfkJ Nfhhpahy;
1193y; eilngw;w Nghhpy; (Battle of Chanda)
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;.
Parmars: = th;\h vd;gtuhy;
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
gpujp`huh;fs;:
Kjyhk; murh; - ehf gl;lh;
jiyefuk; - fd;Ndhrp
Gfo;ngw;w murh; - Ngh[ murd;
filrp kd;dh; - uh[;a ghy;
uh[;a ghy; KfkJ f[pdpahy;
Njhw;fbfg;gl;lhh;
rt;̀ hd;fs;:
jiyefh; - m[;kPh;
tprhy Njth by;ypia ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1191y; eilngw;w Kjy; njuapd; Nghhpy;
gphpjptpuh[d; KfkJ Nfhhpia
Njhw;fbj;jhh;
1192y; eilngw;w ,lk; njuapd; Nghhpy;
fd;Ndhrp muruhd n[are;jpuiuj; jtpu
Vida ,uh[Gj;jpu muruhd
n[are;jpuiuj; jtpu Vida ,uh[Gj;jpu
murh;fs; midtUk; KfkJ Nfhhpahy;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L gphpjptpuh[d;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
,j;Njhy;tp ,uhrGj;jpuh;fis
epiyFiyar; nra;jJ
rhz;lyh;fs;: gz;ly;fz;il Mz;l ,th;fs;
Gfo; ngw;w f[PuhN`h Nfhapiyf;
fl;bath;fs;. Lhq; vd;w kd;dh; fp[PuhN`h
efhpy; tpRtehjh; Myaj;ij fl;bdhh;.
fq;fh;fs;:
jw;NghJ xhprg vd;w gFjpia
Mz;lth;fs; fq;fh;fs; Mth;
mde;jth;k #ld; vd;w kd;dd;
fhyj;jpy; G+hp n[fdhjh; Myak;
Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. ,tUf;Fg;gpd; Ml;rpf;F
te;j Kjyhk; eurpk;kk; K];yPk;fspd;
gilnaLg;ig Kwpabj;J n[fdhjh;
Myak; kw;Wk; nfhdhh;f;fpy; cs;s
#hpa flTs; Myaj;ij fl;bdhh;.
Kjyhk; eurpk;kUf;Fg;gpd; #hpa
tk;rj;ijr; rhh;e;j fgpNye;jpuh vd;gth;
Ml;rp nra;jhh;. 1568y; tq;fhsj;ijr;
rhh;e;j fhuuhzp $y;jhd;fshy; xhprh
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
,uh[ juq;fpzp (The River of Kings):
,e;E}iy vOjpath; fy;`hzh; Mthh;
fh\;kpH; murh;fis gw;wp $Wk; Kf;fpa
(fh\;kPiug; gw;wp fpilf;fg;ngw;w
E}y;fspy; Kjy; E}y;) E}y; ,J MFk;.
#/gprk;
#/gprk; vd;gJ muGr; nrhy;
#/vd;why; fUg;G epwj;Jzp vd;gJ
nghUs;
fUg;G epwj;Jzpia nfhz;L ePskhd
Nkyq;fpfisj; jahhpj;Jf; nfhz;ljhy;
,j;Jwtpfs; #/gpfs; vdg;gl;ldh;.
,th;fs; ghurPfj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;j
,Ryhkpa Jwtpfs; Mthh;. ,th;fs;
,e;jpahtpw;F te;j fhyk; fp.gp. 11Mk;
E}w;whz;L
,th;fs; Fuhiz jPtpukhf gpd;gw;wpdh;
,th;fsplk; ,e;J Gj;j rkzkjj;jpd;
jhf;fk; fhzg;gl;lJ
,th;fs; nfhs;iffs;:
,iwtd; xUtNd
cz;ikahd ,iw mh;g;gzpg;Ng
njhOif Nehd;G> rlq;Ffs; Vw;ftpy;iy
,th;fs; ,e;Jf;fis ,Ryhkpah;fshf
khw;w Kaytpy;iy
Mdhy; ,e;J kjj;jpy; cs;s rlq;Ffs;
kw;Wk; rhjpfis iftpLkhW
cgNjrpj;jdh;
,th;fs; ,iwtid gz;zpirj;J ghba
ghly;fs; fhtypfs; vdg;gl;lJ
#/gpj; ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa ,U gphpTfs;:
1. rp\;b 2) Rfh; thh;b
Kf;fpa rp\;b #/gpj; Jwtpfs;
1. KapDjPD rp\;b – m[;kPh;
2. eprhKjPd; mTypah – jpy;yp
3. ghghghPj;
Kf;fpa Rfh;thh;bj; Jwtpfs;
1. N\f; rfhGjPd; Rfh;thb
2. mkpJjPd; eNfhhp
#/gprk; Njhd;wpajhy; ,e;J K];yPk;
xw;Wik Vw;gl;lJ
,e;jpahtpy; ,];yhkpa Ml;rp
,e;jpahtpd; kPJ Kjy; Kjy;
gilnaLj;jth; KfkJ gpd; fhrpk;
rpe;J gpuNjrj;jpd; kPJ fp.gp. 711-712y;
mth; gilnaLj;jhh;. ,e;J kd;dd; jhgPh;
vd;gtiu ntd;whh;.
KfkJ f[pdp
,e;jpahtpd; kPJ 17 Kiw gilnaLj;jhh;.
Kjy; gilnaLg;G fp.gp. 1001Mk; Mz;L
MFk;
15tJ Kiw NrhkehjGu Myaj;jpd; kPJ
1025 – 1026y; gilnaLj;J ngUk;
nry;tj;ij fth;e;jhh;. ,thpd;
gilnaLg;Gf;F fhuzk; nry;tj;ij
nfhs;isabg;gjhFk;
1030y; ,we;jhh;. gph;njsrp vOjpa
\hehkhtpYk; my;ng&dp vOjpa
fpl;lGy; `pe;j; vd;w E}ypYk; KfkJ
f[pdp gw;wpa tptuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ
,thpd; gilnaLg;G tptuq;fs;:
1000 – vy;iyg;Gw Nfhl;il kw;Wk;
fpuhkq;fisf; ifg;gw;Wjy;
1001 – ng\hthpy; ,e;J rhjp murh;
n[aghiy Njhw;fbj;jhh;. n[aghy; jPf;Fspj;J
jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;lhh;. ,tuJ kfd;
mde;jghyd; kd;duhdhh;
1006 – Nguhtpd; kd;dh; gp[uhTld; Nghhpl;L
ifg;ghD}hpy; cs;s ghl;bahit ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1006 - %yjhd; ntd;whh;. toptpl kWj;j
mde;jghyd; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,tuJ kfd;
Rfghyh; f[pdpapd; gpujpepjpahf Ml;rp
Ghpe;jhh;. Rfghyh; eth\h vd;w ngaUld;
,Ryhkpaj;jpw;F khwpdhh;
1007 – eth\h jd;dpr;irahf Ml;rp Ghpa
njhlq;fpajhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;
1009 – mde;jghyDld; Nghhpl;L yh$h;
mUfpy; cs;s ehfh;fhl;il ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
ngUQ;nry;tk; nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;lJ
1010 – mtuJ fth;dh; mGy;ghj; Nyhb
vd;gth; jd;dpr;irahf mwptpj;jhy; mtiu
mlf;fpdhh;
1013 – mde;jghyUf;F gpd; te;j jphpNyhrd
ghyh; kPJ gilnaOj;J ntd;whh;
1014 – jhNd];th; Myak; ifg;gw;wg;gl;L
#iwahlg;gl;lJ
1015 – fh\;kPuj;jpw;Fs; Eioa Kaw;rpj;jhh;.
yh$h; tiu nrd;whh;
1017 – fd;Ndh[;tpw;F vjpuhfg;
gilnaLj;jjhh;. kJuhtpw;nfjpuhd
gilnaLg;G Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. Nfhapy;
nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;lJ.
KfkJ Nfhhp:
,thpd; KOg;ngah; KrjPd; KfkJ gpd;
rhk; vd;fpd;w rhG+jPd; KfkJ MFk;.
,thpd; gilnaLg;gpw;F fhuzk;
,];yhkpa muR mikj;jy; MFk;. ,jpy;
,th; ntw;wp ngw;whh;.
,th; 1175y; %yjhd; cr; gFjpfis
Nfhkjpfztha; topNa Eioe;J
ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1178-y; Nrhyq;fp kd;dh; ,uz;lhk; gPkh
vd;gthplk; F[uhj;ij ifg;gw;w Nghhpl;L
Njhw;whh;. ,JNt ,thpd; Kjy; Njhy;tp
MFk;.
1179y; ng\hth; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
Kjyhk; jnuapd; Nghh;:
1191y; m[;kPiu Mz;l gphpjptpuh[;
nrsfhd; vd;gtiu Kfk;kJ Nfhhp
Njhw;whh;.
,uz;lhk; jnuapd; Nghh;:
1192y; gphpjptpuh[; nrsfhid ntd;whh;.
KfkJ Nfhhpf;F fNdh[; murh;
nrar;re;jpud; cjtp nra;jhh;
1193y; KfkJ Nfhhpapd; mbik Fj;g+jPd;
Ingf; jpy;yp> kPul; uj;jd;rhh;G+h;
Mfpatw;iw ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
re;jthh; Nghh;:
1194y; fNdh[; murh; nrar;re;jpuid
Njhw;fbj;jhh;
1196y; Fthypah; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ
1197y; F[uhj; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
1206y; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J jpUk;Gk;NghJ
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;
by;yp Ry;jhd;fs; tuyhW
mbik tk;rk; 1206 – 1290
Fj;GjPd; I ngf; 24.6.1206 Kjy; 1210 tiu
1205y; Nfhhp KfkJ kuzkhd gpd;
Rje;jpukhd Kjy; K];yPk; by;yp
Ry;jhd; Mf ,Ue;jhh;.
,thpd; topj; Njhd;wNy mbik tk;rk;
(my;yJ) ,y;ghhp JUf;fp tk;rk;
(my;yJ) khk;%j; tk;rk; vdg;gLfpwJ
,tuhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ mbik
tk;rk;
eprhrh; fhrp vd;gtuhy; tpiyf;F
thq;fg;gl;lL gpd; Nfhhp KfkJtpw;F
tpw;fg;gl;l mbik
1192y; jnuapd; Nghhpy; e;dF Nghhpl;ljhy;
gilj; jsgjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. gpd;
,e;J];jhd; it];uhahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
,thpd; gilnaLg;Gfs;:
1192y; guhd;> kPul; ifg;gw;Wjy;
1193y; jpy;yp ifg;gw;Wjy;
1194y; m[;kPh; ifg;gw;Wjy;
1197y; re;j;thh;> fNdh[; ifg;gw;Wjy;
1210y; NghNyh (rt;fd;) tpisahLk;
NghJ Fjpiu Nky; ,Ue;J tPo;e;J
,we;jhh;.
`hrd epfhkp> gf;Nu K[ph; fiyQh;fis
Mjhpj;jhh;.
m[;kPhpy; ,e;J Nfhtpy;fis ,bj;J
Ft;tJk; ,];yhk; vd;w gs;spia
fl;bdhh;.
yhf; gf;\p vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;
FJg;kpdiu 5 mLf;Ffs; tiu (29.5
kPl;lh;) fl;b Kbj;jhh;.
,y;J}j;kp\; (rk;RjPd; my;l;lkp\;) 1211-1236
mbikfspd; fth;dh;
gNjhjdpd; fth;dh;
Fj;Gjpdpd; kUkfd;
,dk;: ,y;ghhp (JUf;fp)
Fj;GjPd; ,we;jTld; mtuJ kfd; muhk;
vd;gthplkpUe;J 1211y; Nghhpl;L Ml;rpia
ifg;gw;wpdhh;
gjtp Vw;Fk;NghJ murpay; epiyik
,e;J];jhd; gpsTgl;L ,Ue;jJ
tq;fhsk; - mypkh; fpy;[p
jpy;yp - ,y;J}kp\;
Ky;jhd; - Fghr;rh
m[;kPh; - ,uhrGj;jpuh;fs; iffspy; ,Ue;jJ
1215y; jiud; Nghhpy; ngw;wp ngw;W
f[pdp ,izg;G. ,y;jP]; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
1217y; yh$h; ifg;gw;Wjy;
1211y; nrq;fp];fhd; ,e;jpah kPJ
gilnaLg;G.
1223y; ,uhrGj;jpuh;fis ntd;W uhe;jk;g+h;
Fthypah;> m[;kPh; gFjpfis
ifg;gw;Wjy;
1228y; yh$h;> Ky;jhd; rpe;J
ifg;gw;Wjy;
1229y; tq;fk; ifg;gw;Wjy;
1234-35y; khstg;gilnaLg;G
,f;jh vd;w Ml;rpKiw cUthf;fpdhh;.
,jd;gb rk;gsj;jpw;F gjpyhf epyk;
jug;gl;lJ
Tanka vd;w nts;sp ehzaKk; Jitals
vd;w nrk;G ehzaKk; ntspapl;lhh;.
Fth[h Fj;GjPd; gf;jpahh; epidthf
FJg;kpdhiu NkYk; 5 mLf;Ffs; tiu
fp.gp. 1232y; fl;bdhh;.
,e;jpahtpy; K];yPk; Ml;rp cUthf
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhh;
,e;jpahtpd; jiyefh; jpy;yp vd;gij
mwptpj;jhh;
1236y; ,we;jhh;
nrq;fp];fhd; gilnaLg;G:
1221y; (Kjy; kq;Nfhypah;) nrq;fp];fhd;
jdJ murpay; vjphpahd [yhYjPd;
kq;guzp vd;gtiu Njb Nkw;F vy;iy
khfhzq;fSf;F te;jjh;. gpwF ,e;JF\;
kiytopahf 1222y; jpUk;g
nrd;Wtpl;lhh;.
urpah 1236 - 1240
by;ypapd; Kjy; kw;Wk; xNu ngz; Nguurp
,y;J}kp\pd; kfs;
urpahit Kjd; Kjypy; vjph;j;jth;.
,f;jpahUjPd; my;Udpah: gpd; jpUkzk;
nra;J nfhz;lhh;
urpahtpd; rNfhjud; KapRjPd; gfuhk;.
,tuhy; urpah 1240y; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L
gpd; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
urpah fhyj;J tuyhw;W Mrphpah;:
kpd;`h[;-c];-rpuh[;
gfuhk; \h 1240-42
1241y; kq;Nfhypah; gQ;rhg;ig
ifg;gw;wpdhh;
k#j; \h 1242 – 1246
eR&jPd; KfkJ 1246-1266
,th; ,y;J}kp\; vd;gthpd; filrp kfd;
kp;d;`h[;-c];-rpuh[; vd;gth; vOjpa
Gj;jfk; jghnthl; -,-erphp MFk;
,thpd; mikr;rh; ghy;gd; cy;yhfhd;.
eRUjPd; ,we;j gpwF ghy;gd; Ml;rpia
gpbj;jhh;.
fpah]; cjPd; ghy;gd; 1266 - 1286
,Uk;G kdjph;
mbik tk;rj;jpd; rpwe;j kd;dd;
JUf;fp ,y;ghhp ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;
ehw;gjpd;khpy; xUth;
gpw;fhyj;jpy; ehw;gjpd;kh; FOit
fiyj;jhh;
mg;uhrpahy; topj; Njhd;wy; vdf;
$wpf;nfhz;lhh;
ghurPf ftpQh; mkPj; F];Uf;F MjuT
rp[;jh vDk; fhiy Kj;jkpLk Kiwia
Nkw;nfhz;lhh;
Naib-i-Khudai vd flTspd; cjtpahsh;
vdf; $wpf;nfhz;lhh;
jpthdp Mh;]; vdg;gLk; jdp ,uhZt
,yf;fhit cUthf;fpdhh;
irFghj; 1286 - 1290
mbik tk;rj;jpd; filrp kd;dd;
1288-y; khh;f;Nfh NghNyh ,e;jpahtpw;F
te;jhh;.
fpy;[p tk;rk; 1290-1320
[thYjPd; gpNuh]; fpy;[p (1290-1296)
fpy;[p tk;rj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;. ,th;
myT+jpd; fpy;[pia (kUkfd;)
Mjhpj;jhh;. gpd; mtuhy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
jf;fhzj;jpd; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpa
Kjy; Ry;jhd; murh;
myhTjPd; fpy;[p 1296 - 1316
1299y; F[uhj; Nghhpd; NghJ khyf;fhG+h;
vd;w mbikia thq;fpdhh;. gpd; mtiu
gilj;jsgjpahf epakpj;jhh;.
1303-y; Nkthiuf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;. uhzp
gjk;dp jPf;Fspj;jhh;.
Khypf;fhG+h; thuq;fhy; kPJ 1309y;
gilnaLj;jhh;.
ghz;ba ehl;il 1311y; ntd;whh;
kJiu kPJ gilnaLj;J kJiuia
ntd;whh;
,uhNk];tuk; Myak; nrd;W
nfhs;isabj;jhh;.
FjpiufSf;F #L NghLk; Dagh vdg;gLk;
Kiw cUthf;fpdhh;.
vil FiwTf;F fLk; jz;lid
tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
tzpfh;fs; \heh - , - kz;b vd;w
mYtyhplk; ngah; gjpT nra;a
fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;.
tpiy fl;Lf;g;ghl;bw;fhf jpthdp hpahrj;
vd;w mYtyh; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
mkPh; F];U vd;w ghurPf ftpQh; mtuJ
muritapy; ,Ue;jhh;.
rpjWz;L fple;j ,uhrGj;jpu muRfs;
khy;th> jpNahfph;> Njtfphp> uj;jk;G+h;
Mfpatw;iw ntd;whh;
tptrhapfsplk; Neubahf njhlh;G
nfhz;L mth;fs; fl;Lk; thpapid
njhpe;J nfhz;lhh;.
mq;fhb rPh;jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
,jw;fhf ,ufrpa fhty;gil
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
jhdpaq;fs;> Jzpfs;> Fjpiufs;
Nghd;wtw;wpw;F jdpj;jdp re;ij
cUthf;fpath;.
,dhk;> thf;g; Nghd;w epyj;jhdq;fs;
Kiwia epWj;jpdhh;
epythpfspy; Vw;gLk; epYitfis
t#ypf;f jpthdp K\;lhf;uh[; vd;gth;
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
Fj;GjPd; Kuhuf;: 1316 - 1320
jd;id fypah vd;W mioj;Jf;
nfhz;lhh;
eRUjPd; F];U \h 1320
fpy;[p tk;rj;jpd; filrp kd;dd;
Jf;sf; tk;rk; 1320 – 1414
fpah]; cjPd; Jf;sf; 1320 - 1325
,aw;ngah; - fh[pkhypf;
Jf;sf; tk;rj;ij Jtf;fpath;
Jfshjhghj; efiu fl;bdhh;
KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf; 1325 - 1351
1327y; jiyefh; nly;ypapy; ,Ue;J
Njtfphpf;F khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ
GJ jiyefh; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;jjhYk;
NghUf;F Vw;w gFjpahf ,Ue;jjhYk;
Njtfphpf;F jiyefh; khw;wg;gl;lJ
gpd; kPz;Lk; jiyefh; by;ypf;F 1330y;
khw;wg;gl;lJ
Njtfphp njsyjhghf; vd ngah; khw;wk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ
1330y; nrg;G ehzaq;fis ntspapl;lhh;.
fs;s ehzak; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt
nrg;G ehzaq;fis kPz;Lk; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;lhh;.
jpthdp Nfhrp vd Gjpa Ntshz;ik
Jiwia cUthf;fpdhh;.
,th; ntspapl;l ehzaq;fspy; fypghtpd;
ngaiu ePf;fpdhh;.
1333-y; ,ghd; gJjh ,e;jpahtpw;F
te;jhh;.
1336y; tp[aefu NguuR Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
1351y; rpe;J kPJ gilnaLj;J
fyff;fhuh;fis ntd;whh;
1351y; ,we;jhh;.
ngNuh]; \h Jf;sf; 1351 - 1388
nghJg;gzpj;Jiw cUthf;fg;gl;L
aKid ejpf; fhy;tha;> rl;ny[;
ejpf;fhy;tha;fs; ntl;lg;gl;ld
Sasugani – ehzaq;fs; ntspaplg;
gl;lJ
KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf; epidthf (Juna
Khan) [hd;G+iu eph;zapj;jhh;
,th; Ntiytha;g;G mYtyfj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
ngNuh]; \h Jf;sf;fpd; tuyhw;iw
vOjpath;. \hk;rp-rpuh[;-mgpg;
FJg;kpdhiu NkYk; caukhf;fp fl;bdhh;.
nkhj;j cauk; 71.24 kPl;lh;
,uz;lhk; fpahRjPd; 1388-89
mGgf;fh; - 1389 – 1390
KfkJ gpd; gpNuh]; 1390 – 1394
eRUjPd; KfkJ Jf;sf; 1394 - 1414
1398-99y; ij%h; nly;ypia jhf;fp
ngUQ;rny;tj;ij nfhs;isabj;jhh;
iraJ tk;rk; 1414 - 1451
Jf;sf; murpd; filrp kd;dh; eRUjPd;
kh%J 1413y; ,we;jgpd; njsj;fhd;
Nyhb mhpaizapy; mkh;e;jhh;.
Nyhb 1414y; fprh;fhdplk; mb gzpe;jhh;.
iraJ tk;rj;ij fprh;fhd;
Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. 1421-y; ,we;jhh;.
Kguhf; 1421 - 1434
fprh;fhdpd; kfd;
Nfhf;fh;fis mlf;fpdhh;
\h vd;w gl;lg;ngaiu ,l;Lf;nfhz;lhh;.
rh;th; cy;Kf; vd;gthpd; J}z;Ljyhy;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
KfkJ \h 1434 - 1445
Kguhf;fpd; kUkfd;
myhTjPd; \h Myk;: 1451
,th; iraJ tk;rj;jpd; filrp kd;dh;
,thplkpUe;J gfY}y; Nyhb Ml;rpia
ifg;gw;wpdhh;
Nyhb tk;rk; 1451 – 1526
gfY}y; Nyhb: 1451 - 1489
,th; Mg;fhd; gphpT Mthh;
Nyhb tk;rj;ij Jtf;fpath;
rpf;fe;jh; Nyhb: 1489-1517
,thpd; ,aw;ngah; : ep[hk; fhd;
1494y; gPfhh; ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1504y; Mf;uh cUthf;fpdhh;
1506y; jkJ jiyefiu by;ypapy;
,Ue;J Mf;uhtpw;F khw;wpdhh;
,g;uhfpk; Nyhb: 1517-1526
rpf;fpe;jh; Nyhbapd; %j;jkfd;
21.11.1517y; gjtpNaw;whh;
Ml;rp ,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;L fhd;G+h;
rk;khrdj;jpy; ,isa – kfd;
[hyhy;fhd;> jpy;yp kd;duhf ,g;uhfpk;
NyhbAk; gjtpNaw;wdh;.
gpd; [yhy; fhd; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
Ry;jhd;fspd; Ml;rpKiw
nkhj;jk; 6 mikr;rh;fs;
trPh; - Kf;fpa nghWg;G: epjp rptpy;
epUrhfj; Jiwapd; jiyth;
jpthd; - , - hp\hyj; maYwT
mikr;rh;
jpthd; - , - ,d;\h – fbjg;
Nghf;Ftuj;J
jpthd; - , - Mhp]; ,uhZt eph;thfk;
rh;jh; - c]; rkak; kw;Wk; mwf;nfhil
jpthd; - , - fhrh – ePjpj;Jiw
gpw Kf;fpakhdth;fs;
rjh; - c]; rjh; - jiyikf; fhrp
ghPj; - , - khypf; - xw;wh; Jiw kw;Wk;
mQ;ry;Jiw
jpthd; - , - mkph;Nfhrp –
Ntshz;ikj;Jiw
tf;fPy; - , - jhh; - muz;ikg; guhkhpg;G
k[pyp]; - , - fhy;tj; -
MNyhrizf;FO
Kf;fpathpfs;:
rhfj; - K];yPk;fspd; rkag;gzp thp
[rpah – K];yPk; my;yhjth;splk;
,Ue;J rkag;gzp t#ypf;fg;gLk;
rakg;gzp thp
fhk;];-Nghh;f; fhyj;jpy; nfhs;is
mbf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fs; kPjhd thp
c\h; - K];yPk; epyj;jpy; ngwg;gl;l
tpisr;ry; thp
c\h; - K];yPk; epyj;jpy; ngwg;gl;l
tpisr;ry; thp
fhu[; - K];yPk; my;yhjth;fs; epyj;jpy;
ngwg;gl;l tpisr;ry; thp
Kfyhah;
E}y;
Ml;rp gw;wp
vOjpath;
,yf;fpa
rhd;Wfs;
tpsf;Fk;
fhyq;fs;
jhhPf;fp
[`hd;
..hyPf; [Pitdp njd;Nkw;F
,e;jpahtpy;
kq;NfhypaUld;
gilnaLg;G
..jhhPf;fp
F]pjh
..k;Jy;yh
K];jhgp
fh];tpdp
f[pdp
murh;fs;
..g`j;jp erPhp ..d;`h[;-c];
rpuh[;
nly;yp
Ry;jhd;fs;
..jhhPf;fp
Kfk;kJ
Kfk;kJ
gp`hkj;fhdp
ij%h;
..jhhPf;fp
gp&]; \h`p
..ahTjPd;
guzp
Jf;sf;
..lhth-,-
[`he;jphp
..ahTjPd;
guzp
..y;tj;-,-fgPh;
rdha;
Kfk;kjp
m];uj; ehkh
jh[;-cy;-
khrPh;
..]d; epfhkp Fj;Gj;jPd;
ma;ngf;
..jhhPf;fp
rpe;J (k)
jhhPf;fp kUkp
.. KfkJ
kUkp
mugpah;
gilnaLg;G
..fhi[d; -
cy;-Gl;L
kph; F];U myhTjPd;
fpy;[p
Jf;sf; ehkh
fk;rh
kph; F];U fpahRjPd;
Jf;sf;
..kpg;jhy; cy;
Gl;L
kph; F];U [yhTjPd;
fpy;[p
..fpjhg; - ,-
,e;j; rtfPh; -
gpy; - rtfPh;
..y;ng&zp jhJg;
nghUl;fs;
..J}`j;Nj
Myk;fphp
KfkJ
km#k;
mTuq;frPg;
..];fpuhl; - cy; - n[sehh; thfpahl;
P̀khA+d;
.. jhhpf; - ,
- mf;gh;
\h`p
KfkJ mhpg;
JRf;-,-
[`hq;fphp
[`hq;fPh;
..jhhPf;fp
Kghuf; rhfp
mfkJ rh;
mz;b
gpNuh];\h
..l:l my;
ryhbd;
Fth[h mG
khypf;
KfkJ gpd;
Jf;sf;
..Jghj; cd;
Ekhh;-gp-
fiug;-,y;
mk;rhh;;
,gpd; gJjh KfkJ gpd;
Jf;sf;
..jhhPf;fp
ryhl;bdp
Mg;fd;
mfkJ
ahl;fh;
Nyhb kug
P̀khA+d;
ehkh
Fy;gjhd;
Ngfj;
ghgh;-mf;gh;
..jhhPf;fp
u\pjp
..kPh;rh i`jh;
KfkJ
ghgh;
..]gh; ehkh ..Ky;yh
n\hpg;
ghgh;
Myk;fPh;
ehkh
..kPh;rh KfkJ
fhrpk;
mTuq;frPg;
..ahj;\h
ehkh
KfkJ mkPd;
f[;tpdp
\h[fhd;
mkny
rhyp[;
KfkJ rhypf;
fk;G
\h[fhd;
..jhhPf;fp
K/g];]yp
Iraj; K.g];
ry;fhd;
mTuq;frPg;
..Yg;G+j;
jthhpf; ,e;j;
..ha;
gpe;j;uhgd;khy;
mTuq;frPg;
.. MrPnu
Myk;fphp
KfkJ rfP
K];japj;fhd;
mTuq;frPg;
ghgh; fp.gp.1526 – fp.gp.1530
,aw;ngah; - [h P̀UjPd; KfkJ ghgh;
ghgh; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F rpq;fk; vd;W
nghUs;
je;ij top – ij%h; (JUf;fp)
jha; top – nrq;fp];fhd; (kq;Nfhypah;)
je;ij – ckh; N\f; kph;rh
gpwe;j ,lk; - gh;fhdh
Kjy; ghdpg;gl; Nghh;
1525y; ghgh; gQ;rhg; kPJ gilnaLj;J
mjd; fth;dh; njsyj;fhd; Nyhbia
Njhw;fbj;jhh;.
njsyj;fhd; Nyhb kw;Wk; mtuJ kfd;
jpyth; fhd;> Nkthh; murh; uhzhrq;fuhk;
rpq; MfpNahh; ghgUf;F ,e;jpah kPJ
gilnaLf;f topfhl;bdhh;.
ghghpd; gilfSf;Fk;. ,g;uh`pk;
Nyhbapd; gilfSf;Fk; 1526 Mk; Mz;L
Vg;uy; jpq;fs; 21Mk; ehs; ghd;ggl; vd;w
,lj;jpy; Nghh; eilngw;wJ (jw;NghJ
`hpahdhtpy;)
,g;Nghhpy; ghgh; ntw;wp ngw;whh;. ghghpd;
jsgjpfs; c];jhj; myp kw;Wk; K];jgh
MfpNahh; Mthh;. ghgh; Jy;Fkh vdg;gLk;
Nghh; Kiwia gpd;gw;wpdhh;. ghgh;
,g;Nghhpy; &kp vdg;gLk; gPuq;fp
gilfis Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
Kjy; ghdpgl; Nghh; ,e;jpahit Mz;l
Mg;fhdpah; Ml;rpf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp
itj;jJ
fDthg;Nghh; 1527 khh;r; 17k; ehs;
ghgh; murGj;jpuh;fSld; nra;j Kjy;
Nghh; ,JNt. ,g;Nghh; uhzhrq;fhtpw;Fk;
ghgUf;Fk; fp.gp. 1527k; Mz;L khh;r; 14-
17k; ehs; tiu eilngw;wJ. ,g;Nghhpy;
ghgh; ntw;wp ngw;whh;.
re;Njhpg;Nghh; 1528
1528 rdthp 20k; Njjp re;Njhpg; Nghh;
eilngw;wJ. re;Njhpia Mz;l khst
murh; Nkjpdhuha; Njhy;tp
,uhzh rq;fh ,we;jjhfTk;> Nkjpdpuha;
Njhy;tpAw;wjhYk; ,uhrGj;jpuh;fs;
typikapoe;jdh;.
Nfhf;uhg; Nghh; - 1529 Nk 6k; ehs;
,g;Nghh; ghgUf;Fk; Mg;fhdpah;fSf;Fk;
,ilNa eilngw;wJ. ,g;Nghhpy; gilia
elj;jpr; nrd;wth; ghghpd; kfd; `];fhhp
vd;gth; Mthh;. ,g;Nghhpy; Mg;fhdpah;fs;
(KfkJ Nyhb + eruj; \h)
Njhy;tpAw;wdh;. ghgh; 3 Nghh;fspy;
,e;J];jhdj;ij ntw;wp nfhz;lhh;
ghgh; P̀khA+Df;F Vw;gl;l Nehapd;
fhuzkhf jk;ik mh;gzpj;Jf;
nfhz;ljhy; ,we;jhh; vd;Wk; rpyh;
,g;uhfpk; Nyhbapd; jhahh; ghgUf;F eQ;R
itj;j czit toq;fpajhy; Neha;tha;
gl;L ,we;jhh;. mtuJ cly; Kjypy;
Mf;uhtpy; mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. gpd;dh;
fhG+ypy; mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ
ghgh; JUf;fpa nkhopapy; JRf; - ,ghghp
tf;fpahj; - , - ghghp (ghgh; ehkh) vd
ghgh; Fwpg;Gfis vOjpAs;shh;
,e;j E}ypy; ,e;jpahtpd; epiy> jdJ
ntw;wpj; Njhy;tpfs; Mfpatw;iw
Fwpg;gpl;Lshh;.
Ghghpd; kfs; Fy;gjhd;Ngfk;
`PkhA+d; fp.gp. 1530 – fp.gp. 1556
P̀khA+d; ehkh vd;w E}iy vOjpath;
Fy;gjd; Ngfk;. ,e;E}y; P̀khA+d; kw;Wk;
mtuJ rNfhjuh;fs; fhk;uhd;> m];fhhp>
,e;jhy; MfpNahUf;F ,ilNa Vw;gl;l
Nkhjy;fis gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
P̀khA+d; vd;why; mjph;\;lk; vd;W
nghUs;
1531 – fypQ;rh; Kw;Wif – rkhjhdk;
1532 – jhj;uh Nghh; - KfkJ Nyhb
Njhy;tp
1533 - #dhh; Kw;Wif – n\h;\h
Njhy;tp
1535-y; F[uhj; kPJ gilnaLj;J mjid
Mz;l gfJ}h; \hit Njhw;fbj;jhh;
1539 – nrsrh Nghh; - n\h;\h ntw;wp
1540 – fd;Ndhrp Nghh; - n\h;\h ntw;wp
cld; gpwe;j rNfhjuh;fs; cjtp nra;a
kWj;J tpl;ldh;. ,e;epiyapy; mkh;f;
Nfhl;il murh; mtUf;F cjtp nra;jhh;
1542 – mf;gh; mkuf; Nfhl;ilapy;
gpwj;jy;
1555 – by;ypia kPz;Lk ifg;gw;Wjy;
1556 - ,wg;G
Mf;uh> Fthypah; kPJ Nghh; njhLf;Fk;
NghJ> Fthypah; uhrh tpf;uk[pj;
NfhfpD}h; ituj;ij P̀khA+Df;F
mspj;J rkhjhdk; Ntz;bdh;.
,thpd; kpf nghpa vjphp ,thpd; Fz
,ay;Gfs; MFk;
,thpd; gzpahsh; n[s`hh; vOjpa E}y;
jh];fpuhl; cy; - thfpahl;
n\h;\h fp.gp. 1540 – fp.gp. 1545
ghghplk; Njhy;tpaile;j Mg;fhd;
jiyth;fs; n\h;fhd; #h; vdg;tiu
Njh;enjLj;jhh;
,th; #h; tk;rj;ij Nrh;e;jth;
,aw;ngah; : ghPj;fhd;
[hd;G+h; kd;dh; ghfh;fhid nfhy;y te;j
Gypia nfhd;wjhy; n\h;\h vd
miof;fg;;gl;lhh;
,th; Rkhh; 1 Mz;L fhyk; ghhgh;
gilapy; ,Ue;jhh;
n\h;\h uh[];jhdpd; ngUk;gFjpia
ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1530 – Rdhh; Nfhl;il Kw;Wif
1535 – [yhy;fhDld; Ruh[;fhh; Nghh;
1536y; tq;fhsj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;J
ngUk; nry;tj;ij ngw;whh;
1538y; nfsh; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ
1539y; nrsrhtpy; Kfyhag; Nguurh;
P̀khA+Dld; Nghhpl;L ntd;whh;. P̀khA+d;
jg;gp Xbtpl;lhh;.
1540 fd;Ndhrp Nghhpy; ntw;wp
1542 – khstj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1543y; nua;rpd; kPJ gilnaLg;G : G+uhd;
khiy
1545y; fypQ;rhh; (gz;ly;fz;l) Nghhpy;
ntw;wp ngw;whh;. 1545y; xU Jg;ghf;fp
Fz;L ntbj;J ,we;jhh;. ,tUf;Fg; gpd;
,];yhk; \h Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;.
1553-y; ,th; ,we;jhh;
n\h;\h ,we;jTld; #h; muR 5
gphpTfshf gphpe;jJ.
1. gQ;rhg; - rpf;fe;jh;
2. tq;fhsk; - KfkJ fhd;
3. khy;th – gh]; gfJ}h;
4. rhk;gy; kw;Wk; Njhg; - ,g;uhfpk; #h;
5. #dhh; - mby; \h
n\h;\htpd; Ml;rpKiw
ehL 47 rh;fhh;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
rh;fhh; gq;fhdhf;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;ld
gh;fdh mYtyh;fs; Jiw
rpf;jhh; rl;lk;
mkPd; tUtha;j;Jiw
Kd;rPg; ePjp
fhh;$d;fs; - ghurPf ,e;jp nkhop
ngah;g;ghsh;
nghjhjh; fUT+yk;
gh;fdhtpd; Ntiyiaf; fz;fhzpf;f
rh;f;fhhpy; \pf;jhh; - , - \pf;jhuhd;
kw;Wk; Kd;rPg; - , - Kd;rpghd; vd;w
mYtyh;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
mYtyh;fs; %d;whz;LfSf;F xUKiw
khw;wg;gl;ldh;.
mikr;rh;fs; Jiw
jpthdp tprhuj; tUtha; epjp
mikr;rh;
jpthdp mhp]; ghJfhg;G
jpthdp tprhyj; ntsp tptfhuk;
jpthdp ,d;\h jfty;
njhlh;Gj;Jiw
jpthdp fh[p xw;wh; Jiw
jpthdp ghPj; ePjpj;Jiw
lhk; - Gjpa ehzak;
epythpr; rPh;jpUj;jk;
jf; Kiwg;gb Fjpiuf;F #L
Nghlg;gl;lJ.
„&gpah‟ vd;w ehzaq;fis ntspapl;lhh;
Grand Trunk Road, fy;fj;jh –
ng\htUf;fpilNa Nghlg;gl;lJ
mf;ghpd; Kd;Ndhb
gilKiwf; nfhs;ifapy; myhTjPd;
fpy;[pia gpd;gw;wpdhh;
Nfhl;ilia fhg;ghw;w ngs[; (Fauj)
vd;w epiyahd jdpg;gilia itj;J
,Ue;jhh;.
,e;Jf;fis khpahijAld; elj;jpdhh;
mtUila rpwe;j jsgjpfspy; xUth;
gpuk[pj; nfsh;
jhhpf; - , - n\h;\hfp E}iy Mg;fhdpa
cah;Fbr; rhh;e;j mg;gh];fhd; vd;gth;
vOjpAs;shh;.
,];yhk; \h
,thpd; ,aw;ngah; [yhy; fhd;.
N\h;\htpd; ,uz;lhtJ kfd;. #h;
tk;rj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ kd;dh;
,th; ,e;jpa K];yPk; kWkyh;r;rpapd;
je;ij vdg;gl;lhh;
KfkJ mjpy; \h
,];yhk; \htpd; kfd; gpNuh\; vdg;tiu
nfhiy nra;J Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;. ,th;
gpNuh\; jha;khkd; Mth;. ,th; cg;G
tzpfk; nra;j n`K vd;gtiu
Kjyikr;ruhf epakpj;jhh;
#h; tk;rj;jpd; filrp kd;dh; rpf;fe;jh;
\h Mthh;
mf;gh; fp.gp. 1556 fp.gp. 1605
Njrpa Nguurh;
je;ij - P̀khA+d;
jha; - mkPjh Ngfk;
gpwe;j ,lk; - mkh;Nfhl;
ghJfhg;ghsh; - iguhk;fhd;
P̀khA+d; ,we;jJk; gl;lk; #l;bf;
nfhz;L Rkhh; 49 Mz;Lfhyk; Ml;rp
nra;jhh;
,uz;lhk; ghdpgl; Nghh; 1556
Etk;gh; 5k; Njhp by;ypia Ml;rp nra;j
n`Ktpw;Fk; mf;gUf;Fk; ele;jJ.
,JNt ghdpgl; Nguhl vdg;gLk;. ,jpy;
mf;gh; ntw;wp ngw;whh;.
iguhk;fhd; ,t;ntw;wpf;F fhuzkhthh;
1560y; iguhk;fhd; tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
1561y; Mg;fhdpah;fshy; ,th;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
iguhk;fhd; kfd; mg;Jh;ufPk;
iguhk;fhdpw;F gpwF jdJ jha; mkPjh
ghDNgfk; khw;whe;jha; khfk; mdhfh
kw;Wk; mdhfdtpd; kfd; Mjhk;fhd;
MfpNahhpd; ifg;;ghitapy; mf;gh;
,Ue;jhh;. ,th;fs; jiyikapy; ele;j
Ml;rp ghthil Ml;rp vdg;gl;lJ.
Mjhk;fhd; 1562y; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
1561y; khstk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. kd;dh;
gh[; gfJ}h; ruzile;jhh;
1562y; Mk;gh; (n[a;G+h;) uhrh gpfhhpkhy;
Njhy;tpaile;jhh;. mtuJ kfs; N[hj;
ghia mf;gh; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;.
gpfhhp khy; kfd; gfthd; jh]; Mthh;.
mtUila Ngud; khd; rpq; Mthh;
1564y; Nfhz;Lthdh Nghh;. rhe;jyh murp
Jh;fhtjp Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L jw;nfhiy
nra;J nfhz;lhh;
1567 rpj;J}h; gilnaLg;G. kd;dh; uhdh
cjarpq; jg;gp Xbdhh;. ,g;Nghh;
Kfyhag; NguuR ,e;jpahtpy; gut
tpj;jpl;lJ
1569y; ,uhj;jk;G+h; kw;Wk; fypQ;rp
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
1572y; F[uhj;ij ntd;whh;. F[uhj;ij
ntd;wjd; epidthf gNjG+h rpf;hp vd;w
,lj;jpy; G+yhd; jhh;thrit fl;bdhh;
1572y; mf;gh; N\f; ryPk; rp];jp vd;w
Rgp Jwtpapd; kPJ gw;Wf;nfhz;l
fhuzj;jhy; mtuJ epidthf gNjG+h;
rpf;hp (Mf;uh mUfpy;) vdw; ,lj;ij
fl;bdhh;
18.6.1576y; `y;jpfhl; rz;il mf;gUf;Fk;
,uhzh gpujhg; rpq;fpw;Fk; eilngw;wJ.
mf;ghpd; rhh;ghf ,uh[h khd;rpq;
Nghhpl;lhh;. mjpy; ,uhzh gpujhg; rpq;
kuzkile;jhh;.
,uh[h khd;rpq; gPfhh;. Xhprh kw;Wk;
tq;fhsj;ij ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1586y; fh\;kPiu ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1593y; rpe;J kw;Wk; fhz;Nlfh; gFjpia
ifg;gw;wpdhh;
mfkJ efiu Mz;l re;j;gPtp cld;
cld;gbf;if 1596y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
mfkJ efh; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ
mf;ghpd; filrp gilnaLg;G
jf;fhzj;jpy; cs; mrpfhh; Nfhl;ilia
ifg;gw;wpaJ MFk;. jf;fhzj;jpd;
tpiyikahd Nfhl;il mrPh;fhh;f; MFk;.
,ij mf;gh; tQ;rfkhd Kiwapy;
ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
mf;gh; ,uhrGj;jpuh;fspd; jpUkz cwtpd;
%yk; ngUk; gyd; mile;jhh;. 1584y;
jkJ kfd; ryPKf;F ,uh[h gfthd;
jh]; kfis jpUkzk; nra;J itj;jhh;.
mf;ghpd; eph;thfk;
Kfyhah;fspd; tUtha; epUthfj;ij
Njhw;Wtpj;jth; mf;gh; Mthh;
Ruhrhp cw;gj;jpapy; %d;wpy; xU gq;F
thp tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
mf;ghpd; tUtha;j; jpl;lk; uhrh
Njhlh;khypd; jiyikapd; fPo; ,Ue;jJ.
ika murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;s
epyq;fs; fy;rh epyq;fs; vdg;gl;lJ
epyq;fs; 4 tifahf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ
uaj;Jthhp Kiw guhkhpf;Fk; mjpfhhp
gl;thhp vdg;gl;lhh;
mf;ghpd; thp t#y; Kiwf;F rg;jp Kiw
vd;W ngah;
mf;ghpd; ,uhZt Kiwf;F kd;rg;jhhp
Kiw vd;W ngah;
1577y; ,J mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
kd;rg;jhhpfs; Fiwe;jJ 400 gil
tPuh;fis itj;J ,Ue;jhh;fs;.
khd;r;jhhp thpir Kiwf;F ZAT vd;W
ngah; Fjpiuf;F #L NghLk; Kiw
cz;L
1563y; mf;gh; []pah thpia ePf;fpdhh;
mf;gh; tpjit kWkzj;ij Mjhpj;jhh;
mf;gh; rjp vd;Dk; cld;fl;il VWtij
jLj;J epWj;jpdhh;
murit $l;lj;jpw;F jpthdp Mk; vd;W
ngha;
rpwg;G jpl;lj;jpw;F jpthdp fh]; vd;W
ngah;
rPf;fpah;fs; nghw;Nfhtpy; fl;ba epyk;
mf;gh; mspj;jJ. (FU uhkjh]; fhyk;)
mf;ghpd; rkhjp rpf;fe;jhuhtpy; cs;sJ
mf;ghpd; mit ftpQh; - mg;Jy; tkJ
mf;ghpd; epythpj; jpl;lk; n\h;\htpd;
epythpj;jpl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lJ.
mf;gh; mitia myq;fhpj;j etuj;jpdq;fs;
1. mGy; ghry;:
,tuJ je;ij ngah; N\f;Kguhf;
mf;ghpd; mitia myq;fhpj;jth;fspy;
xUth;. ,th; vOjpa E}y;fs; ma;-dp-
mf;ghp kw;Wk; mf;gh; ehkh
mf;ghpd; kfd; ryPk; J}z;Ljyhy; ghz;lh
,dj; jiytuhd gPh; rpq; vd;gtuhy;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;
2. ig]p:
,th; mGy; ghrypd; jk;gp Mthh;. kpfr;
rpwe;j ftpQuhd ,tiu jdJ kfDf;F
Mrphpauhf epakpj;jhh;.
3. kpahd; jhd;Nrd;:
,th; kpfr; rpwe;j ,iraikg;ghsh;
Mthh;. KfkJ fY]; vd;W #/gp Jwtp
%yk; ,];yhkpa kjj;ij jOtpdhh;. tl
,e;jpa ,iria fpsh];rpfy; ];ily;
vdg;gl;l Kiwapy; ,th; ,ir
mikj;Js;sJ. ,k;Kiw ,d;Wk;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. mf;gh; ,tUf;F kpahd;
vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpdhh;
4. gPh;ghy;:
mf;ghpd; mitapy; gPh;ghy; vd;w rpwe;j
mwpQh; ,Ue;jhh;. ,thpd; ,aw;ngah;
kNf\; jh]; MFk;. ,th; kye;Njhp
fztha; Nghhpy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. kjp
El;gk; tha;e;j ,th; ,uhZtk; kw;Wk;
eph;thfj;ij ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.
mf;ghpd; muritia myq;fhpj;j
etuj;jpdq;fspy; ,tUk; xUth;
5. ,uh[h Njhlhh;khy;:
mf;ghpd; epjp mikr;rh; ,uh[h
Njhlh;khy;. ,thpd; epyr; rPh;jpUj;j Kiw
ge;Njhg];l; rp];lk; vdg;gl;lJ
6. ,uh[h khd; rpq;:
mf;ghpd; khd; rhg;jhhp jiyth;fspd;
kpfr; rpwe;jth;. Mk;gh; (n[a;G+h;) eh;bd;
kpfr; rpwe;j muruhd ,th; gpd; ehspy;
mf;ghpd; jsgjpahf khwpdhh;. `hy;bfhl;
Nghiu jpwk;gl elj;jpath;
7. mg;Jy; ufPk; fhd;:
mf;ghpd; mitia myq;fhpj;j Gyth;
8. gf;fPh; Mrpa jPd;: mf;ghpd; MNyhrfh;
9. Ky;yh njs gpahrh: mf;ghpd;
MNyhrfh;
jPd; ,yhfp:
mf;ghpd; kjf; nfhs;if jPd; ,yhfp>
mf;gh; ,e;J> ,];yhk;> fpUj;Jtk;>
rkzk; (ngsj;jk; jtpu) Mfpa
rkaq;fspy; cs;s ey;y nfhs;iffis
xd;wpizj;J jPd; ,yhfp vd;w kjj;ij
1581y; cUthf;fpdhh;.
mf;gh; re;jpj;j rkz kj jiyth;fs;:
`pu tp[a #hp> tp[a Nrd #hp kw;Wk;
ghD re;jpu cghj;jpahah; Mthh;
mf;gh; re;jpj;j fpUj;Jth;fs;: hplhy;Ngh>
mUthtpth> khd;nrh;l; Mthh;
mf;gh; re;jpj;j ghh;rp kjj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;
j];J}h; nkfh;[puhzh Mthh;
mf;ghpf; jPf; ,yhfpia nkhj;jk; 29
egh;fs; Vw;wf; nfhz;ldh;. mth;fspd;
Kf;fpakhdth; mGy; ghry;> muritf;
ftpQh; igrp> N\f; Kghuf; Mthh;
jPd; ,yhfpia Vw;f kWj;jth;fs;
gfthd; jh]; kw;Wk; khd;rpq; Mthh;
mf;gh; 26.6.1579y; jiyik kjf; FUit
ePf;fptpl;L jhNk Fj;gh thrpj;jhh;. NkYk;
nrg;lk;gh; 1579y; jtWglh Mizia
gpfldg;gLj;jpdhh;.
Jsrp jhrh; mf;gh; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jhh;
mf;gUf;Fg; gpd; mtuJ kfd; ryPk;
1605y; thhprhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
[`hq;fPh; (1605 – 1622)
mf;gh; ,we;jTld; mtuJ kfd; ryPk;
E}h;cj;d; Kfk;kJ [`hq;fPh; ghJ\h
fhrp vd;w ngaUld; gjtp Vw;whh;.
,thpd; gilj; jiyth; Kfgj;fhd;
Mf;uh Nfhl;ilapy; cs;s \hGh;jpf;Fk;
aKidfiuapy; cs;s xU
fy;J}Zf;Fk; ,ilapy; ePjpr; rq;fpyp
fl;bdhh;
,th; fhyj;jpy; fhe;j`hh; ,of;fg;gl;lJ
,tuJ Ml;rpia vjph;j;J ,tuJ kfd;
F];U fyfk; nra;jhh;. F];&tpw;F
rPf;fpah;fspd; FU ,h;\Pd; Njt; cjtp
nra;jjhy; ,th; FU mh;[Pd; Njtpw;W
kuz jz;lid toq;fpdhh;. ,jdhy;
rPf;fpah;fs; Kfyhah;fSf;F vjpuhf
khwpdhh;fs;.
,th; nk ;̀Ud;dprh vd;w tpjitia
kze;jhh;. ,th; khspif xsp vd;w
nghUs; gLk;gb E}h; kfhy; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhh;. gpd;dh; cyfpd; xsp
vd;W nghUs;gLk;gb E}h;[fhd; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,tiug; gw;wpa
Fwpg;Gfs; ehkh fp [`hq;fPhp vd;w
E}ypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
jkJ fhjypahd mdhh;fypf;F yh$hpy;
ryitf; fy;yhyhd fy;yiwiaf;
fl;bdhh;;
fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; gpujpepjp
tpy;ypak; `hf;fPd;]; 1608-11 Mz;Lfspy;
rpy thpzf chpikfia ngw;whh;.
1616-1619y; jhk]; Nuh rpy chpikfis
ngw;whh;
,th; fhyj;jpy; Gifapiyia
Nghh;r;RfPrpah;fs; mwpKfk; nra;jdh;
1620y; fhq;uh Nfhl;iliaf;
ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
fh\;kPhpy; cs;s \hypkh; Njhl;lk;
kw;Wk; ep\hj; Njhl;lk; Mfpatw;iw
,th; mikj;jhh;.
,tuJ fhyj;jpy; gQ;rk; kw;Wk; gpNshf;
Neha; Vw;gl;lJ
1627y; ,th; kuzkile;jhh;. ,tuJ
cly; uhtp ejpf;fiuapy; cs;s
\hjhuhtpy; mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ
\`hGjPd; KfkJ \h[`hd; 1627 - 1658
1627y; [`hq;fPh; ,we;jhh;
E}h;[`hd; jdJ kUkfd; \hhpaiu
muruhf;f Kaw;rp nra;jhh;
E}h;[`hdpd; rNfhjuh; Mrg;fhd;
jd;Dila kUkfd; \h[fhid
Mjhpj;jhh;
1628y; \hhpaiu ntd;whh;. Fj;gh ,tuJ
ngauhy; gbf;fg;gl;lJ
,tuJ ,aw;ngah; : Fh;uk;
,tuJ jhahh;: kh;thh; murh;> kfd;
[fj;Nfhir
,tuJ kidtp: mQ;Rkd; ghDNgfk;
(Kk;jh[; k`hy;)
1626y; mfkJ efh; murh; khypf; Mk;gh;
,we;jTld; rpy Fog;gq;fSf;Fg;gpd;
mfkJefh; Kfyhag; NguuRld;
,ize;jJ
1635y; gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhd; mbgzpe;jhh;.
fg;gk; fl;l xg;Gf;nfhz;lhh;
Nfhy;nfhz;lh murh; Kfyhag; Nguurpd;
Nkyhz;ikia Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;
1629y; gz;Nly; fz;bd; MSeh;
[[;`h;rpq; mlf;fg;gl;lhh;
1635y; kPz;Lk; [[;`h;rpq; mlf;fg;gl;lhh;
1632y; \h[`hd;> cj;jpuTg;gb tq;fhs
MSeh; Frpk;fhd; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpaiu
mlf;fpdhh;.
7 Mz;Lfhykhf jahh; nra;ag;gl;l
kapyhrdk; kw;Wk; NfhfpD}h; ituj;ij
ghurPf kd;dh; „ehjh;\h‟
nfhs;isabj;Jr; nrd;whh;. jw;nghOJ
,q;fpyhe;J kpA+rj;jpy; cs;sJ
kapyhrdj;jpy; filrpahd mkh;e;j
Kfyha kd;dh; KfkJ \h
1650y; Great Mughal vdg;gLk; NfhfpD}h;
ituk; fpilf;fg;gl;lJ.
1639y; ghurPfh;fs; fhe;jhuj;ij
ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1666y; \h[fhd; ,we;jhh;
\h[fhd; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j
may; ehl;bdh;fs;:
Mq;fpNyah;fs;:
1. tpy;ypak; `hf;fPd;]; 2. jhk];Nuh
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs;:
1. gh;dpah; 2. lth;dpah; 3. Njt;dhl;
`hye;J ehl;bdh;fs;:
1. gpuhd;rp];Nfh 2. ngy;rh;l;L
,j;jhypah;fs;:
1. kD}f;rp 2. khz;ly;];Nyh
Myk;fPh; mTuq;frPg; (1658 – 1707)
1658y; Mf;uhit ifg;gw;wpaTld; 1659y;
fh[h< jpNahiu ntd;wgpd;Dk; ,UKiw
Kb#lg;gl;lhh;. ,th; Rkhh; 49 Mz;L
fhyk; Ml;rp nra;jhh;.
\h[fhdpd; kfd;fs;: 1. jhuhRf;fht; 2.
Kuhj; 3. \h\P[h 4. mTuq;frPg;
kfs;fs;: 5. Nuh\shuh 6. \hfdhuh
\h[fhd; capUld; ,Ue;j NghNj
thhpRhpikg;Nghh; Jtq;fpaJ
Nkw;fz;l 5 egh;fSk; Kk;jh[;kfhYf;Fg;
gpwe;jth;fs;.
thhpRhpikg; Nghiuj; jtph;f;f
\h[fhdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lth;
jhuhRf;fht; Mthh;
,th; rhKfhh; vd;Dkplj;jpy;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;.
\h;\P[h fh[;th vd;Dkplj;jpy;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;.
Kuhj; kJuhtpy; tQ;rfkhf
mTuq;frPg;ghy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
,t;thW 16586; mTuq;frPg; Myj;fPh; vd;w
gl;lg; ngaUld; Kfyhag; Nguurpd;
kd;duhdhh;. Myk; fPh; vd;why; cyfpd;
ntw;wpahsh; vdg; nghUs;gLk;
tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;:
1. Myk;fphp - , - ehkh – KfkJ fhrpk;
2. Gl;L `hl;-,-Myk;fphp - <];th; jh];
3. Eh\hf;if by; F\h
4. ]thg;jp Myk;fphp
5. Ke;jhf;fg; cy; Y}ghg;
6. j];J}h; cy; mfhfp
rpth[pAld; eilngw;w epfo;Tfs;:
rpth[pia mlf;f nrap\;lfhid
mDg;gpaJ – 1663
rpth[p #uj;ij jhf;fpaJ – 1664
1665Mk; Mz;L rpth[pf;Fk; mTuq;frPg;
rhh;ghf kd;dh; n[a;rpq; vd;gtUf;Fk;
eilngw;wJ
vy;iyg;Gw Nghh;fs;:
1661y; A+#g; rha; ,dj;jth;fs;
jhf;Fjy;fs; Kwpabg;G
1672y; Mg;hpbfs; mf;ky;fhd;
jiyikapy; eilngw;w fpsh;r;rp
Kwpabg;G
F\y;fhd; fl;lhf; jiyikapy;
fl;lhf;Ffs; elj;jpa fpsh;r;rp Kwpabg;G
Nfhy;nfhz;lh ntw;wpfs;:
kuhl;bah;fSf;F Nghh;fspy; cjtp nra;j
Nfhy;nfhz;lh kPJ 1687y; mTuq;frPg;
Nghhpl;lhh;
Ry;jhd; mG+y;`hrd; Njhy;tpAw;whh;
gP[g;G+h; ntw;wp:
gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhdpd; gilfis
etPdkhf;fpa jsgjp rhh;[fhid
ePf;FkhW mTuq;frPg; gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhidf;
Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhh;
gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhd; kWj;Jtpl;lhh; vdNt
1685y; gP[g;G+hpd; kPJ mTuq;frPg;
gilnaLj;jhh;
1685y; gP[g;G+h; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ
Ry;jhd; rpf;fe;jh; mby;\h ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lhh;
,uhrGj;jpuh;fSld; Nghh;:
1678y; kfhuh[h [];te;j;rpq; ,we;jTld;
mTuq;frPg; N[hj;G+iu ifg;gw;wpdhh;
cja;G+h; ,uhdhit Njhy;tpAwr; nra;J
cja;G+iu ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1662y; mNfhk;fs; KfyhaUld;
cld;ghL nra;J nfhz;lhh;
jd;Dila Ml;rpapy; Gjpajhf fl;lg;gl;l
,e;Jf; Nfhtpy;fis mTuq;frPg; ,bj;J
js;spdhh;
,jdhy; fj;jpathhpy; cs;s
NrhkehjGuf; Nfhtpy;> fhrp tpRtehff;
Nfhtpy;> kJuthapy; cs;s Nfrtuha;
Nfhtpy;fs; mope;jd
Nkfyhag; NguuR mTuq;frPg; fhyj;jpy;
kpfg; gue;jpUe;jJ
ujhhp vd;w glFj; Jiw thpia ePf;fpdhh;
gz;lhhp vd;w epyj; jPh;itia ,uj;J
nra;jhh;.
rhuha; vd;w Nka;r;ry; thpia ,uj;J
nra;jhh;
Jthd;dh vd;w ,e;J kj gz;biffs;
nfhz;lhl;l thpia ePf;fpdhh;
MLfSf;fhd ]hh; \Pkhhp kw;Wk; g];
\Pkhhp Mfpa thpfis ,uj;J nra;jhh;.
12.4.1679y; [rpah vd;w thpia tpjpj;jhh;
k`;#y; vd;w thp tpjpj;jjh;
Rq;fthp K];yPk;fSf;F 2 ½ tpOf;fhLk;
,e;Jf;fSf;F 5 tpOf;fhLk;
tpjpf;fg;gl;ld.
1665y; K];yPk; tzpfh;fSf;F
KOikahd Rq;fthp tpyf;F
mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
1671y; thp t$y;nra;Ak; gzpfSf;F
nfhz;lhhl jilr; nra;jhh;.
v].Mh;.rh;kh vd;w mwpQh; ,e;Jf;fis
xWj;jy; vd;gJ mTuq;frPg;gpd; nfhs;if
vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;
gUf;fp vd;w tuyhw;W Mrphpah; ,e;Jf;fs;
Kfyha NguuRf;F tpRthrpfshf
,y;yhjjhy; 1670y; ,Ue;J mTuq;frPg;
jdJ nfhs;iffis khw;wpf;nfhz;lhh;
vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
ghurPf \htpd; J}Jtuhd Glhf; ngf;
mTuq;frPg;gpd; mitapy; fye;J
nfhz;lhh;
Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;:
1658y; je;ij \h[`fhid rpiwapy;
milj;jhh;
ghy;fdp topNa kd;dh; Fbkf;fSf;F
fhl;rp jUk; INuhf;fh jh;\d; vd;w
Kiwia ePf;fpdhh;.
muz;kidapy; ,ir> eldk; Mfpatw;iw
jilr; nra;jhh;
Kjhrpg;Gfs; vdg;gLk; nghJ xOf;fk;
mYtyh;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;
kJ mgpd; jil nra;ag;gl;lJ
tpgr;rhuk; jil nra;ag;gl;lJ
Nrhjplk; ,opTgLj;jg;gl;lJ
Kfuk; Ch;tyk;> rjp Mfpait jil
nra;ag;gl;lJ. re;Njf Fzk; cilath;
vdNt midj;Jg; gzpfisAk; jhNk
Rke;J nfhz;lth;
fhRfspy; fyPkh nghwpf;fg;gLtij jil
nra;jhh;
ghurPf tof;fkhd nesNuhR
nfhz;lhl;lk; jilnra;ag;gl;lJ
rPf;fpah;fspd; 9tJ FU FU Nj[;gfJ}h;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
mTuq;frPg;gpw;F gpd; Kfyha NguuR
tPo;r;rpailaj; njhlq;fpaJ. mjw;fhd
fhuzq;fs;
1. mTuq;frPg;gpd; rkaf; nfhs;if
2. Kfyha Nguurpd; kpfg; gue;j gug;gsT
3. kuhj;jpah;fspd; vOr;rp
4. jpwikaw;w muR thhpRfs;
5. thhpRhpikg; Nghh;
6. khd;rg;jhhp Kiw
7. jf;fhz nfhs;if
8. Mq;fpNyah; tUif
9. Mg;fhdpah;fspd; gilnaLg;Gfs;
gpw;fhy Kfyha murh;fs;:
Kjyhk; gfJ}h; \h: ,th; Kjyhk; \h
Myk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;. 1707
Kjy; 1712 tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;. ,tuJ
Ml;rpapy; Kfyha muR tPo;r;rpaila
njhlq;fpaJ
[fe;jh; \h: ,th; 1712 Kjy; 1713 tiu
Ml;rp nra;jdh;. ,th; [rpah thpia
ePf;fpdhh;.
gUf;\pah;: rPf;fpah;fspd; jiyth; gz;lh
gfJ}Uf;F kuz jz;lid tpjpj;jhh;.
fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpf;F tq;fhsj;jpy;
ghpapy;yhky; tzpfk; nra;a gph;nkd;
mspj;j Mq;fpNyah; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uf;f
,tNt fhuzkhdth;. ,th; 1713 Kjy;
1719 tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;.
ugp cy; lhh;[l;: 1719y; Ml;rp nra;jhh;
ugp cy; njsyj; vdg;gLk; ,uz;lhk;
\h`fhd;: 1719y; Ml;rp nra;jhh;
epFrpah;: 1719y; Ml;rp nra;jhh;
KfkJ ,g;uhfpk;:
KfkJ ,g;uhfpk;: 1720 Khy; 1748 tiu
Ml;rp nra;jhh;. ,th; kfpo;r;rpia
tpUk;Gk; murh; vd;gjhy; ,uq;fPfyh vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th; fhyj;jpy;
ghurPfj;ijr; rhh;e;j ehjh; \h
gilnaLj;jhh;.
ehjh;\htpd; gilnaLg;G:
1739k; tUlk; khh;r; khjk; 9 Mk; Njjp
ehjh;\h by;ypapy; Eioe;jhh;. Kfyha
murh; KfkJ\htpd; ,uhZtj;ij
Njhw;;fbj;j mth; by;ypia #iwahb Nk
khjk; by;ypapy; ,Ue;J nrd;whh;
mth; Gfo; ngw;w kapyhrdj;ijak;
NfhfpD}h; ituj;ijAk; by;ypapy; ,Ue;J
nfhz;L nrd;whh;. NfhfpD}h; vd;why;
“mountain of light” vdg; nghUs;gLk;.
mfkJ \h gfJ}h;: 1748 Kjy; 1754
tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;.
mfkJ \h Mg;jhyp ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ
rdthp jpq;fs; 1748y; gilnaLj;jhh;.
mfkJ \htpdhy; khd;G+h; vd;w ,lj;jpy;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;. gpd; 1950y; Mg;jhyp
,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf ,e;jpah kPJ
gilnaLj;J mfkJ \hit
Njhw;fbj;jhh;. 1751y; kPz;Lk; Kfyha
NguuR kPJ %d;whtJ Kiwahf Nghh;
njhLj;J fh\;kPiu ifg;gw;wpdhh;
,uz;lhk; Myk; fPh; 1754 Kjy; 1759
tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;. mfkJ \h
Mg;jhyp ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ ehd;fhtJ
Kiwahf 1756y; gilnaLj;jhh;.
23.01.1757y; by;ypia #iwahbdhh;
%d;whk; \h[fhd;: 1759y; Ml;rp nra;jhh;
mfkJ \h Mg;jhyp ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ
Ie;jhtJ Kiwahf mf;Nlhgh; 1759y;
Nghh; njhLj;J gQ;rhg;ig ifg;gw;wpdhh;
,uz;lhk; \h Myk;: 1759 Kjy; 1806
tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;. mfkJ \h
Mg;jhyp gilnaLg;G 1761y; eilngw;wJ.
Mq;fpNyaUf;F tq;fhsk;> gPfhh; kw;Wk;
xhprh Mfpa ,lq;fSf;F eprhkp vd;w
chpikia mspj;jhh;. Mq;fpNyahpd;
ghJfhg;ig Vw;whh;
,uz;lhk; mf;gh; \h: 1806 Kjy; 1837
tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;
,uz;lhk; gfJ}h; \h: 1837 Kjy; 1857
tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;. Kjyhk; Rje;jpug;
Nghhpy; fye;J nfhz;lhh;. Mq;fpNyauhy;
ifJ nra;ag;gl;L gh;kh nfhz;L
nry;yg;gl;L mq;NfNa caph; Jwe;jhh;.
,j;Jld; Kfyhah;fs; Ml;rp KbTw;wJ
Kfyhah; eph;thfk;:
Kfyhah;fs; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
Mizfs; vOj;J tbtj;jpy;
gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt Kfyhah;
fhyj;ij fhfpj rh;f;fhh; (Paper
Government) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ
Kfyhah; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j kpFe;j Kf;fpa 8
mikr;rh;fs;:
1. Gpujkh;
2. trPh;: epjp mikr;rh;
3. kPh; gf;\p: Kjd;ikf; fzf;fh;
4. fhnd [khd;: murit Kjd;ik
mYyth;
5. rj;nu RJ}h;: nghJr; nrhj;J guhkhpg;ghsh;
6. Kf;jrpg;: gz;lghL
7. fh[p: jiyik ePjpgjp
8. jhNuhfh: Nghf;Ftuj;J
Kfyhah; fUT+yq;fs;:
1. igj;J khy; - nghJf; fUT+yk;
2. me;j&d; kfhy; - Myaj;jpw;fhf nryT
3. ghfpah – goq;fld;fs;
4. N[Ng fh]; - mur FLk;gj;jpw;F
5. N[Ng /ig[; - Mguzq;fs;
6. fh[hNd hpf;fhg; - elkhLk; fUT+yk;
7. fhh; fhdh – vy;yh nghUl;fSk;
tpw;Fkplk;
Kfyhah; fhyj;J fl;blf; fiyfs;:
P̀khA+d; fy;yiw: kpuhf; kPh;rh fpahf;
vd;w ghurPf fl;bf fiyQuhy; jpy;ypapy;
fl;lg;gl;lJ. jh[;kfhYf;F ,J Kd;
cjuhzk; MFk;
Mf;uh Nfhl;il: fhrpk; fhd; vd;w
fiyQuhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ
nly;yp thapy;: ,J ahid thapy; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ
\h[fhdpd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; Kfyhaf;
fiy fl;blf; fiyapd; rpwg;GkpF
fhykhFk;
\h[fhd; nghwpapay; murh;>
fl;blf;fiyapy; ,sturh; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwhh;
cyf mjpraq;fspy; xd;wdh jh[;kfhy;
1653y; fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jidr;
ryitf;fy; fdT vd;W miof;fpd;wdh;.
gpuQ;R ehl;L fiyQh; jhth;dpah;
,jidf; fl;l Rkhh; 3 Nfhb
nrytope;jpUf;Fk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
gpw Kf;fpa fl;blq;fs;:
1. Nkhjp k];[pj; (Kj;J k#jp)
2. \h[fhdh ghj; (GJ jpy;yp)
3. nrq;Nfhl;il (rptg;G kzy; fy;yhy;
fl;lg;gl;lJ)
4. [Pk;kh k];[pj;
5. [`hq;fPhpd; fy;yiw
Kfyhah; fhyj;J Xtpaq;fs;:
ghurPf Xtpaf; fiyia Kfyhah;fs;
,e;jpahtpw;F nfhz;L te;jdh;
,e;Njh-ghurPf Xtpaf;fiy Kiw
Gjpajhf Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ
P̀khA+d; fhyj;jpy; kPh; iraj; myp
kw;Wk; mg;Jy; rkJ Mfpa ,U
ngh;rpahtpy; Xtpah;fs; ,e;jpah te;jdh;
gfhhp tif Xtpaq;fs; ,uhrGj;jpuh;fs;
tifiar; rhh;e;jit
KfkJ fhjh;> kPh;cNrd; MfpNahh;
\h[fhd; fhyj;jpy; Gfo; ngw;w
Xtpah;fs;
[fhq;fPh; fhyj;jpy; Xtpaf; fiy kpf
cd;dj epiyia mile;jJ. ,aw;if
#o;epiyfs;> tpyq;Ffs;> gwitfs;>
murit epfo;r;rpfs; Xtpakhf
tiuag;gl;lJ. gp];thd; jh]; kw;Wk;
c];jhj; kd;$h; Mfpath;fs; [fhq;fPh;
fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kpf Gfo; ngw;w
Xtpah;fs; Mthh;
Kfyhah; fhyj;J ,ir:
,iria Mjhpj;j murh;fs;: ghgh;>
`_khA+d; mf;gh; kw;Wk; \h[fhd;
mf;ghpd; mit ,irNkij: jhd;Nrd;
jhd;Nrdpd; kUkfd; yhy;fhd; ,tUf;F
Qhd rKj;jpuh vd;w gl;lj;ij \h[fhd;
toq;fpdhh;.
\h[fhdpd; fhyj;J ,irf; fiyQh;fs;:
[fe;ehj;> [dhh;j;jdd;
Kfyhah; fhy rk];fpUj ,yf;fpaq;fs;:
mf;gUila Ml;rpapy; ghh;rp – gpufh\;
vd;w ghurPf rk];fpUj mfuhjp
jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ
ftpe;jpu Mrhh;a ru];tjp> [fe;ehj
gz;bjh; MfpNahh; \h[fhdhy;
Mjphpf;fg;gl;ldh;
uh[h fhdjh;> fq;fh yhf;hp Mfpa
E}y;fis [fe;ehj gz;bjh; vOjpdhh;
,tUf;F fhtpuh[; vd;w gl;lj;ij
\h[fhdhy; [fe;ehj gz;bjUf;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ
fpUjuh[; vd;gth; rk];fpUj ehlfq;fis
vOjpdhh;.
Md;ej yhjpf rk;G vd;w E}iy
it[ae;jp - fpU\;zfjh ,ize;J
vOjpdhh;fs;.
Kfyhah;fs; fhy rk];fpUj ,yf;fpaq;fs;
fgPh; vOjpa E}y;fs;: Njh`h];> rhfP];
gfthd;jh];> khd;rpq; ,e;jpapy;
ftpijfis vOjpdhh;
,uhkrhpjkdR vd;w ,e;jp
,uhkhazj;ij Jsrp jhrh; vOjpdhh;
#h;jhrh; vOjpa E}y; #h;rhfh;
Nfrtjhrh; vOjpa ftpijj; njhFg;G:
ftpg;gphpah
rpthrpapd; MjuT ngw;w ftpQh;fs;:
jpUg;gjp rNfhjuh;fs;> G+rhd; jpUg;gjp>
kjpuhd; jpUg;gjp
Kfyhah;fhy ghurPf ,yf;fpaq;fs;
Ml;rp nkhopahf 1893 tiu ghurPfk;
,Ue;jJ. gpd; cUJ njhlh;e;jJ
mGy; ghry; mf;gh; ehkh kw;Wk; mapdp
mf;gh; vd;w E}iy vOjpdhh;
gnfsdp thy;kPfp ,uhkhazj;ijak;>
kfhghujj;jpd; rpy gFjpfisAk; nkhop
ngah;j;jhh;
,g;uhfpk; vd;gth; mjh;tz Ntjj;ij
nkhop ngah;j;jhh;.
yPyhtjp vd;w fzpj E}y; nkhop
ngah;f;fg;gl;lJ
cgepljk;> gftj; fPij> Nahf trpl;lk;
Mfpait jhuh\PNfh vd;gtuhy; nkhop
ngah;f;fg;gl;lJ
Kfyha NguuR tPo;r;rpailf; fhuzq;fs;:
1. 1739y; ,uhzpa neg;Nghypad;
ehjh;\htpd; gilnaLg;G
2. 1742 kw;Wk; 1750y; mfkJ \h
mg;jhyp gilnaLg;G
3. kuhj;jpah; rPf;fpah; vOr;rp
4. \pah gphpitr; rhhe;j ghkp murh;fspd;
vOr;rp
ghkpdp muRfs;
ghkd;\h (1347 – 1358)
rhd;W: Gh; Mdp k MrPh; vd;w E}y;
By;yp Ry;jhd;fspd; Ml;rp kiwTf;Fg;gpd;
vOe;j Rje;jpu K];yPk; muRfspy;
Kf;fpakhdJ ghkpdp muR
Ghkpdp muR 1347y; epWtg;gl;lJ
KfkJ-gpd;-Jf;sf;fplk; gzpGhpe;j
,];khapy; Kf; njsyjhghj;
Nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wp ehrPh; cJd; \h
vd;w ngaUld; Ml;rp nra;jhh;. gpd; mth;
jdJ muir mrd; mby; Krhg;gh;>
rgh;fhd; - ,
myhTjPd; gfkhd; \h vd;wiof;fg;gl;l
Mrd; fq;Ftpw;F mspj;jhh;. ,th; 1347y;
ghkpdp muir epWtpdhh;.
fq;fh vd;gJ gpuhkd; ngah; vd;W rpyh;
$Wfpd;wdh;
je;ij: ,Rge;jpahh;
jiyefuk;: 1422 tiu #y;gh;fh vd;fpw
Mrdhghj;
Ml;rp vy;iyfs;: tlf;F tapd; fq;fh
njw;F: fpU\;zh efhp
Nkw;F: njsyjhghj; fpof;F: Nghq;j;
muR ehd;F jug;ghf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ
1. Fy;gh;f;fh 2. Nfsyjhghj; 3. gPuhh; 4.
gPlhh;
,th; 1358y; ,we;jhh;
KfkJ \h I 1358 - 1375
Ml;rpf; fhyk; KOtJk; thuq;fy; kw;Wk;
tp[aefu muRld; Nghhpl;lhh;
tp[a efu murh; Gf;fiuf; nfhd;wth;
K[h,j; \h – 1375 - 1378
,th; cwtpdh; jhT+j; vd;gth; nra;j
rjpahy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. jhT+j; mhpaiz
Vwpdhh;
KfkJ jht+j; I - 1378
jhT+j; K[hfpj; \htpd; kfs; &j;gh;th;
Mfh vd;gtuhy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. Mrd;
fq;Ftpd; ehd;fhtJ kfd; KfkJ
fhdpd; kfd; KfkJ \h Ml;rp gpbj;jhh;.
KfkJ \h II 1378 - 1397
mhp];lhl;by; vdg;gl;lhh;
ngNuh\; \h ghkd; - 1397 - 1422
ngNuh]ghj; efiu mikj;jhh;
1406y; tp[aefu muRld; Nghhpl;L
ntd;whh;
4120y; Njhw;whh;. gpd; Ml;rpia
jk;Kila rNfhjud; mfkJtpw;F
mspj;jhh;. mfkJ ,tiu nfhd;W
tpl;lhh;
,tUila Fy;gh;f;fh fhyk; KbTw;wJ
mfkJ \h 1422 - 1435
tp[aefu NguuR ,tUld; rkhjhdk;
NgrpaJ thuq;fs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ.
khstk; Njhw;fg;gl;lJ
,tuJ fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J gPlhh; fhyk;
Jtq;FfpwJ
FNuhrhtpd; ftpQh; N\a;f; M[hP gPlhh;.
muz;kidf;F te;jhh;. muz;kid
fjtpy; ftpijia nksyhdh \h;g; - c
jPd; kP[hd;jPud; vOjpdhh;
yhTjPd; II 143 - 1457
`PkhA+d; 1458 – 1461
ep[hk; \h 1461 – 1463
%d;whk; KfkJ 1463
,thpd; mikr;rh; KfkJ fthd; Mthh;.
,tuJ fhyj;jpy; ,u\;ah ehl;Lg;
gazpahd Althanasius Nikitin (1470 –
1474) ghkpdp murpw;F te;jhh;.
rq;fNk];tuh; murUld; Nghhpl;L
Nfy;dhd; Nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wpdhh;
Nfth tp[aefu NguurplkpUe;J
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ
1478y; ,hprhTld; Nghh;
Kf;fpa mkrk;: 1481y; fhQ;rpGuk;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ
kpFe;j nry;tk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ
KfkJ fhtd; jhf;fg;gLjy;
,tuJ fhyj;jpy; my;jhdrpay; epfpjd;
vd;w u\;a gazp Rw;Wg;gazk;
nra;Js;shh;
KfkJ \h: ,th; mkPh; Mypghpj;
vd;gthpd; ifg;gpbapy; ,Ue;jhh;
ghPj; jf;fhzj;jpd; Fs;sehp vdg;gl;lhh;.
ghkpdp murpd; filrp murh; : fyP
Ky;yh \h
ghkpdp muR rpijtile;j gpd;
jf;fhzj;jpy; Ie;J Ry;jhd;fs; Ml;rp
Vw;gl;lJ
gFjp Jtf;fpath; kuG
mfkJefh; eprhk; rhfp
Nfhy;nfhz;lh FJ}g; rhfp
gP[g;G+h; Mjpy; rhfp
gPuhh; ,khj; rhfp
gPlhh; ghPj; rhfp
ghkpdp murpy; ,Ue;J gphpe;j Kjy; muR
gPuhh; MFk;. 1484y; ,jid ghjTy;yh
,khj; \h vd;gth; Jtf;fpdhh;. 1574y;
mfkJ efUld; ,izf;fg;gl;lhh;
Nfhy;nfhz;lh:
thuq;fy;iyr; rhh;e;j gFjp
Nfhy;nfhz;lhtFk;
,jid Fyp \h vd;gth; Jtf;fpdhh;
mfkJ efhpd; rpwe;j jsgjp khypf;
mk;gh;
ghkpdp murpd; rpwe;j eph;thfp KfkJ
fhtd;
ghkpdp murpd; khfzq;fs; jhug;Gfs;
(Tarafs) vd gphpf;fg;gl;L mit
jhug;Gfspd; fl;Lghl;by; ,Ue;jJ.
tp[aefu Nguurpd; itur; Ruq;fq;fs;
,Ue;jikahy; ghkpdp muRfs; Nghhpl;lJ.
tp[aefug; NguuR
fp. gp. 1336y; mhpfuh;> Gf;fh;> fk;gzd;>
khug;gd; kw;Wk; Kj;jg;gd; Mfpa 5
rNfhjuh;fshy; Jq;fg;gj;jpiuapd;
tlfiuapy; tp[aefug; NguuR
epWtg;ngw;wJ.
Kjyhk; Gf;fh; - ,stuR gl;lk;
Nkw;nfhz;L mde;jG+h; khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;s Fj;jp Nfhl;il MSeh;
Kjyhk; fk;gzd; - cjafphp
khug;gd; - nfhq;fz ehL
,g;NguuR epWt cjtpath; rpUq;Nfhp
rq;fukl Mrhhpahhh; khjthr;rhhpahh;
my;yJ tpj;ahuz;lh;; kw;Wk; rhadhh;
Mthh;fs;
tuyhw;W Mrphpah; `Puh]; ghjphpahh;
,th;fs; n`hy;ry mur kugpdh; vd;W
$Wfpwhh;.
,g;Nguuir rq;fk; rYt> JSt> MutPL
tkprpj;jth; Ml;rp Ghpe;jdh;
rq;fk tkpr kd;dh;fs;:
Kjyhk; `hp`uh; 1336 – 1356
Kjyhk; Gf;fh; 1356 – 1377
,uz;lhk; `hp`uh; 1377 – 1404
tpUghf;\hh; 1404 – 1405
,uz;lhk; Gf;fh; 1405 – 1406
,uz;lhk; tp[auhah; 1446 - 1447
ky;ypfhh;[Pdd; 1447 – 1465
,uz;lhk; tpUg;ghf;\h; 1465 – 1485
gpuTj uhah; 1485
Kjyhk; `hp`uh; (1336 – 1356)
nghp\;lh kw;Wk; lglhgh Mfpa ,U
,];yhkpa tuyhw;W Mrphpah;fSk; ghkpdp
myhTjPd; `hrd; fq;F Kjyhk;
`hp`uz; Mfpa ,UtUf;Fk; eilngw;w
Nghhpy; Kjyhk; `hp`uh; Njhy;tp
mile;jhh; vd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;fs;
Kjyhk; Gf;fh; (1356 – 77)
njd; ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaOj;J
kJiu> ,uhNk];tuk; Mfpa ,lq;fis
ntd;wjhf fk;gz;zdpd; kidtp fq;fh
Njtp vOjpa kJuhtp[ak; vd;w E}y;
$WfpwJ
rPdhtpw;F xU J}Jf;FO mDg;gpdhh;
yf;fz;dh vd;gth; njd;fly; jiytuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;
,th; ,k;khb Njtuhah gpnusj Njtuha
kw;Wk; f[Nglfuh vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gl;lhh;
,uz;lhk; `hpfuh; (1377 – 1404)
,th; kfhuh[hjp uh[h> uh[ guNk];th;
Nghd;w gl;lq;fis #l;bf; nfhz;lhh;
nua;r;#h; gFjpia ifg;gw;w ghkpdp
nrd;whh;. gpU\;lhTld; Nghhpl;L Njhw;whh;.
,yq;if kPJ Nghhpl;lhh;
Kjyhk; Njtuhah; (1406 – 1422)
thuq;fy; cjtpAld; NgNuh]; \h
ghkDld; Nghhpl;L ntd;whh;
Jq;fg;gj;jpuh ejpapd; kPJ miziaf;
fl;bdhh;
1420y; epf;Nfhyh Nfhz;b> 1443y; mg;Jy;
urhf; Kjyhdth;fs; tp[aefuk; tUif
Ghpe;jdh;
,uz;lhk; tp[auhah; (1446 – 47)
ky;ypfhh;[Pdd; (1447 – 65)
,uz;lhk; tpUg;ghf;\h; (1465 – 1485)
jpwikaw;w ,th; fhyj;jpy; xhprh el;L
murh; GUN\hj;Jk; f[gjp
jpUtz;zhkiy tiur; nrd;whh;
eurpk;k rYthl ,th; Ml;rpia
ifg;gw;wpdhh;
rYt tk;r kd;dh;fs;
rYt eurpk;kh; (1485 – 90)
jpk;k G+ghyd;
eur ehaf;fh; (1490 – 1503)
rYt eurpk;kh; (1485 – 90)
jkf;Fg;gpd; Ml;rpia jdJ jsgjp eur
ehaf;fhplk; xg;gilj;jhh;
eur ehaf;fh; (1490 – 1503)
JSt tk;r kd;dh;fs;
JSt eur ehaf;fh; - 1491 – 1503
mr;Rj Njt uhah; - 1529 – 1542
rjhrpt uhah; - 1542 – 1570
tPueurpk;kh; - 1503 – 1509
fpU\;z Njtuhah; - 1509 – 1529
kh%J \htpdhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l
mNlhdp> fh;E}y; Mfpatw;iw kPz;Lk;
ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
fpU\;z Njtuhah; (1509 – 29)
JSt tk;r kd;dh;fspy; rpwe;jth;
fpU\;z Njtuhah;
,th; tPu eurpk;khpd; xd;Wtpl;l rNfhjuh;
1509y; fpU\;z Njtuhah; ghkpdp
Ry;jhid Njhy;tpAwr; nra;jhh;. 1512y;
nua;r;$h; Njhthg;. Fy;gh;fh> gPlhh;
Mfpatw;iw ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1512y; ck;kj;J}h; ghisaf;fhuh;
fq;fuh[hTld; Nghhpl;L =uq;fg;gl;bdk;>
rptrKj;jpuk; Mfpatw;iw ifg;gw;wp
=uq;fg;gl;bdj;ij jiyikaplkhf xU
Gjpa khepyj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;.
1513 – 18 tiu Nghhpl;L cjatPL
kw;Wk; nfhz;l tPL Mfpatw;iw
xhprhkd;dd; f[gjpaplkpUe;J gwpj;jhh;
njYq;fhdh murd; $ypFj;J\hit
ntd;W njYq;fhdh ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ
1520y; jdJ kidtp efyh Njtpapd;
epidthf ehfyhGhp vd;w efuk;
epWtg;gl;lJ
jpUtz;zhkiy> jpUg;gjp Myaq;fs;
fl;lg;gl;lJ. „mrhNu‟ Myak; rpwg;ghd
Myak;
,tuJ mitia m\;jpf;f[q;fs; vd
$wg;gLk; vl;L njYq;F ftpQh;fs;
myq;fhpj;jdh;
my;yhdp ngj;jz;zh – njYq;F
,af;fj;jpd; je;ij
,th; kJrhpjk; vd;w E}iy vOjpAs;shh;
,jd; %yk; kf;fspd; rKjha epiy
mwpa Kbe;jJ
jpk;kz;zh – ghhp[hj; gfh;dK
nja;tNyhfj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghhp[hj kyh;
nfhz;L tug;gl;l fij
,uhkgj;uh – rfy fjh rq;fpujk;
ky;yz;zh – uhrNrfu rhpjk;
#uz;zh
,uhk uh[h G+rdh
Njdhyp ,uhkfpU\;zh
fpU\;zNjtuhah;-[hk;gtjp fy;ahzk;
c\hghpzak; Mfpa tlnkhop E}y;fis
vOjpdhh;
mKf;jkhy;ajh my;yJ tp\;Z rpj;jK
vd;w njYq;F E}iyAk; ,aw;wpdhh;.
,jd; %yk; tp[aefu murpd; murpay;
epiyik mwpaKbfpwJ
mth; Nghh;r;RfPrpaUld; el;GwT
nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mth;fsplkpUe;J
Fjpiufis ngw;whh;.
jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; Nghh; - 1565
,g;Nghhpy; Ie;J jf;fhzr; Ry;jhd;fs;
xd;W Nrh;e;J tp[a efug; gilfis
1565y; jiyf;Nfhl;il vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy;
Njhw;fbj;jJ
,uz;lhk; NjtuhaUf;Fg; gpd; ghkpdp
Ry;jhd;fs; kw;Wk; xhprh kd;dh; f[gjp
MfpNahh; tp[aefu muor ifg;gw;wpaij
fq;fjhr gpujhg tpyhrk; vd;w ehlf
E}y; tpthpf;fpd;wJ. ,jid vOjpath;:
fq;fhjud;
tp[a efu Nguurpd; mopTr; rpd;dq;fs;
fpilf;Fkplk; `k;gp
MutPL tk;rk;
uhk uhah; 1542 – 1565
jpUkiy Njtuhah; 1565 – 1572
Kjyhk; = uq;fh; 1572 – 1586
,uz;lhk; ntq;fl 1586 – 1614
,uz;lhk; = uq;fh; 1614 – 1614
uhk Njth 1617 – 1632
%d;whk; ntq;flh 1632 – 1642
%d;whk; = uq;fh 1642 - 1646
gpw E}y;fs; vOjpath;
ftp fh;z urhazk; - eurpk;k ftp
nja;t eh tpyhrk; - nfhz;l tPl;L ,yl;Rkp
rq;fPj #h;Nahjak; - ,yl;Rkp ehuhazd;
gpNghj re;jpNuhjak; - fpU\;z kpr;uy;
tpahrhkph;jk; - tpahruhah;
,U rka tpsf;fk; - `hpjhrd;
tp[a efu Nguurpw;F tUif je;jth;fs;
tUif je;jth;fs;-Ml;rp nra;j kd;dh;fs;
Athanasivs Nikitin - ,uz;lhk; KfkJ \h
Fernao Huniz – mr;RjNjtruhah;
Abdur Razzak - ,uz;lhk; Njtuhah;
Nicolo Conti – Kjyhk; Njtuhah;
Domingo Paes – fpU\;z Njtuhah;
Ibn Battutah – Kjyhk; `hp`uh
Duarte Edwardo Barbosa – fpU\;z
Njtuhah;
tp[a efu Nguurpd; Ml;rpj; Jiwfs;:
fz;lrhyh - ,uhZtk;
rh;t khd;ah – NfhapYf;F epyk; toq;Fjy;
mjtdh - tUtha;
tp[aefu NguuR Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;:
tp[aefu NguuRtpd; Kf;fpa jiyefuk;
tp[aefh; MFk;
Ntjhe;j Njrpfh; tlfiyg; gphptpd;
jiyth;
kzths khKdp njd;fiyg; gphptpd;
jiyth;
tlfiyg; gphptpdh; rk]fpUjj;ij
gpd;gw;wpdh;. rhjp Kiwapy; ek;gpf;if
nfhz;bUe;jdh;
njd;fiyg; gphptpw;Fg; gpuge;jq;fisg;
gpd;gw;wpdh;. rhjp Kiwapy; ek;gpf;if
nfhs;stpy;iy
jpuhtplf; fl;blq;fisAk;> ,e;Njh
rurhdpf; fl;blf; fhiyAk; tp[aefu
kd;dh;fs; fhyj;jpy; rpwg;Gw;w tpsq;fpd
,uhNk];tuk; Nfhapypy; fhzg;gLk;
,UNfhGuq;fSk;> =uq;fj;jpYs;s
Nr\rphp kz;lgKk; tp[aefuf; fl;blf;
fiyf;Fr; rpwe;j cjhuzq;fshFk;.
tp[aefu kd;dh;fs; NtY}h; Nfhl;ilapd;
cl;Gwk; Gfo;ngw;w Nfhapiyf;
fl;bdhh;fs;. Nfhapy; tshfj;jpy;
fy;ahz kz;lgKk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s
mikg;G Kiw NtY}h; Nfhtpypy; rpwg;G
mk;rkhFk;
kJiu muz;kid ,e;Njh – rurhdpf;
fl;blf; fiyf;F xU rpwe;j
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tpsq;FfpwJ
fpU\;zNjtuhah; rpjk;guk; NfhGuj;jpd;
xU gFjpapidAk;> fhQ;rpGuj;jpYs;s
Vfhk;guehjh; Nfhtpypd; njd; gFjpapid
fl;b Kbj;Js;sdh;
tp[aefu kd;dh;fs; gpd;gw;wpa fl;blf;
fiyKiw kJiuf; fl;blf; fiy
KiwahFk;.
tp[aefu fhyk; - jkpo; E}y;fs;
E}y;fs; vOjpath;
rptQhd Nghjk; - nka;fz;lhh;
NrJGuhzk; - mofpa Njrpfh;
fe;jGuhzk; - fr;rpag;g rpthr;rhhpahh;
jpUkiyGuhzk; - jpUkiyehjh;
nrhf;fehjh; cyh
,Urka tpsf;fk; - `hpjhrh;
mhpr;re;jpu Guhzk; - ey;Y}h; tPuftpahh;
ed;D}y; - gtee;jp
ik#h; vOr;rp – i`jh; myp – jpg;GRy;jhd;
tp[aefu Ml;rpf;Fg; gpd;dh; ik#h; xU
Rje;jpu murhf khwpaJ
Rje;jpu ik#h; murpd; tpj;jfh;
rpf;fNjtuha cilahh;
i`jh; myp ik#h; murpy; Nghh;
tPuuhfg; gzpahw;wp 1755y; jpz;Lf;fy;
gT[;jhuhf ik#h; muruhy;
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;
mth; 1763y; ngl;D}iuf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;
ik#iu Ml;rp nra;j rpf;fp fpU\;zuh[;
jdJ mikr;rh; eQ;ruhrhit mlf;f
i`jh; mypapd; cjtpia ehbdhh;.
i`jh; myp eQ;ruhrhit mlf;fpaJld;
ik#h; kd;diuAk; ePf;fpj;jhNk 1764y;
muruhdhh;. ,tUila jpthd; G+h;izah
Mthh;. ,tuJ kfd; jpg;G Ry;jhd; Mthh;
jpg;GRy;jhd; =uq;fg;gl;bdj;jpy; Rje;jpu
kuj;jpid el;lhh;. gpnuQ;R Gul;rpapy;
kpFe;j Mh;tk; nfhz;l mth; gpnuQ;R
mYtyh;fspd; cjtpAld; ,uhZtj;ij
etPd kakhf;f Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
NkYk; Jacobin Club cWg;gpduhfTk;
Nrh;e;jhh;. ghJ\h vd;W jk;ik
mioj;Jf; nfhz;l ,th; ehd;fhk; ik#h;
Nghhpy; caph; ,oe;jhh;. jpg;GRy;jhdpd;
thhpRfs; NtY}h; rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gl;ldh;.
kuhj;jpah;fs;
kuhj;jpah;fspd; vOr;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;:
1. kiyfspy; ,Ue;jikahy; Vw;gl;l cly;
typk
2. ,uhkjh];> Jf;fhuhk;> Vf;ehj;
Nghd;wth;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa kdtypik
3. jf;fhz gPlG+kpapd; Nkw;gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l
ciwtplk; - kiyg;gFjp - ,aw;if
muz;.
4. tWik
5. nghJ rkak;
6. nghJg; gz;ghL – kuhj;jpah; midtUk;
xd;Nw
7. nkhop thhpahd xw;Wik
8. kuhl;ba ngz;fspd; jpahf czh;T
9. ,th;fs; rj;jpugjp vd;w ngaUl;d Ml;rp
nra;jdh;
\hfp Nghd;RNy
,thpd; kidtpfs; [P[hgha; kw;Wk;
Jfhgha;
Jfhgh – kfd; - jQ;ir ntq;Nfh[P
,th; Mjhpj;j Gyh; - n[auhk;
rpth[p (1630 – 1680)
rptdhh; Nfhl;ilapy; gpwe;jjh;
jhjh[p nfhz;lNjt; - Mrphpah;
FU uhkjh]; - FU
FU uhkjh]; vOjpa Gj;jfk; jrNghjk;
Kjy; kidtp – rhahgha;
1646 Njhzhf; Nfhl;il ifg;gw;Wjy;
1656 [ht;ypia ifg;gw;Wjy;
(jpUg;GKid)
1656 – nua;fhh; Nfhl;il ifg;gw;Wjy;
1657 – mTuq;frPg;gplk; Njhy;tp
1657 – nfhyhgh gFjp – fy;ahz;
gFjpfs; ifg;gw;Wjy;
1659 – mg;ry;fhd; nfhiy
gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhd; myp mjpy;\h
rpth[pf;F ghlk; fw;gpf;f vz;zp mtiu
tQ;rfkhf nfhiy nra;a mg;ry; fhd;
vd;gtiu mDg;gpdhh;. rpth[p mtiu
jOTk; NghJ jdJ ifapy; cs;s Gyp
efj;jhy; mtiu fl;baizj;J
nfhd;whh;. ,jid njhlh;e;J gP[g;G+h;
Ry;jhd; rpth[pia Rje;jpu muruhf
Vw;whh;
1663 – nrap];lfhid ntd;wJ:
rpth[papd; tsh;r;rpapidf; fz;l
mTuq;frPg; mtiu je;jpukhf nfhy;y
nrap\;lfhd; vd;gtiu mDg;gpdhh;.
rpth[p nrap\;lfhdpd; Kfhik
vjph;ghujtpjkhf ,utpy; jhf;fpdhh;.
nrap\;lfhd; fhaj;Jl;d jg;gpdhh;.
1664y; #uj; gilnaLg;G kw;Wk;
nfhs;isabg;G
1665 – Gue;jhh; cld;gbf;if:
mTuq;frPg;gpd; gpujpepjp Mk;giur; rhh;e;j
,uhrh n[a;rpq; 1665y; rpth[pAld;
cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhh;. mjd;gb
rpth[p ifg;gw;wpa 35 Nfhl;ilfspy; 23
Kf;fpa Nfhl;ilfis Kfyhah;fSf;F
jpUg;gp mspj;jhh;. gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhd;
Kfyhah;fis jhf;Fk;NghJ
Kfyhah;fSf;F cjTtjhf xg;Gf;
nfhz;lhh;.
1666 – rpth[p jdJ kfd; rhk;gh[pAld;
Mf;uh nrd;wNghJ tPl;Lf; fhtypy;
itf;fg;gl;lhh;. gpd; Mf;uh Nfhl;ilapy;
,Ue;J jg;gpj;jhh;. gpd; Kfyhah;fSf;F
nfhLj;j Nfhl;ilfis ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1672y; Kfyha gilfis Salher vd;w
,lj;jpy; eilngw;w Nghhpy; Njhw;fbj;jhh;.
1670 – 74 nfhz;ldh> Gue;jh;> kNfhyp>
ehe;jj;
1672 $y;eh; Nfl;il ifg;gw;Wjy;
1674y; nua;fhh; Nfhl;ilapy; eilngw;w
Kb#l;L tpohtpy; rj;jpugjp vd Kb
#l;bf;nfhz;lhh; (Kb#l;L tpoh
elj;jpath; fhfg;gl;lh;)
1677 fh;ehlf gilnaLg;G
1678 nrQ;rp> jQ;rhT+h;> NtY}h;
Nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;Wjy;
1680 kiwAT
,th; kiytho; vyp vdg;gl;lhh;
#uj; efhpy; ,tuhy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;l
gphpl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapdh;:
1. n`d;wp nugpq;f;ld; 2. uhz;lhy;g; nla;yh;
3. gpypg; fpg;gh;l; Mth;
kjpg;gPLfs;
tpd;nrd;l; ];kpj;: jpUlh;fspd; jiytd;.
fhgpfhd; - tQ;rfj;jpd; gpjh
rh;f;fhh; - Njrpa gil cUthf;fpa tPuh;
m\;lg;gpujhd;
rpth[papd; Ml;rpf;F cjtpLk; vz;kh;
FOtpw;F m\;lg;gpujhd; vd;W ngah;.
mth;fs; KiwNa
1. Ng\;th (m) Kf;fpagpujhd; - ,th; Kjy;
mikr;rh;> ehl;bd; eyd; kw;Wk;
Kd;Ndw;w topfs;
2. kaPk;jhh; (m) mkhj;jpah; - epjpaikr;rh;
3. thf;dp]; (m) ke;jphp – murhpd;
epfo;r;rpfis gjpT nra;jy;
4. jgPh; (m) Rke;jh – may;ehl;Lj;Jiw
5. rr;rpt; - murhpd; jghy; Nghf;Ftuj;J
6. gz;bl;uht; - G+rhhp
7. rhhpnesgj; (m) Nrdhjpgjp –
gilj;jsgjp
8. epahjP\; - jiyik ePjpgjp
ehL ehd;F gpuhe;j; (khepyk;) fshfg;
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ
khepyq;fs; gh;fhdhf;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ
nfhhpy;yh Nghh; Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ
thpfs; - nrsj;> gilthp (1/4)
rh;Nf\;Kfp – tpisr;rypy; gq;F (1/10)
[fj; - tpw;gid thp
K\;jhh;gh – tzpfthp
[l;[;Njhuh – nu];]pd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLk;
thp.
ghurPf nkhopf;F gjpyhf kuhj;jp Ml;rp
nkhop
rpth[papd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l gFjpfs;
1. rhe;J}h; 2. G+dh 3. ,uhrfp 4. fhh;thh;
5. rjhuh 6. uj;dfphp 7. nfa;uh 8. ngy;yhhp
9. Nfhyhh; 10. NtY}h; 11. Muzp 12. jQ;ir
flw;gilapd; jiyikaplk; nfhyhghtpy;
cs;sJ
rpth[p 53 tJ tajpy; ,we;j gpwF>
mtuJ Kjy; kidtpapd; kfd;
rhk;gh[pf;Fk; ,uz;lhtJ kidtpapd;
kfd; ,uhrhuhkpw;Fk; ,ilNa thhpRg;Nghh;
Vw;gl;lJ. mTuq;frPg;ig vjph;j;J mtuJ
kfd; mf;gh; fyfk; nra;j NghJ
rhk;gh[p mf;gUf;F milf;fyk;
nfhLj;jjhy; mTuq;frPg;ghy; rhk;gh[p
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;. mtuJ kfd;
,uz;lhk; rpth[p vdg;gLk; rhF
mTuq;frPg;ghy; rpiwg;gpbf;fg;gl;lhh;.
Ng\;thf;fs;
rpth[papd; ,uz;lhtJ kidtp –
mrPuhgha; ,tuJ kfd;fs; - ,uhrhuhk;>
jhuhgha;> ,uhkgha;
,uhrhuhk; kfd;fs; - rpth[p III,
,uhkuhrh.
rpth[papd; Ngud; rhF 1707 mTuq;frPg;
kuzj;jpw;F gpd; Kfyhah; gpbapy;
ntspNa te;jhh;
,jw;F gpwF mtUf;Fk; mj;ijahd
jhuhgha;f;Fk; thhpRhpik Vw;gl;lJ
,jid njhlh;e;J Ng\;thf;fspd;
Mjpf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ
ghyh[p tpRtehj; 1714 – 1720
,th; rhFtpd; Kjyikr;rh; Mthh;
,th; Kjy; Ng\;th Mthh;
,tiu njhlh;e;J Ng\;thf;fs;
thhpRhpikahf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;
gh[puht; - I 1720 – 1740 (2k; Ng\;th)
rhk;uhl; rpth[pf;F gpwF nfhhpy;yh Nghh;
Kiwia jPtpukhf;fpath;
1739y; Nghh;r;RfPrpaiu ntd;W rhy;nrl;>
grPd; gFjpfis ntd;whh;
,tUk;> ,tuJ rNfhjuh; rpkh[p mg;gh;
njhlh;r;rpahf 36 Nghh;fis Ghpe;J ntw;wp
fz;ldh;. vdNt ,th; kuhj;jpag; Nguuir
,uz;lhtJ jlitahf epWtpath; vd;W
$Wthh;
ghyh[p gh[puht; 1740 – 1761 (3k; Ng\;th)
%d;whk; ghdpgl; Nghh; - 14.01.1761
jw;NghJ mhpahdh khepyj;jpy; cs;s
ghdpg;gl; vd;w ,lj;jpy; ,g;Nghh;
kuhj;jpah;fSf;Fk; Mg;fhd; kd;dh;
mfkJ \h Mg;jhypf;Fk; ,ilNa
eilngw;wJ. kuhj;jpah;fs; rhh;gpy;
ghyh[p gh[p uht;> rjrpt uht;> kfhuh[;
Ruh[; khy; kw;Wk; ,g;uhfpk; fhd;
MfpNahUk; Mg;fhdp];jhd; rhh;gpy;
mfkJ \h Mg;jhyp> eh[pg; cj; njhsh
rpuh[; cj; njhsh MfpNahUk;
Nghhpl;ldh;. ,jpy; mfkJ \h Mg;jhyp
mzp ntw;wpg;ngw;wJ
kuhl;bah;fs; tYthd mzpia
mikf;fhj fhuzj;jhy; Njhy;tp mila
Nehpl;lJ. kuhl;bah;fs; ,uhrGj;jpuh;fspd;
cs; tptfhuq;fspy; jiyapl;ljhYk;>
rPf;fpah;fs; kw;Wk; [hl; ,dj;jth;fs; kPJ
mjpf thp t#ypj;jhYk;> mNahj;jp
ethg;gpd; Mjpf;fj;ij Fiwj;jhYk;
kuhl;bah;fs; ,g;Nghhpy; Njhy;tpaila
Nehpl;lJ
khjt uht; (1761 – 72) (4k; Ng\;th)
ehuhaz uht; (1772 – 73) (5k; Ng\;th)
khjt uht; ehuhazh (1773 – 95) (6
Ng\;th)
Kjy; kuhj;jpa Nghh; 1775 - 82
Ng\;th ehuhazuht; mtuJ rpj;jg;gh
uFehj uhthy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;
ehuhazuht; kfd; ,uz;lhk; khjtuht;
Ng\;th gjtp Vw;whh;
uFehjuht; Mq;fpNyahpd; Jiz ehbdhh;
1775y; #uj; cld;gbf;if Vw;gl;lJ
rhy;nrl;> g];rPd; gFjpfis
Mq;fpNyaUf;F mspf;f uFehj uht;
,irT njhptpj;jhh;
,Ug;gpDk; Nghh; Vw;gl;lJ
1776y; Gujh; cld;gbf;if Vw;gl;lJ.
,jd;gb G+dh murhq;fk; 12 ,yl;r
&gha; rhy;nrl; kw;Wk; GNuhr;
Mfpatw;iw Mq;fpNyah;fs; ngw;wdh;.
mjw;F gjpyhf uFehjuhit Mq;fpNyah;
iftpl;ldh;
Gue;jh; cld;gbf;if Vl;lstpNyNa
epd;Wtpl;lJ
tsh;e;JtUk; gpuhd;R gifiag;gw;wpf;
ftiy nfhz;l ,q;fpyhe;J muR
,uFehjuhTld; njhlh;e;J cwit
itj;Jf;nfhz;L> ehdh gldhtpir
mlf;FKhW Kk;ig murhq;fj;jpw;Fr;
nra;jp mDg;gpaJ. ehdhit vjph;j;J
Kk;ig murhq;fk; Nghh; njhLj;jJ.
N`hy;fhUlDk;> khjh[p rpe;jpahTlDk;
Nrh;e;J $l;Lg; gilapd; cjtp nghz;L
ehdh Mq;fpNyag; gilfis thj;fhd;
vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; mbgzpar; nra;jhh;.
Mq;fpNyah; 1779y; thh;fhd; Nghh;
cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;ldh;.
ehdhrhfpg;> Mq;fpNyah;fis mbNahL
tpul;Ltjw;fhf eprhk;> i`jh;myp> kw;w
kuhj;jpaj; jiyth;fis xd;W Nrh;j;J
xU $l;Lg;gilia mikj;jhh;. jsgjp
Nfhlhh;L jiyikapy; Mq;fpyg;
gilapdh; mfkjhghj; grPd; ,uz;ilAk;
ifg;gw;wpdhh;. ghg;`hkpd; jiyikapd;
fPo; kw;nwhU gil Fthypaiuf;
ifg;gw;wpaJ. rpthpapy; khjh[p rpe;jpah
Mq;fpyg; gilfshy; rpW Njhy;tp
kl;LNk Mq;fpNyaUf;F Vw;gl;lJ.
kfhjh[p rpe;jpah Mq;fpNyaUld; 1782y;
rhy;gha; cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhh;.
,uz;lhk; gh[puht; (1795 – 1818) (7
kw;Wk; filrp Ng\;th)
,uz;lhk; kuhj;jpag; Nghh; 1802 - 1803
1802y; ,uz;lhk; gh[puht; Mq;fpNyahpd;
grPd; (Jiz gil) jpl;lj;ij Vw;whh;
,ij rpe;jpah kw;Wk; Nghd;];Ny
vjph;j;jdh;
Mh;jh; nty;ny];ypapd; jiyikahd
Mq;fpyg;gil Nghd;];Ny gilfis
md;N] kw;Wk; Mufhd; ,lq;fspy;
Njhw;fbj;jJ. Nghd;];Ny jpNahfd;
cld;gbf;if %yk; Jizg;gilj;
jpl;lj;ij Vw;W fl;lhf; gFjpia
Mq;fpNyaUf;F mspj;jhh;
Nyf; gpuGtpd; jiyikapid
Mq;fpyg;gil rpe;jpahtpd; gilfis
Njhw;fbj;jJ. rpe;jpah rh;[p mh;[Pd;fhd;
cld;gbf;if %yk; Jizg; gil
jpl;lj;ij> Vw;W GNuhr; mfkJ efh;>
fl;lhf; kw;Wk; fq;if aKid
gFjpfis Mq;fpNyaUf;F mspj;jhh;
Kfyha kd;dh; ,uz;lh; \h Myk;
Mq;fpNyahpd; ghJfhg;gpd; fPo; te;jhh;
kuhj;jpah;fs; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;j gFjpfis ,oe;jdh;
%d;whk; kuhj;jpag; Nghh; 1817 - 1818
Ng\;th ,uz;lhk; gh[puht; grPd; (Jiz
gilj; jpl;lk;) cld;gbf;if kPwpdhh;
kuhj;jpah;fis Mq;fpNyahpd; gpbapy;
,Ue;J tpLtpf;f rpe;jpah> Nghd;];Ny>
N`y;fhh; MfpNahUld; ,ufrpa
cld;gbf;if
gpz;lhhpahh;fis xopj;jikahy; thud;
N`y;fhh; MfpNahUld; ,ufrpa
cld;gbf;if
gpz;lhhpahh;fis xopj;jikahy; thud;
N`y;fhh; kPJ kuhj;jpah;fs; Nfhgk;
mile;jdh;.
1815y; nfapf;thh; murpd; gpujpepjp
nfhiy
1817y; G+dhtpy; Mq;fpyg;gpujpepjp
khspif jPf;fpiuahf;fg;gl;lJ
Nghd;];Ny – rPj;jh ghy;bf; Nghhpy;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;
N`hy;fhh; - kfpj;G+hpy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;
Nfhh;fhd; m\;jh - ,uz;lhk; gh[puht;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;
tpisTfs;
kuhj;jpah;fspd; Mjpf;fk; ePf;fg;gl;lJ
Ng\;th gjtp xopf;fg;gl;lJ
N`hy;fhh; Jizg;gil jpl;lj;ij Vw;whh;
eh;kij gFjpfis Mq;fpNyaUf;F
fpilj;jJ
gpw;fhy kuhj;jpah;fs;:
gpw;fhyj;jpy; kuhj;jpah;fs; gy;NtW
,lq;fspy; Ml;rp nra;jdh;.
1. gNuhlhtpy; nfa;f;thl;
2. ehfGhpapy; Nghd;];Ny
3. ,e;J}hpy; N`hy;fh;
4. Fthypahpy; rpe;jpah
5. G+dhtpy; Ngh\;th
,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNyah; Mjpf;fj;ij
mjpfkhf vjph;jjJ kuhl;bah;fs; vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;.
rka ,af;fq;fs;
muhgp K];yPk;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ
gilnaLg;ghYk;> murh;fs; MjuT
ngw;wikahYk; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ryhkpa
rkak; ntF tpiutpy; gutpaJ. ,jdhy;
gf;jp ,af;fq;fs; Njhd;wpaJ. gf;jp
,af;fj;jpd; fhyk; 14 Mk; E}w;whz;L
tiu MFk;
,t;tpaf;fq;fs; Ry;jhd;fspd; Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpy; ngUk;ghYk; Njhd;wpaJ.
JUf;fpah;fs;> INuhg;gpah;fs;> K];yPk;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; Ml;rp nra;jikahy;
Mhpaf;fyhr;rhuk; jdJ nry;thf;fpid
,of;f Nehpl;lJ. ,];yhkpa kjk;
murh;fspd; MjuTld; gut njhlq;fpaJ.
vdNt gf;jp (my;yJ) topghl;L
Kiwfs;.
Mjprq;fuh; 788 - 820
,th; Nfush fhybapy; gpwe;jhh;
,th; khh;fk; Qhd khh;f;fk; (Strict
Monism)
,thpd; fUj;Jf;fs; mj;Jitjk;
,th; epWtpa 4 klq;fs;> gj;jphpehj;>
Jthufh> G+hp> rpUq;Nfhp
,tiu „gpurd;dGj;jh;‟ vd;W mioj;jdh;
,thpd; rpj;jhe;jk; mj;Jitj Ntjhe;jk;
,uhkhD[h; 1017 – 1137
gf;jp ,af;fj;jpy; <Lgl;l kfhd;fspd;
Kd;Ndhb ,uhkhD[h; Mthh;
flTis md;Gf; fly; vd;Wk;> mofpd;
,Ug;gplk; vd;Wk; $wpath; ,uhkhD[h;
Mthh;.
,th; =ngUk;GJ}hpy; gpwe;jhh;
,tuJ fUj;Jf;fs; tprp\;lhj;Jitjk;
(Monism)
,th; gf;jp %yk; caph;fs; ,iwtid
milayhk; vd;W $wpdhh;
,tuJ rPlh; ,uhkhde;jh;> khjtr;rhh;ah
kw;Wk; ty;ygr;rhh;ah
gukhj;khTk; [Pthj;khTk; xd;Nw>
gukhj;khtpd; xU gFjpNa [Pthj;kh
,th; irt rkaj;jpy; Nru Ntz;Lk;
vd;W Nrho murh; nfhLik gLj;jpajhy;
n`ha;ry mikr;rhplk; milf;fyk;
GFe;jhh;
,uhkhde;jh;
Mde;j gh\;ah vd;w ciuia vOjpdhh;
,th; ,uhkhD[iu gpd;gw;wpdhh;
14Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy;
tho;e;jhh;.
myfhghj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. ,th; =
it\;zt gphpitr; rhh;e;jth;
,th; tp\;Zit ,uhkh; tbtj;jpy;
tzq;fpdhh;
midj;J tFg;gpdUf;Fk; ,th; cgNjrk;
toq;fpdhh;. rhjpKiwia Gwf;fzpj;jhh;.
,thpd; rPlh;fs; 12 Ngh;
Kf;fpakhd rPlh;fs;: fPgh;> utpjh];>
Nrdh> jhd kw;Wk; gpgh
,uhkde;jhpd; ngz; rPlh; gj;khtjp
,tNu gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; Kjy;
rPh;jpUj;jthjp
,e;jp nkhop %yk; gf;jp gpur;rhuj;ij
Kjd; Kjypy; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;
kj;th; (1199 – 1278)
gpuk;k #j;jpuk; vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpdhh;
,tuJ nfhs;if: Jitjk;
,th; itzth;
,uhkhD[iu gpd;gw;wp gf;jp ,af;fj;ij
fh;ehlfhtpy; tsh;j;jth;
epk;ghh;f;fh;
,th; gpuk;k #j;jpuj;jpw;F ciu
vOjpdhh;
,jw;F Ntjhe;j ghhp [hj nrsug vd;W
ngah;
,thpd; rpj;jhe;jk;: Jitj Jitjk;
irjd;ah; (1485 – 1533)
rpf;\h m\;ld; vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpdhh;
tpuhkzh;. tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s ehbah
vd;w Chpy; gpwe;jhh;. fPh;j;jidfis
,aw;wpAs;shh;. rq;fPh;j;jd Kiwia
gpugyg;gLj;jpdhh;. Kfh gpuG vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhh;. Gaudiya Vaishnavism
vdg;gLk; Bengal Vaishnavism ,th;
Njhw;Wtpj;jJ MFk;.
fpU\;zjh]; ftpuh[; vOjpa E}y;
irjd;dpa rhpjk;Ujk; MFk;. ,tit
gpd;gw;Wgth;fs; ,tiu jpUkhy;
mtjhukhf fUJfpd;wdh;.
fgPh; (1440 – 1518)
my;yh vd;whYk; `hp vd;whYk; xd;Nw.
,th; uhkhde;jhpd; rPlh;
flTs; xUtNu. Mtiu fy;ypNyh (m)
Gdpj E}ypNyh fhz KbahJ.
md;Gs;sth;fs; ,jaj;jpy; jhd; fhz
KbAk;.
rhjp> rlq;Ffis ,th;
nghUl;gLj;jtpy;iy.
gpwg;ghy; gpuhkzh;> K];yPk; nerthspahy;
tsh;f;fg;gl;lhh;
,thpd; cjNjrq;fis gq;fh jh];
vd;gth; Bijak vd njhFj;Js;shh;.
,tiu gpd;gw;wpath;fs; fgPh; ge;jpfs;
vdg;gl;ldh;
Kfkjpa JwT Pir Tagi vd;gthpd;
nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;wpdh;.
kPuhgha;
,uhrGj;jpu ,sturp
tpjitahd gpd; Saguna School of Bhaki
vd;gjd; %yk; fpU\;z gf;jp gug;gpdhh;.
jhJ jahs; 1544 - 1603
,thpd; nfhs;ifalq;fpa E}y; jhJuhk;
fpghzp
,thpd; rPlh;fs; jhJ ge;jpfs; vd;W
,af;fj;ij Jtf;fpdhh;fs;
Jsrpjhrh;
,th; rq;fPh;j;jdk; vdg;gLk;
,irKiwapd; %yk; flTspd; Gfio
gug;gpdh;.
,thpd; rPlh;fs; ,tiu kfhgpuG vd
mioj;jdh;
,uhk rhpjkd]; vd;w ,e;jp
,uhkhazj;ij vOjpdhh;
,th; vOjpa Kf;fpa E}y;fs;
[hdpkq;fs;> ghh;tjp kq;fs;
uhkhazk;> fPjhtsp> ftpjhtsp> thia
gj;hpf;fh Nghd;w E}y;fis vOjpdhh;.
ty;yghrhhpahh; (1479 – 1531)
ty;yghrhhpahh; thuzhrpapy; gpwe;jhh;.
fpU\;z gf;jh;
,tuJ jj;Jtk; vgpFhpahdpj; jj;Jtk;
Nghd;wJ
cahpa gf;jp topahfj; jhd;
gpuk;kj;Jld; ,izaKbAk; vd;w fUj;J
nfhz;lth;.
,thpd; jj;Jtk; Rj;j Jitjk;
,thpd; khh;f;fk;: G\;b khh;f;fk;
Jfhuhk; (1608 – 1649)
,th; tf;fhhp gphpirr; rhh;e;jth;
kuhj;jpah;: G+dh mUfpy; NjF vd;w
fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.
ghz;Luq;fd; vdg;gLk; fpU\;zid
mlq;fq;fs; vdg;gLk; kuhl;ba nkhop
ghly;fspy; ghbdhh;
Kf;fpa rkaj; jiyth;fs;:
1. ehNd];tuh
gftj;fPijia kuhj;jpa nkhopapy;
nkhopngah;j;jhh;
,e;E}y; QhNd];thp vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. ehk;Njt; 1270 - 1350
,th; kuhj;jpa khepyj;ij rhh;e;jth;
,th; tp\;Zit tpj;Njhgh vd;w
ngahpl;L mioj;jhh;.
,tUila ghly;fs; rpy rPf;fpah;fspd;
Gdpj E}yhd FU fpue;j rhfpg; vd;w
E}ypy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,th; eh;Fz
cghrfh;.
3. Vf;ehj;
Rhjp Kiwia xopf;f ghLgl;lhh;
4. ,uhkjhrh;
Ehnlq;Fk; Mrpukq;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
kuhl;ba rpth[papd; czh;itj;
J}z;bath;.
5. #h; jhrh;
rFz gs;spia epWtpath;
ty;ygr;rhh;ahtpd; rPlh;
6. Gue;ju jhrh;
fh;ehlfj;ijr; rhh;e;j ,th; fpU\;z
gf;jh; Mthh;. fh;ehlf rq;fPj
fPh;j;jidfis ,aw;wpath;. Fh;ehlhf
rq;fPj gpjhkfd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
njd; ,e;jpahtpy; gf;jp ,af;fk;:
rptid topgl;lth;fs; ehad;khh;fs;
nkhj;j ehad;khh;fs; 63 Ngh;
Kf;fpa ehad;khh;fs;
1) mg;gh; 2) Re;juh; 3) khzpf;fthrfh;
,th;fs; rkaf; Futh;fs; vdg;gl;ldh;
Midj;J ehad;khh;fspd; ghly;fis
njhFj;jth; ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp
Njtuhg; ghly;fis vOjpath;fs;
mg;gh;> Re;juh;> jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;
jpUthrfg; ghly;fis vOjpath;
khzpf;fthrfh;
ehad;khh;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw
tpsf;Fk; E}y;: nghpa Guhzk;
,jid vOjpath; : Nrf;fpohh;
Mo;thh;fs;
tp\;Zit topgl;lth;fs; Mo;thh;fs;
vdg;gl;ldh;
,th;fs; nkhj;jk; 12 Ngh;
,th;fs; vOjpa ghly;fis ehjKdpfs;
vd;gth; ehyhapuj; jpt;a gpuge;jk; vd;w
E}yhf njhFj;jJs;shh;
Mo;thh;fs; 12 Ngh;fs;
jpUg;ghit ghly;fs; jkpo;ehl;by; khh;fop
khjj;jpy; ghlg;gLfpwJ
rPf;fpah;fs;
FUehdf; (1469 – 1539)
rPf;fpa rkaj;ij cUthf;fpath; -
FUehdf;
gpwe;j ,lk; - jhy;thz;b – ehd; fhdh>
rh\pg;
,J Nkw;F gQ;rhg;gpy; cs;sJ
gpwe;j tUlk; : 1469
je;ij ngah;: Nkj;jhfhY
jhahhpd; ngah; - jphpg;jh
kidtpapd; ngah; - Rye;jp
nkf;fh nkjPdh nrd;whh;
Qhd xsp ngw;w ,lk; - Ry;jhd; G+h; -
ghaPd; vd;w Mw;wpy; Fspf;fr; nrd;w
NghJ Qhd xsp fpilj;jJ
,Wjpahf tho;e;j ,lk; - fhh;j;jhh; G+h;
FUehdf;fpd; fUj;Jf;fs;
1. flTs; xUtNu> cUt topghL
Njitapy;iy. Jwtwk; Njitapy;iy
2. Mz;lthpd; ngaiu topgl Ntz;Lk;
3. Mz;ltid mwpa FU Njit
4. FUit fz;lwpa Mz;ltdpd; Mrp
Njit
5. rPf;fpah;fspd; Vzp FU
6. cyfj;jpy; gw;W ,y;yhky; tho
Ntz;Lk;.
7. ehk; vij tpijf;fpd;NwhNkh mijNa
mWf;fpd;Nwhk;
8. rhjp Kiwia fz;bj;jhh;
9. ,y;yj;jpypUe;J topfhl;liy
Nkw;nfhz;lhh;
Nkw;nfhz;l gazk; - cjh]p];
Nkw;nfhz;l gazk; - 5
fhiyapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; topghL –
[g;[p
nghJr; rikayiw – yq;fhh;
vOj;J Kiw – FUKfp
Jwtw tho;f;if – gf;fPh;
lhf;lh; [p. rp. euhq; - FUehdf; xU
rPh;jpUj;jthjp
Nkfhypg;> fhd;rpq;> Nj[hrpq; - FUehdf;
xU Gul;rpahsh;
,th; fgPh;> ehkNjth; fUj;jpid Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lhh;.
FU mq;fhl; 1538 - 52
rPf;fpa kjj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ FU
,thpd; ngah; Ny`dh
FUKfp vOj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;
rPf;fpa kjj;ij jdp kjkhf;fpath;
P̀khA+d; ,tuJ Mrp ngw;whh;
yhq;fh; vdg;gLk; nghJr; rikayiwia
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
FU Mz;L rpwg;G FUehdf; 1469-1539 mq;fhl; 1538-52 FUKfp vOj;J
tbtj;ij Njhw;W tpj;jhh;. jdp kj khf;fpdhh;. yhq;fh; nghJ rikay; miw
FU mkh;jh];
1552-1874 22 khepykhf gphpj;jhh;. ,it kQ;rpf;fs;
FU uhk;jh];
1575-1581 mkph;jur]; vd;w efuj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;. kre;Jf;fs; vdg;gLk; rPlh;fis cUthf;fpdhh;.
FU mh; [_d;rpq;
1581-1606 Mjp fpuhe;jk; vd;w E}y; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ. mhpkhe;jph; Myak; cUthf;fpdhh;. ,sturh; FU&tpw;F cjtpajhy; [`hq;fPuhy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;
FU `hp Nfhtpe;j rpq;
1606-1645 rhr;rh ghJ\h vd;w ngaUld; Nghh; tPuiug; Nghy; cilazpe;jhh;. mfy;jj; vd;w fl;blk; cUthf;fg; gl;lJ
FU `hp uha;
1645-1661 \h[`hdpd; %j;j kfd; jhuh\pia Mjhpj;jhh;
FU mhp fpU\;zd;
1661-1664 3 Mz;Lfs; kl;LNk FUthf ,Ue;jhh;
FU Nj[; gfJ}h;
1664-75 ,Ryhkpa kjj;jpw;F khw kWj;jikahy; mTuq;frPg;ghy; nfhiy nra;ag; gl;lhh;
FU Nfhtp e;jrpq;
1675-1708 fy;rh vd;w mikg;gpid cUthf;fpdhh;. ghQ;r;gpahuhf;fs; vd;gth;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ldh;.
FU mkh;jh]; 1552 – 74
FU mq;fhbapd; kfs; gPgp mk;Nuh
,tiu kjk; khw;wpdhh;
,th; itzth;
84 gbfs; nfhz;l fpzW mikj;jhh;
,th; jk;Kila Md;kpf Nguuir 22
khepykhf gphpj;jhh;. ,it kQ;rpf;ffs;
vdg;gl;lJ.
Gjpa gpwg;G> ,wg;G rlqFfis
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
rjp vd;Dk; cld;fl;ilia jilr;
nra;jhh;.
kJ mUe;Jjy; jil nra;ag;gl;lJ
,th; jq;fpapUe;j Nfhapy;thy;
vd;Dkplj;jpw;F mf;gh; te;J
mwf;nfhilfis toq;fpdhh;
mf;gh; ahj;jpiu thpfis rPf;fpaUf;F
ePf;fpdhh;.
FU ,uhk;jh]; (1575 – 1581)
,th; FU mkh;jhrpd; kUkfd;
,tuJ kidtpapd; ngah; - gPgpghzp
mf;ghplkpUe;J epyj;jpid ngw;W rf;FU
(m) ,uhkjh];Guk; (m) mkph;jru]; vd;w
efuj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;.
re;Njh\;fhh;> mkph;jru]; vd;w Fsj;ij
ntl;bdhh;
kre;Jf;fs; vdg;gLk; rPlh;fis
cUthf;fpdhh;
mf;gh; ,thpd; Ntz;LNfhis Vw;W
gQ;rhg;gpw;F Xuhz;L thpj; js;Sgb
mspj;jhh;
rPf;fpa kjk; ntFthf gutpaJ.
,tUf;F gpwF FU gjtp guk;giu
topahf khwptpl;lJ
FU mh;[_d; rpq;f (1581 – 1606)
Mjp fpuhe;jk; vd;w E}y; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ
,JNt rPf;fpah;fspd; Ntjk;
rPf;fpah;fs; fhzpf;if ngWk; Kiw
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
,tuJ rNfhjuh; g;hPjpahtpw;Fk; ,tUf;Fk;
Nkhjy; Vw;gl;lJ
mhpkhe;jph; Myak; cUthf;fpdhh;
jhud;jhud;> fh;jhh;G+h; efiu
cUthf;fpdhh;
kre;Jfs; jkf;F fPo; kpNahuhf;fs;
my;yJ kre;jpahf;fis
cUthf;fpdhh;fs;.
,sturh; FU&tpw;F cjtpajhy;
[`hq;fPuhy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;
,tuJ nfhiy rPf;fpah; xw;Wikf;F
cjtpaJ.
FU `hpNfhtpe;j rpq; (1606 – 1645)
,tuJ je;ij nfhiy nra;ag;glNth
,th; jk;Kila Mjuthsh;fis Nghh;
tPuuhf khw;wpdhh;
rhr;rh ghJ\h vd;w ngaUld; Nghh;
tPuiug; Nghy; cilazpe;jhh;
mfy;jj; vd;w fl;blk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
mJNt flTspd; ,Ug;gplk; vdg;gl;lJ
mkph;jruir Rw;wp Rth; mikj;jhh;. mJ
N`hy;fhh; vdg;gl;lJ
,th; Kfyha kd;dh; [`hq;fPuhy; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;L gd;dpnuz;L Mz;Lfs;
Fthypahpy; rpiw itf;fg;gl;lhh;
gpd;G ,th; [`hq;fPhplk; el;G nfhz;lhh;
\h[`hd; fhyj;jpy; 1628y; mkph;jru];
Nghh; ele;jJ. 1631y; ,uz;lhtJ
mkph;jru]; Nghh; ele;jJ
1634y; jd;Dila jiyefiu
fpuhj;G+Uf;F khw;wpf;nfhz;lhh;.
FU`h;uha; 1645 - 61
,th; \h[`hdpd; %j;j kfd;
jhuh\pia Mjhpj;jhh;. mTuq;frPg;ig
,th; kfd; ,uhk;uha; Mjhpj;jhh;
vdNt mLj;j FUthf ,uhk;uhad; kfd;
mhpfpU\;zd; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;
FU mhpfpU\;zd; 1661-64
%d;whz;Lfs; kl;LNk FUthf ,Ue;jhh;
,sk; tajpNyNa ,th; ,we;Jtpl;lhh;
FU Nj[;gfJ}h; 1664-75
rpthypf; Fd;WfspilNa mde;jG+j; vd;w
Mrpukj;jpy; jq;fpdhh;
,th; ,Ryhkpa kjj;jpw;F khw
kWj;jikahy; mTuq;frPg;ghy; nfhiy
nra;ag;gl;lhh;
FU Nfhtpe;j rpq; 1675 - 1708
rPf;fpah;fspd; gj;jhtJ FU
filrp FU
fy;rh vd;w mikg;gpid cUthf;fpdhh;
ghQ;r;gpahuhf;fs; vd;gth;fs;
cUthf;fg;gl;ldh;
rPf;fpah;fs; 5 milahsq;fisf; nfhz;L
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Mizaplg;gl;lJ
Nf\; - ePz;lKb
fph;ghd; - fj;jp
fr;rh - fhy;ruha;
fq;fh - rPg;G
fuh - tisay;
Mde;jg;G+h; Nghhpy; rPf;fpah;fs; Njhy;tp
mile;jdh;
,thpd; 4 kfd;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;
,e;J kjj;ij fhg;ghw;wpdhh;
rPf;fpa gilia Gj;jhjy; (KjpNahh;
gil) jUe;jy; (,isQh;gil ) vd;
gphpj;jth; fG+h; rpq; Nfhtpe;j;rpq; Nghy
,Ue;J mjpf Kfyhah;fis nfhd;wtd;
- gz;lh gfJ}h;
,uQ;rpj; rpq;
Kfyhag; NguuR tPo;r;rpaile;jTld;
gQ;rhg;gpy; rPf;fpah;fs; vOr;rp Njhd;wpaJ
jdpj;jdpNa ,aq;fp te;j 12 kprpy;fis
xd;WgLj;jp If;fpa gQ;rhg;ig
Vw;gLj;jpath; ,uQ;rpj; rpq; Mthh;
,th; gQ;rhg;gpd; rpq;fk; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhh;
1767y; Mg;fhdpa kd;dh; mfkJ \h
mg;jhyp ,e;jpah kPJ gilnaLj;jhh;
Mg;fhdp kd;dh; rhkd; \h 1798y; uQ;rpj;
rpq;if yh$hpd; MSeuhf epakpj;jhh;
1802y; mkph;jruR Nfhl;iliaf;
ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1805y; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf kuhj;jpaj;
jiyth; N`hy;fh; cjtp Nfl;lNghJ
kWj;Jtpl;lhh;
1806y; rl;ny[; Mw;iwf; fle;J
Y}jpahdhitf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
1809y; kpd;Nlh gpuG rhh;gpy; rhh;y];
nkl;fhg;Tld; ,uQ;rpj;rpq; cld;gbf;if
nra;J nfhz;lhh;. ,JNt mkph;jruR
cld;gbf;if MFk;.
1811y; fhq;fuhit $h;f;fh;fsplkpUe;J
ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1813y; ml;lhf; gFjpia
Mg;fhdpah;fsplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
1818y; %y;jhidf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1819y; fh\;kPiu ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1823y; ng\htiu ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1836y; yhlhf;iff; ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1837y; [hk;uhj; Nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1838y; ,uQ;rpj; rpq;> Mq;fpNayh; kw;Wk;
Mg;fhdpa kd;dh; \h\_[h
MfpNahUf;fpilNa Kf;$l;L
cld;gbf;if Vw;gl;lJ
ehtha; cld;gbf;if : ,uQ;rp rpq;
rpe;Jitf; ifg;gw;w Kaw;rp nra;jNghJ
Mq;fpNyah;fs; rpe;Jit Mz;l
mkPh;fSf;F rYiffs; toq;;fp ehtha;
cld;ghL nra;Jnfhz;ldh;.
Kf;fpa E}y;fs;
E}ypd; ngah; vOjpath;
gpy;`dh; - tpf;ukq;f Njtrhpjk;
fy;`zh; - ,uhr juq;fpzp
tprhfjj;jh; - Kj;uh uhl;rfk;
gjQ;ryp Kdpth; - kfh gh\;ak;
ghzgl;lh; - `h;\ rhpjh
khfh - rpRghygjh
fq;fh Njtp - kJuh tprak;
ty;yhsh; - Ngh[ gpuge;jk;
nkf];jdp]; - ,z;bfh
kpUJq;fd; - juhtsp
mRtNfh\; - Gj;j rhpjk;
jz;bd; - jr Fkhu rhpjk;
ghutp - fpuhjh;[Pdpah
Fkhujhrh; - [hdfp `udh
kNfe;jpu tpf;ukh; - kj;jd tpyhrk;
kA+uh - #h;a rlhfh
thf;gjp - fTlthF
n[arpk;kh; - Fkhu ghy rhpjk;
NkJq;fh; - gpuge;jr; rpe;jhkzp
fiyfs;
Gj;jkjk; - rhQ;rp ];J}gp> m[e;jh> vy;Nyhuh
Fg;jh;fs; fhyk;
tp\;Z Nfhtpy; - njFth
rpth Nfhtpy; - ehfjh
ghh;tjp Nfhtpy; - m[a;fhh;
jrhtjhu Nfhtpy; - jpNahfhh;
Nrhsq;fp fhyk;
jpy;yhuh Nfhtpy; - mG kiy
Nrhoh;fs; fhyk;
gpufjP];tuh; Myak; - jQ;rhT+h;
fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk;
ehaf;fh;fs; fhyk;
kJiu – kPdhl;rp mk;kd; Myak;
tp[aefuk;
`k;gp – tpl;ly;rhkp Nfhtpy;
n`a;ryh fhyk;
NgY}h; - nrd;id Nfrth; Mayk;
n`a;ry];tuh; - `yNgL
gy;yth;fs; fhyk;
uj fy;ntl;L Nfhtpy;fs; - khky;yGuk;
fhQ;rp ifyhrehjh; Nfhtpy;
rhz;ls;ah;fs;
kfhNjt Nfhtpy;> f[PuNfh Myak;
n\h;\h – G+h;z Fapyh
rpf;fe;jh; Nyhb – Mf;uh
fpahRjPd; Jf;sf; - Jf;sjh ghj;
mf;gh;
Mf;uh Nfhl;il> G+yhd; jhh;thrh gNjG+h; rpf;hp>
P̀khA+d; rkhjp yh$h; Nfhl;il
\h[`hd;
[Pk;kh k#jp> Nkhjp k#jp> nrq;Nfhl;il
jh[;k`hy;
mTuq;frPg;
nrq;Nfhl;il k#jp> gduh]; k#jp> kJuh
k#jp
Mde;jrh;k fq;fh;
G+hp – nrfd;ehjh; Myak;
Kjyhk; eurpk;kh;
nfhdhh;f;fpy; cs;s #hpa Myak;
Fg;jh;fs; - m[e;jh Xtpaq;fs;
jpy;ypapy; cs;s ,Uk;G J}z;
eurpk;kth;kd; - uhNk];tuk; Nfhtpy;
,uhruhr Nrhod; - jQ;ir gpufjP];tuh;
Myak;
Mjpy; \h – rhh;kdhh;> i`juhghj;
,y;Jkp\;> FJg;kpdhh;
myhTjPd; fpy;[p – Nfh\f;-,-rphp
ngNu]; Jf;fs;
fhsp k#jp> yhy;Fk;gh
rpf;fpe;jh; Nyhb – Nkhj; rp k#jp
mfkJ \h – rhe;j; kpdhh;> mfkjhghj;
nghw;Nfhtpy; efuk; mkph;jru];
kpfg;nghpa kpUff; fhl;rp rhiy fy;fj;jh
INuhg;gpah;fs; ,e;jpa tUif
1453y; JUf;fpah;fs; fhd;];lhd;bNehgpd;
gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;. vdNt
INuhg;gpah;fs; Gjpa topiaf;
fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gl;lJ
vdNt ];ngapd; kw;Wk; Nghh;r;Rf;fy;
ehLfspd; murh;fs; khYkpfis
Cf;Ftpj;jdh;
ghh;j;jNyhkpah la]; fp. gp. 1489Mk;
Mz;L Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; njd;Kidia
mile;jhh;.
Gay; fhuzkhf Nkw;nfhz;L gazk;
njhlu ,aytpy;iy. vdNt
,k;Kidia Gay;Kid vd;W
mioj;jhh;.
Nghh;j;JfPrpah;
,e;jpahtpw;Ff; fly; top fhz;gjpy;
ntw;wp ngw;w Kjy; INuhg;gpa ehL
Nghh;r;Rfy;
n`d;wpNkhh; vd;w Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpa murhpd;
cjtp ngw;W th];Nfhlfhkh
Mg;hpf;fhtpy; cs;s ed;dk;gpf;if Kid
topahf 1498> Nk khjk; 27k; ehs;
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fs;spf;Nfhl;ilia
te;J mile;jhh;
fs;spf;Nfhl;ilk d;duhd rhkhpdplk;
thzpf chpikiag; ngw;whh;
1501y; fg;uhy; vd;gth; thzpfk; nra;a
,e;jpah te;jhh;
1502y; th];Nfhlfhkh kPz;Lk
fs;spf;Nfhl;il te;jile;jhh;
1501y; nrg;lk;gh; khjk; Pedro Alvarez
Cabral vd;gth; fs;spf;Nfhl;ilapy;
gz;lf rhiy epWtpdhh;. ,JNt Kjy;
INuhg;gpah gz;lfrhiy MFk;
fs;spf;Nfhl;il> nfhr;rpd;> fz;zD}h;
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpah; gz;lf
rhiyfs; epWtpdh;
,e;jpahtpy; epWtg;gl;l Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpag;
gw;wplq;fis epUtfpf;f murg;gpujpepjp
(Viceroy) ia epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
1507y; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; nrd;id
te;jdh;. mth;fspd; jiyth; Madra
vdNt ,jid Madras vd;W
mioj;jdh;.
Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpah;fspd; tUifia muT
ehl;lth;fs; tpUk;gtpy;iy
mugpah;fspd; J}z;Ljyhy; 1508y;
fs;spf;Nfhl;il rNkhpd;> F[uhj; Ry;jhd;
KfkJ ngfuh MfpNahh; rTy;
vd;Dkplj;jpy; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpaiu
Njhw;fbj;jhh;.
1509y; kPz;Lk; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; ilA
vd;Dkplj;jpy; ntw;wp ngw;wdh;. ilAy;
gz;lf rhiy fl;lg;gl;lJ.
gpuhd;rp];-b-my;iklh (1505-1509)
1505y; gpuhd;rp];-b-my;iklh Kjy; murg;
gpujpepjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;
flw;gilapd; typikiag; ngUf;fpdhh;.
mth; gpd;gw;wpa nfhs;if „ePy ePh;f;
nfhs;is‟ vd miof;fg;gl;lJ
my;iklh kw;Wk; mtuJ kfd; ,UtUk;
1509y; vfpg;jpah;fshy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;
my;Nghd;rh-b-my;Gfh;f; (1509-1515)
,tiug; Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpah;fs; „khkdpjh;‟
vdg; Nghw;Wfpd;wdh;. ,tNu ,e;jpahtpy;
Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpa Ml;rpia epWtpah;
1510y; Nfhthit gP[g;g+h;
Ry;jhdplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpdhh;
gpd;dh; mth;fspd; jiyefuhapw;S.
1511y; kyhf;fhitf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
nfhr;rpapy; murh; mDkjpAld; ,U
Nfhl;iliaf; fl;bdhh;
tp[aefu muRld; jd; cwit
gyg;gLj;jpath; ,tNu
rjp xopg;gpy; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;
gpuGtpw;F Kd;Ndhbahf my;Nghd;rh-b-
my;Gfh;f;F jpfo;e;jhh;
1515y; ghurPf tisFlhtpy; Mh;K];
JiwKfj;ij mikj;jhh;
,thpd; Kf;fpa Ml;rp Kiwfs;:
1. rpy gFjpfis Neubahf ifg;gw;wp
mtw;iw Ml;rp nra;jy
2. rpy gFjpfis fhyzpahf;Fjy;
3. ifg;gw;w ,ayhj gFjpfspy;
gz;lfrhiy epWTjy;
4. ngUk; tzpfh;fis Nghh;r;Rfy; ehl;bd;
ty;yikia Vw;Wf;nfhs;sr; nra;jy;
5. ,e;jpa cah;Fb ngz;kzpfis
Nghh;r;RfPrpah;fSf;F jpUkzk; nra;jy;
epdh b Fd;fh:
1528y; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpa fth;duhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;
1531y; F[uhj; flw;fiuapy; rTy;
vd;Dkplj;jpy; Nfhl;il fl;bdhh;
1534y; grPd; ifg;gw;Wjy;
1537y; ilA ifg;gw;Wjy;
1559y; lhkd; ifg;gw;Wjy;
1572y; mf;gh; F[uhj;ij ifg;gw;Wjy;
1640y; lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; kyhf;fhit
ifg;gw;Wjy;
1739y; kuhj;jpah;fs; grPid ifg;gw;Wjy;
1961 tiu Nfhth> ilA> lhkd;
,e;jpahTld; ,izg;G
Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;:
1580y; Nghh;r;RfPrpah; ehL ];ngapd;
Ml;rpapd; fPo; te;jJ
jpwikaw;w it];uha;fs;
tpraefu tPo;r;rp
lr;R> Mq;fpNyah; vOr;rp> typikaw;w
flw;gil> Nguhir kw;Wk; gpNurpy;
ehl;il Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; fz;lwpjy;
1601y; nejh;yhe;J fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ
1616y; jQ;rhT+iu Mz;l uFehj
ehaf;fhpd; mDkjpg; ngw;W Nldpah;fs;
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; 1620y; juq;fk;ghb
vd;Dkplj;jpy; tzpfj; jyq;fis
mikj;jdh;
juq;fk;ghbay; Fort – Bonusberg
(Dansborg) vd;w Nfhl;ilia ml;kpuy;
Ove Gedde fl;bdhh;.
Nruhk;G+h; vd;Dkplj;jpy; Nldpah;fs;
FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.
lr;Rf;fhuh;
1592y; mk;];lh;lhk; tzpfh;fshy; lr;Rf;
fk;ngdp Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
1597y; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J jpUk;gpa
fhuzpypa]; `l;Nkd; vd;w lr;R
tpahghhp ngUk; nry;tj;Jl;d jpUk;gpdhh;
gpd; 1602y; lr;Rf; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 1641y; lr;Rf;fhuh;fs;
Nghh;j;Jf;fPhpah;fsplkpUe;J kyhf;fhitf;
ifg;gw;wpdh;
1609 Mk; Mz;L goNtw;fhL
vd;Dkplj;jpy; lr;Rf;fhuh;fspd; Kjy;
Nfhl;il fl;lg;gl;lJ
1623y; lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; Mq;fpNyaiu
mk;ghapdh vd;Dkplj;jpy; gLnfhiy
nra;jhh;. ,JNt mk;ghapdh gLnfhiy
vdg;gl;lJ
1658y; ,yq;ifiaAk;> gpd;dh;
ehfg;gl;bdj;ijAk; Nghh;r;Rf;
fPrpah;fsplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
ehfg;gl;bdk; mUNfAs;s juq;fk;ghbapy;
Nfhl;il vOg;gpdhh;.
Kf;fpa lr;R tzpf epWtdq;fs;:
k#ypg;gl;bdk;> rJuq;fg;gl;bdk;> Gypfhl;>
#uj;> ehfg;gl;bdk;> nfhy;yk;> nfhr;rp>
fz;zD}h;
1845y; jq;fsJ tzpf epWtdq;fis
Mq;fpNyaUf;F tpw;wdh;
Mq;fpNyah;
31-12-1600y; ,q;fpyhe;J murp Kjyhk;
vyprngj; ,yz;ld; fpof;fpe;jpa thzpf
epWtdj;jpw;F ,e;jpah> fPio ehLfSld;
thzpfk; nra;Ak; rpwg;Ghpikia The
Governor and Company of merchants of
London vd;w tpahghu FOkj;jpw;F
toq;fpdhh;.
1601y; #uj; gz;lf rhiy Jtf;fk;
1608y; tpy;ypak; `hf;fpd;R> [`hq;fPiur;
re;jpj;J #uj; efhpy; tzpf chpikiag;
ngw;whh;.
Mdhy; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; mjid
Vw;ftpy;iy. vdNt ,e;j chpik gpd;
Kfyhah;fshy; uj;J nra;ag;gl;lJ
1615y; rh; jhkR Nuh vd;gth; Kjyhk;
N[k;]; xg;GjYl;d [`hq;fPiur; re;jpj;J
thzpf chpikfisg; ngw;whh;. #uj;>
Mf;uh> mfkjhghj;> GNuhr; efhpy; gz;lf
rhiy
Mq;fpNyah; Muk;fhd;> k#ypg;gl;bdk;
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; thpzf ikaq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
rh; gpuhd;rp]; Nl vd;w Mq;fpy tzpfh;
22.8.1639y; nrd;idia re;jpufphp murd;
nrd;dg;g ehaf;fhplkpUe;J tpiyf;F
thq;fp 23.4.1640 y; Gdpj [hh;[;
Nfhl;ilia fl;bf;nfhz;ldh;
gpd;dh;> ghy#h;> mhp`uG+h;> `_f;sp
Kjyhd ,lq;fspy; gz;lf rhiyfis
epWtpdh;
Mq;fpykUj;Jtuhd tpy;ypak; `kpy;ld;
tq;fhs Ml;rpah; cwtpdh; xUtiu
Nehapy; Fzg;gLj;jpajw;fhf 1651Mk;
Mz;L `_f;spapy; tzpfj; jyk;
mikf;f mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ
1661y; gpuhd;R ehl;L ,sturp fhjhpid
,uz;lhk; rhh;y]; kzk; nra;J> gk;gha;
efhpid ngw;whh;
1661y; Kk;igia ,uz;lhk;
rhh;yrplkpUe;J ,uz;ld; thzpf
epWtdk; tUl Fj;jif 10 ngsz;L
nrYj;jp ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ
fy;fj;jhtpy; gz;lf rhiy epWt 1669y;
mTuq;frPg;gplk; ,irTg; ngw;wdh;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs;
1664y; gjpdhd;fhk; Y}ap murUk;> mtuJ
mikr;rh; fhy;gh;l; MfpNahhpd;
MNyhridg;gb gpnuQ;Rf; fpof;fpe;jpa
epWtdk; gpuhd;rp]; fNuhd; vd;gthpd;
jiyikapy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ
1666y; gpuhd;rpd; J}Jth;fs;
mTuq;frPg;ig re;jpj;J ,e;jpahtpy;
Nfhl;ilfs; mikf;fTk;> thzpfk;
nra;aTk; ,irT ngw;wdh;
1667y; gpnuQ;Rg; gz;lfrhiy #uj;jpy;
gpuhd;Rth fNuhd; vd;gtuhy;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.,JNt gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fspd;
Kjy; gz;lfrhiy MFk;.
1669y; k#ypg;gl;bdj;jpy; gz;lfrhiy
1673y; ghz;br;Nrhpapy; gz;lfrhiy
gpw tzpf jyq;fs;: re;jpueh$h;> khfp
Vdhk;> fhiuf;fhy;
1672y; rhe;Njhk; gFjpia
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs; ifg;gw;wpdhh;
1673y; Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhd; kw;Wk;
lr;Rg;gilfshy; rhe;Njhk;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ
khh;l;bd; 1672 - 1706
1672y; gpnuQ;R - ,e;jpag; gFjpfspd;
jiyik ,af;Feuhf khh;bd;
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;
,tNu ,e;jpahtpy; gpnuQ;R Ml;rpia
epWtpatuhth;. ,th; gP[g;G+h; murhplk;
ghz;br;Nrhpiag; ngw;whh;
tq;fhsj;jpy; nrap\;lfhd; vd;w
ethg;gplkpUe;J re;jpueh$iu 1675y;
ngw;wdh;
me;efNu thzpfj;jpw;Fj; jiyik
,lkhapw;W. gpd;dh; re;jpueh$h;> ghyh#h;>
fhrpk;g[hh;> kh`p> fhiuf;fhy; Mfpa
,lq;fspy; gz;lfr; rhiyfs;
Vw;gLj;jpdh;
1693y; ghz;br;Nrhp lr;Rf;fhuh;fshy;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. gpd; Ryswick
xg;ge;jg;gb ghz;br;Nrhp 1697y; kPz;Lk;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fsplk; toq;fg;gl;lJ
1707y; mTuq;frPg; ,we;jTld; INuhg;gpa
tzpf epWtdq;fs; - murh;fs; -
ethg;Gfs; njhlh;e;J Nghh; nra;jdh;.
khh;bDf;Fg; gpd; te;j jpwikahd
jiyik ,af;Feh;fs;
1. Lenoir
2. Dumas (1735 – 1741)
1721y; nkhp`pa]; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ
1725y; khfp ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ
1739y; fhiuf;fhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ
,uhgh;l; fp;ist;:
Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapy;
nrd;idapy; xU vOj;juhf jdJ
gjtpia ,e;jpahtpy; Jtf;fpath;
1751y; Mw;fhl;il re;jhrhfpg;kplkpUe;J
ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
1774y; ,q;fpyhe;jpw;F jpUk;gp nrd;whh;.
mq;F jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;lhh;
Kjy; fh;ehlfg; Nghh; 1746 – 1748
fhuzk;: M];jphpa thhpRhpikg; Nghh;
fh;ehlf epiyik:
fh;ehlfk; vd;gJ fpof;F flw;fiur;
rhiy kw;Wk; mjd; gpd;dpyj;ij
Fwpf;Fk; gFjpahFk;
,J Mw;f;fhl;il jiyefuhf nfhz;L
jf;fhz RNgjhhpd; fPo; xU khfhzkhf
ethG vd;w gl;lj;Jila fth;duhy;
Msg;gl;lJ
nrd;id epiyik:
1734y; kuhl;bah;fs; fh;ehlfj;jpy;
Eioe;J mjd; fth;dh; Njh];J myp
vd;gtiu nfhd;W mtuJ kUkfd; re;jh
rhfpg;ig rpiwgpbj;J rj;uh vd;w
,lj;jpw;F nfhz;L nrd;whh;. Njh];J
mypapd; kfd; rg;jhh; myp xU Nfhb
&gha; nfhLj;J jkJ capiu fhg;ghw;wpf;
nfhz;lhh;. gpd; rg;jhh; myp nfhiy
nra;ag;gl;lhh;. gpd; rg;jhh; mypapd; kfd;
ethg;ghf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,J fh;ehlf
murpaypy; mr;rj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
,t;trj;ijg; Nghf;f jf;fhz RNgjhh;
md;th; cj;jPd; vd;gtiu fh;ehlf
ethg;ghf epakpj;jhh;. Njh];J myp
cwtpdh;fs; md;th; cj;jPid
Vw;ftpy;iy.
INuhg;gpa epiyik:
INuhg;gpahtpy; 1740y; ele;j M];jphpa
thhpR chpikg; Nghhpy; ,q;fpyhe;Jk;
gq;Nfw;wJ. ,jpy; ,q;fpyhe;Jk;> gpuhd;Rk;
vl;L Mz;Lf;fhyk; nejh;yhz;by;
Nghhpl;lJ. vdNt ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s
,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; gpuhd;R
ehl;lth;fsplk; Nghh; Nkfk; #o;e;jJ.
nrd;idapy; cs;s Mq;fpNyaiu
fhf;Fk; nghUl;L xU gil te;jJ.
gpnuQ;R fth;dh; bA+g;Ns (ghz;br;Nrhp
fth;dh;) fh;ehlf ethg; md;thUj;jPid
Jizf;F mioj;jhh;. md;thUj;jPd;
Mq;fpNyaUf;F vr;rhpf;if tpLj;jhh;.
,jdhy; Mq;fpNyaUf;F te;j gil
jpUk;g nrd;W tpl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk;
bA+g;Ns nkhhp\pa]; jPtpd; gpnuQ;R
MSeh; yh nghh;lNdia ngUk;
flw;gilg; gphpTld; tur; nra;jhh;.
nrd;idia ifg;gw;wpa yh Nghh;lNd
nrd;idia 40000 gTd;fSf;fhf
Mq;fpNyahplkpUe;J nrd;idiaf;
ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
milahh; Nghh; 1746
Mq;fpNyah; trkpUe;j nrd;idia
bA+g;Ns kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
nrd;idia ,oe;j Mq;fpNyah;fs;
md;thUj;jPdplk; epahak; Nfl;ldh;.
NkYk; bA+g;Ns nrd;idiaf;
ifg;gw;wpaTld; md;thUj;jPdplk;
jUtjhf thf;fspj;jhh;. thf;fspj;jgb
mth; nra;atpy;iy. vdNt md;thUj;jPd;
ngUk; gilia gpnuQ;R;fhfuh;fSf;F
vjpuhf mDg;gp itj;jhh;. mg;gil
Njhy;tpAw;wJ. ,g;Nghh; milahh; Nghh;
vdg;gl;lJ. ntw;wp ngw;w gpnuQ;Rg;
gilfs; Mq;fpNyah; ghz;br;Nrhp kPJ
Nghh; njhLj;jdh;. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs; ed;F
ghJfhj;jikahy; ghz;br;Nrhpia nty;y
,aytpy;iy.
ma;yh\hngy; cld;ghL 1748
M];jPhpa thhpR chpikg;Nghh;
ma;yh\ngy; cld;ghl;Lld;
Kbtile;jJ. mjd;gb nrd;idia
kPz;Lk; Mq;fpNyaUf;F ju Ntz;ba
epiy Vw;gl;lJ. mjw;F gjpyhf tl
mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,Ue;j Y}ap];ghh;f;if
gpuhd;rpw;F je;jdh;.
,uz;lhk; fh;ehlfg; Nghh;fs; 1749 – 54
Fhuzk;: jf;fhzk; - fh;ehlfj;jpy;
eilngw;w epfo;r;rpfs;
Mk;G+h; Nghh; 1749
gpnuQ;R mzp: bA+g;Ns> fh;ehlf ethg;
re;jhrhfpg;> i`juhghj; Krhgh; [q;.
Mq;fpNyah; mzp: Mq;fpNyah;>
i`juhghj; ep[hk; kfd; ehrph; [q;
epfo;Tfs;: ,g;NghJ jf;fhzj;jpYk;>
fh;ehlfj;jpYk; eilngw;w epfo;r;rpfshy;
Vw;gl;lJ. 1748y; Ijuhghj; ep[hk;
cy;Ky;f; kuzkile;jhh;. mtuJ
,uz;lhk; kfd; ehrph; rq;Fk;> ngaud;
Krhg; rq;Fk; eprhkpd; thhprhf
Nghl;bapl;ldh;.
Mw;fhl;bYk; thhpRhpikg; Nghl;b
Vw;gl;lJ. ethg; md;thUjPDf;F vjpuhf
mth; kUkfd; re;jhrhfpg; Nghl;bapl;lhh;.
Ijuhghj;jpYk;> Mw;fhl;bYk; Vw;gl;l
gjtpg; Nghl;bfisj; jkf;Fr;
rhjfkhf;fpf; nfhs;s bA+g;Ns
tpUk;gpdhh;. vdNt kuhl;bauhy; rpiw
nra;ag;gl;l re;jh rhfpg;igg;
ngUe;njhifiag; gzakhff; nfhOj;J
tpLtpj;jhh;. mtiu Mw;fhl;bd; ethg;
Mf;f tpUk;gpdhh;. Ijuhghj;jpy; Krhgh;
rq;if eprhkhf;f Kad;whh;. khwhf
Mq;fpNyah; ehrph; rq;ifAk;>
md;thUjPidAk; Mjhpj;jdh;.
1749y; md;thUjPd; gilfsig; gpnuQ;R
gilfs; Njhy;tpAwr; nra;jd.
md;thUjPd; Nghhpy; kuzkile;jhh;.
mtuJ kfd; KfkJ myp jg;gpr; nrd;W
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp Nfhl;ilAs; jQ;rk;
mile;jhh;. ,jdhy; fh;ehlfk;
KOikAk; re;jhrhfpg; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;
te;jJ.
Ijuhghj;jpy; eilngw;w Nghhpy; ehrhp
rq;> Krhgh; rq;ifj; Njhy;tpAwr;
nra;jhh;. ehrphpd; gilfs; ehrpiu tpl;L
tpyfp mtiuf; nfhd;wd. ,jdhy;
Krhgh; rq; 50>000 gTd;fis
Mq;fpNyaUf;F mspj;J eprhkhdhh;.
mtUk; ,we;Jtpl;ljhy; eprhkpd;
%d;whtJ kfdhd rygj;rq; eprhkhdhh;.
gpnuQ;Rj; jsgjp G];]p eprhkpd;
gilfis etPdkhf;fpdhh;.
re;jhrhfpg;> fh;ehlf ethg; Mf;fg;gl;lhh;.
bA+g;Ns KfkJ mypiaj; Njhw;fbj;J
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp Nfhl;ilia
Kw;Wifapl;lhh;. KfkJ mypf;F
Mq;fpNyah; cjtpGhpa jtph;f;f 1751y;
Mq;fpNyaj; jsgjp ,uhgh;l; fpist;>
Mw;fhl;ilj; jhf;fpdhh;. ,jdhy;
,uz;lhk; fh;ehlfg; Nghhpy; Vw;gl;lJ
Nghh; epfo;r;rpfs;: Mw;fhL Nghh;: 1752 - 53
fpist; Mw;fhl;ilj; jhf;fp
re;jhrhfpgpd; gilfis ntd;whh;. mth;
Mw;fhl;L tPuh; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhh;. NkYk;
Muzp> fhNthpg;ghf;fk; Mfpa
,lq;fspYk; re;jhrhfpg; jg;gp Xbj;
jpUtuq;fj;jpy; jQ;rk; GFe;jhh;. gpnuQ;Rg;
gilfs; jpUr;rpruhg;gs;sp Kw;Wifiaf;
iftpl;ldh;. mjdhy; KfkJ myp
fh;ehlf ethg; Mf;fg;gl;lhh;. 1753y;
fh;ehlfk; KOikAk; Mq;fpNyah;
trkhapw;W gpnuQ;R muR mtiuj; jpUg;gp
mioj;Jf; nfhz;L nfhNj`pA+
vd;gtiu MSeuhf mDg;gpaJ. mth;
ghz;br;Nrhp cld;gbf;ifiar; nra;J
nfhz;lhh;.
ghz;br;Nrhp cld;gbf;if : 1754
,U ehLfSk; ,e;jpa cs;ehl;L
murpaypy; jiyapLtjpy;iy vd
cld;gl;ld. Mth;fs; trk; cs;s
gFjpfisj; njhlh;e;J jf;f itj;Jf;
nfhs;sTk; xg;Gf; nfhz;ld
%d;whk; fh;ehlfg; Nghh; (1756-63)
fhuzk;: INuhg;ghtpy; Vohz;Lg; Nghh;
INuhg;ghtpy; 1756y; Vohz;Lg; Nghh;
njhlq;fpw;W. ,e;jpahTf;F typik
tha;e;j flw;gilia fTz;l byhyp
vd;gthpd; jiyikapy; gpnuQ;R muR
mDg;gpaJ. Mq;fpNyag; gilAk; rh;
mah;$l; vd;gthpd; jiyikapy; gpnuQ;R
muR mDg;gpaJ. Mq;fpNyag; gilAk;
rh; mah;$l; vd;gthpd; jiyikapy; kpfr;
rpwe;J tpsq;fpaJ. flY}hpy; eilngw;w
Nghhpy; Mq;fpNyag; gilfs; Gdpj
Nltpl; Nfhl;ilapy; Njhw;wd. Y}yp
Ijuhghj;jpy; cs;s G];]piaj;
Jizf;fioj;jhh;. G];]p gilfs;
fh;ehlfk; te;jile;jd. me;j epiyia
Mq;fpNyah; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L
eprhkpd; gFjpfshd k#ypg;
gl;bdj;ijAk;> tlrh;f;fhh; gFjpiaAk;
ifg;gw;wpd.
te;jthrpg; Nghh; - 1760
1760y; rhmah; $l;> yhypapd; gilfis
te;jthrp vd;w ,lj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;jhh;.
gpd;dh; nrQ;rpAk; Mq;fpNyauhy;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. gpnuQ;Rg; gFjpfs;
midj;J Mq;fpNyauhy;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld.
G];]p> Mq;fpNyauhy; ifjpahdhh;.
Y}ypapd; gilfs; ghz;br;Nrhpapy;
ruzile;jd. Nghhpd; ,Wjpapy; ghhpR
cld;gbf;if ,U ehLfSf;fpilNa
Vw;gl;lJ
ghhpR cldg;bf;if: 1763
ghz;br;Nrhp cl;glr; rpy gFjpfs; kl;Lk;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh; trk; tplg;gl;ld
,Ul;liw epfo;r;rp 20-06-1756
Mq;fpNyah;fs; jq;fSF;F nrhe;jkhd
fy;fj;jh tpy;ypak; Nfhl;ilia
GJg;gpf;f nra;j Kaw;rpia rpuh[;
cj;njsyh tq;fhs ethg; jLj;jhh;
tq;fhsj;jpy; thp ,y;yhky; thzpgk;
nra;a Kfyha kd;dh; gUf;fpauhy;
nfhLf;fg;gl;l Mizfis
Mq;fpNyah;fs; jtwhfg;
gad;gLj;jpdhh;fs;.
Rpuh[; cj;njsyhtplk; ngUk;
nry;tj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Xba
xUth; Mq;fpNyahplk; jQ;rk; GFe;jhh;
mtiu xg;gilf;f Nfhhpa rpuh[;
cj;njsyhtpd; Nfhhpf;ifia
Mq;fpNyah;fs; epuhfhpj;jdh;
vdNt rpuh[; cj;njsyh tpy;ypak;
Nfhl;ilia jhf;fp mq;F ,Ue;j 145
Ngh;fis xU rpW miwapy; milj;jhh;
,jpy; 125 Ngh; ,we;J tpl;ldh;. ,JNt
,Ul;liw rk;gtk; vdg;gLk;
Rpyh; Mq;fpNyah; ,l;l fw;gidf; fij
,J ,Ul;liw rk;gtk; vdg;gLk;
,e;j ,Ul;liwj; Jaur; nra;jp
nrd;idia vl;baTld; ,uhgh;l; fpist;
flw;gilj;jsgjp thl;rd; MfpNahh;
jiyikapy; Mq;fpNyah; gil
tq;fhsj;jpw;F tpiue;J fp. gp. 1757y;
fy;fj;jhit kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;wpaJ
,U gphptpdUk; Neubahf NkhJtjw;F
mg;NghJ Maj;j epiyapy; ,y;yhjjhy;
fp. gp. 1757y; Xh; cld;gbf;ifapidr;
nra;J nfhz;ldh;.
Ethgpd; epiyia tYf;Fd;wr; nra;a
vz;zpa fpist; mtUila jiyikj;
jsgjp kPh; [hgNuhL> mkPd; re;j; vd;gth;
%ykhf xU cld;gbf;ifapidr; nra;J
nfhz;lhh;.
ethgpd; epiyia tYf;Fd;wr; nra;a
vz;zpa fpist; mtUila jiyikj;
jsgjp kPh; [hgNuhL> mkPd; re;j; vd;gth;
%ykhf xU cld;gbf;ifapidr; nra;J
nfhz;lhh;.
Ntz;Lnkd;Nw jpl;lkpl;L ethg;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fNshL Nrh;e;J nfhz;L
Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhfr; rjpj;jpl;lk;
jPl;Ltjhff; fpist; Fw;wk; rhl;bdhh;.
gpshrpg; Nghh; 1757
tq;fhs ethg; rpuh[; cj;njsyhtpw;Fk;
,uhgh;l; fpistpw;Fk; ,ilNa
eilngw;wJ.
,e;j Aj;jk; 23.06.1757y; gpshrp
vd;Dkplj;jpy; eilngw;wJ
,uhgh;l; fpist; 1757y; re;jpu efiu
Kjypy; ifg;gw;wpdhh;
gpwF eilngw;w Nghhpy; rpuh[;
cj;njsyh Njhy;tp mile;jhh;.
fpist;> jdf;F cjtp nra;j rpuh[;
cj;njsyhtpd; jsgjp kPh; [hgiu ethg;
Mf epakpj;jhh;.
,jdhy; fpist; 1765y; tq;fhs MSdh;
Mdhh;.
gf;]hh; Nghh; 1764:
gpshrpg; Nghhpy; rpuh[; cj;njsyh
Njhy;tp mile;jTld; mthpd; jsgjp>
fpistpw;F cjtp nra;j kPh; [hgh; ethg;
Mf;fg;gl;lhh;.
kPh;[ghh; lr;Rf;fhuh;fSld; njhlh;G
itj;jpUe;jhh;. vdNt Mq;fpNyah;fs;
kPh;[ghh; kUkfid ethg; Mf;fpdhh;
kPh;[ghh; kUkfd; kPh; fhrpk; ethg;
MdTld; Mq;fpNyaiu Rq;ff; fl;lzk;
fl;LkhW $wpdhh;
,jid vjph;j;j Mq;fpNyaiu
rpiwapyilj;jhh;. vdNt 1763y; Nghh;
Jtq;fpaJ
tq;fhs ethg; kPh;fhrpk;> mNahj;jp ethg;>
\P[h-cj;-njsyh> Kfyhag; Nguurh; \h
Myk; MfpNahh; $l;lzpf;Fk;
Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; vjpuhf Nghh; Vw;gl;lJ
1764y; gf;rhh; vd;Dkplj;jpy; ele;j
Nghhpy; Mq;fpNyah; ntw;wp ngw;W>
kPz;Lk; kPh;[ghiu tq;fhs ethg;
Mf;fg;gl;lhh;.
gf;rhh; Nghh; fp.gp. 1765k; Mz;L Vw;gl;l
myfhghj; cldgbf;ifapdhy;
KbTw;wJ.
gf;rhh; Nghhpy; ,e;jpa kd;dh;fisj;
Njhw;fbj;j Mq;fpy MSeh; Nk[h;
kd;Nwh
,uhgh;l; fpist;
1765y; Mz;bypUe;J tq;fhs MSeuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;
,tNu tq;fhsj;jpd; Kjy; MSeh;
Mthh;
,ul;ilahl;rp
tq;fhsj;jpy; fpist; xU GJKiwahd
epUthfj;ijg; Gfj;jpdhh;. ,J
,ul;ilahl;rp vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
fp.gp. 1765Mk; Mz;bypUe;J 1772-Mk;
Mz;L tiu tq;fhsj;jpy; epUthfk;
tq;fhs ethgplKk; fpof;fpe;jpa
epWtdj;jplKk; ,Ue;jJ. ethg; ehl;bd;
murh;> mth; ehl;bd; epUthfj;jpw;F
nghWg;Gs;sth;. Mdhy; cz;ikahd
mjpfhuk; Mq;fpNyahplk; jhd; ,Ue;jJ.
,Nj Kiw tUtha; epUthfj;jpYk;
gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. thp jz;bl ,e;jpa
Kfth;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;. Mdhy;
cz;ikahd mjpfhuk; mth;fSf;Fg; gpd;
,Ue;j epWtdj;jplNk ,Ue;jJ.
fp.gp. 1765y; Nguurh; \h Myk; Xh;
Mizapd; %yk; tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;> xhprh
Mfpa khepyq;fspy; thpj;jz;ly; nra;Ak;
chpikia fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpw;F
mspj;jpUe;jhh;. gpd;dh; tq;fhsj;jpy;
kPh;[hghpd; ike;jd; ep[hk; cj;-njsyh
fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpw;F eprhkj;
mYty;fisAk; ehl;bd; gilg;
ghJfhg;G> may; tptfhuq;fs;
Mfpatifis nfhLj;Jtpl;lhh;
fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; jpthdp vd;Dk; thp
jz;Lk; NtiyfisAk; eprhkj; vd;Dk;
gilg;gzpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;syhapw;W
Kjyhk; Mq;fpNyh ik#h; Nghh; 1767 - 1769
i`jh; myp jkf;F cjtpa gpnuQ;R
muRld; el;GwT nfhz;L ,Ue;jhh;.
,jdhy; Mq;fpNyaUk; kuhj;jpaUk;
ftiyf;nfhz;ldh;
Mq;fpNyah;> i`juhghj; ep[hk;>
kuhj;jpaUf;fpilNa el;GwT ,Ue;jJ
fh;ehlfh ethg; KfkJ myp ,e;j
el;Gwit gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L i`jh;
mypia 1767y; jhf;fpdhh;. Mdhy;
i`jh; myp jpwikAld; eprhik
Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf <LgLj;jpdhh;.
Mq;fpy jsgjp Rkpj; i`jiuj; jhf;fj;
njhlq;fpdhh;. i`jh;gilAk;> eprhk;
gilAk; Nrh;e;J Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;j;jd.
Rkpj;> mth;fs; gilfis
jpUtz;zhkiy> nrq;fk; Mfpa
,lq;fspy; Njhw;fbj;jhh;. Njhw;w
mzpapy; ,Ue;j eprhk; i`jiu tpl;L
tpyfpdhh;.
gk;ghapy; ,Ue;J mDg;gg;gl;l gil
kq;fSiuAk;> mjd; mUfpy; cs;s
flw;fiug; gFjpfisAk; ifg;gw;wpaJ.
mg;gFjpapy; i`jh; myp jhf;Fjy;
epfo;j;jp mtw;iwj; jd; trg;gLj;jpdhh;.
NkYk; ghukfhy;> f&h; Mfpa ,q;fisf;
ifg;gw;wpdhh;. jsgjp epr;rid
Njhy;tpAwr; nra;J <Nuhl;il ntd;whh;.
mg;NghJ i`jhplk; Mq;fpNyah;
rkhjhdk; Nfhhpdhh;.
nrd;id cld;gbf;if:
1769y; Kjy; ik#h;g;Nghhpd; Kbtpy;
nrd;id cld;gbf;if ifnaOj;
jhfpaJ. mjd;gb f&h; khtl;lk;
i`jhplk; tplg;gl;lJ. neUf;fbf;
fhyj;jpy; xUtUf;nfhUth; cjtp nra;J
nfhs;s cld;gl;ldh;.
,JNt Kjy; ik#h; Nghh;
thud; N`];bq;R (1772-1785)
fp.gp. 1772 Kjy; 1774 tiu tq;fhsj;jpy;
MSeuhf thud; N`];bq;R
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
1774apy; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jiyik
MSduhf gjtpNaw;whh;.
Kf;fpa Nghh;fs; Nuhfpy;yh; Nghh; 1774
1774y; mbahj;jp ethg; Nuhfpy;
fz;ilj;jhf;fpdhh;. thud; N`];bq;R
gilfis mDg;gp ethg;gpw;F cjtp
Ghpe;jhh;. ethg;> N`];bq;R nra;j
cjtpf;fhf 40 ,yl;r &ghia mtUf;F
toq;fpdhh;. thud; N`];bq;rpd; ,r;nray;
fz;ldj;jpw;Fs;shf;fpaJ.
xOq;F Kiwr; rl;lk; eilKiwf;F
te;jJk;> thud; N`];bq;R Kjy;
jiyik MSeuhf 1774y; gjtpNaw;whh;.
mtUf;Fk; mtuJ MNyhrid mit
cWg;gpdh;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa Nuhf;fpy;yh;
Nghh; njhlh;ghff; fUj;J NtWghL
Vw;gl;lJ
,uz;lhk; ik#h; Nghh; 1780-84
,q;fpyhe;jpw;Fk; gpuhd;Rf;Fk; Vw;gl;l
Nghhpy;> ,e;jpahtpy; khN` vd;w gpnuQ;R
,lj;ij Mq;fpNyah;fs; jhf;fpdhh;fs;.
i`jh; ,jidj; jLj;jhh;
,jd; tpisthf eprhk;> kuhj;jpah;>
i`jh; xd;W Nrh;e;J Nghh; nra;jdh;.
Nghhpd; eLNt Mq;fpNyah;> ep[hk;>
kuhj;jpah; MfpNahUld; el;GwT nfhz;L
i`jiu jdp kukhf;fpdhh;.
guq;fpg;Ngl;ilapy; 1781y; rh; mah; $l;>
i`jh; mypiaj; Njhw;fbj;jhh;.
i`jhpd; kfd; jpg;G te;jthrpia
Kw;Wifapl;lhh;. 1781-82y; Nghh; Kbtpd;wp
ePz;L nfhz;bUe;jJ.
Nghh; njhlh;e;J eilngw;wJ. i`jh;
,we;jhh;.
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs; 1783y; jpg;Gtpw;F
mspj;j Mjuit tpyf;fpf; nfhz;ldh;.
,U gphptpdUk; ,Wjpapy; fisg;gile;J
khh;r; 7> 1783y; kq;fSh;
cld;gbf;ifapidr; nra;jdh;. ,jd;
thapyhf ,U gphptpdUk; jhq;fs;
ifg;gw;wpa gFjpfisAk;> ifjpfisAk;
jpUg;gpf;nfhLf;f cld;gl;ldh;.
i`jh; myp Gw;WNehahy;
kuzkile;jhh;.
xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk; (1773)
tq;fhsj;jpd; MSeh; (Governor)
,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb> tpy;ypak; Nfhl;ilapd;
jiyik MSeh; (Governor – General)
Mdhh;. ,jd;gb thud; N`];bq;R 1774
Kjy; jiyika MSeuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,tUf;Fr; nrd;id>
Kk;ig MSeh;fs; fl;Lg;gl;lth;fs;.
fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpf;F 20 Mz;Lf;fhyk;
tzpf nra;Ak; chpik
ePl;bf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
eph;thfj;jpy; FOtpd; ngUk;ghd;ik
cWg;gpdh;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb murpay;
eltbf;iffs; mika Ntz;Lk;. rkkhd
fUj;J Vw;gl;lhy; jiyik MSeh; jdJ
KbT nra;Ak; thf;Fhpik (Casting Vote)
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
Jiyik MSeUk;> FOTk; ,ize;J
Kk;ig> nrd;id khepyq;fis
eph;tfpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ngw;wdh;.
tpy;ypak; Nfhl;ilapy; xU jiyik
ePjpkd;wk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ
,jd;gb xU jiyik ePjpgjp kw;Wk; 3
ePjpgjpfSk; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
Kjy; ePjpgjp: ,k;Nga;
Thzpff; FOit epUtfpf;f 24 Ngh;
nfhz;l ,af;Feh;fs; mit xd;W
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
gpl; ,e;jpa rl;lk; 1784:
xOq;FKiwr; rl;lj;jpd; FiwghLfisf;
fisa> 1784y; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; gpl;
jiyik mikr;ruhfg; gjtpNaw;wTld;
gpl; ,e;jpar; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ
,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;ij
Nkw;ghh;itapl MS cWg;gpdh;fs;
nfhz;l fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; FO (Board of
Control) ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,th;fs; Mizah;fs; vdg;gl;ldh;
tzpfk; njhlh;ghd fbjg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
jtpu> gpw eph;thf> gil eltbf;iffs;
midj;Jk; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; FOtpd;
mDkjpapd; Nghpy; jhd; eilngw
Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpahtpy; jiyik MSehpd; rigapy;
ehd;F cWg;gpdh;fspy; xUth;
cilj;jiytuhf ,Ue;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
nrd;id> Kk;ig khepyq;fspd; kPJ Nghh;>
mikjp Vw;ghLfs;> ,e;jpa murh;fspd;
tptfhuq;fs;> thpj;jz;ly;> gil mikg;G
Kjypaitfspy; Nkyjpfhuk; nra;Ak;
chpik jiyik MSeUf;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ. “nghJ eph;thf Kiwapd;
mbj;jsj;ij” thud; N`];bq; mikf;f>
mjd; kPJ “Nkw; fl;Lkhdk;
fhud;thyprhy; vOg;gg;gl;lj” vd;W rh;
tpy;ypak; `z;lh; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
eph;thfr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;:
tq;fhsj;jpy; epytpa ,ul;il
Ml;rpKiwia ePf;fpdhh;
Jiz ethGfshd KfkJ ,uhrhf;fhd;>
,uh[h rpj;jhg; uha; MfpNahiug; gjtp
ePf;fk; nra;jhh;.
1772y; muRf;F fUT+yj;ij
%h;\pjhghj;jpypUe;J fy;fj;jhtpw;F
khw;wpdhh;.
fy;fj;jh Mq;fpNya ,e;jpahtpd;
(Mq;fpy Ml;rpf;F) jiyefuhapw;W
fy;fj;jhtpy; xU tUtha; thhpak;
(Board of Revenue) mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
xU thzpf thhpak; (Board of Trade)
mikf;fg;gl;lJ
xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; chpikapay;
(Diwani adalats) (Civil) Fw;wtpay;
(Favjdari adalats) (Criminal) Mfpa
,uz;L ePjpkd;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
Chpikapay; Nky; KiwaPl;L kd;wk;
(Sadr diwani Adalat) vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gl;ld.
,th; Mrpahl;bf; nrhirl;bapd; nfsut
jiyth; Mthh;
,e;J kw;Wk; K];ypk; rl;lq;fs; kW
rPuikf;fg;gl;lJ
rh; N[hd;]; kw;Wk; Nfy;GNuhf; MfpNahh;
Digest of Hindu law ntspapl;ldh;.
rk];fpUj tiuKiwfs; Mq;fpyj;jpy;
nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F Gentoo
Law vdg;gl;lJ.
gj;th-jP Myk;fPh; vd;w E}y; nkhop
ngah;f;fg;gl;lJ
rh;y]; tpy;fpd;]; vd;gth; gftj;
fPijia nkhop ngah;j;jhh;
ee;jFkhh; tof;F tprhuiz (1775)
ee;jFkhh; vd;gth; tq;fhs gpuhkzh;
,th; cah; murpaypy; <LghL nfhz;lth;
tq;fhsj;jpy; Gjpa ethg;gpw;F
ghJfhtyuhf ,we;j kPh;[hghpd;
kidtpia epakpf;f thud; N`];bq;R
mjpf ,yQ;rk; ngw;whh; vd ee;jFkhh;
vd;gth; $wpajd; mbg;gilapy; ,yQ;r
tprhuiz eilngw;w NghJ Nkhfd;
gpurhj; vd;gth; ee;jFkhh; fs;sf;
ifnaOj;jpl;lhh; vd;w Fw;wr;rhl;il
ntspapl;lhh;. mjdhy; ee;jFkhiuf;
ifJ nra;J mtUf;Fj; J}f;Fj;
jz;lidia tpjpj;jdh;. mtUf;F
,e;jpar; rl;lg;gb jz;lid toq;fhky;
,q;fpyhe;J ehl;Lr; rl;l mbg;gilapy;
toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J xU murpay;
nfhiyahFk;.
nrapj; rpq; tptfhuk;:
thuzhrp> mNahj;jp ethgpd; MSiff;F
cl;gl;bUe;jJ. ngaprhghj; cld;gbf;if
(1775)-d; gb mNahj;jp ethg;
thuzhrpia Mq;fpNya epWtdj;jpw;F
tpl;lf;nfhLj;jhh;. Mz;Lf; fg;gkhd 22½
yl;rk; &ghiaj; ju thuzhrp kd;dh;
nrapj;rpq; xg;Gf;nfhz;L mijr; nrYj;jp
te;jhh;.
Nghhpdhy; vw;gl;l epjp neUf;fbiar;
rkhspf;f 1778y; N`];bq;R 5 yl;r
&gha; $Ljyhfj; ju Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Nfhhpf;if tpLj;jhh;. mjidAk; kd;dh;
epiwNtw;wpdhh;. Mdhy; mLj;j Mz;Lk;
Nfhhpf;if GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l NghJ murh;
epuhfhpj;jhh;. Mjdhy; mtUf;Ff; $Ljy;
njhifAld;> thuzhrp kd;dh; ,Wjpapy;
jg;gp Xbtpl;lhh;.
mNahj;jp Ngfk;fspd; tof;F (1782)
mNahj;jp ethg; R[h-cd;-njsyh 1775y;
,we;jTld;> mtuJ kfd; Mrg; - cj; -
njsyh gjtpNaw;whh;. epWtdj;jpw;Ff;
fl;l Ntz;ba fg;gj; njhifia
xOq;fhfr; nrYj;j ,ayhky; mjpfj;
njhif epYitahf ,Ue;jJ.
epYitiar; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W
tw;GWj;jg;gl;lNghJ> je;ijaplkpUe;J
ngUthhpahd nrhj;Jf;fis
kuGhpikahfg; ngw chpikapUe;Jk;
mtuJ ghl;bkhh;fs; Ngfk;fs; vd;Nghh;
mtUf;F te;J Nrutplhky; jLf;fpd;wdh;
vd;W epWtdj;jpw;F vLj;Jf; $wpdhh;.
mNahj;jpapypUe;J Mq;fpyg; gpujpepjp
Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ljd; Nghpy; mNahj;jp
Ngfk;fs; ngUk; njhifia kfDf;F
mspj;jdh;. Nkw;nfhz;L mth;fsplk;
njhiffs; Nfl;fg;glkhl;lhJ vd;W
fy;fj;jh mitAk;. Mq;fpyg; gpujpepjpAk;
Ngfk;fSf;F cWjp mspj;jdh;. Mdhy;
ethgpw;F kPz;Lk; fg;gj; njhif epYit
Vw;gl;lNghJ> Ngfk;fsplkpUe;J
nrhj;Jf;fisg; gwpf;f> Mq;fpNyaUld;
xj;Jiof;f Kjypy; ethg; cld;gl;lhh;.
gpd;dh; mth;kdk; khwp gpd;dile;j NghJ
N`];bq;R mtiuj; J}z;bdhh;.
Mq;fpNyag; gil Ngfk;fspd;
khspifapy; GFe;J> nry;tf; Ftpaiyf;
ifg;gw;wpaJ. clikfisg; gwpKjy;
nra;jdh;. mNahj;jp Ngfk;fspd; kPJ
N`];bq;R Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;if
epahakhdjy;y vd;w my;gpul; iyahy;
vd;w Mq;fpNyah; $wpAs;shh;.
thud; N`];bq;R 1785y; ,q;fpyhe;J
jpUk;gpdhh;. gpd; mth; kPJ Impeachment
jPh;khdk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. gh;f; gpuG>
vy;ypal;gpuG kw;Wk; ghfp]; gpuG
MfpNahh; mtiu tprhhpj;jdh;.
rh; [hd; Ngf;gh;rd; (1785 – 1786)
fhud; thypR 1786 - 1793
,e;jpahtpw;F rptpy; rh;tPir
mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;.
fhty; Jiwia cUthf;fpdhh;
%d;whk; ik#h; Nghh; 1790 - 1792
fhud;thypR ,e;jpahtpw;Fj; jiyik
MSeuhf te;j Ntisapy; %d;whtJ
ik#h; Nghh; eilngw;wJ
jpUthq;$h; Mq;fpNyaUld; kq;fSh;
cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;l gpd;
el;GwTld; ,Ue;j epiyapy;> jpg;G
Ry;jhd; jpUthq;$iu jhf;fpajhy;>
fhud;thyP]; jiyikapy;
jpg;GRy;jhDf;Fk; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; Nghh;
ele;jJ.
,jpy; Mq;fpNyah; ntw;wp ngw;wdh;.
,jdhy; =uq;fg;gl;lbdk; xg;ge;jk;
Vw;gl;lJ.
rh; [hd; N\hh; 1793 – 1798
yh$h; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
1793 Permanent Settlement Vw;gl;lJ.
Nty;ynyRypg; gpuT (1798 – 1805)
rh; [hd; N\hUf;Fg; gpd;dh; 1798y;
,e;jpaj; jiyik MSeuhf
nty;nyRypg; gpuG gjtp Vw;whh;
neg;Nghypadpd; vOr;rp nty;nyRypf;F
kpFe;j mr;rj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. vdNt
gpnuQ;Rg;gaj;ijg; Nghf;fTk;> ,e;jpah
muRfSf;fpilNa cs;s Nguurhf
khw;wTk; Kd;Ndw;wf; nfhs;if (Forward
Policy)iaf; filg;gpbf;fyhdhh;.
mf;nfhs;if> Nghh;> NkYk; Nghh;>
NghhpLjiyj; jtpu NtW vJTkpy;iy
vd;gjhFk;.
Jizg; gilj;jpl;lk;
Jizg; gilj;jpl;lj;jpy; NrUk; ve;j
muRk; jdf;nfd;W RNal;irahd
ntspAwTf; nfhs;ifapid itj;Jf;
nfhs;Sjy; $lhJ. Mq;fpNyag;
gpujpepjpahd epiyah; (Resident)
,irtpd;wp ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s NtW ve;j
muRlNdh my;yJ INuhg;gp muRlNdh
cld;ghL vijAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
$lhJ.
Jizg;gilj;jpl;lj;jpy; NrUk; murpd;
jiyefhpy; Mq;fpNyahpd; gil
ghJfhg;gpw;fhf epWj;jg;gLk;. gilf;F
MFk; nrytpid> ,e;jpa murh;
gzkhfNth> jk;Kila murpd; xU
gFjpia khdpakhfNth mspj;J
toq;fyhk;.
,jdhy; ,e;jpa murh;fs; Mq;fpNyahpd;
fl;Lg;ghl;bDs; rpf;fpf; nfhz;lhh;fs;.
i`juhghj; ep[hKld; cld;ghL:
1798y; i`juhghj; ep[hk;>
kuhj;jpah;fspd; vjph;g;gpw;F mQ;rpj;
Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;ij Kjypy;
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;.1800y; Mq;fpNyaUf;F
ngy;yhhp> mde;jg;G+h;> flg;gh Mfpa
gFjpfis mspj;jhh;
,JNt nfhil khtl;lq;fs; vdg;gLk;
mNahj;jp
1801y; mNahj;jp ethg; Jizg;gil
cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;L>
Nuhfpy;fz;L> Nfhuf;G+h;> fq;if>
aKdhtpw;F ,ilg;gL ehlhf cs;s Njh
Mg; cs;spl;lmurpd; ghjpiaf;
nfhLj;jhh;.
kuhj;jpah;fSld; cld;ghL
1. 1799y; jQ;irk d;dh; ruNgh[p
2. 1800y; #uj; ethg;
3. 1801y; fh;ehlf ethg; kiwe;jTld;
mtUila kfd;
ehd;fhk; ik#h;g; Nghh;: 1799
ehd;fhk; ik#h; NghUf;fhd jiyahah
fhuzk; nty;nyRyp gpuGtpd; Nguhjpf;ff;
nfhs;iffNs.
nty;nyRyp gpuG> eprhikAk;>
kuhj;jpah;fisAk; eLepiy tfpf;fr;
nra;jgpd;> 1799y; jpg;Gtp;F vjpuhfg; Nghh;
njhLj;jhh;.
1799y; Mq;fpNyah; =uq;fg;gl;bdj;ij
Kw;Wifapl;Lf; ifg;gw;wpdh;. jpg;G
Nghhpl;L kbe;jhh;.
ik#iu ,g;Nghh; rPuopj;jJ.
jpg;G Ry;jhd; Mq;fpNyah;fis tpul;l
fhG+y;> mNugpah kw;Wk; gpuhd;];
ehLfSf;F jdJ J}Jth;fis
mDg;gpdh;
jpg;GRy;jhd; ,we;jgpwF ik#h; muR
fpU\;zuh[ kd;dUf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
cs;ehl;Lf; nfhs;if:
1800y; fy;fj;jhtpy; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtd
gzpahsh;fSf;Fg; gapw;rp mspf;ff;
fy;Y}hp xd;iw epWtpdhh;. ,jdhy;
,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzpapd; je;ij
vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhh;
jQ;ir> fh;ehlfk; Mfpa gFjpfs;
Mq;fpNyaUf;F fpilj;jjd;
mbg;gilapy; „nrd;id uh[jhdp‟
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
kjpg;gPL:
nty;nyRyp fhyj;jpy; “,e;jpahtpy;
Mq;fpNyag; NguuR” vd;Dk; epiy
“Mq;fpNyahpd; ,e;jpag; NguuR” vd;W
khwpaJ.
,jdhy; ,th; tzpff; FOtpd; mf;gh;
vd Gfog;gLfpwhh;.
Kjyhk; kpz;Nlh gpuG (1807-1813)
uQ;rpj; rpq;Fld; 1809y; mkph;jru];
cld;gbf;if Vw;gl;lJ
1813 gl;lar; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
nkf;fhNytpd; ghpe;Jiu Nghpy; Mq;fpyk;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
gl;lar; rl;lk; 1813
fy;tpf;fhf &.1 yl;rk; xJf;fg;gl;lJ
fk;ngdp gzpahsh;fs; gzpapy; NrUKd;
,q;fpyhe;jpy; gapw;rp mspj;jdh;
N`];bq; gpuG (1813 – 1823)
1813y; N`];bq; gpuG tq;fhsj; jiyik
MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
Neghsg; Nghh;: (1814 – 1816)
Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; $h;f;fg;fSf;FkpiNa
mbf;fb vy;iyj; jfuhWfs; Vw;glyhapd
ghh;NyhtpDila Ml;rp fhyj;jpy;
gl;thy;> rpNahuh[; Mfpa gFjpfisf;
$h;f;fh;fs; ifg;gw;wpdh;. vdNt 1814y;
N`];bq; Neghsj;jpd; kPJ
gilnaLj;jhh;. Kbtpy; $h;f;fh;
jiytuhd mkh;rpq;if Mq;fpNya
jsgjp Mf;lh;Nyhid my;khutpy;
Njhw;fbj;jhh;. 1816y; rfhyp (Sagauli)
cld;gbf;ifahy; Nghh; KbTw;wJ.
$h;f;fh;fsplkpUe;J thzpf epWtdk;
ngw;wf;nfhz;l epyg;gFjpfspy; rpk;yh>
Knrshp>my;Nkhuh> iedplhy;> uhzpfl;
Kjypa Kf;fpakhd kiytho; gFjpfs;
mike;jpUe;jd.
gpz;lhhpg;Nghh; (1816 – 1818)
gpz;lhhpfs; vd;gth;fs; Kul;Lf;
$l;lj;jpdh; Mthh;. ,th;fs; kj;jpa
,e;jpathpy; #iwahbaNjhL
Mq;fpNyahpd; epyg;gFjpfisAk;
#iwahlNt Mq;fpNyahpd; nghpa
gilg;gphpTfisg; gpz;lhhpfis mlf;f
mDg;gpdhh;.
njd;jpirg; gilfSf;F rh;jhk];
th];yhg; jiyik jhq;fpg; gil elj;jpr;
nrd;whh;. N`];bq; kw;nwhU gphptpw;Fj;
jiyik jhq;fpr; nrd;whh;. gpz;lhhpfspd;
jiyth;fspy; xUtuhd fhPk;fhd;
ruzile;jhh;. kw;nwhU jiytuhd thrpy;
KfkJnfhiy nra;J nfhz;lhh;. rpl;L
vd;w kw;nwhU jiyth; Gypahy;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
cs;ehl;Lf; nfhs;if:
1814y; xt;nthU jhzhtpYk; Kd;rpg;
jiyikapy; ePjpkd;wq;fisj; jpwf;fr;
nra;jhh;. Kd;rpg;fs; 64&gha; tiu cs;s
tof;Ffis tprhhpj;jdh;. xt;nthU
khtl;lj;jpYk; rhjh; mkpd; vd;gthpd;
jiyikapy; ePjpkd;wq;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;ld. Mth;fs; 150 &gha;
tiuAs;s tof;Ffis tprhhpj;jdh;.
1822y; nrd;idapd; MSeud rh;jhkR
kd;Nuh vd;gtuhy; ,uaj;thhp Kiw
nrd;idapy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. 1822y;
epythpr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ
fy;fj;jhtpy; Mq;pfyk; fw;gpf;ff; fy;Y}hp
xd;W jpwf;fg;gl;lJ
tq;fj;jpy; rkhr;rhh; gj;jphpf;if vd;Dk;
ehl;L nkhopr; nra;jpj;jhs;
Kjd;Kiwahf ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG (1828 – 1835)
1831y; ngz;bq;> %d;whk;
fpU];zuh[iug; gjtpapdpd;W ePf;fptpl;L>
mtUf;F Xa;T+jpak; nfhLj;Jtpl;L.
ik#iu ,izj;Jf;nfhz;lhh;
1832y; fr;rhh; gFjp Mq;fpy Ml;rpAld;
Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. fr;rhh; Njapiy
gaphpLtjw;Nfw;w ,lkhf ,Ue;jjhy;>
Mq;fpNyahpd; Njapiy thzpfk;
ngUfpaJ.
$h;f; (Coorg)
1834 tPuuh[hTf;F Xa;T+jpak;
nfhLj;Jtpl;L $h;f; gFjpia Mq;fpy
Ml;rpAld; ,izj;jhh;.
1831y; gQ;rhgpy; eilngw;w jh;ghhpy;
kfhuh[h ,uQ;rpj;rpq;if re;jpj;J
cld;gbf;ifiar; nra;J nfhz;lhh;.
cs;ehl;Lf;nfhs;if:
tlNkw;F khepyj;jpw;fhd tUtha; fofk;
xd;wpid myfhghj;jpy;Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
1832y; myfhghj;jpy; rjh; jpthdp
mjyhj;> rfh; eprhkj; mjhyj; Mfpa
ePjpkd;wq;fis cUthf;fpdhh;.
1832y; [Php Kiwiaf; nfhz;L te;jhh;.
ePjpkd;w nkhopahd ghurPfj;ij xopj;J
me;je;j khepyq;fspd; nkhopia ePjpkd;w
nkhopahf;fpdhh;.
Jiyik MSeh; FOtpy; rl;l
cWg;gpduhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. Kjy; rl;l
cWg;gpdh; nkf;fhNygpuG Mthh;.
1835 khh;r; 17Mk; ehs; Kjy; Mq;fpyk;
Ml;rp nkhopahfTk;> gapw;rp nkhopahfTk;
khwpaJ.
1835y; kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hp fy;fj;jhtpy;
jpwf;fg;gl;lJ
1829y; rjp xopg;G rl;lj;ij ,aw;wp rjp
vd;Dk; cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fj;ij
xopj;jhh;.
rjp xopf;fg;gl KO mstpy; MjuT
njhptpj;jth; tq;fhs kWkyh;r;rp
,af;fj;jpd; fhuzfh;j;jhthd ,uhrhuhk;
Nkhfd;uha; Mthh;
,th; rPypd; jiyikapy; FO mikj;Jj;
jdpr;rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpf; nfhs;is
mbj;J te;j jf;fhh;fis xopj;jhh;.
ngz;kfTf; nfhiyiar; rl;lg;gb
Fw;wkhf;fpdhh;.
caph;g;gyp jil nra;ag;gl;lJ
rka khWjy; nra;gth;fSf;Fr; nrhj;jpy;
chpik cz;L
Mf;yhe;J gpuG (1836 – 1842)
Kjyhk; Mg;fhd; Nghh;
,th; ,uQ;rpj; rpq; kw;Wk; \h \P[h
Mfpath;fsplk; %d;W ehLfs; $l;L
cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhh;
vy;yd;gNuh gpuG – 28.2.1842 - .6.1844
rh; rhh;y]; Neg;gpauhy; rpe;J khfhzk;
,izg;G
ly;n`srp gpuG – 1848 - 1856
,uz;lhk; rPf;fpag; Nghh; (1848 – 49)
Kjy; Nghhpy; rpf;fpah;fs; Njhy;tpAw;wdh;.
yh$h; cld;gbf;if mth;fSf;F
ntWg;gpid Vw;gLj;jpaJ. yh$hpypUe;j
Mq;fpNyag; gpujpepjp n`d;wp yhud;rpd;
mlf;FKiwia vjph;j;J,uhzp [pz;lhd;
fyfk; nra;jNghJ mth; kPJ mur
tpNuhjf; Fw;wk; Rkj;jp yh$hpypUe;J
ntspNaw;wpdhh;.
%y;jhdpd; MSeuhf ,Ue;j %y;uh[;
gjtpia tpl;L tpyfpdhh;. vdNt fhd;rpq;
vd;ghiu %y;jhd; MSeuhfg; gjtpNaw;f
%y;jhd; nrd;wNghJ ,U Mq;fpNya
mjpfhhpfs; cld; nrd;wdh;.
%y;jhd; kf;fs; fyfk; nra;aj;
njhlq;fpdhh;. ,U mjpfhhpfisAk;
nfhd;wdh;. %y;uhi[j; jiyikg;
nghWg;Ngw;f kPz;Lk mioj;jdh;.
Mq;fpNyah;fs; %y;uhi[ mjpfhhpfspd;
nfhiyf;fhf Fw;wk; rhl;baNghJ
%y;uh[; fyfj;ij njhlq;fpdhh;. mtiu
mlf;Ftjw;fhf mDg;gg;gl;l n\h;rpq;Fk;
%y;uh[Pld; NruNt fyfk; gQ;rhg;
KOikAk; gutpw;F Mq;fpNyaiug;
gQ;rhig tpl;L tpul;lr; rPf;fpah;fs;
cWjpG+z;ldh;. ng\htiuj;
jpUk;gg;ngWk; vz;zj;jLd; Mg;fhdpaUk;
rPf;fpaUk; Nrh;e;jhh;. rPf;fpah;fis mlf;f
ly;n`srp gpuG Nkw;nfhz;l Nghh;
eltbf;ifNa ,uz;lhk; rPf;fpag; Nghh;
epfo;r;rpahFk;.
uhk;efh;> rpypad; thyh> Ky;jhd; Mfpa
,lq;fspy; ,g;Nghh; eilg;ngw;wJ.
rPf;fpah;fs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldh;. kfhuh[h
jypg; rpq; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lh;.
mtUf;F Xa;T+jpak; toq;fpg; gQ;rhig
Mq;fpNya Ml;rpg; gFjpNahL
,izj;jhh;. gQ;rhig ,izj;jJ
ek;gpf;ifj; JNuhfk; vd;W ly;n`srpapd;
nray;nghpJk; tpkh;rpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,uz;lhk; gh;kpag; Nghh; (1852)
ly;n`srp gh;khtpy; gpw INuhg;gpah;
Mjpf;fk; ,Ug;gij tpUk;gtpy;iy.
Mq;fpNyah; kl;Lk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;j
vz;zpdhh;. Kjy; Mq;fpNya gh;kpag;
Nghhpd; Kbtpy; ahz;lG+ cld;gbf;if
ifnaOj;jhfpaJ. mJ Mq;fpNyaUf;Fg;
gy tzpf chpikfs; toq;fpa NghjpYk;
mth;fs; kd epiwT milahjjhy;
gh;kpah; ahz;lG+ cld;gbf;ifia kPwpj;
jkJ chpik kWf;fg;gLtjhf
Mq;fpNyah; $wpdhh;. Mq;fpNyah;fs;
chpikfis kPWtjhfg; gh;kpah;fs;
Fw;wk; rhl;bdh;. „yhk;gh;l;‟ vd;w J}Jtiu
ly;n`srp gh;khTf;F mDg;gp chpikfs;
kWf;fg;gLtjhy; Vw;gLk; ,og;ig
<Lfl;lg; ngUe;njhif Nfl;lhh;. mjw;F
kWg;G njhptpj;j gh;kpah;fs; kPJ
Mq;fpNyah;fs; njhLj;j NghNu ,uz;lhk;
gh;kpag; NghuhFk;
jsgjp fhl;tpd; jiyikapy; nrd;w
gilaplk; gh;kpah;fspd; efukhd ,uq;$d;
GNuhk; kw;Wk; gy Kf;fpa efuq;fis
Mq;fpNyah; gpbj;jdh;. ngU khepyk;
1852y; Mq;fpNya ,e;jpag; NguuNrhL
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
thhpR ,og;Gf; nfhs;ifahy; muR ,oe;j
ehLfs;:
1849 y; rjhuhit Mq;fpNyag; gFjpNahL
,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
n[a;g;G+h;> gfhj;> cja;G+h;> rk;gy;G+h;> ehfGhp
Xhprhtpy; cs;s rk;gy;G+hpy; 1848y; mjd;
murh; thhpR ,d;wp ,we;jjhy;
mg;gFjpiaAk; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
ehfGhpia Ml;rp nra;j ,u$[p ghd;RNy
1853y; thhprpd;wp kuzkile;jhh;. mtuJ
,uhzp a\;te;juhit thhprhf
Mq;fpNyah; kWj;J ehfGhpiaj; jq;fs;
muNrhL ,izj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.
[hd;rp
[hd;rpia Ml;rp nra;j filrp kuhj;jpa
kd;dh; fq;fhjuuht; 1852y;
kuzkile;jhh;. mtuJ kidtp ,uhzp
yl;Rkpgha; thhpR epakpj;j
Mq;fpNyahplk; mDkjp Nfhhpdhh;. mtuJ
Nfhhpf;ifia Mq;fpNyah; kWj;J
mg;gFjpiaAk; ,izj;Jf;nfhz;ldh;
mNahj;jp ,izg;G
1856y; mNahj;jpia Mq;fpNyah; jk;
gFjpAld; ,izj;Jf;nfhz;ldh;
gPuhh; ,izg;G
i`juhghj; eprhk; gPuhiu
Mq;fpNyaUf;F mspj;jhh;
fh;ehlfk;> jQ;rhT+h; ,izg;G
fh;ehlhf ethg; thhprpd;wp ,we;jJk;
fh;ehlfg; gFjpia ,izj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. jQ;rhT+h; murh;
,we;jNghJ jQ;rhT+Uk; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
girl; rPh;jpUj;jk;
tq;fhsg; gilapd; jiyikafk;
fy;fj;jhtpypUe;J kPul;bw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.
gilapd; jiyikaplj;ijr; rpk;yhTf;F
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
,Uk;Gg;ghij
1853y; gk;gha; Kjy; jhzhTf;Fk;> 1856y;
n`suh Kjy; ,uhzpfQ;r; tiuapYk;>
1856y; nrd;id Kjy; muf;Nfhzk;
tiuapYk; ,Ug;Gg;ghijfs; Nghlg;gl;ld.
vdNt ,th; ,Ug;Gg;ghijapd; je;ij
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
mQ;ry; Kiw
Mq;fpNya ,e;jpag; NguuR KOikAk;
xNu rPuhd miuazh tpiyAs;s (Penny
Post) fbj Kiw nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ
je;jpKiw
1854y; fy;fj;jh Kjy; Mf;uhTf;F je;jp
mDg;Gk;Kiw nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ
nghJg;gzpj;Jiw
xt;nthU khepyj; jiyefhpYk; xU
nghJg;gzpj;Jiw mYtyfk;
epWtg;gl;lJ.
fq;if> rpe;J ejpfspy; gy fhy;tha;fs;
mikj;Jg; ghrd trjpfs; mspj;jdh;.
fy;fj;jh Kjy; ng\hthh; tiu
neLQ;rhiyahy; ,izj;jdh;.
fy;tpg;gzp
1854y; „rh; rhh;y]; cl;‟ vd;gth; fy;tp
Fwpj;j mwpf;ifia ntspapl;lhh;.
nrd;id> Kk;ig> fy;fj;jh Mfpa
,lq;fspy; gy;fiyf; fofq;fis
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. &h;f;fpapy; nghwpapay;
fy;Y}hp xd;iw mikj;jdh;. njhopy;
El;gf; fy;tpapd; je;ij vd;W ly;n`srp
Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;.
njhy;nghUs; Jiw cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
tpjitfs; kWkzr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ
fhdpq; gpuG
gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; fy;fj;jh> nrd;id>
Kk;igapy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
fhdpq; gpuGit „fUiz cs;s fhdpq;”
vd;wdh;.
,e;jpa ngUq;fyfk; fhdpq; gpuG
fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;lJ.
,e;jpag; ngUq;fyfk;
(gilapdh; fhyk;) (1857-1858)
fyfj;jpd; ,ay;G:
rh;[hd; ygud;];: nfhOg;Gj; jltg;gl;l
Jg;ghf;fp uitfs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s
fhl;hpl;[;
rPyp: jd;dyKs;s giltPuh;fs; ehl;Lg;
gw;wpd;wp Nkw;nfhz;l nra;if
mTl;uhk;: ,e;jpa kf;fspd; kd
Ntjidfis mjpfhpf;f K];yPk;fs;
nra;j rjpj;jpl;lj;jpd; tpisNt
tPurth;f;fhh;: Kjy; ,e;jpa
tpLjiyg;Nghh;.
ngUq;fyfj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;:
murpay; fhuzq;fs;:
ly;n`srpg;gpuGtpd; ehbog;Gf;
nfhs;isapdhy; rpy ,e;jpa muRfs;
Mq;fpNyah; trkhapd. ,jdhy; ,e;jpa
murh;fs; kd mikjp mioj;jdh;.
rjhuh> ehfGhp Mfpad ,izj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mNahj;jp ethigg; gjtp
ePf;fk; nra;J mNahj;jpia
,izj;Jf;nfhz;lJ. ,Ryhkpah;fSf;F
ntWg;G+l;baJ
kuhj;jpaj; jiyth;> ,uz;lhk; gh[puhtpd;
kuzj;jpw;Fg;gpd; ehehrhfpg;Gf;F
Xa;T+jpak; epWj;jg;gl;lJ.
kuhj;jpah;fSf;F ,J vhpr;rY}l;baJ.
khdpa epyq;fis Mq;fpy muR kPz;Lk;
muRlikahf;fpaJ
,jdhy; gy epyr;Rthd;jhh;fs;
epykpoe;jdh;.
rkaf; fhuzq;fs;
itjPf ,e;Jf;fs;> ,e;Jr; rkak;
fpwpj;jth;fshy; mopa NeUk; cs;snjd
vz;zpdh;. fpwpj;Jtr; rkag;
gzpahsh;fs; jq;fspd; gpur;rhuj;jhy;
,e;Jf;fisf; fpwpj;Jt rkaj;jpw;F
khw;wpdh;.
Mh. b. Nkq;fy;]; (R. D. Mangles) vd;w
Mq;fpNya ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;
xt;nthU Mq;fpNyaUk; xU
,e;jpaiuahtJ fpwpj;Jt rkaj;jpw;F
khw;w Ntz;Lk; vd mwp;if ntspapl;lhh;.
mq;qdk; rkak; khwpath;fSf;F rl;lk;
epiwNtw;wpr; nrhj;Jhpik toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Gif tz;bapy; xd;whf mkh;e;J rhjp
NtWghby;yhky; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lij
itjPf ,e;Jf;fs; ghtnkdf; fUjpdh;
vdNt ,e;Jf;fs; jq;fSila rka
ek;gpf;iffSk;> gof;f tof;fq;fSk;
ntFthfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld vd;W
ek;gpdhh;fs;.
gilf; fhuzq;fs;:
gilf;fhuzNk ,e;jpag; ngUq;fyfj;jpd;
Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ
gilapy; ,e;jpag; giltPuh;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl;l kpf cah;e;j gjpt RNgjhh;
MFk;.
Me;j cah;e;j gjtpf;F mspf;fg;gl;l
Cjpak; kpff; FiwthdjhFk;.
1856k; Mz;L nghJ gilapdh; Njh;Tr;
rl;lk; (The General Service Enlistment
Act) ,aw;wg;gl;lJ
,r;rl;lj;jpd; ,e;jpag; giltPuh;fs;
fly;fle;J NghhplNtz;Lk;.
,e;Jf;fNsh fly;fle;J nry;tJ
ghtkhd nray; vd fUjpdh;
gpshrpg;Nghhpd; E}w;whz;L tpoh 1857k;
Mz;L #d; khjk; 27k; ehs; eilngw
,Ue;jJ.
cldbf; fhuzk;
1857k; Mz;L #d; 22k; ehs; tiu
nghWj;jpUe;J ,e;jpag; gilapdh; jpl;lk;
jPl;bagb nra;jpUg;ghh;fNsahdhy; mit
,e;jpaUf;F rhjfkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;
Mdhy; mjw;F Kd;dNu Njhl;lhit
fbj;njLf;Fk; Miz toq;fg;gl;lJ.
,j;Jg;ghf;fpf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk;
Njhl;lhf;fspy; xUtif nfhOg;G
vz;izj; jltg;gl;bUe;jJ.
Njhl;lhf;fspy; gR> gd;wpapd; nfhOg;Gfs;
jltg;gl;Ls;sJ vd the;jp gutpaJ
,jdhy; ,e;J> K];yPk; tPuh;fs;
NfhgKw;wdh;.
ngUq;fhyf epfo;Tfs;
fp.gp. 1857k; Mz;L [dthpapy; fy;fj;jh
lk;lk; efhpy; nfhOg;Gj;jltg;gl;l
Njhl;lhf;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpia ,e;jpar;
rpg;gha;fs; Ngryhapdh;
fy;fj;jhtpw;F mUfpYs;s ghuf;G+hpy;
kq;fs; ghz;Nl vd;w rpg;gha;
fbj;njLf;Fk; Mizia Kjy; Kjyhf
kWj;Jj; jk; mjpfhhp nyg;bdl; ghf;
vd;gtiu 29.3.1857 md;W Rl;lf;
nfhd;whh;
,JNt Gul;rp njhlq;fpa Kjy;
,lkhFk;.
1857k; Mz;L Nk khjk; 10Mk; Njjp
kPul;lby; gy rpg;gha;fs; gw;fb
Mizf;Fg; gzpa kWj;jdh;
nly;ypapy; gfh;J}h;\hit mhpaiz
Vw;wpdhh;fs;.
yh$h;> nly;yp> uha;ngiua;yp> fhd;G+h;>
Mf;uh> [hd;rp> kj;jp ,e;jpah> Mfpa
,lq;fspYk; ,f;fyfk; gutpaJ.
mNahj;jp> Nuhfpy;fz;L> fq;if
aKidf;F ,ilg;gl;l gFjp>
gz;Nly;fz;l;. gPfhh; Mfpa ,lq;fSf;Fk;
,J gutpaJ.
nly;yp Mq;fpNyah; trk; kPz;Lk; tUjy;:
nly;ypia kPl;fg; gQ;rhg; gilAld;
Mq;fpy jsgjp epf;fy;rd;
Kw;Wifapl;lhh;.
epf;fy;rd; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. nly;yp
Mq;fpNyah; trk; MdJ
filrp Kfyha kd;dh; ,uz;lhk;
gfJ}h;\h MAs; jz;lid toq;fg;gl;L
uq;$Df;F ehL flj;jg;gl;lhh;
mtuJ kfd;fs; Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;
,e;jpahtpd; filrp Kfyha muruhd
mth; kdk; tUe;jp ,we;jhh;
yf;Ndh
yf;Ndhtpy; mNahj;;jpapd; murp `];uj;
kfhy; Ngfk; Gul;rpia elj;jpdhh;
yf;Ndhtpy; Mq;fpyg; gpujpepjahd rh;
n`d;wp yhud;rpd; ,y;yk;
Kw;Wifaplg;gl;lJ. mth; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;
jsgjp n`syhf;Fk;> mTl;uKk;
yf;Ndhit kPl;fr; nra;j Kaw;rpfs;
ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy
,jw;fpilapy; rh; fhypd; Nfk;ngy; vd;w
Gjpa jsgjp ,q;fpyhe;jpypUe;J>
,e;jpahTf;f te;jhh;.
$h;f;fh; gilg;gphptpd; cjtpAld;
yf;Ndhitf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
fhd;G+h;
ehdh rhfpg; fhd;G+hpy;
Gul;rpahsh;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpdhh;.
,thpd; MNyhrfh; RrpKy;yhfhd;
mtuJ Nghh;j; jsgjp jhe;jpaNjhNg
fhd;g+hpy; gy Mq;fpNyah;fisf; nfhd;W
Ftpj;jhh;
fhd;G+h; gLnfhiyf;F ehdh rhfpg;
fhuzkhf;fg;gl;lhh;
Nghhpy; Njhy;tpAw;w ehdhrhfpg;
Neghsj;jpw;F Xb tpl;lhh;
j}e;jpahNjhNg Fthypah;
fyff;fhuh;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpdhh;
mq;F rh;fhypd; fhk;g;gny; vd;w Mq;fpy
jsgjpahy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;llh;
kj;jpa ,e;jpah
kj;jpa ,e;jpah> gz;Nly;fz;l Mfpa
gFjpfspy; fyff;fhuh;fSf;F [hd;rpuhzp
,yl;Rkpgha; jiyik jhq;fpdhh;
mtiug;Nghhpy; vjph;j;j Mq;fpNya
jsgjp `f;Nuh]; Mthh;
1858k; Mz;L [Pd; khjk; MZil jhpj;J
tPug;Nghh; Ghpe;J Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; caph;
Jwe;jhh;.
Nuhfpy; fz;bd; jiyefuhd gNua;ypapy;
fhd;gfJ}h; fhd; vdg;th; jd;id ethg;
erPkhf mwptpj;jf; nfhz;lhh;
gPfhhpd; [fjP\;G+hpapy; fdthh; rpq; fyff;
nfhbia cah;j;jpdhh;
fhrpapy; vOe;j fyfk; fh;dy; ePy;
vd;gtuhy; xLf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nghh; Njhy;tpAw;wjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;:
jpl;lj;jpw;F Kd;djhfNt fyfk;
njhlq;fptpl;lJ.
vdNt jpl;lq;fSk;> nray;ghLfSk;
epiwNtw;w Kbahj epiyia mile;J
tpl;ld
njhlf;fj;jpy; giltPuh;fs; fyfj;ij
Nkw;nfhz;lhYk; gpd;dh; ntt;NtW
fhuzq;fSf;fhf murh;fSk;> kf;fSk;
,jpy; <Lgl;ldh;
Mdhy; ,th;fis ,izj;J xU
khngUk; rf;jpahf nra;a ty;y Njrpaj;
jiyth;fs; mth;fspilNa ,y;iy
rPf;fpah;fSk;> Mg;fhdpah;fs;>
$h;f;fh;fSk; epiwe;j gil mzpfs;
mq;fpNyah;fSf;F MjuthfNt
Nghhpl;ld
ghl;bahyh kd;dh;> Neghs kd;dh;>
i`jughj; kd;dh; kw;Wk; rpe;jpahTk;
,e;jpa cah; mjpfhhpfSk;
Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; cWJizaha;
,Ue;jdh;
,jdhy; xw;Wikapd;ik fhzg;gl;lJ.
ntspehLfspypUe;J gil cjtp ngwTk;>
fyfg; gFjpapid clDf;Fld; mwpe;J
mlf;fTk;. Mq;fpNyahpd; je;jp Kiw
mth;fSf;g NgUjtpahf ,Ue;jJ.
,t;trjp ,e;jpar; rpg;gha;fSf;F ,y;iy.
nry;tkpf;f ,e;jpah;fs; fyff;
fhuh;fSf;F cjttpy;iy
vdNt nghUshjhu mbg;gilapy;
nry;tk; kpFe;j Mq;fpNayg;
giltPuh;fis vjph;j;Jg; Nghhpl
,aytpy;iy
,g;Nghhpdhy; ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;J K];yPk;
xw;Wik Vw;gl;lJ
,g;Nghhpd; tpisthf ,q;fpyhe;Jg;
ghuhSkd;wk; 1858k; Mz;L ,e;jpar;
rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJ
,JNt tpf;Nlhhpah uhzpapd; mwpf;if
MFk;.
,jd; Kf;fpa $Wfs;:
m. ,J ,e;jpahtpy; fpof;fpe;jpa
epWtdj;jpd; Ml;rpia KbTf;F;f nfhz;L
te;jJ
M. ,e;jpah> ,q;fpyhe;jpd; khl;rpik jhq;fpa
kfhuhzp tpf;Nlhhpahtpd; Neuhl;rpapd; fPo;
te;jJ
,. ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik MSeh; murg;
gpujpepjpAk; Mdhh;.
,t;thW ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jiyik
MSeUk; murg; gpujpepjpAkhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lth; fhdpq; gpuG Mthh;
mJtiu thzpff; FOtpd; eph;thfj;ij
Nkw;ghh;j;j fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; FOTk; (Board
of Control) ,af;Feh; mitAk; (Board of
Directors) fiyf;fg;gl;ld.
,tw;wpw;F gjpyhf ,e;jpa eph;thfg;
nghWg;gpid> ,e;jpar; nrayhsh;
(Secretary of State for India) mth; fPo;
cs;s 15 cWg;gpdh;fSk; Vw;Wr;
nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpaj; jiyik MSeUk;> murg;
gpujpejpAk; vd;W miof;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;
(Governor General and Viceroy) murg;
gpujpepjpak;> khepy MSeh;fSk;
,q;fpyhe;J ,e;jpa tUthapypUe;J
Cjpak; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
tpf;Nlhhpah murpahhpd; Nguwpf;if
ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
,e;j mwpf;ifapd; %yk;
,e;jpah;fSf;Fg; gyr; rYiffs;
mspf;fg;gl;ld. mitahtd:
1. jj;njLf;Fk; chpik: ,e;jpa murh;fs;
Mz; thhpR ,y;yhjpUe;jhy; jq;fSf;Fg;
gpd; mhpaiz Vw xU kfidj;
jj;njLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; chpik kPz;Lk;
mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy;> ly;n`srp
GFj;jpa thhpR ,og;Gf; nfhs;if
(Doctrine of Lapse) iftplg;gl;lJ.
2. Ngr;RhpikAk;> cld;ghl;L chpikAk;:
,e;jpa murh;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; vg;nghUs;
gw;wpAk; Ngrpf; nfhs;syhk;> cld;ghL
nra;J nfhs;syhk; vd;w chpik
mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mth;fs; jq;fspilNa
nra;J nfhz;l cld;ghLfs; gpd;dh;
Mq;fpy murhy; xj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk;
mth;fspd; chpikfSk;> ngUikfSk;>
rpwg;GfSk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; vd cWjp
mspf;fg;gl;lJ. Nkw;nfhz;L ,e;jpag;
gFjpfis ifg;gw;WtJ ,y;iy vd
cWjp mspf;fg;gl;lJ
3. ,e;jpa kf;fspilNa fpUj;Jt rkaf;
nfhs;iffis tw;GWj;jpg; gutr;
nra;tjpy;iy
4. ,e;jpa ehl;by; ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lq;fs;
,e;jpahtpYs;s midj;J kf;fisAk;
rkkhff; nfhz;L ,aw;wg;gLk;
5. rkak;> rhjp ,lk; Mfpa NtWghLfspd;wp
mtuth; fy;tpj; jFjpfSf;F Vw;g
,e;jpah; midtUf;Fk; cah;e;j muRg;
gjtpfs; mspf;fg;gLk;. Gjpa rl;lq;fs;
,aw;wg;gLk; Kd;dh; ,e;jpag; gof;f
tof;fq;fSk; eilKiwfSk; kdjpy;
nfhs;sg;gl;L mit ,aw;wg;gLk;
6. ngUq;fyfj;jpy; Mq;fpNyaiuf; nfhiy
nra;Njhh; ePq;fyhf kw;wth;fSf;Fg;
nghJ kd;dpg;G mspf;fg;gLk;.
7. NkYk; ,e;jpah; eyNd Mq;fpNyah;
Ml;rpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;Wk; $wg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpag; ngUq;fyfk;> ,e;jpa murpaypy;
xU khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jp ,e;jpah; eydpy;
Mq;fpNya ,e;jpa muir mf;fiw
nfhs;sr; nra;jJ.
Gy Gjpa rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;Lg; gyr;
rYiffs; toq;fg;gl;ld
,jd; gpd;dh; ,e;jpah;fs; Ml;rpf;
fiyapy; mDgtk; ngw; mth;fs;
gbg;gbahf mjpy; <LgLj;jg;gl;ldh;.
,tw;why; tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzpahhpd;
Nguwpf;if ,e;jpahtpd; NgUhpikg;
gl;lak; vd;W (Magna Carta)
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
Mdhy; ,t;twpf;ifapy; $wg;gl;lit
eilKiwapy; gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy
NkYk; ,e;jpah;fs; n[h;kdp> ,j;jhyp
Mfpa ehLfspd; If;fpaj;jpdhy; Cf;fk;
nfhz;L Rje;jpuj;ij tpUk;gpd
fdlh Rachpik
tpf;Nlhhpa Nguurpapd; fhyj;jpy;
fdlhtpw;F Rahl;rp chpik
toq;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,e;jpah;fs; kdjpy;
Rje;jpu Ntl;if cUthapw;W
I.rp.v];
,e;jpah;fSf;F cah;gjtp mspf;fg;gLk;
vd;w thf;FWjp ntWk; Vl;lstpNyNa
,Ue;jd.
I.rp.v];. Njh;tpy; ntw;wpg;ngw;w Kjy;
,e;jpah; RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p ,tuJ
Njh;r;rpg; gl;baypy; ,Ue;J ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
gpd;G ,th; ePjpkd;wk; nrd;W
ntw;wpf;ngw;whh;
,th; 26-7-1876y; fy;fj;jh ,e;jpar; rq;fk;
epWtpdhh;
18-7-1877y; I.rp.v];. gjtpf;fhd taJ
tuk;G 21y; 19 Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ
,jd; njhlh;r;rpahf ghdh;[p ,e;jpah
KOtJk; gazk; nra;jhh;. taJ tuk;G
FiwT vjph;j;J yhy; tof;fwpQh;
,q;fpyhe;J nrd;W thjhbdhh;.
Myd; Mf;Nlhtpad; `PA+k;
];fhl;yhz;l; ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j ,th;
Mq;fpy murpy; cah; mjpfhhpahf ,ue;J
Xa;T ngw;whh;
,e;jpah;fSf;F Rahl;rp toq;fNtz;Lk;
vd;w vz;zk; cilath;
,th; fy;fj;jh gl;ljhhpfSf;F njhlh;e;J
fbjk; vOjp te;jhh;
,e;jpa kf;fspd; cz;ikahd tpUg;gk;
mwptjw;fhf nghWg;ghd xU epWtdk;
Ntz;Lk; vd lg;hpd; gpuG P̀A+k;ia
Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhh;
vdNt P̀A+k; ,e;jpa Ne\dy; fhq;fpu];
vd;w mikg;ig Jtf;fpdhh;
Father of Indian National Congress vd;W
,th; miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
,th; vOjpa E}y; Kjpathpd; ek;gpf;if
,thpd; tho;f;ifia tpy;ypak; ntlh;ghd;
vd;gth; vOjpAs;shh;
,th; 1907 tiu fhq;fpurpd; nghJr;
nrayhsuhf ,Ue;jhh;.
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Jtf;fk; - 1885
,f;$l;lk; Kjypy; G+dhtpy; Jtq;f
,Ue;jJ. me;efhpy; fhyuh Neha; gjtp
,Ue;jikahy; 1885Mk; Mz;L brk;gh;
khjk; 25-31 Mk; Njjp tiu Kk;igapy;
$l;lg;gl;lJ.
72 gpujpepjpfs; fye;J nfhz;lhh;fs;
jiytuhf cNk\; re;jpu ghdh;[p
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. nrayh; A. O. `pA+k;
fye;J nfhz;l Kf;fpakhdth;fs;:
jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
K. D. jpyhq;
uhdNl
Rg;gpgukzpa ma;ah; (Hindu)
ngNuh]; \h
jPd;\h tr;rh
gpNuh\;\h Nkj;jh
,aw;wg;gl;l Kf;fpa jPh;khdq;fs;:
murhq;fj;jpw;F tpRthrkhf ,Uj;jy;
,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rig ePf;fk;
eilKiw gw;wp Ma;T nra;a muR
Mizf;FO epakpj;jy;
gQ;rhg;> mNahj;jp kw;Wk; tlNkw;F
vy;iyg;Gw khfhzq;fspy;
rl;lkd;wq;fis cUthf;Fjy;
,e;jpa rptpy; rh;tP]; Njh;Tfis
,e;jpahtpy; elj;Jjy; kw;Wk; taJ
mjpfhpj;jy;
,Nj Neuj;jpy; RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[papd;
,uz;lhk; $l;lk; fy;fj;jhtpy;
eilngw;wJ.
gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,U mikg;GfSk;
xd;whapw;W
1886 ,uz;lhtJ fhq;fpu]; khehL
fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;wJ
l/gphpd; gpuG fhyj;jpy; eilngw;wJ
400f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gpujpepjpfs;
nghJkf;fs; ghh;itahsh;fshf
mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldh;
eph;thfj;jpy; ,ue;J ePjpj;Jiw gphpj;jy;
Fwpj;J jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
1887 %d;whtJ fhq;fpu]; khehL
nrd;idapy; eilngw;wJ
Kiwahd mikg;G Fwpj;J
KbntLf;fg;gl;lJ.
fd;dpkuh gpuG nrd;idapy; khfhz
fth;dh;.
600f;Fk; Nkw;fl;l gpujpepjpfs; fye;J
nfhz;ldh;
1888 ehd;fhtJ fhq;fpu]; khehL
myfhghj;jpy; eilngw;wJ
murhq;fk; vjph;g;G njhptpj;jJ
jh;gq;fh kfhuhrhtpd; cjtpAld;
eilngw;wJ.
Mz;l;UA+y; vd;gthpd; jiyikapy;
eilngw;wJ
,q;fpyhe;ijr; rhh;e;j rhh;y]; gpuhl;yh
vd;gth; fye;J nfhz;lhh;
epythpf; nfhs;if Fwpj;J jPh;khdk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
ehsiltpy; fhq;fpu]; cs;sth;fs;
gbj;jth;fNs vd;Wk; ,th;fs; ,e;jpa
kf;fs; njhifapy; rpwpath;fs; vd muR
fUjpaJ. vdNt fhq;fpurpd;
Nfhhpf;ifia mth;fs; Vw;ftpy;iy
vdNt ,e;jpah kw;Wk; ,q;fpyhe;J
nghJf;$l;lq;fSk; Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fSk;
ntspaplg;gl;ld
,j;d tpisthf ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;
rhh;y]; g[uhl;yh vd;gth; 1889y; gk;gha;
fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;lhh;.
,jd; tpisthf 1892y; ,e;jpa
rl;lrigr; rl;lk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,J
fhq;fpurpd; kiwKf rhjid MFk;
1893 fhq;fpu]; khehL
yh$hpy; $baJ
jhjhgha; nesNuh[p jiyik Vw;whh;
gUj;jp Mil kPjhd fyhy; thpia
ePf;Fjy;> eph;thf nrytpidf; Fiwj;jy;>
fl;lha Ntiy thq;Ftij jil
nra;jy; Nghd;wit Fwpj;J jPh;khdk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ
1894 – nrd;id fhq;fpu]; khehL
,q;fpyhe;J ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;
My;gpul; ntg; jiyik Vw;whh;
1895 – G+dh fhq;fpu]; khehL
tptrhapfspd; fld; epiy
Gif tz;bfspy; %d;whk; tFg;GfSf;F
trjp Fwpj;J jPh;khdk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ
1896 fy;fj;jh fhq;fpu]; khehL
ufkj;Jy;yh rahdp jiyik
khepyq;fSf;F epjp gq;fPL> fy;tpj;Jiw
rPh;jpUj;jk;
K];yPk;fspd; epiyik
,e;jpahtpy; K];yPk;fspd; Ml;rp kiwe;J
Nghdjw;F Mq;fpNyaNu fhzuk; vd
K];yPk;fs; epidj;jdh;
vdNt 1857Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w Kjy;
Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lk;> thfhgp ,af;fk;
Mfpatw;wpw;F K];yPk;fs; Mjutpid
njhptpj;jdh;
mypfhh; ,af;fk;
fpof;F ,e;jpa epWtdj;jp; gzpGhpe;j rh;
iraJ mfkJ vd;gth; K];yPk;fspd;
eyDf;fhf 1875y; mypfhhpy; xU
gs;spia epWtpdhh;. gpd;dh; ,JNt
mypfhh; gy;fiyf;fofkhf khwpaJ
mth; ,Ryhkpahpd; gioa gof;f
tof;fq;fshd gyjhukzk;> vspa
tpthfuj;J ngWk;Kiw> ngz;fs;
Kfj;ij kiwj;J nfhs;Sk; tof;fk;
Nghd;wtw;iw fz;bj;jhh;
Nkiyah; fy;tpapd; mtrpaj;ij
vOj;Jiuj;jhh;. kf;fs; newpkpf;f
tho;it Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;whh;
,th; Tahaibal Akhlaq vd;w cUJ
,jio Jtq;fpdhh;.
,t;tpaf;fk; ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpw;F
vjpuhapw;W. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;
njhlf;fj;jpypUe;NJ iraj;
mfkJfhDk;> mypfhh; ,af;fKk;
Mq;fpNyaiur; rhh;e;J ,Ue;jd.
,Ug;gpDk; ,Ryhkpah;fspilNa rKjha>
gz;ghl;L czh;it Cl;baJ
,t;tikg;Ng MFk;.
rh; iraJ mfkJ fy;tpf; fhq;fpu];
vd;w mikg;gpidAk; fhq;fpuir vjph;f;f
If;fpa ,e;jpaj; Njrgf;jh; rq;fk;
(United India Patriotic Association) vd;w
mikg;ig 1888y; Jtf;fpdhh;. ,jpy;
,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; K];yPk;fs;
cWg;gpdh;fs; Mthh;.
gpd; ,th; Kfk;kjpah; Mq;fpNyh
fPo;j;jpirapdh; ghJfhg;Gr; rq;fk;
(Muhammadan Anglo Oriental Defence
Assocaition) vd;w mikg;ig 1893y;
epWtpdh;.
,jpy; ,e;Jf;fs; ePq;fyhf K];yPk;fs;
kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyah;fs; cWg;gpdh;fs;
Mth;
tq;fg;gphptpid - 1905
tq;fg; gphptpid mwptpf;fg;gl;l ehs; :
20-7-1905
tq;fg; gphptpid vjph;g;G ehs;: 7-8-1905
tq;fg; gphptpid eilKiwf;F te;j
ehs;: 16-10-1905. tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;> kw;Wk;
xhprhtpd; xU gFjpia cs;slf;fpa
nghpa kfhzkhf tq;fhsk; ,Ue;jJ.
mg;nghpa khepyj;ij eph;tfpg;gJ kpf
fbdkhf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt 16-10-1995y;
eph;thf rPuikg;Gf;fhf tq;fhsj;ij
fpof;F tq;fhsk;> Nkw;F tq;fhsk; vd
,U tifahf fh;rd; gpuT gphpj;jhh;
,jd;gb fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpd; jiyefh;
lhf;fh vd;Wk; Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpd;
jiyefh; nfhy;fj;jh vd;Wk;
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,g;gphptpidia ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ
tq;fhsg; gphptpidia vjph;j;J
Nghuhbath;fs;
1. RNue;jpu ehj; ghdh;[p
2. tpgpd; re;jpughy;
3. m];tpdp Fkhh; jj;jh
4. u#y;
5. mutpe;j Nfh\; MfpNahh; Mth;
1911y; ,g;gphptpid iftplg;gl;lJ.
19Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpah Rje;jpu
Nghuhl;l fskhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,e;jpa
ehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; cs;s
gy;NtW epiyapy; cs;s kf;fs;
jq;fspd; FWfpa Ra eyd;fis kwe;J
Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;Jf;
nfhz;ldh;.
1906 fy;fj;jh khehL
1906 eilngw;w fy;fj;jh khehl;by;
fhq;fpu]; RNjrp ,af;fk;> Njrpa fy;tp
Fwpj;J jPtputhjpfshy; jPh;khdk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ
kpjthjpfs; ,jid Vw;ftpy;iy
fhq;fpu]; tuyhw;wpNyNa Kjd;
Kiwahfg; G+uz Rje;jpuk; ngWtNj
jdJ Fwpf;Nfhs; vd jPh;khdk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ
RNjrpa ,af;fk;
fh;rdpd; tq;fg; gphptpidf;F vjph;g;G
njhptpf;Fk; tifapy; fhq;fpu]; RNjrp
,af;fk; xd;iw Muk;gpj;jJ
,jd;gb md;dpa ehl;L nghUl;fs;
jPf;fpiuahf;fg;gl;lJ
,t;tpaf;fk; kPz;Lk; fhe;jpabfshy;
Gj;Japh; ngwg;gl;lJ
1906 rpk;yh J}Jf; FO
1906 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; khjk; 35
K];yPk; mwpQh;fs; Mfh fhd;
jiyikapy; xd;W $b kpz;Nlh gpuGit
rpk;yhtpy; re;jpj;J Ngrpdh;.
K];yPk;fSf;F jdpj; njhFjp
Nghd;wtw;iw mth;fs; Nfhhpf;ifahf
itj;jdh;.
1906 K];yPk; yPf; Njhw;wk;
1906 lhf;fhtpy; Mfhfhd; ethg; ryp
Ky;yhfhd; mfkJ fhd; Mfpath;fshy;
mfpy ,e;jpa K];yPk; yPf;
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,f;fl;rp tq;fg; gphptpidia Mjhpj;jJ
K];yPk;fSf;F jdpj; njhFjp> jdp
chpikfis Nfl;lJ
1907y; uh\;gPfhhp Nfh\; jiyikapy;
eilngw;w #uj; khehl;by; kpjthjpfspd;
Nghf;fpid jPtputhjpfs; Vw;ftpy;iy.
,jd; tpisthf jPtputhjpfs;
,k;khehl;by; ntspNawpdhh;fs;. kf;fs;
nry;thf;F jPtputhjpfSf;F fpilj;jJ.
jPtputhjpfs;> kpjthjpfs; xd;gJ
Mz;LfSf;F gpwF 1916y; yf;Ndh
khehl;by; kPz;Lk; xd;W Nrh;e;jdh;
kpjthjpfs; ehSf;F ehs; jq;fs;
nry;thf;fpid ,oe;jhh;fs;
fhq;fpu]pd; kpjthjpfs;
1. Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy
2. RNue;jpu ehj; ghdh;[p
3. ngu]; \h Nkj;jh
jPtputhjpfs;
1. ghyfq;fhju jpyfh;
2. tpgpd; re;jpu Ngh];
3. yhyh y[gjp uha;
4. mutpe;NjhNfh\;
,e;jpa tpLjiy Nghuhl;lf;fhyq;fspy;
1906 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1910Mk; Mz;L
tiu jPtputhjpfspd; fhyk; vdg;gLk;
tq;fhsj;jpy; jPtputhjpfspd; jiytuhf
,Ue;jth;fs;
gp. Nf. Nfh\;> gp. vd;. jj;
yz;ldpy; jPtputhjpfspd; jiytuhf
,Ue;jth; v];Nf. th;kh
ghhp];]py; jPtputhjpfspd; jiytuhf
,Ue;jth; v];. Mh;. uhkh
jPtputhjpahf ,Ue;J gpd;
Md;kpfthjpahf khwpath; mugpe;Njh
Nfh\;
kpz;Nlh khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; - 1909
,J 1909Mk; Mz;L nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ
fh;rdpd; tq;f gphptpid> jPtputhjpfs;
Nghf;F Nghd;wit ,jw;F fhuzk;
rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;
rl;lkd;wk; tphpTg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
,jd;gb K];yPk; ,d kf;fSf;Fk;
jdpj;njhFjp toq;fg;gl;lJ
tFg;Gthhp gpujpepjpj; Jtj;ij
mwpKfg;gLj;jpajhy; fhq;fpu]; fl;rp
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy
thf;Fhpik ,d Ntw;W Kiwahy;
,Ue;jJ. ,jid ahUk; Vw;ftpy;iy
kpz;Nlh khh;yp rl;lj;jpd;gb it];uha;
FOtpy; Kjy; rl;l cWg;gpduhf v];.
gp. rd;`h epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;
1911apy; fy;fj;jh khehL:
ftpQh; ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$h; vOjpa “[d
fz kd” vd;w ghly; 1911y; gp. vd;.
jhh; jiyikapy; eilngw;w fy;fj;jh
khehl;by; Kjd; Kiwahf ghlfg;ngw;wJ
1911 jiyefh; fy;fj;jhtpy; ,Ue;J
jpy;ypf;F khw;wk;:
1911 Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; 12Mk; Njjp
,e;jpahtpd; jiyefuhf jpy;yp
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1912 Mk; mz;L brk;gh;
1 Mk; Njjp jpy;ypapy; eilngw;w
fhuNd\d; jh;ghhpy; (Coronation Durbar)
Ie;jhk; [hh;[; kd;dUk; mtuJ
kidtpahd ,uhzp NkhpahUk; fye;J
nfhz;ldh;.
,e;jpahtpw;F tUif je;j xNu King –
emperor ,tNu Mthh;
1913y; K];yPk; khehL:
,k;khehl;by; NguuRf;Fs; mlq;fpa Ra
Ml;rpia K];yPk;yPf; mwptpj;jJ.
,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; %d;whk;
epiy
fhe;jpabfs; 1915k; Mz;L Rje;jpug;
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh;. fhe;jpabfs;
njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpy; tof;fwpQh; njhopy;
Nkw;nfhz;lhh;
,th; 1915y; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];
khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;lhh;
Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpd; NghJ gphpl;b\; muR
cjtp nra;jjhy; fhe;jpabfSf;F Nfrh;-
,-`pe;j; vd;w gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ
rgh;kjp Mrpukk;
,e;jpah KOtJk; Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;j
,e;jpa kf;fspd; tWikia fz;L
tUe;jpdhh;. vdNt ,e;jpah;fspd;
fz;zPiu Jilf;f tpUk;gpdhh;. (wiping
of every tear from every eye) vdNt 1916
y; mfkjghj; efhpy; rgh;kjp Mrpukk;
mikj;jhh;
Mthpd; MAjq;fs; mfpk;irAk;>
cz;ikAk; MFk;
fhe;jpabfspd; Nghuhl;lk; rj;ahfpufk;
vd;gJ MFK;. rj;ah vd;w rk];fpUj
nrhy;ypw;F cz;ik vd;Wk; fpu`h vd;w
nrhy;ypw;F typAWj;Jjy; vd;Wk; vdNt
rj;ahfpufk; vd;w nrhy;ypw;F cz;ikia
typAWj;Jjy; vd;W nghUs;gLk; (the
firmness of truth, the force of truth)
1916 yf;Ndh (,yl;RkzGhp) khehL:
kpz;Nlh khh;ypapd; rpy rPh;jpUj;jq;fshy;
kpjthjpfSf;Fk; muRf;Fk; ,ilntsp
mjpfkhfpaJ
NkYk; rpy jiyth;fs; ,we;jdh;
vdNt 1916Mk; Mz;L ,yl;RkzGhp
khehL jPtputhjpfSf;Fk;
kpjthjpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa xw;Wik
cz;lhfpaJ
yf;Ndh cld;gbf;if - 1916
fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];yPk; yPf; ,UtUk;
,e;jpahtpw;F nlhkpdpa;d me;j];J ngw
Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij czh;e;jhh;fs;.
vdNt ,t;tpU fl;rpfSk; yf;Ndhtpy; Xh;
cld;gbf;if Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ
,JNt yf;Ndh cld;gbf;if my;yJ
fhq;fpu]; K];yPk; yPf; cld;bgf;if
vdg;gLk;
,t;Tld;gbf;if 1916k; Mz;L brk;gh;
29k; Njjp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rk;
Agreed to separate electrorates for the
Muslism. NkYk; K];yPk;fspd; xNu
gpujpepjpahf K];yPk; yPf; vd fhq;fpu];
Vw;W K];yPk; yPf; fl;brpia murpay;
fl;rpahf mq;fPfhpj;jJ
Ra Ml;rp fofq;fs;:
1916y; Vg;uy; khjk; Kk;igapy; jpyfUk;
gpd; 5 khjq;fs; fopj;J nrg;lk;gh; 1916y;
jkpofj;jpy; md;dpg;ngrd;l; mk;ikahUk;
Ra Ml;rp fofq;fis (Home Rule
Leadques) Jtf;fpdhh;.
jpyfhpd; Ra Ml;rpf; fofk; kfhuh\;buh
kw;Wk; kj;jpa khfhzj;jpYk;
md;dpngrd;l; Jtf;fpa Ra Ml;rpf;
fofk; ehl;bd; gpw gFjpapYk; ,Ue;jJ.
,J fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];yPk;fspd;
Mjuitg; ngw;wJ.
nusyl; rl;lk; 1919
,e;jpar; rl;lk; 1919y; ,e;jpah;fs;
njhlh;e;J vjph;j;jdh;. NkYk; jPtputhj
,af;fq;fs; tsh;r;rpaile;jd.
,jid njhlh;e;J gphpl;b\; muR
ahiuak; tprhuiz ,d;wp rpiwapy;
milj;jy; Nghd;wit Fwpj;J ,U
rl;lq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ
,jw;F nusyl; rl;lk; vd;W ngah;
,jid ,e;jpa kf;fs; fUg;Gr; rl;lk;
vd mioj;jdh;
Kjy; rl;lk; 10 khh;r; 1919Yk;
,uz;lhtJ rl;lk; 21 khh;r; 1919Yk;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
,e;jpahtpy; jPtputhjk; tsh;e;J
nfhz;bUf;Fk; epiyapy; ,r;nray;
Rje;jpujhfj;ij NkYk; jPtpukhf;fpaJ
,jid kj;jpa rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;
vjph;j;jdh;. KfkJ myp [pd;dh> kjd;
Nkhfd; khstpah kw;Wk; krhh; - cy; -
`h; Mfpa 3 cWg;gpdh;fs; gjtp
tpyfpdh;
fhe;jpabfs; ,r;rl;lj;ij vjph;j;J
rj;jpahfpufj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh;.
mth; rj;jpahfpuf rghtpid Jtf;fpdhh;.
mjd;gb ,e;jpah KOtJk; 1919k; Mz;L
Vg;uy; jpq;fs; 6k; Njjp rj;jpahfpuf ehs;
(National Day) eilngw;wJ
,J njhlh;ghf murpay; $l;lq;fs;>
khehLfs; murhq;fj;Jld; xj;Jioahik>
md;dpa nghUl;fis gfp\;fhpj;jy;>
gs;spf;$lq;fis jtph;j;jy;> jPtputhjr;
nray;fs; ehnlq;Fk; eilngw;wJ
[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy
Rje;jpu vOr;rpapd; fhuzkhf gQ;rhg;gpy;
cs;s kw;Wk; lhf;lh; rj;jpaghy;
MfpNahh; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;
kf;fs; ,th;fis tpLjiy nra;a
khtl;l ePjpgjp Kd; Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpdh;>
tq;fp nfhSj;jg;gl;lJ
,jd; tpisthf mkph;jru]; efhpy;
td;Kiw eilngw;wJ. Mq;fpNya
mYtyh;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;
,e;epfo;r;rpf;F kWehs; gQ;rhg;gpahpd;
igrhfp tpoh murpay; $l;lk;
eilngw;wJ
md;W 13 Vg;uy; 1919 nyg;bdd;l; -
n[duy; ikf;Nfy; X lah; vd;w ,uhZt
mjpfhhpapd; jiyikapy;
E}w;Wf;fhzf;fhd ,uhZt tPuh;fis
fz;%bj;jdkhf Jg;ghf;fpahy;
mf;$l;lj;jpw;F te;j kf;fis Rl;ldh;.
,jpy; 1650 uTz;L Fz;Lfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
,e;epfo;r;rpNa [hypad; thyhghf;
gLnfhiy vdg;gl;lJ
fhe;jpabfs; Mq;fpNyah;fs; kPJ nfhz;L
,Ue;j ek;gpf;ifia ,oe;jhh;
jkf;F mspf;fg;gl;l Nfrh; - , - `pe;j;
vd;w gl;lj;ij jpUg;gp mspj;jhh;
1940Mk; Mz;L cj;jk; rpq; vd;gth; ,e;;
epfo;r;rpf;F fhuzkhd n[duy; laiu
,q;fpyhe;jpy; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whh;
fpyhgj; ,af;fk; 1919-20
Kjy; cyfg; Nghh; 1914 – 1918 tiu
eilngw;wJ. ,g;NghUf;Fg; gpd; nrth;];
cld;gbf;ifapd; (28.6.1919)
mbg;gilapy; JUf;fp ehl;bd; kPJ
Mq;fpNyah;fs; nfhz;L te;j
epge;jidfis vjph;j;J fpyhgj; ,af;fk;
Njhd;wpaJ
JUf;fp xU typikahd K];yPk; ehlhf
,Ue;jikahYk; fypgh vdg;gLk;
jiytUf;F vjpuhf Mq;fpNyah;fs;
nray;gl;ljhYk;> ,t;tpaf;fk; Njhd;wpaJ
,e;jpthapy; ,t;tpafj;ij myp
rNfhjuh;fs; vdg;gLk; KfkJ myp
kw;Wk; nrsfj; myp MfpNahuhy;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ
,e;jpahtpy; fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ
[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy njhlh;ghf
epakpf;fg;gl;l `z;lh; fkp\d; Fwpj;j
mwpf;if ntspahdJ ,jidAk; fpyhgj;
,af;fk; vjph;j;jJ
17.10.1919 fpyhgj; jpdkhf
nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.
,uz;lhtJ fpyhgj; khehL 23.11.1919y;
by;ypapy; $baJ
myfhghj;jpy; eilngw;w kj;jpa
fpyhghj; fkpl;b (1920) gl;lq;fis
Jwj;jy;> thpnfhlh ,af;fk; Nghd;w
ehd;F fl;l Nghuhl;lq;fis elj;jpaJ.
,t;tpaf;fk; fhe;jpabfspd; ,af;fj;jpw;F
xj;Jiog;G je;jJ
fhe;jpabfs; ,e;Jf;fs;
,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F xg;Gjy; mspf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;whh;.
,jdhy; ,e;J K];yPk; xw;Wik
Vw;gl;lJ. murpay; kj rhh;Gilik epiy
Vw;gl;lJ
1919f;Fg; gpd; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];
xU ntF[d kf;fs; ,af;fkhf (Mass
Movement) khwj; Jtq;fpaJ
fpshgj; ,af;fj;jpd; Njhy;tpf;F Kf;fpa
fhuzq;fs;
,g;Nghuhl;lk; xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;Jld; ,ize;jJ
JUf;fpia fkhy;ghl;\h ifg;gw;wpaJ.
fhe;jpabfspd; fhyk;: 1919 – 1947 tiu
1919 Kjy; 1947 Mk; Mz;L tiu
fhe;jpabfs; Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
jk;ik <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;
,f;fhyfl;lq;fspy; td;Kiwf;F gjpyhf
rj;jpahfpufk;> mfpk;ir Mfpa Kiwia
gad;gLj;jpdh;. vdNt ,f;fhyk; ,e;jpa
Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fhe;jpabfspd;
fhyk; vd Ngrg;gLfpwJ.
Xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; - 1919 - 1922
fhe;jpabfshy; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
1921 – 22y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
,jd; Nehf;fk; ,e;jpar; rl;lk; 1919d; gb
elf;f ,Uf;Fk; Njh;jiy Gwf;fzpj;jy;
,JNt mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Kjy; Nghuhl;lkhFk;
,e;jpa kf;fisg; gw;wp Mq;fpNyah;
mr;rk; ,jd; %yk; Vw;gl;lJ
nrshp nrsuh ,af;fj;jhy; ,jid
jd;dpr;irahf fhe;jpabfs; epWj;jp
tpl;lhh;
1919Mk; Mz;L ,yl;RkzGhp khehL
1919y; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; [hypad;
thyhghf; gLnfhiy mwpf;if gw;wp
Ma;T nra;ag;gl;lJ.
,t;twpf;if fhe;jpabfSf;F mjph;r;rp
mspj;jJ
vdNt Njrpa Nghuhl;lj;ij Jtf;f
KbT nra;jhh;.
1920 Mk; Mz;L fy;fj;jh khehL:
yhyh y[gjp uha; mth;fspd;
jiyikapy; nrg;lk;gh; 20y; fy;fj;jhtpy;
nrg;lk;gh; 20y; fy;fj;jhtpy; $ba rpwg;G
khehl;by; thf;nfLg;gpd; %yk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ thp nfhlh
,af;fk;. gl;lq;fs;> ghuhl;L gj;jpuq;fis
jpUg;gp mspj;jy;> muR gzpfis
Jwj;jy;> ePjp kd;wk;> fy;Y}hpfSf;F
nry;yhJ ,Uj;jy; Nghd;wit
eilngw;wJ.
1920 Mk; Mz;L ehfGhp khehL:
1920y; ehfGhpapy; eilngw;w khehl;by;
Nryk; rp. tp[auhfthr;rhhpahh;
jiyikapy; eilngw;w $l;lj;jpy;
fhe;jpapd; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; KbT
nra;ag;gl;lJ
1921y; nu];tlhtpy; eilngw;w khehl;by;
xU Nfhb egh;fis cWg;gpduhf
Nrh;j;jJ. jpyfh; Rauh[;[pa epjpahf 1
Nfhb &gha; jpul;lg;gl;L ifuhl;ilfs;
Nghd;wit thq;fpj; jug;gl;lJ
Xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; gbg;gbahf
thpnfhlh ,af;fk;> fprhd; (tptrhapfs;)
,af;fk;> mfhyp ,af;fk; Nghd;w
,af;fq;fshf gphpe;J cr;r fl;lj;ij
mile;jJ
17-11-1921y; gk;gha; te;J ,wq;fpa
Nty;]; ,sturUf;F fz;ldk; njhptpj;J
KO milg;G kw;Wk; fUg;Gf; nfhb
fhl;lg;gl;lJ.
ghh;rp> fpUj;Jth;fs;> Mq;fpNyh -
,e;jpah;fs; jhf;fg;gl;ldh;.
nrshp nrsuh rk;gtk;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s Nfhuf;G+h;
mUNf cs;s nrshp nrsuh fpuhkj;jpy;
xj;Jilahik ,af;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l
fytuNk nrshp nrsuh rk;gtk; vdg;gLk;
,r;rk;gtj;jpy; xU Fk;gy; 1922k; M;zL
gpg;uthp 5k; Njjp td;Kiwapy; fhty;
epiyaj;ij jhf;fpajhy; gyh; caph;
,of;f Nehpl;lJ
Mq;fpNyah;fSf;Fk;> mth;fSf;F
Mjuthf nray;gl;l ghh;rpfSf;Fk; ,e;j
xj;Jioahik Nghuhl;l td;Kiwapy;
ntFthf ghjpf;fg;gl;likahy;
fhe;jpabfs; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;ij
jd;dpr;irahf 12 gpg;uthp 1922y; epWj;jp
tpl;lhh;
Rauh[;[pa fl;rp
fhe;jpabfs;
Njh;jiy Gwf;fzpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
nghOJ rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ,e;jpah;fs;
,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mjd; %yk;
ehlhSkd;w eltbf;iffSf;F ,ilA+W
nra;ayhk; vd;Wk; fUj;J
njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ
fhe;jpabfs; xj;Jioahik Nghuhl;lj;ij
jd;dpr;irahf epWj;jp tpl;likahy; rpy
jiyth;fs; mjpUg;jp mile;jhh;.
1922y; fahtpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu];
khehl;by; ntspNawpa Kf;fpa
jiyth;fs; Rauh[;[pa fl;rpia
Jtf;fpdhh;fs;.
,jd; jiyth; rp. Mh. jh];> nrayhsh;
Nkhjpyhy; NeU
Rauh[;[pa fl;;rpapa;d Kjy; $l;lk;
Nkhjpyhy; NeUtpd; Mde;jgtd;
,y;yj;jpy; eilngw;wJ. Mde;jgtdpw;F
Rauh[;[pa gtd; vd;w ngaUk; cz;L
Rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ngUthhpahd ,lq;fis
ngw;W ty;yggha; gl;Nliy rl;lkd;w
jiyth; Mf;fpdhh;fs;.
,Ug;gpDk; Rauh[;[pa fl;rp jdJ
Fwpf;Nfhis mila Kbatpy;iy
Rauh[;[pa fl;rpia Mjhpj;jth;fs;:
1. rpj;juQ;rd; jh]; (rp. Mh;. jh];)
2. Nkhjpyhy; NeJ 3. vd;. rp. Nfy;fh; 4.
m[;ky;fhd; 5. tpl;ly;gha; gl;Nly;
Rauh[;[pa fl;rpia Mjhpj;jth;fs;:
1. vk;. V. md;rhhp
2. uhrNfhgyhr;rhhp
3. nuq;frhkp ma;aq;fhuh;
Rauh[;[pa fl;rp ntd;w khfhzq;fs;
1. kj;jpa khfhzk;> 2. gPfhh; 3. tq;fhsk;
4. gk;gha; 5. If;fpa khfhzk;
Rauh[;[pa fl;rp Njhy;tpaile;j khfhzq;fs;
1. gQ;rhg; 2. nrd;id 3. Xhprh
1924 ngy;`hk; fhq;fpu]; khehL
1924 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w fhq;fpu];
khehl;bd; jiyth; fhe;jpabfs; Mthh;.
mth; jiyik Vw;W elj;jpa xNu
fhq;fpu]; khehL ,JNt MFk;.
,k; khehl;by; fhe;jp – jh]; - NeU
xg;ge;jk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
itf;fk; rj;jpahfpufk;> mypfhh; ,af;fk;
Nghd;w ,af;fq;fs; tuNtw;fg;gl;lJ.
fhq;fpu]; tpjpfspy; khw;wq;fs;
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Kbkd; FO
rh; mnyf;rhz;lh; jiyikapy; xU FO
1919 Mk; Mz;ila ,e;jpar; rl;lk;
vt;thW nray;gLfpwJ vd;gij Muha
,q;fpyhe;J murhq;fk; mDg;gpaJ
irkd; FO - 1927
1927Mk; Mz;L ,h;tpd; gpuG
fhe;jpabfs;. rPdpthr ma;aq;fhh; kw;Wk;
md;rhhp MfpNahiu by;ypapy; re;jpj;J
irkd; FO tUif gw;wp njhptpj;jhh;
,f;FO 3-2-1928k; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpw;F
te;jJ.
Indian Statutory Commission
vdg;gLk; ,f;fkp\Df;F rh;.[hd; irkd;
jiyik Vw;wjhy; irkd; fkp\d;
vdg;gl;lJ.
,f;FOtpy; nkhj;jk; VO cWg;gpdh;fs;
,Ue;jdh;
,f;fkp\d; epakpf;fg;gl;l NghJ
Conservative fl;rp Ml;rp nra;jJ
,f;FO ,e;jpah;fspd; nray;Kiwiaf;
fz;L ,e;jpahtpw;F nghWg;ghl;rp
mspj;jy;> ,e;jpa gphpl;b\; cwTfis
tsh;j;jy; Nghd;w fhuzq;fSf;fhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lJ
1927 nrd;id fhq;fpu]; khehL
,k;khehl;by; irkd; FOit
Gwf;fzpg;gJ kw;Wk; KOikahd
Rje;jpuk; Nfl;ly; vd;gJ Fwpj;J
jPh;khdq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;ld
irkd; FO Kjd;Kjypy; gk;ghapy;
,wq;fpa ehsd;W efh; vq;Fk;
filailg;G ele;jJ
irkNd jpUk;gpg;Ngh vd;w Kof;fk;
Koq;fg;gl;lJ.
,f;FOtpy; ,e;jpah;fs; xUtUk; ,y;iy
vd;gjhYk; ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuk; Fwpj;J
,e;jpah;fNs KbT nra;a Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjhYk; ,f;FO Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ.
irkd; FO tUifia ,e;jpahtpy;
cs;s midj;Jf; fl;rp kw;Wk;
,af;fq;fSk; vjph;j;jd
ePjpf;fl;rp vdg;gLk; [];b]; ghh;l;b
kw;Wk; gQ;rhg; A+dpadp];l; Mfpa
,uz;Lk; vjph;f;ftpy;iy
irkd; FO tUifapd; NghJ mjid
vjph;j;J yh$hpy; yhyhy[gjpuha; 30-10-
1928y; Mh;g;ghl;lk; nra;ag;gl;lNghJ
fhty;Jiwapduhy; jhf;fg;gl;lhh;.
irkd; FOtpd; Kf;fpa ghpe;Jiufs;:
1. ,ul;ilahl;rp ePf;fg;gl;L khepy Rahl;rp
cUthf;Fjy;
2. mikr;rh;fSf;F NkYk; mjpfhuk;
toq;Fjy;
3. epakd cWg;gpdh;fis jil nra;jy;
4. cah;ePjp kd;wq;fs; kj;jpa murpd;
fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Uj;jy;
5. kj;jpapy; $l;lhl;rp mikj;jy;
6. gh;khit jdp ehlhf gphpj;jy;
7. K];yPk;fSf;F tFg;Gthhp
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; toq;Fjy;
8. tlNkw;F vy;iyGwj;jpy; rl;lkd;wk;
mikj;jy;
NeU mwpf;if - 1927
irkd; FO Gwf;fzpj;jiy njhlh;e;J
,e;jpa kf;fSf;fhf xU murpay;
mikg;ig cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
vz;j;jpd; mbg;gilapy; 1928Mk; Mz;L
Nk khjk; gk;ghapy; $l;lg;gl;l xU
$l;lj;jpy; Nkhjpyhy; NeU jiyikapy;
xU FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,f;FOtpd; mwpf;iffis [pd;dh
vjph;j;jhh;.
NeU mwpf;if
,t;twpf;if b.gp. rg;& cjtpAld;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
1. cldb nlhkpdpad; me;j];J
2. G+uz Rauh[;[pak; ,Wjp ,yl;rpak;
3. kj;jpapy; $l;lhl;rp mikj;jy;
4. mbg;gil chpikfis mq;fPfhpj;jy;
5. ,e;jpahtpYs;s cr;rePjpkd;wNk ,Wjp
Nky;KiwaPl;L kd;wkhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;
6. Rpe;J khepyk; jdp khepykhf
cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
7. kj;jpa rl;l kd;wk; ,U mit
nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
8. ,e;jpahtpw;F xU ghJfhg;G FO
mikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
9. thf;Fhpik
NeU mwpf;if Vw;wth;fs;:
1. nksyhdh mg;Jy;fyhk; M]hj;
2. lhf;lh;. md;rhhp
NeU mwpf;if vjph;j;jth;fs;:
1. rh; KfkJ \gp
2. KfkJ myp [pd;dh
[pd;dhtpd; 14 mk;r jpl;lk;:
1. $l;lhl;rp mspj;jy;
2. khepyq;fSF;F mjpfhuk; mspj;jy;
3. K];yPk;fSf;F muRg;gzpapy; Nghjpa
,lk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;
4. rl;lkd;wk;> cs;shl;rp kd;wq;fspy;
Nghjpa mstpy; K];yPk;fSf;F ,l
xJf;fPL Ntz;Lk;.
5. kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy; %d;wpy; xU
gFjp ,l xJf;fPL nra;a Ntz;Lk;
6. khepyq;fspy; vy;iy gphpf;Fk; NghJ
gQ;rhg;> tlNkw;F vy;iyGw khfhzk;
Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s vz;zpf;if
ghjpf;fg;glhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
7. gY]p];jhdk;> tlNkw;F vy;iy
khfhzk; Mfpatw;wpy; NtWghL fhl;lf;
$lhJ
8. kj;jpa khepy mikr;ruitapy; %d;wpy;
xU gq;F K];yPk;fSf;F toq;f
ntz;Lk;. rpe;J khepyk; gphpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
9. nly;ypapy; eilngw;w K];yPk;fs;
(1923) khehl;by; NeUtpd; mwpf;if
K];yPk;fspd; ,wg;G Miz vdg;gl;lJ
10. 1929y; K];yPk; yPf;fpy; rpy jiyth;fs;
gphpe;J Njrpa yPf; Kf;fpa fl;rpfs;
njhlq;fpd.
yh$h; fhq;fpu]; khehL:
,k;khehL ,uhtp ejpf;fiuapy; cs;s
yh$hpy; 31-12-1929 md;W eilngw;wJ
G+uz Rauh[;[pak; fhq;fpurpd; ,yl;rpak;
vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. 26-1-1930 ehspid
Kjy; Rje;jpu jpdkhf nfhz;lhl
Ntz;Lk; vdg;gl;lJ. ,k;khehl;by;
%tz;z nfhbia [t`h;yhy; NeU
Vw;wp itj;jhh;.
1930 Mk; Mz;L [dthp 24k; ehs;
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; %th;zf; nfhb
Vw;wg;gl;lJ. …… Mz;L [dthp 26Mk;
ehs; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G eilKiwf;F
te;jJ.
fhe;jpabfs; gphpl;b\; Ml;rpia A Crime
Against the man and the God vd;W
$wpdhh;. NkYk; fhe;jpabfs;
jiyikapy; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk;
njhlq;FtJ vd;W KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk;: rl;lkWg;G
,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; KOr;
Rje;jpuk; ngWtjhFk;. mjhtJ rl;lj;ij
kPwpahtJ mr;Rje;jpuj;ij mila
Ntz;Lk; vd KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
kJtpyf;F> ,e;jpa &ghapd; kjpg;G
cah;j;Jjy;> murpd; nryT kw;Wk; muR
Copah;fSf;fhd rk;gsk; Fiwg;G>
cg;Gthp ePf;fk;. epythp Fiwg;G> gilr;
nryT Fiwg;G> murpay; ifjpfspd;
tpLjiy> MAjq;fs; itj;jpUf;f
mDkjpf; rPl;L Nghd;wit Fwpj;j 11
mk;r Nfhhpf;ifia fhe;jpabfs; 31-1-
1930y; ,h;tpd; gpuGtpw;F njhptpj;jhh;.
“nuhl;b Ntz;Lnkd;W Koe;jhspl;L
Nfl;ljw;F fy;Ny fpilj;jJ” vd
fhe;jpabfs; Fwpg;gpl;L cg;Gr;
rj;jpahfpufj;ij Jtf;fpdhh;.
,jid Storm in a Tea cup vd ,h;tPd;
fUjpdhh;.
fhe;jpabfspd; cg;G rj;jpahfpufk; 12.3.1930
– 6.4.1930
fhe;jpabfs; rgh;kjp Mrpukj;jpy; ,Ue;J
12-3-1930 md;W 78 njhz;lh;fSld;
Gwg;gl;L 240 iky; my;yJ 385 fp.kP.
njhiytpy; F[uhj;jpy; cs;s jz;b
vdw ,lj;ij 24 ehl;fs; eil
gazj;jpw;F gpd; mile;J 6-4-1930 md;W
cg;G vLj;jhh;. ,jd; %yk; cg;G
tpjpfs; Nghd;wit kPwg;gl;lJ
fhe;jpabfs; Vutlh rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gl;lhh;. NeU iedplhypy;
rpiwitf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,jd; gpwF
njhlh;r;rpahf eilngw;w rl;lkWg;G
,af;fj;jpd; NghJ fhe;jpabfSk; gpw
fhq;fpu]; jiyth;fSk; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
fhe;jpabfs; ifJf;F gpwF gk;ghapd;
Njrpa K];yPk; FLk;gj;ijr; rhh;e;j
mgh]; jahg;[p jiyik nghWg;ig
Vw;whh;. mtuJ ifJf;Fg;gpd; rNuh[pdp
ehAL jiyikg; nghWg;ig Vw;whh;
rNuh[pdp ehAL kw;Wk; khzpf;yhy; fhe;jp
jiyikapy; #uj; khepyj;jpy; cs;s
jhh;rdh cg;G fplq;if #iwahLk;
Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;wJ.
,jid ntg; kpy;yh; vd;w Mq;fpNyNa
gj;jphpf;ifahsh; fz;Zw;whh;.
jkpofj;jpy; rp. uhrNfhghyhr;rhhp
jiyikapy; jpUr;rpapypUe;J Ntjhuz;ak;
tiu cg;G rj;ahfpufk; eilngw;wJ.
nrd;idapy; nkhpdh flw;fiuapy;
gpufhrKk; ehNf];tuuhTk; cg;Gf;
fha;r;rpdh;
fh;dhlfj;jpy; rhdpf;fl;lh vd;w ,lj;jpy;
cg;G kz;b jhf;fg;gl;lJ
Nfushtpy; Nfsg;gd; vd;gth;
fs;spf;Nfhl;ilapy; ,Ue;J rj;jpahfpufk;
Jtf;fpdhh;.
tlNkw;F vy;iyg;Gw khfhzj;jpy;
vy;iyf; fhe;jp vdg;gLk; fhd; mg;Jy;
fgh; fhd; jiyikapy; mthpd; rptg;Gr;
rl;il ,af;fkhd Khudaikhidmatgars
rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;jpy; fye;J
nfhz;lhh;fs;.
Kjy; tl;l Nir khehL
,q;fpyhe;jpy; njhopw;fl;rp ntw;w ngw;wJ.
,f;fl;rp 1929y; ,e;jpahtpd; Ra Ml;rp
Nfhhpf;iff;F MjuT njhptpj;J ,Ue;jJ.
irkd; fkp\d; mbg;gilapy;
,e;jpahtpw;F nlhkpdpad; me;j];J
toq;FtJ kw;Wk; murpayikg;G
jpUj;jq;fs; Fwpj;J ,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh;
uhk;Nr nkf;nlhd;L xU khehl;L
$l;lj;jpid mwptpj;jhh;.
Kjy; tl;lNkir khehL ,h;tpd; gpuG
fhyj;jpy; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,J mf;Nlhgh; khjj;jpy;
mwptpf;fg;gl;ljhy; jPghtsp mwptpg;G
vdg;gLk;.
khehL yz;ld; khefhpy; 16-11-1930 Kjy;
19-01-1931 tiu eilngw;wJ
fhq;fpu]; jiyth;fs; rpiwapy;
,Ue;jikahy; ,k;khehl;by; fye;J
nfhs;stpy;iy.
rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;jpd; fhuzkhf
fhq;fpu]; jiyth;fs; rpiwapy; ,Ue;jdh;
,e;jpa murpayikg;G cUthf;Fk; rpy
KbTfs; vLf;fg;gl;lhYk; fhq;fpu];
jiyth;fs; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy;
,k;khehL Njhy;tpapy; Kbtile;jJ.
,k;khehl;bw;F ,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; uhk;Nr
nkf;Nlhdhy;L jiyik tfpj;jhh;
,jpy; gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa gpujpepjpfshf
fye;J nfhz;lth;fs; 57 Ngh;. 16 Ngh;fs;
,e;jpa RNjrp muRfspy; ,Ue;J
fye;Jnfhz;ldh;. ,q;fpyhe;J murpay;
fl;rp rhh;gpy; fye;J nfhz;lth;fs; 13
Ngh;.
fye;J nfhz;lth;fspy; Kf;fpakhdth;fs;:
jho;j;jg;gl;lth;fs; rhh;ghf: gPkhuht;
mk;Ngj;fhh;
K];yPk; yPf;: Mrh;fhd;> KfkJ \h>
gRy;`f;< Myp [pd;dh> fh;KfkJ
,e;jpad; ypguy;: Nj[; gfh;rg;U rPdpthr
rh];jphp
nglNu\d;: C. Y. rpe;jhkzp
,e;jpad; ];Nlhf;fh;: kPh;rh ,];khapy;> rh;
mf;gh; i`jhp> gPfhdp kfhuh[;
gpwjiyth;fs;: rh;. vk;. Mh;. n[afh;
nly;yp xg;ge;jk; (my;yJ) fhe;jp - ,h;tpd;
xg;ge;jk;
,t;nthg;ge;jk; 5-3-1931y; Vw;gl;lJ.
kpjthjpfshd tp. v];. rPdpthr rh];jphp>
n[afh;> rhg;U MfpNahhpd; Kaw;rpapd;
Nghpy; fhe;jpabfSf;Fk; ,h;tpd;
gpuGTf;Fk; ,ilapy; xg;ge;jk; Vw;gl;lJ.
,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpd;gb rpwg;G rl;lq;fs;
tpyf;fpf; nfhs;s muR ,ire;jJ.
td;Kiwapy; <Lgl;lth;fis jtpu
midj;J murpay; ifjpfs; tpLjiy
nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fspy; kwpay; nra;a
mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
cg;G fha;r;rpf; nfhs;s
mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;l muR Copah;fs;
kdpjhgpkhdj;Jld; elj;jg;gl;ldh;
mLj;j tl;lNkir khehl;by; fhq;fpu];
fye;J nfhs;s ,irT njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ
,t;nthg;ge;jk; J}f;Fj;jz;lid
tpjpf;fg;gl;l gfj;rpq;> ,uh[FU
MfpNahhpd; tpLjiyf;F toptif
nra;atpy;iy.
fuhr;rp fhq;fpu]; khehL
,k;khehL rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly;
jiyikapy; 29-3-1931y; $baJ
gfj;rpq;> Rf;Njt; kw;Wk; ,uhrFU
MfpNahh; J}f;fpyplg;gl;L 6 ehl;fs;
fopj;J $baJ.
,k;khehL fhe;jp-,h;tpd; xg;ge;jj;ij
Nknyhg;gk; nra;jJ
,k;khehl;by; mbg;gil chpikfs;
kw;Wk; Njrpa nghUshjhu nfhs;iffs;
Fwpj;J jPh;khdq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ
,uz;lhk; tl;lNkir khehL
1931Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; jpq;fs; 7k;
Njjp njhlq;fp njhlh;r;rpahf 3 khjq;fs;
,k;khehL eilngw;wJ. ,k;khehl;by;
fhq;fpu]; rhh;gpy; fhe;jpabfs; fye;J
nfhz;lhh;. mtUld; kjd;Nkhfd;
khstpahTk; cld; nrd;whh;.
S. S. uhrGjdh vd;w fg;gypy; fhe;jpabfs;
,yz;ld; nrd;whh;.
,k;khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l
Kf;fpakhdth;fs;:
1. fhq;fpu]; rhh;gpy; - b. b.
fpU\;zkhr;rhhp
2. jho;j;jg;gl;lth;fs; rhh;gpy; -
mk;Ngj;fhh;> ,ul;ilkiy Mh;.
rPdpthrd;
3. fpUj;jth;fs; rhh;gpy; - V. b. gd;dPh;
nry;tk;
4. Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpah;fs; rhh;gpy;-rh;. fpshb
5. Kfkjpah;fs; rhh;gpy; - Mrhh;fhd;
,f;ghy;
6. rPf;fpah;fs; rhh;gpy; - jhuhrpq;
7. ,e;jpag; ngz;fspd; rhh;ghf –
rNuh[pdp ehAL
,k;khehl;by; ,e;jpahtpd; vjph;fhy
mikr;r rl;lk;> rpWghd;ikNahh; eyd;
Nghd;wit tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ
fhe;jpabfs; Nfhhpf;if
epiwNtw;wtpy;iy.
,k;khehL Njhy;tpapy; Kbtile;jJ
,e;epiyapy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Njrpa Ml;rp
Vw;gl;lJ. ,jpy; fd;rh;Ntl;bt; fl;rpapdh;
mjpf gyk; ngw;wdh;
fhe;jpabfs; 28 brk;gh; 1931y; ,e;jpah
(Kk;ig) jpUk;gpdhh;. mr;rkak;
,e;jpahtpy; murpay; #o;epiyapy; ngUk;
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;lJ. fhe;jpabfis
tuNtw;fr; nrd;w NeU ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lhh;. 4-1-1932y; fhe;jpabfs;
ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
mk;Ngj;fhh; 5-11-1931y; ,q;fpyhe;J
muriu re;jpj;J jhoj;jg;gl;l kf;fspd;
gpur;rpidfis tpthpj;jhh;
gpd; 14-1-1931y; ,yz;ldpy; ,Ue;J
Gwg;gl;L 29-1-1932y; Kk;ig te;J
Nrh;e;jhh;.
vdNt tFg;Gthj jPh;tpid uhk;Nr
nkf;Nlhdy;L ntspapl;lhh;.
fhe;jpabfspd; vspikia fz;L rh;r;rpy;
mtiu miueph;thz gffphp vd;W
$wpdhh;.
rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk;
fhe;jpabfs; ,e;jpah jpUk;gpa NghJ
murpay; epiyik Kw;wpYk; khWghL
nfhz;L ,Ue;jJ
#uj; khtl;lj;jpy; epythp t#y;
nra;tjpy; Vw;gl;l gpur;rpidfis
tprhuiz nra;a Gyhgha; Njrha; kw;Wk;
ty;yggha; gNly; nrd;wdh;
thpnfhlh ,af;fk; fhuzkhf
[t`h;yhy; NeU> GUN\hj;jk; jh];
jhz;ld; MfpNahh; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
fhq;fpurpd; eltbf;ifapid xLf;f
nty;ypq;ld; gy;NtW eltbf;if
Nkw;nfhz;lhh;
vdNt 4-1-1932y; fhe;jpabfs; rl;l
kWg;G Nguhl;lj;ij mwptpj;jhh;.
fhe;jpabfs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;
Mq;fpNyah;fspd; kpUfj; jdkhd
nray;fisf; fz;L gy Gul;rp
,af;fq;fs; Njhd;wpaJ.
tFg;Gthj jPh;T
tl;lNkir khehLfspy; ,lxJf;fPL
gpur;rpidfSf;F jPh;G fhzhj epiy
Vw;gl;ljhy; uhk;Nr nlhdhy;L Gfo;ngw;w
tFg;G jPh;tpid 1932k; Mz;L Mf];l;
jpq;fs; 16k; ehs; nfhz;L te;jhh;.
,jd;gb K];yPk;fs;> rPf;fpah;> Mq;fpNyh
,e;jpah;> jho;j;jg;gl;lth;fs; MfpNahUf;F
rl;lkd;wj;jpy; jdpj; njhFjp Kiwiaf;
nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ
,j; jPh;T nfhz;L tug;gl;l nghOJ
fhe;jpabfs; G+dhtpy; cs;s Vh;thlh
rpiwapy; ,Ue;jhh;
jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; [hjp
,e;JfsplkpUe;J gphpf;Fk; Kaw;rpNa ,J
vd fhe;jpabfs; 20-9-1932 Kjy; 21
ehl;fs; rhFk; tiu cz;zhtpujk;
,Ue;jhh;
fhe;jpabfs; cly; epiy Nkrhkile;jJ
njhlh;e;J fhe;jpabfs;> mk;Ngj;fhh; ,e;J
kjj; jiyth;fSf;Fkpilapy; xU
xg;ge;jk; Vw;gl;lJ
,JNt G+dh xg;ge;jk; vd;ghh;fs;. ,jid
gphpl;b\; muR Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ
,t;nthg;ge;jk; Vw;gl kjd; Nkhfd;
khstpah mk;Ngj;fhh; kw;Wk; vk;.tp. uh[h
MfpNahh; fhuzkhthh;fs;. ,t;nthg;ge;jk;
rl;lkWg;G Nghuhl;lj;ij jpir khw;wpaJ
fhe;jpabfs; rpiwapy; ,Ue;J tpLjiy
nra;ag;gl;lhh;
G+dh xg;ge;jk;
G+dh xg;ge;jk; 24-9-1932k; Mz;L
ifnaOj;jplg;gl;lJ. fhq;fpu]; rhh;gpy;
fhe;jp> uh[h[p> gl;Nly; kw;Wk;
jho;j;jg;gl;lth;fs; rhh;gpy; vd;. rptuh[;>
nfha;f;thl; kw;Wk; mk;Ngj;fhh;
ifnaOj;J ,l;ldh;
G+dh xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;F
kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpd; ,Uf;iffs;
cah;j;jg;gl;lJ
fhe;jpabfs; 7-11-1933 Kjy; 20-7-1934
tiu jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhf
Rw;Wg;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;
%d;whk; tl;l Nkir khehL
1932k; Mz;L etk;gh; 17k; Njjp $baJ.
,k;khehl;by; njhopw;fl;rp kw;Wk; ,e;jpa
Njrpa fhq;fpu]; fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy.
46 gpujpepjpfs; fye;J nfhz;ldh;.
thf;Fhpik> epjp> $l;lhl;rp>
rk];jhdq;fs; Fwpj;J Vw;fdNt
eilngw;w FOf;fspd; mwpf;iffis
Ma;T nra;jJ. ngz;fSf;F thf;Fhpik
mspj;jy;> khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspypUe;J
$l;lhl;rp rl;lkd;w Nkyitf;F
gpujpepjpfis Njh;T nra;tJ Fwpj;J
KbTfs; vLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,k;khehL
vtUf;Fk; kdepiwT juhj tifapy;
1932k; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk; 24k; Njjp
Kbtile;jJ
%d;W tl;l Nkir khehLfspy; gq;F
nfhz;lth;fs;
1. gp. Mh;. mk;Ngj;fhh;
2. n[afh;
,k;%d;W khehl;by; vLf;fg;gl;l
KbTfis mbg;gilahf nfhz;L 1933k;
Mz;L khh;r; khjj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;J
murhq;fk; xU nts;is mwpf;ifia
ntspapl;lJ
nts;is mwpf;if
murpd; nfhs;iff; Fwpg;gpw;F nts;is
mwpf;if vd;W ngah;. ,t;nts;is
mwpf;ifapy; ,e;jpa murhq;fk; gw;wpa
jpl;lk; ,lk; ngw;wJ. ,e;jpahtpy; ,J
Fwpj;J vjph;g;Gfs; ,Ue;jd. nts;is
mwpf;ifapy; vLf;fg;gl;l KbTfis
Ma;T nra;tjw;fhf ,q;fpyhe;J
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; $l;Lf;FO
epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1935 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa murpay; rl;lk;
,e;jpa jiyth;fs; rpw;wuR gpujpepjpfs;
,e;jpa mikr;rh; N`hh; kw;Wk; gyh;
njhptpj;j ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy; xU rl;l
Kd; tiuT ,q;fpyhe;J
ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
,r;rl;l Kd;tiuT ,q;fpyhe;J
ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspYk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. 2-8-1935k; Mz;L
kd;dhpd; xg;Gjy; ngw;W rl;lk; MfpaJ.
,JNt 1935 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa ,urhq;f
rl;lk; MFk;
,jid mbik rhrdk; vd;W rpyh;
$Wth;
,jd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;:
Xhprh> rpe;J khepyk; cUthFjy;
khfhzq;fspy; jd;dhl;rp
khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw
ePf;fk;
kj;jpapy; $l;lhl;rp muR
$l;lhl;rp hprh;t; tq;fp mikj;jy;
kj;jpa khfhzq;fis gpur;rpidfis
jPh;f;f $l;lhl;rp ePjpkd;wk; mikj;jy;
gh;khit ,e;jpahtpypUe;J gphpj;jy;
Ntiyf;F Ml;fs; Njh;T nra;a
Njh;Tf;FO mikj;jy;. nkhj;jKs;s 11
khepyq;fspy; MSk; khepyj;jpy; Nkyit
Vw;gLj;Jjy;
,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb 1937y; Njh;jy;fs; 11
khepyj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jpy;
fhq;fpu]; 7 khepyq;fspy; Ml;rp elj;jpd
fhq;fpu]; ngUk;ghd;ikAld; Ml;rp mikj;j
khepyq;fs;
1. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
2. kj;jpa gpuNurk;
3. tlNkw;F vy;iyg;Gw khepyq;fs;
4. gPfhh;
5. xhprh
6. gk;gha;
7. nrd;id
1937y; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J gh;kh gphpf;fg;
gl;lJ.
K];yPk;fs; mjpfk; cs;s ,lq;fspy;
$l K];yPk; yPf;f Njhy;tp mile;jJ.
$l;lzp mikr;ruit vd;w NghJ “The
Muslims can expect neither justice nor fair
play under Congress Government” vd
$wpdhh;.
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; Jtf;fk; 1939
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; 1.9.1939 Mk;
Mz;L Jtq;fp 2.9.1945y; KbTw;wJ.
fhq;fpu]; jiyth;fs; my;yJ rl;lkd;w
cWg;gpdh;fisNah fye;J MNyhrpf;-
fhky; ,e;jpah;fis ,q;fpyhe;J
,g;Nghhpy; gad;gLj;jpaJ
1939 thh;jh fhq;fpurpd; nraw;FO:
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; Njhd;wpaTld;
8.9.1939y; thh;j;jhtpy; fhq;fpu];
nraw;FO $baJ. mf;$l;lj;jpy;
gpd;tUk; jPh;khdq;fis epiwNtw;wpaJ.
1. ehrprk; kw;Wk; ghrprf; nfhs;ifis
fz;bj;jJ
2. ,e;jpa kf;fs; Nghh; kw;Wk; mikjpapy;
fye;J nfhs;tiu jPh;khdpf;f ve;j
ntspehl;bw;Fk; chpik ,y;iy vd;Wk;>
,jid ,e;jpa kf;fNs jPh;khdpg;gh;.
3. Nghhpd; fhuzj;ij gphpl;b\; murhq;fk;
cldbahf njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk;
4. gphpl;b\; murhq;fk; cldbahf
,e;jpahtpw;F Rje;jpuk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
Rje;jpu ,e;jpah jdJ ,uhZt
cjtpfis gu];guj;jpd; Nghpy; mspf;Fk;.
5. Nghhpd; Nehf;j;jpid cld;
mwptpf;fNtz;Lk;. vdNt 8-8-1940k;
Mz;L ypd;ypj;Njh gpuG mwpf;if
ntspaplg;gl;lJ
,JNt Mf];l; mwpf;ifapy; Nghh;
MNyhridf; FO mikj;jy;
rpWghd;ikapdh; eyk;> ,e;jpahtpw;F
nlhkpdpapd; me;j];J> K];yPk;fSF;F
jdp murpayikg;G Nghd;wit Fwpj;J
fUj;Jf;fs; ,Ue;jJ.
,t;twpf;if [pd;dhtpw;F Mjuthf
,Ug;gjhf fhe;jpabfs; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;stpy;iy
,jd; njhlh;r;rpahf jdp egh;
rj;jpahfpufj;ij fhe;jpabfs; Jtf;fpdhh;
ghfp];jhd;
1940 Mk; Mz;L K];yPk; yPf; jiyth;
[pd;dh K];yPk;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahf
cs;s gFjpfs; jdp ehlhf Ntz;Lk;
vd;whh;. ,jw;F ghfp];jhd; vd
ngahplg;gl;lJ.
,j;jPh;khdk; yh$h; khehl;by; 23 khh;r;
1940y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy;
,jidNa ghfp];jhd; ehs; vd
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.
jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufk; - 1940
,J 17-10-1940 md;W fhe;jpabfshy;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
Kjd; Kjypy; ,jid Anti-war Slogan
%yk; njhlq;fp itj;jth; Mr;rhhpah
tpNdhgh ghNt. ,uz;lhtJ rj;jpahfpufp
[t`h;yhy; NeJ> ,g;Nghuhl;lk; 17-12-
1940 Kbf;fg;gl;lJ.
,j; jPh;khdk; yh$h; khehl;by; 23 khh;r;
1940y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy;
,jidNa ghfp];jhd; ehs; vd
nfhz;lhg;gLfpwJ
cyfg;Nghhpy; [g;ghd; njhlh;e;J
ntw;wpg;ngw;W tUk; epiyapy; Ner
ehLfs; ,e;jpah Fwpj;J tpd;];ld;
rh;rpiy tw;GWj;jpd. vdNt tpd;];ld;
rh;r;rpy; gphpl;b\; Nfgpdl; J}Jf;FOit
,e;jpahtpw;F mDg;gpdhh;
fphpg;]; J}Jf; FO - 1942
rh; ];lhNghh;L fphpg;];> gphptprpy; gpuG
MfpNahh; nfhz;l FO 1942k; Mz;L
khh;r; jpq;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jJ
te;jTld; mf;FO xU gpufldk; nfhz;L
te;jJ. mjd;gb ,e;jpahtpd;
murpayikg;G> rpWghd;ikNahh; eyd;>
,e;jpahtpd; ghJfhg;G Mfpait Fwpj;J
mwpf;if ntspapl;lJ
,J Mf];l; jpl;lj;jpd; gpujpgypg;Ng
vd;gjhy; mjid fhq;fpu]; cs;spl;l
vy;yhf; fl;rpAk; vjph;j;jJ
fhe;jpabfs; ,jid (Post Dated Cheque
on a Crushing Bank) Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.
,f;FO KOikahf Njhy;tpaile;J
,q;fpyhe;J nrd;wJ
nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; - 1942
nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;
Mf];l; jPh;khdk; vd;Wk; ghuj; Nrhuh
mz;Nlhyd; thh;jhtpy; $ba fhq;fpu];
fl;rpapd; nraw;FO $l;lk; (14-7-1942)
ve;jtpjkhd epge;jidfs; ,d;wp
,e;jpahtpw;F Rje;jpuk; toq;Fjy;
Nghd;wit njhlh;ghf jPh;khdk;
,aw;wpaJ
nts;isaNd ntspNaW vd;w
jPh;khdj;ij jahhpj;jth; [t`h;yhy;
NeU
,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ fhe;jpabfs; nra;
my;yJ nrj;J kb vd;w Kof;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ gPfhhpy; ngUksT
td;Kiw Vw;gl;lJ
fhe;jpabfs; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ 9-8-
1942k; Mz;L ifJ nra;ag;gl;L 6-5-1944
md;W tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;
,JNt fhe;jpabfs; filrpahf rpiwapy;
,Ue;j fhyk;
fhe;jpAld; ifJ nra;ag;gl;l
f];J}hpgha; fhe;jp 23-3-1944y; rpiwapy;
caph; ePj;jhh;.
fhe;jpabfs; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ I
want freedom immediately this very night
vdf; $wpAs;shh;. jkpofj;jpy; ,g;
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; F. fhkuh[; fye;Jf;
nfhz;lhh;.
Ntty; jpl;lk; - rpk;yh khehL – 1945
,e;epiyapy; ,e;jpahtpd; Gjpa
it];uha;-Mf 20.10.1943 md;W Ntty;
gjtp Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;
rpiwapy; ,Ue;j fhq;fpu]; fl;rpj;
jiyth;fs; tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;ldh;
1945y; Ntty; gpuG ,e;jpahtpd;
vjph;fhyk; Fwpj;J MNyhrid
elj;Jtjw;fhf ,e;jpah nrd;whh;
it];uha; FOtpid kW epakdk;
nra;tJ vd;Wk;> mf;FOtpd;
cWg;gpdh;fshf murpay; fl;rp
ghpe;Jiuf;Fk; egh;fis Njh;T nra;tJ
vd;Wk; Ntty; gpuG KbT nra;jhh;.
,jd; mbg;gilapy; ,ilf;fhy muR
mikg;gJ Fwpj;J Ntty; 1945k; Mz;L
[Pd; khjk; 24k; Njjp rpk;yhtpy; xU
khehl;ilf; $l;bdhh;. ,k;khehL [Piy
khjk; 14k; Njjp Kba eilngw;wJ
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; rhh;gpy;
nksyhd mGy; fyhk; Mrhj;
jiytuhfTk; [t`h;yhy; NeU> jPh; fhd;
rhfpg; MfpNahh; rye;J nfhz;ldh;.
fhe;jpabfs; rpk;yh nrd;whYk;
,k;khehl;by; fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy.
it];uha; jdpNa mthplk; MNyhrid
nra;jhh;. mk;khehl;by; ,ilf;fhy muR
mikg;gJ vd;Wk; ,uhZt ,yhf;fh
jtpu kw;w ,yhf;ff;fis ,e;jpah;fSf;F
ju Ntty; gpuT ,irT njhptpj;jhh;.
K];yPk; kf;fspd; xNu gpujpepjahf
K];yPk; yPf; fl;rp ,Uf;f tpUk;gpajhy;
,k; khehL Njhy;tpapy; Kbtile;jJ.
K];yPk;fs; Ntty; jpl;lj;ij Vw;f
kWj;jikahy; ,j;jpl;lk; Njhy;tp
mile;jJ
,k; khehl;bdhy; jPikfs; mjpfkhfpaJ
,e;jpahtpy; nghJj; Njh;jy; elj;JtJ
vd 21.8.1945 md;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ
1945Mk; Mz;by; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh;
Kbtile;J ,q;fpyhe;jpy; njhopy; fl;rp
ntw;wp ngw;W Ml;rp khw;wk; Vw;gl;L
ml;yp gpujk mikr;rh; Mdhh;.
1946Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w Njh;jypy;
fhq;fpu]; ngUk; ntw;wp ngw;wJ
K];yPk; yPf; K];yPk;fSf;fhd
njhFjpfspy; ntw;wp ngw;wJ
uh[h[p jpl;lk;
,e;J K];yPk; rpf;fiyj; jPh;f;f uh[h[p
xU jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jhh;.
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; gb ghfp];jhd; vd;w ehL
cUthtjw;F fhuz rhj;jpaf;$Wfs;
mjpfkhf cs;sjhy; ,J jw;nfhiyf;F
rkk; vd fhq;fpu]; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;stpy;iy.
,jd;gpd; Ntty; gpuG 1945 [Pd; 14k;
Njjp xU jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jhh;
,JNt Ntty; jpl;lk; vdg; ngah;
ngw;wJ
Nfgpdl; J}Jf;FO 1946
,e;J – K];yPk; xw;Wikf;F topapy;iy
vd;gij czh;e;j Mq;fpy Rje;jpuk;
toq;FtJ kw;Wk; Ra eph;zak;
njhlh;ghf murpay; fl;rpj; jiyth;fis
re;jpj;J Ngr mikr;ruitj; J}Jf; FO
xd;W mDg;GtJ vd ml;yp gphpl;b\;
ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; mwptpj;jhh;
15.3.1946y; gphpl;b\; gpujk mikr;rh;
ml;yp mth;fs; xU J}Jf; FOtpid
mikj;jhh;.
ngjpf; yhud;];> rh; ];lhNghh;L fphpg;];>
V. tp. mnyf;rhz;lh; MfpNahh;
,f;FOtpy; ,lk;ngw;W ,Ue;jdh;.
,f;FO ,e;jpahtpw;F 24 khh;r; 1946y; GJ
jpy;ypf;F te;jJ
,f;FO ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J 29 [Pd;
1946y; jpUk;gpr; nrd;wJ
,f;FO fhq;fpu];> K];yPk; yPf;>
rPf;fpah;fs;> Mjp jpuhtplh;fs;> ypguy;
jiyth; rh; Nj[; gfJ}h; rg;& kw;Wk;
jdpahh;fs; cs;s 472 egh;fis re;jpj;J
NgrpaJ
,f;FO kPz;Lk; rpk;yhtpy; xU $l;lj;ij
elj;jpaJ. fhq;fpu]; rhh;gpy;
[t`h;yhy;NeU> nksyhdh mGy; fyhk;
Mrhj;> rh;jhh; ty;yggha; gNly; kw;Wk;
fhd; mg;Jy; fghh; fhd; Mfpath;fs;
fye;J nfhz;ldh;. K];yPk; yPf; rhh;gpy;
KfkJ myp [pd;dh> ypafj; mypfhd;>
,];khapy; fhd; kw;Wk; mJh; ug; ep\jhh;
MfpNahh; fye;J nfhz;ldh;. Mdhy;
jPh;T VJk; Vw;gltpy;iy
,f;FO fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];yPk;
jiyth;fSld; Ngrp jdJ mwpf;if 16-
5-1946 khjk; ntspapl;lJ. fhq;fpu];
fl;rp mikr;ruit J}Jf;FOtpd; Kbit
Vw;W rl;l kd;wj;jpy; EiotJ vd KbT
nra;jJ.
,jd;gb eilngw;w Njh;jypy; fhq;fpu];
8 khepyq;fspy; Ml;rp mikj;jJ
Xt;nthUtUf;Fk; ,jpy; Mjhak;
fpilj;jjhy; midtUk; ,jid Vw;wdh;.
,jd;gb ,if;fhy muR mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,ilf;fhy muR
1946k; Mz;L Ntty; gpuG NeUtpd;
jiyikapy; mikr;ruit (,ilf;fhy
muR) mikf;FkhW miog;G tpLj;jjpd;
Nghpy; ke;jphp rig mikf;fg;gl;lJ
,jd;gb fhq;fpu]; NeU jiyikapy; 2-9-
1946 gjtp Vw;wdh;.
,jpy; nkhj;jk; 14 mikr;rh;fs;
gq;Nfw;wdh;. 6 ,e;J mikr;rh;fs;> 3
K];yPk; mikr;rh;fs;> 1 rPf;fpah;> 1
ghh;rp> 1 ,e;jpa fpUj;Jth; vd;Wk; 2
mikr;rh;fs; K];yPk; yPf;fpw;Fk; vd;Wk;
njhptpj;jhh;.
,ilf;fhy murpd; ,e;J mikr;rh;fs;:
1. [t`h;yhy; NeU – Vice President of
Executive Council, ntsptptfhuk; kw;Wk;
fhkd; nty;j;
2. ty;yggha; gNly; - cs;Jiw> jfty;
kw;Wk; xspgug;G
3. ,uhNre;jpu gpurhj; - czT kw;Wk;
Ntshz;ik
4. ruj; re;jpu Ngh];
5. rp. ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhp – fy;tp
6. n[f[Ptd; uhk; - njhopyhsh; eyd;
%d;W K];yPk; mikr;rh;fs;
1. Mrhg; myp - ,uapy;Nt
2. rh; rgj; mfkJ fhd;
3. iraj; myp [fPh;
xU rPf;fpa mikr;rh;
1. gy;Njt; rpq; - ,uhZtk;
xU ghh;rp mikr;rh;
1. rp. vr;. ghgh
xU ,e;jpa fpUj;Jth;
1. lhf;lh; [hd; kj;jah; - njhopy; kw;Wk;
toq;Fjy;
,U K];yPk; yPf; mikr;rh;fs;
1. ypahfj; mypfhd; - epjp
2. f[hd;gh; mypfhd; - Rfhjhuk;
Neub eltbf;if ehs;
,e;j ,ilf;fhy murpy; gq;F tfpj;j epjp
mikr;rh; ,e;J tzpfh;fspd; tzpfj;ij
mopf;Fk; tifapy; mike;jjhf $wg;gl;lJ.
NkYk; gQ;rhg;> tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; kj;jpa
khfhzq;fspy; ,e;Jf;fSf;F vjpuhf K];yPk;
yPf; Ch;tyq;fs; kw;Wk; Nghuhl;lq;fis
elj;jpaJ.
NkYk; murpay; eph;za rigapy; K];yPk;
yPf; Nru kWj;jJ
,jidj; njhlh;e;J ,ilf;fhy muir
vjph;j;J K];yPk; yPf; [pd;dhtpd;
jiyikapy; fy;fj;jhtpy; 1946 Mk;
Mz;L Mf];l; 16k; ehis Neub
eltbf;if ehs; vd mwptpj;jJ. ehL
KOtJk; fpsh;r;rp nra;jJ
,jdhy; ,e;J K];yPk; fytuk; Vw;gl;lJ
tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; gPfhhpy; fytuk; kpfg;
nghpa mstpy; Vw;gl;lJ
it];uha; fTd;rpypy; fhq;fpurpd;
nry;thf;if Fiwg;gjw;fhf KfkJ myp
[pd;dh Ntty; gpuGtplk; 5 egh;fspd;
ngaiu ghpe;Jiu nra;jhh;. mjd;gb rh;
rgj; mfkJ fhd;> iraj; myp [fPh;
kw;Wk; ruj; re;jpu Ngh]; MfpNahh;
it];uha; fTd;rpypy; ,Ue;J gjtp
tpyfpdh;. Ypahfj; myp fhd;> ,];khapy;
,g;uhfpk; re;jpufhh;> mg;Jy; uhg; ep\;lhh;>
f[hd;gh; mypfhd; kw;Wk; N[hNfe;jpu
ehj; kz;ly; MfpNahh; it];uha;
fTd;rpypy; 26 mf;Nlhgh; gjtp Vw;wdh;
Mq;fpy muR murpay; eph;za rigia
cUthf;Ftjw;fhf [t`h;yhy; NeU>
rh;jhh; gy;Njt; rpq;> KfkJ myp [pd;dh
kw;Wk; ypafj; myp fhd; MfpNahh;fis
yz;ld; tutioj;jdh;. mq;F ,Wjp
KbT Vw;fg;gltpy;iy. K];yPk; yPf;
rhh;gpy; epakpf;fg;gl;l 5 egh;fis
gphpl;b\; murhq;fk; Vw;ftpy;iy
,e;epiyapy; Ntty; gpuGit gjtp
tpyFkhW gpujkh; ml;yp Nfl;Lf;
nfhz;lhh;.
Epiyikfis ftdpj;j gpujkh; ml;yp
20> gpg;uthp 1947y; md;W mwpf;if
ntspapl;lhh;. mjd;gb ,q;fpyhe;J
ehl;lth;fs; [Pd; 1948f;F Kd;ghfNt
,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNaWthh;fs; vd
mwptpj;jhh;.
jiyth;fs; ,e;jpahitg; gphpg;gJjhd;
xNu top vd KbT vLj;jdh;
gk;gha; fytuk;
1946k; gk;gha; flw;gilapy; fytuk;
Vw;gl;lJ.
,e;jpag; gphptpid
kTd;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk;
24.3.1947y; gjtp Vw;w kTd;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG
133 Kiw ,e;jpa jiyth;fis
re;jpj;jhh;. tp. Nf. fpU\;z Nkdd;>
rh;jhh; ty;yggha; gNly;> ypahfj; myp
fhd;> nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; Mrhj;>
N[. gp. fpUghsdp MfpNahh; mth;
re;jpj;j Kf;fpa murpay; jiyth;fs;
Mthh;.
Vg;uy;> 1947y; kTd;l; Ngl;ld; gpuG
Ml;rpia xg;gilg;gJ njhlh;ghf
kTd;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG> General Sir Hastings
Ismay, Sir Eric Mieville, kw;Wk; Sir George
Able MfpNahh;fisf; nfhz;l xU FO
mikj;jhh;. ,f;FOtpd; jpl;lj;ij (Plan
Balkan) General Sir Hastings Ismay
yz;ld; nfhz;L nrd;whh;.
,e;J K];yPk; xw;Wik Vw;gl
topapy;iy vd;gij Ghpe;J nfhz;l
kTz;l;Ngl;ld; ,e;jpahit ,e;jpah –
ghfp];jhd; vd gphpg;gJ> tq;fhsk;>
gQ;rhg; Nghd;w vy;iyfis eph;zapj;jy;
Nghd;wit njhlh;ghf jdJ jpl;lj;ij
yz;ldpd; mikr;ruitapy; njhptpj;jhh;.
mikr;ruitapd; xg;Gjiy ngw;w mth;
Nk khjk; 30 Njjp ,e;jpah te;jhh;. 1947
[Pd; khjk; 2k; ehs; midj;Jf; fl;rpj;
jiyth;fis mioj;Jg; Ngrp ,e;jpah –
ghfp];jhd; vd jd; jpl;lj;ij
ntspapl;lhh;. gpwF 1947 [Pd; 4k; ehs;
nra;jp epWtdq;fSf;F mspj;j
Ngl;bapy; Mf];l; 15k; Njjp Rje;jpuk;
toq;fg;gLk; (Transfer of Power) vd
mwptpj;jhh;.
,JNt kTz;l; Ngl;ld; jpl;lkhFk;.
25 Vg;uy; 1947y; ,uhZt FOit
kTz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG $l;bdhh;. mf;
$l;lj;jpy; rh;jhh; gy;Njt; rpq;> ypahfj;
mypfhd; kw;Wk; Field Marshal Sir Claude
Achinlecl MfpNahh; fye;J nfhz;ldh;.
,e;jpa ,uhZtk; gphpg;gJ njhlh;ghf
Ngr;R thh;j;ij eilngw;wJ.
5 [Pd; 1947y; ,U fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; ,U
K];yPk; yPf; cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;l
xU FOtpid mikj;jhh;. mf;FO
NkYk; gj;J Jizf; FOf;fis
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Ve;j ve;j gFjpfis
Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Fwpj;J
,f;FOf;fSF;F KO mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ. Kf;fpakhd
gpur;rpidfis fisAk; nghUl;L xU
Arbitral Tribunal ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik
ePjpgjpahd Sir Patrick Spens vd;gth;
jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
30 [Pd; 1947y; gQ;rhg;> tq;fhsk; kw;Wk;
mrhk; Mfpa gFjpfs; gphpg;gJ Fwpj;J 3
FOf;fis mikj;jhh;. gpd; mf;FO
,uz;L FOf;fshfTk; ,uz;L FO xU
FOthfTk; mike;jJ. ,f;FOf;fspd;
cWg;gpduhf fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];yPk;
yPf; ,uz;L cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd;
ngaiu ghpe;Jiuf;FkhW $wg;gl;lJ.
,f;FOf;fspd; jiytuhf rh; rh; rphpy;
uhbfpspg; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;
,f;FO ngUthhpahd kf;fs; trpg;gJ>
eph;thf jiyik> ,aw;if vy;iyfs;>
njhiyj; njhlh;G ePh; kw;Wk; ghrd trjp
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; gFjpia
vt;thW gphpg;gJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J Ma;T
nra;ag;gl;lJ. Mf];l; 16 Mk; Njjpf;Fs;
,g;gzpia Kbf;FkhW fhytiuaiw
eph;zak; nra;ag;gl;lJ
fhe;jpabfs; ,jid Vw;Wf;
nfhs;stpy;iy. Mdhy; fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk;
K];yPk; yPf; ,jid Vw;wjd;
mbg;gilapy; gphpl;b\; ghuhSkd;wk;
,jid [_iy 18> 1947 md;W
epiwNtw;wpaJ.
,jd;gb Rje;jpuk; vd eph;zapf;fg;gl;L
Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ
ghfp];jhd; 14-8-1947y; Rje;jpuk;
mile;jJ. ghfp];jhdpy; Kjy; fth;dh;
n[duyhf KfkJ myp [pd;dh gjtp
Vw;whh;.
Nkw;G gQ;rhg;> rpe;J tlNkw;F
vy;iyg;Gw khfhzk; kw;Wk; fpof;F
tq;fhsk; Mfpa gFjpfis nfhz;l
gFjp ghfp];jhd; vdg;gl;lJ
,e;jpaj; jiyth;fs; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;ljd;
ngahpy; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
fth;dh; n[duyhf kTz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG
gjtp Vw;whh;. ,th; khjk; 21k; Njjp
Gwg;gl;L yz;ld; nrd;whh;
Gpd; 1948 Mk; Mz;L [Pd; khjk;
,e;jpahtpd; khf;fpaty;yp vdg;gl;l rp.
uh[Nfhgyhr;rhhp Kjy; ,e;jpa fth;dh;
n[duy; gjtp Vw;whh;.
,e;jpa Rje;jpuk;; mile;j NghJ nrd;id
khfhzj;jpd; fth;duhf rh; Mh;rpghypL
vl;th;L ie vd;gth; ,Ue;jhh;. ,tNu
nrd;id khfhzj;jpd; filrp
fth;duhth;.
,ilf;fhy Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd;
mikr;ruit
1. [t`h;yhy; NeU – gpujk mikr;rh;>
ntsp tpfhuk; ehLfspd; cwTfs;
kw;Wk; mwptpay; Ma;T
2. rh;jhh; ty;yggha;gNly; - cs;Jiw>
nrajp xspgug;G kw;Wk; khepyq;fs;
3. lhf;lh; ,uhNre;jpu gpurhj; - czT
kw;Wk; Ntshz;ik
4. nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; Mrhj; - fy;tp
5. lhf;lh; [hd; kj;jha; - ,uapy;Nt
kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J
6. rh;jhh; gy;Njt; rpq; -uhZtk;
7. [f[Ptd;uhk; - njhopy;
8. rp. vr;. Ghgh – tzpfk;
9. utp mfkJ fpj;tha; - njhlh;Gfs;
10. uh[;Fkhhp mkpjpj; fTy; - Rfhjhuk;
11. lhf;lh; gp. Mh;. mk;Ngj;fhh; - rl;lk;
12. Mh;. Nf. rz;Kfk; nrl;bah; - epjp
13. lhf;lh; rpahk; gpurhj; Kfh;[p – njhopy;
kw;Wk; tpdpNahfk;
14. vd;. tp. fhl;rpy; - Ruq;fk; kw;Wk; rf;jp
Mq;fpNya vjph;g;G ,af;fq;fs;: Ffh ,af;fk;:
gQ;rhg;gpy; Njhd;wpaJ
khg;sh Gul;rp:
1921y; Nfushtpy; Vw;gl;lJ
t`hgp ,af;fk;:
Rje;jpug; Nghhpy; Gul;rp ,af;fq;fs;:
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Gul;rp Njrpagw;W
,af;fq;fs; vOe;j fhyk; 1903 Kjy;
1913 tiu MFk;. ,f;fhyk;
Gul;rpahsh;fs; fhyk; vdg;gLk;
,jw;F gpwF 1932y; Gul;rpahsh;fs;
kPz;Lk; cUthapd
uhz;l; nfhiy tof;F
,JNt ,e;jpahtpy; ele;j Kjy;
INuhg;gpa murpay; nfhiyahFk;
jhNkhjpud;> ghyfpU\;zd; vd;w ,U
rpj;gt me;jzh;fs; gpNsf; xopg;G
fkpl;bapd; jiytuhd uhz;l; vdg;tiu
nfhiy nra;a Kad;wdh;. Mdhy; Fwp
jtWjyh nyg;bdd;l; mah;];l; vd;gthpd;
Nky; gha;e;jJ
,t;tpUtiuAk; jkJ vOj;jpd; %yk;
td;Kiwf;F tpj;jpl;ljhf $wp 18 khj
fhyk; fLQ;rpiwapy; ,lg;gl;lhh;
fhjh; fl;rp - 1913
yhyh`h;jahs;> Nrhfd; rpq;
MfpNahh;fshy; ,t;tpaf;fk; mnkhpf;f
If;fpa ehl;by; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
jPtputhjj;ij tsh;j;jy;> Gul;rpfukhd
fUj;Jf;fis $Wjy;> ntspapLjy;>
MAjq;fis Nrfhpj;jy; Nghd;w
gzpfis nra;jJ.
,f;fl;rp fhjh; vdg;gLk; thu ,jio
ntspapl;lJ
yh$h; nfhiy tof;F vdg;gLk; rhz;lhh;];
nfhiy tof;F
irkd; fkp\d; vjph;g;G Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
NghJ rhz;lhh;]; vd;w fhty; Jiw
mjpfhhpahy; yhyh y[gjpuha; fLikahf
jhf;fg;gl;L gpd;G ,we;jhh;. vdNt
,e;J];jhd; Nrhryp];l; hpgg;spf;
mNrhrpNa\d; vdg;gLk; Gul;rp
rq;fj;ijr; Nrh;e;j gfj; rpq; vd;gth;
rhz;lhh;]; vd;w fhty; Jiw
mjpfhhpia 17-12-1928y; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whh;.
NkYk; rl;lkd;wj;jpy; 8-8-1929y; Fz;L
tPr Kad;wjhfTk; gfj; rpq; kPJ tof;F
njhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; njhlh;ghf gfj;
rpq;> uh[ FU> Rf;Njt; MfpNahh; 23-3-
1931 md;W J}f;fpylg;gl;ldh;. ,e;j
ehis jpahfpfs; jpdkhf (Political
Sufferer’s day) vd fhq;fpu];
nfhz;lhbaJ
n[duy; lah; nfhiy tof;F
ikf;Nfy; X lah; vd;w fhty; Jiw
mjpfhhp 13-4-1919y; gQ;rhg;gpy; [hypad;
tyhghf; vd;w ,lj;jpy; igrhfp
jpUtpohtpd; NghJ fz;Jbj;jkhf
Jg;ghf;fp #L elj;jpdhh;. mg;NghJ
,jid fz;l cjk; rpq; vd;gth;
,e;epfo;r;rpf;F fhuzkhd lah; vd;gtiu
,uz;ldpy; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whh;. 13-7-1940y;
cjk;rpq; J}f;fpylg;gl;lhh;.
rh; tpy;ypak; fh;rd; tpy;yp nfhiy tof;F
,yz;ldpy; gbf;f nrd;w khzth;fs;
yz;ldpy; ,e;jpah mT]; vd;w tpLjpapy;
jq;fpg; gbj;jdh;. rpyh; ,q;F
jPtputhjpahf khwpdhh;fs;. ,q;F csT
ghh;j;j rh; fh;rd; tpy;yp vd;gtiu
kjd;yhy; jpq;fuh vd;w Gul;rpahsh;
Rl;Lf;nfhd;whh;. 13-8-1909y; ,th;
J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;.
fpq;];Nghh;L nfhiy tof;F my;yJ
mypg;G+h; ntbFz;L tof;F
Krhgh; efuj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjp
fpq;];Nghh;L Rje;jpu Nghuhl;l tPuh;fSf;F
mspj;j jz;lidiaf; fz;L kdk;
ntJk;gpa Fjpuhk;Ngh];> ePjpgjp
fpq;];Nghh;L kPJ ntbFz;L tPrpdhh;.
,jpy; ePjpgjp fpq;];Nghh;L jg;gp tpl;lhh;.
Mdhy; mtuJ kidtp kw;Wk; kfs;
Mfpa ,UtUk; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.
Fjpuhk; Ngh]; kw;Wk; gpuGy;yh fhf;fp 11-
8-1908y; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;. ,jpy; mutpe;j
Nfh\; tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
mutpe;jhpd; tpLjiyf;F thjpl;lth;
rpj;juQ;rd; jh]; Mthh;
ehrpf; rjp tof;F
1909 Mk; Mz;L ehrpf; ePjpgjp [hf;rd;
vd;gth; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;
,f;nfhiyf;F gPdh jh]; fhuzkhdth;
kpz;Nlh gpuG nfhiy Kaw;rp tof;F
If;fpa khfhzj;jpy; Gul;rpr;fhuh;fspd;
jiytuhf tpsq;fpath; uhk;gpurhj;
gp];kpy;
,th; ,af;fj;jpw;F Njitahd gzk;
ngWtjw;fhf fNfhhpapy; ,Ue;J Nyk;
efh; nry;Yk; ,uapypy; nfhs;isabj;jhh;
,t;tof;fpy; gp];kpy; J}f;fpylg;gl;lhh;
`hh;bQ;r; gpuG nfhiy Kaw;rp tof;F
1911k; Mz;by; `hh;bQ;r; gpuG kw;Wk;
mtuJ kidtp MfpNahh; ahid kPJ
Ch;tykhf te;j nghOJ Fz;L tPrp
nfhy;y Kaw;rpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; mthpd;
gzpahl;fs; caph; Jwe;jdh;. uh\; gpfhhp
Ngh]; ,jw;F fhuzkhdth;
Gul;rpthj ,af;fq;fs;:
kpj;jpu Nksh:
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jPtputhj ,af;fk;
Jtf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1899
Jtf;fpath;: tpdhaf; jhNkhjh; rth;f;fhh;
kw;Wk; fNz\; rth;f;fhh;
,lk;: kfhuh\;buh
mDrpypad; rkpjp:
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ,urfrpa jPtputhj
,af;fk;. Jtf;fg;gl;l Mz;L – 1902
fy;fj;jhtpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
Jtf;fpath;fs;: ghpe;jpu Fkhh; Nfh\;
kw;Wk; gpuNkhj;jpu kpj;jpuh
lhf;fhtpy; Jtf;fpath;: Gypd; jh];
,af;fj;jpd; gj;jphpf;if: gthdp ke;jph;>
Bartaman Mandir, Mukti Kon Patha
gpw jiyth;fs;: Fh;jpf; rpq;
mgpet ghujk; (,sk; ,e;jpah):
1907y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
Jtf;fpath;: rhth;f;fh; rNfhjuh;fs;
tpdhaf; jhNkhjh; rhth;f;fh; vOjpa
Gj;jfk;: India’s First war of
Independence
[Pfhe;jh;
mDrpypad; rkpjp Jtf;fpa gj;jphpf;if:
[Pfhe;jh; fy;fj;jhtpy; Njhd;wpaJ
N`kre;jpu jh]; u\;a Fz;Lfs;
jahhpj;jhh;
,jd; Nghh;f; FOtpw;F khdpf;Nlhyh
fhh;ld; nrhirl;b vd;W ngah;
etghuj; nrhirl;b
Fthypahpy; Njhd;wpaJ
ghhprhh; rkpjp
fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ
uh[h g[hh;
fy;fj;jhtpy; Njhd;wpaJ
re;jpu Nrfh; Mrhh;:
,e;J];jhd; FbauRf; fofj;jpid
,e;J];jhd; Nrhryprf; FbauR vd
ngah; khw;wpath;.
fNfhfp tof;fpy; jiykiwT tho;f;if
elj;jpath;
1931y; Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;
#h;ahnrd;:
rpl;lfhq; khepyj;jpd; Gul;rpahsh;
,e;jpa FbauRg; giliar; rhh;e;jth;
,e;jpa tpLjiyg; gil
uh\; gpfhhp Ngh]; vd;gth; Ig;ghdpy;
,e;jpa tpLjiyf; fofj;ij Jtf;fpdhh;.
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; NghJ
[g;ghdpa muR ,t;tpLjiyf; fofj;jpw;F
MjuT fhl;baJ
1942y; rpq;fg;G+iu [g;ghd; ifg;gw;wpaJ.
[g;ghd; gpujkh; ,e;jpah ,e;jpaUf;Nf
vdf; $wp ,e;jpa Rje;jpu tpLjiyf;F
[g;ghd; cjtp GhpAk; vdf; $wpdhh
,e;jpa tpLjiyf; fofk; Mq;fhq;F
,isQh;fSf;F ,uhZt gapw;rp
mspj;jJ.
,jd; gpupjpepjpfs; khehL ghq;fhq;fpy;
$l;lg;gl;lJ.
rpq;fg;G+iu [g;ghd; ifg;gw;wpaJk;
gphpl;b\; uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw;wpa ,e;jpa
,uhZt tPuh;fs; (Nghh;f; ifjpfs;)
Nfg;ld; Nkhfd; rpq; vd;gth; jiyikapy;
,e;jpa tpLjiyf; fofj;jpy; Nrh;e;jdh;.
ghq;fhq;fpd; ,e;jpa tpLjiyf; fofj;
jiyth; gPjhk;gh; rpq; Nkhfd; rpq;fpw;F
cjtp Ghpe;jhh;.
1-9-1942y; ,e;jpa Njrpa gil Kiwahf
mikf;fg;gl;lJ
,e;jpa Njrpa gilapd; %d;W
nfhs;iffs; xw;Wik> ek;gpf;if>
jpahfk;> ,g;gilapy; cs;s
xw;Wikapd;ik fhuzkhf uh\; gpfhhp
Ngh]; mth;fshy; Jtf;fg;gltpy;iy
Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; 16 Kjy; 17-1-1947
es;sputpy; ,e;jpahtpy; ,ue;J jg;gpdhh;.
Mth; n[h;kdpapy; ,Ue;J [g;ghDf;F
te;jhh;
mth; [g;ghd; gpujkiu re;jpj;J ,e;jpa
tpLjiy gw;wpa Nfhhpf;if itj;jhh;
[g;ghd; ,e;jpa tpLjiyia
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ
Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; rpqfg;G+h; te;jTld;
uh\; gpfhhp Ngh]; ,e;jpa Njrpa
gilapd; nghWg;ig Rgh\; re;jpu
NghRf;F je;jhh;.
,e;jpa tpLjiyg; gilia rw;W khw;wp
Azad Hind Fauj vd ngah; itj;jhh;.
[g;ghd; ,uhZtj;jpy; Rgh\; gphpNfl;
vd;w Gjpa gilg;G gphpT
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; jiyikia
\h eth]; Vw;whh;.
,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpy; ngz;fs;
mzpg;gphpT Nfg;ld; yl;Rkp vd;gth;
jiyikapy; ,Ue;jJ
,e;jpa gh;kh vy;iyapy; Rkhh; 150 fp. kP.
Njhiyit ,e;jpa Njrpa gil
ifg;gw;wpaJ
by;yp rNyh> n[a; ,e;j; Nghd;w
Kof;fq;fs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ
,e;jpa Njrpa tpLjiyg; gil
gphpl;b\hhpd; fyhq; fyhq; vd;w Kf;fpa
,lj;ij ifg;gw;wpaJ
,e;jpa vy;iyf;Fs; [g;ghd; JizAld;
%th;zf; nfhb Vw;wg;gl;lJ
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; NghJ
mZFz;L tPr;R Nghd;w fhuzj;jhy;
[g;ghd; gpd; thq;f Nehpl;lJ
rpe;j;tpd; Mw;wq;fiuapy; ,e;jpa
Njrpag;gil Njhy;tpaile;jJ. Rgh\;
re;jpu Ngh]; rpq;fg;G+hpy; ,Ue;J jg;gpr;
nrd;W kPz;Lk; Nghhpid Jtf;f
vz;zpdhh;
ghq;fhf;fpypUe;J Nlhf;fpNah nry;y
[g;ghd; gilj; jiyth;fSld;
tpkhdj;jpy; gazk; nra;j Nejh[p
ghh;Nkhrhtpy; czT mUe;jpa filrp
jfty; fpilj;Js;sJ.
mjd;gpd; mth; nrd;w tpkhdk;
jPg;gpbj;jJ vd;gh;. rpyh; ,ij ngha;
vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;.
,t;tpLjiyg; Nghhpy; Rkhh; 4000 ,e;jpa
Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpdh; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.
ifJ nra;ag;gl;l ,uhZt tPuh;fis
gphpl;b\; murhq;fk; ifJ nra;J jpy;yp
nrq;Nfhl;ilapy; tprhuiz nra;jJ
,t;tprhuiz jpy;yp nrq;Nfhl;il
tprhuiz vd;W $Wth;.
gp. Nf. nrdfy;> \h eth]; kw;Wk;
Fh;ghfh\; rpq; jpy;yhd; MfpNahh; kPJ
tprhuiz eilngw;wJ
,e;jpa Njrpa giltPuh;fSf;F Mjuthf
[t`h;yhy; NeU. Gyhgha; Njrha; kw;Wk;
Nj[;gfJ}h; rg;U MfpNahh; tprhuizapy;
thjhbdhh;fs;.
Kf;fpa rKjha kw;Wk; murpay; ,af;fq;fs;
rpfg;Gr; rl;l ,af;fk;: fhd; mg;Jy; fhgh;
fhd;
Njth rkh[;: rpthd;uq;fs; mf;dpNfhj;jphp
epy chpikahsh;fs; rq;fk;: Jtuhfehj;
jh$h;
,e;jpad; mNrhrpNa\d; 1876:
RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p
kjuh]; mNrhrpNa\d;: rp. v];. ma;ah;.
tp[auhft Mr;rhhp
<];l; ,e;jpah mNrhrpNa\d;: 1866:
jhjhgha; nesNuh[p: ,J yz;ldpy;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
,e;jpad; tpLjiyf; fofk; - 1942: uh\;
gpfhhp Ngh];
gpuk;k rkh[; - 1828: uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;
gpuj;jdh rkh[;: lhf;lh; Mj;kuhk;
ghz;Luq;
Mhpa rkh[;: Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp
uhkfpU\;zh kp\d;: Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh;
gpuk;k Qhd rig: Nklk; vr;. gp.
gpshl;];fp
jw;fhy ,e;jpahtpy; Njhd;wpa Kjy;
nghJr;rq;fkhd jp Nyz;l; Xy;lh;];
nrhirl;b 1837 kw;Wk; ngq;fhy; gphpl;b\;
,e;jpah nrhirl;b 1843. ,it ,uz;Lk;
Nrh;j;J 1851y; gphpl;b\; ,e;jpah
mNrhrpNa\d; vd Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
Ne\dy; ,e;jpad; mNrhrpNa\d; - 1867
Nkhp fhh;ngd;lh;
My; ,e;jpah fprhd; rgh – 1936 Rthkp
rf[de;j ru];tjp
tfhgp ,af;fk; - iraj; mfkJ g;Nuhg;yp
(,e;jpah)> ,ghd; mg;Jy; tfhg;
(mNugpah)
re;te;jp Gul;rp: ghz;l; rul;
gh;Njhyp rj;ahfpufk;: fhe;jp> rh;jhh;
ty;yggha; gNly;
fPh;j;jp fprhd; ghh;l;b: rp. vy;. Mz;l;&];
<fh ,af;fk;: kjd;ghrp
Mz;b rh;Fyh; ghh;l;b: fpU\;zFkhh;
kpj;uh
Mhpa ge;jh; ,e;jpad; nrhirl;b: jpyfh;
,e;jpad; Ne\dy; ghh;l;b: rk;rpukd;
gps;is
,sk; tq;fhs ,af;fk;: n`d;wp tptpad;
NlhrhhpNah
Nlf;fhd; v[PNf\dy; nrhirl;b: vk;. gp.
uhzNlt;
My; ,e;jpah bg;u];L fpshr];
mNrhrpNa\d; lhf;lh; gp. Mh;.
mk;Ngj;fhh;
aq; ,e;jpah: tp. b. rthh;f;fh;
,e;J];jhd; Nrhryp];l; hpgg;spf;
mNrhrpNa\d;
re;jpu Nrfh; Mrhj;
,e;jpad; hpgg;spf;fd; Mh;kp: rr;rpe;jpu
rd;ahy;
buhd;rpNyrd; nrhirl;b: 1864 – iraJ
mfkJ fhd;
gPfhh; khzth;fs; khehL: lhf;lh;.
uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;> nkl;uh]; nrhe;j rq;fk;
- 1852
kjuh]; kfhrd rgh - 1884
[p. Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah;> gp. Mde;j
Mr;rhh;aY kw;Wk; uq;ifa;a ehAL
MfpNahh;fshy; ,r; rq;fk; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
gphpl;b\; ,e;jpah mNrhrpNa\d; - 1851
ghk;Ng mNrhrpNa\d; - 1852
G+dh rh;t[dpf; rgh – 1870
ghk;Ng gpnurpnld;rp mNrhrpNa\d; - 1884
G+kp jhd ,af;fk; my;yJ G+jhd ,af;fk;:
mr;rhh;a tpNdhghthy; 18.4.1951y;
njYq;fhdhtpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjd;
Kjypy; Mjp jpuhtpl kf;fSf;F uhk
re;jpu nul;b vd;gth; 100 Vf;fh; epyj;ij
,dhkhf mspj;jhh;
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;l Kf;fpag;
gj;jphpf;iffs; kw;Wk; mjd; epWtdh;fs;
md;dp ngrz;l;: fhkd; nty;j;> jp
nkl;uh]; ];lhd;lh;l;> epA ,e;jpah
kfhj;kh fhe;jp: aq; ,e;jpah: `hp[d;
jpyfh; kw;Wk; mfh;fh;: Nfrhp> kuhj;jp
Nkhjpyhy; NeU: jp ,d;bngd;ld;l;
yhyhy[gjp uha; : jp gPg;s
ngNuh\h Nkj;jh: jp ghk;Ng f;uhdpf;fy;
rprph; Fkhh; Nfh\;: mk;hpjh g[hh;
gj;jphpf;fh 1868
jahs; rpq;: bhpgpA+d; 1878
rh.rhh;yh]; nkl;lNfg; kw;Wk; nkfhNy
gpuG: Liberatory of Indian Press
NjNte;jpuehj; jh$h;: jtNghjpdp
gj;jphpf;fh
fphp\; re;jpu Nfh\;: ngq;fhyp: ,e;J
Ngl;hpahl;
Nf. vk;. gzpf;fh;: jp ,e;J];jhd; ilk;];
N[hfpe;jh; ghG: tq;fghrp
[p. gp. th;kh: ,e;J];jhdp ml;tNfl;
uhgh;l; ngd;dl;: ghk;Ng ilk;];
n`d;wp tptpad; brhhpNah: ,];l;
,e;jpad;
rpahk;[p fpU\; th;kh: ,e;jpad;
Nrhrpahy[p];l;
uhkhde;j rl;lh;[p: khlh;d; hptpa;A
RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p: jp ngq;fhyp
NjNte;jpuehj; jh$h;: ,e;jpad; kpuh; -
1862
<];tu re;jpu tpj;ahrhfh;: Nrhk; gpufh\;
Kfe;juht; ghby;: jPd; kpj;uh>
,d;bngd;ld;l; ,e;jpah
gpuk;ge;jg; cghj;jpah: re;jpah
gpfh[pfhkh: ge;Nj khjuk;
fhjh; fl;rp: fhjh;
gpgpd; re;jpughy;: epA ,e;jpah
vk;. vd;. uha;
mutpe;j Nfh\;: te;Nj khjuk;
vk;. [p. Njrha;: jp ];ghh;f;
m[pj; rpq;: ghuj khjh
nksyhdh mGy; fyk; Mrhj;: my;
ehtj; tf;fPy;> my; ,yhy;> my; gyhf;
fpuhe;jp: xh;f;fh;]; mz;l; brz;l; ghh;b
ngfuhk;[p gyghhp: ,e;jpad; ];ngf;Nllh;
gf;fpk; re;jpu rl;lh;[p: fq;fjh;rdh –
1873
uhrhuhk; Nkhfd; uha;: gq;f jj;jh> kPuj; -
cy; - mf;gh;> rk;gj; fOjp
nrd;idapy; ntspahd Kjy; gj;jphpf;if
nkl;uh]; Fhpah;- 1785 hpr;rh;L [hd;];ld;
,e;jpahtpy; ntspahd Kjy; gj;jphpf;if
ngq;fhy; nf[l;. ,jid Jtf;fpath; -
N[k;]; mf];l]; `pf;fp - ,J
fy;fj;jhtpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ nra;jp ,jo; -
fy;fj;jh ml;th;ilrh;
Kjy; Kk;ig nra;jpj;jhs;: gk;gha;
n`uha;L – 1789
Kjy; cUJ nra;jpj;jhs;: gk;gha; rkr;rh;
Kjy; Mq;fpy jpdrhp: ,e;jpah kpuh;
Kjy; ,e;jpa nkhop nra;jpj;jhs; -
jpf;jh;\d; (m) rkhr;rhh; jh;gd;
Kjy; jkpo; nkhop nra;jpj;jhs; -
RNjrkpj;jpud;. ,r; nraj;jpj; jhs; 1882y;
[p. Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah; vdg;tuhy;
Jtf;fg;gl;L 1899y; jpdrhp jkpo;nkhop
nraj;jpj; jhshf khw;wg;gl;lJ
Kf;fpa jiyth;fSk; mth;fs; vOjpa
Gj;jfq;fSk;
fhe;jp – rj;jpa Nrhjid
nksyhd mGy;fyhk; Mrhj; - ,d;bah
tpd;]; gphPlk;
yhyh y[gjp – md; Neg;gp ,e;jpah
lhf;lh; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; - ,z;bah
bitll;
[t`h;yhy; NeU – b];fthp Mg;
,e;jpah
tpLjiyf;Fg; gpd; ,e;jpah
tpLjiy ngw;w ,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;
jiyik MSeuhf nksz;l; Ngl;ld;
gphpT 1947k; Mz;L Mf];l; 15 Mk;
ehspypUe;J 1948Mk; Mz;L [Pd; tiu
gzpahw;wpdhh;. mtUf;Fg;gpd; 1950k;
Mz;L [dthp 25k; ehs; tiu rp.
,uh[Nfhgyhr;rhhp Kjy; ,e;jpah;
jiyik MSeuhf ,Ue;jhh;
,e;jpar; rpw;wuRfspd; ,izT
,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngWk; Kd;dh; 562
rpw;wuRfs; ,Ue;jd. ,e;jpahtpd; ,Uk;G
kdpjh; my;yJ gp];khh;f; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;l rh;jhh; ty;yggha; gNly;
kw;Wk; tp. gp. Nkdd; 1947 [Piy 15 Mk;
ehs; midj;Jr; rpw;wurh;fisAk;
mioj;J ,izg;G Fwpj;J Ngrpdhh;.
nkszl; Ngl;ld; gpuG ,e;jpa
rpw;wurh;fis ,e;jpahTlNdh>
ghfp];jhDlNdh> ,iza miog;G
tpLj;jdh;.
xhprhTld; 39 rpw;wurh;fSk;> Kk;igAld;
300f;F Nkw;gl;l muRfSk;> nrd;id>
tq;fhsk;> mrhk;> cj;jpug; gpuNjrk;
Mfpa khepyq;fSld; rpy muRfSk;
,ize;jd.
#dhfhj; ,izT
fj;jpathh; jPgfh;g;gj;jpy; #dhfhj; vd;w
murpy; 80% ,e;Jf;fSk; 20% gpw
rkaj;jtUk;> mruh; ,RyhkpauhfTk;
,Ue;jdh;. murh; ghfp];jhDld; ,iza
tpUg;gk; njhptpj;jhh;. ,jdhy; fyfk;
Vw;gl;lJ. #dhfhj; jpthd; ,e;jpa
murpd; cjtpia ehbdhh;. ,e;jpa muR
fyfk; nra;Njhiu mlf;fp mikjp
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. gpd;dh; mq;F nghJkf;fs;
thf;nfLg;G Kiwahy; mg;gFjp
,e;jpahTld; ,ize;jJ.
i`juhghj; ,izT
i`juhghj; muruhf eprhk; ,Ue;jhh;.
mth; ,RyhkpauhapDk;> kf;fspy;
ngUk;ghNyhh; ,e;Jf;fs; Mthh;.
Rje;jpukile;jTld; ty;yggha; gNly;
mg;gFjpia ,e;jpahNthL ,iza
miog;G tpLj;jhh;. eprhk; mjid
Vw;ftpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;jpa muNrhL
jw;fhypf cld;gbf;if xd;iwr; nra;J
nfhz;lhh;. mjd;gb xU ,e;jpa Kfth;
(Agent) mth; ehl;by; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
mtNu eprhkpd; Kf;fpag; gzpfis
Nkw;nfhssyhdhh;. Nf. vk;. Kd;\p
vd;gth; Kftuhdhh;. Mjid uhrhf;fh;fs;
vdw; ,Ryhkpaj; jPtputhjpfs; vjph;j;jdh;.
mq;F rl;lk;> xOq;F epiy nflNt
ty;yggha; gNly; fhty; eltbf;ifia
jsgjp nrsj;jphp vd;gth; %yk;
Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. eprhk; i`juhghj;ij
,e;jpahNthL ,izf;f ,irT
njhptpj;jhh;. 1948 nrg;lk;ghpy;
,e;jpahNthL ,ize;jJ.
fh\;kPh; ,izT
fh\;kPh; ,e;J murh; Ml;rp nra;jhh;.
kf;fspy; gyh; ,Ryhkpah; Mf ,Ue;jdh;.
ghfp];jhdpd; J}z;Ljyhy; ,Ryhkpag;
goq;Fbapdh; fh\;kPiuj; jhf;fpdh;.
mth;fis mlf;f fh\;kPh; murh; ,e;jpa
murpd; cjtpia ehbdhh;. ,e;jpag;gil
mq;F mDg;gg;gl;lJ. fh\;kPh;
,e;jpahTld; ,ize;jJ.
nkhopthhp khepy mikg;G
,e;jpa If;fpak; rpjwpg; NghFk; vd
,e;jpaj; jiyth;fs; fUjpdh;. mjid
Muha muR v]. Nf. jhh; vd;w ePjpgjp
jiyikapy; FO xd;iw epakpj;jJ.
mJ nkhopthhpahf khepyq;fs;
miktjw;F gjpyhf epUthfj;jpw;F
cfe;j tifapy; khepyq;fs; mika
tpUk;gpaJ.
N[. tp. gp. FO
jhh; GOtpd; mwpf;ifia Muhaf;
fhq;fpuR N[. tp. gp. FO vd;w %th;
FO mikj;jJ. [t`h;yhy; NeU>
ty;yggha; gNly;> gl;lhgp rPj;jhuka;ah
MfpNahh; mf;FOtpy; ,Ue;jdh;. mf;FO
nkhopthhpahf khepyq;fs; mike;jhy;
ehl;L xw;Wik rpjwptpLk; vdf; fUjpaJ.
njYq;F khepyk; cUthFjy;:
1947y; ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mile; NghJ
nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; jkpo;ehL>
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; Nfushtpd; rpy
gFjpfs; mlq;fpajhf ,Ue;jJ.
njYq;F nkhop NgRk; kf;fSf;fhfj; jdp
khepyk; Nfhhp nghl;b =uhKY vd;ghh;
,wf;Fk; tiu gl;bdp Nkw;nfhz;L
,Wjpapy; kuzkile;jhh;. ,jdhy;
nrd;id khepyj;jpy; cs;s rpy
gFjpfis 1953y; gphpj;J Me;jpu
khepykhf kj;jpa muR mwptpj;jJ.
mJNt nkhopthhpahf kw;w khepyq;fs;
cUthfTk; fhuzkhf mike;jJ
khepyq;fs; kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lk; 1956d;
gb nrd;id khepyk; NkYk; gphpf;fg;gl;L
rpy gFjpfs; Nfush kw;Wk; ik#Uld;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
1.4.1960y; rj;J}h; khtl;lj;jpd; rpy
gFjpfs; jkpofj;Jld; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
nrq;if khtl;lk; kw;Wk; Nryk;
khtl;lj;jpd; rpy gFjpfs; Me;jpuhTld;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ
1968 Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; nrd;id
khepyk; vd;gJ jkpo;ehL vd ngah;
khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpah; gFjpfs;:
,e;jpa Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpah;fspilNa
eilngw;w Nghhpy; 19.12.1961y;
Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpa fth;dh; n[duy; Manuel
Antonio Vassalo Silva ruz; mile;jhh;.
Nfhth kw;Wk; gpw Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpah;fspd;
gFjpfis ,e;jpah ifg;gw;wpaJ.
gpnuQ;Rg; gFjpfs;:
,e;jpag; gpnuQ;Rg; gFjpfs; ,e;jpahTld;
,izf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 12-3-1962
ghz;br;Nrhp tpLjiyg; ngw;w Mz;L 16-8-
1962
gQ;r rPyf; nfhs;if:
,e;jpahTld; rPdh gQ;r rPy nfhs;if
xg;ge;jj;jpy; 29.4.1954y; ifnaOj;jpl;lJ.
,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpy; rPdg; gpujkh; # vd;
yha; kw;Wk; ,e;jpag; gpujkh;
[t`h;yhy;y NeU MfpNahh;
ifnaOj;jpl;ldh;.
tq;fhs fth;dh; n[duy;fs; bNuf; 1756–58
,Ul;liw epfo;r;rp eilngw;wJ
gpshrp Aj;jk;
,uhgh;l; fpist; 1758 Ntd;rpl;lhh;l; 1760-65
1764y; gf;rh; Nghh;
tq;fhsj;jpy; ,ul;ilahl;rp
1765: ethg; rpuh[; cj;njhsTld;
myfhghj; cld;gbf;if
Kfyha murh; \ Myk; tq;fhsj;jpw;F
jpthdp chpik mspj;jy;
Nth];l; 1767-69
fhh;bah; 1769-1772
thud; N`];bq; 1772 Kjy; 1.2.1774 tiu
1772: tq;fhsj;jpy; ,ul;ilahl;rp xopg;G
1773y; xOq;F Kiwr; rl;lk;
xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk; 1773
tq;fhsj;jpd; fth;dh; n[duy;fs;
tpy;ypak; Nfhl;il fth;dh; n[duy;fs;
thud; N`];bq; 20.10.1774 Kjy; 1.2.1785
tiu
tq;fhsj;jpd; Kjy; fth;dh; n[duy;
,tNu
fy;fj;jhtpy; Kjy; ePjpkd;wk;
Fw;wtpay; kw;Wk; chpikapay;
ePjpkd;wq;fs;
Khtl;l mstpy; 1772y; khtl;l Ml;rpah;
mYtyfk;
Kjy; Mq;fpNyh – kuhj;jp Nghh;
,uz;lhtJ Mq;fpNyh – fh;ehlf Nghh;
ee;jFkhh;> n[apj; rpq; tof;Ffs;
muR fUT+yk; %h;\pjhghj;jpypUe;J
fy;fj;jhtpw;F khwwk;
rh; [hd; Nkf;gpah;rd; 1.2.1785 – 12.9.1786
tiu fhud;thyP]; gpuG 12.9.1786 – 28.10.1793
,e;jpahit ,uz;L Kiw Ml;rp
nra;jth;
Mnkhpf;f Rje;jpug; Nghhpy; ,q;fpyhe;J
rhh;ghf Nghhpl;lth;
1792y; %d;wthJ ik#h; Nghhpy; jpg;G
Ry;jhid Njhw;fbj;jth;. =uq;fg;gl;bzk;
cld;gbf;if
rh; [hd;N\hh; 28.10.1793 Kjy; .3.1798
tiu
jiyaplhf; nfhs;ifapdhy; Gfo; ngw;whh;
my;nul; fpshh;f; .3.1795 Kjy; 18.5.1798
tiu hpr;rh;L nty;ny]p 18.5.1798 – 30.7.1805
tiu
Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;ij
mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;.
1798-eprhk;> 1799 – ik#h; kw;Wk;
jQ;rhT+h; 1801 – mTj;> 1802 ng\thh;
1803 – Nghd;];Nyh> 1804 – rpe;jpah
MfpNahh; Jizg; gilj; jpl;lj;ij
Vw;wdh;.
rhh;y]; fhud; thyP]; 30.7.1805 – 5.10.1805
tiu
,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ fth;dh;
n[duyhf gjtpNaw;W rpwpJ fhyj;jpy;
caph; ePj;jhh;.
[hh;[; ghh;Nyh 10.10.1805 – 31.07.1807 tiu
1806: NtY}h; Gul;rp
kpz;Nlh gpuG 31.07.1807 – 04.10.1813 tiu
1808: jpUthq;$h; fyfk;
1809: mkph;jru]; cld;gbf;if
N`];bq; gpuG 4.10.1813 – 09.01.1823 tiu
mk;n`h;];l; gpuG 1823 - 1828
Kjyhk; Mq;fpy – gh;kpa Nghh; 1824
tpy;ypak; gl;lh;Nthh;j; NgNy 13.03.1828 –
04.07.1828 tiu
tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG 4.7.1828 - 1828
Kjyhk; Mq;fpy – gh;kpa Nghh; 1824
1829y; rjp xopg;G
1829 y; rjp xopg;G elimination of thugs
(1830)
ngz; rpR nfhiy jLg;G
ik#h; (1831)> $h;f; (1834)> kj;jpa fr;rhh;
gFjpfs; ,izg;G
nkf;fhNyh – fkp\d; ghpe;Jiug;gb
Mq;fpyk; gapw;W nkhop
Charter Act of 1833 epiwNtw;wpajd;
mbg;gilapy; tq;fhs fth;dh; n[duy;
gjtpf;F gjpyhf ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
fth;dh; n[duyhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
Nkiy ehl;L kUj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hp
28.1.1835y; fy;fj;jhtpYk; ,uz;lhtJ
kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hp 2.2.1835y;
nrd;idapYk; epWtg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpd; fth;dh; n[duy;fs;
gl;lar; rl;lk; 1833
tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG 4.7.1828 – 20.03.1835
rh; rhh;y]; Nkl;fhyg; - 20.3.1835 – 4.3.1836
,uh[h ,uQ;rpj; rpq; cld;gbf;if
gj;jphpf;if fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpyf;fg;gl;L
Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ
Mf;yhe;J gpuT – 4.3.1836 – 28.2.1842
Kjyhk; Mg;fhd; rz;il
vy;yd;gNuh gpuG – 28.2.1842 - .6.1844
rpe;J khfhzk; ,izg;G (1843)
tpy;ypak; tpy;gh;Ngh;]; Ngh;L gpuG .6.1844 –
23.7.1844
`h;bq; gpuG – 23.7.1844 – 12.1.1848
Kjyhk; rPf;fpah;fs; Nghh; 1845-46
1846: yh$h; cld;gbf;if
Ntiytha;g;gpy; Mq;fpyk;
ly;n`s]p gpuG – 12.1.1848 – 28.2.1856
thhpRhpik nfhs;if
rjhuh – 1848> rhk;gy;G+h; - 1849> n[a;G+h;
- 1849> ghfl; - 1850> cja;G+h; - 1852>
[hd;rp – 1853> ehf;g+h; 1854 Mfpa
ehLfs; Mq;fpy NguuRld;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ
,uz;lhk; Mq;fpNyh – rPf;fpag; Nghh;
1853: gk;gha; Kjy; jhdh tiu Kjy;
,Ug;Gg;ghij
1853: fy;fj;jh Kjy; Mf;uh tiu Kjy;
je;jp trjp
“Wood’s Despatch”
tq;fhsg; Gul;rp – 1854
re;jhy; Gul;rp – 1855
nghJg;gzpj;Jiw Jtf;fk;
fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Tl;]; FO
1856y; <];tu tpj;ah rhfh; Kaw;rpahy;
tpjitfs; kW jpUkzr; rl;lk;
fuhr;rp> Kk;ig> fy;fj;jh JiwKfq;fs;
Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
rpk;yh Nfhulf;fhy jiyefukhf;fg;gl;lJ
&h;Nfyhtpy; nghwpapy; fy;Y}hp
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
mwptpay;> tdk;> njhopy;> fdpkk; kw;Wk;
tzpfk; Mfpa Jiwfspy; Kd;Ndw;wk;
,uhZt jsthl jiyikaplk;
fy;fj;jhtpy; ,Ue;J kPul; efUf;F
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
1853: I.rp.v];. Njh;T Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
fhdpq; gpuG 28.2.1856 – 1.11.1858
,e;jpahtpd; filrp fth;dh; - n[duy;
it];uha;fspd; fPo; ,e;jpah ,e;jpa muRr;
rl;lk; 1858
fhdpq; gpuG 1.11.1858 – 21.3.1862
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; it];uha;
rpg;gha; fyfk; Vw;gl;lJ – 1857
eph;thfk; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpaplk;
,Ue;J Mq;fpy murpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ
Fw;wtpay; rl;lk;> ,e;jpa jz;lidr;
rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ 1858
,e;jpahtpy; fy;fj;jh> gk;gha;> nrd;id
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; gy;fiyf; fofq;fs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,yhf;fh Kiw cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
tUkhd thp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
tuT – nryTj;jpl;lk; (Budget) Kiw
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
Kjyhk; vy;[pd; gpuG – 21.3.1862 –
20.11.1863
tfhgp ,af;fk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
,uhgh;l; fhuyP]; Neg;gpah; - 21.11.1863 –
2.12.1863
tpy;ypak; nld;dprd; - 2.12.1863 – 12.1.1864
yhud;]; gpuG – 12.1.1864 – 12.1.1864
nrd;idapy; cah;ePjpkd;wk; epWtg;gl;lJ
INuhg;gpa ehLfSld; je;jp njhlh;G
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
fy;fj;jh> gk;gha; cah;ePjpkd;wq;fs;
epWtg;gl;lJ (1865)
,uz;L gQ;rq;fs; Vw;gl;lJ (1866 kw;Wk;
1868)
G+l;lhd; Nghh; (1865)
NkNah gpuG – 12.1.1869 – 8.2.1872
Kjy; kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G
Ntshz;ik kw;Wk; tzpfj;Jiw
1872y; me;jkhdpy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;
ehh;j; G&f; gpuG 1872 - 1876
nty;]; gpuG tUif 1875
gQ;rhg;gpy; Ffh ,af;fk;
ypl;ld; gpuG 1876 - 1880
fpuhz;l; jh;ghh; epWtg;gl;lJ
1877y; jpy;ypapy; nghpa jh;ghh; xd;W
elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; tpf;Nlhhpah
kfhuhzp ,e;jpahtpd; Nguurp vd
gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;lJ
1878Mk; Mz;L MAjr; rl;lk;
gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb ,e;jpah;fs;
MAjq;fs; itj;jpUg;gJ
jilnra;ag;gl;lJ.
,uz;lhk; Mg;fhd; rz;il – 1878
nth;dhFyh; gj;jphpf;ifr; rl;lk; 1878
,jd;gb ,e;jpag; gj;jphpf;iffspd;
Rje;jpuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j tl;lhu
nkhopfs; gj;jphpf;ifr; rl;lk; nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ.
Rptpy; rh;tP]; Njh;TfSf;fhd taJ
tuk;G 21 ,y; ,Ue;J 19 Mf
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ
gQ;rk; njhlh;ghf fkp\d; (Ricahrd
Stratchey) epWtg;gl;lJ
1876-Mk; Mz;L Kjy; 1878 Mk; Mz;L
tiu ,e;jpahtpy; fLikahd gQ;rk;
Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; gy yl;rf;fzf;fhd
kf;fs; ,we;jdh;.
Hpg;gd; gpuG 1881 - 1884
Mg;fhd; rz;il KbT
gj;jphpf;if jzpf;if rl;lk; ePf;Fjy; -
1882
,e;jpah;fspd; ed;kjpg;ig ngw;wth;
Kjy; njhopw;rhiyr; rl;lk; 1881
xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l kf;fs; njhif
fzf;nfLg;G 1881
`z;lh; fkp\d; 1883
hpg;gd; gpuG rh; `z;lh; vd;gth;
jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;l
fy;tpf;FONt `z;lh; FO vdg;gLk;.
,f;FO njhlh;e;J fy;tp kw;Wk;
,ilepiyf; fy;tp Mfpatw;wpw;F
MNyhrid toq;fpaJ
khjphpg;gs;spfs; epWt ghpe;Jiuf;-
fg;gl;lJ. ngz; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ
gQ;rhg; gy;fiyf;fofk; epWtg;gl;lJ
jdpahh; gs;spfSf;F khdpak;
cah;j;jg;gl;lJ
cs;shl;rp murhq;fk; 1883
,y;gh;l; kNrhjh 1883
rp.gp. ,y;gh;l; vd;gth; xU rl;lkd;w
cWg;gpdh; ,jd;gb 1883y; xU rl;lk;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,y;gh;l; kNrhjhg;gb
,e;jpa ePjpgjpfs; Mq;fpy
Fw;wthspfisAk; tprhuiz nra;Ak;
chpik ngw;wdh;. mjd; %yk; ,e;jpa
ePjpgjpfs; Mq;fpNya ePjpgjpfSf;F
,izahd mjpfhuk; ngw;wdh;.
,jid ,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpah;fs;
tpUk;gtpy;iy vdNt ,k;kNrhjh
jpUj;jg;gl;lJ
,jd;gb Fiwe;j gl;rk; ghjpasNt
nfhz;l INuhg;gpa cWg;gpdh;fisf;
nfhz;l ePjpf;FOtpy; kl;LNk INuhg;gpa
Fw;wthspfis tprhhpf;fg;gLk; vd
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
Hpg;gd; jy Ra Ml;rpapd; je;ij
vdg;gl;lhh;.
lg;hpd; gpuG 1884-1888
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; NfhFy; jh];
Nj\;ghy; gs;sp Kk;igapy; Njhw;wk; 1885
%d;whk; gh;kh rz;il 28.12.85 kw;Wk;
gh;kh ,izg;G
tq;fhs Fj;jif rl;lk; 1885
gQ;rhg; Fj;jif rl;lk; 1887
Nyz;l];ld; gpuG 1888 - 1894
njhopw;rhiy rl;lk; 1891
njhopw;rhiyfspd; thuhe;jpu tpLKiw
Juhe; fkp\d;
,e;jpahtpw;Fk; Mg;fhdp];jhdpw;Fk;
,ilNa Juhe; vy;iyf;NfhL eph;zak;
kzpg;G+h; fytuk;
,uz;lhk; vy;[pd; gpuG 1894 - 1899
,uh[];jhdpy; (Lyall commission) fLk;
gQ;rk; 1896
Kk;igapy; gpNsf; Neha; 1896
fLikahd twl;rp 1899
,th; ,e;jpahit ths; Kidapy;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ vd;whh;
re;jy; vOr;rp
fh;rd; gpuG 1899-1905
North West Frontier Province vdg;gLk;
vy;iyg;Gw khfhzq;fs; cUthf;-
fg;gl;lJ
,e;jpah ehzak; kw;Wk; &gha; Nehl;Lfs;
rl;lk; 1899
$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; mwpKfg;-
gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,isQh;fSf;F ,uhZtg;
gapw;rp mspf;f fh;rd; NguuR
,isQh;gil xd;iw epWtpdhh;.
rh; Mz;l;& ngurh; jiyikapy; (1902)
NghyP]; fkp\d; mikf;fg;gl;lJ
njhy; nghUs; ,yhf;fh Jtf;fk;
njhy; nghUs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 1904
,jd;gb ehye;jh> jl;rrPyk;> rhQ;rp
rhuehj;> vypg;ngz;lh> m[e;jh> vy;Nyhuh
Fiffspy; cs;s tpiykjpf;fgl
Kbahj nghUl;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ
eph;thfk; fhuzkhf tq;fhsg; gphptpid
1905
nly;yp mUNf G+rh vd;Dkplj;jpy;
Ntshz;ik Muha;r;rpf; fofk;
NkYk; ngUksT fhy;tha;fs;
ntl;lg;gl;L ePh;ghrd Kiw
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
Kitchner Test vdg;gLk; Nrhjid
,uhZtj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
,uz;lhk; kpz;Nlh gpuG 1905-1910
RNjrp ,af;fk;
30.12.1905 lhf;fhtpy; ,e;jpa K];yPk; yPf;
Jtf;fk;
1906 fy;fj;jh khehL Rauh[;aNk
Fwpf;Nfhs;
1907 #uj; khehL
fhq;fpu]; kpjthjpfs; jPtputhjpfs; vd
gphpj;jy;
kpz;Nlh khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; 1909
md;dpngrd;l; ,e;jpah tUif
K];yPk;fs; jdp njhFjp Nfl;ly;
gy;fiyf; fofr; rl;lk;
Newspaper (Incitement of offences) Act,
1908
Explosive substances Act
,uz;lhk; `h;bq; gpuG 1910-16
tq;fg; gphptpid rhp nra;jy; - 1911
,e;jpahtpd; jiyefuk; fy;fj;jhtpy;
,Ue;J jpy;ypf;F 1911y; khw;wk; nra;jy;
1912 jpy;yp jiyefuhf nray;gLjy;
kd;dh; Ie;jhk; [hh;[; tUif – 1911
Kjy; cyfg; Nghh; - 1914
md;dpngrz;l; N`hk; &y; ,af;fk;
Jtq;Fjy;
nrk;];Nghh;L gpuG 1916 - 1923
fhe;jpabfs; Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fs;
Eiojy; 1915-16
rk;gpuhd; rj;jpahfpfk; - 1916
fy;tpf;fhd Saddler Commission
epakpf;fg;gl;lJ 1917
N`hk; &y; ,af;fk; jpyfh; kw;Wk;
md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh;fshy;
Jtf;fg;gly;
G+dh gy;fiyf; fofr; rl;lk;
rh; $ypd; ];fhl;Nkd; jiyikapy; ghrd
fkp\d;
fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];yPk;fSf;fpilNa
yf;Ndh cld;gbf;if
khz;NlFtpd; Mf];l; mwpf;if 1917
nflh rj;jpahfpufk; 1918
nusyl; rl;lk; 1919
[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy 13.4.1919
fpyhgj; ,af;fk;
xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
1919 ,e;jpa rl;lk;
khz;NlF nrk;];Nghh;L rPh;jpUj;jk;
nrb\d; fkpl;b
Kjy; cyfg;Nghh; KbTWjy;
hPbq; gpuG 1921 - 26
Nty;]; ,sturh; ,e;jpah tUif
Nfush khg;sh ,af;fk; 1921
rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; mwptpg;G 1.2.1922
rThp rTuh epfo;r;rp 5.2.1922
I.rp.v];. Njh;T ,e;jpahtpy; vOj
mDkjp.
uh\;bhpa Rak; Nrth rq;fk;
(Mh;.v];.v];.) Nf. N`l;Nfth; vd;gtuhy;
ehf;G+hpy; 1925y; Jtf;fk;
Rauh[; fl;rp Jtf;fk;
gj;jphpf;ifr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; nusyl; rl;lk;
ePf;fk;
,h;tpd; gpuG 1926-31
irkd; fkp\d; ,e;jpah tUjy;
Nkhjpyhy; NeU mwpf;if
K];yPk; yPf; ,uz;lhf ciljy; rh;
Kfk;kJ \gp jiyikapy; xd;W KfkJ
myp [pd;dh jiyikapy; xd;W
,d;Fyhg; [pd;jhghj; gfj; rpq;
1931 fhe;jp - ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk;
gfj; rpq; J}f;fpypLjy;
gl;yh; fkpl;b mwpf;if
irkd; fkp\d; - 1927
[hd; irkd;> ghd;`hk;> ml;yp MfpNahh;
fkpl;b cWg;gpdh;fs;
1928 gh;Njyp rj;jpahfpufk; rh;jhh;
ty;yggha; gNly; jiyikapy;
Yhyh y[gjp uha; kuzk;
rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk;
yh$h; fhq;fpu]; khehL 29.12.1928
mfpy ,e;jpa ,isQh; fhq;fpu]; 1928
NeU mwpf;if 1928
31.12.1929 ,jpy; G+uz Rauh[;ak; Fwpj;J
jPh;khdk;> jPh;khdk; fhe;jpabfshy;
Kd;nkhopag;gl;L NeUtpdhy; top
nkhopag;gl;lJ
Kjy; Rje;jpu jpdk; 26.1.1930 md;W
mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ
rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; - 1930
jz;b ahj;jpiu 12.3.1930
rgh;kjp Mrpuk; Kjy; jz;b tiu 241
iky;fs; 24 ehl;fs;
6.4.1930 fhe;jpabfs; cg;ig fha;r;rpdhh;
Kjy; tl;lNkir khehL 1930 fhq;fpu];
fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy
fhe;jp ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk; 5.3.1931
ntypq;ld; gpuG 1932-36
,uz;lhk; tl;l Nkir khehL 1931
jdpegh; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk;
%d;whk; tl;l Nkir khehL 1932
tFg;Gthj jPh;T mwptpj;jy; - 1932
G+dh xg;ge;jk;
1935k; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR rl;lk;
Mr;rhh;a eNue;jpu Njt; kw;Wk;
n[agpufh\; ehuhazd; Mfpath;fshy;
1936y; fhq;fpu]; Nrh\ypr fl;rp Jtf;fk;
fth;dh; n[duy; fPo; ,e;jpah ,e;jpa murh;
rl;lk; 1935
ypd;ypj;Njh gpuG 1936 - 43
khfhzq;fs; Njh;jy; 1937
fhq;fpu]; Kjypy; 6 khfhzq;fspYk;
gpd;G xU khfhzj;jpYk; mikr;ruit
mikj;jy;
ghh;th;l; gpshf; fl;rp Jtf;fk;
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; Jtf;fk; - 1939
K];yPk;fSf;F jdp khepyk; NfhUjy;
yh$h;
khehL 23-3-1940
1940 Mf];l; mwptpg;G
fphpg;]; J}Jf; FO – 1942
nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; - 1942
Ntty; gpuG – 1943 - 47
,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk; Jtf;fk;
1945 rpk;yh khehL
1946 Nfgpdl; J}Jf;FO
Neub eltbf;if 29-7-46
Kk;ig flw;gil fyfk;
,uz;lhk; cyfg;nghh; KbT
,ilf;fhy muR mikj;jy;
fth;dh; n[duy; fPo; ,e;jpah ,e;jpa
tpLjiyr; rl;lk; 1947 kTz;l; Ngl;ld; gpuG
khh;r; 1947 Kjy; [Pd; 1948 tiu
kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk;
Kjy; fth;dh; n[duy; Mg; Independent
,e;jpah
,e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lk; 1947
gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd; filrp it];uha;
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; khehLfs; eilngw;w
tUlKk;> ,lKk; mjd; jiyth;fSk;
1885 W. C. ghdh;[p Kk;ig
1886 jhjhgha; nesNuh[p fy;fj;jh
1887 iraJ gRUjpd; nrd;id
1888 [hh;[; A+y; myfhghj;
1889 rh;.tpy;ypak;
ntl;lh;gd;
Kk;ig
1890 rh;. ngh;Nu\h
Nkj;jh
fy;fj;jh
1891 Mde;jh rhUY ehf;G+h;
1892 ghdh;[p myfhghj;
1893 jhjhgha; nesNuh[p yh$h;
1894 v. ntg;. nrd;id
1895 RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p G+dh
1896 ufkj;Jy;yh rfhdp fy;fj;jh
1897 rq;fud; ehah; mk;Nuhl;b
1898 Mde;j Nkhfd;Ngh]; nrd;id
1899 uNk\; re;jpujj; yf;Ndh
1900 re;jputh;fhh; yh$h;
1901 jPd;\h thr;rh fy;fj;jh
1902 RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p myfhghj;
1903 yhy;Nkhfd; Nfh\; nrd;id
1904 rh;. n`d;wp fhl;ld; yf;Ndh
1905 NfhghyfpU\;z
NfhFNy
yh$h;
1906 jhjhgha; nesNuh[p fy;fj;jh
1907 uh\;gpfhhp Nfh\; #uj;
1908 uh\;gpfhhp Nfh\; nrd;id
1909 kjd;Nkhfd;
khstpah
yh$h;.
1910 rh;.tpy;ypak;
ntl;lh;gd;
myfhghj;
1911 gp. vd;. jhh; fy;fj;jh
1912 Mh;. vd;. Kjy;fh; ghl;dh
1913 iraj; KfkJ
gfJ}h;
fuhr;rp
1914 G+Nge;jpu ehj; Ngh]; nrd;id
1915 v];. gp. rpd;fh Kk;ig
1916 k[Pk;jhh; yf;Ndh
1917 md;dpngrz;l; fy;fj;jh
1918 kjd;Nkhfd;
khstpah
nly;yp
1919 Nkhjpyhy; NeU mkph;jru];
1920 yhyh y[gjpuha; fy;fj;jh
rpwg;Gf; $l;lk;
1920 rp. tp[auhft
Mr;rhhhp
ehf;G+h;
1921 rp. Mh;. jh]; mfkjhghj;
1922 rp. Mh;. jh]; fah
1923 mg;Jy; fyhk; Mrhj; nly;yp rpwg;G
$l;lk;
1923 nksyhdh KfkJ
myp
fhf;fpehlh
1924 Nkhfd;jh]; fuk;
re;j; fhe;jp
ngy;fhd;
1925 rNuh[pdp ehAL fhd;G+h;
1926 rPdpthr ma;aq;fhh; nfs`hj;jp
1927 vk;. V. md;rhhp nrd;id
1928 Nkhjpyhy; NeU fy;fj;jh
1929-30 [t`h;yhy; NeU yh$h;
1931 ty;yggha; gNly; fuhr;rp
1932 mk;jpj;yhy; nly;yp
1933 nrd;Fg;jh fy;fj;jh
1934-35 uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; Kk;ig
1936 [t`h;yhy; NeU yf;Ndh
1937 [t`h;yhy; NeU ng];G+h;
1938 Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; `hpGuh
1939 Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; jphpG+hp
1940-45 nksyhdh mg;Jy;
fyhk; Mrhj;
uhk;fhh;
1946 fpUghsdp kPul;
1947 uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; nly;yp
,e;jpa NjrPa fhq;fpu]; $l;lq;fs; rpy
Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;
Kjy; $l;lk; - 1885
Kjy; jiyth; - W. C. ghdh;[p
Kjy; nghJtlnrayhsh; - A. O. P̀ak;
Kjy; ,Ryhkpa jiyth; - iraJ
gfUjPd; jpahNg[p
Kjy; Mq;fpNya jiyth; - [hh;[; A+y;
Rauh[; vd;w thh;j;ij gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
Mz;L 1906
kpjthjpfs; - jPtputhjpfs; gphpjy; - 1907
kpjthjpfs;-jPtputhjpfs; NrUjy;-1916
md;dpngrz;l;-Kjy; ngz; jiyth; 1917
1921y; rp.Mh;. jh]; rpiwapy;
,Ue;jikahy; `[;ky;fhd; vd;gth;
jiytuhf nray;gl;lhh;
1925y; rNuh[pdp ehAL – Kjy; ,e;jpa
ngz; jiyth;
1927 – Kjy; Rje;jpu jPh;khdk;
1928 – Kjy; ,isQh; fhq;fpu];
Jtf;fk;
1929 – G+uz Rauh[; jPh;khdk;
1939 – fhe;jp Ma;T ngw;w Ntl;ghsh;.
rPj;jhuikah Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]plk;
Njhy;tp mile;jhh;. fhe;jp ,j;Njh;jiy
Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy. ,f;fl;lhd
#o;epiyapy; Ngh]; gjtp tpyfpdhh;.
uhN[e;jpugpurhj; jiytuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ghh;th;L gpshf; vd;w
fl;rp Ngh]; Jtf;fpdhh;.
,utPe;jpuehj; jh$h;
,th; vOjpa rdfdkd ,e;jpahtpd;
Njrpa fPjk;
,th; vOjpa mkh; Nrhdhh; gq;fsh
vd;gJ tq;fhs Njrj;jpd; Njrpa fPjk;
1913y; fPjhQ;ryp %yk; Nehgy; ghpR
ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpah; (,yf;fpak;)
fhe;jpabfis kfhj;kh vd;W
Kjd;Kjyhf mioj;jth;
,th; FUNjt; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;
1901 rhe;jp epNfjd; vd;w fy;tp
epWtdj;ij epWtpdhh;. gpd;dh; ,JNt
tp];tghujp gy;fiyf;fofkhf khw;wg;
ngw;wJ.
`h;Nfhtpe;j; Fuhdh
Guj rpijtjpy; kdpj [pd;fspd; gq;F
gw;wp Muha;r;rp nra;jikf;fhf ,th;
1968k; Mz;L kUj;Jtj;jpw;fhd Nehgy;
ghpR ngw;wth;.
md;id njurh
1979y; mikjpf;fh Nehgy; ghpR ngw;w
,th; A+Nfh];yhtpah ehl;by; gpwe;jhh;.
1929k; Mz;L fy;fj;jhtpw;F te;jhh;.
kp\pd; Mg; NruB]; vd;w ,af;fj;ij
Jtf;fpath;.
mkh;jpah nrd;
1998y; nghUshjhuj;jpw;fhf Nehgy; ghpR
ngw;w Kjy; Mrpa ehl;lth;. Nkw;F
tq;fj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;.
mutpe;Njh Nfh\;
mypg;G+h; ntbFz;L tof;fpy; <Lgl;lth;
,tUf;F rpj;juQ;rd; Mjuthf ,Ue;jhh;
jPtputhjpahf ,Ue;jgpd; Md;kPf
thjpahf khwpath;
ghz;br;Nrhpapy; cs;s mutpe;jh; Mrpukk;
,th; epWtNj
Political Freedom is the life breath of a
nation vdf; $wpath;.
fhd; mg;Jy; fhgh; fhd;
,th; vy;iyf; fhe;jp vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,thpd; Khuai
Khidmatgars vd;w rq;fNk rptg;G rl;l
,af;fkhf khwpaJ
kjd; Nkhfd; khstpah
,tuhy; gdhu]; ,e;J gy;fiyf;fofk;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
ghyfq;fhju jpyfh;
Rje;jpuk; vdJ gpwg;Ghpik vd $wpath;
“The Father of India Unrest” vdf;
$wg;gLgth;
,th; kuhj;jp vd;w Mq;fpy nra;jpj;
jhisAk;> Nfrhp vd;w kuhj;jp nra;jpj;
jhisAk; elj;jpdhh;
The Artic Home of the Vedas, fPjh ufrpak;
vd;w ,U E}y;fisAk; vOjpAs;shh;.
fzgjp tpoh> rpth[p tpoh Nghd;wtw;iw
elj;jpdhh;
31-7-1920 md;W ehnlq;Fk; xj;Jioahik
,af;fk; njhlq;fpa md;W ,th; ,we;jhh;
,th; ,e;jpa Njrpa vOr;rpapd; je;ij
vd;W (Father of Unrest) vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
,th; jf;fhz fy;tpr; rq;fj;ij
Jtf;fpdhh;.
Nyhf khd;ah; vdg;gl;lhh;
yhyh y[gjpuha;
,th; b.V.tp. fy;Y}hpia Jtf;fpdhh;
,th; te;Nj khjuk;> gQ;rhgp> jp. gpg;gps;
nghd;w ehspjo;fs; elj;jpdhh;
irkd; fkp\d; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ
fhty; Jiwapduhy; fLikahf
jhf;fg;gl;L caph; ,oe;jhh;
,th; gQ;rhgpd; rpq;fk; vdg;gl;lhh;
,th; Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India
vd;w E}iy vOjpath;
Indian Gladstone and the Grand Old Man
vd;w miof;fg;gLgth;
gphpl;b\; ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F Kjy;
,e;jpah;.
,th; ,e;jpa kf;fs; chpikfspd;
fhtyd; vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;
,th; 1851y; Rast Goftar vd;w ,jOk;>
1883y; Voice of India vd;w ,jOk;
njhlq;fpdhh;
Kjy; Kjypy; Rauh[; vd;w nrhy;iy
cUthf;fpdhh;
uhrhuhk; Nkhfd; uha; 1774-1883
,th; rjp jpl;lj;ij xopj;jhh;
,e;jpa kWkyh;r;rpapd; je;ij
gpuk;k rkh[j;ij cUthf;fpath;
uh[huhk;Nkhfd;uha; jdJ 16tJ tajpy;
Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin (Gift to
Monotheists) vd;w Gj;jfj;ij ngh;rpa
nkhopapy; vOjpajhy; tPl;il tpl;L
ntspNa mDg;ggl;lhh;.
1815y; Mj;kpa rgh vd;w mikg;gpid
Jtf;fpdhh;
1820 Precepts of Jesus vd;w E}iy
vOjpdhh;
20-8-1828y; gpuk;k rkh[j;ij Jtf;fpdhh;
,e;J kjj;jpy; cs;s r%f
nfhLikfis ePf;fTk;> fpUj;Jt kjk;
guTtij jLf;fTk; midj;J kj
xw;Wikf;fhfTk; gpuk;k rkh[k;
epWtg;gl;lJ.
“etPd ,e;jpahtpd; rpw;gp” vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;
etPd ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jiyth;
my;yJ je;ij vd;w ,th;
miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
,th; vOjpa gpw E}y;fs; kw;Wk; nra;jp
VLfs; Bedanta Grantha (1815), Bedanta
Sara (1815), The Upanishads, Gauriya –
Vyakarana, Samvadmumudi MFk;.
NfhghyfpU\;z NfhfNy
,th; fhe;jpapd; murpay; FU Mthh;
1905-y; The Servanys of Indian Society
Jtf;fpdhh;.
murpayikg;Gf;Fl;gl;L ,e;jpa kf;fs;
tsh;r;rpaila Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpath;.
rKjha rPh;jpUj;jthjp
N`hk; &y; ,af;fk;
,q;fpyhe;J murpay; rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;L
,e;jpa kf;fs; jd;dhl;rp ngw Ntz;Lk;
vd;w fhuzj;jpw;fhf N`hk; &y; ,af;fk;
md;dpngrd;l; vd;gtuhy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
kfhuh\;buhtpy; ,jid ghy fq;fhju
jpyfh; cUthf;fpdhh;
Nrhjpgh G+Ny 1827 - 1890
kfhj;kh vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;
rj;jpa Nrhjid rkh[j;ij (tha;ikNa
NjLk; rq;fk;) Jtf;fpath;
G+dhtpy; ngz;fs; fy;tp Jtf;fpath;
rhjpf; nfhLikia vjph;j;jth;
gf;fpk; re;jpu rj;Njhg;jpahah
,th; vOjpa Mde;j khj; vd;w
Gj;jfj;jpy; ge;Nj khjuk; vd;w Njrpa
ghly; cs;sJ.
,g;ghly; tq;fnkhopapYk; rpy ,lq;fspy;
rk];fpUj nkhopapYk; vOjg;gl;lJ.
,J 1896k; Mz;L fhq;fpu]; khehl;by;
ghlg;gl;lJ
,jid mutpe;j Nfh\; Mq;fpyj;jpy;
nkhop ngah;j;jhh;
gz;bj ,ukhgha;
Mhpa kfpsh rkh[j;ij Jtf;fpath;
Dr. fhh;Nt
G+dhtpy; tpjitfs; ,y;yk; Jtf;fpath;
Bombay Women University ,tUila
Kaw;rpahy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
V.D. rth;f;fhh;
jp ,e;jpad; thh; Mg; ,d;bngz;ld;];
vd;w E}iy vOjpAs;shh;. ,e; E}y; jil
nra;ag;gl;L ,th; Mq;fpy murhy; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lhh;
mNrhf; Nkj;jh
1857- The Great Rebeliion
Mh;. rp. k[Pk;jhh;
The History of the Freedom Movement in
India
,d;Fyhg; [pe;jhghj; (Gul;rp Xq;Ff) vd
Koq;fpath;
ghfp];jhd; vd;w thh;j;ij cUthf;fpath;
,th;
rNfhjhp epNtjpjh
,th; tpNtfhde;jhpd; rPlh;
The British Empire is Rotten to the Core
…. vdf; $wpath;
gk;gha; jpU%h;j;jpfs;
1. ngNu];\h Nkj;jh 2. Nf. b. jpyhq; 3.
gj;UjPd; jpahNgfp
rp. Mh; jh];
Njr ge;J vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;
Rauh[;[pa fl;rpia Jtf;fpath; (brk;gh;
1922)
tpl;ly; uhk;fp rpz;Nlh
jPz;lhik xopf;f ghLgl;lth;
vy;yd;gNuh
mbik xopg;G Age if Consent Act:
Landsdown
ty;yggha; gNly;
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Jizg; gpujkh;
kw;Wk; cs;Jiw mikr;rh;
Rje;jpuk; ngw;wNghJ midj;J
rpw;wurh;fisAk; xUq;fpizj;J xNu
,e;jpah vd;w epiyia cUthf;fpath;
,e;jpahtpd; gp];khh;f;> ,e;jpahtpd;
,Uk;G kdpjh;> rh;jhh; vd Gfog;gl;lth;
fhe;jp 1948y; Rl;lg;gl;lNghJ cs;Jiw
mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jhh;
kfhj;kh fhe;jp
,q;fpyhe;jpy; ghhp];lh; gl;lk; ngw;w ,lk;
njd;dhg;gphpf;fh kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy;
tof;fwpQh; njhopy; Ghpe;jhh;.
Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy %yk; ,e;jpa
Njrpa fhq;fpurpw;F te;jhh;. 1916 Kjy;
1948 tiu ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; kpfTk;
,lk; gpbj;jth;
rhk;guhd; Nghuhl;lk;
fhe;jpapd; Kjy; Nghuhl;lk;
eilngw;w Mz;L 1917
Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;w ,lk; - Nkhj;jp mhp
fhe;jpAld; cld; Jiz epd;wth;fs; - 1>
lhf;lh; uhNre;jpugpurhj; 2. fpUgshzp
Nfjh Nghuhl;lk;
eilngw;w Mz;L 1918
gk;gha; khfhzj;jpy; thp tpyf;F Nfhhp
eilngw;w Nghuhl;lk;
cld; ,Ue;jth;fs; - rh;jhh; ty;yggha;
gNly;
mfkjhghj; kpy; Nghuhl;lk;:
kpy; njhopyhsh;fspd; Nghd]; gwpg;ghy;
,g;Nghuhl;lk; 1918y; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
fhe;jpabfs; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J
nfhz;L Kjy; Kiwahf cz;zhtpuj
Nghuhl;lj;ij Jtf;fpdhh;
gh;Njhyp rj;ahfpufk;
1928k; Mz;L epythp cah;j;jpajhy;
,g;Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;wJ
,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhf rh;jhh; vd;w gl;lk;
ty;yggha; gNlYf;F fpilj;jJ
Broomfield fkp\d; ,e;j epythp
cah;it js;Sgb nra;jJ
nksyhdh mg;Jy; fyhk; Mrhj;
,th; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; fy;tp mikr;rh;
fhq;fpu]py; ek;gfj;jd;ik tha;e;j
K];yPk; jiyth;
n[agpufh\; ehuhazd;
Prison Diary
,th; Nrh\yprthjp Mthh;
gpw Kf;fpa
jpyfh;
,th; ,e;jpa kWkyh;r;rpapd; tpbnts;sp
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,e;Jf;fisAk;
K];yPk;fisAk;> xUq;fpize;J Nghuhl
fhuzkhdth;.
jhe;jpah NjhNg:
Kjy; Rje;jpu Nghhpy; [hd;rp uhzpf;F
ngUk; cjtpfs; nra;jhh;. gpd; khd;rpq;
vd;gtuhy; fhl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;L
Mq;fpNyauhy; J}f;fpy; ,lg;gl;lhh;
NeUtpd; Kf;fpa Nkw;Nfhs;fs;:
1. Years ago we made a trust worth desting
and the tiwer coner when we shall
fedeem out pledge,
2. A unity of lomman subsection gave rise
to a unit of common nation
fhe;jpapd; Kf;fpa Nkw;Nfhs;fs;:
1. Vivicat we but don’t vivisect India
jPz;lj;jfhjth;fis flTspd;
Foe;ijfs; vd;W nghUs;gLk; mhp[d;
vd;W mioj;jhh;.
rNuh[pdp ehAL
,e;jpahtpd; iel;bq;Nfy; (ftpf;Fapy;)
vdg;gl;lhh;
RNue;jpu ehj; ghdh;[p
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ICS mYtyh;
1876y; Indian Asscoaition Jtf;fpath;
mUzh Mrhg; myp
fhe;jpabfSld; Jiz epd;W
rj;ahfpufk; kw;Wk; rl;lkWg;G
,af;fj;ij elj;jpath;.
fhe;jpabfspd; nts;isaNd ntspNaW
,af;fj;jpd; tPuhq;fid ,tNu. ,th;
Kk;igapy; cs;s Nfhthypah
ikjhdj;jpy; fhq;fpu]; nfhbia gwf;f
tpl;lth;
jiykiwT tho;f;if elj;jpath;
,lJ Nrh\yp];l; fl;rpia 1950y;
Jtf;fpath;.
Grand Old Lady the Independence
Movement vd miof;fg;gl;lth;
jpNz\; k[Ph;jhh;
Tegart vd;w fhty; Jiw mjpfhhpia
nfhiy nra;a Kad;wth;. 1936y;
J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;.
rf;jpglh uhrFU
gfj;rpq;fpd; neUq;fpa ez;gh;
jpy;yp rl;lkd;w ntbFz;L tof;F
kw;Wk; kfhuh\;buh fth;dh; nfhiy
Kaw;rpapy; gfj;rpq;Fld; cld; ,Ue;jth;
fhl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lL gpd; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;L gpd; gfj;rpq;> Rf;Njt;
MfpNahUld; 23.3.1931y; J}f;fpyplg;
gl;ldh;
Mde;j Nkhfd; Ngh];
1784y; Mrpahbf; nrhirl;b Mg;
ngq;fhy; Jtf;fpath;
tpy;ypak;]; Nfhl;il – fy;fj;jhtpy;
cs;sJ. [hh;[; Nfhl;il – nrd;idapy;
cs;sJ. Nltpl; Nfhl;il – flY}hpy;
cs;sJ
Jhon Bethune
,th; kfsphpilNa Nkwfj;jpa fy;tpia
gug;G Bethune fy;tpf; $lj;ij
epWtpath;
KfkJ gpd; fhrpk;
,e;jpahtpd; kPJ fp.gp. 712Mk; Mz;L
(rpe;J gFjp) gilnaLj;j Kjy;
,Ryhkpa murh;
lhf;lh; mk;Ngj;fhh; Jtf;fpa ,af;fq;fs;
1. All India Scheduled Casted Federation
2. Samaj Samata Sangh
3. The Independent Labour Party
<];th; re;jpu tpj;ahrhfh;
kfsph; fy;tpapy; nghpJk; mf;fiw
nfhz;lth;
Kf;fpa cld;gbf;iffs;
ghrpd; cld;gbf;if – 1802
rhy;ig cld;gbf;if – 1782
Deogaon cld;gbf;if – 1807
Gue;jh; cld;gbf;if – 1776
uh[;fhl; cld;gbf;if – 1806
= uq;fgl;lbdk; cld;gbf;if – 1792
kq;fSh; cld;gbf;if – 1784
yh$h; cld;gbf;if – 1846
myfhghj; cld;gbf;if – 1764
mkph;jru]; cld;gbf;if – 1809
Treaty of Tripartitie – 1838
Treaty of Bhirowal - 1846
Treaty if Tehran – 1809
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi – 1833
Treaty of London - 1840
,lk; tho;e;j kuhj;jpah;fs;
1. G+dh – ng\hth;
2. gNuhNkh – nfa;f;thl;
3. ehf;G+h; - Nghd;];Nyh
4. ,e;J}h; - N`hy;fh;
Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh;
,uhkfpU\;zh guk`k;rhpd; Kjd;ikr;
rPlh; Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh;
tpNtfhde;jhpd; gpur;rhuk; tpOkpd;
vOkpd; ciokpd;
tpNtfhde;jhpd; rpfhf;Nfh gpur;rhuk;
,e;jpah gz;ghl;il cyfk; czur;
nra;jJ
,sk; tq;fhs ,af;fk;:
,jid Jtf;fpath; n`d;wp tptpad;
bNuhNrh vd;gth; Mthh;
,t;tpaf;fk; fy;fj;jhtpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
,t;tpaf;fk; gj;jphpf;if Rje;jpuk;>
coth;fis ghJfhj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
rPh;jpUj;jk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ
fe;JFhp tPNurypq;fk;:
ngz; fy;tp> tpjit kzj;jpw;fhf
Me;jpuhtpy; 19k; E}w;whz;by; r%f
rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fj;ij elj;jpath;
fhrp kj;jpa ,e;Jf; fy;Y}hp
1916,y; kjd; Nkhfd; khstpah kw;Wk;
md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; MfpNahhpd;
Kaw;rpahy; fhrp (gdhu];)y;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
Rgh\; re;jpuNgh];:
1897y; xhprh khepyj;jpy; fl;lhf;fpy;
gpwe;jhh;.
1920y; ICS Njh;tpy; ntw;wp ngw;W
murhqf;g gzpapy; Nrh;e;jhh;.
gpd; rp. Mh;. jhrpd; Ntz;LNfhis Vw;W
gjtpapidj; Jwe;J jPtpu murpaypy;
<Lgl;lhh;
Rauh[; fl;rpapd; ehNslhd „Forward‟
vd;gjd; Mrphpauhf gzpahw;wpdhh;.
1934y; fhq;fpu]; Nrh\yp];l; vd;w
mikg;ig Jtf;fpdhh;. ,jpy;
n[ag;gpufh\; ehuhazd;> Mr;rhh;a
eNue;jpu Njt; MfpNahh; ,Ue;jdh;
1939y; ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf fhq;fpu];
fl;rpapd; jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;L
gpd; gjtp tpyfpdhh;
1939y; ghh;th;L gpshf; vd;w mikg;ig
Jtf;fpdhh;
1940y; fhq;fpuir tpl;L ntspNawpdhh;
1940y; Hollwell vd;w rpd;dj;ij ,bf;f
Kad;wjhf ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh. 1941y;
tPl;L fhtypy; itf;fg;gl;l NghJ khW
Ntlj;jpy; jg;gp n[h;kd; nrd;whh;
1942y; `pl;yiu re;jpj;J Ngrpdhh;.
,e;jpa Nghh; ifjpfis mth; `pl;yhplk;
ngw;whh;. gpd; Azad Hind Fauj vd;w
mikg;ig Jtf;fpdhh;.
mthpd; Kf;fpa Ngr;Rfs;
1. Dilli Chalo
2. You give me blood, I promise your
freedom
ehJuhk; Nfhl;Nr:
30 rdthp 1948y; fhe;jpabfis Rl;Lf;
nfhd;wth;
rPfd; ghy;F
n[h;kdp ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j ,th; 9.7.1706
Mk; Mz;L juq;fk;ghbf;F te;jhh;.
jkpopy; Kjy; mr;rplg;gl;l gpujpfs;
jahhpj;jhh;.
md;dp ngrz;l;
,e;J kjk; ,y;iy vd;why; ,e;jpah
,Uf;fhJ vd;W $wpath;
,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpurpd; (1917
fy;fj;jh khehL) Kjy; ngz; jiyth;
fhkd; tPy; vd;w gj;jphpf;ifia
Jtf;fpath;
,tUf;F Jiz epd;wth;fs; - mUz;Nly;
kw;Wk; thbah
,th; ma;hp\; ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;
,th; ,e;jpahtpd; lhk; lhk; vd jk;ik
mioj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;
1916 nrg;lk;gh; 16y; nrd;idapy; N`hk;
&y; ,af;fk; Jtf;fpdhh;
,th; epA ,e;jpah vd;w ehspjio 14-7-
1915y; Jtf;fpdhh;
,th; jpuhtpl fyhr;rhuj;ij
vjph;j;jikahy; nry;thf;fpid ,oe;jhh;
nrd;idapy; gpuk;kQhd rig 1883y;
cUthf;fpdhh;
rhuz ,af;fj;ij ,e;jpahtpy; nfhz;L
te;jhh;.
Home Rule Movement
Kjd; Kjypy; Jtf;fpath; - jpyfh;
cld; Jiz epd;wth;fs; - Nfy;fh;
kw;Wk; ghg;];bah
jpyfh; - kfhuh\;buk; kw;Wk; kj;jpa
khepy gFjp md;dp ngrz;l; - jkpo;ehL>
Nfush> cj;jpug;gpNjrk;
cr;rf; fl;lk; mile;j fhyk; - 1917
kiwaf; fhuzk;
1. khz;nlF nrk;];Nghh;L jpl;lk;
2. gpuhkz my;yhjth;fspd; vOr;rp
Mhpa rkh[k;
Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp vd;gth;
Kk;igapy; 1875y; Mhp rkh[dj;ij
Jtf;fpdhh;. Ntjfhyj;Jf;F jpUk;Gq;fs;
vd mth; Fwpg;gpgl;lhh;
Ntjq;fSf;F gpwF rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l
gof;fq;fis xopj;J Ntjj;jpy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sthW rKjhaj;ij jpUj;jp
mikf;f ghLgl;lhh;
,th; Guhzq;fis Vw;ftpy;iy. NkYk;
cUt topghl;il vjph;j;jhh;. flTspd;
mtjhuq;fis kWj;jhh;
Rj;jpahh;j;j gpufh\; vd;w E}iy
vOjpdhh;
,e;Jf;fs; my;yhjth;fis ,e;J
kjj;jpy; Nrh;f;f “Rj;jp” ,af;fj;ij
Muk;gpj;jhh;
xNu flTs; ek;gpf;ifia Mjhpj;jhh;
rhjp fl;Lg;ghL> ,sk; gUt jpUkzk;>
flw;gpuahzj;ij jLj;jy;> rlq;Ffs;>
tpyq;Ffis gypapLjy;> nrhh;f;fk;
Nghd;wtw;iw vjph;j;jhh;
ngz; fy;tp> tpjit jpUkzj;ij
Mjhpj;jhh;.
,tUf;Fg;gpd; yhyh y[gjpuha;> gz;bl;
FUjj;jh;> yhy y[gjpuha;> Rthkp
rpuj;jhde;jh; Nghd;w Kf;fpa rPlh;fs;
mtUila gzpfisj; njhlh;e;J
elj;jpdhh;fs;.
Mq;fpy fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
czh;j;jg;gl;lJ
yhyh `d;];uh[; jahde;jh; Mq;fpy
Ntjf; fy;Y}hpia yh$hpy; epWtpdhh;
gpuk;k rkh[k;
1828y; ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; vd;gtuhy;
tq;fhsj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Mj;jpf
epWtdNk gpuk;krig vd;W
toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J cUt topghl;il
ePf;fpaJ
flTspd; xUikg;ghl;bd; ek;gpf;if
nfhz;bUe;jJ
,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; ,we;jgpd;
NjNte;jpuehj; jh$h; ,jw;F Gj;Jzh;r;rp
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
kfheph;thz je;jpuk; vd;w Muk;g rlq;F
GFj;jg;gl;lJ
jj;JtNghjpdp gj;jphpf;fh vd;Dk;
gj;jphpf;if NjNte;jpuehj; Jtf;fpdhh;
gpuk;k rkh[k; rl;lG+h;tkhd topfis
gpd;gw;wpa fPo;f;fz;l rKjha
rPh;jpUj;jj;ij cUthf;fg; ghLgl;lJ
1. gh;jh Kiw xopj;jy;
2. tpjit kWkzk; Mjhpj;jy;
3. gyjhu kzk; xopj;jy;
4. ,sk; gUt kzk; vjph;j;jy;
5. cah;ju Nkiy ehl;Lf;fy;tp mspj;jy;
6. rjp vd;fpd;w cld;fl;il ePf;Fjy;
7. jPz;lhik> kJ mUe;jJy; vjph;j;jy;
8. xNu flTs; Nfhl;ghL
9. cUt topghL ePf;Fjy;
10. rhjpia ,of;fhky; fly; fle;j
may;ehLfSf;F gazk; nra;jiy
Mjhpj;jy;
11. ngz; fy;tp Mjhpj;jy;
12. ngz; tpLjiy Mjhpj;jy;
13. fyg;G jpUkzk; Mjhpj;jy;
1857y; Nrt re;jpu nrd; vd;gth;
Nrh;e;jhh;. gpwF ,th; ,e;jpahtpd; gpuk;k
rkh[k; vd;w mikg;ig Jtf;fpdhh;.
NjNte;jpuehj; jiyikapy; ,Ue;j gpuk;k
rkh[k; Mjp gpuk;k rkh[k; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ
gpuhh;j;jid rkh[k;
,ij 1867y; lhf;lh; Mj;kuhk; ghz;Luq;
vd;gth; Kk;igapy; Jtf;fpdhh;
gpuhh;j;jid rkh[k; khfuh];buj;jpy;
ed;whf tsh;e;jJ
1870y; kfhNjt Nfhtpe;j uhdNl>
gz;lhh;fh; MfpNahh; ,jpy; Nrh;e;jdh;
jf;fhz fy;tp rq;fk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
fyg;G jpUkzk;> tpjitfs; kWkzk;
Mjhpf;fg;gl;lJ. Foe;ijfs; Gfyplk;>
mdhij epiyak;> ,uTg;gs;spfs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,uhkfpU\;z kp\d;:
,J 1897y; Jtf;gg;gl;lJ. eNue;jpuehj;
jj;jh; vd;w ,aw;ngaUila Rthkp
tpNtfhde;jh; vd;gtuhy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh; rpf;fhNfh efhpy;
ele;j rkaq;fspd; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
1893-y; fye;J nfhz;lhh;
,thpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;: vy;yhr; rakq;fspYk;
,Uf;Fk; cz;ikia ek;GtJjhd;.
khWgl;l vy;yhr; rkaq;fspd;
nfhs;ifSk; xNu Fwpf;Nfhis
miltj;wfhd gy topfNs vd;gJ
MFk;
ViofSf;fhf ,uf;fg;gLgtiu kfhj;kh
vd;Wk; gpwiu Juhj;kh vd;Wk; $wpdhh;.
rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> rkj;Jtk;> kdpj
Neaj;Jld; kjNtw;Wikapd;wp
kf;fspilNa xw;Wik Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
gpwUf;F cjtp nra;tNj kdpjj;
jd;ikak; flTSf;F nra;Ak; rpwe;j
NritahFk; vd;whh;. NkYk; xt;nthU
kdpjDk; flTspd; xU ghfk; vd;Wk;
njhz;L nra;tjd; %yk; flTSf;F
njhz;L nra;jtuhth; vd;Wk; $wpdhh;.
jpahrgpfy; rq;fk; my;yJ gpuk;kQhd rig:
,r;rig fh;dy; My;fhl;> gpsthl;];fp
mk;ikahh; Mfpa INuhg;gpah;fshy;
mnkhpf;fhtpy; 1875y; epWtg;gl;lJ
gpd;dh; 1893y; ,jd; jiyikapy;
nrd;id milahWf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ
nrd;idapy; ,r;rq;fj;jpw;F
md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahuhy; ntw;wp
fpilj;jJ
jpahrgpfy; rq;fk; Muk;gpj;jNj ,e;J
kWkyh;r;rp ,af;fj;Jld; Nrh;e;J
nfhz;lJ
,e;Jf;fspd; fh;ktpid> kWgpwtp
Nfhl;ghLfspy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUe;jJ
md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; kj;jpa ,e;Jg;
gs;spia thuhzhrpapy; Jtf;fpdhh;.
Ntj rkh[k;
,J nrd;idapy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
=ehuhaz FU:
Nfushtpd; 1903-y; =ehuhaz FU
jh;kghpghyd Nahfk; vd;w mikg;ig
epWtp %lek;gpf;iffisf; fz;bj;jhh;.
rhjp> rka> NtWghLfspy; mtUf;F
ek;gpf;ifapy;iy.
kJuh rpw;gq;fs;
nts;is kw;Wk; rptg;G fw;fshy;
fl;lg;lg;lJ.
Gj;jhpd; Kjy; cUtk;
tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ
fhe;jhuf; fiy
,e;Njh – fpNuf;f fiy
fdp\;fh; fhyj;jpy; tsh;r;rp mile;jJ
<];th; re;jpu tpj;ahrhfh;
tq;fhsj;ijr; rhh;e;j ,th; tpjitj;
jpUkzj;ijr; rl;lkhf;Ftjw;F kpfTk;
mjpfkhfg; ghLgl;L ntw;wp fz;lth;
,e;jpahtpy; tpjitg; ngz;fs; kWkzr;
rl;lk; 1856y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
yypj; fyh mfhnjkp
[t`h;yhy; NeU mth;fshy; ,J
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
,e;jpahtpd; nry;tr; nropg;gpid
INuhg;gpah; mwpaf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ
khh;f;Nfh NghNyhtpd; Fwpg;Gfs;
fh;ehlfj;ij Ml;rp Ghpe;jth;fs; ethg;
,th;fspd; jiyefh; Mw;fhL>
jf;fhzj;ij <z;L te;jth;fs; ep[hk;>
jiyefh; i`juhghj;
,e;Njh – rhh;rdpf; fiy
,e;Njh – rhh;rdpf; fiy my;yJ ,e;Njh
Nfhj;jpf; fiy vdg;gl;lJ. 19k;
E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy;
Mq;fpNyah;fshy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
nrd;id mUq;fhl;rpafk;> nrd;idapy;
cs;s hpg;gd; fl;blk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLk;. khefuhl;rpf; fl;blk;>
fy;fj;jhtpy; cs;s tpf;Nlhhpah
nkNkhhpay;> Kk;igapy; cs;s
tpf;Nlhhpah nlh;kpd];> ,e;jpahtpd;
EioT thapy; vdg;gLk; Nfl; Nt Mg;
,e;jpah kw;Wk; ik#h; muz;kid
Mfpait ,e;Njh – rhh;rdpf; fiyf;F
vLj;Jf; fhl;lhFk;.
,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;wJk; fhq;fpuirf;
fiyf;ff; Nfhhpath; fhe;jpabfs;. ,th;
,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;w NghJ by;ypapy;
,y;iy
Permanent Settlement: (rhRtj) epiyahd
epythpj; jpl;lk;:
Kjd; Kjypy; 1793k; Mz;L
fhud;thyp]; gpuG fhyj;jpy; tq;fhsk;
kw;Wk; gPfhhpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,jd;gb [kPd;jhUf;Fk; muRf;Fk;
xg;ge;jk; Vw;gl;lJ. muRf;Fk;
tptrhapf;Fk; [kPd;jhUf;Fk; thapyhf
njhlh;G Vw;gl;lJ
uaj;Jthhp epythpj; jpl;lk;
Kjd; Kjypy; 1820k; Mz;L nrd;id
fth;dh; rh; jhk]; Nuh vd;gtuhy;
nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; mwpKfg;
gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb muRf;Fk;
tptrhapf;Fk; njhlh;G Vw;gl;lJ.
gaphpLgth;fs; NeubahfNt muRf;F
epythp nrYj;jpdh;.
rhyh; [q; mUq;fhl;rpafk;
rhyh; [q; mUq;fhl;rpafk; %rp
ejpf;fiuapd; Nky; (i`juhghj;)
mike;Js;sJ. i`juhghj; ep[hkpd;
Kjyikr;ruhf A+Rg; myp rhyh; [q;
,t;tUq;fhl;rpaj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;
Njrpaf;nfhb:
1904k; Mz;L tpNtfhde;jhpd; rPluhd
epNtjpjh vd;gth; rptg;G tz;zj;jpy;>
rJu tbtj;jpy;> kQ;rs; epwj;jpy;
cs;tbitf; nfhz;l Nghpbia
czh;j;Jk; tifapy; t[;[puj;ijAk;
nts;isj; jhkiuak; te;Nj khjuk;
vd;w nrhy;iyAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. ,J
epNtjpjh nfhb vdg;gl;lJ
tq;fg; gphptpidapd; NghJ 7.8.1906 md;W
re;jpu gpurhj; Ngh]; vd;gtuhy; rptg;G>
kQ;rs; kw;Wk; nts;is epwj;ijf;
nfhz;l nfhb xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,J tq;ff; nfhb vdg;gl;lJ
fhk mk;ikahh; 22.8.1907 md;W
n[h;kdpapy; gr;ir ,sQ;rptg;G kw;Wk;
rptg;G tz;zq;fis nfhb xd;iw
mikj;jhh;. vl;Lj; jhkiufs; te;Nj
khjuk; vd;w nrhy;> gpiw epyT> #hpad;
Mfpait mf; nfhbapy; nghwpf;fg;gl;lJ.
fhkh mk;ikahh;> tPu rth;f;fh;> rpahk;[p
fpU\;z th;kh MfpNahh; ,f;nfhbia
Vw;wdh;. Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpy;
,f;nfhbia gad;gLj;jpajhy; ,J
ngh;ypd; nfhb vdg;gl;lJ. fhjh; fl;rpapy;
,f; nfhb ,e;jpahtpd; nfhbahf Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
ghy fq;fhju jpyfh; kw;Wk;
md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; MfpNahh;
Jtf;fpa Ra Ml;rp fofj;jpw;F rptg;G
kw;Wk; gr;ir gl;ilfis nfhz;l nfhb
tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; rpd;dKk;>
el;rj;jpuDld; $ba gpiwepyT kw;Wk;
,e;Jf;fs; Gdpjkhf fUJk; rg;j hp\p
kz;lyj;ij nfhz;l 7 el;rj;jpuk;
mlq;fpa nfhb cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
Me;jpuhitr; rhh;e;j gpq;fyp ntq;fa;ah
vd;gth; 1916y; gr;irk w;Wk; rptg;G vd
,U tz;zq;fis nfhz;l nfhbapid
cUthf;fpdhh;
,f;nfhbapy; rf;fuj;ij mikf;FkhW
fhe;jpabfs; $wpdhh;. gpwF
jpUg;jpailahj fhe;jpabfs; midj;J
,e;jpa kjq;fs; cs;slf;fpathW nfhb
mika Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpajhy;
nts;is> rptg;G> gr;ir tz;zq;fis
cs;slf;fpa nfhb cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,jpy; rf;fuk; midj;J tz;zq;fspYk;
,lk; ngw;wJ. ,f;nfhb mah;yhe;J
Rje;jpu Nghuhl;l nfhbf;F rkkhf
fUjg;gl;lJ. mfj;jpy; eilngw;w
fhq;fpuR khehl;by; ,f;nfhb Vw;wg;gl;lJ
1931y; fuhr;rpapy; $ba fhq;fpu];
khehl;by; gpq;fyp ntq;fa;ah tbtikj;j
fhtp> nts;is> gr;ir th;zq;fSld;
rf;fuj;ijf; nfhz;l %th;zf; nfhbia
Vw;wJ.
1947y; ,uhNre;jpu gpurhj; mth;fisj;
jiytuhf nfhz;l FO ePz;l
tpthjj;jpw;F ve;jtpjkhd kjr; rhaYk;
nfhbapy; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ vd;w
mbg;gilapy; rf;fuj;jpw;F gjpyhf
rhuehj;jpy; cs;s rhQ;rp ];J}gpapy;
cs;s jh;k rf;fuj;ij nfhbapy;
nghwpf;fyhk; vd njhptpj;jJ. ,f;nfhb
22.7.1947 md;W Vw;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa nghJ cilikf; fl;rp:
,u\;ahtpy; jh];fz;by; 17.10.1920
Njhd;wpa fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapd; tpisthf
,e;jpahtpy; fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp (rp.gp.I)
26.12.1925y; Njhd;wpaJ. ,jd; epWtd
cWg;gpdh;fs; vk;.vd;.uha; kw;Wk; mtuJ
kidtp <thypdh buQ;r; uha;> mghdp
Kfh;[p kw;Wk; mtuJ kidtp Nuhrh>
mfkJ `hrd; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l KfkJ
myp> KfkJ rgPf; rpj;jpf; kw;Wk;
vk;.gp.gp.l;b. Mr;rh;ah MfpNahh; Mthh;.
jkpofj;jpd; ,j;d Kf;fpaj; jiyth;fs;
rpq;fhuNtY Mthh;. ,f; fl;rpapd;
njhopw;rq;f gphpthd All India Trade
Union Congress (AITUC) ,e;jpahtpd; kpf
gioikahd njhopw;rq;fk; MFk;. ,J
1920y; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
1942y; ,f;fl;rp rl;lg;G+h;tkhfpaJ.
Nfushtpy; ,f; fl;rp Ml;rpia gpbj;jJ.
Kjy; mikr;ruhf ,.vk;.v]; ek;G+jphpghl;
gjtp Vw;whh;
1957y; ,u\;ahtpy; ele;j cyf
fk;A+dp];l; khehl;by; rPd fk;A+dp];l;
fl;rp Nfushtpy; Ml;rp gpbj;jjij
fz;ld tpkh;rdj;jpw;F cs;shf;fpaJ.
1962y; ,e;jpa – rPd Nghh; eilngw;w
NghJ xU gphptpdh; ,e;jpahit
Mjhpj;jdh;. rpyh; ,J xU
Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; nghJTilikf;Fk;
eilngWfpd;w Nghh; vdj; njhptpj;J rPd
murhq;fj;ij Mjhpj;jdh;
vdNt ,e;jpa fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpapy;
%d;W gphpTfs; Vw;gl;lJ
1. ,e;jpa Mjuthsh;fs;: v];. V. lhq;Nf>
V. Nf. Nfhghyd; kw;Wk; ,.vk;.v];.
ek;G+jphpgl;
2. rPd Mjuthsh;fs;: gp.b. uzjPNt>
Re;jua;ah> gp. rp. N[h\p>
grtGd;ida;ah> N[hjp ghR kw;Wk;
`h;fp\d; Rh;[pj;
3. eL epiyik: m[a; Nfh\;
,e;jpa rPd Nghhpd; NghJ rPd
Mjuthsh;fs; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldh;.
vdNt mth;fs; xd;W $b 1964y; ,e;jpa
fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp khh;f;rp];l; vd;W
jdpNa fl;rpiaj; Jtf;fpdhh;. ,jd;
njhopw;rq;f gphpthf Centre of Indian
Trade Unions (CITU) 1970 Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
ghujPa [djh fl;rp:
,f; fl;rp ghujPa [d rq;fk; vd;w
ngahpy; 1951y; rpahk; gpurhj; Kfh;[p
vd;gtuhy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh;
th[;Ngap kw;Wk; mj;thdp MfpNahh;
brk;gh; 1980 ghujPa [djh fl;rp vd
ngah; khw;wj;Jld; Jtq;fpdh;. Nk khjk;
1996y; eilngw;w ehlhSkd;wj; Njh;jypy;
,f; fl;rp Ml;rpia gpbj;jJ. th[;Nga;
gpujk mikr;ruhf gjtp Vw;whh;
,e;jpad; gPdy; NfhL:
Kjy; rl;l fkp\d; nkf;fhNy gpuG
jiyikapy; mike;jJ. mth; ,e;jpad;
gPdy; NfhL cUthf;fpdhh;. 1860y; ,J
rl;lkhf;fg;gl;lJ
,e;jpuh fhe;jp:
Kjy; gpujkh; [t`h;yhy; kfs;.
,e;jpahtpd; gpujk mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jth;
1861 - ,e;jpah fTd;rpy; rl;lk;
,yhf;fh thhpahf eph;thfk; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ
Rl;lk; ,aw;w VJthf fth;dh; n[duy;
rig tphpthf;fg;gl;lJ
nrd;id> Kk;ig kw;Wk; tq;fhsj;jpy;
rl;l Nkyit cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
fhdpq; gpuG fhyj;jpy; ,r;rl;lk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ
1892y; ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk;
kj;jpa rigapd; cWg;gpdh;fs; 10y;
,Ue;J 16f;F cah;j;jg;gl;ldh
nrd;id> tq;fhsk;> gk;gha; rl;l
Nkyit cWg;gpdh;fs; 15y; ,Ue;J
cah;j;jg;gl;ldh;.
cWg;gpdh;fs; tuT nryT Fwpj;J Ngr
chpik toq;fg;gl;lJ
nghJ eyd; Fwpj;J tpdhf;fs; vOg;g
mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ
kiwKf cWg;gpdh; Njh;e;njLf;fg;
gl;lhh;fs;.
Kf;fpa tptrha rl;lq;fs;:
Deccan Agricultural Relief Act 1879
Punjab Land Alienation Act 1900
Central Provinces Land Alienation Act
1904
North West Provinces Land Alienation Act
1916
Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tpKiw
fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l FOf;fs;
1854 Tl;]; FO
,J ly;n`srp fhyj;jpy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
,e;jpa Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tp Kiwapd;
khf;dh fhh;l;lh vdg;gl;lJ
,J ,e;jpahtpd; mwpT rhrdk; vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ
1883 `z;lh; fkp\d; jiyik 1> rh;
tpy;ypak; tpy;rd; `z;lh; gpw
cWg;gpdh;fs;:
1. Md;e;j Nkhfd; Ngh];
2. Bhudev Mukhopadhyay
3. Maharaja Jatindra Mohan Tagore
4. Kashinath Trimbak Teelang
5. Sayed Ahmad Khan
1918 rl;yh; fkp\d;
1929 `h;lq; fkp\d;
Nfhj;jhhp fkp\d;
thh;jh fkp\d;
lhf;lh; ,uhjhfpU\;zd; mwpf;if
1. fy;tpf; $lq;fs;
1781y; thud;N`];bq;R gpuG fy;fj;jh>
kjuhirAk; lq;fd; 1791y; fhrpapy;
tlnkhopf; fy;Y}hpAk; epWtpdhh;
2. Mq;fpynkhop topf;fy;tpAk;
tsh;r;rpf;F Nkiyehl;Lf; fy;tpAk;
1813Mk; Mz;L gl;lar; rl;lk;
,e;jpahtpy; etPd mwptpay; fw;f Cf;fk;
mspj;jJ. uh[huhk; Nkhfd; uha; Nkiy
ehl;Lf; fy;tp gug;G MjuT njhptpj;jhh;.
nkf;fhNy gpuG Mq;fpynkhop fy;tp
rpwe;jJ vd fUjpajpd; mbg;gilapy;
1835y; Mq;fpynkhop ghlnkhop MfpaJ.
3.fPo;Nehf;fpg; guTjy; nfhs;if
fy;tpf;F mjpfg; gzk; nryT nra;a
tpUk;ghj Mq;fpy muR fPo;Nehf;fpa
guTjy; vd;w nfhs;ifiaf;
filg;gpbj;jdh;. mjd; %yk;
th;j;jfj;jpy; cs;s rpyUf;Ff; fy;tp
fw;gpj;J> mth;fs; %yk; fPo;kl;lj;jpy;
cs;sth;fSf;Fk; fy;tp nrd;wila
Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjpdhh;. Mdhy;
mth;fs; vjph;ghh;j;jJ Nghy gh;kh
kf;fspilNa fy;tp guttpy;iy.
4. rhh;y]; cl; mwpf;if
1857y; rhh;y[;Tl;bd; mwpf;if
ntspaplg;gl;lJ. mJ ,e;jpahtpd;
mwpTg;gl;lak; vd;W ghuhl;lg;ngw;wJ.
,jd;gb fy;tp gug;Gjy; fw;w ,e;jpah
trk; tplg;gl;lJ. fy;fj;jh> nrd;id>
gk;gha; Mfpa efuq;fspy; gy;fiyf;
fofq;fisj; njhlq;fpdh;.
1. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ jtWjyhf
nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ?
m) th;jh jpl;lk; ]hfph; cNrd;
M) rhh;n[d;l; jpl;lk; fy;tpapd; kj;jpa
MNyhrid Nghh;L
,) `z;lh; fkp\d; fh;rd; gpuG
<) Tl;bd; fy;tpj;Jiw jPh;t ly;n`srp
gpuG
fhyf; fbfhuk;
3200-2000 rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk; fhyk;.
ehfhpfk; 2350 Kjy; 1750 tiu
nropg;gile;jJ
1200 – 1000 hpf; Ntjk; njhFf;fg;gl;l
fhyk;
1000-50 fhg;gpaf; fhyk; (623 – 543
Gj;jhpd; fhyk;)
540-468 kfh tPuhpd; fhyk;
377 itrhypapy; Gj;j khehL
326 ,e;jpah kPJ mnyf;rhz;lh;
gilnaLG;G
324 nkshpa tk;rk; re;jpuFg;juhy;
Jtf;fk;
273-232 mNrhfh; Ml;rp. rPdh kw;Wk;
fpof;F ehLfspy; Gj;j kjk; gug;Gjy;
190 ,e;jpahtpd; tl Nkw;fpy; fpNuf;f
ehLfs;
187 nkshpah;fspd; Ml;rp KbTw;wJ
187-75 rq;fh;fspd; Ml;rp
58 tpf;fpuk rfhg;jk; Jtf;fk;
A. D. (Death of Jesus Christ)
64-225 tlNkw;F ,e;jpahtpy;
F\hdh;fspd; Ml;rp> Nru> Nrho
ghz;bah;fspd; Ml;rp
78 g;ut fdp\;fh; gjtp Vw;wy;> rhfh
rfhg;jk; Jtf;fk;
320-475 Fg;jh;fs; Ml;rp Jtf;fk;.
m[e;jh kw;Wk; vy;Nyhuh rpw;gq;fs;
335-376 rKj;jpu Fg;jh; Ml;rp
376-414 ,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jhpd; Ml;rp
405-11 ghfpahd; rPdhtpy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpah
tUif
454 Kjy; `_zh;fspd; gilnaLg;G
480-90 Fg;jh;fspd; tPo;r;rp
606-647 `h;\ th;j;jdh; Ml;rp
636 ghjkp rhSf;fpah; Ml;rp. ,uz;lhk;
GypNfrp eh;kij ejpf;fiu tiu nrd;W
`h;\iu Njhw;fbj;jy;
630-644 rPd gazp Athd; Rthq; tUif
600-700 kj;jpa fpof;F ehLfs; kw;Wk;
n[UrNyj;jpy; ,];yhk; kjk; Jtf;fk;
kw;Wk; guTjy;
712 rpe;Jg; gFjp kPJ KfkJ fhrpk;
mNuhg;gpah; gilnaLg;G
730 Accession of Yasovarman of
Kanyakubja
735 kfj Ml;rpKjy; ghh;rp FbNaw;wk;
750-1202 kfj Ml;rptq;fhsj;jpy;
ghyj;jpah;fs; kw;Wk; Nrdhh;fspd; Ml;rp
820 kfj Ml;rp rq;fuhr;rhhpahh; kuzk;
800-900 kfj Ml;rp fh\;kPhpy; ,e;J
kw;Wk; Gj;j kj Nfhtpy;fs; mopg;G
960-1200 gz;ly; fz;by; rhz;bay;fspd;
Ml;rp
1000-1026 KfkJ f[pdp gilnaLg;G
1030 my;ng&dp tUif. KfkJ f[pdp
kuzk;
1191 KfkJ Nfhhp gilnaLg;G
1192 by;ypia Mz;L filrp ,uhrGj;jpu
kd;dh; gphpj;jptp uh[; ,uz;lhk;
njuapd;Nghhpy; Njhy;tp kw;Wk; kuzk;
1206-1290 tl ,e;jpahtpy;
,];yhkpah;fspd; Ml;rp. mbik tk;rk;
1221 Kjd; Kjypy; kq;Nfhypa tk;rk;
nrq;fp];fhd; gilnaLg;G
1228 m];]hik nty;yJy; By the
Ahoms
1230 njw;Fg; gFjpapy; tp[a efug;
NguuR
1290-1316 by;ypapy; fpy;[pfs; Ml;rp
1320-1412 by;ypapy; Ry;jhd;fs; Ml;rp
1347 jf;fhzj;jpy; ghkpdp Ml;rp Jtf;fk;
1398 ij%h; gilnaLg;G
1436 – 1533 tq;fhsj;jpy; irjd;a gpuG
fhyk;
1451 – 1526 by;ypapy; Nyhb Ry;jhd;fs;
Ml;rp
1469 – 1545 by;ypapy; Ry;jhd;fs; Ml;rp
1494 rpf;fe;jh; Nyhbahy; Mf;uh
cUthf;fk;
1498 th];Nfhlfhkh fly; topahf
fs;spf;Nfhl;il miljy;
1510 Nghh;r;RfPrpah;fs; gilnaLg;G kw;Wk;
Nfhth ifg;gw;Wjy;
1526 Kjyhk; ghdpg;gl; Nghh;. Ghgh;
Kfyha rhk;uh[;aj;ij epWTjy;
1539-45 n\h;\h Ml;rp
1556 – 1605 mf;gh; Ml;rp 1556y;
,uz;lhk; ghdpg;gl;Lg;Nghh;
1601 mrpfhh; Nfhl;il mf;guhy;
ifg;gw;wg;gLjy;
1597 ,uhzh gpujhg; kuzk;
1600 fpof;F ,e;jpa epWtdk; ,uhay;
rhh;l;lh; %yk; epWtg;gLjy;
1605 mf;gh; kuzk;
1612 #uj;jpy; Kjy; Mq;fpy
njhopw;rhiy epWtg;gLjy;
1615 rh; jhk]; kd;Nwh tUif. Nkhthh;
Kfyhah;fSf;F fl;Lg;gLjy;
1616 rh; jhk]; kd;Nwh [`hq;fPh;
re;jpg;G
1627 rpth[p gpwg;G
1627 – 57 \h[`hd; Ml;rp
1644 tq;fhsj;jpy; thzpfk; nra;a
Mq;fpNya mDkjp ngWjy;
1658-1707 mTuq;frPg; fhyk;
1668 #uj;jpy; Kjy; gpnuQ;R gz;lf
rhiy mikj;jy;
1675 Sikh resistance tp Moghuls
intensifies mTuq;frPg;ghy; rPf;fpah;fspd;
9tJ FU FUNj[; gfJ}h; nfhiy
nra;ag;gLjy;
1680 fy;fj;jhtpy; fpof;F ,e;jpa
fk;ngdp tzpf epWtdj;ij epWTjy;
1686-87 gP[g;g+h; kw;Wk; Nfhy;nfhz;lh
muRfs; tPo;r;rp
1698 The E. I. Co. obtained Zamindari of
three villages of Sutanati, Kalikata and
Gobindpur – nucleus of Calcutta
1707 mTuq;frPg; kuzk;
1734 by;ypia ehjh; \h mopj;jy;
1757 gpshrpg; Nghh;
1760 te;jthrpg; Nghh;
1761 %d;whk; ghdpgl; Nghh;
1764 gf;rh; Nghh;
1765 tq;fhsk;> gPfhh; kw;Wk; xhprh Mfpa
gFjpfSf;F jpthdp mjpfhuj;ij \h
Myk; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpw;F
toq;Fjy;
1770 tq;fhsj;jpy; gQ;rk;
1772 thud; N`];bq; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
fth;dh; n[duyhf epakdk;
1773 xOq;F Kiwr; rl;lk;
1775 ee;jFkhh; J}f;fpyplg;gLjy;
1781 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gj;jphpf;if
ngq;fhy; nf[rl; ntspaplg;gLjy;
1784y; gpl; ,e;jpah rl;lk;
1786-90y; fhudl thyp]; rPh;jpUj;jk;
1790 %d;whk; ik#h; Nghh;
1793 tq;fhsj;jpy; epiyahd
epythpj;jpl;lk;
1799 jpg;Gr; Ry;jhd; kuzk;
1806 NtY}h; Gul;rp
1828 – 35 tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG
fth;dh; n[duy;
1829 gpuk;k rkh[j;ij ,uh[h uhk;
Nkhfd; uha; epWTjy;. cld; fl;il
VWk; rjp gof;fj;ij xopj;jy;
1835 gapw;W nkhopahf Mq;fpyk;
1839 uQ;rpj; rpq; kuzk;
1839-42 Mq;fpNyh – Mg;fhd; Nghh;
1853 gk;gha; - jhzh tiu Kjy;
,uapy;Nt Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; fy;fj;jh
– Mf;uh ,ilNa Kjy; je;jp
1854 Kjy; mQ;ry; jiy ntspapLjy;
1856y; mNahj;jpia ,izj;jy;. ,e;J
tpjit kWkzr; rl;lk;
1857 Kjy; Rje;jpug; Nghh;. fy;fj;jh>
Kk;ig> kw;Wk; nrd;idapy; gy;fiyf;
fofk;
1858 fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpaplk; ,Ue;J
,e;jpah gphpl;b\; murpw;F khw;wg;gLjy;
1861 ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$h; gpwg;G
1869 khfj;kh fhe;jp gpwg;G (mf;Nlhgh; 2)
1874y; tq;fhsj;jpy; fLk; gQ;rk;
1875y; Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp
mth;fshy; Mhpa rkh[k; Jtf;fk;
1881 njhopw;rhiyfs; rl;lk;
1882 `z;lh; fkp\d;
1883y; ,y;gh;l; kNrhjh
1885y; Kk;igapy; ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpu]; Jtf;fk;. tq;fhs Fj;jifr;
rl;lk;> Mq;fpNya gh;kh Nghh;
1889 Nty;]; ,sturh; ,uz;lhtJ
Kiwahf ,e;jpah tUif. [t`h;yhy;
NeU gpwg;G
1891 njhopw;rhiyfs; rl;lk;. kzpg;G+h;
fyfk;. jpUkz taJ eph;zak;
1892y; Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh; rpf;fhNfhtpy;
cyf rka khehl;by; fye;J
nfhs;Sjy; ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk;
1897y; Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]; gpwg;G.
Kk;igapy; gpNsf; Neha; gQ;rf; fkp\d;
epakdk;
1900 gQ;rf; fkp\d; epakdk;
1903 by;yp jh;ghh;
1905 tq;fg; gphptpid. vjph;g;G ,af;fk;
Njhd;Wjy;
1906 midj;jpe;jpa K];yPk; yPf;
cUthf;fk;
1907 fhq;fpu]; kpjthjpfs; kw;Wk;
jPtputhjpfs; gphpjy;
1908 ,e;jpa gj;jphpf;iffs; rl;lk;
1909 kpd;Nlh khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jk;. ,jd;
mbg;gilapy; v]. gp. rpd;fh fth;dh;
n[duy; fTd;rpy; epakdk;
1911 ,e;jpahtpd; jiyefuk;
fy;fj;jhtpy; ,Ue;J by;ypf;F khw;wk;.
tq;fg; gphptpid iftplg;gLjy;.
,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa fPjkhf [dfdkd
ghly; fy;fj;jh khehl;by; ghlg;gl;lJ.
jpy;yp jh;ghhpy; Ie;jhk; [hh;[; kd;dh;
,e;jpahtpd; rf;futh;j;jpahf Kb #ly;>
Kjy; Vh; nkapy; rh;tP]; Jtf;fk;. kf;fs;
njhif fzf;nfLg;G
1913 ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$Uf;F Nehgy; ghpR.
3.5.1913y; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
jpiug;glkhd ,uh[h `hpr;re;jpuh
Kk;igapy; fhuNd\d; rpdpkh
jpiuauq;fpy; Nfhtpe;j gy;Nf (jhjh
rhfpg; gy;Nf) vd;gtuhy; jpiuaplg;gl;lJ
1913 fy;tpf;fhd jPh;khdq;fs;
1914 fhe;jp njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpy; ,Ue;J
,e;jpah brk;gh; khjk; Gwg;gl;L 1915y;
,e;jpah tUif. Kjy; cyfg;Nghh;
Jtf;fk;
1915 ,e;jpa ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;
1916 rl;yh; fkp\d;. ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpu]; K];yPk; yPf; yf;Ndh
cld;gbf;if. jyRa Ml;rp ,af;fq;fs;
Njhd;Wjy;. fhrp ,e;J gy;fiyf; fofk;
njhlf;fk;
1919 Vg;uy; 13 md;W mkph;juru]; efhpy;
[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy. khz;NlF
nrk;];Nghh;L rPh;jpUj;jk;. %d;whtJ
Mg;fhd; Nghh;. Kjy; cyfg; Nghh;
KbTWjy;. rPf;fpah;fs; Rje;jpu
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhs;Sjy;
1920-22 fhe;jpapd; xj;Jioahik
,af;fk;.
1921 RNjr murh;fspd; rq;fk;.
khg;gps;iskhh;fspd; fyfk;> Nty;];
,sturh; ,e;jpah tUif
1922 xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;. fpyhgj;
,af;fk;
1922 gpg;uthp nrshp nrsuh fytuk;
1923 Rauh[;a fl;rp Jtf;fk;. tq;fhsj;
Njh;jypy; rp. Mh;. jh]; ntw;wp
1924 yh$h; K];yPk; yPf; khehL. 1916
yf;Ndh cld;gbf;iff;F gpwF K];yPk;
yPf; fhq;fpu]; jdpj;jdp khehLfs;
elj;jpaj
1924 fhd;G+hpy; ,e;jpa fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp
Jtf;fk;
1927-1929y; fhe;jpabfs; rj;jpa Nrhjid
vd;w jd;Dila Ra rhpijia
F[uhj;jpy; vOJjy;. mjid rh; KfkJ
,f;ghy; cUJ kw;Wk; ngh;rpa nkhop
ngah;j;jy;
1930 rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; kw;Wk; cg;G
rj;jpahfpufk;
1931y; Kjyhk; tl;l Nkir khehL
kw;Wk; fhe;jp ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk;
1932 ,e;jpa tpkhdg; gil Jtf;fk;. N[.
Mh;. b. lhlh tpkhdk; %yk; fuhr;rpapy;
,Ue;J Kk;igf;F tUif. ,uz;lhtJ
rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk;
1935 ,e;jpa muR rl;lk;
1937y; Vg;uy; 1 Kjy; gh;kh ,e;jpahtpy;
,Ue;J gphpjy;
1939 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; Jtf;fk;. 9
khfhzq;fspy; fhq;fpu]; mikr;rh;fs;
tpyfy;
1941y; Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; ,e;jpahtpy;
,Ue;J jg;gp ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;ij
mikj;jy;
1941y; [g;ghd; Nghhpy; Eioe;J Pearl
Harbour jhf;Fjy;
1942 rpq;fg;G+h; tPo;r;rp> fphpg;]; J}Jf; FO
Kk;igapy; $ba mfpy ,e;jpa
fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; nts;isaNd
ntspNaW ,af;fk; Jtq;f xg;Gjy;
1943 tq;fhsj;jpy; gQ;rk;
18.2.1946y; ,e;jpa flw;gil fyfk;>
19.2.1946y; Nfgpdl; kp\d; epakdk;.
16.5.1946y; Nfgpdl; kp\d; mwptpg;G.
[t`h;yhy; NeU jiyikapy; 2.9.1946y;
,ilf;fhy muR.
1947 – 8.6.1948w;F Kd; ,e;jpahtpw;F
Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gLk; vd ,q;fpyhe;J
mwptpj;jy;. 20.2.1947y; kTz;l;Ngl;ld;
gpuG epakdk; nra;jy;. ,e;jpa gphptpid
jpl;lj;ij 3.6.1947 md;W kTz;l; Ngl;ld;
mwptpj;jy;. cs;Jiw mikr;rh; rh;jhh;
ty;yggha; gNly; ,e;jpa rpw;wuRfis
xUq;fpizj;jy;. ,e;jpah kPJ ghfp];jhd;
fh\;kPUf;fhf Nghh; njhLj;jy;. ,uh[h
`hprpq; fh\;kPiu ,e;jpahTld;
,izj;jy;
1948 fhe;jpabfs; ehJuhk; Nfhl;Nrtpdhy;
Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gLjy;. fh\;kPh; kPJ
If;fpa ehl;L rig jPh;khdk;
1950 ,e;jpah FbauR ehlhf mwptpj;jy;.
rh;jhh; ty;yggha; gNly; kuzk;. lhf;lh;
,uhNre;jpugpurhj; Kjy; FbauRj;
jiytuhf Njh;T
fhyf; fbfhuk; - 1950f;Fg;gpd;
1951 Kjy; 5 Mz;Lj; jpl;lk; eilKiw
gLj;Jjy;
1952 Kjy; nghJj; Njh;jy;
1953 vtnu];l; rpfuj;jpd; kPJ nld;rpq;
kw;Wk; `py;yhhp Vwp rhjid gilj;jy;
1954 ,e;jpahtpy; gpnuQ;R FbNaw;wq;fs;
,izjy; k;wwk; gQ;r rPyf; nfhs;if
1956 ,e;jpahtpy; nkhopthhp khepyq;fs;
cUthFjy;. ,uz;lhtJ 5 Mz;Lj;
jpl;lk;. ghfp];jhdpy; Gjpa murpayikg;G
cUthFjy;
1957 ,e;jpahtpy; ,uz;lhtJ nghJj;
Njh;jy;.
1958 ,e;jpahtpy; vil Nghd;wtw;wpy;
nkl;hpf; eilKiw mKy;gLj;Jjy;
1960y; gk;gha; kw;Wk; nrsuh\;buh
gFjpfs; kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk; F[uhj; vd
khw;wJy;
1961y; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpahplkpUe;J Nfhth
ifgw;wg;gLjy; kw;Wk; mjid
,e;jpahTld; ,izj;jy;
1961y; mzpNruh ehLfs; cUthf;Fjy;
1962y; ,e;jpah rPdh Nghh;. %d;whtJ
nghJj; Njh;jy;
1963y; jk;gh jsj;jpy; Kjy; uhf;nfl;
VTjy;
1964 [t`h;yhy; NeU kuzk;. yhy;
gfJ}h; rh];jphp ,uz;lhtJ gpujk
mikr;ruhf epakdk;
1965-66y; ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd; Nghh;
1966y; ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd; jh\;fz;l;
xg;ge;jk;
1966y; ,e;jpuhfhe;jp gpujk mikr;ruhf
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLjy;. gQ;rhg; gQ;rhgp
NgRk; khepykhf gQ;rhg;Gk; ,e;jp NgRk;
khepykhf mhpahdhTk; gphpf;fg;gLjy;
1967 ,e;jpahtpy; ehd;fhtJ nghJj;
Njh;jy;
1968 fhq;fpu]; ,uz;lhtjhf ciljy;
1969 fhq;fpu]; fl;rp ,uz;lhtjhf
gphpjy;. tp.tp.fphp ,e;jpahtpd; FbauR
jiytuhf Njh;e;njLj;jy;
1970 Nkfhyah khepyk; cUthFjy;
1971 ,khr;ry gpuNjrk; cUthFjy;.
Mnkhpf;fh [dhjpgjp epf;rDld; ,e;jpuh
fhe;jp re;jpg;G. ,e;jpah Nrhtpaj;
,uh\;ahTld; xg;ge;jk; ,e;jpah
ghfp];jhd; Nghh;. tq;f Njrk; vd;w ehL
cUthFjy;
1972 rpk;yh xg;ge;jk;. Tlfpof;F
vy;iyg;Gw khfhzq;fis rPuikj;J
jphpGuh kw;Wk; kzpg;G+h; cUthFjy;.
5tJ nghJj; Njh;jy;
1973 ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd; by;yp xg;ge;jk;
1974y; nghf;uhdpy; Kjy; mZ Fz;L
Nrhjid
1975y; Nfhyhyk;G+hpy; eilngw;w cyf
`hf;fp Nghl;bapy; ntw;wp. Kjy;
,e;jpahtpd; tpz;ntspf; fyk; Mhpa
gl;lh Vtg;gLjy;. rpf;fpk; ,e;jpahtpd;
gFjpahf mwptpj;jy;. FLk;gf;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;. [Pd; 26> mtru
epiy gpufldk; nra;jy;
1976 jpUkz taJ Mz;fSf;F 21
vd;Wk; ngz;fSf;F 18 vd;Wk; eph;zak;
nra;jy;
1977-78 Njh;jypy; ,e;jpuh fhe;jp Njhy;tp
nkuhh;[p Njrha; Ml;rp ,oj;jy;. ruz;rpq;
gpujk mikr;rh; #iy 28y; gjtp Vw;W
Mf];l; 28y; Ml;rp ,oj;jy;
1980y; VohtJ nghJj; Njh;jy;. ,e;jpuh
fhe;jp ntw;wp
1980 xypk;gpf; Nghl;bapy; ,e;jpah `hf;fp
tpisahl;by; jq;fk; ntd;wJ
1981 =`hp Nfhl;lhtpy; ,Ue;J Nuhfpzp
Vtg;gLjy;. Kjy; njhiyj; njhlh;G
tpz;ntspf; fyk; Mg;gps; Vtg;gLjy;
1983 %d;whtJ cyf fphpf;nfl;
Nfhg;igia fgpy; Njt; jiyikapy;
nty;Yjy;
1982-84y; rPf;fpah;fs; gpe;jud; thNyh
jiyikapy; fhyp];jhd; vd jdp ehL
NfhUjy;. nghw;Nfhtpypy; ,uhZtk;
Eiojy;
31.10.1984 ,e;jpuh fhe;jp gLnfhiy
nra;ag;gLjy;
3.12.1984y; Nghghy; A+dpad; fhh;igL
tp\ thA rk;gtk;
1985 The Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances Act
1985 rpwg;G ghJfhg;G gil (Speical
Protection Group_) cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
1985 ,e;jpuh fhe;jp Njrpa jpwe;jntsp
gy;fiyf; fofk;
1985 jlh rl;lk; (Terrorist and
Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act
(TADA)
The National Consumer Disputes
Redressal Commission is set up under the
Consumer Protection Act of 1986
1989y; 9tJ nghJj; Njh;jy;. ,uh[Pt;
fhe;jp jiyikapy; fhq;fpu];
Njhy;tpailjy;. tp. gp. rpq; gpujk
mikr;rh;
1990y; kz;ly; fkp\d; mwpf;if
1991 tp. gp. rpq; Ml;rp ek;gpf;if
ngWghd;ik ,oj;jy;. re;jpuNrfh;
gpujkuhf gjtp Vw;W rpwpJ fhyj;jpy;
ek;gpf;if ngWk;ghd;ik ,oj;jy;. uh[Pt;
fhe;jp nfhy;yg;gLjy;. eurpk;k; uht; gpujk
mikr;ruhf gjtp Vw;wy;
1992-94y; kd;Nkhfd; rpq; jiyikapy;
eurpk;kuht; Gjpa nghUshjhu nfhs;if
nghUshjhu rPh;jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
ghgh; k#jp ,bj;jy;
2000 Nk khjk; ,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs;
njhif 1 gpy;ypad; miljy;
History of School Education Department
Year Event
1826 – Board of Public Instructions established
1841 – Frist High School opened in Madras
1849 – High Schools for Girls Opened
1854 – Directorate of Public Instruction
established
1892 – Madras Educational Rules enforced
1910 – Board of Secondary Education
established
1911 – SSLC Public Examination conducted for
the first time
1921 – Madras Elementary Educational Rules
enforced
1924 – Compulsory and Free Education
introduced in some slected places
1953 – rl;lf; fy;tp ,af;Feufk;
cUthf;Fjy;
1956 kjpa czTj; jpl;lk; nray;gLj;Jjy;
1957 – njhopy; El;gf; fy;Y}hp ,af;Feufk;
Njhw;Wtpj;jy;
1960 – Scheme for Free supply of Uniforms for
School Children organized
1964 – Introduction of Free Educationl upto
high school level
1965 – fy;Y}hp ,af;Feufk; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;
1969 jkpo;ehL ghlE}y; epWtdk;
Njhw;Wtpj;jy;
1972 nghJ E}yfj; Jiw ,af;Feufk;
Njhw;Wtpj;jy;
1973 – Directorate of Government
Examinations and SCERT established
1976 – Directorate of Non-formal and Adult
Education established
1977 – Higher Secondary Edcuation (10+2)
introduced
1981 – Teachers in Panchayat Union Schools
become Government Employees
1982 – Nutirition Meal Scheme introduced
1985 – Free supply of Text Books and Uniforms
upto VIII Standard extended
1986 – Directorate of Elementary education
established. Implementation of National Policy
on Education, Teachers in Muncipal / Township
/ Corporation become Government Employees
1988-1990 – Introduction of revised syllabus
based on National Policy for I – XII standards
1990 – Directorate to Teacher Education
Research and Training established
2001 – Directorate of Matriculation School
formed
jkpof tuyhW
jkpof tuyhw;wpy;> tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l
fhyj;ij 1. Gioa fw;fhyk; 2. Gjpa
fw;fhyk; 3. cNyhf fyhk; 4. ngUq;fy;
fhyk; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;
uhgl; G&]; G+l; Kjd; Kjypy;
Fthh;l;irl; fUtpfis nrd;idf;F
mUfpy; cs;s gy;yhtuj;jpy;
fz;lwpe;jhh;
nrd;idia mLj;Js;s gy;ytGuk;
rkntspapYk;> tl kJiuapYk;
,f;fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j iff;Nfhlhhpfs;
kw;Wk; rpwpa fw;fUtpfs; fpilj;Js;sd
Gjpa fw;fhyk;
jkpofj;jpy; Gjpa fw;fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j
kl;ghz;lq;fs; jpUney;Ntyp> Nryk;>
GJf;Nfhl;ilk w;Wk; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp
khtl;lq;fspy; fpilj;Js;sd
Gjpa fw;fhy kf;fs; ,oe;Njhiu
topgl;ldh;
cNyhff; fhyk;
kdpjd; mwpe;j Kjy; cNyhfk; nrk;G
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; kdpjd; ,Uk;ig;
fz;lwpe;J gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpdh;.
nrd;idia mLj;Js;s ngUk;GJ}h; vd;w
,lj;jpy; fw;fhyf; fUtpfSld;
,Uk;gpdhy; Md fUtpfSk;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld.
ngUq;fy; fhyk;:
ngUq;fy; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ePj;jhh;
epidTr; rpd;dk; vd;gJ nghUs;
ngUq;fw;fhy ePj;jhh; epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;
fhQ;rpGuk;> NtY}h;> jpUtz;zhkiy>
flY}h;> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp kw;Wk;
GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lq;fspy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
kw;nwhU tif cly; mlf;fj;jpw;F kz;
jhop mlf;fk; vd;W ngah;. jpUney;Ntyp
khtl;lk; Mjpr;r ey;Y}hpy; ,j;jifia
jhopfs; fpilj;Js;sd
jq;fk; kw;Wk; ,Uk;gpyhdh nghUl;fs;
,j;jhopfspy; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
,Uk;gpdhyhd Nty; ,q;F
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ.
jkpof tuyhW
Nrho muR: Kw;fhy Nrhourh;fs;
1. ,sNrl;nrd;dp 2. fhpfhy Nrhod;
2. neLq;fps;sp 4. eyq;fps;sp 5. fps;sp
tstd; 6. Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod; 7.
Nfhr;nrq; fz;zd; 8. ngUehw; fps;sp
Nrho muR:
Nrho ehL> fhtphp #o;ehL> ePh;ehL kw;Wk;
Gdy; ehL vdg;gl;lJ. fhtphp ejpg;
gs;sj;jhf;fpy; ePh; gha;tjhy; Nrho ehL
ePh;tsk; kpf;fjhf tpsq;fpaJ
Nrhoh;fspd; jiyefh; ciwA+h;>
JiwKfk; fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdk;
Nrhoh;fspd; rpd;dk; GypahFk;
fps;sp> tstd;> nrd;dp> Nrhod; Nghd;w
ngah;fisj; jhq;fpa NrhoehL
jw;Nghija jQ;ir jpUr;rp khtl;lk;
cs;slf;fpajhf ,Ue;jJ
fhpfhyd;
fhpfhyd; rq;ffhyr; Nrhoh;fspd; Gfo;
kpf;fth;. gl;bdg;ghiy kw;Wk;
nghUeuhw;Wg;gil fhpfhyidg; gw;wp
tpthpf;fpd;wd
fhtphpapd; FWf;Nf fy;yizia
mikj;jhh;.
rq;ffhyj;jpy; Gfhh; efuk; rpwe;j thzpg
efuhkhfTk;> JiwKfkhfTk;>
,uz;lhtJ jiyefukhfTk; jpfo;e;jJ
fhpfhyDf;Fg; gpwF eyq;fps;sp>
fps;sptstd;> Nfhg;ngUQ;Nrhod;
MfpNahh; Ml;rp Ghpe;jdh;.
rq;ffhy Nrhohpd; Ml;rp Nfhr;
nrq;fzhd; fhyj;NjhL KbTf;F te;jJ
fhpfhydhy; Mjhpf;fg;gl;l Gyth;
cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;. ,th; vOjpa ghly;
gl;bdg;ghiy
thifg;gue;jiyg; Nghhpy; ntd;w kd;dh;
fhpfhyd;
gy;yth;fs; Ml;rp tPo;r;rpAw;wNghJ
gpw;fhy Nrhoh;fs; Ml;rp Jtq;fpaJ
Nru muR:
rq;ffhyr; Nruh;fs; thdth;> tpy;yth;>
kiyah; vdg;gl;ldh;. Kjyhtjhf
cjpad; Nruyhjd; kuGk;> ,uz;lhtjhf
,Uk;nghiw kuGk; Nru ehl;il Ml;rp
Ghpe;jd
Nruh;fspd; jiyefuk; tQ;rp> mth;fspd;
JiwKfk; njhz;b> Krpwp Nruh;fspd;
rpd;dk; tpy; mk;G MFk;.
neLQ;rNruyhjd; flk;gh;fis ntd;whh;.
,th; ,katuk;gd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
rq;f fhyr; Nruh;fspy; jiyrpwe;j kd;dh;
nrq;Fl;Ltd;> gjpw;Wg;gj;J> mfehD}Wk;>
nrq;Fl;Ltd; gw;wpa nra;jpfis $wpaJ.
,th; fhpfhyd; Nrho ehl;il Ml;rp
nra;jNghJ Nruehl;il Ml;rp nra;jhh;
nrq;Fl;Ltdpd; ,styhd
,sq;Nfhtbfs; rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij
,aw;wpdhh;
Nruyhjd; ngUk; Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw>
fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiw MfpNahh;
Gfo;kpf;ftuhth;. rq;f fhy Nru ehL
jw;fhy Nfusg; gFjpia
cs;slf;fpajhf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt
NfusGj;jpuh;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
ghz;ba muR:
rq;f fhyg; ghz;ba muR kJiu.
jpUney;Ntyp> ,uhkehjGuk;
khtl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf ,Ue;jJ
ghz;ba murh;fs; khwd;> tOjp> nropad;
Nghd;w ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gl;ldh;
kJiu ghz;bah;fspd; jiyefuhkhfTk;
nfhw;if JiwKfkhfTk;> kPd;
rpd;dkhfTk; tpsq;fpaJ
KJFLkpg; ngUtOjp vd;w ghz;ba
kd;dd; jdJ ntw;wpfisg; Nghw;Wk;
tifapy; gy Nts;tpfisr; nrajjhy;
gy;ahrhiy vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngaiug;
ngw;whd;
G+jg;ghz;bad; vd;w murd; rpwe;j
tPudhfTk; Gytiug; Nghw;Wk;
ts;syhfTk; tpsq;fpdhd;.
G+jg;ghz;bad; kidtp ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L
rpwe;j ngz;ghw;Gytuhthh;
Mhpag;gil fle;j neLQ;nropad; vd;w
kd;dd; rpyg;gjpfhu ehafdhf
NfhtyDf;F jtwhf jz;lid toq;fp
gpd; czh;e;jTlNd capiu tpl;lhd;
jiyahyq;fhdj;J nrUntd;w
neLQ;nropad; jiyahyq;fhdk; vd;w
,lj;jpy; ele;j Nghhpy; Nru> Nrho>
kw;Wk; FWepy kd;dh;fspd;
$l;Lg;gilfis Kwpabj;jhd;
fpNuf;f ehLfSld; njhlh;Gilath;fs;
Gfo;ngw;w kd;dh; - neLQ;nropad;
rpwe;j nfhil ts;syhf tpsq;fpa
,td; khq;Fb kUjdhh; Nghd;w gy
Gyth;fis Mjhpj;Jg; Nghw;wpdhh;
rq;f fhyk;
jkpofj;jpd; njspthd tuyhW rq;f
fhyj;jpypUe;Nj njhlq;FfpwJ. rq;fk;
vd;w nrhy;Yf;F fofk; vd;gJ nghUs;
mNrhfhpd; ghiwf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk;
fhyNtydpd; mjpFk;gh fy;ntl;L jkpof
muRfis gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd
goq;fhyj; jkpo; gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fisg;
gw;wp mwpe;Jf;nfhs;s fOF kiyf;
fy;ntl;Lfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
jpUf;NfhtpY}h; fy;ntl;L FWepy
kd;dh;fisg; gw;wpAk; jkpo;g; Gyth;
fgpyhpd; Jaukhd Kbitg; gw;wpAk;
$WfpwJ
GfY}Uf;F mUfpYs;s Mh;ehl;lhh;
kiyf; fy;ntl;L Nru kd;dh;fis gw;wp
$Wfpd;wJ.
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; Mjpr;r ey;Y}hpy;
uhgh; G&];G+l; vd;gth; mfoha;Tfis
Nkw;nfhz;lhh;
GJf;Nrhpf;F mUfpy; mhpf;fNkL vd;w
,lj;jpy; Jg;Nuy; kw;Wk; khh;bkh;tPyh;
Nghd;w mwpQh;fs; mfoha;Tfs;
nra;jdh;. mg;NghJ Nuhkhdpa
kl;ghz;lq;fs;> fz;zhbf;Ftisfs;>
,uj;jpdq;fs;> ehzaq;fs; Nghd;wit
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld
fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpw;F mUfpy; fPioA+h;
vd;w ,lj;jpy; rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;ijr;
Nrh;e;j Gj;j tpf;fpufk;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
G+k;Gfhh; flw;gFjpapy; fz;L
gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;s rq;f fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j
fg;gw; rpijTfs; kpfr; rpwe;j njhy;ypay;
rhd;whFk;
nkf]jdp]; vOjpa ,z;bfh ];l;uhNgh>
gpspdp jhykp Nghd;w Mrphpah;fSk; rq;f
fhyj;ijg; gw;wp gy mhpa jfty;fis
mspj;Js;sdh;. ,yq;if E}y;fshd
kfhtk;rk;> jPgtk;rk; Mfpad
rq;fq;fspd; fhyj;ij eph;zapf;fg;
gad;gLfpd;wd
fp. K. %d;whk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fp. gp.
%d;whk; E}w;whz;L tiu rq;f fhyk;
ePbj;jJ.
1. jiyr; rq;f fhyk; fp. K. 9654 – fp.
K. 5214
2. ,ilr; rq;f fhyk; fp. K. 5210 – fp.
K. 1510
3. filr; rq;f fhyk; fp. K. 1500 fp. K.
350
Kjw; rq;fk; eilngw;w ,lk; njd;
kJiu
,ilr; rq;fk; eilngw;w ,lk; fhghlGuk;
,g;gFjpfs; ,e;J khf;flypy; %o;fp
tpl;ljhy; ghz;ba murh;fs; kJiuapy;
%d;whtJ jkpo;r;rq;fj;ij epWtpdh;
filr;rq;fk; eilngw;w ,lk; tl kJiu
rq;f fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs;
njhy;fhg;gpak;> vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L
Mfpad rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fshFk;.
,tw;wpy; njhy;fhg;gpak; kpfTk;
njhd;ikahd rq;f ,yf;fz E}yhFk;
njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij ,aw;wpath;
njhy;fhg;gpah;
,ilr; rq;f fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;j ,e;
E}Ny ekf;F fpilj;j gioikahd
,yf;fz E}yhFk;
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs;
1. ew;wpiz 2. FWe;njhif 3. Iq;FWE}W
4. fypj;njhif 5. mfehD}W 6.
GwehD}W 7. gjpw;Wg; gj;J 8. ghpghly;
gj;Jg;ghl;L
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> ngUeuhw;Wg;gil>
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil> rpWghzhw;Wg;gil>
kiygLflhk; (m) $j;juhw;Wg;gil>
FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L> Ky;iyg;ghl;L>
gl;bdg;ghiy> neLey;thil> kJiuf;
fhQ;rp
gjpndz;fPo;fzf;F E}y;fs;:
1. ehybahh; 2. ehd;kpzf;fbif 3. ,d;dh
ehw;gJ 4. ,dpait ehw;gJ 5. fhh; ehw;gJ 6.
fstpop ehw;gJ 7. jpUfLfk; 8. Mrhu Nfhit
9. Gopnkhop> 10. rpWgQ;r%yk; 11.
KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp 12. Vyhjp 13. jpUf;Fws; 14.
Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ 15. Ie;jpiz vOgJ 16.
jpiznkhop Ik;gJ 17. Jpizkhiy
E}w;iwk;gJ 10. ife;epiy
rq;f fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;if
rq;f fhy jkpoh;fs; jpizfs; vdg;gl;l
Ie;J NtWgl;l ,aw;ifahd
epyg;gFjpapy; tho;e;jdh;. mit
1. FwpQ;rp 2. Ky;iy 3. kUjk; 4. nea;jy;
5. Ghiy
FwpQ;rp
kiyAk; mjidr; rhh;e;j kiyg;gFjp
kf;fspd; Ntl;Lth;> Futh; vdg;gl;ldh;.
KUfd; my;yJ NrNahd; vd;w flTis
tzq;fpdhh;
Ky;iy
fhLk; mjidr; rhh;e;j gFjp
Nka;r;ry; njhopy; kf;fs; Mah; my;yJ
Nfhtyh; vdg;gl;ldh;
flTs; jpUkhy; my;yJ khNahd;
ghiy
ghiytdj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;
kf;fs; kwth; my;yJ fs;th; vdg;gl;ldh;
nfhw;witia topgl;ldh;
FWepy kd;dh;fs;
jkpofj;jpd; gy gFjpfspy; FWepy
kd;dh;fSk; Ml;rp Ghpe;jdh;. ,th;fs;
Ntsph;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh.
Ntsph;fspy; kpfr; rpwe;jth;fs; filNaO
ts;sy;fs; Mthh;fs;
ghhp> Xhp> fhhp> vopdp> Ngfd;> Ma;> es;sp
MfpNahh; filnaO ts;sy; Mthh;
fgpyh;> mt;itahh;> ey;yhjdhh;>
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; Nghd;w jkpo;g;
Gyth;fis ,th;fs; Mjhpj;jdh;.
mjpakhdpd; mitg; Gytuhf mt;itahh;
rpwe;j rkhjhdj; J}Jtuhf jpfo;e;jhh;
Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;
me;jzh;> murh;> itrpah;> Ntshsh; vd;w
ehd;F gphpT fhzg;gl;lJ
mt;itahh;> fhf;if ghbdpahh;>
er;nrs;isahh; Nghd;wth;fs; Kf;fpa
ngz;ghw; Gyth;fs;
fypq;fk; vd;gJ nky;ypa Miliaf;
Fwpf;Fk;.
njhlf;fj;jpy; gz;lkhw;W Kiw ,Ue;jJ
,we;j tPuh;fSf;F eLfy; el;ldh;
rq;F> ghiw> Foy;> ahop Nghd;w ,ir
fUtpfs; ,Ue;jd
fhpfhyd; Vopir ty;ytd; vd;W
Nghw;wg;gl;lhd;
Gfhh; efhpy; Mz;L NjhWk; ,e;jpu tpop
eilngw;wJ
md;whl eph;thfj;jpy; murDf;F
cjtpahf ,uz;L FOf;fs; nray;gl;ld.
mit Ik;ngUq;FO vz;Nguhak;
rq;f fhyj;jpy; muRfs; kz;lyk;> ehL>
tsehL> $w;wk; vd miof;fg;gl;ld
fpuhkq;fs; %j;Njhh; mlq;fpa mitfs;
kd;wk;> nghjpapy;> mit kw;Wk; mk;gyk;
vd;W miof;fg;gl;ld
fpNuf;f – cNuhkhdpaj; njhlh;Gfs;:
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; fpNuf;fh;fis
atdh;fs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd
gpspdp> lhykp> GUlhh;f;> nrq;flw; nryT
vd;w E}ypd; Mrphpah; MfpNahh; fpNuf;f
– cNuhkhdpah;fspd; th;j;jf cwTfis
Fwpf;fpd;wdh;. gpspdp vOjpa Gj;jfj;jpd;
ngah; Naturalis Historia (“Natural
History”)
GJNf vd;gJ mhpf;fNkl;il Fwpf;Fk;.
,q;F cNuhkhdpa th;j;jf epiyak;
,Ue;jJ. ,q;F fpNuf;f – cNuhkhdpa
ehzaq;fs; Nghd;wit fpilj;Js;sJ.
fpNuf;fh;fs; mhprpia xhpr vd;W
mioj;jdh;
rq;fk; kUtpa fhyk;: fsg;gpuh;fs;
fp.gp.3 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy; rq;f
fhyk; KbTf;F te;jJ
rq;f fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpg; gFjpia rq;fk;
kUtpa fhyk; vd;gh;
rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpait
rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy kw;Wk;
gjpnzd;fPof;fzf;F E}y;fs;
,f;fhyj;ij ,Uz;l fhyk; vd;W
miog;gh;
jkpo; ehtyh; rhpij> ahg;ngUq;fyk;>
nghpaGuhzk;> Nts;tpf;Fb kw;Wk;
jstha;Guk; nrg;NgLfs; jpUg;GfY}h;
fy;ntl;L kw;Wk; fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; cs;s
itFe;j ngUkhs; Nfhtpy; fy;ntl;L
Mfpait fsg;gpuh;fis Fwpj;J mwpa
cjTk; rhd;WfshFk;. mr;Rj fsg;ghsd;
vd;w fsg;gpu kd;didf; Fwpj;J
ahg;ngUq;fyk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
tlnkhopAk; gpuhfpUjKk; mwpKfg;
gLj;jg;gl;d. tl;nlOj;J vd;w Gjpa thp
tbtk; tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ
rPtf rpe;jhkzp> Fz;lyNfrp> epfz;Lfs;
,aw;wg;gl;ld
Gj;j> rkz rkak; Ntfkhf gutpaJ
Gj;j jj;jhp> Gj;j Nfh\h; kw;Wk; Nghjp
jh;kh; Nghd;w Gj;j mwpQh;fs; kw;Wk;
rh;tee;jp> t[;uee;jp Nghd;w rkz
mwpQh;fs; tho;e;jdh;.
jpUg;ghjphpGypA+hpy; rkzg;gs;sp xd;W
nray;gl;lJ
fsg;gpuh;fspd; ,Wjpapy; kd;dh;fs; irt
rkaj;ij jOtpdhh;
ghz;ba kd;dd; fLq;Nfhd; njd; jkpo;
ehl;ilAk; gy;yt murd; rpk;k tp\;Z
njhz;il kw;Wk; Nrho kz;lyj;ijak;
fsg;gpuh;fsplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wp fsg;gpuh;
Ml;rpia KbTf;F nfhz;L te;jdh;.
njd;dpe;jpa NguuRfs; (fp.gp. 601-1300)
gy;yth;fs;:
gy;yth;fs; Njhw;wk; gw;wp gy;NtW
fUj;Jfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Nrho murDf;Fk; ,yq;ifia mLj;j
kzpgy;ytj; jPitr; rhh;e;j ehf mur
Fkhhpf;Fk; ,ilNa Njhd;wpa
,se;jpiuad; vd;w kuigr; rhh;e;jth;fs;
(my;yJ) kfhuh\;buj;jpypUe;J te;j
Mhpah;fs; (my;yJ) guj;th[;
Nfhj;jpuj;ijr; rhh;e;j tl ,e;jpa
gpuhkzh;fs; (my;yJ) Me;jpuhit Mz;L
te;j rhjthfzh;fspd; fPo; rpw;wurh;fshf
,Ue;J gpd; rhjthfdh;fspd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg;
gpd; typik tha;e;jth;fshf
cUthdth;fs;.
gy;yth;fis 3 gphpthf gphpf;fyhk;
1. gpuhfpUj nkhopapy; gl;laq;fis
ntspapl;l Kw;fhy gy;yth;fs;
2. tlnkhopapy; gl;laq;fis ntspapl;l
,ilf;fhy gy;yth;fs;
3. fpue;j jkpo;nkhopapy; gl;laq;fis
ntspapl;l gpw;fhy gy;yth;fs;
Kf;fpa gy;yt kd;dh;fs;
Kjy; gy;yt kugpid Njhw;Wtpj;jth;
tPuFh;r;rdd; Mthh;
,thpd; kfd; rpy ];fe;j th;kd; ,th;
mRtNkf ahfk; nra;jhh;. ,tUf;F
kfhuhrhjpuhrd; vd;w gl;lg;ngah; cz;L
tp\;Z Nfhgd;:
gy;yt kd;dh;fspy; Kf;fpakhdth;
,th; rKj;jpu Fg;juhy;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lth;
kNfe;jputh;kd;:
,tuJ fhyj;jpy; rhSf;fpa kd;dd;
,uz;lhk; GypNfrp Nghhpl;L ntq;fpia
ifg;gw;wpdhd;.
,th; kNfe;jpukq;fyj;jpy; (khkz;^h;)
rpj;jNkfj; jhflfk; vd;w Vhp mikj;jhh;
Rkzj;ij Mjhpj;j ,th; gpw;fhyj;jpy;
irt kjj;jpw;F khwpajhy;> rkz kjk;
jdJ nry;thf;fpid ,oe;jJ
,th; rpj;jufhu Gyp> tprpj;jpu rpj;jd;
kj;j tpyhrd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;
FLkpahd; kiyf; fy;ntl;L ,tuJ
,irg; Gyikia $Wfpd;wJ
Kjyhk; eurpk;kth;kd;:
,th; khky;yd; vdg;gl;lhh;
Athd; Rthq; fp.gp. 640y; fhQ;rpGuk;
te;jhh;.
gpd; rhSf;fpa ehl;bd; kPJ Nghh;
njhLj;J mth;fspd; jiyefh; thjhgpia
jPf;fpiuahf;fpdhh;
,jdhy; thjhgp nfhz;lhd; vdg; ngah;
ngw;whh;
rpq;fs kd;dd; khdth;kDf;F cjtpfs;
nra;J Ml;rpAhpikia ngw;Wj; je;jhh;
Nru> Nrho> ghz;bah;fis Nghhpy;
ntd;whh;
,thpd; Gfo; ngw;w jsgjp guQ;Nrhjp.
,th; rpWnjhz;l ehadhh; vd
miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
khky;yGuj;jpy; cs;s flw;fiu
Nfhtpy;fs; ngUk;ghYk; eurpk;k th;kDk;
mtuJ kfd; ,uh[rpk;k th;kdhYk;
fl;lg;gl;lJ.
rpk;k tp\;Z ,th; Nrhoh;> ghz;bah;
kw;Wk; fsg;gpuh;fis ntd;wjhy;
mtdprpk;kd; vdg;ngah; ngw;whh;
gy;yth;fspd; Kf;fpa efuq;fs;
1. fhQ;rpGuk; 2. khky;yGuk; 3. khkz;^h;
4. cj;jpuNk&h; 5. Thjhgp 6.
jpUtjpiy
gy;yth;fspd; fiyj; njhz;L:
fl;blf;fiy: tiffs;
1. ghiwf; Fiffs; 2. Xw;iwf; fy;
,ujq;fs; 3. fl;Lkhdf; Nfhapy;fs;
rpw;gf; fiy: tiffs;
1. Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; 2. Xw;iwf;
fy;Nfhapy;fs; 3. fl;blf; Nfhapy;fs; 4.
kz;lgq;fisf; nfhz;l Nfhapy;fs;
Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs;:
,it nghpa fw;ghiwfisf; File;J
mikf;fg;ngw;w Nfhapy;fs;
,tw;iw kNfe;jputh;kh; mikj;jhh;
fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs;
kNfe;jpu thb> gy;yhtuk;> jsthD}h;>
ehkf;fy;> jpUr;rp> ty;yk; kw;Wk;
khky;yGuk;
khky;yGuj;jpy; cs;s Kk;%h;j;jp Fif>
nfhw;witf; Nfhapy;> Nfhbf;fy; kz;lgk;
Mfpait Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; MFk;
xw;iwf;fy; Nfhapy;fs;:
eurpk;kth;kd; fhyj;jpy; xw;iwf;fy;
Nfhapy;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
khky;yGuj;jpy; cs;s VO fUg;G
gNfhlhf;fs; gQ;r ghz;lth; ,ujq;fs;>
kfplhFukz;lgk;> ahid> ee;jp> rpq;fk;>
mh;Rdd; jtk; nra;Ak; fhl;rp Mfpait
xw;iwf;fy; Nfhapy;fs; MFk;.
fl;blf; Nfhapy;fs;:
,uhr rpk;k th;kdhy; fl;lg;gl;l
khky;yGuj;jpy; cs;s flw;fiu Nfhtpy;
kw;Wk; fhQ;rp iryhr ehjh; Nfhapy;fs;
kz;lgq;fisf; nfhz;l Nfhapy;fs;:
mguh[pjth;kd; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;lit.
jpUtjpif tPul;lhNdRth; Nfhapy; kw;Wk;
jpUj;jzpif Nfhapy;
gy;yth;fs; fl;ba gpw Kf;fpa Nfhtpy;fs;:
kNfe;jptuth;kd; fl;baJ:
kNfe;jputhbapy; cs;s kNfe;jpug;gs;sp
rptd;nfhapy; kw;Wk; jpUtjpifapy;
fl;lg;gl;l Fzgu <r;ruk; GJf;Nfhl;il
Fd;whz;lhh; Nfhtpy;
,uz;lhk; ee;jpth;kd; fl;baJ
fhQ;rp – itFe;jg; ngUkhs; Nfhapy;
$uk; - Nfrtg; ngUkhs; Nfhtpy;
gy;yth;fs; fhy Ez;fiyfs;:
,ir> eldk;> Xtpak;> rpw;gk;
Mfpatw;iw xOq;Nf tsh;j;jth;
kNfe;jputh;kd; gy;ytd; Mthh;. vdNt
,th; rpj;jpufhug;Gyp vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
rpj;jd;dthry; Xtpaq;fs;> khkz;^h;
Fif Xtpaq;fs; fhQ;rp ifyhaehjh;
Nfhtpy; Xtpaq;fs;> gidkiyf; Nfhapy;
Xtpaq;fs; Mfpait gy;yth;fhy
Xtpaq;fs;
gy;yth;fs; fhy ,irf; fUtpfs;:
aho;> tpiz> Foy;> fpd;dhp kj;jsk;>
FlKoh
gpwKf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;:
kj;j tpyhr gpufrdk; vd;w E}iy
vOjpath; kNfe;jpu th;kd;
gy;yth;fspd; flw;fiug; gl;bdk; -
khky;yGuk;
Kjypy; rkz kjj;ijak; gpd; irt
kjj;ijAk; gpd;gw;wpath; kNfe;jputh;kd;
,tiu irt kjj;jpw;F khw;wpath; mg;gh;
eurpk;k gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; Athd; -
Rthq; fhQ;rpGuj;jpw;F te;jhh;
gpw;fhy gy;ytkuig epWtpath; rpk;k
tp\;Z
,uhr rpk;kd; mitapy; ,Ue;j Gyth; -
jz;b
jz;b – jz;bayq;fhuk; fhtpajhprdk;>
Fkhurhpjk; Mfpa E}y;fis vOjpdhh;
ghutp vOjpaE}y; rpuhjh; [Pdpak;
gy;yth;fspd; filrp kd;dd; -
mguh[pjth;kd;
gy;yth;fhyj;jpy; jpUke;jpuk; vd;w E}iy
vOjpa jpU^yh; tho;e;jhh;. ,th; xd;Nw
Fyk; xUtNd Njtd; vd;w jj;Jtj;ij
toq;fpdhh;.
gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j ehad;khh;fs;:
jpUehTf;furh; kw;Wk; jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;
gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j Mo;thh;fs;:
jpUkq;ifaho;thh; kw;Wk; jpUg;ghzho;thh;
fhQ;rp gy;fiyf; fofk;
gz;ila ,e;jpahtpd; Gfo;ngw;w
gy;fiyf;fofk;
,q;F gapd;wth;fs;:
1. jpf;ehfh; - ngsj;j rka E}yhrphpah;
2. kA+urh;kd; - flk;g kugpid epWtpah;
3. jUkghyh; - ehse;jhtpd; Nguhrphpah;
kNfe;jputh;kdpd; ,irj; jpwDf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;L FLkpahd; kiyf;
fy;ntl;L MFk;
NkYk; gy;yhtuk; Fiff; Nfhapy;
fy;ntl;L rq;fpuzrhjp vd;w ,ir
Fwpg;gpidj; jFe;jJ.
nkhop: gy;yth;fs; Kjd; Kjypy; rkz
kjj;ij rhh;e;jth;fshf ,Ue;jjjhy;
gpufpUj nkhop gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
gpw;fhyj;jpy; rk];fpUj nkhop
gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. gy;yth;fs; irtj;jpw;F
khwpaTld; jkpo; nkhop gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
,ilf;fhy Nrhourh;fs;
tp[ayha Nrhod; - 846 – 881
Mjpj;a Nrhod; - 871 – 907
Kjyhk; guhe;jf Nrhod; - 907 – 953
fz;lujpj;jpad; - 950 – 957
mhpQ;ra Nrhod; - 956 – 957
,uz;lhk; guhe;jf Re;ju Nrhod; - 957 – 970
cj;jk Nrhod; - 970 – 985
,uhr ,uhr Nrhod; - 985 – 1014
,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; - 1012 – 1044
,uhrhjp uhr Nrhod; - 1018 – 1054
,uz;lhk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; - 1051 – 1063
tPu ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; - 1063 – 1070
Mjp uhNre;jpu Nrhod; - 1070
rhSf;fpa Nrhoh;fs;
Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; - 1070 – 1120
tpf;uk Nrhod; - 1118 - 1136
,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; - 1133 - 1150
,uz;lhk; ,uh[ ,uh[ Nrhod; - 1146 – 1163
,uz;lhk; ,uhrhjp uhr Nrhod; - 1163 – 1178
%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; - 1178 – 1218
%d;whk; ,uh[ ,uh[ Nrhod; - 1216 – 1256
%d;whk; ,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; - 1246 - 1279
jpUg;Gwk;gpak; Nghhpdhy; gy;yth;fs;
Ml;rp tPo;r;rpAw;w NghJ Nrho muR
kWgbAk; jiyJ}f;f Muk;gpj;jJ
tp[aghyd; vDk; Nrho kd;duhy;
kPz;Lk; jQ;ir Nrhoh; Ml;rp
Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
Nrhoh;fspd; jiyefuk;: jQ;rhT+h;
Murhq;f rpd;dk; : Gyp
rhd;Wfs;
1. kfhtk;rk; 2. nkf];jdp]; Nghd;w
ntspehl;Lg; gazpfspd; Fwpg;Gfs; 3.
My;G&zp vDk; Kfkjpa tuyhw;W
Mrphpahpd; Fwpg;GfshFk;
jQ;ir nghpa Nghtpy; gpufjP];tuh; Mya
fy;ntl;Lfs;
%d;whk; ,uhN[e;jpudpd; Ml;rpKiwiag;
gw;wp $Wk; jpUte;jpGuk; fy;ntl;Lfs;
fpuhk eph;thfk;> thp t#y;Kiw> epy
tUtha; Kiw Mfpait Fwpj;j
cj;jpuNk&h; fy;ntl;Lfs;
md;gpy; nrg;NgLfs;> fd;dpahFkhp
fy;ntl;Lfs;> fue;ij nrg;NgLfs; kw;Wk;
jpUthyq;fhL nrg;NgLfs; kw;Wk;
jpUtyq;fhL nrg;NgLfs;
fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuk; Nfhtpy;
jhuhGuj;jpYs;s IuhtjP];tuh; Myak;
jpUGtdj;jpYs;s fk;gfNu];tuh; Myak;.
,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpy;
Nrf;fpohh; tho;e;jhh;
n[ak; nfhz;lhhpd; fypq;fj;Jg;guzp
xl;lf;$j;jhpd; %d;W cyhf;fs;.
FNyhj;Jq;fd; gps;isj; jkpo;
tPu Nrhopak;> etNrho rhpjk;> ];jy
Guhzk;> Nrho tk;r rhpjk; Mfpait
Kf;fhy Nrhotk;rh; gw;wp mwpa cjTk;
rhd;Wfs; MFk;
gpw;fhy Nrho mur kuit cUthf;fpath;
tp[aghyd;
fp. K. 850y; jQ;iriaf; ifg;gw;wp Nrho
ehl;bd; jiyefuhf;fpdhh;.
gy;yt kd;dh; mguh[pjid Njhw;fbj;J
mtuJ ,uh[;[paj;ij ifg;gw;wpdhh;
,tUf;Fg; gpd; Mjpj;jpa Nrhod;
Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;. ,th; mguh[pjth;kd;
vd;w gy;yt kd;did Njhw;fbj;J
Ml;rpia epiy ehl;bdhh;.
Kjyhk; guhe;jfd; fp. gp. 907 – fp. gp. 953
cj;jpuNk&h; fy;ntl;Lfs; Kjyhk;
guhe;jfd; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
,th; Mjpj;jadpd; kfdhthh;
ghz;ba kd;didj; Njhw;fbj;J kJiu
nfhz;lhd; vd;Wk; ,yq;if kw;Wk;
ghz;ba murh;fspd; $l;L ,uhZtj;ij
Njhw;fbj;J kJiuAk; <oKk; nfhz;lhd;
vdg; ngah; ngw;whh;
rpjk;guj;jpy; cs;s eluh[h; Myaj;jpw;F
nghd;dy; $iu Nta;e;jhh;. vdNt ,th;
nghd;Nta;e;ej Nrhod; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhh;
,uh\;bu$lturh; %d;whk; fpU\;zdplk;
jf;Nfhyk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; eilngw;w
Nghhpy; Njhw;whh;
Kjyhk; ,uhruhr Nrhod; fp. gp. 985 – fp.
gp. 1014
,uz;lhk; guhe;jfDf;Fk; thdtd; kfh
Njtpf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jth;
jpUtyq;fhL nrg;NgLfs; ,tiug; gw;wp
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ
Nruiu jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;jhh;
nfhy;yj;ij rhh;e;j gh];fu utp
vd;gtiu Njhw;fbj;J fhe;jSh; rhiy
fykUjUspa vd;w gl;lj;ij ngw;whh;
ghz;ba kd;dd; mku G[q;fis
ntd;whh;. ,yq;if kd;dd; Ie;jhk;
kfpe;jhit ntd;W mDuhjhGuj;ij
ntd;whh;. GydUth efuj;ij Gjpa
jiyefuhf;fpdhh;
Nru> Nrho> ghz;bah;fis ntd;wjhy;
Kk;Kbr; Nrhod; vdg;gl;lhh;
tpspq;fk; gFjpia ntd;W jpf;tp[ak;
elj;jpdhh;
epy msit Kiwia
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;
,uhr ,uhr NrhoDf;F rptghj Nrfud;.
jpUkiwfz;l Nrhod;> mUz;nkhop>
,uhrNfrhp vd;w gl;lg; ngah;fs; cz;L
jQ;irapy; nghpa gpufjP];tuh; vdg;gLk;
rptd; Nfhapy; mikj;j kd;dd; Kjyhk;
uhruhrd; ,f;Nfhtpy; Nrhoh;fspd;
fl;blfiyf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;
ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; mike;j Gj;j
tpf;fpufj;jpw;F ,uhr ,uhrg; ngUk;gs;sp
vd ngahplg;gl;lJ
Mizkq;fyk; fpuhkj;ij Gj;jklj;jpw;F
ed;nfhilahf toq;fpdhh;
,uhr ,uhr Nrhodpd; gl;lj;J kidtp
cyf khNjtp
Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; fp.gp. 1012 – fp.gp.
1044
,th; Kjyhk; uhruhrdpd; kfdhth;
Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpuidg; gw;wp
jpUtyq;fhL nrg;NgLfs;> fue;ij
nrg;NgLfs; Mfpad $Wfpd;wd
tq;fhs murd; Kjyhk; kfpghyid
Njhw;fbj;J fq;ifj; jz;zPiu
fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpw;F mUNf
cs;s Nrho fq;fk; vd;w ePh;g;ghrd
Vhpapy; Nrh;j;jhh;. vdNt fq;if
nfhz;ltd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;
,yq;if> tq;fhsk;> flhuk; kw;Wk;
kNyrpah gFjpfis ntd;wjhy; flhuk;
nfhz;lhd; vd;w fl;lk; #l;lg;ngw;wJ
Knfhz;lhd;> gz;bj Nrhod;> cj;jk
Nrhod; Nghd;w gy gl;lq;fSk;
#l;lg;gl;ld.
,th; jd; jiyefiu jQ;irapy; ,Ue;J
fq;if nfhz;l Nrhog;Guj;jpw;F
khw;wpdhh;
mjpuhN[e;jpu Nrhod;
,th; fpUkp fz;l Nrhod; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwhh;
tp[ahya Nrho kutpd; filrp kd;dh;
,tNu
Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fp. gp. 1070 – fp. gp.
1120
,k;kuT rhSf;fpa Nrho kuG vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod; gps;isj; jkpo;>
tpf;fpukNrhod; cyh Mfpa E}y;fs;
FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; eph;thfk;> ,uhZt
ntw;wpfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ffpd;wd
FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpy; Nrhog;NguuR
kpfTk; gue;J fhzg;gl;lJ.
tpdahjpj;ahtplk; ,Ue;J ntq;fpapd;
Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
thp Rikapy; ,ue;J kf;fis kPl;ljhy;
,th; Rq;fk; jtph;j;j Nrhod; vd;w
rpwg;Gg; gl;lk; ngw;whh;
Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; ,yq;if kd;dd;
tp[aghFf;F jd; kfisf; nfhLj;J
ey;YwT nra;J nfhz;lhh;
fypq;f ehl;il ntd;whh;. nraq;nfhz;lhh;
vd;gth; fypq;fj;Jg;guzp vd;w E}iy
vOjpdhh;
,th; jpUePw;Wr; Nrhod; vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; 1133 - 1150
,th; mitapy; Nrf;fpohh; ,Ue;jhh;. ,th;
mWgj;J %d;W rptdbahh;fis nfhz;L
nghpaGuhzk; my;yJ rpWj;njhz;lh;
Guhzk; vd;w E}y; vOjpdhh;
,th; jPtpu irt kjj;jpidr; rhh;e;jth;.
,th; ,uhkhD[iu irt kjj;jpw;F
khWkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhh;
,uhkhD[h; Nrho ehl;by; ,Ue;J
ntspNawp ik#h; mUNf cs;s
n`a;ry murdplk; nrd;whh;
,tuJ mitapy; fk;gh;> xl;lf;$j;jh;>
GfNoe;jp Mfpa jkpo;g; Gyth;fs;
tho;e;jdh;.
Nrhoh;fs; Ml;rp
Nguhrphpah; K. V. epYfz;lrh];jphp
Nrhoh;fhy kf;fspd; r%f> nghUshjhu>
rka tho;f;ifiaf; Fwpj;J
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;
KOjQ;ir khtl;lk;> jpUr;rpapd;
xUgFjp> GJf;Nfhl;il njd;dhw;fhF
Mfpa gFjpfis cs;slf;fpajhf Nrho
kz;lyk; ,Ue;jJ.
Nrhog;NguuR 9 khfhzq;fshfg;
gphpf;fg;gl;L kz;lyq;fs; vdg;gl;lJ
xt;nthU kz;lyKk; Nfhl;lq;fs;
my;yJ tsehLfshf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
xt;nthU Nfhl;lKk; ehLfshfTk;
xt;nthU ehLk; Ch; my;yJ
fpuhkq;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ
Nrho murhq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa tUtha;
Md epy tUtha; nghJthf
tpisr;rypy; Mwpy; xU ghfkhf (1/6)
,Ue;jJ.
Nrhoh;fs; vilapd; kPJ vilthp vd;w
thpiaAk; cg;gpd; kPJ cg;ghak; vd;w
thpiaAk; Rq;fthpahf thpahak; vd;w
thpiaAk;> tzpfj;jpd; kPJ nrl;biw
vd;w thpiaAk; vz;nza; nghUl;fspd;
kPJ nrf;fpiw vd;w thpiaAk; G+f;fspd;
kPJ filg;G+ vd;w thpiaAk;
nghw;nfhy;yh;fs; kPJ jjh;gl;lk; vd;w
thpiaAk; filfs; kPJ mq;fhb gl;lk;
vd;w thpiaAk; tpjpj;jdh;.
Nrho ,uhZtk; 70 gilg;gphpTfshfg;
gphpf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. Nrho uhZt
ahidg;gilapy; 60>000 ahidfs;
,Ue;jd. tpiyAah;e;j mNugpaf;
Fjpiufs; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;L
Fjpiug;gil gyg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
gpuhkzh;fs; FbapUe;j gFjp rJh;Ntjp
kq;fyk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ
FlNthiy Kiw
Nrhoh;fspd; rpwg;gk;rk; fpuhk
$l;likg;ghFk;.
FlNthiy Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;
Kjyhk; guhe;jfr; Nrhod;
cj;jpuNk&h; fy;ntl;L
fpuhk thhpak; kw;Wk; rigfspd; cs;
FlNthiy Kiw %yk;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh; vd cj;jpuNk&h;
fy;ntl;L $Wfpd;wJ
xt;nthU fpuhkKk; 30 thh;Lfshf
gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. xt;nthU gFjpf;Fk;
xU gpujpepjp FlNthiy Kiwapy;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;
FlNthiy Kiwapy; Njh;e;njLf;
fg;gLgth; 35 Kjy; 70 taJf;Fs;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mth; jdf;F
nrhe;jkhf 1 Ntyp epyk; cilatuhfTk;
thp nrYj;JgtuhfTk;> nrhe;j epyj;jpy;
tPL cilatuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mbik Kiw ,Ue;jJ
tyq;if ,lq;if rKjhag; gphpTfs;
,Ue;jd. tyq;if gphptpy; 98 rhjpfSk;>
,lq;if gphptpy; 98 rhjpfSk; ,Ue;jJ
Nrho mur FLk;gj;Jg; ngz;fspilNa
rKjhaj;jpy; cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk;
,Ue;jJ
rPd ehl;LlDk; Nrhoh;fs; thzpg cwT
itj;jpUe;jjhf ,gpd;gl;Llh> khh;Nfh
NghNyh Nghd;wth;fspd; Fwpg;Gfs;
$Wfpd;wJ
kfhgypGuk;> fhtphpg;G+k;gl;bdk;> NriyA+h;>
nfhw;if Mfpait Nrhoj;Jiw
Kfq;fshFk;
Nrho murh;fs; irth;fs; Mth;
,uhkhD[h; Nrhoh;fs; fhyj;jpy;
tho;e;jhh;
ek;gp Mz;lhh; ek;gp irt Kdpth;fspd;
,irg; ghly;fisAk;> ehjKdp vd;gth;
itzt Mo;thh;fspd; gf;jpg;
ghly;fisAk; njhFj;jhh;fs;.
jkpo; Gyth;fshd fy;yhldhh;> fk;gh;>
GfNoe;jp> xl;lf;$j;jh;> mt;itahh;>
jpUj;jf;fj; Njth; MfpNahh; Nrhoh;fs;
fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jdh;. fhtpaq;fs;> guzp>
Nfhit> cyh> fyk;gfk;> gps;isj;jkpo;
Mfpa ,yf;fpa tiffs; Nrhoh;
fhyj;jpy; Gfo; ngw;wpUe;jd.
jpUj;jf;fj; Njth; rPtf rpe;jhkzpia
vOjpdhh;
Kjyk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpy;>
,uz;lhk; fypq;fj;Jg; Nghiug; gw;wp
fypq;fj;Jg;guzp vd;w E}iy
n[aq;nfhz;lhh; vOjpdhh;
tpf;fpukNrhod;> ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;>
,uz;lhk; ,uh[uh[d; Mfpa %d;W
murh;fspd; mitapy; mitg;Gytuhf
xl;lf;$j;jh; ,Ue;jhh;
tpf;fpuk Nrhod; cyh> FNyhj;Jq;fd;
cyh> ,uh[uh[d; cyh vd;w %d;W
cyh E}y;fisAk;> FNyhj;Jq;fd;
gps;isj; jkpo;> ru];tjp me;jhjp vd;w
E}iyak; xl;lf;$j;jh; ,aw;wpdhh;
fk;guhkhazj;ij fk;gh; vOjpajhy;
%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fk;gehL vd;w
gFjpiaAk;> ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp vd;w
gl;lj;ijAk; toq;fp fk;giu fTutpj;jhh;.
rlNfhgh; me;jhjp> Kk;kzpf;Nfhit
Mfpa E}y;fisAk; fk;gh; vOjpdhh;
GfNoe;jp esntz;ghit ,aw;wpdhh;.
Mj;jpr;#b kw;Wk; nfhd;iwNte;jd;
Mfpa E}y;fis mt;itahh; vOjpdhh;
FNyhj;Jq;fd; Nfhit> jQirthzd;
Nfhit Mfpait Nrhoh;fhy
,yf;fpaq;fs; MFk;
kfh fhtpaq;fshd tisahgjp>
Fz;lyNfrp> cjazFkhufhtpak;>
aNrhjfhtpak;> rPur; Nrhopak;>
jz;bayq;fhuk;> ed;D}y; Mfpait
,f;fhyj;ij rhh;e;jit
Njthuk;> ee;jpf;fyk;gfk;> gujntz;gh>
rptQhd Nghjk; Mfpad Nrhoh;fhyj;jpy;
vOjg;gl;ld. ,sk;G+uzh;
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F tpsf;fTiu
vOjpdhh;.
GJf;Nfhl;il gFjpfspy;> Kw;fhy
Nrhokd;dh;fs; fl;bag y Nfhapy;fs;
,d;Wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Muk;g fhyj;jpy; Nrho kd;dh;fs;
nrq;fw;Nfhtpy;fisAk; gpw;fhyj;jpy;
fw;Nfhtpy;fisAk; fl;bdhh;
Kjy; Nrho murh; tp[aghyad;>
ehh;j;jhkiyapy; xU NfhapiyAk;>
Kjyhk; Mjpj;jpadpd; fhyj;jpy;>
GJf;Nfhl;il gFjpapy; cs;s
fd;dD}hpy; ghyRg;gpukzpad; NfhtpYk;>
jpUf;fl;lisf; NfhtpYk; fl;lg;gl;ld.
Fk;gNfhzj;jpy; cs;s ehNf];tuh;
Nfhtpy; jpUr;rp khtl;lk;> =dpthr
ey;Y}hpy; cs;s Nfhuq;fehjh; Myak;
Kjyhk; guhe;jfdhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ
nfhLk;gY}hpy; cs;s %th; Nfhtpy;
Nrhoh;fhy fl;blf; fiyf;Fk;> rpw;gf;
fiyf;Fk; xU rpwe;j vLj;jf;fhl;L
MFk;
njd; ,e;jpahtpd; jiy rpwe;j tuyhw;W
rpd;dkhf jQ;irapy; cs;s gpufjP];guh;
Nfhapy; kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; #hpaf;
flTSf;nfd;W Fk;gNfhzj;jpy; xU
Nfhtpiyf; fl;bdhh;. njd; ,e;jpa
fl;blf;fiy tuyhw;wpy; #hpaf;
flTSf;fhf fl;lg;gl;l Kjy; Nfhtpy;
,Jjhd;. ,uz;lhk; ,uh[uh[d;
jhuhRuj;jpy; IuhtjP];tuh; Nfhtpiyf;
fl;bdhh;.
Nrhoh;fhy Nfhtpy;fspy; fh;g;gf;
fpufq;fs; rJu> tl;l tbtq;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd
Nfhtpy;fspy; J}z;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;l
kz;lgq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpw;F
mh;j;j kz;lgk;> kfh kz;lgk;> ee;jp
kz;lgk; vd;W ngah;
Nfhuq;fehjh; Myaj;jpYk; ehNf];tu
Rthkp Nfhtpy; Rth;fspYk; kpfr; rpwe;j
cUtg;glq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
fhs`];jp Myaj;jpy; NrhokhNjrp>
%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fs; MfpNahuJ
cUtg;glq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,irapy; 23 gz;fs; 7 ];tuq;fshfpa r>
hp> f> k> g> j> ep cgNahfpf;fg;gl;ld
Nksk;> cLf;if> tPiz> Gy;yhq;Foy;
Mfpad Gfo; kpFe;j ,irf;fUtpfs;
MFk;. Rflf;Nfhl;bfs; jiyikapy;
,irf; fiyQh;fs; FO ,Ue;jJ
Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; fjfsp> gujehl;bak;
Mfpa ,Utif eldq;fs; Nghw;wp
kjpf;fg;gl;ld
rptngUkhNd fudtof eldj;jpw;F
cjhuz ehafuhf fUjg;gl;lhh;
Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; jQ;ir nghpa
Nfhtpypy; ehl;baf;fiyia tsh;f;f 400
eldg;ngz;fis gzpapy; mkh;j;jpdhh;
jpUtpohf;fyq;fspy; ,uh[uhN[];tu
ehlfk;> ,uh[uh[tp[ak; Mfpa
elhfq;fs; elj;jg;gl;ld
Mhpaf; $j;J> rhf;fpaf; $j;J> re;jpf;
$j;J Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp> fy;ntl;Lfs;
$Wfpd;wd.
ghz;bag; NguuR
fLq;nfhd; fp.gp. 560 – fp.gp. 590
khw th;kd; mtdp #shkzp ghz;bad;
fp. gp. 590 – fp. gp. 620
nropad; Nre;jd; fp. gp. 620 – fp. gp. 640
mhpNfrhp guhq;Fr khwth;k ,uh[rpq;fd;
fp. gp. 640 – fp. gp. 674
Nfhr;rila ,uzjPud; fp. gp. 675 –
fp. gp. 730
mhpNfrhp guhq;Fr khwth;k ,uh[rpq;fd;
fp. gp. 730 – fp. gp. 765
guhe;jf neLQ;nropad; fp. gp. 765 –
fp. gp. 790
,uz;lhk; uh[rpq;fd; fp. gp. 790 – fp. gp.
800
Kjyhk; tuq;Fzd; fp. gp. 800 – fp. gp.
830
= khw = ty;yg fp. gp. 830 – fp. gp.
862
,uz;lhk; tuq;Fzd; fp. gp. 862 – fp. gp.
880
guhe;jf tPu ehuhazd; fp. gp. 862 fp. gp.
905
%d;whk; ,uh[rpk;kd; fp. gp. 905 – fp. gp.
920
Kjyhk; Re;jughz;bad;
Kjyhk; tPughz;bad;
,uz;lhk; tPughz;bad;
Mku G[q;f ghz;bad;
[lth;k Re;ju Nrho ghz;bad;
khwth;k tpf;uk Nrho ghz;bad;
[lth;kd; Nrho ghz;bad;
= ty;yg kzf;Fsr;r ghz;bad; fp. gp.
1101 – 1124
khwth;kd; rPh; ty;yg ghz;bad; fp. gp.
1132 – 1162
guhf;fpuk ghz;bad; fp. gp. 1161 – fp. gp.
1162
%d;whk; FyNrfu ghz;bad;
%d;whk; tPughz;bad;
[lth;kd; = ty;yg ghz;bad; - fp. gp.
1175 – 1180
[lth;kd; FyNrfu Njt ghz;bad; fp.
gp. 1180 – 1216
Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;jughz;bad; fp. gp.
1216 – 1238
,uz;lhk; Re;juth;k FyNrfud; fp. gp.
1238 – 1240
,uz;lhk; khwth;kd; Re;jughz;bad;
fp. gp. 1241 – 1251
Kjyhk; [lth;kd; Re;jughz;bad; fp. gp.
1251 – 1268
Kjyhk; khwth;kfd; FyNrfu ghz;bad;
fp. gp. 1268 – fp. gp. 1308
ehd;fhk; Re;jughz;bad; fp. gp. 1309 –
fp. gp. 1327
ehd;fhk; tPughz;bad; fp. gp. 1309 –
fp. gp. 1345
rq;f fhyj;jpy; Ml;rp nra;j
ghz;bah;fs; rq;f fhy ghz;bah; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ldh;
fsg;gpuh;fis Njhw;fbj;J kPz;Lk; Ml;rp
nra;j ghz;bah;fs; Kjyhk; ghz;bah;fs;
vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh;. ,th;fspd; fhyk;
fp. gp. 550 Kjy; fp. gp. 950 tiu MFk;
gy;yth;fs; kw;Wk; Nrhoh;fs; tPo;r;rpf;F
gpwF fp. gp. 1190 – fp. gp. 1310 tiu
jkpofj;ij Mz;l ghz;bah;fs;
,uz;lhk; ghz;bah;fs; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ldh;. Mf nkhj;jj;jpy; Rkhh;
400 Mz;Lfs; jkpofj;ij ghz;bah;fs;
kJiuia jiyefukhf nfhz;L
Mz;ldh;
ghz;bahpd; ehzaq;fspy; xU gf;fj;jpy;
xU kPNdh my;yJ xU N[hb kPd;fNsh
fhzg;gLfpwJ. kWgf;fk; me;j
ehzaj;ij ntspapl;l kd;ddpd; ngah;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
kJiu kPdhl;rp NfhtpYk;>
=uqf;j;jpYs;s muq;fehjh; NfhtpYk;
ghz;bahpd; rpwg;G kpFe;j epidTr;
rpd;dkhFk;.
thrg; khh;f;NfhNghNyh Nghd;w
may;ehl;L vOj;jhsh;fs; ghz;ba
kd;dh;fspd; Ml;rpiag; gw;wp $Wfpd;wJ.
ghz;bah;fisg; gw;wp mwpa cjTk;
rhd;Wfs;: nrg;NgLfs;:
Nts;tpf;Fb nrg;NgLfs;> rPtukq;fyk;
nrg;NgLfs;> jstha;Guk; nrg;NgLfs;>
rpd;dkD}h; nrg;NgLfs;> ghz;ba
kd;dh;fspd; eph;thfk; kw;Wk; Nghh;
ntw;wpfs; Fwpj;J $Wfpd;wd
fy;ntl;Lfs;:
1. rpjk;guk; fy;ntl;Lfs;:
ghz;bah;fspd; Nghh; jpwidg; gw;wp
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
2. GJf;Nfhl;il khwth;kd; fy;ntl;Lfs;:
thp t#y;> ePjp eph;thfk; kw;Wk; eps
msit gw;wpAk; Fy Nrfu ghz;bad;
Fwpj;Jk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ
jphpte;jpGuk; fy;ntl;Lfs;> =uq;fk;
fy;ntl;Lfs; ghz;bah;fspd; Nghh;
Kiwfs; gw;wpAk; $Wfpd;wJ.
Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;jughz;abidg;
gw;wpa nra;jpfs;> FLkpahd;kiy>
uq;fkiy> njd;fhrp> jpUtl;B];tuk;
Mfpa fy;ntl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
Kjyhk; khwth;kd; FyNrfud; Nru>
Nrhoiu ntw;wpf;nfhz;lJ gw;wp
jpUney;Ntpy fy;ntl;Lfs; $Wfpd;wd
ehzaq;fs;:
Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;ju ghz;badpd;
fhyj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;l ehzaq;fspy;
„NrhdhL nfhz;lhd;‟ vd;w ngah;
nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
rh; thy;lh; vypal; vDk; mwpQh; Nrhoh;
fhy ehzaq;fs; Fwpj;J vOjpAs;shh;
Kjyhk; [lhth;kd; FyNrfud; fp. gp. 1190
– fp. gp. 1210
%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;f NrhoNdhL
rkhjhd xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;.
,thpd; Ml;rp> ,uz;lhk; ghz;bauJ
tuyhw;wpNyNa kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd fhy
fl;lkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,th; kJiu>
,uhkehjGuk;> jpUney;Ntpy> fd;dpahFkhp
Mfpa gFjpfis murhz;lhh;. ,th; 1030
gpuhk Njaq;fs; mlq;fpa uh[fk;gPu
rJh;Ntjp kq;fyj;ij cUthf;fp
„uh[fk;gPuh;‟ vd;Dk; ngah; ngw;whh;
,th; “nghd; Nta;e;j ngUkhs;” “vk;
kz;lyKk; nfhz;lUspa” ghz;bad;>
jphpNghd rf;futh;j;jp vd;w gl;lq;fis
ngw;whh;. NkYk; ,th; “,uh[fk;gPuh;” vd;w
gl;lg;ngaiuAk; ngw;whh;.
Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;jughz;bad; fp. gp.
1216 – fp. gp. 1238
jpUney;Ntyp fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,tUf;F
“mjprag; ghz;baNjth;” vd;w gl;lk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sjha; njhpfpwJ. ,th;
„fypAfuhkd;‟ vdg; gy gl;lq;fs;
ngw;wpUe;jhh;.
,uz;lhk; khwth;kd; Re;jughz;bad; fp.gp.
1238 – fp. gp. 1251
,uz;lhk; khwth;kd; Re;jughz;bad;
Nfhtpy;fSf;F ed;nfhilfs; mjpfk;
nfhLj;jhh;
,th; Nrho murh; %d;whk;
,uhN[e;jpuidj; Njhw;fbj;jhh;
Kjyhk; [lth;kd; Re;jughz;bad; fp.gp.
1251 – fp. gp. 1268
,th; „jpUGtd rf;futh;j;jp‟ vd;Dk;
gl;lk; ngw;whh;
,th; „vk;kz;lyKk; nfhz;lUspa
ghz;bad;‟ vd;w rpwg;Gg;gl;lg;ngah;
ngw;whh;.
gpuhkz mwpQh;fSf;F jhdkhf
toq;fg;gl;l epyq;fs; gpuk;kNjaq;fs;
vd;W miof;fg;gl;ld.
Kjyhk; [lth;kd; Re;jughz;bad; kd;dh;
rpjk;guj;jpy; cs;s eluh[ NfhapYf;Fk;>
=uq;fj;jpy; cs;s uq;fehjh;
NfhtpYf;Fk; nghd; jfl;lhy;
$iuNta;e;jhh;. ,jdhy; ,th;
“nghd;Nta;e;j ngUkhs;” vd;Dk; gl;lk;
ngw;whh;
Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Fy Nrfud;: fp. gp. 1268
– fp. gp. 1308
,thpd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ tUif Ghpe;j
khh;NfhNghNyh vd;w may;ehl;L mwpQh;
jkpo;ehL gw;wp vOjpAs;shh;. thrhg; vd;w
K];yPk; tuyhw;W Mrphpah; jkpo;ehl;bd;
r%f epiyiaf; Fwpj;J vOjpAs;shh;
khwth;kd; Nruehl;bYs;s nfhy;yk; vd;w
gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wpajhy; ,th;
“nfhy;yk; nfhz;l ghz;bad;” vd;W
ngah; ngw;whh;
,th; ,yq;ifapd; kPJ gilnaLj;J
Rgfphp Nfhl;ilapy; ,Ue;j ngUk;
nry;tj;ijAk; epidTr; rpd;dkhd
Gj;jhpd; gw;fisAk; kJiuf;F nfhz;L
te;jhh;.
Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;:
GJf;nfhl;il khwth;kd; fy;ntl;Lfs;
ghz;bah; epjp eph;thfk;> thpt#y; epy
msit Kiw gw;wpf; $WfpwJ
Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;ju ghz;bad; gw;wp
FLkpahd;kiy> Vq;fkiy> njd;fhrp>
jpUtl;B];tuk; fy;ntl;Lfspy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
jpUkiyGuk;> jpUg;guq;Fd;wk;>
Midkiy> Fd;wf;Fb> fOFkiy
Fiff; Nfhapy;fshFk;.
rpjk;guj;jpYs;s eluh[g; NfhtpYf;Fk;>
=uq;fk; uq;fehjh; NfhtpYf;Fk; nghd;
jfl;lhy; $iu Nta;e;jhh;
ghz;ba kd;dh;fshy; gpuhkz
mwpQh;fSf;F jhdkhf toq;fg;gl;l
epyq;fs; gpuk;k Njaq;fs; my;yJ
rJh;Ntjp kq;fyk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ
ghz;bag; NguuR tPo;r;rpAwf; fhuzkhd
gilnaLg;G khypf;fhG+h; gilnaLg;G
mbahh;f;F ey;yhy; tpsf;f ciu vOjpa
E}y; rpyg;gjpfhuk;
ghz;ba muz;kidapy; ,Ue;j jiyik
jkpo;g;Gyth; ef;fPuh;
kJiu khefuk; jkpo;f;$ly; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ
ghz;bah; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; jkpo;r;rq;fk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l efuk; kJiu
=khwd;> =ty;yg ghz;bad; fhyj;jpy;
fl;lg;gl;l rpj;jd;dthry; Filtiuf;
Nfhtpy;fs;> eldkhjh;fs;> murh;fs;>
murpfs;> jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;> jhkiu
kyhpd; Xtpak;> ahidf;F Fspf;Fk;
fhl;rp> kPd;fs; tpisahLk; fhl;rp
Nghd;wit rpwg;G tha;e;jit MFk;
ghz;bah; Ml;rpg; gFjpapypUe;J 50f;Fk;
mjpfkhd Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jpUg;guq;Fd;wk;>
Midkiy> fhiuf;Fb> fOFkiy>
kiyabf;Fwpr;rp> jpUr;rp Nghd;w
gFjpfspy; Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ghz;ba kd;dh; mjptPuuhkghz;bad;
ieljk; vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpAs;shh;
tJuq;fuhkghz;ba kd;dd; gjpw;Wg;gj;J>
fyj;Jiw me;jhjp> ntz;gh me;jhjp
Nghd;w %d;W E}y;fis ,aw;wpdhh;
= tpy;ypGj;J}hpy; cs;s tlgj;ufhsp
NfhapYk; mk;ghrKj;jpuj;jpy; cs;s
rptd; NfhtpYk;.
rhSf;fpah;fs;
rhSf;fpa kugpidj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth;
n[arpk;kd; Mthh;
rhSf;fpath;fspd; jiyefuk;: thjhgp
,th;fs; fd;dl rj;jphpa tk;rj;ijr;
rhh;e;jth;fs;
,th;fspd; Njtijf; Nfhapy; ehfh;[Pd
nfhz;lhtpy; cs;sJ
rhSf;fpah;fspd; %d;W gphpTfs;:
1. ghjhkpiar; rhh;e;j rhSf;fpah;fs;
2. fy;ahzpiar; rhh;e;j Nkiyr;
rhSf;fpah;fs;
3. ntq;fpiar; rhh;e;j rPior; rhSf;fpah;fs;
Kjyhk; GypNfrp fp. gp. 535 – rhSf;fpa
muRf;F mbNfhypath;
,uz;lhk; GypNfrp – fp. gp. 610
jdJ rpw;wg;ghit kq;fNsrid ntd;W
Ml;rp gpbj;jhh;.
mg;ghapfh> Nfhtpe;jh vd;w FWfpa
kd;dh;fis ntd;whh;
flk;g ehl;il ntd;W mth;fspd;
jiyefuk; tdthrpid ifg;gw;wpdhh;
nfhq;fzh;fs;> nkshpah;fs;> fq;fh;fs;
mYg;gh;fis ntd;whh;. fq;f kd;d;
Gjy;tpia kze;jhh;
$h;[h;> yhlh; khsth;fis ntd;whh;
`h;\h; eh;kij Mw;wq;fiuapy; ,uz;lhk;
GypNfrpaplk; Njhw;whh;
Nru Nrho ghz;bah;fis ntd;whh;
,Wjpahf Kjyhk; eurpk;khplk; Nghhpl;L
,we;jhh;
Kjyhk; tpf;fpukhjpj;jh;:
,th; ,uz;lhk; GypNfrpapd; kfd;. ,th;
Kjyhk; guNk];tud; vd;w gy;yt
kd;did Kjypy; ntd;whh;. gpwF filrp
Nghhpy; Njhw;whh;
rhSf;fpahpd; fl;blf; fiy:
jhh;thh; gFjpapy; cs;s my;N`hNytpy;
fw;Nfhapy;fs; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,J Nfhapy;
efuk; vdg;gl;lJ
ma;N`hNytpy; cs;s yhj;fhd Nfhapy;>
Jh;f;if Nfhapy;> `r;rpks;spf;Fb
Nfhapy; kw;Wk; gl;lf;fy;ypy; cs;s
tpUghl;rhh;Nfhtpy; Mfpait
rhSf;fpahpd; fl;blf; fiyf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
rhSf;fpahpd; Xtpaq;fs;:
ghjhkpapy; cs;s Filtiuf; Nfhapypy;
cs;s eurpk;k %h;j;jp> tuhf %h;j;jp
Xtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; kq;fNsrd; fl;ba
muz;kidapy; cs;s Xtpaq;fs; ghurPf
FOtpdiu tuNtw;wJ Nghd;w Xtpaq;fs;
cs;sJ
rhSf;fpa kugpd; filrp kd;dh;:
fPh;j;jpth;kh;
Athd; Rthq; ,uz;lhk; GypNfrp
Ml;rpapd; NghJ thjhgpf;F te;jhh;
,uz;lhk; GypNfrpapd; mitg;Gyth;: utp
fPh;j;jp
,uz;lhk; GypNfrpapd; gilnaLg;G
kw;Wk; ntw;wpfis Fwpg;gpLk; fy;ntl;L
ma;N`hNy fy;ntl;L
,uhl;bu$lh;fs;:
,uhl;bu$lh;fspd; kugpidj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jth;: jz;b Jh;f;fh; vd;fpd;w
jz;bth;kd;
,thpd; jiyefuk;: gPuhh; gFjpapy; cs;s
vypl;rG+h;
rhSf;fpa Nguurpd; filrp kd;dd;
,uz;lhk; fPh;j;jp th;kiuj; Njhw;fbj;J
tl kuhl;baj;jpy; Ml;rp nra;jdh;.
,th;fs; Mz;l gFjp jw;NghJs;s
Nrhyhg;G+h; gFjpahFk;
,th;fs; ahjt kugpidr; rhh;e;jth;fs;
Kf;fpa kd;dh;fs;
Kjyhk; fpU\;zd;
rhSf;fpa kd;dd; fPh;j;jpth;kid
KOikahf ntw;wp nfhz;lhh;
fq;fh;> ntq;fp> rhSf;fpah;> nfhq;fh;
MfpNahiu ntd;whh;
JUth;
Kjyhk; fpfd; ,uz;lhk; Nfhtpe;jd;
jpwikaw;wtuhf ,Ue;jikahy;
fpU\;zdpd; jk;gp JUth; Ml;rpia
ifg;gw;wpdhh;
%d;whk; Nfhtpe;jh;:
,kak; Kjy; Fkhp tiu ,uh\;bu
$lh;fspd; Ml;rp gutp ,Ue;jJ
Ntq;fp ehl;L kd;dd; ,uz;lhk;
tp[ahjpj;jd; kPJ gilnaLj;J mtiu
ntd;whh;
fd;Ndhrpia Mz;l rf;uhAjh kw;Wk;
jh;kghyiu ntd;whh;
Nfus> ghz;ba gy;yt kd;dh;fis
xd;whf vjph;j;J Nghhpl;L mth;fis
ntd;whh;
mNkhf th;\h;:
,sk; tajpy; gl;lk; Vw;whh;. vdNt
fq;fh; vd;gth; Ml;rpapy; nghWg;ig
Vw;whh;
Ntq;fp ehl;Lld;> fq;fh;fSld; jpUkz
cwTfs; %yk; el;ig Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;lhh;
,th; khdpaNrjk; vd;w jiyefiu
cUthf;fpdhh;.
,thpd; gl;lg;ngah;fs;: epUgJq;fd;
kw;Wk; tPu ehuhazd;
vy;Nyhuh ifyhrehjh; Nfhapiyf;
fl;bath; Kjyhk; fpU\;zd; ,J
xw;iwf;fy;ypy; nrJf;fg;gl;l cyfj;jpd;
xNu Nfhapy; MFk;
,uh\;bu $lh;fspd; rpw;gf; fiyapy;
rpwg;Gilait: jrhtjhu tbtq;fs;.
mNkhftpUj;jp vd;w E}iy vOjpath;”
rhajadh;
mNkhfth;\h; vOjpa E}y;: ftpuh[;
khh;f;fk;.
MjpGuhzk; vd;w E}iy vOjpath;:
[_dNrdh;
Fzpj rurf;fpuhjk; vd;w E}iy
vOjpath;: kfh tPuhr;rhhpahh;
,uhl;bu $lh;fs; rkz rkaj;ij
Nghw;wpdh;.
Mur Kj;jpiuapy; rptd; Nahf epiyapy;
cs;sJ NghyTk;> fUld; cUtKk;
fhzg;gl;lJ
vy;Nyhuh> vypngz;lh ,lq;fspy;
,th;fs; ngsj;j rkz ,e;J Fiff;
Nfhapy;fis mikj;jdh;.
ehq;FNehpapYs;s> tp[aehuhaz
NfhtpYk; Mj;J}hpy; cs;s yl;Rkp
ehuhaz NfhtpYk; ,uz;lhk; ghz;ba
kd;dh;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l Nfhapy;fshFk;.
Fd;wf;Fbapy; cs;s yl;rp ehuhaz
NfhtpYk; ,uz;lhk; ghz;ba
kd;dh;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l Nfhapy;fshFk;.
Fd;wf;Fbapy; cs;s eluhrh; rpw;gKk;
gy;yth;> Nrhoh; fhyj;J rpwg;Gj;jd;ik
nfhz;lit MFk;
E}y;fs; vOjpath;fs;
jpUg;ghit – Mz;lhs;
jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf; Nfhit – khzpf;fthrfh;
jpUg;gy;yhz;L – ek;kho;thh;
ieljk; - mjptPuuhk ghz;ba kd;dd;
fypj;Jiw me;jhjp – tuJq;fuhk ghz;bad;
= ftpuhah; - jpUfhsj;jpehjh; cyh
gjpw;Wg;gj;J – tuJq;f uhkghz;bad;
ed;D}y; tpsf;f ciu: kapiyehjh;
rpyg;gjpfhu tpsf;f ciu – mbahh;f;F
ey;yhh;
njhy;fhg;gpa tpsf;f ciu – Nrdhtiuah;
jpUf;Fws; ciu – ghpNkyofh;
rhjthfdh;fs;: (230 BC – AD 225)
Nfhjhthp> fpU\;zh ejpf;fSf;fpilNa
ngy;yhhp khtl;lj;ij Mz;lth;fs;.
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> kfhuh\;buhtpd; xU
gFjp Mfpatw;iw ,th;fs; Mz;ldh;.
Njhw;Wtpj;jth; : rpKfh rjfh;zp
Gfo;ngw;wth;: nfsjk Gj;jpu rjfh;zp
jiyefh;: Pratishthana (Paithan)
VohtJ murh;: Hala
Hala vOjpa E}y;fs;: Gatha –
Saptashati (700 ghly;fs;) kw;Wk;
Maharastri – Prakrit Kavya
Filrp murh;: aQ;d=
Kjyhk; rjfh;zpf;F jf;fhz gjhgjp
vd;w gl;lk; cz;L
Cuhl;rp kd;wq;fspy; ngz;fs; gq;F
ngw;wdh;
m[e;jh 9tJ kw;Wk; 10tJ Fiff;
Nfhapy; Vw;gLj;jpdh;
khypf;fhG+h; gilnaLg;G:
FyNrfu ghz;badpd; kfd;fs; Re;ju
ghz;bad; kw;Wk; tPu ghz;bad; Mfpa
,Uth;fSf;fpilNa thhpRg; Nghh;
eilngw;wJ. Nghhpy; Njhy;tpaile;j
Re;ju ghz;bad; myhTjPd; fpy;[papdlk;
kJiu kPJ gilnaLf;f Nfhhpdhh;
myhT+jpd; fpy;[p jdJ jsgjpahd
khypf;fhG+iu kJiuf;F mDg;gpdhh;.
khypf;fhG+h; kJiuia 1311y; jhf;f
ngUk; nry;tj;ij nfhs;isabj;jhh;.
NkYk; mth; ,uhNk];tuj;ijAk;
jhf;fpdhh;
khh;f;NfhNghNyh:
,j;jhypapy; cs;s ntdp]; efuj;ijr;
rhh;e;jth;
khwth;kd; FyNrfu ghz;bad; Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpy; ghz;ba ehl;bw;F te;jhh;.
ghz;bahpd; Ml;rp gw;wp mwpa ,tuJ
Fwpg;Gfs; nghpJk; gad;gLfpwJ
rk;Gtuhah;fs;
NtY}h;> jpUtz;zhkiy Nghd;w
gFjpfis Ml;rp nra;jdh;. ,th;fspd;
jiyefuk; tphpQ;rpGuk; MFk;
,t;tk;rj;jpd; Kjy; kd;dd; Vfhk;gu
ehjh; Mthh;
tpra efu NguuR:
fk;gzh; vd;w tpra efu murh;
rk;Gtuhah;fis Njhw;fbj;J
tphpQ;rpGuj;ij ifg;gw;wpdhh;
jQ;ir kuhj;jpah;fs; Ml;rp:
jQ;irapy; kuhl;ba Ml;rpia
Njhw;Wtpj;jth; ntq;fh[p
ntq;fh[papd; NtW ngah; vf;Nfh[p
MFk;
,thpd; je;ij \h[p Nghd;RNy
,thpd; jha; Jfhgha;
rpth[papd; rpw;wd;id kfd; ntq;fh[p
jkpo;ehl;by; kuhl;ba Ml;rp Vw;gl;l tpjk;
gp[g;G+h; Ry;jhd; cj;jpuT Nghpy;
ntq;fh[p kJiu nrhf;fehjUf;F
Mjuthf Nghhpl;lhh;
ma;ak;Ngl;il vd;Dkplj;jpy; mofphp
ehaf;fiu Njhw;fbj;jhh;. nrq;fky jh];
vd;gtiu jQ;ir ehaf;fuhf epakpj;jhh;.
gp[g;G+h; Ry;jhd; ,we;jJk; 1675y;
nrq;fkyjhir ePf;fptl;L jhNk jQ;ir
kuhl;ba Ml;rpia elj;jpdhh;
Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;:
rpth[p jkpo; ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;J
nrQ;rp NtY}h; kw;Wk; jQ;rhT+h;
gFjpfis ntd;whh;.
,uz;lhk; ruNgh[p jQ;irapy; mr;Rf;
$lj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;
];ngapd; ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j nutuz;l; rp.
tp. Rthh;l;]; vd;gth; jQ;ir ruNgh[p
kd;dhpd; Mrphpah; Mthh;. ,th; epidthf
jQ;rhT+hpy; Rthh;l;]; rh;r; fl;lg;gl;lJ
,e;jpahtpNyNa ,e;J kd;duhy;
fl;lg;gl;l Kjyhk; rh;r; ,JNtahFk;.
NkYk; ,thpd; MNyhridg;gb ru];tjp
kfhy; E}yfk; fl;lg;gl;lJ
,J rpwe;j E}yfk; kw;Wk; Ma;Tf;
$lkhFk;
jQ;irapd; Kjy; kuhj;jp murh; -
ntq;fh[p
jQ;irapd; filrp kuhj;jp murh; -
rpth[p
kuhj;jpa ehl;bd; 3 ngUk; gFjpfs;:
1. GJf;Nfhl;il 2. kd;dhh;Fb 3.
Fk;gNfhzk;
kuhl;bah;fs; fl;ba rj;jpuk; xuj;j
ehl;by; cs;sJ
,uz;lhk; ruNgh[p jkJ muir
Mq;fpNyahplk; xg;gilj;jhh;.
rptfq;if muR Kjyhk; ruNgh[p
fhyj;jpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
NrJgjpfs;:
ehaf;f kd;duhy; NrJ rKj;jpuj;jpd;
ghJfhtyuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lth;fs;
NrJgjpfs;
GJf;Nfhl;il uh[;aj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpath;
fpotd; NrJgjp my;yJ ,uz;lhk;
NrJgjp
kwth;fspd; nghw;fhyk; vd
miof;fg;gLtJ fpotd; NrJgjp Mz;l
fhyk;
kJiu ehaf;fh;fsplk; ,Ue;J kwtd;
ehl;il kPl;lth; fpotd; NrJgjp Mthh;.
Itif miz kw;Wk;
,uhkehjGuf;Nfhl;il Mfpait fpotd;
NrJgjpahy; fl;lg;gl;lJ
,uz;lhk; rilaf;f Njth;
,uhNk];tuj;jpy; nrhf;fehjh; Myak;
fl;bdhh;
,uz;lhtJ NfhGuj;ij ,uFehjNrJgjp
fl;bdhh
,uFehj NrJgjpapd; Ml;rp nkhop: jkpo;
kw;Wk; njYq;F
Rthkp tpNtfhde;jiu ghuhl;baJ
gh];fu NrJgjp. ,th; Nkw;fj;jpy; fy;tp
gapd;w Ml;rpahsh; Mthh;
tp[auFehj njhz;ilkhd; uh[hgfJ}h;
vd fh;ehlf ethg;ghy; miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
kuhj;jpah;fspd; epUthf Kiwia
GJf;Nfhl;ilapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;
jpUkiy NrJgjp vd;W miof;fg;gl;lth;
,uFehj NrJgjp
,e;jpahTld; 1948y; Kjypy; ,ize;j
rk];jhdk; GJf;Nfhl;il rk];jhdk;
Mw;fhL ethg; thOk; Gfo;kpf;f
muz;kid mkPh;kfhy; MFk;. ,J
nrd;id ,uhag;Ngl;ilapy; cs;sJ.
ehaf;fh; Ml;rpapd; fPo; jkpo;ehL:
kJiuapy; ehaf;fh; Ml;rpia fp. gp.
1526y; cUthf;fptah; - tpRtehj
ehaf;fh;
,th; fpU\;zNjtuhauhy;
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;
kJiuapd; filrp ehaf;fh; - kPdhl;rp
jQ;rhT+hpd; filrp ehaf;fh; - tp[auhft
ehaf;fh;
NtY}hpy; ehaf;fhpd; Ml;rpia
cUthf;fpath; - rpd;d ehaf;f nghk;kh;
ehaf;fh; Ml;rpapd; NghJ rptpy;> ,uhZt
tptfhuq;fspd; jiyik epUthfpahf
tpsq;fpath; jstha; vdg;gl;lhh;
Kjy; jstha; - mhpa ehjh;> tpRtehj
ehaf;fh; ntw;wpw;F fhuzkhapUe;jhh;
kJiu kPdhl;rpak;kd; Nfhapiy
rPh;gLj;jpath; - tPug;g ehaf;fh;
kJiu jpUkiy ehaf;fh; kfhiy
fl;bath; - jpUkiy ehaf;fh;
ghisaf;fhuh;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;
jhpRtehjehaf;fh;
jpUkiy ehaf;fh;: fp. gp. 1623 - 1659
kJiu jpUkiy ehaf;fh; kfhiy
fl;bath; - jpUkiy ehaf;fh;
jiyefiu jpUr;rpapy; ,Ue;J kJiuf;F
khw;wpath; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; Mthh;
ik#h; murh; fhe;jput eur ehaf;fiu
jpz;Lf;fy; Nghhpy; jpUkiy ehaf;fh;
Njhw;fbj;jhh;. Nghh; ifjpfs; %f;Ffs;
mWf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt ,J %f;fWg;Gg;
nghh; vdg;gl;lJ.
,uhzp kq;fk;khs;: fp.gp. 1689 - 1706
Kfyhag; gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ
kJiuia fhj;jth; ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;
,th; jpUthq;$h; murh; ,utpth;khit
ntd;whh;
kJiuapy; cs;s ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;
rj;jpuk; ,tuhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ
ehaf;fh; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs;:
E}y; vOjpath;
uFehj gAjak; - tp[auhftehaf;fh;
mUzhry Guk; - vy;yg;gehtyh;
fe;jh; fypntz;gh – FkuFUguh;
jpUg;Gfo; - mUzfphpehjh;
rpjk;guntz;gh – ekr;rpthag; Gyth;
jpUg;gjP];tuh;Guhzk; - Nutz;zrpj;jh;
rq;fPjRjh> gujRjh ,ir E}yhFk;
nrapd;l; [hh;[; Nfhl;il
1640,y; fl;lg;gl;lJ
epidtpw;nfhs;f
ehaf;fh; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy;
njYq;F ,yf;fpaq;fs; tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ
ehaf;fh; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; lr;Rf;fhuh;fs;
mbik rz;ilfis Muk;gpj;jdh;
fpU\;zNjtuhahpd; njd;dpe;jpag;
gilnaLg;gpd;NghJ cjtpa uhaf;f
kd;dh; Jg;ghf;fp fpU\;zg;gh
uhaf;fh;fs; kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd;
Nfhtpypd; uh[NfhGuk;> Mapuk;
fhy;kz;lgk;> gJkz;lgk;> nghpa
NfhGuq;fs;> gpufhuq;fs; = tpy;ypg;
Gj;J}hpYs;s Mz;lhs; - Nfhtpy;
fpU\;zGuj;jpYs;s jpUNtq;fl ehjh;
Nfhtpy; kw;Wk; = uq;fk; Nfhapy;>
ney;iyag;gh; Nghtpy; Nghd;wtw;iw
fl;bAs;shh;fs;.
fh;ehlf ethg;:
,th;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyk; 1690 Kjy;
1801 tiu MFk;
mTuq;frPg;ghy; epakpf;fg;gl;l ,th;fs;
Kfyha rhk;uh[;ak; rhpTw;wTld; jdpj;J
Ml;rp nra;a Jtq;fpdh;
,th;fs; Kjd; Kjypy; nrQ;rpia
jiyefuhkhfTk; gpd;dh; Mw;fhl;il
jiyefuhkhfTk; nfhz;ldh;.
jhT+j; fhd; vd;gth; nrQ;rp MSeuhf
,Ue;j NghJ fh;ehlfj;jpd; jiy efiu
nrQ;rpapy; ,Ue;J Mw;fhl;bw;F
khw;wpdhh;. ,jd; gpd;dh; Mw;fhL ethg;
vd miof;fg;gl;ldh;
nrQ;rpia Mz;l Gfo; ngw;w kd;dh;
Njrpq;F uh[d;. ,tuJ ez;gh; KfkJ
fhd;. ,UtiuAk; rjf;fj;Jy;yh fhd;
Nghhpy; nfhd;whh;
Gfo; ngw;wth; KfkJ myp tyhyh[h
(1749 Kjy; 1795 tiu) Mthh;. ,th;
RNal;irahf Mz;lhh;. =uq;fk;
NfhtpYf;F jhdq;fs; mspj;jhh;
13tJ ethg; Fyhk; KfkJ fT];fhd;
thhpR ,y;yhky; ,we;jikahy;
Mq;fpNya murhq;fk; thhpR ,og;Gf;
nfhs;if %yk; ,uzj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
gpd;dh; ,uhzp tpf;Nlhhpah ,tUf;F
Xa;T+jpaj;ij mspj;jhh;. ,e;jpa murk;
Mw;fhL ,sturh; mfkJ myp
mth;fSf;F rYiffs; kw;Wk;
gl;lq;fis rl;lg; G+h;tkhf mspj;Js;sJ.
rh; jhk]; kd;Nwh:
1820y; nrd;id fth;duhf ,Ue;jhh;
jkpo;ehl;by; ,uaj;thhp Kiwiaf;
nfhz;L te;jth;
G+ypj;Njth;:
1801y; fhisahh; Nfhtpypy; fyfk;
Vw;gl;lJ
Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;j;J Nghhpl;l Kjy;
ghisaf;fhuh; G+ypj;Njth;. mth;
ghisaj;jpd; ngah; new;fl;lhd; Nrty;
MFk;.
G+ypj;Njtiu vjph;j;J Nghhpl;l
Mq;fpNyaj; jsgjp Nfk;gy; gpuT Mthh;
tPughz;b fl;lnghk;kd;:
Kjy; epiy: ghisaf;fhuh;fs; vjph;g;G
Gypj;Njth;> tPu ghz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;>
kUJ ghz;bah;
tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; faj;jhW vd;w
,lj;jpy; mf;Nlhgh; 1799y;
J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;
fl;lnghk;kid fhl;bf;nfhLj;jth;
vl;ilaGuj;ij rhh;e;j vl;lg;gh; vd;W
$Wthh;fs;
kUJ rNfhjuh;fs;:
njd;dpe;jhtpy; eilngw;w Gul;rpapy;
ghisaf;fhh;fSf;F jiyik Vw;wth;
kUJ rNfhjuh;fs;
kUJrNfhjuh;fs; J}f;fpyplg;gl;l ,lk;
jpUg;gj;J}h;
,uz;lhk; epiy: NtY}h; Gul;rp 1806Mk;
Mz;L [Piy 10 ehs; mjpfhiy 2
kzpf;F Gul;rp ele;J Nfhl;il
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. 10 kzpf;F
Mq;fpNyah;fs; Nfhl;ilia kPl;ldh;
NtY}h; Gul;rpapd; NghJ nrd;id khepy
fth;dh; tpy;ypak;ngz;bq; gpuG Mthh;
tq;fg; gphptpid epfo;r;rpapy; fye;J
nfhz;lth;fs; t. c. rp. ghujp>
Rg;gpukzpa rpth
jkpofj;jpy; RNjrp ,af;fk;:
jkpofj;jpy; RNjrp ,af;fj;ij t. c.
rpjk;guk; gps;is> ghujpahh;> Rg;gpukzpa
rpth MfpNahh; Jtf;fpdhh;
t. c. rpjk;guk; gps;is:
1908 ney;iy Njrhgpkhdr; rq;fk; -
RNjrp ];By; NjrpNf\d; fk;ngdp –
RNjrp ePuhtpf; fg;gy; vd;w epWtdj;ij
mikj;J ,e;jpah ,yq;if ,ilNa
fg;gy; Xl;bajhy; fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod;
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;
fhypah kw;Wk; yhNth vd;w ,U
fg;gy;fs; J}j;Jf;Fbf;Fk;
nfhOk;Gtpw;Fk; ,ilNa tplg;gl;lJ.
,th; njd;dhl;L jpyfh; vd;W
miof;fg;ngw;whh;
1908 Mk; Mz;L t. c. rpjk;guk;
gps;isf;F ,ul;il MAs; jz;lid
toq;fg;gl;lJ
cah;ePjpkd;w KiwaPl;by; xU MAs;
jz;lidahf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ
,th; Nfhak;Gj;J}hpy; rpiwr;rhiyapy;
nrf;fpOj;jhh;
tpLjiyahd gpd; kpfTk; tWikapy;
thbdhh;. gpd;dh; thyp]; vd;w ePjpgjp
cjtpahy; kPz;Lk; tof;fwpQh; Mdhh;
%d;whk; epiy: ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];:
Kjy; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; fye;J
nfhz;lth;fs; : 21
jz;b ahj;jpiu: jpUr;rp – Ntjhuz;ak;
16 ehl;fs; - uh[h[p
1932 fhe;jpabfs; ifJ Mdjw;F vjph;g;G
njhptpj;J rdthp 10 k; Njjp jpUg;G+hpy;
ele;j mwg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Fkud; caph;
,oe;jhh;
nrz;gf uhkd;
n[h;kdpapd; `pl;yiu Rgh\;re;jpuNgh];
cld; re;jpf;fr; nra;jth;
,e;jpah;fisg; gw;wp `pl;yh; ju
Fiwthf Ngrp gpd; kd;dpg;G Nfl;f
itj;jth;
vk;ld; vd;w fg;gypy; te;J nrd;idapy;
Fz;L tPrpdhh;
nrz;gfuhkd; - ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk; -
njhz;lh; gilj; jiyth;
xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;: fhe;jpabfs;
jkpofj;jpy; mwptpj;jJ
jkpo;ehl;by; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; khehLfs;:
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; %d;whtJ khehL
nrd;idapy; 1887y; eilngw;wJ. ,jd;
jiyth Badruddin Tyabji
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; gj;jhtJ khehL
nrd;idapy; 1894y; eilngw;wJ. ,jd;
jiyth; Alfred Webb.
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; 14tJ khehL
nrd;idapy; 1898y; eilngw;wJ. ,jd;
jiyth; Ananda Mohan Bose
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; 19tJ khehL
nrd;idapy; 1903y; eilngw;wJ. ,jd;
jiyth; Lalmohan Ghosh
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; 23tJ khehL
nrd;idapy; 1914y; eilngw;wJ. ,jd;
jiyth Bhupendra Nath Basu
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; 42tJ khehL
nrd;idapy; 1927y; eilngw;wJ. ,jd;
jiyth; Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; 60tJ khehL
nrd;id – Mtbapy; 1927y;
eilngw;wJ. ,jd; jiyth; U. N. Dhebar
Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;
vl;ilaGuj;jpy; gpwe;j ,th; Njrpa
ftpahthh;
ghyfq;fhju jpyfuhy; ftug;gl;l ,th;
jkpopy; ,e;jpah vd;w thu ,jioAk;
tp[ah vd;w jpdrhpiaAk; Mq;fpyj;jpy;
ghy ghujp vd;w khj ,jioAk;
njhlq;fpdhh;. RNjrkpj;jpudpd; Jiz
Mrphpah; Mthh;. 1907 #uj; khehl;by;
fye;J nfhz;L jpyfUf;F MjuT
mspj;jhh;. ghz;br;Nrhpapy; #hpaNjhak;
vd;w thu ,jio ntspapl;lhh;
,thpd; ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> Fapy; ghl;L
kw;Wk; fz;zd; ghl;L Mfpait Gfo;
ngw;wit
jkpofj;jpd; Kf;fpa gj;jphpf;iffs;:
jkpofj;jpy; Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
Njrpaj;ij tpopg;gilar; nra;j
gj;jphpf;iffs; RNjrkpj;jpud;> et rf;jp>
jp ,e;J Nghd;witfs; Kf;fpakhdJ
MFk;
M\; nfhiy tof;F (m) jpUney;Ntyp rjp
tof;F
gpgpd; re;jpughy; kw;Wk; t. c. rpjk;guk;
gps;is MfpNahh;fspd; tPu ciuahy;
ftug;gl;L J}j;Jf;Fb kw;Wk;
jpUney;Ntypapy; jPtputhjk; vOe;jJ
17-6-1911 md;W ghujkhjh rq;fj;ijr;
Nrh;e;j thQ;rp ehjd; vd;gth; kzpahr;rp
,uapy; epiyaj;jpy; M\; vd;gtiu
Rl;Lf;nfhd;whh;. gpwF jd;idj;jhNd
Rl;L kuzk; mile;jhh;
,f;nfhiyapy; njhlh;Gilath;fs;
nrq;nfhl;il jh;kuh[h; tf;fPy;
ntq;fNlrfh;> khlrhkp
thQ;rpehjd; jd;idj;jhNd
Rl;Lf;nfhz;L ,we;jhh;.
ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhhp – ghuj khjh rq;fk;
17 Mz;L rpiw gpd; Xq;fhu Rthkpfs;
Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth;:
jkpofj;jpy; Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpuNgh];
kw;Wk; Forward Blockfpw;F mtuJ
MjuT je;jth;
jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fis mtuizj;J
Miyaj;jpw;Fs; mDkjpf;fr; nra;jth;
rj;jpa%h;j;jp:
,th; fdy;ff;Fk; Ngr;rhsh; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
thQ;rpehjd;
,th; fdy;ff;Fk; Ngr;rhsh; vd;W
miof;fg;ngw;whh;
lhf;lh; gp. tujuh[PY ehAL
,th; gpugQ;r kpj;jpud; vd;w
gj;jphpf;ifapd; Mrphpah; Mthh;
t.Nt.R. Iah;:
jkpofj;jpy; Gul;rpahsh;fspd; jiytuhf
,Ue;jhh;. Nrud; khNjtpahy; xU
FUFyj;ij epWtp Gul;rpahsh;fSf;F
gapw;rp mspj;jhh;
Ra Ml;rp fofq;fs;
N`hk; &y; ,af;fk; vdg;gl;l
,t;tpaf;fk; jkpof;j;jpy; Jtf;fpath;
md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahh; Mthh;.
,t;tpaf;fj;jpw;F v];. Rg;gpukzpa
ma;ah;
jpU. tp. fy;ahzRe;judhh;> lhf;lh;
tujuh[PY ehAL> <. Nt. uhkrhkp
ehaf;fh; Jiz epd;wdh;
fhe;jpabfspd; xj;Jioahik ,af;fq;fs;
fhe;jpabfs; xj;Jioahik ,af;f
jPh;khdj;ij ehf;G+h; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by;
nfhz;L te;jNghJ mk; khehl;bw;F
jiyik tfpj;jth; rp.
tp[auhfthr;rhhpahh;. mtUf;F
Jizahf rj;jpa%h;j;jp kw;Wk; <. Nt.
uhkrhkp ehaf;fh; MfpNahh; Jiz
epd;wdh;. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,uh[h[p
ifJ nra;ag;gl;L NtY}h; rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gl;lhh;
Nty;]; ,sturh; tUif:
1921y; Nty;]; ,sturh; nrd;id
tUifapd; NghJ ,uh[h[p kw;Wk; <.nt.
uhkrhkp ehaf;fh; MfpNahh; mjid
vjph;j;jdh;
irkd; fkp\d; tUif:
irkd; fkp\d; tUifia rj;jpa
%h;j;jp jiyikapy; vjph;j;jdh;
fh;dy; ePy; rpiy mfw;wk;:
1857 Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ kpf
nfhLikahf kf;fis Jd;GWj;jpa
fh;dy; ePy; vd;gthpd; rpiy nrd;idapy;
epWtg;gl;lJ. ,jid 1927y; mfw;wpdh;
jz;b cg;G rj;jpahfpufk;:
,uh[h[p jiyikapy; jpUr;rpapy; Jtq;fp
Ntjhuz;aj;jpy; cg;G fha;r;Rk;
Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;wJ. rh;jhh;
Ntjuj;jpdk; gps;is> b.v];.v];. uh[d;>
Uf;kzp ,yl;Rkpgjp MfpNahh; fye;J
nfhz;ldh;
fhkuh[h;
1920y; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapy; Nrh;e;jhh;
,th; Kingmaker vdg;gl;lhh;
,thpd; jpl;lk; murpay; tl;lhuq;fspy; K-
plan vdg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb %j;j mikr;rh;
gjtp tpyFjy;
,isath;fs; mikr;rh;fshf
epakpf;fg;gly;.
%j;j mikr;rh;fs; epakpf;fg;gly;
%j;j mikr;rh;fs; fl;rpia tYg;gLj;j
nry;Yjy; MFk;
,th; mtru epiyia vjph;j;jhh;
,tuJ kjpa czTj; jpl;lj;jhy;>
Mapuf;fzf;fhd Foe;ijfs; gs;spr;
rhiyia Nehf;fp te;jikahy; ,tuJ
gpwe;j ehs; fy;tp jpdkhf jkpof
murhy; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ
,uh[h[p
Rje;jpu fl;rpia 1959y; Jtf;fpdhh;
Nryk; khtl;lk; njhug;gs;sp vd;w
fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhh; (jw;NghJ njhug;gs;sp
fpU\;zfphp khtl;lj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;sJ)
The Temple Entry Authorization and
Indemnity Act 1939 ,uh[h[p jkpofj;jpd;
Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;jNghJ nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ
,e;jpahtpd; fth;dh; n[duyhf 1948-50
y; gjtp tfpj;jhh;
vdJ kdrhl;rpapd; fhtyh; vd;W
fhe;jpabfshy; miof;fg;gl;lth;
1952 Kjy; 1954 tiu jkpofj;jpd;
Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;jhh;
Rje;jpu fl;rpia Jtf;fpath;
Fyf; fy;tp jpl;lj;ij nfhz;L te;jth;
Kj;Jyl;Rkp nul;b
fy;Y}hpf; fy;tp ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpa
ngz;kzp
mt;it ,y;yk;> ngz;fs; jq;Fk; tpLjp
epWtpath;
Kjy; ngz; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;
Njtjhrp xopg;Gr; rl;lk;> tpgr;rhu xopg;G
rl;lk; nfhz;L tuf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jth;
milahh; Gw;WNeha; fofk; Vw;gLj;jpath;
njd; ,e;jpa ey chpik rq;fk;
1916y; jpahfuhah; kw;Wk; b. vk;. ehah;
MfpNahh;fshy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh;
,J ePjpf;fl;rp vd ngah; khw;wk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. jpuhtpl ,af;fq;fspd;
Jtf;fk; ,JNt.
ePjpf;fl;rp:
1919y; njhlq;fg;gl;l njd;dpe;jpa
tpLjiy fofj;jpw;F 1917y; ePjpf;fl;rp
vd kWngahplg;gl;lJ. ,J
njhlq;Ftjw;F lhf;lh; b. vk;. ehah;
lhf;lh; rp. eNlr Kjypahh; kw;Wk; gp.
jpahfuha nrl;bah; Mfpa %tUk; Mth;.
1920y; ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp Kjd; Kiwahf
mike;jJ
1920 jkpofj;jpd; ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rpapd;
Kjy;th; - Rg;guhaY nul;bah;
gp. b. ,uh[d;
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; jiyth;fspy; xUth;.
jkpofj;jpy; 1936y; Kjyikr;ruhf
,Ue;jth;. jw;NghJs;s rghpkiy
ma;ag;gd; rpiy ,thpd; Kaw;rpahy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
1921y; ,l xJf;fPL Kiw ,e;jpahtpy;
Kjy; Kiwahf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
Njh;thizf;FO mikf;fg;gl;l tUlk;
1929
1921y; ,e;J mwepiyar; rl;lk;
gpuhkzuy;yhNjhh; Nfhapy;fspy;
mh;r;rfh;fshf gzpahw;w
toptFf;fg;gl;lJ
1921y; ngz;fSf;F thf;Fhpikr; rl;lk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ
1921y; fs;sh; rPh;jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpid
ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rpapypUf;Fk;NghJ nfhz;L
te;jjJ.
je;ij nghpahh;
,aw;ngah; <. Nt. ,uhkrhkp MFk;.
gpwe;j Mz;L 17.9.1879. kiwe;j ehs;
24.12.1973 MFk;.
1920 Mk; Mz;L jkpo;ehL fhq;fpu];
fl;rpapd; jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;
itf;fk; rj;ahfpuf ,af;fk;
14.4.1924y; je;ij nghpahh; itf;fk;
NfhapYf;F jPz;lj; jfhj ,e;Jf;fis
mDkjpf;ff; Nfhhp nrd;buy; jpUthq;$h;
gFjpiar; rhh;e;j itf;fk; vd;w
rj;ahfpufk; elj;jp rpiwr; nrd;whh;. gpd;
mtuJ kidtp ehfk;ik itf;fk;
Nghuhl;lj;ij njhlh;e;J elj;jp
20.5.1924y; ifjhfp rpiw nrd;wdh;.
Rakhpahij ,af;fk;
1925y; Rakhpahij ,af;fk; nghpahh;
njhlq;fpdhh;
1925y; eilngw;wJ. 3tJ khehL>
<Nuhl;by; 1930y; eilngw;wJ
1940y; mfpy ,e;jpa K];yPk; yPf;
ghfp];jhd; vdj; jdp ehL NfhhpaJ
Nghy; Mf];l; khjk; 1940y; jpuhtpl ehL
Nfhhpf;if jpUth&hpy; je;ij nghpahh;
mth;fshy; vOg;gg;gl;lJ
jpuhtplh; fofk;
1944y; Nryk; khehl;by; ePjpf;fl;rp
jpuhtplh; ,af;fkhd jpuhtplh; fofk; vd
ngah; khw;wg;gl;lJ
1930y; jPz;lhik vjphg;Gr; rl;lk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
Nrud; khNjtp (jpUney;Ntyp)apy; epytp
te;j jdpgge;jp Kiwia xopf;f
ghLgl;lth; je;ij nghpahh;
je;ij nghpahh; 24.12.1973 Mk; Mz;L
,we;jhh;.
nrd;id jpuhtplr; rq;fj;ij Jtf;fpath;
eNlr Kjypahh;
gpuhkzuy;yhNjhh;nfd jdptpLjp
Vw;gLj;jpath; rp. eNlrd;
itf;fk; tPuh; vd miof;fg;gl;lth;
nghpahh; - <.nr. uhkrhkp ehaf;fh;
Njtjhrp xopg;Gr; rl;lk; ,aw;w
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jth; lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp
nul;b
1930y; Mz;L rl;lg;gb Njtjhrp Kiw
xopf;fg;gl;lJ
1929y; Me;jpug;gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk;
mz;zhkiyg;gy;fiyf;fofk; Mfpait
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ
jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fofk;:
17
.3.1949y; jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fofk;
nrd;id ,uhaGuj;jpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
1967y; jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;w fofk;
jkpofj;jpy; Ml;rp mikj;jJ
1968y; mz;zhJiu Kjyikr;ruhf
,Ue;jNghJ kjuh]; khepyk; vd;gij
jkpo;ehL vd ngah; khw;wpdhh;
kNdhd;kzpak; Re;juk; gps;is
,th; vOjpa ePuhUq; flYLj;j vd;w
ghly; [Pd; 1970y; jkpo;j;jha; tho;j;jhf
mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;ghyl
kNdhkd;kzpak; vd;w E}ypy; ,Ue;J
vLf;fg;gl;L rpwpa khw;wj;Jld;
ghlg;gLfpwJ.
Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh;
Rptfq;if khtl;lj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;. ,e;J
kjj;jpd; kPJ kpfTk; gw;Ws;s ,th;fs;
jkpo; kw;Wk; irtj;ij tsh;j;jdh;
[Pthde;jk;
fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;ijr; rhh;e;j ,th;>
Nrud; khNjtp FUFyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l
gpur;rpid fhuzkhf je;ij nghpahUld;
,ize;jth;. nghpahhpd; Ra khpahij
,af;fe;j;jpy; gq;Nfw;whh;. gfj;rpq; vOjpa
ehd; Vd; ehj;jpfd; MNdd;? Vd;w E}iy
jkpopy; nkhop ngah;j;jhh;
jhkiu vd;w ,jioj; Jtf;fpdhh;. ,th;
“[drf;jp” vd;Dk; ,jio 1937y;
Jtf;fpdhh;.
gy;NtW ghly;fis jkpopy;
nghJTilik nfhs;ifAld; vOjpdhh;.
gpd;dh; ,e;jpa nghJTilikf; fl;rpapy;
jk;ik ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;
jkpof mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l murpay; fl;rpfs;
ghl;lhsp kf;fs; fl;rp:
1999y; ,f;fl;rp ,uhkjh]; vd;gtuhy;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
kWkyh;r;rp jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fofk;:
jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fofj;jpy; ,Ue;J
1994y; gphpe;j it. Nfhghy;rhkp (gpd;dh;
it.Nfh) vd;gth; ,f; fl;rpapid
njhlq;fpdhh;.
jkpof gjpT nra;ag;gl;l murpay; fl;rpfs;
Njrpa jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fofk;:
14.7.2005y; kJiuapy; ,f; fl;rp Njh;jypy;
gq;f ngw;whYk; ,e;jpa Njh;jy;
Mizaj;jpy; 2.3.2006 md;W gjpT
ngw;Ws;sJ
ghz;br;Nrhp
ghz;br;Nrhp 1674y; gpuhd;Nfhrp]; khh;bd;
vd;gth; nrQ;rp fth;dhplkpUe;J xU
fpuhkj;ij ngw;W xU fhydpia
cUthf;fpdhh;
1793y; ghz;br;Nrhpia Mq;fpNyah;fs;
gpbj;Jf;nfhz;ldh;. gpd;G 1802y;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fSf;F jpUg;gp
mspf;fg;gl;lJ
jkpo;ehL Kjyikr;rh;fs; gl;bay;
1. v. Rg;guhaY – 17.12.1920 to 11.07.1921
2. gdfy; muR – 11.07.1921 to 03.12.1926
3. lhf;lh; gp. Rg;guhad; - 04.12.1926 to
27.10.1930
4. gp. KDrhkp ehAL – 27.10.1930 to
04.11.1932
5. nghg;gpyp murh; - ,uhkfpU\;z
uq;fhuht; - 05.11.1932 to 04.04.1936
6. gp. b. ,uh[d; - 04.04.1936 to 24.08.1936
7. nghg;gpyp murh; - 27.08.1936 to 01.04.1937
,uhkfpU\;z uq;fhuht;
8. fh;kh ntq;fl nul;b ehAL – 01.04.1937
to 14.07.1937
9. ,uh[h[p – 14.07.1937 to 29.10.1939
10. gpufhrk; - 30.04.1946 to 23.03.1947
11. X. gp. uhkrhkp nul;bah; - 23.03.1947 to
06.04.1949
12. gp. v];. Fkhurhkp uh[h – 06.04.1949
to 06.04.1949
13. ,uh[h[p – 10.04.1952 to 13.04.1954
14. Nf. fhkuh[; - 13.04.1954 to 02.10.1963
15. vk;. gf;jtr;ryk; - 02.10.1963 to
06.03.1967
16. rp. vd;. mz;zhJiu – 06.03.1967 to
03.02.1969
17. K. fUzhepjp – 10.02.1969 to 04.01.1971
2) 15.03.1971 to 31.01.1976
18. vk;.[p.Mh; 30.06.1977 to 17.02.1980
09.06.1980 to 15.11.1984
10.02.1985 to 24.12.1987
19. [hdfp ,uhkr;re;jpud; 07.01.1988 to
30.01.1988
20. K. fUzhepjp – 27.01.1989 to
30.01.1991
21. n[. n[ayypjh – 14.05.2001 to
21.09.2001
22. K. fUzhepjp – 13.05.1996 to
13.05.2001
23. n[. n[ayypjh – 14.05.2001 to
21.09.2001
24. X. gd;dPh;nry;tk; - 21.09.2001 to
12.05.2006
25. n[. n[ayypjh – 02.03.2002 to
12.05.2006
26. fiyQh; K. fUzhepjp – 13.05.2006
Kjy;
,uz;lhk; cyfj; jkpo; khehL
1968y; nrd;idapy; ,uz;lhk; cyfj;
jkpo; khehL $l;lg;gl;lJ.
Ie;jhk; cyfj; jkpo; khehL
1981y; kJiuapy; Ie;jhk; cyfj; jkpo;
khehL $l;lg;gl;lJ.
jkpo;ehL Gtpapay;
,e;jpahtpd; njd;Nfhb – njw;F tlf;F
jf;fhszj;jpd; njd; fpof;fpy;
mike;Js;sJ
ml;rNuif – 8.5° – 13.35° – tlf;F
jPh;f;fNuif – 76.15° – 80.20° fpof;F
Nkw;F
1639y; nrd;idg;gl;bdk; fl;lg;gl;lJ.
23.4.1640y; Gdpj [hh;[; Nfhl;ilf;fhd
mbf;fy; ehl;lg;gl;lJ
1653y; Gdpj [hh;[; Nfhl;il mjidr;
Rw;wpAs;s Nfhukz;lyf; flw;fiu
gFjpfs; Mfpait nrd;id khfhzk;
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ
1953y; nrd;id khfhzk; kjuh];
khepyk; kw;Wk; Me;jpu khepyk; vd;W
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ
1956 khepy kWrPuikg;G gb jkpo;ehL
Nfush> ik#h; kw;Wk; nrd;id vd
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1.4.1960y; rpj;J}h; khtl;lj;jpd; xU rpy
gFjpfs; jkpo;ehl;bYk;> nrq;fy;gl;L
kw;Wk; Nryk; khtl;lj;jpd; rpy gFjpfs;
Me;jpu gpuNjrj;jpYk; fQ;rk; vd;w gFjp
xhprhtpYk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
nrd;id khfhzk; vd;w ngah; 1968
Kjy; mwpQh; mz;zhJiu
Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;j NghJ jkpo;ehL
vdg; ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ
jkpofj;jpd; muR rpd;dkhf
=tpy;ypGj;J}h; Nfhtpy; NfhGukhFk;.
epyg;gug;G – 1>30>058 r.fp.kP (4.24%)
khepyq;fspd; gug;gstpy; 11tJ khepyk;
Mz;> ngz;tpfpjk; 987
flw;fiu ePsk; 912 fp. kP
fhyepiy – 18° – 43°C
ruhrhp kioasT – 925 mm
tq;fhs tphpFlhtpid xl;ba flw;fiu
gFjpfs; Nrho kz;ly flw;fiu
gFjpfs; vdg;gLk;.
jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s khtl;lq;fs;: 32
1. nrd;id
2. Nfhak;Gj;J}h;
3. flY}h; (1993 njd;dhw;fhL khtl;lk;
,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
4. jh;kGhp (1965 Nryj;jpypUe;J
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
5. jpz;Lf;fy; (1985 kJiuapypUe;J
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
6. <NuhL (1976 NfhaKj;J}hpypUe;J
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
7. fhQ;rpGuk; (1996 nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk;
,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
8. f&h; (1996 jQ;ir> jpUr;rpapypUe;J
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
9. fd;dpahFkhp
10. kJiu
11. ehfg;gl;bdk; (1991 jQ;ir>
jpUr;rpapypUe;J gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
12. ehkf;fy;
13. fpU\;zfphp
14. nguk;gY}h; (1996 jQ;ir> jpUr;rpapypUe;J
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
15. GJf;Nfhl;il (1974 jQ;ir>
jpUr;rpapypUe;J gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
16. ,uhkehjGuk;
17. Nryk;
18. rptfq;if (1984 ,uhkehjGuj;jpypUe;J
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
19. jQ;rhT+h;
20. Njdp (1996 kJiuapypUe;J
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
21. jpUts;Sh; (1996 nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lk;
,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
22. jpUth&h; (1997 jQ;ir> jpUr;rpapypUe;J
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
23. jpUtz;zhkiy (1989 tl Mw;fhL
khtl;lk; ,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
24. jpUney;Ntpy
25. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp
26. J}j;Jf;Fb (1986 jpUney;NtypapypUe;J
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
27. NtY}h; (1989 tl Mw;fhL khtl;lk;
,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
28. tpOg;Guk; (1993 njd;dhw;fhL khtl;lk;
,uz;lhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
29. tpUJefh; (1984 ,uhkehjGuj;jpypUe;J
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ)
30. ePyfphp
31. mhpaY}h; - ,J nguk;gY}h; khtl;lj;jpy;
,Ue;J 23-11-2007 md;W gphpf;fg;gl;lJ
32. jpUg;G+h; khtl;lk; (Nfhit kw;Wk; <NuhL
khtl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;J mf;Nlhgh; 2008y;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ)
Nkw;F khtl;lq;fs;: Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> <NuhL
kw;Wk; ePyfphp
njd; khtl;lq;fs;: Njdp
jw;NghJ jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s
khefuhl;rpfs;
1. nrd;id 2. Nfhak;Gj;J}h; 3. kJiu 4.
jpUr;rp 5. Nryk; 6. jpUney;Ntyp 7.
jpUg;G+h; 8. <NuhL 9. NtY}h; 10.
J}j;Jf;Fb
1.8.2008 NtY}h; jkpo; ehl;bd; 9tJ
khefuhl;rpahf juk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ
5.8.2008 J}j;Jf;Fb jkpo; ehl;bd; 10tJ
khefuhl;rpahf juk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ
jkpo;ehL fh;ehlf khepy vy;iyg;Gw
khtl;lq;fs;: jUkGhp> NtY}h; kw;Wk;
jpUts;Sh;
jkpo;ehL Me;jpu khepy vy;iyg;Gw
khtl;lq;fs;: jUkGhp> NtY}h; kw;Wk;
jpUts;Sh;
jkpo;ehL Nfush khepy vy;iyg;Gw
khtl;lq;fs;: ePyfphp> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> Njdp>
jpz;Lf;fy;> tpUJefh;> jpUney;Ntyp
kw;Wk; fd;dpahFkhp
jkpo;ehl;bd; jiyefuk; nrd;id.
nrd;id efhpd; ml;rNuif kw;Wk;
jPh;f;fNuif miktplk; 13.04° tlf;F
80.17° fpof;F
khtl;lk; gug;gsT
<NuhL : 8162 r.fp.kP
Nfhak;Gj;J}h; : 7471 r.fp.kP
tpOg;Guk; : 7222 r.fp.kP
fhQ;rpGuk; : 7857 r.fp.kP
jpUney;Ntyp : 6823 r.fp.kP
jpz;Lf;fy; : 6266 r.fp.kP
jpUtz;zhkiy : 6191 r.fp.kP
NtY}h; : 6077 r.fp.kP
Nryk; : 5205 r.fp.kP
fpU\;zfphp : 5143 r.fp.kP
GJf;Nfhl;il : 4663 r.fp.kP
J}j;Jf;Fb : 4621 r.fp.kP
jh;kGhp : 4497 r.fp.kP
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp : 4403 r.fp.kP
tpUJefh; : 4232 r.fp.kP
rptfq;if : 4189 r.fp.kP
,uhkehjGuk; : 4175 r.fp.kP
kJiu : 3741 r.fp.kP
nguk;gY}h; : 3691 r.fp.kP
flY}h; : 3678 r.fp.kP
jQ;rhT+h; : 3603 r.fp.kP
jpUts;Sh; : 3424 r.fp.kP
ehkf;fy; : 3363 r.fp.kP
Njdp : 3242 r.fp.kP
f&h; : 2895 r.fp.kP
ehfg;gl;bdk; : 2715 r.fp.kP
ePyfphp : 2452 r.fp.kP
jpUth&h; : 2097 r.fp.kP
mhpaY}h; : 1937 r.fp.kP
fd;dpahFkhp : 1672 r.fp.kP
nrd;id : 174 r.fp.kP
jw;NfhJ <NuhL kw;Wk; Nfhit khtl;lq;fs;
gphpf;fg;gl;L jpUg;G+h; khtl;lk;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpofj;jpd; flNyhu khtl;lq;fs;: 13
1. jpUts;Sh; 2. nrd;id 3. fhQ;rpGuk; 4.
flY}h; 5. ehfg;gl;bdk; 6. ,uhkehjGuk;
7. J}j;Jf;Fb 8. fd;dpahFkhp 9.
tpOg;Guk; 10. jQ;rhT+h;
rkntsp
jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s rkntspapid 3
gphpthf gphpf;fyhk; mit
1. Nrhokz;ly flw;fiur; rkntsp
2. fhtphp tz;ly; rkntsp
3. njw;Fg; gFjpapy; cs;s twz;l
rkntspg; gFjp
flw;fiuf;F ,izahf tq;fhs tphpFlh
fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiy 500 fp. kP.
Fiwthf Kf;fpa MWfs; - 1. Fhtphp 2.
itif 3. jhkpuguzp 4. njd;ngz;iz
5. ghyhW fhtphp MW njhlh;ghf
jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; fh;ehlfhtpw;F ,ilNa
gpur;rpid vOe;Js;sJ. ,J njhlh;ghf
ika muR Cauvery Water Disputes
Tribunal [Pd; 1990y; mike;Js;sJ.
fpU\;zh ejp ePh;j; jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lk; fpU\;zh ejpapy; ,Ue;J
nrd;idf;F 15 b.vk.rp. Fb ePh; nfhz;L
tUk; jpl;lkhFk;
,j;jpl;lk; njhlh;ghf 18.4.1983y; jkpof
muR kw;Wk; Me;jpu muR ,ilNa
xg;ge;jk; Vw;gl;lJ
nrg;lk;gh; 1996 Kjy; fz;lNyW
ePh;j;Njf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePh; 152 fpNyh
kPl;lh; njhiytpy; cs;s jkpo;ehl;by;
cs;s G+z;b ePh;jNjf;fj;jpw;F tUfpd;wJ
,j;jpl;lj;jpw;fhf rj;jpa rha;ghgh
mth;fs; jw;NghJ cjtp nra;Js;shh;.
tPu ehuhazd; Vhp ePh;j; jpl;lk;
Nrhoh;fs; fhyj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l Vhp>
flY}h; khtl;lk; rpjk;guk; mUNf cs;s
,t; Vhpapy; ,Ue;J nrd;idf;F FbePh;
tug;gLfpwJ
,t; Vhp fy;fpapd; nghd;dpapd; nry;td;
ehtypy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ
gPlG+kp – 500 – 2000 m
fpof;F Nehf;fp rhpT
1. tlMw;fhL 2. jUkGhp 3. Nryk; 4.
Nfhit 5. kJiu 6. ,uhkehjGuk; 7.
jpUney;Ntyp
kiyfs;
jkpo;ehl;bd; kiyg; gpuNjrk;
1. fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiy
2. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy
fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiy
khepyj;jpd; FWf;fhf njd; Nkw;F
jpirapy; cs;sJ. cauk; Fiwe;jit
1. rt;thJ kiy 2. Nrh;tuhad; kiy –
Vw;fhL 3. nfhy;yp kiy 4.
fy;tuhad; kiy 5. gr;irkiy
Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy
jkpo;ehl;bd; Nkw;F vy;iy
caukhd kiy
fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiy – Nkw;F
njhlh;r;rp kiy ,izAkplk; - ePyfphp
1. cjfkz;lyk; 2. Fd;D}h; 3.
Nfhj;jfphp
cah;e;j rpfuk; - (njhl;lngl;lh)
ePyfphpf;F njw;Nf ghyf;fhl;Lf; fztha;
mjw;Fk; njw;Nf Miz kiyj; njhlh;
njd; ,e;jpahtpd; kpf cah;e;j rpfuk; -
MidKb njw;Nf – godpkiy –
nfhilf;fhdy;
njw;Nf – Vykiy – mfj;jpa kiy
1. Mhpad; fhT fztha;
2. Muy;tha; nkhopf; fztha;
jkpo;ehl;bd; gUtf; fhyq;fs;:
jkpo;ehl;by; fhzg;gLk; 6 Kf;fpa
gUtq;fs; kw;Wk; mit epyTk;
khjq;fs;:
1. fhh;fhyk;: Mtzp – Gul;lhrp (Mf];l; -
mf;Nlhgh;)
2. Fsph; fhyk;: Ig;grp> fhh;j;jpif
(mf;Nlhgh; - brk;gh;)
3. Kd;gdpf;fhyk;: khh;fop – ij (brk;gh; -
gpg;uthp)
4. gpd;gdpf;fhyk;: khrp> gq;Fdp (gpg;uthp –
Vg;uy;)
5. ,sNtdpw; fhyk;: rpj;jpiu> itfhrp
(Vg;uy; - [_d;)
6. KJNtdpw; fhyk;: Mdp – Mb ([_d; -
Mf];l;)
jkpo;ehl;by; mugpf; fliyf; fhl;bYk;
tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; Vw;gLk; #whtsp
fhuzkhf mjpf ghjpg;igAk;
kioiaAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ
jkpo;ehl;bd; kiog;nghopT:
jkpo;ehl;bd; ruhrhp kio msT: 985.0
kp.kp
jkpo;ehl;by; njd; Nkw;F gUtf; fhw;why;
Vw;gLk; kioapd; ruhrhp msT: 332.9
kp.kp
jkpo;ehl;by; tl fpof;F gUtf; fhw;why;
Vw;gLk; kioapd; ruhrhp msT: 459.2
kp.kp
jkpo;ehl;bd; fpof;Nf Vyf;fha;kiy
mike;Js;sjhy;> jkpo;ehL njd;Nkw;F
gUtf; fhw;wpd; kio kiwT gpuNjrkhf
mike;Js;sJ. vdNt jkpo;ehl;bd;
gFjpfs; njd;Nkw;F gUtf; fhw;why;
mjpf kiog; nghopit ngw;W gyd;
miltjpy;iy.
efu ntg;gj; jPTfs;:
jkpo;ehl;by; nrd;id> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;>
kJiu jpUr;rp Nghd;w efuq;fspy; kf;fs;
njhif kpf mjpfkhf ngUfp tUfpd;wJ.
,tw;wpd; fhuzkhf mlh;j;jpahd
FbapUg;Gfs; kw;Wk; kf;fs; njhif
mlh;j;jp Mfpait fhuzkhf ntg;gk;
cz;lhfpd;wJ. ,itNa efu ntg;gj;
jPTfs; vdg;gLk;
jkpo;ehl;by; fhzg;gLk; kz; tiffs;:
jkpo;ehl;by; ngUksT nrk;kz;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
jkpo; ehl;by; cs;s kz; tiffis
fPo;f;fz;lthW gphpf;fyhk;:
1. tz;ly; kz;: flw;fiu khtl;lq;fs;
kw;Wk; nly;lh khtl;lq;fspy; ,k; kz;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jQ;rhT+h;> jpUth&h;>
ehfg;gl;bdk;> jpUr;rp> tpOg;Guk;> flY}h;>
jpUney;Ntyp> fd;dpahFkhp Nghd;w
khtl;lq;fspy; ,k; kz; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,J ney;> fUk;G> thio> kQ;rs;
Mfpait tpistpf;f gad;gLfpwJ
2. fhpry; kz;: ,k; kz; Nfhak;Gj;J}h;>
kJiu> jpz;Lf;fy;> ,uhkehjGuk;>
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp> GJf;Nfhl;il> jQ;rhT+h;>
tpUJefh; Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k; kz;zpy; gUj;jp>
Nrhsk; kw;Wk; fhy;eilj; jPtdq;fs;
gaph; nra;ag; gLfpwJ
3. nrk;kz;: jkpofj;jpy; ,k;kz; mjpfkhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fhQ;rpGuk;> flY}h;>
NtY}h;> ,uhkehjGuk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;>
jpUr;rp> GJf;Nfhl;il> jQ;rhT+h;>
rptfq;iF. tpUJefh;> kJiu>
jpz;Lf;fy;> ehfg;gl;bdk;> J}j;Jf;Fb>
jpUney;Ntyp> Nryk;> <NuhL Nghd;w
khtl;lq;fspy; ,k; kz; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,k; kz;zpy; ePh; ghrd trjpAld; gaph;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. kz;zpy; cs;s ,Uk;Gr;
rj;J Nja;tjhy; nrk;kz; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
4. fspkz;: ,k; kz; nrq;fy; jahhpf;f
gad;gLfpd;wJ. gpR gpRj; jd;ik
fhzg;gLk;.
5. cth; kz;: flw;fiu Xuq;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Ntjhuz;ak; Nghd;w
gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k; kz;
fd;dpahFkhpapy; fhzg;gLtJ ,y;iy.
ill;lhdpak; rpwpjsT fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
jpUts;Sh;. fhQ;rpGuk;> jQ;rhT+h;>
ehfg;gl;bdk; Nghd;w khtl;lq;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
jkpo;ehl;bd; fhLfs;:
jkpo;ehl;by; fhLfs; rPuw;w Kiwapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. khtl;lq;fSk; mjpy;
fhzg;gLk; fhLfspd; rjtPjKk;
gpd;tUkhW:
1. ePyfphp - 53.13%
2. Nryk; - 37.78%
3. jUkGhp - 24.77%
4. jpz;Lf;fy; - 24.21%
5. jpUtz;zhkiy - 22.56%
6. jpUney;Ntyp - 19.37%
7. tpOg;Guk; - 16.52%
8. jpUts;Sh; - 10.89%
nrd;idapy; 1.62 rjtPjKk; NtY}hpy;
0.031 rjtPjKk; fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
jkpo;ehl;by; jpUth&h; khtl;lj;jpy; 0.02
rjtPjf; fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,JNt
kpff; Fiwe;j msT MFk;
jkpo;ehl;by; fhLfspy; nkhj;jg; gug;gsT
22.865 rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;. ,J
jkpo;ehl;bd; nkhj;jg; gug;gstpy; 17.41
rjtPjk; MFk;
jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjd;ikj; njhopyhd
Ntshz;ikj; njhopypy; 56 rjtPjk;
kf;fs; <Lgl;Ls;sdh;.
jkpo;ehl;bd; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L
cw;gj;jpapy; Ntshz;ikapd; gq;F 13
rjtPjk; MFk;.
Southern Frest Rangers College (SFRC)
Coimbatore
Tamilnadu Forestry Training Colege –
Vaigai dam
jkpo;ehL Njapiy Njhl;lf; fofk;>
Fd;D}h; 1968
jkpo;ehL tdj; Njhl;lf; fofk;> jpUr;rp
13.6.1974
muR ,ug;gh; fofk; ehfh;Nfhtpy;
jkpo;ehl;by; epyj; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; kiog;
nghopT Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; 5
tifahd fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mit:
1. kpj ntg;g kz;ly kiyf;fhLfs;:
ePyfphp> Mizkiy> godp kiy Nghd;w
,lq;fspy; 1500 kPl;lUf;F Nky; <uk;
cila kpj ntg;g kz;ly
kiyf;fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
2. Jiz ntg;g kz;ly kiyf;fhLfs;:
ePyfphp kw;Wk; godp kiyapy; 1500
kPl;lUf;Fk; Fiwthd Jiz ntg;g
kz;ly fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
3. ntg;g kz;ly twz;l gRikf; fhLfs;:
flw;fiu gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mlh;e;j Fl;ilahd Gjh;fs; cz;L
4. Kl;Gjh;f; fhLfs;: twz;l fhyk; ePz;Lk;
Fiwe;j kiog;nghopTk; cs;s
,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F
Kl;Gjh;fs; cz;L.
5. khq;FNuht; fhLfs;: fpof;F flw;fiuapy;
,t;tif fhLfs; cz;L. Ntjhuz;ak;>
gpr;rhtuk; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;
,t;tif fhLfspy; Re;jhp tif kuq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
njd;Nkw;Fg; gUtf; fhw;wpd; kio
kiwTg; gpuNjrkhf cs;sJ
jkpo;ehl;bd; ngUk;gFjp tlfpof;Fg;
gUtf;fhw;why; kio ngWfpwJ
fhy;tha; ghrdk;
nkhj;jg; ghrdg; gug;gpd; ngUk; gFjp
fhy;tha;g; ghrdkhFk;
Gy;yk;ghb fl;liy> fPo;gthdp> jlg;gs;sp>
muf;fd;Nfhl;il> fhspq;fuhad;>
fy;yiz> Nkl;^h; Nghd;w gy
fhy;tha;fs; ghrdj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd
1932Mk; Mz;ly; Mq;fpy Ml;rpapd;
NghJ jkpo;ehl;by; Nkl;^h; miz
fl;lg;gl;lJ
Muzp Mw;Wj;jpl;lk;
Muzp ejp nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lj;jpy;
gha;fpwJ.
mkuhtjp mizj;jpl;lk;
fhtphpapd; Jiz ejpfspy; xd;whd
mkuhtjp ejp Nfhak;Gj;J}h; khtl;lk;
topahfg; gha;fpwJ.
Nkl;^h; miz
Nryk; khtl;lj;jpy; Nkl;^h; vd;Dkplj;jpy;
fhtphp ejpapd; FWf;Nf Xh; miz
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nkl;^h; - jpUr;nrq;NfhL fhy;tha;
Nryk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s jpUr;nrq;NfhL
kw;Wk; rq;ffphp tl;lq;fspYk; <NuhL
khtl;lj;jpYk; Vwj;jho 16>200 n`f;Nlh;
epyk; ePh;g;ghrd trjp ngWfpwJ
Gjpa Gs;sk;ghb fhy;tha; jpl;lk;:
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s
Nkyizf;F Nkw;F gf;fj;jpy;
fhtphpapypUe;J fhy;tha;
ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
kzpKj;jhW jpl;lk;
jhkpuguzpapd; Jizahwhd
kzpKj;jhw;wpd; FWf;Nf jpUney;Ntyp
khtl;lj;jpy; Xh; miz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
jhkpuguzp ejpapd; kPJ kUJ}h;>
=itFz;lk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ,U
mizfs; fl;b ePh;g;ghrd trjp
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ
itifaizj; jpl;lk;
itif ejpapd; FWf;Nf kJiuf;F
mUNf Xh; miz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
itif ejpf;Fg; nghpahw;W ePh;j;
Njf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePh;
jpUg;gptplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nghpahh; jpl;lk;
itif ejp gy khjk; twz;L tpLtjhy;
nghpahh; jpl;lk; tFf;fg;gl;lJ. Vyf;fha;
kiyapd; Nkw;Fr; rhptpy; cw;gj;jpahfhp>
Nfus khepyj;jpd; topahf Xb> mugpf;
flypy; fyf;Fk; ,e;ejpapd; FWf;Nf –
Njf;fbf;F mUfpy; Xh; miz fl;b
kiyiaf; File;J> fpof;Fg; gf;fk;
ePiuf; nfhz;Lte;J itifr; rkntsp
tsg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jUkGhp khtl;lj;jpy; njd;ngz;iz
ejpapy; fpU\;zfphp vd;Dkplj;jpy;
njd;ngz;iz ejpapy; fpU\;zfphp
vd;Dkplj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rhj;jD}h; miz
jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy;
njd;ngz;iz ejpapy; ,t;tiz
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
tPLh; miz
jpz;btdk; tl;lj;jpy; gha;fpd;w tuhf
ejpGk; njhz;il MWk; $Lk; ,lj;jpy;
tPLh; miz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
MspahW – guk;gpf;Fsk; jpl;lk;
guk;gp MW Nfhak;Gj;J}h; khtl;lj;jpy;
Midkiyfspy; Njhd;wp> Nkw;F Nehf;fp
Nfus khepyk; topahf XLfpwJ.
,e;ejpapy; Xh; mizfl;b> ePiuj; jpUg;gp
19 fp.kP ePs kiyiaf; File;J mjd;
topahf nghs;shr;rp tl;lj;jpy; ghAk;
Mspahw;Wld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
Vhpg;ghrdk;
jkpo;ehl;by; nghpaJk; rpwpaJkhf
Vwj;jho 33>000 VhpfSk; Fsq;fSk;
cs;sd
fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; mjpf mstpy;
nghpa Vhpfs; gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
kpfg;nghpa Vhpfshd nrk;guk;ghf;fk; Vhp>
Goy; Vhp> kJuhe;jfk; Vhp> nrq;fy;gl;L
Vhp> Nghd;w gy nghpa Vhpfs;
,k;khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sd. vdNt ,jid
tl;lk; vd miof;fpNwhk;. fhNthpg;ghf;fk;
Vhp> njd; Mw;fhl;by; cs;s tPuhzk; Vhp
Kjypad kpfg; nghpa Vhpfs; MFk;
G+z;b ePh;j Njf;fk;
jpUts;Sh; khtl;lj;jpy; mike;j G+z;b
ePh;Njf;fk; rj;jpa%h;j;jp rhfh; miz
vdg;gLk;. nrd;id FbePh; Njf;fp
itf;fg;gLk; Kf;fpa ,lkhFk;
jkpo;ehl;bd; Kf;fpa Muha;r;rp epiyaq;fs;
1. ,e;jpa mUkz; njhopw;rhiy –
fd;dpahFkhp
2. kpd; Muha;r;rp epiyak; - kz;lgk;>
,uhkehjGuk;
3. kj;jpa ,urhad kpd; Muha;r;rp
epiyak; fhiuf;Fb rptfq;if
4. ney; Muha;r;rp epiyak; - MLJiw>
jQ;rhT+h;
5. kj;jpa fly; Muha;r;rp epiyak; -
nrd;id
6. ,uapy;ngl;b njhopw;rhiy – nrd;id
(nguk;G+h;)
7. mz;zh Gw;WNeha; Ma;T epiyak; -
nrd;id (milahW)
8. ,e;jpa njhopy;El;gf; fofk; - nrd;id
9. fduf thfd njhopyfk; - nrd;id
(Mtb)
10. ghuj kpFkpd; epiyak; - jpUr;rp
,uhzpg;Ngl;il
jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs;
1. fpz;b Njrpa G+q;fh> nrd;id
2. kd;dhh; tisFlh kw;Wk; Njrpa G+q;fh
3. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp Njrpa G+q;fh> Midkiy
4. kJiu Njrpa G+q;fh – ePyfphp
5. Kf;$h;j;jp Njrpa G+q;fh - ePyfphp
tdtpyq;F ruzhyaq;fs;
1. KJkiy tdtpyq;F ruzhyak;
Kf;$h;j;jp ePyfphp khtl;lk;
2. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; -
Mizkiy> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;
3. fshf;fhL tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; -
jpUney;Ntyp
4. Kz;le;Jiw tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; -
jpUney;Ntyp
5. Point Calimere tdtpyq;F ruzhyak;
- ehfg;gl;bdk;
6. =tpy;ypGj;J}h; Grizzled Giant Squirrel
ruzhyak; - tpUJefh; (mzpy;)
7. tsehL fUg;G thj;J ruzhyak; -
J}j;Jf;Fb
gwitfs; ruzhyaq;fs;
1. Ntle;jhq;fy; gwitfs; ruzhyak; -
fhQ;rpGuk;
2. Ntl;lq;Fb gwitfs; ruzhyak; -
,uhkehjGuk;
3. Karikill gwitfs; ruzhyak; -
fhQ;rpGuk;
4. Gypfhl; gwitfs; ruzhyak; -
jpUts;Sh;
5. fhQ;rpuq;Fsk; gwitfs; ruzhyak; -
,uhkehjGuk;
6. cjakhh;j;jz;lGuk; gwitfs;
ruzhyak; - ehif
7. rpj;jpuq;Fb gwitfs; ruzhyak; -
,uhkehjGuk;
8. t^h; gwitfs; ruzhyak; - jQ;rhT+h;
9. $j;jd;Fsk; gwitfs; ruzhyak; -
jpUney;Ntyp
10. Karaivetti gwitfs; ruzhyak; -
nguk;gY}h;
11. Vellode gwitfs; ruzhyak; - <NuhL
12. Melselvanur – Keelselvanur
gwitfs; ruzhyak; - ,uhkehjGuk;
Biosphere Reserve:
1. Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park
2. Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve
3. Agasthiyarmalai Biopshere Reserve
jkpo;ehl;bd; ghiy epyq;fs;:
jkpo;ehl;bd; fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLtjhYk;
Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy kio kiwT
gpuNjrkhf ,Ug;gjhYk; ghiy epyq;fs;
Vw;glj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ
jkpo;ehl;by; Njdp kw;Wk; Nghb
ehaf;fD}Uf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s
fpuhkq;fs; Nkw;F njhlh;r;rpkiyapd;
kio kiwT gpuNjrkhFk;. jw;NghJ
,q;F kzy; Gay; tPRfpd;wJ
njd; Nkw;F fhw;Wfs; ,g; gFjpapy;
cOJ fplf;Fk; tay;fspy; ,Ue;J
kz;iz Nrfhpj;J Mq;fhq;F kzy;
NkLfis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
jkpo;ehl;bd; Ntshz;ik:
jkpo;ehl;by; 5.75 kpy;ypad; n`f;Nlh;
epyj;jpy; Ntshz;ik nra;a cfe;j
epyq;fs; cs;sJ
jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s kz;zpy;
nghl;lh\pak; Fiwthf cs;sJ. vdNt
mjpf nghl;lh\pak; Njitg;gLfpwJ
jkpo;ehl;by; 2007-2008 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd
ney; cw;gj;jp Rkhh; 75.60 ,yl;rk;
nkl;hpf; ld; MFk;
jkpo;ehl;by; gUj;jp tpisAk;
khtl;lq;fs; <NuhL> kJiu> Njdp.
jpz;Lf;fy;> jpUney;Ntyp> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;>
Nryk; Mfpait MFk;.
jkpo;ehl;by; ePyfphp> Mizkiy kw;Wk;
Nrh;tuhad; kiyj; njhlh;fspy; fhgp
gaph; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
jkpo;ehl;by; fhgp gaph; tpisAk;
gFjpfspy; ntg;gfhyq;fspy; nga;Ak;
kio nghJthf G+ G+f;Fk; J}uy;
(Blossom Showers) vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ
jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s Ngg;gh; Miyfs;:
1. Seshasayee Paper & Board Ltd.,
gs;spg;ghisak; ehkf;fy; khtl;lk;
2. Talent Paper & Boards Ltd., -
Sathyamangalam
3. Tamilnadu Newsprint and Papers
Limited, Kagithapuram, Karur District
jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s $l;LwT kw;Wk; muR rhh;G
rh;f;fiu Miyfs;:
1. Mk;G+h; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
tlGJg;gl;L fpuhkk;> NtY}h; khtl;lk;
2. NPKRR $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
Thalainayar ,isahe;Njhg;G>
kapyhLJiw> ehfg;gl;bdk; khtl;lk;
3. mkuhtjp $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
fpU\;zhGuk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}h; khtl;lk;
4. fs;sf;Fwpr;rp $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
fs;sf;Fwpr;rp tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk;
5. fs;sf;Fwpr;rp $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
%q;fpy;Jiwg;gl;L> tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk;
6. Rg;gpukzpa rpth $l;LwT rh;f;fiu
Miy> NfhghyGuk;> jUkGhp khtl;lk;
7. jUkGhp $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
ghyf;NfhL> jUkGhp khtl;lk;
8. nra;ahW $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
mdf;fhT+h;> njd;jz;ly; fpuhkk;>
jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lk;
9. kJuhe;jfk; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
ghlyk;> fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk;
10. vk;. Mh;. fpU\;z%h;j;jp rh;f;fiu
Miy> Nrj;jpah Njhg;G> rpjk;guk;>
flY}h; khtl;lk;
11. Ne\dy; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
Nkl;Lg;gl;b> myq;fhey;Y}h;> kJiu
khtl;lk;
12. Fk;kpbg;G+z;b $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
GJtay;> jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk;
13. jpUg;gj;J}h; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
Nfjhz;lgl;b> NtY}h; khtl;lk;
14. nrq;fy;tuhad; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu
Miy> nghpa nrthiy> tpOg;Guk;
khtl;lk;
15. NtY}h; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
mk;Kz;b fpuhkk;> NtY}h; khtl;lk;
16. Nryk; $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
NkhfD}h;> ehkf;fy; khtl;lk;
17. mwpQh; mz;zh rh;f;fiu Miy>
FWq;Fsk;> jQ;rhT+h; khtl;lk;
18. jpUj;jzp $l;LwT rh;f;fiu Miy>
jpUtyq;fhL> jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk;
19. nguk;gY}h; rh;f;fiu Miy> viuA+h;
nguk;gY}h; khtl;lk;
20. kJuh rh;f;fiu Miy> ghz;bauh[Guk;>
kJiu khtl;lk;
jdpahh; rh;f;fiu Miyfs;
Rajshree Sugars & Chemicals Ltd., Andipatti
Ponni Sugar & Chemicals Ltd., Erode
Bannari Amman Sugars Ltd.,
Sathyamangalam
jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s muR rhh;G rpnkz;l;
Miyfs;
1. Myq;Fsk; rpnkz;l; xh;f;];>
Myq;Fsk;> tpUJefh; khtl;lk;
2. mhpaY}h; rpnkz;l; xh;f;];> mhpaY}h;
khtl;lk;
3. jkpo;ehL M];ng];lh];> Myq;Fsk;>
tpUJefh; khtl;lk;
4. ];Nlhd; igg; njhopyfk;> tpUjhr;ryk;>
flY}h; khtl;lk;
5. Jkpo;ehL M];ng];lh];> khaD}h;>
f&h; khtl;lk;
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; jhioA+j;Jtpy;
rq;fh; rpnkz;l; njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ
jkpo;ehl;bd; fdpk tsq;fs;
fhh;dl; (Garnet)> nth;kpFNyl;> [ph;fhd;
(Zircon)> ypf;idl; kw;Wk; &l;ily;
(Rutile)> Mfpatw;wpy; ,e;jpahtpy;
Kjyplj;ij jkpofk; tfpf;fpd;wJ
Nkf;dirl; kw;Wk; NkhNdhirl;
(Monazite) Mfpatw;wpy; ,e;jpahtpy;
,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ.
jkpo;ehl;by; ehif khtl;lj;jpy; ehpkzk;
vd;W cs;s fhtphp nly;lh gFjpapy;
ngl;Nuhypak; fpilf;fpd;wJ
,y;kidl; (Ilmenite)> [pg;rk;> fpuhigl;>
ngy;gh; kw;Wk; fsp kz; Mfpatw;wpy;
%d;whtJ ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ.
flw;fiu khtl;lq;fshfpa fd;dpahFkhp>
jpUney;Ntyp> J}j;Jf;Fb> ,uhkehjGuk;
kw;Wk; ehfg;gl;bdk; Mfpa
khtl;lq;fspy; fd jdpkq;fs; Garnet,
Ilmenite, Rutile, Leucoxene, Monazite and
Zircon fpilf;fpd;wd.
Rkhh; 30275 kpy;ypad; ld;fs; ,Ug;G
,Ug;gjhf $wg;gLk; ypf;idl; flY}h;
khtl;lk; nea;Ntypapy; fpilf;fpd;wJ.
kd;dhhFb> n[aq;nfhz;lhd; kw;Wk; =
K\;zk; Mfpa ,lq;fspYk; ypf;idl;
,Ug;G cs;sJ
Rkhh; 73 kpy;ypad; ld;fs; ,Ug;G
,Ug;gjhf $wg;gLk; Nkf;dirl; Nryk;>
ehkf;fy;> Nfhit kw;Wk; <NuhL Mfpa
khtl;lq;fspy; cs;sJ. cyfj;jpy;
rpwe;j Nkf;dirl; jkpofj;jpd; kw;Wk;
jpUney;Ntyp Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy;
fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,it Vw;Wkjp juk;
tha;e;jit MFk;.
cyf Vw;Wkjp juk; tha;e;j Fthh;l;
kw;Wk; Feldspar Mfpait
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp> Nryk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;>
kJiu> jpUney;Ntyp> <NuhL kw;Wk;
jpz;Lf;fy; Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy;
fpilf;fpd;wJ. kpd;dpay; fUtpfs; kw;Wk;
xspf; fUtpfspy; gad;gLk; Fthh;l; 8
kpy;ypad; ld;Dk; nruhkpf;
njhopw;rhiyapy; gad;gLk; Feldspar 7
kpy;ypad; ld;Dk; ,Ug;gpy; cs;sJ.
ghf;irl; nfhilf;fhdy;> godp> Vw;fhL
kw;Wk; nfhy;yp kiy Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; ,Ug;G 26 kpy;ypa;d
ld;fs; MFk;.
fspkz; flY}h;> GJf;Nfhl;il>
jpUney;Ntyp> jpUts;Sh;> fhQ;rpGuk;
kw;Wk; jpUtz;zhkiy Mfpa gFjpapy;
fpilf;fpd;wJ
jkpo;ehl;bd; Rkhh; 710 kpy;ypad; fd
kPl;lh; mstpw;F fpuhidl; fw;fs;
fpilf;fpd;wJ. jpz;btdj;jpy; Kunnam
Black tif fw;fSk;> jUkGhpapy;
Paradiso tif fw;fSk;>
GJf;Nfhl;ilapy; Jubrana tif fw;fSk;
kJiuapy; Kashmir White tif
fw;fSk; fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; fUg;G tif
fw;fSk; fpilf;fpd;wd.
,aw;if vhpthA ehfg;gl;bdk; kw;Wk;
,uhkehjGuk; khtl;l flw;fiu gFjpapy;
fpilf;fpd;wJ
Nryk; khtl;lk; fQ;r kiyapy;
,Uk;Gj;jhJ fpilf;fpd;wJ
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf ghf;irl;
fpilf;Fk; khepyq;fspy; jkpo;ehLk; xd;W
rh;f;fiu Miy cs;s ,lq;fs; -
ney;ypf;Fg;gk;> myq;fhey;Y}h;>
tlkhjpkq;fyk;> jpUtyk;> ngd;dlk;
kJiu kw;Wk; Nfhak;Gj;J}iur;
Rw;wpAs;s gFjpapy; nerTj;
njhopw;rhiyfs; mike;Js;sd.
Nfhitia njd;dpe;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh;
vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ
nrd;id nguk;G+hpy; ,uapy; ngl;bfs;
jahhpf;Fk; njhopyfk; cs;sJ
jkpofj;jpy; rpg;fhl; cs;s ,lq;fs;
1. gh;$h; 2. ,Uq;fhl;Lf;Nfhl;il 3.
GJf;Nfhl;il 4. nra;ahh; 5. khdhkJiu
6. ,uhzpg;Ngl;il 7. flY}h; 8.
epyf;Nfhl;il 9. rpWNrhp 10. fq;if
nfhz;lhd; 11. Xuflk; 12.
jpUg;ngUk;GJ}h; 13. Fk;kpbg;G+z;b 14.
ngUe;Jiw 15. J}j;Jf;Fb 16. X#h;
jkpo;ehl;by; bl;Nfh (1956) %yk;
Jtf;fg;gl;l jpl;lq;fs;
1. lhl;lh epWtdj;Jld; ,ize;J 1985y;
ill;ld; thl;r; epWtdj;ij X#hpy;
epWtg;gl;lJ
2. vy;fhl; epWtdj;Jld; ,ize;J nrd;id
jukzpapy; illy; ghh;f;
(TIDEL = TIDCO + ELCOT) epWtdk;
3. illy; ghh;f; epWtdj;Jld; ,ize;J
ilry; gNahnlf; ghh;f; epWtdk;
nrd;idapy; epWtg;gl;lJ. gNahnlf;
nfhs;ifia ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy;
mwpKfk; nra;j khepyk; jkpo;ehL MFk;.
(nrg;lk;gh; 2000)
4. Nryk; mUNf rjh;d; mah;d; mz;l;
];By; fk;ngdp vd;w epWtdk; jw;NghJ
[pe;jhy; FOkj;Jld; ,ize;J
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
5. nrq;fw;gl;L mUNf kNfe;jpuh Nthh;y;L
rpl;b vd;w efuj;ij cUthf;fpAs;sJ
jkpo;ehL fhjp kw;Wk; fpuhk njhopy;
thhpak; mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1960
jkpo;ehL khR fl;Lg;ghL thhpak;
Jtf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1982
jkpofj;jpy; cs;s rpwg;G nghUshjhu
kz;lyq;fs; jpUg;ngUk;GJ}hpy; Nehf;fpah
kw;Wk; Flextronics MFk;.
jkpofj;jpy; cs;s Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs;:
jkpofj;jpy; jw;NghJ 24 Njrpa
neLQ;rhiyfs; nry;fpd;wJ.
cj;jpugpNjrk; kw;Wk; gPfhh; mLj;J
jkpo;ehl;by; jhd; mjpf neLQ;rhiyfs;
nry;fpd;wd
jkpofj;jpy; cs;s Njrpa
neLQ;rhiyapd; ePsk; 4462 fp. kP. MFk;.
12 Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs; jkpofj;jpy;
kl;Lk; nry;fpd;wJ. jkpofj;jpy; ,Ue;J
ehd;F rhiyfs; NfushitAk;> %d;W
rhiyfs; fh;ehlfj;ijAk; ,uz;L
rhiyfs; Me;jpu gpuNjrj;ijAk;
,izf;fpd;wJ %d;W rhiyfs; gy;NtW
khepyq;fisAk; ,izf;fpd;wJ.
vd;. vr;. 4 Kk;ig – nrd;id rhiy
vdg;gLk;. ,r; rhiy jq;f ehw;fu
jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; mike;Js;sJ.
vd;. vr. 5 nrd;id – fy;fj;jh
,izg;Gr; rhiyahFk; ,r;rhiy Me;jpu
gpuNjrk;> xhprh topahf jkpofj;ij
,izf;Fk;
vd;. vr. 7 thuzhrp – fd;dpahFkhp
rhiy vdg;gLk; ,r;rhiy kpfg;nghpa
Njrpa neLQ;rhiy MFk;. cj;jpu
gpuNjrk;> kj;jpa gpuNjrk;> kfhuh\;buh>
Me;jpu gpuNjrk; fh;ehlfh topahf
jkpo;ehl;il ,r;rhiy te;jilfpd;wJ.
,jd; nkhj;j ePsk; 2369 fp. kPl;lh; MFk;
vd;. vr;. 7 v jpUney;Ntyp – J}j;Jf;Fb
rhiy
vd;. vr;. 45gp nrd;id – jpz;Lf;fy; -
NjdP rhiy
vd;. vr;. 45v tpOg;Guk; - ghz;br;Nrhp
rhiy
vd;. vr;. 45gp jpUr;rp – J}j;Jf;Fb
rhiy
vd;. vr;. 46 fpU\;zfphp -
,uhzpg;Ngl;il rhiy
vd;. vr;. 47 Nryk; - nfhr;rpd; -
fd;dpahFkhp rhiy
vd;. vr;. 49 nfhr;rpd; - ,uhNk];tuk;
rhiy
vd;. vr;. 66 fpU\;zfphp – ghz;br;Nrhp
rhiy
vd;. vr;. 67 ehfg;gl;bdk; - $lY}h;
rhiy
vd;. vr;. 68 cSe;J}h;Ngl;il – Nryk;
rhiy
vd;. vr;. 205 nrd;id – mde;jG+h;
rhiy
vd;. vr;. 209 ngq;fSh; - jpz;Lf;fy;
rhiy
vd;. vr;. 210 jpUr;rp - ,uhkehjGuk;
rhiy
vd;. vr;. 219 fpU\;zfphp – kjdg; gs;sp
rhiy
vd;. vr;. 220 NjdP – nfhy;yk; rhiy
vd;. vr;. 226 jQ;rhT+h; - khdhkJiu
rhiy
vd;. vr;. 227 jpUr;rp – rpjk;guk; rhiy
,Ug;Gg; ghij
jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjy; ,Ug;Gg; ghij
nrd;id muf;Nfhzj;ij ,izj;jJ.
jkpo;ehL vf;];gpu]; nrd;id GJ
jpy;ypia ,izf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j uapy;
nrd;id> tp[athlh> thuq;fy;> ehf;G+h;>
Nghghy;> [hd;rp> Fthypah; Mf;uh kw;Wk;
eprhKjPd; topahf nry;fpwJ.
fpuhz;l; buq;f; vf;];gpu]; nrd;id GJ
jpy;ypia ,izf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j uapy;
nrd;id> Fz;^h;> thuq;fy;> ehf;G+h;>
Nghghy;> Fthypah;> Mf;uh topahf
nry;fpwJ
nrd;id ep[hKjPd; uh[jhzp vf;];gpu];
nrd;id ep[hKjPid ,izf;fpd;wJ.
nrd;id> tp[athlh> thuq;fy;> ehf;G+h;>
Nghghy;> Fthypah;> Mf;uh topahf
nry;fpwJ.
ney;iy vf;];gpu]; nrd;id
jpUney;Ntypia ,izf;fpwJ.
nrq;fy;gl;L> jpz;btdk;> tpUj;jhr;ryk;>
jpUr;rp> jpz;Lf;fy;> kJiu kw;Wk;
Nfhtpy;gl;b topahf nry;fpwJ. Nfhit
vf;];gpu]; muf;Nfhzk;> Mk;G+h;> Nryk;>
<NuhL kw;Wk; jpUg;G+h; topahf Nfhit
nry;fpwJ.
kf;fs; njhif 2001 Mz;L fzf;fpd;gb
kf;fs; njhif – 62>405>679
Mz;fs; - 31>400>9000 – ngz;fs; - 31>004>700
jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; - 19% - 1>18>57>079
kiy rhjpapdh; - 1.04% - 6>49>019
jkpo;ehl;bd; 1991-2001 Mz;bd; kf;fs;
njhif tsh;r;rp tpfpjk; 11.19% MFk;
ruhrhp tho;ehs;: Mz; - 62.9 Mz;L.
ngz; - 63.1 Mz;L
,uapy; ghij ePsk; - 4012 Km
rhiy ePsk; - 7>70>499 sf. Km.
tWikf; Nfhl;Lf;F fPo; - 32.8%
jkpofj;jpd; 2001 Mz;L
fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif
6>24>05>679
jkpofj;jpd; 1.7.2008 Mz;L nkhj;j
kf;fs; njhif 6>63>96>000 ,J ,e;jpa
kf;fs; njhifapy; 5.79% MFk;
2001y; jkpofj;jpd; kf;fs; njhif
mlh;j;jp 480 / rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;
2008y; jkpofj;jpy; kf;fs; njhif
mlhj;jp 511 / rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;
khtl;lk; njhif
nguk;gY}h; - 493646
mhpaY}h; - 695524
ePyfphp - 762141
f&h; - 935685
Njdp - 1093950
rptfq;if - 1155356
jpUth&h; - 1169474
,uhkehjGuk; - 1187604
GJf;Nfhl;il - 1459601
ehfg;gl;bdk; - 1488839
ehkf;fy; - 1493462
J}j;Jf;Fb - 1572273
fd;dpahFkhp - 1676034
tpUJefh; - 1751301
jpz;Lf;fy; - 1923014
jpUtz;zhkiy - 2186125
jQ;rhT+h; - 2216138
flY}h; - 2285395
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp - 2418366
kJiu - 2578201
<NuhL - 2581500
jpUts;Sh; - 2754756
jpUney;Ntyp - 2723988
jUkGhp - 2856300
fhQ;rpGuk; - 2877468
tpOg;Guk; - 2960373
Nryk; - 3016346
NtY}h; - 3477317
Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 4271856
nrd;id - 4343645
jkpofj;jpd; ngz;fs; kf;fs; njhif
3>10>04>770
khtl;l thhpahf ngz;fs; kf;fs; njhif
nguk;gY}h; - 247505
mhpaY}h; - 348761
ePyfphp - 383790
f&h; - 470148
Njdp - 540964
rptfq;if - 588409
jpUth&h; - 588690
,uhkehjGuk; - 604228
ehkf;fy; - 733911
GJf;Nfhl;il - 735301
ehfg;gl;bdk; - 749765
J}j;Jf;Fb - 805450
fd;dpahFkhp - 843765
tpUJefh; - 880925
jpz;Lf;fy; - 954877
jpUtz;zhkiy - 1090266
jQ;rhT+h; - 1119500
flY}h; - 1134487
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp - 1209832
<NuhL - 1272222
kJiu - 1274838
jpUts;Sh; - 1357349
jUkGhp - 1382703
jpUney;Ntyp - 1390049
fhQ;rpGuk; - 1420226
Nryk; - 1452713
tpOg;Guk; - 1467931
NtY}h; - 1736234
Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 2095825
nrd;id - 2124106
jkpo;ehl;bd; 2001 fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb kf;fs;
njhif mlh;j;jp 480 MFk;
mlh;j;jp mjpfk; cs;s khtl;lk;
nrd;id MFk;
kf;fs; mlh;j;jp tptuq;fs;
nrd;id - 24231
fd;dpahFkhp - 992
jpUts;Sh; - 800
kJiu - 733
jQ;rhT+h; - 649
fhQ;rpGuk; - 647
flY}h; - 626
NtY}h; - 573
Nryk; - 573
Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 566
ehfg;gl;bdk; - 548
jpUr;rp - 542
jpUth&h; - 538
ehkf;fy; - 436
jpUney;Ntyp - 411
tpUJefh; - 409
tpOg;Guk; - 406
mhpaY}h; - 358
Njdp - 357
jpUtz;zhkiy - 352
J}j;Jf;Fb - 339
jpz;Lf;fy; - 317
<NuhL - 314
GJf;Nfhl;il - 312
f&h; - 311
ePyfphp - 300
jh;kGhp - 294
,uhkehjGuk; - 287
nguk;gY}h; - 278
rptfq;if - 275
jkpo;ehl;bd; Mz; ngz; tpfpjk; 1000/987
MFk;
J}j;Jf;Fb - 1050
jpUney;Ntyp - 1042
rptfq;if - 1038
,uhkehjGuk; - 1036
jQ;rhT+h; - 1021
GJf;Nfhl;il - 1015
fd;dpahFkhp - 1014
ePyfphp - 1014
jpUth&h; - 1014
ehfg;gl;bdk; - 1014
tpUJefh; - 1012
f&h; - 1010
nguk;gY}h; - 1006
mhpaY}h; - 1006
jpUr;rp - 1001
NtY}h; - 997
jpUtz;zhkiy - 995
jpz;Lf;fy; - 986
flY}h; - 986
tpOg;Guk; - 984
kJiu - 978
Njdp - 978
fhQ;rpGuk; - 975
<NuhL - 972
jpUts;Sh; - 971
ehkf;fy; - 966
Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 963
nrd;id - 957
fpU\;zfphp - 944
jUkGhp - 938
Nryk; - 929
jkpo;ehl;bd; kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rp 11.72
rjtPjk; MFk;
Fiwe;j tsh;r;rp tpfjk; cs;s khtl;lk;
Njdp MFk;
mjpf tsh;r;rp tpfpjk; cs;s khtl;lk;
jpUts;Sh; MFk;
mjpf efh;Gw kf;fis cila khtl;lk;
nrd;id MFk;. ,uz;lhtjhf
Nfhak;Gj;J}h; khtl;lk; MFk;
Fiwe;j efh;Gw kf;fis cila
khtl;lk; tpOg;Guk; MFk;
jkpo;ehl;bd; ruhrhp fy;tpawpT 73.47
rjtPjk; MFk;
ngz;fs; fy;tpawpT kpff; Fiwe;j
khtl;lk; jh;kGhp MFk;
fy;tpawpT rjtPjk;
1. fd;dpahFkhp - 88.11
2. J}j;Jf;Fb - 81.96
3. nrd;id - 80.14
4. ePyfphp - 81.44
5. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp - 79.16
6. fhQ;rpGuk; - 77.61
7. kJiu - 78.65
8. Nfhak;Gj;J}h; - 76.95
9. jpUney;Ntyp - 76.97
10. jpUth&h; - 76.90
11. ehfg;gl;bdk; - 76.89
12. jpUts;Sh; - 76.54
13. jQ;rhT+h; - 76.07
14. tpUJefh; - 74.23
15. ,uhkehjGuk; - 73.05
16. NtY}h; - 73.07
17. rptfq;if - 72.66
18. NjdP - 72.01
19. GJf;Nfhl;il - 71.96
20. flY}h; - 71.85
21. jpz;Lf;fy; - 69.83
22. f&h; - 68.74
23. ehkf;fy; - 67.66
24. jpUtz;zhkiy – 68.22
25. Nryk; - 65.72
26. <NuhL - 65.51
27. nguk;gY}h; - 65.88
28. tpOg;Guk; - 64.68
29. jUkGhp - 59.23
jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s fy;tp / gy;fiyf;
fofq;fs;:
jkpo;ehl;by; jw;NghJ 350 nghwpapy;
fy;Y}hpfs;> 25 kUj;Jt fy;Y}hpfs;> 1150
fiyf; fy;Y}hpfs;> 2550 gs;spfs; 5000
kUj;Jt kidfs; cs;sd
midtUk; mwptpay; fy;t gapy
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ jpuhtpl ,af;fq;fspd;
nfhs;if MFk;
nkl;uh]; fpwp];Jtf; fy;Y}hp 1837y;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science
and Higher Education for Women. ,e;j
epWtdk; 8.6.1998y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J
Nfhak;Gj;J}hpy; cs;sJ.
ghujpahh; gy;fiyf; fofk; 1981y;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J Nfhak;Gj;J}hpy;
cs;sJ.
ghujpjhrd; gy;fiyf; fofk; gpg;uthp
1982y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J jpUr;rpapy;
cs;sJ
Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha
1918y; kfhj;kh fhe;jp mth;fshy;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J nrd;idapy; cs;sJ
Gandhigram Rural Institute, jpz;Lf;fy;>
3.8.1976y; gy;fiyf;fof epiyiag;
ngw;wJ
mofg;gh gy;fiyf; fofk; 1985y;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J nrd;idapy; cs;sJ
mz;zhkiy gy;fiyf;fofk; 1929y;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J mz;zhkiy efhpy;
cs;sJ
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
1959y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J nrd;idapy;
cs;sJ
kJiu fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf; fofk; 1966y;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J kJiuapy; cs;sJ
kNdhd;kzp Re;judhh; gy;fiyf; fofk;
27.8.1990 jpUney;Ntypapy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
md;id njurh ngz;fs; gy;fiyf;fofk;
1984y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J
nfhilf;fhdypy; cs;sJ
Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University
20.09.1997y; nrd;idapy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; rl;lg;gy;fiyf;fofk;
,JNt MFk;.
Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University
1987y; nrd;idapy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher
Education 9.11.1992
Tamil Nadu Veterinary And Animal
Sciences University 1876 y; nrd;idapy;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
jkpo;ehL Ntshz;ik gy;fiyf;fofk;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
2002y; jkpo;ehL jpwe;jntsp
gy;fiyf;fok; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
17.09.1997y; nghpahh; gy;fiyf;fofk;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
16.10.2002y; jpUts;Sth; gy;fiyf;fofk;
NtY}hpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
Jkpofj;jpy; mfpy ,e;jpahitg; Nghd;W
10 + 2 + 3 jpl;lk; 1978y; nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ.
jkpo;ehl;bd; Kf;fpa muR epWtdq;fs;
jkpo;ehL kpd;rhu thhpak; Jtf;fg;gl;L 50
Mz;Lfs; epiwtile;Js;sJ
jkpo;ehL epy msit Jiw 150
Mz;Lfs; epiwtile;Js;sJ
Tamil Nadu Adi Dravidar Housing
Development Corporation (TAHDCO) –
1974
The Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB)
– 1.7.1957
ELCOT – 1977
Tamil Nadu Housing Board – 1961
Tamil Nadu Industries Development
Corporation TIDCO – 1965
Tamil Nadu Mineral Ltd., - 1978 TAMIN
TNPL – 1979
Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage
Board (TWAD Board) – 14.4.1971
Science City - 1998
jkpo;ehL khRf; fl;Lg;ghL thhpak; 1982
jkpo;ehL tzpfh; ey thhpak; 1989
TAMPCOL – Tamil Nadu Medical Plant
Farms & Herbal Medical Corporation
TANCOF – Tamil Nadu Co-op Oil Seeds
Growers Federation
TANHOPE – Tamil Nadu Horticultural
Producers Co-op Enterprises Ltd.,
TANSI – Tamil Nadu Small Industries
Corporation
TANSIDCO – Tamil Nadu Small Industries
Development Corportaion
TANUVAS – Tamil Nadu Veterinary
Animal Sciences University
TAPCO – Tamil Nadu Poultry
Development Corporation
TASMAC – Tamil Nadu Spirit Marketing
Corporation
TDFC – Transport Development Finance
Corporation
TANTEA – Tamil Nadu Tea Plantations
Corporation Ltd.,
TEL – Tamil Nadu Industrial Explosives
Ltd.,
TEDA – Tamil Nadu Energy Development
Agency
TNCSF – Tamil Nadu Co-operation Sugar
Federation
TNEB – Tamil Nadu Electricity Board
TNHB – Tamil Nadu Housing Board
TNPHC – Tamil Nadu Police Housing
Corporation
TNPL – Tamil Nadu Paper Ltd.,
TNPSC – Tamil Nadu Public Service
Commission
TNUDP – Tamil Nadu Urban Development
Project
TTDC – Tamil Nadu Tourism &
Development Corporation
TUFIDCO – Tamil Nadu Urban Finance and
Infrastructure Development Corporation
Ltd.,
TWAD – Tamil Nadu Water Supply &
Drainage Board
TAI – Tamil Nadu AGri Industries
Corporation
TALCO – Tamil Nadu Leather
Development Corporation
TAFCORN – Tamil Nadu Forest Plan
Corporation
TABCEDCO - Backward Classes Economic
Development Corporation
SHRC – State Human Rights Commission
SIPCOT – Small Industries Promotion
Corporating of Tamilnadu Ltd.,
TEDA – Tamil Nadu Energy Development
Agency
POWERFIN – Power Finance &
Infrastructureal Development
Corporation Ltd.,
ELCOT – Electronic Corporation of
Tamilnadu Ltd.,
fzpdp nkd;nghUs; cw;gj;jp
,e;jpahtpy; fzpdp nkd; nghUs;
cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplj;ij ngq;fSUk;
,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij nrd;idAk;
cs;sJ.
2007-2008 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd jkpofj;jpd;
nkd;nghUs; Vw;Wkjp 284>900 kpy;ypad;
&gha; MFk;
,-gg;sp\pq; vdg;gLk; Gj;jf gjpg;gfq;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; nrd;idapy; mjpfk;
mike;Js;sJ. HCL, Wipro, TCS, Satyam,
Infosys, Cognizant Technology Solutions,
Covansys, Ford Information Technology,
Xansa, Verizon, iSoft, iNautix, Electronic
Data Systems, Bally Mfpa epWtdq;fspd;
fpisfs; nrd;idapy; mike;Js;sJ.
,e;jpahtpy; fzpdp nkd; nghUs;
Vw;Wkjpapy; 35.28 rjtPjk; fh;ehlfh
jkpo;ehL 13.72 rjtPjk; ngw;W KiwNa
Kjyplk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij
gpbj;Js;sJ.
,e;jpahtpy; fhfpj cw;gj;jpapy; 24.33
rjtPjk; Me;jpu gpuNjrKk; jkpo;ehL
14.56 rjtPjk; ngw;W KiwNa Kjyplk;
kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij gpbj;Js;sJ.
,e;jpahtpy; rpnkz;l; cw;gj;jpay; 14.86
rjtPjk; ,uh[];jhd;. kj;jpa gpuNjrk;
12.88 rjtPjk; Me;jpu gpuNjrk; 11.38
rjtPjk; jkpo;ehL 10.04 rjtPjk; ngw;W
KiwNa Kjy; ehd;F ,lj;ij
gpbj;Js;sJ. jkpo;ehl;bd; rpnkz;l;
cw;gj;jp Rkhh; 140 ,yl;rk; ld;fs;
MFk;
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s nkhj;j 16.66 ,yl;rk;
tpirj;jwpfspy; jkpo;ehl;by; 4.00 yl;rk;
tpirj;jwpfs; jkpo;ehl;by; cs;sJ. ,J
Rkhh; 24 rjtPjk; MFk;. ,J ,e;jpa
mstpy; kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk; F[uhj;
khepyq;fSf;F mLj;j %d;whtJ
epiyahFk;
ntspehl;L KjyPLfis ngWtjpy;
,e;jpahtpd; Kjyplj;ij kfhuh\;buh
kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij jpy;ypAk;
%d;whtJ ,lj;ij jkpo;ehLk;
gpbj;Js;sJ
nrd;id khtl;lk;
jkpo;ehl;bd; kpfr; rpwpa khtl;lk; ,JNt
MFk;.
irf;fps;> yhhp> lhq;F> ,uapy;ngl;b>
vz;nza; Rj;jpfhpg;G> mr;Rj; njhopy;>
gjpg;Gj; njhopy;> Gj;jf ntspaPL>
Nkhl;lh; igf;> Njhy; gjdpLjy;
jkpo;ehL fhy;eil kUj;Jtg;
gy;fiyf;fofk;:
nrd;idapy; tptrhaf; fy;Y}hpapd; xU
gFjpahf 1876y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
1903y; fy;Y}hp epiy ngw;wJ. Royal
Commission on Agriculture gb
,e;jpahtpd; (nrd;id gy;fiyf; fofk;)
gy;fiyf;fofj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;l
Kjy; fy;Y}hp ,JNt MFk;
20.9.1989y; gy;fiyf; fof epiy
toq;fg;gl;lJ. Mrpahtpd; Kjy;
fhy;eil kUj;Jtg; gy;fiyf; fofk;
,JNtahFk;
,uz;lhtJ fy;Y}hp ehkf;fy;
khtl;lj;jpy; 1985y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
nrd;idapy; Centre of Central Marine
Fisheries Research Institute cs;sJ.
fpof;F flw;fiuapy; nrd;id
JiwKfj;ij ,k; khtl;lk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ nrd;id ngUefh; tsh;r;rp
FOkj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ tiuT jpl;lk;
ntspaplg;gl;l ehs; 4 nrg;lk;gh; 2008
fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk;: jw;NghJ ,k;khtl;lk;
,e;jpahtpd; nll;uhapl; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cyfpd; rpwe;j fhh;
njhopw;rhiy Ford kw;Wk; BMW Mfpa
epWtdq;fs; nrq;fy;gl;L mUfpYk; HYUNDAI
epWtdk; =ngUk;GJ}h; mUfpYk;
mikf;ff;gl;Ls;sJ
,k;khtl;lj;jpy; fy;ghf;fk; mZkpd;
epiyak; cs;sJ. ,q;F cs;s mZ
ciyf;F fhkpdp (fy;ghf;fk; kpdp) vd;W
ngah;.
gy;yth;fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;j khky;yGuk;
kw;Wk; fhQ;rpGuk; ifyhr ehjh; Nfhtpy;
Mfpait ,k; khtl;lj;ij rhh;e;jit
MFk;. Kl;Lf;fhL vd;w ,lj;jpy; Central
Institute of Brackish Water Aquaculture
cs;sJ.
jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk;: ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
jpUf;Fg;gk; (jp&h;) vd;Dkplj;jpy; ney;
Muha;r;rp epiyak; cs;sJ Mitsubishi
epWtdk; jpUts;Sh; mUfpYk; mike;Js;sJ.
mk;gj;J}h; efhpy; TI irf;fps;
njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ. jpUntw;wpA+h;
MRF lah; kw;Wk; Royal Enfield
njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ.
Ashok Leyland njhopw;rhiy kw;Wk;
JiwKfj;ijAk; vz;Z}h; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Nryk; khtl;lk;:
Nryj;jpy; ,Uk;G cUf;F Miy cs;sJ.
fQ;r kiyapy; ,Uk;Gj; jhJ nghUl;fs;
fpilf;fpd;wJ. fpof;F kiyj; njhlh;
Nrh;tuhad; kiyj; njhlhpy; Vw;fhL efuk;
mike;Js;sJ.
Nkl;^h;
kUe;Jfs;> mYkpdpaj; njhopw;rhiy
khy;Nfh cs;sJ. Mj;J}h; tl;lj;jpy;
cs;s Gj;jpufTz;ld;ghisak;
(Yethapur) vd;w ,lj;jpy; Mkzf;F
Muha;r;rp epiyak; cs;sJ.
ePyfphp khtl;lk;: kiyfspd; ,uhzp vd;W
miof;fg;gLk; cjfkz;lyk; ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;sJ.
,jpy; cs;s jhtutpay; G+q;fh jhtuq;fspd;
Njhl;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;G+q;fh
1847y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
,k; khtl;lj;jpy; ,e;J];jhd; Nghl;Nlh
gpypk; njhopw;rhiy epiyak; cs;sJ
Kj;Njhiu (Muthorai) vd;w ,lj;jpy;
kj;jpa cUis Muha;r;rp epiyak;
cs;sJ.
Mtuq;fhL vd;w ,lj;jpy; fhh;ill;
njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ
jkpo;ehl;bd; cah;e;j rpfukhd
njhl;lngl;lh ,k;khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
,jd; cauk; 2636 kPl;lh; MFk;.
Njhl;lngl;lhtpd; njw;F rhptpd; fpof;F
gFjpapy; Fd;D}h; mike;Js;sJ. ,J
1858 kPl;lh; cauj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ
Fd;D}hpy; Gfo; ngw;w Sims Park cs;sJ.
Kf;$h;j;jp (cauk; 2554 kPl;lh;) vd;w
,lj;jpy; Montane Grasslands kw;Wk;
shrublands Nrhyh tdq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
jpUr;rp khtl;lk;: ,k;khtl;lj;jpy; ghuj kpF
kpd; epiyak; cs;sJ. NkYk; kj;jpa murpd;
thiog;go Muha;r;rp ikak; mike;Js;sJ
fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lk;: nk[];bf; kiyahy;
#og;gl;l jkpofj;jpd; njd; Kidahd
,k;khtl;lj;jpd; ml;rNuif miktplk; 77°15‟
tlf;F Kjy; 77°36‟ tlf;F tiu kw;Wk;
jPhf;fNuif 8°04‟ fpof;F Kjy; 8°35‟ fpof;F
tiu MFk;. njd; Nkw;F kw;Wk; tlfpof;F
gUtf; fhw;why; kio ngWk; khtl;lk;
,JthFk;. mjpf kioia tl fpof;F gUtf;
fhw;why; ngWfpd;wJ.
10.8.1741y; jpUthq;$h; khh;jhz;l th;kd;
gilfSf;Fk; lr;Rg; gilfSf;Fk;
Fsr;ry; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Nghh;
eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; lr;Rg; gil
Njhy;tpaile;jJ
1.11.1956y; ,k; khtl;lk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Nfushtpy; cs;s
jpUthq;$h; rk];jhdj;jpy; mlq;fpapUe;j
,k; khtl;lk; jkpofj;jpd; gpd;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
fd;dpahFkhpapy; %d;W fly;fs;
rq;fkkhfpd;wd
,k;khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Ngr;rpg; ghiwapy;
Njhl;lf; fiy Muha;r;rp epiyak;
mike;Js;sJ
,q;F mike;Js;s Fsr;ry; JiwKfk;
kNyrpa ehl;L cjtpAld; nghpa
JiwKfkhf khw cs;sJ Fkhp
Kidapy; jpUts;Sth; rpiyAk;
tpNtfhde;jh; ,y;yKk; mike;Js;sJ
Nfhit khtl;lk;
njd;dpe;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh; vd;W
Nfhak;Gj;J}h; miof;fg;gLfpwJ
Nfhak;Gj;J}h; neha;ay; Mw;wq;fiuapd;
kPJ mike;Js;sJ. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp
kiyapd; kio kiwT gpuNjrkhf
,k;khtl;lk; ghyf;fhl;Lf; fztha; %yk;
njd; Nkw;F gUtf; fhw;why; kioiag;
ngWfpd;wJ.
,k;khtl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mizfs;:
1. MopahW miz> nghs;shr;rp
2. jpU%h;j;jp miz> cLkiyg;Ngl;il
3. mkuhtjp miz> cLkiyg;Ngl;il
4. rpWthzp miz> thiyahh;
5. guk;gpf;Fsk; miz> cLkiyg;Ngl;il
6. Nrhiyahh; miz> thy;ghiw
Nfhit khtl;lk; Mizf;fl;bapy; Salim Ali
Centre for ornithology and Natural History
(SACON) vd;w epiyak; mike;Js;sJ.
jkpo;ehL Ntshz;ik gy;fiyf; fofk;
Nfhitapy; cs;sJ
,e;jpahtpd; mjpf gUj;jpj; njhopw;rhiyfs;
,q;F cs;sJ. Central Institute for Cotton
Research Regional Station Nfhitapy;
mike;js;sJ. fUk;G Muha;r;rp epiyak;
mike;Js;sJ.
kJf;fiuapy; ACC rpnkz;l; njhopw;rhiy
mike;Js;sJ.
mkuhtjpapy; Gfo; ngw;w irdpf; gs;sp
cs;sJ. nghs;shr;rpapy; khl;L re;ij Mrpah
Gfo; ngw;wJ
J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lk;
,k;khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s njhopw;rhiyfs;:
1. SPIC 2. TAC 3. Dharangadhara Chemical
Works 4. Loyal Textiles Ltd., 5. Madura Coats
Ltd., 6. Sterlite Copper Industries, 7. Kilburn
Chemicals 8. Ramesh Flowers 9. Nila Sea foods
10. Deva and Co., 11. Transworld Granite
Industries
,k;khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s nghJj;
Jiw epWtdq;fs;: 1. Thoothukudi
Thermal Power Station Unit 2. Heavy
Water Plant 3. Port Trust ,e;jpahtpd;
Kjy; I. v];. X rhd;W ngw;w
JiwKfk; J}j;Jf;Fb JiwKfk; MFk;.
,q;F ghisafhay; fpuhkj;jpy;
ill;lhdpak; kw;Wk; [ph;Nfhdpa;
njhopw;rhiy mikf;f ika murpd;
mZ rf;jp Jiw jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jUkGhp khtl;lk;:
jf^iu Mz;l mjpakhd; Nfhl;lk;
cs;sJ. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuuhd
Rg;gpukzpa rpthtpw;F ghg;gug;gbapy;
epidTr; rpd;dk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rpth [dge;J vd;w gj;jphpf;ifapd;
Mrphpah; Mthh;. ,th; vOjpa gpw
E}y;fs; ,uhkhD[ tp[ak; kw;Wk;
kj;jpa tp[ak; m&hpy; Rg;gpukzpa rpth
$l;LwT rh;f;fiu MiyAk;> ghyf;NfhL
$l;LwT rh;f;fiu MiyAk;
mike;Js;sJ.
xf;Nfdf;fy; vd;w ,lj;jpy; fhNthp
jkpofj;jpy; Eiofpd;wJ
jh;kGhp khtl;lk; fpuhidl; fw;fSf;F
Gfo; ngw;w khepyk; ngd;dfuk;. m&h;
kw;Wk; ghyf;NfhL fw;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd
ngd;dfuj;jpy; cs;s nfdbfdgs;sp>
m&h; tl;lj;jpy; Ntyk;gl;b> ngl;lhl;j;j;
gs;sp Mfpa ,lq;fspy; Fthh;l;]; fw;fs;
fpilf;fpd;wd.
m&h; tl;lj;jpy; khypg;bdk;
fpilf;fpd;wd. ngd;idahw;wpd; tbfhy;
gFjp guhkh`hy; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ
,J jUkGhp kw;Wk; jpUtz;zhkiy
gFjpfis cs;slf;fpaJ MFk;.
,k;khtl;lj;jpy; fpof;F njhlh;r;rp
kiyapd; xU kiyahd Nrh;tuhad;
kiyj; njhlhpy; Vw;fhL mike;Js;sJ.
Xf;Nfdf;fy; $l;L FbePh; jpl;lk;:
jh;kGhp kw;Wk; fpU\;zfphp Mfpa khtl;lq;fs;
twl;rp khtl;lq;fs; MFk;. ,q;F cs;s
FbePhpy; GNshiuL mjpfkhf fye;J
,Ug;gjhy; [g;ghd; ehl;L cjtpAld; $l;L
FbePh; jpl;lj;jpw;fhd mbf;fy;ehl;L tpoh
26.2.2008 md;W jkpof Kjyikr;rh; K.
fUzhepjp mth;fshy; eilngw;wJ.
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk;:
jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; $wg;gl;l 5 epyq;fSk;
mlq;fpa khtl;lk;
njd; ,e;jpahtpd; Mf;];Nghh;L vd
jpUney;Ntyp (ghisak;Nfhl;il)
miof;fg;gLfpwJ
,q;F Rz;zhk;G fw;fs; mjpfk;
fpilf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; ,q;Fs;s flw;fiu
kzypy; fhh;idl; cs;sJ
Gypfs; ruzhyak; cs;s fshf;fhL kw;Wk;
Kz;le;Jiw ,k; khtl;lk; MFk;.
Jhkpuguzp> gr;irahW> Nfhuahh;> rpj;jhW>
mOjfz;zpahW> [k;Gejp> ,uhkejp> flejp>
mDkd; ejp> fUg;gejp> ek;gpahW> NfhijahW>
kzpKj;jhW Mfpait gha;fpd;wd
Fw;why ePh; tPo;r;rp (Spa of the South) ,k;
khtl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
kNdhd;kzp Re;judhh; gy;fiyf;fofk; 1990y;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
khQ;Nrhiy> Fw;whyk; ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;sJ.
mk;ghrKj;jpuj;jpy; ney; Muha;r;rp ikak;
cs;sJ. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpd; gpujhd
gaph; ney; MFk;. ,uz;lhtJ gUj;jp MFk;.
$lq;Fsk; mZkpd; epiyak;
jpUney;Ntypapy; ,Ue;J 110 fp. kP.
njhiytpYk; ehfh;Nfhtpypy; ,Ue;J 44 fp. kP.
njhiytpYk; fd;dpahFkhpapy; ,Ue;J 25 fp.
kP. njhiytpYk; cs;sJ. ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;s kf;fpa mizfs; 1. ghgehrk; miz
2. Karayar Dam 3. Servalar Dam 4.
kzpKj;jhW miz
kJiu khtl;lk;:
kJiu khtl;lk; Nkyf;Nfhl;il vd;w
fpuhkj;jpy; je;ij nghpahh; epidT
rkj;JtGuk; Kjd; Kjypy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
,j; jpl;lk; 17.8.1998y; Kjyikr;rh; K.
fUzhepjp mth;fshy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
flY}h; khtl;lk;:
nea;Ntyp gOg;G epyf;fhp (ypf;idl;)
Ruq;fk;> ,k; khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ
nrk;kz;lyk; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; fUk;G
Muha;r;rp epiyak; cs;sJ
tpUjhryj;jpy; fLF Muha;r;rp epiyak;
cs;sJ
cyfj;jpd; kpf goikahd rh;f;fiu
Miyfspy; xd;whd ney;ypf;Fg;gk;
rh;f;fiu Miy ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
mike;Js;sJ.
tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk;:
jpz;btdj;jpy; gUg;G tiffs; kw;Wk;
vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; Muha;r;rp epiyak;
cs;sJ.
jQ;rhT+h; khtl;lk;:
kq;f ey;Y}hpy; 1912y; Jtf;fg;gl;l ney;
Muha;r;rp epiyak; 1922y; MLJiwf;F
khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;F ney; kw;Wk; rzy;
Muha;r;rp eilngWfpwJ
tpUJefh; khtl;lk;:
=tpy;ypGj;J}hpy; cs;s Ntshz;ik
fy;Y}hpapy; gUj;jp Muha;r;rp epiyak;
mike;Js;sJ.
,k;khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s rptfhrp efuk; mr;Rj;
njhopy;> jPg;ngl;b kw;Wk; gl;lhR njhopw;rhiy
Mfpatw;wpw;F kpfTk; Gfo; ngw;wJ
jpz;Lf;fy; khtl;lk;:
Ntlre;J}hpy; kj;jpa Gifapiy Muha;r;rp
epiyak; mike;Js;sJ. nfhilf;fhdypy;
kd;dtD}hpy; kj;jpa ML kw;Wk; cNuhk
Muhar;rp epiyak; cs;sJ (Sheep and Wool
Research Institute). godp kiyj; njhlhpy;
nfhilf;fhdy; cs;sJ. ,q;F 12
Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw G+f;Fk; FwpQ;rp kyh;
cs;sJ. ,q;F Bryant Botanical Park cs;sJ.
Gfo; ngw;w KUfd; Nfhtpy; godpapy;
mike;Js;sJ.
,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lk;:
Coastal Saline Research Centre
,uhkehjGuj;jpy; cs;sJ
,k;khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s ,uhNk];tuk; xU jPT
MFk;. ,j;jPT ,e;jpahtpd; epyg;gFjpapy;
,Ue;J ghk;gd; fhy;tha; %yk;
gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fly; rPw;wj;jhy; mope;j jD\;Nfhb ,k;
khtl;lj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ MFk;.
NrJrKj;jpuf; fhy;tha;:
27.7.2005 md;W ,j;jpl;lj;jpw;F ,e;jpag;
gpujkh; kd;Nkhfd; rpq; mth;fshy; mbf;fy;
ehl;lg;gl;lJ
,f; fhy;thapd; nkhj;j ePsk; 167 fpNyh kPl;lh;
MFk;
ghf; ryre;jp kw;Wk; kd;dhh; tisFlhit
,f;fhy;tha; ,izf;Fk;
nguk;gY}h; khtl;lk;:
fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk; ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;sJ
Njdp khtl;lk;:
Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfshy; #og;gl;l
khtl;lk; Njdp khtl;lk; MFk;
Ky;iy nghpahW miz ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;sJ. ,q;fpyhe;J ,uhZtj;jhy; ,t;tiz
fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,jid fl;l ghLgl;lth;
ngd;dpFapf; vd;gth; Mthh;. ,t; tizapd;
cauj;ij $l;l Nfus muR vjph;g;G
njhptpj;J tUfpd;wJ.
,k;khtl;lj;jpy; ghAk; gpw Kf;fpa MWfs;
nghpahh; MW> itif MW> Nfhj;jf;Fb MW>
RUsp MW. Tuhfejp MW> kQ;rshW kw;Wk;
tuj;jhW Mfpait MFk;.
,k; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa mizfs;
nghpahW miz> itif miz> kQ;rshW
miz kw;Wk; Nrhj;Jg; ghiw miz
Mfpait MFk;. kapyhLk; ghiw kw;Wk;
Nkfkiy Mfpait ,k; khtl;lj;jpd; Gfo;
ngw;w ,lq;fs; MFk;. fk;gk; gs;sj;jhf;fpy;
gd;dPh; jpuhl;ir gaphplg;gLfpd;wJ. Nghb
ehaf;fD}h; Vyf;fha; efuk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ
NtY}h; khtl;lk;:
,k; khtl;lk; fh;ehlfg; Nghh;fs; eilngw;w
khtl;;lk; MFk;. fp. gp. 1749y; Mk;g+h; Nghh;
1751y; Mw;fhL Nghh; 1768y; te;jthrp Nghh;
Mfpait ,k; khtl;lj;jpy; eilngw;wJ.
NtY}h; efuj;jpy; cs;s Nfhl;il kpfTk; Gfo;
ngw;wJ. [t;thJ kiy NtY}h; khtl;lk;
kw;Wk; jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy;
gutpAs;sJ. ,q;F re;jd kuq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jw;NghJ ,ug;gh;
gaphplg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F cs;s fhtD}h; vd;w
,lj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l thdtpay;
njhiyNehf;fp MrpahtpNyNa nghpa njhiy
Nehf;fp MFk;.
f&h; khtl;lk;:
fUk;G rf;ifapy; ,Ue;J fhfpjk; jahhpf;Fk;
,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; nghpa fhfpj
njhopw;rhiyahd jkpo;ehL epA+]; gphpz;l;
kw;Wk; Ngg;gh; ypkpnll; GfShpy; cs;sJ.
GypA+hpy; nrl;behL rpnkz;l; njhopw;rhiy
cs;sJ. tz;bg; ghisaj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpd;
Kjy; rh;f;fiu Miy <.I.b. ghhp
njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ.
,k; khtl;lj;jpy; NgUe;JfSf;F tbtikf;Fk;
gy epWtdq;fs; cs;sJ. NkYk; jpUg;G+h;
efuj;jpw;F gpwF md;dpa nryhtzp <l;Lk;
njhopy; tsk; kpf;f efuhf f&h;
mike;Js;sJ.
<NuhL khtl;lk;:
kQ;rs; tpw;gidf;F kpfTk; Gfo; ngw;w
khtl;lk;. fhtphp> neha;ay; kw;Wk; mkuhtjp
Mfpa ejpfs; ,k; khtl;lj;jpy; gha;fpd;wJ.
tpirj;jwp efuk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
fhq;Nfaj;jpy; fhy;eilr; re;ij Gfop ngw;wJ.
ehfg;gl;bdk; khtl;lk;:
fhNthp gLifapy; cs;s ehpkzk; vd;w
,lj;jpy; ngl;Nuhypak; kw;Wk; ,aw;if thA
fpilf;fpd;wJ. eh$h; jh;fh> Ntshq;fd;dp
Nfhtpy;> rpf;fy; KUfd; Nfhtpy;> juq;fk;ghb
Mfpait ,k; khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s
Kf;fpa ,lq;fs; MFk;.
jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s ePh;kpd;rf;jp jpl;lq;fs;
1. igf;fhuh - ePyfphp khtl;lk;
2. nghpahh; - kJiu khtl;lk;
3. Fe;jh - ePyfphp khtl;lk;
4. Nkl;^h; - Nryk; khtl;lk;
5. RUspahh; - kJiu khtl;lk;
6. ghgehrk;> Nfhijahh;> fhlk;ghiw>
jpUney;Ntyp
jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s Kf;fpa mizfs;
mizapd;
ngah;
miz
mike;Js;s
ejp
gadilAk;
khtl;lk;
Nkl;^h; fhtphp Nryk;
nghpahh; kJiu
gthdprhfh; gthdp <NuhL
rhj;jD}h; njd;ngz;iz jpUtz;zh
kiy
tp^h; tuhfejp tpOg;Guk;
ghgehrk; jhkpuguzp jpUney;Ntyp
itif itif kJiu
Ngr;rpg; ghiw NfhijahW fd;dpahFkhp
kzpKj;jhW kzpKj;jhW jpUney;Ntyp
ngUQ;rhzp gwizahW fd;dpahFkhp
fpU\;zfphp njd;ngz;iz jUkGhp
fy;yiz fhtphp jQ;rhT+h;
kQ;rshW kQ;rshW kJiu
mkuhtjp mkuhtjp Nfhak;Gj;J}h;
jkpo;ehl;bd; Kf;fpa ,aw;if Nghplh;fs;
,e;NjhNd\pahtpy; Vw;gl;l
epyeLf;fj;jhy; 26 brk;gh; 2004 Mk;
Mz;L Rdhkp (Tsunami) vdg;gLk; Mopg;
Nguiyfs; jkpofj;jpd; flw;gFjpfis
jhf;fpaJ. ,jdhy; epyg;gug;gpy;
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;lJ. njhlh;r;rpahf
me;jkhd; epNfhghh; jPTfspy; epy
eLf;fq;fs; njhlh;e;J Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy;
jkpofj;jpd; flNyhu khtl;lq;fspy;
ngUksT ghjpg;G Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpo;ehl;by; Fk;gNfhzk; efuj;jpy;
16.7.2004 md;W gs;spapy; Vw;gl;l jP
tpgj;jpy; Rkhh; 90 Foe;ijfs; ,we;jJ.
jkpo;ehL Ntshz;ikj;Jiw:
ehl;bd; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy;
jkpofj;jpy; cs;sth;fs; 7 rjtPjk; Ngh;.
ehl;bd; nkhj;jg; gug;gstpy; jkpo;ehl;bd;
gug;G 4 rjtPjk; MFk;. ehl;bd; nkhj;j
ePh;tsj;jpy; 3 rjtPjNk jkpo;ehl;by;
cs;sJ
nkhj;j Ntshz;ik epyg;gug;G 130.3
,yl;rk; n`f;Nlh; MFk;. ,tw;wpy;
gaphplg;gLtJ 58.89 ,yl;rk; n`f;Nlh;
MFk;
jkpofj;jpy; tlfpof;F gUt fhyj;jpy;
(mf;Nlhgh; Kjy; brk;gh; tiu) mjpf
kio ngwg;gLfpwJ
kz;zpYk; cuq;fspYk; cs;s
Ez;Z}l;l rj;Jf;fspd; msit
gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; fUtp mZf;fjph;
<h;g;G miy epow;glkhdp MFk;
jkpo;ehl;by; Ntshz;ik %yk;
fpilf;Fk; tUtha; epfu cs; ehl;L
cw;gj;jpapy; 17 rjtPjkhFk;
gz;zif; fopTfis fhk;Ngh];l;
cukhf khw;wg; gad;gLtJ gSNuhl;l];
G+Q;rhzk; MFk;
ePyg;gr;ir ghrp kw;Wk; mNrhyh fhw;wpy;
cs;s jior; rj;jpid fpufpj;J
new;gapUf;F fpilf;fr; nra;Ak;
gRe;jhs; cuq;fs; vdg;gLtJ
jf;ifg;G+z;L> rzg;G> rPik mfj;jp>
nfhSQ;rp Mfpait MFk;
khepyj;jpd; nkhj;j rhFgb gug;gpy; 2
rjtPjk; fUk;G gaphplg;gLfpwJ
jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s nkhj;j rh;f;fiu
Miyfs; 38 MFk;
khepy Ntshz; Nkyhz;ik gapw;rp
epiyak; FLkpahd; kiyapy; cs;sJ
njd;id ehw;Wg; gz;iz NtY}h;
khtl;lk; eht;yhf; ,uhzpg;Ngl;il mUNf
cs;sJ
jkpofk; Njhl;lf;fiy rhFgbapy;
ehl;bd; Njrpa gug;gpy; 5.3 rjtPjk; MFk;
Njhl;lf;fiy tpisnghUs; cw;gj;jpapy;
8.7 rjtPjk; MFk;
Njhl;lf; fiy gapw;pr ikak; cs;s
,lq;fs; jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk; khjtuk;>
GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lk; FLkpahd; kiy>
fpU\;zfphp khtl;lk; jsp kw;Wk; cjif
MFk;
jkpofj;jpd; flw;fiu gFjp 1076 fp. kP
MFk;.
Ke;jphp Vw;Wkjp kz;lyk; mika cs;s
gFjp flY}h;
APEDA – Agricultural and Processed Food
Products Exports Development Authority
cyfj;jpNyNa Ke;jphp mjpfkhf
Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; ehL ,e;jpah
jkpo;ehL Ntshz;ikj; Jiwj; jpl;lq;fs;
1. jhpR epy Nkk;ghl;Lj;jpl;lk;
2. nrk;ghd; rpye;jp fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jpl;lk;
3. khw;Wg; gaph; rhFgbj; jpl;lk;
4. nrk;ik ney; rhFgb Kiw (SRI –
System of Intensification)
khw;Wg;gaph;fs;: fl;lhkzf;F
(n[l;NuhNgh)> rh;f;fiur; Nrhsk; kw;Wk;
rh;f;fiuf; fpoq;F
vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; Muha;r;rp epiyak;
jpz;btdk;
Gjpa Ntshz; mwptpay; epiyaq;fs;
1. jp&h; Fg;gk; 2. tphpQ;rpGuk; 3. rpf;fy; 4.
ePlh kq;fyk; 5. tk;gd; 6. ,uhkehjGuk;
7. Ngr;rpg;ghiw 8. kJiu 9. jpz;btdk;
,];Nuy; ehl;bd; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L
tUk; njhopy; El;gq;fis jkpo;ehl;by;
nray;gLj;j VJthf jUkGhp kw;Wk;
fpU\;zfphp khtl;lq;fspy; jkpo;ehL
Jy;ypag; gz;iz jpl;lk;
jkpo; kyh; Vw;Wkjp kz;lyq;fs; X#h;
kw;Wk; ePyfphp
kh Vw;Wkjp kz;lyk;: Njdp
jpz;Lf;fy; khtl;lk; epyf;Nfhl;ilapy;
czTg;G+q;fh
<NuhL khtl;lk; - fTe;jk; ghb nty;yk;
rpwg;G tpw;gid ikak;
<Nuhl;by; erpaD}h; kw;Wk; tpy;yurk;
gl;bapy; kQ;rs; tzpf tshfk;
gy;ylj;jpy; ntq;fha Nrkpg;G fplq;F
NjdP khtl;lk; Xilg;gl;bapy; jpuhl;ir
Vw;Wkjp fplq;F
fpU\;zfphpapy; khk;go Nrkpg;G fplq;F
Njhl;lf; fiyg; gapw;rp ikaq;fs;
1. khjtuk; 2. FLkpahd; kiy 3.
nghpaFsk;
Ke;jphp gjg;gLj;Jk; njhopw;rhiy –
flkiyf;Fz;L
Njapiy Vyj;ij kpd;dZ Kiwapy;
elj;jg;gLk; jpl;lj;jpw;F ngah;: B nrh;t;
Fd;D}h; $l;LwT kuts;spf;fpoq;F rq;fk;
- NrNfh rh;t;
fUk;G Muha;r;rp epiyak; cs;s
,lq;fs; flY}h;> rpWfkzp> Nkyhyj;J}h;
njd;id Muha;r;rp epiyak; cs;s
,lq;fs; Ntg;gq;fsk;> Mopahh; efh;
MFk;
kz; kw;Wk; ePh; eph;thf Muha;r;rp
epiyak; jQ;rhT+hpy; cs;sJ
ney; Muha;r;rp epiyak; cs;s ,lk;
jp&h; (jpUts;Sh; khtl;lk;) kw;Wk;
mk;ghrKj;jpuk;.
jkpo;ehL ney; Muha;r;rp epiyak;
jQ;rhT+h; khtl;lk; MLJiwapy; cs;sJ
Njhl;lf; fiy Muha;r;rp epiyak;
nfhilf;fhdy; kw;Wk; Ngr;rpg;ghiwapy;
cs;sJ
flNyhu cth; Muha;r;rp epiyak;
,uhkehjGuj;jpy; cs;sJ
kuts;sp kw;Wk; Mkzf;F Muha;r;rp
epiyak; Vj;jhg;G+hpy; cs;sJ
fha;fwp Muha;r;rp epiyak; ghY}hpy;
cs;sJ.
Kis tpl;l gaph; Nrhjidg; gz;iz
fz;zhk;ghisak;
vz;nza; tpj;J Muha;r;rp epiyak;
tk;gdpy; cs;sJ
gUj;jp Muha;r;rp epiyak;
jpUtpy;ypg;Gj;J}hpy; cs;sJ.
jkpo;ehl;bd; Ntshz;ik nfhs;if:
jkpo;ehl;bd; Ntshz;ik nfhs;if Kjd;
Kiwahf mf;Nlhgh; 2008y;
ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ
,jd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;
1. The share of processed food in the
market to be increased from to 10%
2. Value addition of food to be increased
from 7% to 30%
3. Tamil Nadu Agriculture Export
Development Authority cUthFjy;
mf;khh;f;: mf;khh;f; vd;gJ czT
gz;lq;fspd; juj;jpw;F mspf;fg;gLk; jur;
rhd;W MFk;. ,jd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;
Efh;NthUf;F fyg;glkw;w czTg;
nghUl;fs; fpilf;fr; nra;tJ MFk;
jfty; njhopy; El;gj; Jiw:
,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; jfty;
njhopy; El;g nfhs;ifia ntspapl;l
Kjy; khepyk; jkpo;ehL MFk;. 1997 Mk;
Mz;L jfty; njhopy; El;g nfhs;if
ntspaplg;gl;lJ. 2000 Mk; Mz;L
illy; G+q;fh mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,ytr tz;z njhiyf;fhl;rp ngl;b
toq;Fk; jpl;lk; 15.9.2006 md;W
eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
Kf;fpa murpay; jiyth;fspd; gpwe;j /
epidT ehl;fs;
rdthp
17 vk;.[p.Mh; gpwe;j ehs;
23 Nejh[p Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; gpwe;j ehs;
30 fhe;jpabfspd; epidT ehs;
Vg;uy;
14 lhf;lh; mk;Ngj;fhh; gpwe;j ehs;
27 rh. gpl;b jpahfuhah; gpwe;j ehs;
29 ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrd; gpwe;j ehs;
[Pd;
5 fhapNj kpy;yj; gpwe;j ehs;
24 fz;zjhrd; gpwe;j ehs;
[Piy
15 fhkuhrh; gpwe;j ehs;
17 jpahfpfs; jpdk; gh\;ak; (v) jpahfp Mh;ah
17 jpahfp rq;fuypq;fdhh;
nrg;lk;gh;
5 t. c. rp. gpwe;j ehs;
15 NguwpQh; mz;zh gpwe;j ehs;
17 je;ij nghpahh; gpwe;j ehs;
29 Kd;dhs; Nkah; rptuh[; gpwe;j ehs;
mf;Nlhgh;
2 fhe;jpabfs; gpwe;j ehs;
30 Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth; gpwe;j ehs;
etk;gh;
14 NeU gpwe;j ehs;
brk;gh;
10 ,uh[h[p gpwe;j ehs;
11 ghujpahh; gpwe;j ehs;
,J jtpu Nfhtpy;gl;bapy; tPud; moF
Kj;JNfhd; gpwe;j ehs; tpoh>
ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpapy; tPughz;ba
fl;lnghk;kd; tpoh> ,uhkehjGuj;jpy;
hpngy; Kj;Juhkypq;f NrJgjp gpwe;j
ehs; tpoh> <NuhL khtl;lk; Xlh
epiyapy; jPud; rpd;d kiy epidT
tpoh> nfhy;yp kiyapy; ty;tpy; Xhp
tpoh> njhug;gs;spapy; ,uh[h[p gpwe;j
ehs; tpoh nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.
jkpo;ehl;L muR tpohf;fs;
Fd;D}hpy; Njapiy kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh tpoh
– rdthp
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Kf;fpakhd Rw;Wyh
ikaq;fspy; nghq;fy; tpoh – rdthp
khky;yGuj;jpy; rpjk;guj;jpy; ehl;batpoh
– rdthp – gpg;uthp
rpjk;guj;jpy; ehl;bahQ;ryp – gpg;uthp –
khh;r;
kJiuapy; rpj;jpiu jpUtpoh – Vg;uy; -
Nk
cjfkz;lyj;jpYk; Vida kiytho;
,lq;fspy; Nfhil tpoh – Nk
fpU\;zfphpapy; khk;go fz;fhl;rp – [Pd;
Fw;whyj;jpy; rhuy; tpoh – [Piy –
Mf];l;
KJkiy ahidfs; jpUtpoh
fd;dpahFkhp FkhpKid jpUtpoh
=tpy;ypGj;J}hpy; jpUg;ghit tpoh
Kf;fpa muR epidtplq;fs;:
jpUg;G+h; Fkud; epidtplk;> jpUg;G+h;
gFj;jwpT ftpuhah; cLkiy
ehuhazftp kzp kz;lgk;>
cLkiyg;Ngl;il
je;ij nghpahh; epidtfk;> itf;fk;>
Nfush
ebfh; jpyfk; rpth[pfNzrd; epidT
kz;lgk; nrd;id milahW
Kd;dhs; Kjyikr;rh; Xke;J}uhh;
,uhkrhkp nul;bah; kzpkz;lgk; -
tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk;> jpz;btdk; tl;lk; -
Xke;J}uhh; fpuhkk;
jpahf rPyh; ff;fd; kzp kz;lgk;>
Jk;igg;gl;b
jpahfp tp];tehj jh]; epidT kz;lgk;>
jpUkq;fyk;
kUJ ghz;bah; epidT kz;ltk;>
jpUg;gj;J}h;
jtj;jpU Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh; kzp
kz;lgk;> Fd;wf;Fb
ftpauR fz;zjhrd; kzpkz;lgk;>
fhiuf;Fb
jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik epidtfk;>
jpy;iyahb
gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk;
kzpkz;lgk;> gl;Lf;Nfhl;il
t. Nt. Rg;gpukzpak; epidtfk;>
tufNdhp mf;u`huk; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp
ngUe;jiyth; fhkuh[h; gpwe;j ,y;yk;>
tpUJefh;
ntUe;jiyth; fhkuh[h; E}w;whz;L
kzpkz;lgk;> tpUJefh;
kfhftp ghujpahh; kzpkz;lgk;>
vl;laGuk;
kfhftp ghujpahh; ,y;yk;> vl;laGuk;
fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod; t.c.rp.
kzpkz;lgk;> jpUney;Ntyp
tPud; moF Kj;;Jf;Nfhd; kzp kz;lgk;>
fl;luhq;Fsk;> J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lk;
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPud; Re;juypq;fk;
epidtfk;> fth;zfphp> J}j;Jf;Fb
khtl;lk;
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPud; nts;isaj;
Njtd; epidtfk;> ty;yehL> J}j;Jf;Fb
khtl;lk;.
ckWg;Gyth; epidtfk;> vl;laGuk;
G+ypj;Njtd; epidT khspif> new;fl;Lk;
nrty;> jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk;
nghJTilik tPuhh; g. [Pthde;jk;
kzpkz;lgk;> ehfh;Nfhtpy;> fd;dpahFkhp
khtl;lk
fhe;jp epidT kz;lgk;> fd;dpahFkhp
ngUe;jiyth; fhkuh[h; kzpkz;lgk;>
fd;dpahFkhp
Rjhtjhdp nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyh; epidT
kz;lgk;> ,lyhf;Fb> ehfh;Nfhtpy;
NguwpQh; mz;zh epidT ,y;yk;>
fhQ;rpGuk;
Kj;J kz;lgk; (,yq;ifapd; filrp
jkpo; kd;dd; tpf;uk uh[ rpq;fd;
epidtfk;) NtY}h;
jpahfp nrz;gfuhkd; - fpz;b fhe;jp
kz;lgj;jpy; epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ
nrQ;rpf;Nfhl;il murd; Njrpq;F uh[d;
cah; ePj;j ,lkhd tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk; -
nrQ;rp tl;lk; - flyp fpuhkj;jpy;
epidtfk;
,ul;il kiy rPdpthrd; - epidTr;
rpd;dk; kw;Wk; epidT kz;lgk;
gRk;nghd; Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth; filrp
fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kJiu – jpUefh;
,y;yk; - muR epidtplk;
GJ jpy;yp ehlhSkd;w tshfj;jpy;
lhf;lh;. v];. ,uhjhfpU\;zd; kw;Wk;
je;ij nghpahh; rpiyfs; jUkGhp
khtl;lk;> mjpakhd; Nfhl;ilapy;
mjpakhd; Nfhl;lk; kw;Wk; jpUkz
kz;lgk;
nrd;id VO fpzW gFjpapy; ts;syhh;
tho;e;j ,lk;
nrk;nkhopj; jkpoha;T kj;jpa epWtdk;
fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk; ngUk;ghf;fj;jpy;
mikaTs;sJ
fd;dpahFkhpapy; cs;s jpUts;Sth;
rpiy 2000 Mz;L mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2007 Mk; Mz;L jpU.tp.f. tpUJ:
Kidth; nghpahz;ltd;
2007 Mk; Mz;L ghujpahh; tpUJ: vk;.
v]; ntq;flhryk;
2007 Mk; Mz;L fp. M. ng. : ftp
Nte;jh; fh. NtoNte;jd;
2008 Mk; Mz;L jpUts;Sth; :
Fd;wf;Fb nghd;dk;gy mbfshh;
2007k; Mz;L ehl;Llikahf;fg;gl;l
E}y;fs;> rpq;fhuNtyh;> kUjfhrp>
Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh;> fp. M. ng.
tpRtehjk;> fp. th. [fd;ehjd;> mt;it
Jiurhkpg; gps;is> m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jdhh;>
jpUf;Fws; KDrhkp> ctikf; ftpQh;
Rujh> rhtp> kh ntz;Nfh vd;fpd;w t.
Nfh. rz;Kfk;> jPgk;> eh. ghh;j;jrhujp>
v];. v];. njd;duR> rp. gp. rpw;wuR> V.
tp. gp. Mirj;jk;gp> b. Nf. rPdpthrd;>
,uhk muq;fz;zy;> ftpQh; thzpjhrd;>
ftpQh; fUzhee;jk;> [yfz;lGuk; g.
fz;zd;
2008 Mk; Mz;L ehl;Llikahf;fg;gl;l
E}y;fs;: ftpQh; nghparhkpj; J}ud;>
Nguhrphpah; nts;isthuzdhh;> gz;bjh;
fh. mNahj;jp jhrh;> Mgpufhk; gz;bjh;>
rjhtjhdp nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyh;> lhf;lh;.
uh. Gp. NrJg; gps;is> kfhtpj;Jthd; uh.
uhfitaq;fhh;> cLkiy ehuhaz ftp>
F. K. mz;zy;jq;Nfh> mt;it jp. f.
rz;Kfk;> tpe;jd;> yh. Rh. uhkhkph;jk;>
ty;ypf;fz;zd;> eh. thdkhkiy> ftpQh;
GJit rptk;> m. ,uhftd;> njh. K. rp.
uFehjd;> rf;jpjhrd; Rg;gpukzpad;>
lhf;lh;. eh. rQ;rPtp> Ky;iy Kj;ijah>
ftpQh; v];. B. Re;juk;> ftpQh;> kPuh>
Nguhrphpah; M. fhh;Nkff; Nfhdhh;> Gyth;
KfkJ eapdhh; kiuf;fhah;> R.
rKj;jpuk> Nfhit ,sQ;Nrud;>
Nguhrphpah; e. Rg;Gnul;bah;
ctiff; ftpQh; Rujhtpd; rpiy
jpwg;Gtpohtpy; NjtNeag; ghthzh;
E}y;fs; ehl;Llikahf;fg;gLk; vd
mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. E}w;whz;L fz;l
jkpo; vOj;jhsh;fs;
1. nkhop NjtNeag; ghthzh;
2. vOj;jhsh; F. g. uh
3. kzpf;nfhb rPdpthrd;
mwptpay; jkpo; rpwe;j nkd;nghUs;
tpUJ fypa;d G+q;Fd;wdhh; tpUJ
rpwg;ghf nray;gLk; kfsph; Ra
cjtpf;FOf;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; tpUJ:
kzpNkfiy tpUJ MFk;.
Kf;fpa jpl;lq;fs;:
kjpa czTj; jpl;lk;: Kjyikr;rh;
fhkuh[h; mth;fshy; 1906y; ,j; jpl;lk;
nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ
rj;JzTj; jpl;lk;: Kjyikr;rh;
vk;.[p.Mh;. mth;fshy; 1982y; ,j; jpl;lk;
nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ
rkj;JtGuk;: Kjyikr;rh; fUzhepjp
mth;fshy; 1997y; ,j; jpl;lk; nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ. kJiu khtl;lk;
Nkyf;Nfhl;ilapy; Kjy; rkj;JtGuk;
jpwf;fg;gl;lJ
%d;W Kl;ilfs; toq;Fk; jpl;lk;:
Kjyikr;rh; fUzhepjp mth;fshy;
ngUe;jiyth; fhkuh[h; gpwe;j ehshd
15.7.2007 Kjy; ,j; jpl;lk; nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ
,ytr tz;z njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;b
toq;Fk; jpl;lk;: Kjyikr;rh; fUzhepjp
mth;fshy; 15.9.2006 md;W Kjy; ,j;
jpl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ
fy;tp tsh;r;rp ehs;: ntUe;jiyth;
fhkuh[h; gpwe;j ehshd 15.7.2007 fy;tp
tsh;r;rp ehshf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mjp jpuhtplh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbfs; eyj;Jiw:
2001Mk; Mz;L jkpofj;jpd; kf;fs;
njhif 624.06 ,yl;rk;. ,jpy; Mjp
jpuhtplh; 118.58 ,yl;rk; (19 tpOf;fhL
MFk;. goq;Fbapdh; 6.51 ,yl;rk; (1.04
tpOf;fhL) MFk;.
jkpofj;jpd; nkhj;j vOj;jwpT tpfpjk;
73.45 rjtPjk; MFk;. Mjp jpuhtpl
kf;fspd; vOj;jwpT tpfpjk; 63.19 MFk;.
goq;Fb kf;fspd; vOj;jwpT tpfpjk;
41.53 MFk;
1955 FbAhpik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;
1976 nfhj;jbik xopg;Gr; rl;lk;
1989 td;nfhLikfs; jLg;Gr; rl;lk;
jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s kf;fpa
goq;Fbapdh;fs; Njhlh> Nfhl;lh];>
FUk;gh];> fhl;L ehaf;fd;> ,Us; kw;Wk;
gdpad;
tpOg;Guk; khtl;lj;jpy; fy;tuhad; kiy
cs;sJ. mjpy; nts;sp kiy
mlq;fpAs;sJ.
goq;FbapdUf;F Muha;r;rp ikak; cjf
kz;lyj;jpy; cs;sJ
jkpo;ehL goq;Fbapdh; ey thhpak;
20.4.2007
,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpd; gphpTf;$W
275 (1) goq;Fbapdh; eyd;fisf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ
kdpj Nea thu tpoh jkpofj;jpy; rdthp
24k; Njjp Kjy; 30 Mk; Njjp tiu
eilngWfpd;wJ
Nyhk;g; - nghpa mstpyhd gy; Nehf;F
$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;
goq;Fbapdh; mUq;fhl;rpafk; cs;s
,lk; mhpaY}h; kw;Wk; cjif
$l;LwT> czT kw;Wk; Efh;Nthh;
ghJfhg;Gj; Jiw:
fpNyh mhprp ,uz;L &gha; jpl;lk;
Jtf;fg;gl;l ehs; 3.6.2006 Jtf;fg;gl;l
,lk; nrd;id Njdhk;Ngl;il jpU. tp.
f. Fby; MFk;.
kpfTk; twpath;fSf;fhd jpl;lk;
me;jpNahjah md;d Nah[dh jpl;lk;
MFk;. ,jid Kjd; Kjypy;
nray;gLj;jpa khepyk; ,uh[];jhd;
MFk;.
Njrpa Efh;Nthh; jpdk; brk;gh; 24k; ehs;
Efh;Nthh; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 1986
jkpo;ehL Efh; nghUs; thzpgf; fofk;
19726; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
jkpo;ehL Nrkpg;Gf; fplq;F epWtdk;
1957y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
r%f eyj; Jiw – fy;gdh rht;yh
tpUJfs;:
2006: Nguhrphpah; tre;jh fe;jrhkp
2007: khtl;l Ml;rpah; N[hjp eph;kyh
2009 lhf;lh; G\;ghQ;ryp Mh;.
,uh[yl;Rkp> lhf;lh; vd;. uh[kNf\;thp
2010y; N[. jPgh (khw;Wj; jpwdhsp)
CdKw;Nwhh; kW tho;tpw;F jdpj;Jiw
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L : 1992
jkpo;ehL CdKw;Nwhh; tpjpfs; : 2002
Ntiytha;gw;w ghh;itaw;NwhUf;F
eptuhzj; njhif toq;Fk; jpl;lk;: 1981
jkpo;ehl;by; eilKiwapy; cs;s r%f
eyj;jpl;lq;fs;
1. kfsph; Ra cjtpf; FO
2. GJ tho;Tj; jpl;lk;
3. ngz; Foe;ijg; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs;
4. njhl;by; Foe;ij jpl;lk;
5. r%fg; ghJfhg;G eyj;jpl;lk;
6. Rdhkp Nguiy – Mjutw;w Foe;ijfs;
vjph;fhy itg;Gepjp
7. ,ytr Kl;il toq;Fk; jpl;lk;
8. tsh; ,sk; ngz;fs; Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk;
9. <. Nt. uh. kzpak;ikahh; epidT Vio
tpjitauJ kfs; jpUkz cjtpj;
jpl;lk;
10. %tY}h; ,uhkkph;jk; mk;ikahh; epidT
jpUkz epjp cjtpj; jpl;lk;
11. lhf;lh; jh;khk;ghs; mk;ikahh; epidT
tpjit kWkz jpUkz epjp cjtpj;
jpl;lk;
12. md;id njuhrh epidT Mjutw;w
ngz;fs; epidT cjtpj; jpl;lk;
CdKw;NwhUf;F Nrit Mw;Wtjpy;
mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy; rpwe;j khtl;lk;:
,uhkehjGuk;
jkpof murpd; Kof;fk;: Cl;lr;rj;J
Fiwghby;yh khepykhf jkpofj;ij
cUthf;FNthk;
jkpo;ehL r%f ey thhpak; 1954
jkpo;ehL khepy kfsph; Mizak; 1993
brk;gh; 3> midj;J ehLfspy; cly;
CdKw;Nwhh; ehshf nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; rPh;jpUj;jg;gs;sp
nrq;fy;gl;by; 1887y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
rj;JzTld; toq;fg;gLtJ:
jpq;fl;fpoik – Ntfitj;j
cUisf;fpoq;F (kw;w ehl;fspy; 3
Kl;ilfs;)
nts;spf;fpoik – gr;irg;gapW (my;yJ)
fUg;gf; nfhz;ilf; fliy
rpiwfs;:
jkpo;ehl;by; jw;NghJ ika rpiwr; rhiyfs;
cs;s ,lq;fs; 1. nrd;id (Goy;) 2.
Nfhak;Gj;J}h; 3. flY}h;> 4. kJiu 5.
ghisak;Nfhl;il 6. Nryk; 7. NtY}h; 8.
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp jw;NghJ etPd gLj;jg;gl;l
rpiw Goy; rpiwahFk;.
ngz;fSf;fhd rpiw Kjypy;
Jtf;fg;gl;l ,lk; NtY}h;> jkpo;ehl;by;
cs;s kpfg; nghpa rpiwr;rhiy Goy;
rpiwr;rhiy MFk;
Gtpapay;
mz;lq;fs;
kpy;ypad; fzf;fpy; $l;lk; $l;lkhf
fhzg;gLk; #hpaidg; Nghd;w el;rj;jpuj;
njhFjpfs; mz;lq;fs; vdg;gLk;
#hpaf; FLk;gk; cs;s mz;lk; ghy;top
mz;lk;
,jid Mfh\; fq;fh vd;W $Wth;
ekJ ghy;top mz;lj;jpw;F kpf mUfpy;
cs;sJ Andromeda vd;w mz;lk;
MFk;
ghy;top mz;lkhdJ RUs; Nghd;w
mikg;ig nfhz;lJ
ghy;topapd; ntspr; Rw;wpy; #hpaf;
FLk;gk; mike;Js;sJ
Nguz;lk;
ghy;top mz;lk; Nghd;w kpy;ypad;
kpy;ypad; mz;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ
Nguz;lk; v.fh. Mz;luNklh
thy; el;rj;jpuq;fs;:
Nguz;lj;jpy; tyk; tUk; cile;J
rpjwpa ghiwj; Jz;LfNs thy;
el;rj;jpuq;fs;
,tw;wpd; jiyg;gFjp ngUj;Jk;
cly;gFjp thy; Nghd;W ePz;Lk;
fhzg;gLk;
thy; el;rj;jpuq;fSf;F el;rj;jpuq;fs;
Nghd;W jhdhfg; gpufhrpf;Fk; jd;ik
fpilahJ
thy; el;rj;jpuq;fs;> #hpa FLk;gj;jpw;F
mUfpy; tUk;NghJ #hpa ntspr;rj;jpy;
gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ
\P Nkf;fh; nytp vd;w el;rj;jpuk; 1994k;
Mz;L #iy 17Mk; ehs; tpahod; kPJ
NkhjpaJ
vhpel;rj;jpuq;fs;
Nguz;lj;jpy; tyk; tUk; ghiwj;
Jz;Lfs; Gtp<h;g;G tpirapy; <h;f;fg;gl;L
Gtpapd; fhw;W kz;lyj;jpy;
EioAk;NghJ cuha;tpdhy; vhpe;J
rhk;gyhfpwJ. ,JNt vhp el;rj;jpuq;fs;
vdg;gLk;
#hpaid ePs;tl;lg; ghijapy; 9
Nfhs;fs; Rw;Wfpd;wd
,t;thW #hpaid ePs;tl;lg; ghijapy;
Nfhs;fs; Rw;Wfpd;wd vd;w fUj;ij
ntspapl;l mwpQh;fs; Mhpa gl;lh>
Nfhgh;epf]; kw;wk; fyPypNah Mthh;
#hpaid Rw;Wk; 8 Nfhs;fs;
1. Gjd;> 2. Rf;fpud; 3. G+kp> 4. nrt;tha;
5. FU (tpahod;) 6. Rdp> 7. ANud]; 8.
neg;bA+d;
1930 Kjy; 2006 tiu G+Sl;Nlh xU
Nfhshf fUjg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;
midj;Jyf thdpay; xd;wpak; xU
NfhSf;Fhpa jFjpapy;iy vd;Wk;
Fapg;gh; gl;ilapy; cs;s xU nghUs;
vd;Wk; njhptpj;jjpd; mbg;gilapy;
G+Sl;Nlh ePf;fg;gl;lJ
jw;NghJ G+Sl;Nlh xU FWq;NfhshFk;
#hpa kz;lyj;jpy; cs;s FWq;Nfhs;fs;:
1. Vhp]; 2. G+Sl;Nlh 3. nru];
G+kp #hpaid 107>2000 fpkP / kzp
Ntfj;jpy; Rw;Wfpd;wJ.
#hpadpd; Nkw;Gw ntg;gepiy 6000°
nry;rpa];
ikag;gFjp ntg;gepiy 1>00>000°
nry;rpa];
mZf;fis gpsg;gjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk;
ntg;gj;ijtpl gyklq;F ntg;gk; ,U
mZf;fis ,izg;gjd; %yk;
fpilf;fpd;wJ
#hpadpy; cs;s iel;u[d; kw;Wk;
P̀ypak; Nghd;w thAf;fspd; mZf;fspd;
gpizthy; mstw;w ntg;gk; ntspg;gl;Lf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ
#hpa FLk;gj;jpy; #hpad; kl;Lk; jhdhfg;
gpufhrpf;Fk; jd;ik cz;L
Nfhs;fs;> jd;idj; jhNd xUKiwr;
Rw;wpf; nfhs;s 25 ehl;fs; MFk;.
tyk; tUjy;
ghy;top mz;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s #hpad;
jd; FLk;gj;Jld; ghy;top mz;lj;jpd;
ikaj;ij xUKiw tyk; tu 250
kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs; Mfpd;wJ. ,jid
mad Mz;L vd;gh;
cl;Nfhs;fs;: tpahod;> rdp> ANud];>
neg;ba+d; Mfpa 4 Nfhs;fSk;
ntspf;Nfhs;fs;
Gjd;
#hpaDf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s Nfhs;
nts;sp
G+kpf;F mUfpy; cs;s Nfhs;
,jid tpb nts;sp vd;gh;
,jid khiy el;rj;jpuk; vd;gh;
,jid mofpd; Njtij vd;gh;
nrt;tha;: rptg;G Nfhs; vdg;gLk;
tpahod;:
#hpa kz;lyj;jpd; kpfg;nghpa Nfhs;
,jw;F 63 Jizf; Nfhs;fs; cz;L
Ganymede vd;w Jizf;Nfhs; #hpa
kz;lyj;jpd; kpfg; nghpa Jizf; Nfhs;
MFk;
rdp
rptg;G epw tisaKs;s Nfhs;
Jizf;Nfhs;fs;
G+kpapd; Jizf; Nfhs;fs; re;jpud;
Gjd;> nts;spf;F Jizf;Nfhs; ,y;iy
rdpapd; Jizf;Nfhs; ill;ld; MFk;.
rdpapw;F 20f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
Jizf;Nfhs;fs; cz;L
G+kp
Gtpapd; cs; mikg;G (Core of the earth)>
NifFe – Nickel (Ni) and Iron (Fe) Mfpa
nghUl;fshy; mike;Js;sJ.
G+kp jd;idj; jhNd Rw;wp tUtjhy;
Nfhs tbtk; ngw;Ws;sJ
G+kp Nfhs tbtk; cilaJ vd;gjw;fhd
fhuzq;fs;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J xNu
jpirapy; njhlh;e;J gazk; nra;jhy;>
kPz;Lk; Gwg;gl;l ,lj;jpw;Nf te;J Nru
KbfpwJ
fpufzj;jpd; NghJ Gtpapd; epoy;>
tl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahf mike;Js;sJ
gpw Nfhs;fs; Nfhs cUtpy;
mike;jpUg;gjhy; GtpAk; Nfhs
cUtpidf; nfhz;ljhf ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;
cyfpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; #hpa
cjak;> kiwT Mfpad ntt;NtW
Neuq;fspy; Vw;gLfpd;wd. Nkw;fpy; cs;s
gFjpfistplf; fpof;fpy; cs;s gFjpfs;
#hpa xspia Kd;djhfg; ngWtjhy;
Gtp xU Nfhs tbtKilaJ vd;gJ
njspthfpwJ
fiuia neUq;Fk; fg;gy;fspd;
gha;kuq;fs; KjypYk;> fg;gypd; kw;wg;
gFjpfs; gpd;dUk; ek; ghh;itapy;
tpOfpd;wd
caur; nry;yr; nry;y ekJ ghh;itapd;
tiuaiw mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ
Gtp eLf;Nfhl;bypUe;J JUtg; gFjpf;Fr;
nry;y nry;y el;rj;jpuq;fspd; cauk;
mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. Gtpapd; Nkw;gFjp
tisthf mike;Js;sij ,J
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ
Gtp eLf;Nfhl;bypUe;J JUtg; gFjpf;Fr;
nry;y nry;y el;rj;jpuq;fspd; cauk;
mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. Gtpapd; Nkw;gFjp
tisthf mike;Js;sij ,J
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ
tpz;ntspg; gazk; nra;j tPuh;fs;
vLj;jDg;gpa glq;fs; G+kp Nfhs
tbtKilaJ vd fhl;Lfpd;wd.
G+kp epyj;jhYk; ePuhYkhdJ
ePh;gug;G 71% MFk;. epyg;gug;G 29%
MFk;
G+kpapd; Rw;wsT 40>067 fp. kP
G+kpf;F mUfpy; cs;s el;rj;jpuk;
#hpad;.
G+kpf;Fk; #hpaDf;Fk; cs;s njhiyT
Rkhh; 150 kpy;ypad; fpNyh kPl;lh;fs;
MFk;.
#hpa FLk;gj;jpw;F kpf mUfhikapy;
cs;s el;rj;jpuk; gpuhf;]pkh nrz;lhh;
G+kpapd; ntg;gepiy 15°nr
#hpaDf;F kpfj; njhiytpy; cs;s
fpufk;
neg;bA+d;
Jizf;Nfhs; ,y;yhj Nfhs;fs; Rf;fpud;>
Gjd;> GSl;Nlh
tpahod; vd;w nfhSf;F 14
Jizf;Nfhs;fs; cz;L
ekJ #hpa kz;lyk; ghy;tPjp
kz;lyj;jpy; cs;sJ
G+kp #hpadpy; ,Ue;J %d;whtJ ,lj;jpy;
cs;sJ
#hpadplj;jpy; G+kpf;F xsptu 8 epkplk;
16 tpdhbfs; Mfpd;wJ
G+kp Rw;Wjy;
G+kpapd; tbtk; MuQ;R go tbtj;jpy;
Nky; fPo; cr;rpapy; jl;ilahf
fhzg;gLfpwJ
G+kp jd;idj;jhNd Rw;wpf; nfhs;fpwJ
G+kp Rkhh; 1700 fp. kP Ntfj;jpy;
jd;idj;jhNd Rw;WfpwJ
G+kpapd; mr;R 23½° Nfhzj;jpy; rw;W
rha;e;J cs;sJ. vdNt G+kj;jpa Nuif
gFjpapy; #hpad; fjph;fs; nrq;Fj;jhfTk;
JUtg;gFjpapy; rha;thfTk; tpOfpd;wJ
G+kpapd; ntg;gk; gfy; 2.00 kzpf;F
mjpfkhfTk;> G+kpapd; Fsph; tpbaw;fhiy
3.00 kzpf;F mjpfkhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;
G+kp Nkw;F – fpof;F jpirapy;
Rw;WfpwJ. vdNt #hpad; fpof;fpy;
cjpj;J Nkw;fpy; kiwfpwJ
G+kp jd;idj;jhNd Rw;wpf;nfhs;s 23
kzp Neuk; 56 epklk; MfpwJ
G+kp #hpaidr; Rw;wptu 365 ½ ehl;fs;
MFk;.
re;jpud; G+kpia Rw;wptu 27 ehl;fs;
Mfpd;wJ
G+kp jd;idj;jhNd Rw;Wtjhy;
Vw;gLgit
,uTk; gfYk;
fhyNeuk;
flypy; miyfs;> Xjq;fs;
fly; fhw;Wfs; kw;Wk; fly;
ePNuhl;lq;fspy; Nghf;Ffs;
G+kp #hpaid Rw;Wtjhy;
Vw;gLgit
gUt fhyq;fs;
rk ,uT rk gfy; ,y;yhky; rw;W
khWgLfpwJ
ez;gfy; #hpad; ,lj;jpw;F ,lk;
khWgLtJ
rkNeu ,uT> gfy; ehl;fs;
nrg;lk;gh; khjk; 23k; NjjpAk; khh;r; 21k;
NjjpAk; rkNeu ,uT gfy; ehl;fshFk;
khh;r; 21k; Njjp Kjy; nrg;lk;gh; 21k;
Njjp tiu 6 khjk; tlJUtj;jpy; gfy;
,Ue;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;
nrg;lk;gh; 22 Kjy; khh;r; 20k; Njjp tiu
6 khjk; njd; JUtj;jpy; gfy; ,Ue;J
nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;
khh;r; 21k; Njjp Kjy; nrg;lk;gh; 21k;
Njjp tiu 6 khjk; njd;JUtj;jpy; ,uT
,Ue;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.
ml;rNuiffs; (Latitudes)
G+kpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; fpof;F Nkw;fhf
tiuag;gl;l tl;ltbkhd fw;gidf;
NfhLfs;
JUtj;ij Nehf;fp nry;y nry;y
Rw;wstpy; Fiwfpd;wd
kpfg;nghpa ml;rNuif G+kj;jpa Nuif
0° ml;rNuif G+kj;jpa Nuif
23 ½° tl ml;rNuif flfNuif
23 ½° njd; ml;rNuif kfuNuif
66 ½° tl ml;rNuif Mh;bf; tl;lk;
66 ½° njd; ml;rNuif tl JUtk;
90 njd; ml;rNuif njd; JUtk;
ml;rNuiffs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
,izahfTk; Vwf;Fiwa rk
,ilntspAlDk; mike;Js;sikahy;
,jid ,izf;NfhLfs; vd;gh;.
xt;Nthh; ml;rNuiff;F ,ilg;gl;l J}uk;
69 iky; Kjy; 110.4 fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu
cs;sJ
0° ml;rNuif 110 fp. kP
20° ml;rNuif 104 fp. kP
40° ml;rNuif 84.8 fp. kP
60° ml;rNuif 6.0 fp. kP
90° ml;rNuif 0 fp. kP
jPh;f;fNuif (Longitudes)
ml;rNuiffis ntl;bf; nfhz;L ,U
JUtq;fisAk; ,izj;jgb tiuag;gLk;
fw;gidf; NfhLfSf;F jPh;f;f Nuiffs;
vdg;gLk;. ,tw;iw nkhpbad; (ez;gfy;)
vd;W $Wth;
yz;ldpy; cs;s fphpd;tpr; uhay; Ma;Tf;
$lk; topahf nry;Yk; jPh;f;f Nuif 0°
MFk;. fphpd;tPr;rpw;F fpof;fpy; 180° jPh;f;f
NuifAk; Nkw;fpy; 180° jPh;f;f NuifAk;
cs;sJ.
rh;tNjr Njjpf; Nfhl;il flf;Fk;NghJ 1
ehs; Mfpd;wJ. vdNt ,f;Nfhl;bid;
fpof;fpypUe;J Nkw;fhf fle;J nrd;why;
1 ehs; $LfpwJ.
1884y; th\pq;ld;dpy; $ba Internation
Meridian Conference Greenwhich
Universal World time vd mwptpj;Js;sJ.
International Dateline:
,f;Nfhl;bid tiue;jth; Nltpl;rd;
vd;gth;. ,f;NfhL grpgpf; ngUq;fliy
ikakhf nfhz;L tiuag;gLfpwJ
fhyq;fis eph;zapf;f G+kp 24 Time
Zones fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
,e;jpahtpd; jpl;l Neuk; 82° 30
myfhghj; topNa nry;Yk; jPh;f;f Nuif
itj;J fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ
jPh;f;f Nuifapy; xt;nthU bfphpf;Fk; 4
epkplq;fs; fpof;F Nehf;fp mjpfkhf
cs;sJ
,e;jpahtpd; jpl;lf;NfhL 82.50 fpof;F
(82.5 X 4 = 330 epkplq;fs;)
vdNt fphpd;tpr; kzp Neuj;ij tpl
,e;jpa Neuk; 5½ kzp Neuk; (330
epkplq;fs;) mjpfk;
re;jpud;
#hpa FLk;gj;jpd; Jizf; Nfhs;fspy;
kpfg;nghpa Jizf;Nfhs; re;jpud;
re;jpud; jd;idj;jhNd xUKiw
Rw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;F 29½ ehl;fs; MFk;.
re;jpud; G+kpia XUkiw tyk; tUtjw;F
29 ½ ehl;fs; MFk;
re;jpudpd; Gtp<h;g;G tpir G+kpapd; <h;g;G
tpirapy; 1/6 gq;F vdNt G+kpapd; 60
fpNyh vil re;jpudpy; fhw;W ,y;iy.
vdNt ve;j xypAk; Nfl;gjpy;iy
re;jpud; G+kpia tyk; tUtjhy;
Vw;gLk;
%d;W tpjkhd tpisTfs;:
1. re;jpudpd; epiyfs;
2. xspkiwg;G
3. Xjq;fs;
mkhthir
mkhthirad;W #hpaDf;Fk; G+kpf;Fk;
,ilapy; re;jpud; fhzg;gLfpwJ
ngsh;zkp
ngsh;zkpad;W #hpaDf;Fk;
re;jpuDf;Fk; ,ilapy; G+kp
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
#hpa xspkiwg;G
#hpa xspkiwg;G Vw;gl #hpad;> re;jpud;
kw;Wk; Gtp Mfpait xNu Neh;f;Nfhl;by;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
,J mkhthir gfypy; jhd; mikak;
#hpa xspkiwg;G 8 epkplq;fs; kl;LNk
epfOk;
re;jpu xspkiwg;G
Re;jpu xspkiwg;G Vw;gl #hpad;> G+kp
kw;Wk; re;jpud; Mfpa %d;Wk; xNu
Neh;f;Nfhl;by; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
,J ngsh;zkp ,uTfspy; mikAk;
re;jpud; Gtpapd; epow;gFjpiaf; flf;f
100 epkplq;fs; MFk;. vdNt re;jpu xsp
kiwg;G flf;f 100 epkplq;fs; MFk;
cah;juk;
re;jpuid Nehf;fpAk; Gtpapd; gFjpapy;
cs;s fly; ePh; re;jpudpd; <h;g;G
tpirahy; fly;ePh; kl;lk; cah;tjhy;
mg;NghJ Vw;gLk; rkkw;w epiyia
<Lfl;l Gtpapd; kWgf;fj;jpYs;s
gFjpapYk; fly;ePh; kl;lk; cah;fpwJ.
,t;thW re;jpud Nehf;fpAs;s Gtpapd;
gFjpapYk; mjw;F kWGwk; cs;s
gFjpapYk; fly; ePh; kl;lk; cah;e;J
fhzg;gLk;. vdNt xNu rkaj;jpy;
Gtpapd; ,U Gwj;jpYk;> cah; Xjk;
Vw;gLk;.
jho; Xjk;
,U cah; Xjq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l
gFjpfspYs;s fly; ePh; cah;
Xjg;gFjpfSf;Fr; nrd;WtpLfpd;wJ.
vdNt ,U cah; Xjq;fSf;F
,ilg;gl;l gFjpfspy; fly; ePh;kl;lk;
jho;e;J fhzg;gLk;
mjp Xjk;
mkhthirad;Wk;> ngsh;zkpad;Wk;
#hpad;> re;jpud; kw;Wk; Gtp Mfpa
%d;Wk; xNu Neh;f;Nfhl;by; tUfpd;wd.
mg;NghJ re;jpud; kw;Wk; #hpadpd; <h;g;G
tpirfs; xNu jpirapy; nray;gLtjhy;
NkYk; mjpfkhf re;jpuid Nehf;fp
fly;ePh; <h;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy;
jpdKk; Vw;gLk; cah; Xjj;ij tpl rw;W
mjpfkhf ,e;j ,uz;L ehl;fspYk; fly;
kl;lk; cah;fpwJ. ,JNt mjp Xjk;.
kpj Xjk;
re;jpud; xU jpirapYk; #hpad; kw;nwhU
jpirapYk; fly; ePiu <h;f;fpd;wd.
,jdhy; fly; ePh; kl;lk; ehd;F
gf;fq;fspYk; <h;f;fg;gLfpwJ. MfNt
jpdKk; Vw;gLk; cah; Xjj;ijtplr;
rw;Wf; Fiwthff; fly; kl;lk; ,t;tpU
jpdq;fspy; cah;fpwJ. ,JNt kpj Xjk;
Xjq;fspd; tpisTfs;
cs;ehl;Lg; gFjpapy; nghpa MWfspy;
mike;Js;s JiwKfq;fSf;Ff; flypy;
,Ue;J fg;gy;fs; nry;y cah; Xjj;jpd;
NghJ Vw;gLk; ePh;kl;l cah;T
gad;gLfpwJ. Xjq;fs; kpd;rhuk;
jahhpf;fg;gad;gLfpdwd.
kPdth;fs; flYf;Fs; jq;fSila
glFfisr; nrYj;jTk;> jpUk;g fiuf;F
tuTk; cah; Xjk; gad;gLfpwJ
buNgh]; ];gpah;
,J G+kpapd; Nky; 8 Kjy; 18 fp. kP
tiu gutpAs;sJ
gUt khw;wq;fs; ,q;Fjhd;
eilngWfpwJ
,e;j gFjpapy; tpkhdq;fs; gwf;fhJ
];l;NuhNlh];gpah;
thdpiy khw;wq;fs; fpilahJ
,q;F Nkfq;fs;> ePh;jptiyfs; VJkpy;iy
vdNt Mfha tpkhdq;fs; gwf;fpd;wd
XNrhd; ,Lf;F cilaJ
GwCjhf; fjph;fis jLf;Fk;
kPNrh];gpah;
G+kp ntg;gk; ngWtij jLg;gJ
maNdh];gpah;
,jd; cauk; 150 fp. kP
kpd;rhuj;ij flj;Jk;
,J kpd; madk; nfhz;lJ
NubNah miy thpirfis jpUg;Gk;
miyAk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ
vf;N]h];gpah;
tsp kz;lyj;jpd; vy;iy
mjpf ntg;gKld; fhzg;gLk;
i`l;u[d;> P̀ypak; Nghd;w thAf;fs;
fhzg;gLk;
ntg;gj;jpd; fpilg;gutiy ghjpf;Fk;
fhuzpfs;
G+kpapd; rha;T mr;R
#hpa xspapd; fhy ePl;rp
epyg;gug;gpd; gz;Gfs;
Nguhopapd; ePNuhl;lq;fs;
tPRk; fhw;Wfs;
caph;f;Nfhsk;
Gtpapd; jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j mikg;G
tspkz;lyk;
fhw;Wk; kioAk; Vw;gLtjw;Ff;
fhuzkhdJ
vf;N]h];gpah;
tspkz;lyj;jpd; Nky; vy;iyahff;
fUjg;gLtJ
caNu nry;y nry;y fhw;W kz;lyk;
nky;ypajhfpd;wJ
tspf;Nfhsk;
Gtpf;Nfhsj;ijr; #o;e;j Nghh;it
caph;epiyr;#oy;
jhtuq;fisAk; gpuhzpfisAk;
cs;slf;fpaJ.
G+kpapy; ntg;gk; NtWghL
fhzg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
fly;kl;lj;jpypUe;J cauk;
flypypUe;J J}uk;
tPRk; fhw;Wfs;
fly; ePNuhl;lq;fs;
50>000 rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; grhy;l;
yhthtpdhy; %lg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,J 65-60
kpy;ypad; Mz;bw;F Kd; cUthd gFjp
tpahghuf; fhw;Wfs;:
G+kj;jpa Nuifia Nehf;fp 30° tlf;F
kw;Wk; 30° njw;fpy; ,Ue;J tPRk;
fhw;WfNs tpahghuf; fhw;Wfs; vdg;gLk;.
SODAR: Sonic Detection and Ranging
,J fhw;wpd; Ntfj;ij gy;NtW
cauq;fspy; mwpa gad;gLfpwJ
Horse latitudes:
G+kj;jpa Nuifia Nehf;fp 30° Kjy; 35°
tlf;F kw;Wk; 30° Kjy; 350° njw;fpy;
cs;s gFjpNa Horse latitudes vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ
cyfg; Gtpapay;
cyfpd; fz;lq;fs;
fz;lj;jpd; ngah; mjd; rjtPjk;
1. Mrpah 29.5
2. Mg;hpf;fh 20.0
3. tl mnkhpf;fh 16.5
4. njd; mnkhpf;fh 11.8
5. INuhg;gpah 6.5
6. M];jpNuypah 5.2
7. mz;lhh;bfh 9.5
G+kpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s epyj;Njhw;wk;
3 tifahf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1. kiyfs; 2. gPl G+kpfs; 3. rkntspfs;
kbg;G kiyfs;
cyfpd; Nkw;Gwj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
ngUk;ghd;ikahd kiyfs; kbg;G
kiyfs; mFk;. G+kpapd; ngUk; gFjp
efUtjd; %yk; Njhd;WfpwJ. My;g;];>
,kakiy> uhf;fP]; kw;Wk; Mz;b];
Nghd;w kiyj; njhlh;fs; kbg;G kiyfs;
MFk;.
fUg;G kiyfs;:
mOj;jk; fhuzkhf ,k; kiyfs;
Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. gpsT gs;sj;jhf;fpy; ,k;
kiyfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpd;
rhj;G+uh kw;Wk; tpe;jpa kiyfs; fUg;G
kiyfshFk;. ghfp]jhdpy; cs;s rhy;l;
njhlh;fs; gpuhd;rpy; cs;s NkNah
kiyj; njhlh;fs;> kpahd;khhpy; cs;s
Nghgh kiyj; njhlh;fs; Nghd;wit ,k;
kiyfSf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;lhFk;
vQ;rpa kiyfs;
G+kpdpa;d Nkw;gug;gpy; mhpg;G> gbT
Nghd;witfshy; ,k; kiyfs;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,e;jpahtpy; ePyfphp
kiyj; njhlh;> fPh;ehh; kiyj; njhlh;>
];fhl;yhe;jpy; cs;s i`yhz;l;
Nghd;wit ,k; kiyfSf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
gPlG+kpfs;: xU epyg;gug;G mjidr;
Rw;wpAs;s epyg;gFjpfisf; fhl;bYk; rw;W
caukhdjhfTk; mjd; Nkw;gFjp
jl;ilahfTk; ,Ue;jhy; gPlG+kp> vdg;gLk;.
cyfpd; caukhd gPl G+kp jpngj;
gPlG+kpahFk;.
rkntsp: gue;j> jho;e;j rkkhd epyg;gug;G
rkntsp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. rkntspfs;
3 tifg;gLk;. mit:
1. Mw;Wg;gbfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Mw;Wr;
rkntsp
2. fhw;Wg; gbTfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
fhw;whb tz;ly; rkntsp
3. fly; miyfspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
flw;fiur; rkntsp
thdpiy: xU ,lj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l ehspy;
mq;Fs;s tsp kz;lyj;jpy; epyTk; ntg;g
epiy> fhw;wOj;jk;> fhw;W tPRk; jpir
kw;Wk; mjd; Ntfk;> fhw;wpd; <ug;gjk;>
Nkf%l;lk;> kiog;nghopT Mfpatw;wpd;
msitf; Fwpg;gJ mt;tplj;jpd; thdpiy
vdg;gLk;
fhyepiy: Xhplj;jpy; xt;nthU ehSk;
tspkz;lyj;jpy; epyTk; ntg;g epiy>
fhw;wOj;jk;> fhw;W tPRk; jpir kw;Wk; mjd;
Ntfk;> fhw;wpd; <ug;gjk; Nkf%l;lk;>
kiog;nghopT Mfpatw;iw Fiwe;jJ 35
Mz;Lfshf gjpT nra;J mit
xt;nthd;wpd; ruhrhp msitf; fz;lwpe;J
Fwpg;gpLtNj mt;tplj;jpd; fhy epiyahFk;.
fhy epiy 6 gphpthf gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ
1. G+kj;jpa Nuir fhy epiy
2. ntg;g kz;ly fhy epiy
3. Jiz ntg;g kz;ly fhy epiy
4. kpj ntg;g kz;ly fhy epiy
5. Jiz Jut kz;ly fhy epiy
6. Jut kz;ly fhy epiy
,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fs;: Gtpapy; fhzg;gLk;
,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fs; ehd;F ngUk; gphpthf
gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mit 1. fhLfs; 2.
Gy;ntsp 3. ghiytdj; jhtuq;fs; 4. JUtg;
gpuNjrj; jhtuq;fs;
1. fhLfs;: mbg;gilapy; fhLfs; 3
tifahf gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. 1. gRik
khwhf; fhLfs; 2. ,iyAjpf;fhLfs; 3.
Crpapiyf;fhLfs;.
1. gRik khwhf; fhLfs;: G+kj;jpa Nuif
kz;lyj;jpy; mjpf ntg;gKk; mjpf
kiog;nghopTk; ,Ug;gjhy; gRik khwhf;
fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Njf;F>
khNfhfdp> vNghdp> Nuh];Tl; Nghd;w ku
tiffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. njd;
mnkhpf;fhtpYs;s fhq;Nfh ,e;jpahtpy;
Nfushtpd; mikjpg; gs;sj;jhf;fpy;
,t;tif fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
2. ,iyAjph;f;fhLfs;: ,iyAjph;f;fhLfs;
,uz;L tifg;gLk;: mit
1. ntg;g kz;ly ,iyAjpf;fhLfs;
2. kpj ntg;g kz;ly ,iyAjph;f;
fhLfs;
1. ntg;g kz;ly ,iyAjph;f;fhLfs;:
ntg;g kz;lyf; fhyepiyg; gFjpfspy;
Mz;bd; rpy khjq;fspy; kl;Lk; kiog;
nghopT ,Ug;gjhy; kiog;nghoptpy;yhj
fhyq;fspy; twl;rpiaj; jhf;Fgpbf;f
,iyfs; cjph;e;J tpLfpd;wd. vdNt
gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhLfs; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
Njf;F> rhy;> re;jdk;> gps;s kUJ
Nghd;w kuq;fs; ,q;F mjpfkhf
tsh;fpd;wJ
2. kpj ntg;g kz;ly ,iyAjph;f;fhLfs;:
Fsph; fhyj;jpy; mjpf Fsph;
epyTtjhYk; gdp nfhl;LtjhYk;
,f;fhLfspy; tsUk; kuq;fs;
Fsph;fhyj;jpw;F Kd;ghf ,iyfis
cjph;j;JtpLfpd;wd. ,q;F Xf;> irg;u];>
Nkg;gps; kw;Wk; xypt kuq;fs;
tsh;fpd;wd. ,it ku
Ntiyg;ghLfSf;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
3. Crpapiyf;fhLfs;: ,f;fhLfs; kpj
ntg;g kz;ly gFjpfis mLj;Js;s
Jiz JUtg; gFjpapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F Nfhilf;
fhyj;jpy; ntg;gk; kpjkhfTk; Fsph;f;
fhyj;jpy; ntg;g epiy ciwepiyf;F
fPNOAk; fhzg;gLtjhy; kuq;fs;
gdpg;nghopT Njq;fhky; ,Uf;f $k;G
tbtj;ijAk; ,iyfs; ePuhtpg;
Nghf;fhy; ePh; ,og;g Vw;gLtij
jtph;f;fTk;. CrpNghd;W jbj;Jk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. /gph;> yhh;r; Nghd;w
kuq;fs; ,q;F tsUk; Kf;fpa tiffs;
MFk;
Gy;ntspfs;: G+kpapy; Mz;bw;F 100 nr. kP
Fiwthd kiog;nghopT ngWk;
,lq;fspYk; Gy;ntspfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Gy;ntspfs; ntg;g kz;lyg; Gy;ntspfs;
kw;Wk; kpj ntg;g kz;lyg; Gy;ntspfs;
vd ,U tifg;gLk;
ntg;g kz;ly Gy;ntspfs;: Mg;gphpf;fh
fz;lj;jpy; cs;s rthdh Gy;ntsp –
Humid summers and dry winters
kpjntg;g kz;lyg; Gy;ntsp> ,u\;ahtpy;
cs;s ];nlg;gp Gy;ntsp> tl
mnkhpf;fhtpy; cs;s gpnua;hp Gy;ntsp
mh;[d;ildhtpy; cs;s ghk;gh]; Gy;ntsp
Mfpait kpj ntg;g kz;lyg; Gy;ntspfs;
MFk;. ,it ntg;g kz;lyg;
Gy;ntspfis tpl cauk; FiwT. Mdhy;
glh;e;J ,Uf;Fk;.
Gy;ntspfs;
Gy;ntsp ehL
];nlg;gp - u\;ah
g;nua;hp]; - mnkhpf;fh
ghk;g]; - mnkhpf;fh
nty;l; - njd; mnkhpf;fh
lTd;]; - M];jpNuypah
rtdh - Mg;gphpf;fh
gadh]; - njd; mnkhpf;fh
ghiytdj; jhtuq;fs;
jhtuq;fs; VJkpd;wp gue;J tphpe;J
fhzg;gLk; twl;rpahd gFjp ghiytdk;
vdg;gLk;. ghiytdk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
mit 1. ntg;gg; ghiytdk;> 2. Fsph;
ghiytdk;
1. ntg;gg; ghiytdk;: rg;ghj;jpf; fs;sp>
fw;whio> Kl;Gjh;fs; Nghd;wit
tsh;fpd;wJ. Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; cs;s
rfhuh> fyfhhp> ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s jhh;>
M];jpNuypahtpy; cs;s nghpa
M];jpNuypag; ghiytdk; Mfpait
ntg;gg; ghiytdk; MFk;.
2. Fsph; ghiytdk;: kiog; nghopT
,y;yhj cah; ml;rg; gFjpfspy; Fsph;g;
ghiytdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
irdhtpy; cs;s Nfhgp> jpngj;jpy;
cs;s jf;ykfhd;> njd; mnkhpf;fhtpy;
cs;s fLNfhdpad; ghiytdq;fs;
Nghd;wit Fsph;g; ghiytdq;fs; MFk;
3. my;igd; my;yJ J}e;jpuj; jhtuq;fs;
J}e;jpu vd;why; kuq;fs; ,y;yhj ,lk;
vd;w nghUs; MFk;. JUtg; gFjpapy;
Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; kl;Lk; rpwpjsT #hpa
ntg;gk; fpilf;fpd;wJ. mf; fhyj;jpy;
JUtg; gFjpapy; Nkhr];> ypr;rd; Nghd;w
ghrp ,dj; jhtuq;fs; tsh;fpd;wJ.
,itNa my;igd; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
cyf mhprp cw;gj;jpapy; rPdh Kjyplk;
cyf NfhNfh cw;gj;jpapy; fhdh
Kjyplk;
cyfj;pd; kpfg;nghpa ,uapy;Nt Trans –
Siberian Railway
fy;tp efuk; - vbd;ghh;f;
ngUq;fly;fs;:
G+kpapd; tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; epyk;
kw;Wk; ePh; Mfpait 1 : 1.5 vd;w
tpfpjj;jpYk; cs;sJ.
G+kpdpa;d ngUq;fly;fs; 1. gRgpf;
ngUq;fly;fs; 2. ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;fly;
3. ,e;jpa ngUq;fly; MFk;
gRgpf; ngUq;fly;
G+kp 71 rjtPjk; ePuhy; MdJ. mjpy;
32.25 rjtPjk; gRgpf; ngUq;fly; MFk;.
,f; fly; Kf;Nfhz tbtj;jpy;
mike;Js;sJ
gRgpf; ngUq;flypd; gug;G 165>242>000
rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;
cyfpd; gioikahd fly; ,JNt
MFk;
cyfpd; kpf Mokhd gFjpahd khpahdh
buQ;r; gRgpf; ngUq;flypy; cs;sJ.
Challenger deep khpahdh buQ;r;rpy;
cs;s Mokhd gFjpahFk;.
Pacific Ocean Trench
Tonga - Trench
Alentian - Trench
Kuril - Trench
Kermadec - Trench
Japanese - Trench
Mindanao - Trench
Pern – Chile - Trench
Atacama - Trench
gRgpf; ngUq;fly; ePNuhl;lq;fs;:
fypNghh;dpah - Fsph;
ngUtpad; / ek;Nghy;l; - Fsph;
FNuh\pNah - ntg;gk;
Xah\pNah - Fsph;
Okhotsk - Fsph;
myh];fhd; - ntg;gk;
ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;fly;:
G+kpapd; gug;gstpy; Rkhh; 21%
ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;fly; MFk;. ,J S
tbtj;jpy; cs;sJ.
,jd; gug;gsT : 82>362>000 rJu fpNyh
kPl;lh; MFk;
,jd; Mok; Rkhh; 8390 iky; MFk;
,jid kpy;tht;fp Mok; vd;gh;
Atlantic Ocean Trenches
Nares - Trench
Puerto Rico - Trench
Santh Sandwich - Trench
Milwaukee Deep - Trench
Kf;fpa ePNuhl;lq;fs;:
GNshhpah - ntg;gk;
gpNurpy; - ntg;gk;
fy;g; - ntg;gk;
Mz;b]; - ntg;gk;
tl ml;yhz;bf; - ntg;gk;
nygulhh; - Fsph;
NfdhP]; - Fsph;
ghf;yhe;J - Fsph;
,e;jpag; ngUq;fly;
14.60 rjtPjk; G+kpapd; gug;gpy;
gutpAs;sJ. ,jd; gug;gsT 73>556>000
rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;
Indian Ocean Trenches
Java - Trench
Sunda - Trench
,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; ePNuhl;lq;fs;
nkhrg;gpf; - ntg;gk;
mFyh]; - ntg;gk;
Nkw;F M];jpNuypah - ntg;gk;
Mh;bf; ngUq;fly;:
,f;fly; tl;l tbtkhd gRgpf;
ngUq;flypd; ghjpasNt ,f;fly; MFk;
ngUq;flypy; cs;s epyj;Njhw;wq;fs;
ngUq;flypy; cs;s epyj;Njhw;wq;fs;
%d;W gphpthf gphpf;fyhk;:
1. fz;l jpl;L (Continental Shelf)
2. fz;l rhpT (Continental Slope)
3. ngUq;fly; jho;r;rp (Ocean trough)
1. fz;ljpl;L (Continental Shelf): 150
Kjy; 200 kPl;lh; tiu Mok; nfhz;lJ.
fz;l jpl;Lfspy; gpshq;ld;fs;
tsh;fpwJ. kPd;fs; ,tw;iw czthf
cl;nfhs;tjhy; fz;l jpl;Lf;fs; rpwe;j
kPd; gpb jskhFk;.
2. fz;l rhpT (Continental Slope): 3000
kPl;lh; Kjy; 6000 kPl;lh; tiu Mok;
nfhz;lit.
3. ngUq;fly; jho;r;rp (Ocean trough):
Kf;fpa fly;fs;:
1. kj;jpa jiuf;fly;
2. njd;rPdhf;fly;
3. Nghpq;fly;
4. fhpgPad; fly;
5. nkf;rpNfh tisFlh
STRAITS
tq;fhs tphpFlh – ghf; Flh Palk
tq;fhs tphpFlh – [hth kyhf;fh
kj;jpa jiuf;fly; - ml;yhz;bf; fly; -
[pg;uhy;lh;
tl gRgpf; - tlf;F ml;yhz;bf; - nkf;fyd;
nrq;fly; - mugpf; fly; - Babel Manden
Mh;bf; fly; - gpahpq;fly;
Bering
fUq;fly; - kh;Nkhuh Ngh];Nguh];
tl fly; - ml;yhz;bf; Nlhthh;
nkf;rpNfh tisFlh – ml;yhz;bf; -
GNshhplh
nghpa Vhpfs;
Mrpah - fh];gpad; fly;
Mg;hpf;fh - tpf;Nlhhpah
M];jpNuypah - mah;
INuhg;gh - yNlhfh
tl mnkhpf;fh - Rg;gPhpah;
,e;jpah - rpy;fh
Mg;hpf;fh
cyfpd; kpfg; nghpa ghiyepyq;fs;
1. rfhuh: Mg;hpf;fh fz;lj;jpy; cs;sJ
my;[phpah> #lhd;> vfpg;J> rhl;> ypgpah
kw;Wk; gy ehLfspy; gutpAs;sJ
2. M];jpNuypah
3. mNugpah
4. Nfhgp : kq;Nfhypah kw;Wk; rPdhtpy;
cs;sJ
5. fy`hhp: Nghl;];thdh
6. jhh; ghiytdk; : tlNkw;F ,e;jpah
kw;Wk; ghfp];jhdpy; cs;sJ
Ntshz;ikapd; tiffs;
1. Shifting Cultivation
2. Sedentary Agriculture
3. Intensive Agriculture – jPtpu tptrhak;
4. Extensive Agriculture – guelj
tptrhak; ghk;g];> gpnua;hp]; Nghd;w
ntg;g kz;ly Gy;ntspfspy;
eilngWfpd;wJ
5. Commerical Agriculture
6. Mixed Farming – fyg;G tptrhak;
7. Dairy Farming
8. Terrace Farming: gbf;fl;L tptrhak; -
kiyg; ghq;fhdg; gFjpfspy;
eilngWfpd;wJ
ejp efuq;fs;
iey; - nfa;Nuh
mnyf;rhz;bhpah
Njk;]; - yz;ld;
ilfPhp]; - ghf;jhj;
kPdk; - ghq;fhf;
];gphp - ngh;ypd;
Iud; - ghd;
nra;d; - ghhp];
`l;rd; - epA+ahh;f;
,z;l]; - fuhr;rp
uhtp - yh$h;
kh];fhth - kh];Nfh
jpy;thuh - gpynly;gpah
,uthb - ahq;$d;
Rkplh - Nlhf;fpNah
lhd;A+g; - tpad;dh
ngy;fpNuL> Glhng];l;
nghNlhkh - th\pq;ld;
nrapd;l; yhud;] ; - fpA+ngf;> xl;lth
rpq; rpahq; - \hq;fha;
ilgh; - Nuhk;
fhG+y; - fhG+y;
tp];Lth - thh;rh
cyfpd; Kf;fpa JiwKfq;fs;:
Nghf;Ftuj;J JiwKfq;fs;: epA+ahh;f;>
yz;ld;> Kk;ig
Entereport: xU ehl;by; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk;
ruf;Ffis mj;JiwKfj;jpy; cs;s
fplq;Ffspy; itj;J thp nrYj;jhky; gpw
ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; ,lj;jpw;F ngah;
Enterport MFk;.
cjhuzk; rpqf;gG+h; JiwKfk;
flw;gilj; JiwKfq;fs;: fhh;thh;> nfhr;rpd;
vz;nza; Rj;jpfhpg;G JiwKfq;fs;: jphpNghyp
cyfpd; nghpa fz;lk; Mrpah MFk;
cyfpd; rpwpa fz;lk; M];jpNuypah
MFk;
kpfg;nghpa gdpg;ghiw rpahh;r;rpd;
fpNshrpah;
kpfg; nghpa jPT fphpd; yhz;L MFk;
kpf caukhd ePh; tPo;r;rp VQ;ry; mFk;
kpfg;nghpa ghiytdk; rfhuh ghiyepyk;
xNu ehspy; mjpf kio nga;j ,lk;
Kk;ig
cyfpd; mjpf kio nga;Ak; ,lk; -
Mawsynram
cyfpd; mjpf cauhd kiy -
,kakiyfs;
cyfpd; caukpy;yhj kiy – Bheinna
Bhaile
cyfpd; rpwpa FbauR nes&
cyfpd; rpwpa ehL thbfd;
cyfpd; mjpf kf;fs; njhif cs;s
efuk; \hq;fha;
cyfpd; mjpf Fsph; cs;s gFjp
irgPhpah
cyfpd; caukhd efuk; Wenchuan
(jpngj;)
#a]; fhy;tha; cs;s ehL vfpg;J.
kpFe;j kf;fs; neUf;fKila efuk;
\q;fha; MFk;. thpirg;gb:
1. St. Antony Parish, Macao
2. Manila, Philippines
3. St. Lazarus Parish, Macao
4. Barcelona, Spain
5. Hong Kong,
11. New York City, USA
kpFe;j kf;fs; neUf;fKila efuq;fs;:
Mumbai – 15 million, Kolkata – 12 million,
Delhi – 9 million, Chennai – 6 million,
Bangalore – 5 million, Hyderabad – 5
million, Ahmadabad – 3.7 million
gdhkh fhy;tha; cs;s ehL kj;jp
mnkhpf;fh> gdhkh fhy;tha; grpgpf;
fliyAk; ml;yhz;bf; fliyAk;
,izf;fpd;wJ
M];jpNuypahtpy; tPRk; Gaw; fhw;wpw;F
tpy;yp – tpy;yp vd;W ngah;
fly; my;yJ MW Nghd;wtw;wpy;
cUthFk; kzy; jpl;bw;F Spit vd;W
ngah;. ,q;F kPz;Lk; ePh; tu tha;g;Gz;L.
Kf;fpa vy;iyf;NfhLfs;
vy;iyf;NfhLfs; ehLfs;
uhbfpspg; NfhL - ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd;
(gphptpid NghJ vy;iyf;FOj; jiyth;
uhbfpspg;)
khf; Nkhfd; NfhL - ,e;jpah – jpngj; -
rPdh
J}ue; NfhL - ghfp];jhd; -
Mg;fhdp];jhd;
16tJ ,izNfhL - ekPgpah – mq;Nfhyh
38tJ ,iz NfhL – tl-njd; nfhhpah
49tJ ,izNfhL – mnkhpf;fh – fdlh
17tJ ,izNfhL – tltpal;ehk;
njd;tpal;ehk; - nkf;dpdhl; NfhL
- gpuhd;]; - n[h;kdp
(gpuhd;];) nrap[; gpuha;l; NfhL
n[h;kdp – gpuhd;];
(n[h;kdp) n`a;ld;gh;f; NfhL
n[h;kdp – Nghye;J
(Kjy; cyfg; NghUf;Fg;gpd;)
Xlh; nu];]p NfhL
Nghye;J – n[h;kdp
mnkhpf;fhtpd; Kf;fpa njhopw; gpuNjrq;fs;:
1. The New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore
region
2. The southern New England Region
3. The Southern Lake Michigan Region
4. The Detroit Region - Automobile
Nkw;F n[h;kdpapd; Kf;fpa njhopw;
gpuNjrq;fs;:
1. The Rhur – Steel and Engineering
M];jpNuypah kw;Wk; mh;n[d;ildh
ehLfs; fk;gsk; kw;Wk; khkprj;jpw;F
Gfo; ngw;w ehLfs; MFk;
cyfpd; Kf;fpa kdpj kw;Wk;
kiytho; ,dq;fs;
,yq;if - Vedda
M];jpNuypah - Aborgines
mNugpah - Badahin
,e;NjhNd\pah - Dayak, Papuans
ngy;[pak; - Flemings
epA+rpyhe;J - Kiwis. Maoris
`q;Nfhp - Magyars
[g;ghd; - Ainu
jha;yhe;J - Karen
jhd;rpdpah - Shwahili
kNyrpah - Sakai
mnkhpf;fh – yhguhlh; - Eskimos
tl mnkhpf;fh - Aztecs (Red Indians)
`q;Nfhp - Magyars
ehh;Nt - Sami
fpof;F Mg;gphpf;fh - Masai, Kikuyu
njd; Mg;gphpf;fh - Berbers, Zuius
tlNkw;F Mg;gphpf;fh – Hamites
u\pah - Khirgis
cyfpd; rpwpa ehLfs;
1. thbfd; efuk; 2. nkhdhNfh 3. Nauru
5. Tuvalu 6. rhd; khpNdh
cyfpd; nghpa jPgfw;gq;fs;
7. mNugpah
8. ,e;jpah
9. my];fh
10. nyg;ulh;
11. ];fhz;bNetpah
cyfpd; nghpa jPTfs;
12. fPhpd;yhe;J
13. New Guinea
14. Boneo
15. Madagascar
16. Baffin Island
cyfpd; nghpa G+fk;gq;fs;
17. 1989 Loma Preita Earthquake
18. 1994 Northridge Earthquake
19. 1995 NfhNg ([g;ghd;) Earthqauke
20. 2001 Olympia. Washington Earthquake
21. 2003 Bam, Iran Earthquake
22. 2004 Rkj;jpuh G+fk;gk; kw;Wk; Rdhkp
23. 2005 fh\;kPh; G+fk;gk;
ehLfspd; Njrpa rpd;dq;fs;
ehL rpd;dk;
,e;jpah - rpq;fKj;jpiu
M];jpNuypah - fq;fhU
fdlh - nts;is ypy;yp
nld;khh;f; - flw;fiu
gpuhd;]; - fjph;
,uhd; - Nuh];
,j;jhyp - nts;is ypy;yp
ghfp]jhd; - gpiw
];ngapd; - gUe;J
,q;fpyhe;J - Nuh];
mnkhpf;fh - nghw;gpuk;G
mah;yhe;J - %d;W ,iyfSld;
$ba jz;L
nfhbfs;
fUg;Gf; nfhb - vjph;g;G
Gwh - rkhjhdk;
nfhbia miuf;fk;gj;jpy; gwj;jy; – Njrpa
Jf;fk;
nfhb jiyf;fPohf gwj;jy; - Njrpa ftiy
jhkiu – gz;ghL kw;Wk; ehfhpfk;
rptg;G rpYit – kUj;Jt cjtp kw;Wk;
nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk;
MyPt;kuf;fpis – mikjp
nfhbapy; rf;fuk; - Kd;Ndw;wk;
nts;isf;nfhb Vw;Wjy; - rkhjhdk;
rptg;G Kf;Nfhzk; - FLk;gf; fl;LghL
kz;il XL kw;Wk; ,U FWf;nfYk;Gfs; -
kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; Mgj;J
rptg;Gf; nfhb – Mgj;J kw;Wk; cjtp
kQ;rs; nfhb Vw;Wjy; - njhw;WNeha;
,e;jpag; Gtpapay;
cyfk;
cyfj;jpd; nkhj;j gug;gsT 510.072
kpy;ypad; rJu fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;
,jpy; epyj;jpd; gug;gsT 148.94 kpy;ypad;
r.fp. kP. ePhpd; gug;gsT 361.132 kpy;ypad;
r.fp.kP
nkhj;jj;jpy; 70.8 rjtPjk; ePUk; 29.2
rjtPjk; epyKk; MFk;
gug;gstpy; ehLfspd; thpir 1. Urpah 2.
fdlh 3. rPdh 4. mnkhpf;fh 5. gpNurpy;
6. M];jpNuypah 7. ,e;jpah MFk;
cyfpd; kpfr; rpwpa ehL: nkhdhNfh
[Piy 2007 Mk; Mz;L cyfj;jpd;
kf;fs; njhif 6>602>224>174 MFk;.
cyfj;jpd; kf;fs; njhifapy;
fpUj;Jth;fs; 30.03%> ,];yhkpah;fs;
20.12%> ,e;Jf;fs; 13.34% Gj;j kjj;jpdh;
5.89 rjtPjKk; cs;sdh;. 6>602>224>174
MFk;.
cyf kf;fspy; Mandarin Chinese
13.69%, Spanish 5.05%, English 4.84%,
Hindi 2.82%, Portuguese 2.77%, Bengali
2.68%, Russian 2.27%, Japanese 1.99%,
nkhopfis NgRfpd;wdh;.
fz;lq;fSk; kf;fs; njhif rjtPjKk;
ANurpah 17% Mrpah 60%
Mg;gphpf;fh 14% tl mnkhpf;fh 8%
njd; mnkhpf;fh 6% - mz;lhh;bf;fh 0.00002%
INuhg;gh 11% Oceania 0.6%
M];jpNuypah – New Guinea 0.5%
M];jpNuypah epyg;gug;G 0.3%
,e;jpahtpd; Njhw;wk;
epytpay; gyif Nfhl;ghL
Rkhh; 225 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F
M];jpNyypah flw;fiuf;F mg;ghy;
Vwf;Fiwa 6>400 fpNyh kPl;lh;
njhiytpy; xU nghpa jPthf ,Ue;j
,e;jpah> Rkhh; 80 kpy;ypad;
tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dh; xU E}w;whz;bw;F
9 kPl;lh; vd;w tpjj;jpy; tlNehf;fp
efuyhapw;W Rkhh; 40-50 kpy;ypad;
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; ,e;jpa epyg;gyif
Mrpah fz;lj;Jld; NkhjpaJ. Mjd;
tpisthf ,e;jpah vd;w epyg;gug;G
Njhd;wpaJ
xNu khjphpahd ghiw mlh;j;jp nfhz;l
xU epyg;gyif kw;nwhU epyg;gyifia
mj;d fPNo js;s ,aytpy;iy. mjdhy;
Vw;gl;l Nkhjy; kw;Wk; Ntff; Fiwg;G
fhuzkhf caukhd kiy Vw;gl;lJ.
Nkhjypy; Vw;gl;l mOj;jk; ,kakiy
caukhf vOk;gpajhy; Fiwe;jJ. ,jd;
tpisthf fly; kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J Rkhh;
7300 kPl;lh; cauj;jpw;F Nky; 30
rpfuj;jpw;Fk; Nky; ,kakiy
cUthapw;W.
,e;jpah xU njd;fpof;F gUtfhw;W
Mrpa ehlhFk;
,e;jpahtpd; gug;gsT 32>87>263 r.fp.kP
cyf nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 2.4% gug;G
,e;jpah MFk;
cyfpy; 7tJ nghpa ehL ,e;jpah
gpw nghpa ehLfs;:
ml;r Nuif 8°4‟28” tlf;F Kjy;
37°17‟53” tlf;F tiu
jPh;f;fNuif 68°7‟53” fpof;F Kjy;
97°24‟47” fpof;F tiu
me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs; 6°39> tlf;F
ml;rj;jpy; ,Ue;J 13°34 ml;rk; tiu
cs;sJ
tlf;F – njw;F J}uk; 3>214 fp.kP
fpof;F – Nkw;F J}uk; 2>933 fp. kP
flw;fiu ePsk; 7>516 fp.kP. (5700 fp.kP
me;jkhd; - epNfhghh; jPTfspd; flw;fiu)
nkhj;j epyg;gug;G 15>200 fp.kP
nghpa flw;fiu cilaJ
1. F[uhj; 2. Me;jpugpuNjrk;
01. kpf mjpf ePskhd flw;fiuiaf;
nfhz;l khepyk;
m. Me;jpu gpuNjrk; M. Nfush
,. kfhuh\;buh <. jkpo;ehL
nfhLf;fg;gl;ltifspy; mjpf ePskhd
flw;fiu nfhz;l khepyk; Me;jpu gpuNjrk;
230½ bfphp flf Nuif ,e;jpahit ,U
gphpthf gphpf;fpwJ
flfNuif nry;Yk; 8 khepyq;fs;>
kpNrhuhk;> jphpGuh> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;>
[hh;fz;l;> rl;B];fh;> kj;jpa gpuNjrk;>
,uh[];jhd;> F[uhj; ,e;jpahitAk;
,yq;ifiaAk; ghf; ryre;jp gphpf;fpwJ
kd;dhh; tisFlhitAk; tq;fhs
tphpFlhitAk; ghf; ryre;jp gphpf;fpwJ
jD\;NfhbiaAk; jiykd;dhiuAk;
,izg;gJ – Adam’s Bridge
mjpf khepyq;fSld; vy;iy nfhz;L
flw;fiu gpuNjrk; ,y;yhj khepyk;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
Nkfq;fs; #o;e;j khepyk; Nkfhyah
rpd;l;buy;yh vdg;gLtJ mrhk; kw;Wk;
vy;iyg;Gw khepyq;fs;
nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 43.3% rkntspfs;
nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 10.7% kiyfs;
nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 18.6% Fd;Wfs;
nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 27.7% gPlG+kpfs;
,e;jpahtpd; jpl;l Neuk; 82½° fpof;F
jPh;f;f Nuif MFk;. fphpd;tpr; Neuj;jpy;
,Ue;J 5½ kzp Neuk; NtWgLfpwJ
Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpy; #hpad;
cjpf;Fk; khepyk; - mUzhry gpuNjrk;
#hpad; fj;jpathhpy; Njhd;Wk;
Neuj;jpw;Fk; Kjd; Kjypy; Njhd;Wk;
mUzhr gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s
Neuk; Rkhh; 1 kzp Neuk; MFk;
,e;jpahtpd; vy;iyfs;
fpof;F - tq;fhsNjrk;> kpahd;khh;>
tq;fhs tphpFlh> ghf; ryre;jp> kd;dhh;
tisFlh
Nkw;F - ghfp];jhd;> mugpf;fly;
tlf;F - ,kakiy
njw;F - ,e;jpa ngUq;fly;
tlfpof;F - rPdh> Neghsk;> G+l;lhd;
tlNkw;F - Mg;fhdp];jhd;> ghfp];jhd;
Neghsj;Jld; vy;iy cila khepyq;fs;
gPfhh;> cj;juhQ;ry;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> rpf;fpk;>
Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
tq;fhs Njrj;Jld; vy;iy cila
khepyq;fs;
mrhk;> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> kpNrhuhk;>
Nkfyhah> jphpGuh
G+l;lhDld; vy;iy cila khepyq;fs;
rpf;fpk;> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> mUzhry gpuNjrk;>
mrhk;
kpahd;kUld; vy;iy cila khepyq;fs;
mUzhry gpuNjrk;> ehfyhe;J> kzpg;G+h;>
kpNrhuk;
ghfp];jhDld; vy;iy cila khepyq;fs;
[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;> gQ;rhg;> ,uh[];jhd;>
F[uhj;
rPdhTld; vy;iy cila khepyq;fs;
[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;> ,khr;ry gpuNjrk;>
cj;juhQ;ry;> rpf;fpk; mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk;
Mg;fhdp];jhDld; vy;iy cila
khepyq;fs;
[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;
vy;iyf;NfhLfs;
,e;jpahitAk; - ghfp];jhidAk; gphpf;Fk;
vy;iyf;nfhL rh; uhl;fpspg; vy;iyf;NfhL
,e;jpahitAk; - rPdhitAk; gphpf;Fk;
vy;iyf;NfhL kf;Nkhfd; vy;iyf;NfhL
G+kj;jpa Nuiff;F mUfpy; cs;sJ njd;
,e;jpah
,e;jpahtpd; gug;G mnkhpf;fhtpd; gug;gpy;
%d;wpy; xU gq;F MFk;
,e;jpahtpd; gug;G ghfp];jhidtpl 4
klq;F mjpfk;
,e;jpahtpd; ePh; vy;iyg;gug;G 12
ehl;bf;fy; iky; MFk;. xU ehl;bf;fy;
iky; vd;gJ 18.52 kPl;lh; MFk;
,e;jpahtpd; miktpl #a]; fhy;tha;
(1869 –y; jpwf;fg;gl;lJ) topahf fpof;F
Nkw;F fly; khh;f;fj;jpy;
mike;jpUg;gjhy; rpwe;j gd;dhl;L tzpf
jykhf jpfo;fpwJ
,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; kiyg;gphpTfs;
1. Muty;yp kiyj; njhlh;fs; 2. Mid
kiyj; njhlh;fs; 3. Vyf;fha;
kiyj;njhlh;fs; 4. fh%h;
kiyj;njhlh;fs; 5. fpof;F njhlh;r;rp
kiyj; njhlh;fs; 6. fhNuh Fd;Wfs; 7.
,kakiyj; njhlh;fs; 8. fhrp Fd;Wfs;
9. n[dPjh Fd;Wfs; 10. Kzpg;G+h;
Fd;Wfs; 11. kPNrh Fd;Wfs; 12. Ehfh
Fd;Wfs; 13. ePyfphp Fd;Wfs; 14. Glhf;fp
Fd;Wfs; 15. G+h;thQ;ry; njhlh;fs; 16.
rhj;G+uh kiyj;njhlh; 17. rpthypf;
Fd;Wfs; 18. tpe;jpa kiyj; njhlh;fs;
19. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyj; njhlh;fs;
,e;jpahtpd; ,aw;if gphpTfs;
,ka kiyfs;> jPgfw;g ,e;jpah> rpe;J>
fq;if> rkntspfs; kw;Wk; flw;fiur;
rkntspfs;
,kakiyfs;
,kakiyf;fhLfs; kj;jpa Mrpahtpd;
cyfj;jpd; $iu vdg;gLk; ghkPh;
Kbr;rpy; ,Ue;J Jtq;FfpwJ
,e;J F\; kiyj; njhlh; kw;Wk;
fhuNfhuh kiyj;njhlh; Mfpait NrUk;
,lNk Aksai Chin vdg;gLk;. ,e;jpahtpw;F
nrhe;jkhd ,t;tplk; rPdhtpd;
Mf;fpukpg;gpy; cs;sJ (1962 ,e;jpah –
rPdh Nghh;)
,kakiy kPnrhN[hapf; fhyj;jpy; nghpa
gs;skhf ,Ue;jJ.
,q;F ,Ue;j flYf;F nljp]; fly;
vdg;gl;lJ
nljp];flYf;F tlf;Nf mike;j gFjp
mq;fhuh epyg;gFjp
nljp]; flYf;F njw;Nf mike;j gFjp
fhz;Lthdh epyg;gFjp
nlh;\pah fhyj;jpy;> ,t;tpU
epyg;gFjpfs; ,uz;Lk; xd;W Nrh;e;J
mOj;jk; Vw;gl;L kbg;ghf ,kakiy
Njhd;wpaJ
,kakiy ,sikahd (Gtpapay; hPjpahf
filrpapy; Njhd;wpa) gbTg;ghiwfshy;
cUthd kiyfshFk;. ,J Rkhh; 40-50
kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh;
Njhd;wpaJ.
kiyapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 2400 fp.kP mfyk;
Rkhh; 150 Kjy; 500 fp.kP
Syntaxial Bend ,kakiyapy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
,ka kiyia fpof;F Nkw;fhf ePsj;jpy;
%d;W tifahf gphpf;fyhk;
1. Nghpa ,ka kiyj; njhlh;fs;
2. Kj;jpa ,ka kiyj; njhlh;fs;
3. rpthypf; Fd;Wfs;
[k;K & fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;s
Phalgaon kiyj;njhlhpy; mkh;ehj; Fif
cs;sJ. ,q;F gdpahy; Md ypq;fk;
mike;Js;sJ.
nghpa ,kakiyj; njhlh;fs;
,tw;wpd; cauk; 5000 kP Nky;
,k;kiyj; njhlh; eq;f gh;tjk; Kjy;
ekr;rgh;tjk; tiu gutpAs;sJ
,q;F fhzg;gLk; rpfuq;fs; vtnu];l;
8848 kP. fhl;rptpd; M];bd; (Nf2) 8611
kP. fd;[d;[q;fh 8598 kP
vtnu];l; rpfuj;jpw;F rhfh;khjh vd;Wk;
ngah;
cyfj;jpd; kpf cauhkhd rpfuk;
vtnu];l; Neghsj;jpy; cs;sJ
,e;jpahtpd; kpf cah;e;j rpfuk; fhl;rpd;
M];bd; ghfp];jhdpd; ifg;gw;Wjypy;
cs;sJ
,jw;F ,khj;jphp vd;W ngah;
ifgh; kw;Wk; Nghyd; fztha;fs;
jw;NghJ ghfp];jhdpy; cs;sJ
kj;jpa ,kakiyj; njhlh;fs;
,tw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; rpfuq;fs; 3500-5000
kPl;lh;fs; caukhFk;
,q;F fhzg;gLk; Nfhil thr];jyq;fs;
1. rpk;yh – njsyjhh; thpir - ,khr;ry
gpuNjrk;
2. iedplhy; - cj;jpuhQ;ry;
3. Knrshp
4. lhh;[pypq; - Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
5. ly;n`srp - ,khr;ry gpuNjrk;
6. jh;krhyh - ,khr;ry gpuNjrk;
7. my;Nkhuh – cj;jpuhQ;ry;
,q;F Gfo; ngw;w gPh;ghQ;rhy; kw;Wk;
fh\;kPh; gs;sj;jhf;F cs;sJ
,jw;F ,khr;ry; vd;w ngah; cz;L
rpW rkntspfSk;> Murg, Payar vd;w
Gy;ntspfSk; cz;L
mjpf cauj;jpy; cs;s Nfhil
thr];jyk; - Fy;khh;f;
rpthypy; Fd;Wfs;
jho;e;j ,ka kiyj; njhlh;fs;
1500 kPl;lh; cauKilait
,jw;F njuha; fhLfs; vdg;ngah;
,J ,kakiy MWfs; FWf;fpLk; gFjp
Kj;jpa ,kakiy gFjpf;Fk; rpthypf;
Fd;WfSf;Fk; ,ilNa gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
,q;F Nkw;fpy; cs;s
gs;sj;jhf;FfSf;F ^d; (Duns)
gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; vd;W ngah;
,k;kiyj; njhlh; nghlthh; gPlG+kp tiu
gutpAs;sJ
Nkw;F gFjpfs;
ghkPh; Kbr;rpypUe;J Nkw;fpy; ,e;J F\;
kiyfs; tiu gutpAs;sJ
,g;gFjpapy; ,e;J F\;> fpjhh; kw;Wk;
Riykhd; kiyj; njhlh;fs;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
fpjhh; kiyj;njhlh;fs; gY];rp];jhd;
kw;Wk; rpe;J gFjpfis gphpf;fpd;wJ
Riykhdpd; caukhd rpfuk; jhf;j;-I-
Riykhd; MFk;
,q;F fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa fztha;fs;
kw;Wk; MWfs;
fztha;fs; MWfs;
ifgh; - ng\hth; fhG+y;
Fuhk; - Nfh`hl; Fuhk;
Njhr;rp – ghD Njhr;rp
Nfhky; - Njuh Nfhky;
,];khapy; fhd; Nghyd; - Fntl;lh
,q;F fhrpf;> fhNuh> n[ae;jpah> ehfh
Mfpa Fd;Wfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ
fpof;Fg; gFjpfs;
fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa
Fd;Wfs;
gl;Nfha;> n[ae;jpah> Yrha; fhrp> fhNuh
kw;Wk; ehf Fd;Wfs;
,g;gFjp mrhik gh;khtplk; ,Ue;J
gphpf;fpd;wJ
buhd;]; ,kakiyj; njhlh;fs;
,kakiyia njw;F – tlf;fhf
FWf;fpy; 5 tifahf gphpf;fyhk;
1. fh\;kPh; ,kakiy 2. gQ;rhg;
,kakiy 3. Fkzd; ,kakiy 4.
Neghy; 5. m];]hk; ,kakiy
,g;gFjpapy; ,e;J F\;> fhuNfhuk; kw;Wk;
ifyha kiyfs; mike;Js;sJ
,e;J F\; kiyia (,kakiyapd; Nkw;F
njhlh;r;rp) Slayer of the Hindus vd;Wk; Indian
Caucasus vd;Wk; miog;gh;
Nurba gs;sj;jhf;F ,q;F cs;sJ. ,J
[k;K – fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpy; ghAk; Shyok
ejpapd; Jizejp Nurba ejpapdhy;
cz;lhf;fg;gl;l gFjp
rpahr;rpd; gdpg;gFjp ,q;F cs;sJ.
cyfj;jpd; cr;rkhfpa ,t;tplj;jpy; ,e;jpah
ghfp];jhd; Nghh; eilngWfpwJ. ,J ylhf;
khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,jw;F Nuhrh vd;w
ngah; cs;sJ.
,e;jpahtpd; kpf cah;e;j kw;Wk;
cyfj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ cah;e;j kw;Wk;
cyfj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ cah;e;j rpfuk;
fhl;tpd; M];bd; ,t;tpjj;jpy; cs;sJ
rpfuk; kiyj;njhlh;
1. vtnu];l; `pkhj;jphp
2. fhl;tpd; M];bd; (Nf2) – fhuNfhuk;
3. jtsfphp ,khj;jphp
4. fhkj; rh];fhh;
Kf;fpa ,e;jpa rpfuq;fs;
1. Nf 2 8611
2. fQ;rd; [q;fh 8598
3. eq;f gh;tj; 8126
8. ee;jh Njtp 7817
11. fhkj; 7756
15. rTf;fk;gh (gj;jphpehj;) 7138
17. ehd;Fd; 7135
18. Jdfphp 7066
Kf;fpa fztha;fs;
Riykhd; gFjp ifgh; Nghgyd;
rpg;fp fztha; rpk;yh – jpngj;
fhuNfhuh fztha; Ny jpngj;
[yg;gh fztha; lhh;[pypq; - yh]h
gQ;rhg; ,kakiyfs;
,z;lh]; Kjy; rl;ny[; tiu Rkhh; 917
fpNyh kPl;lh; fpof;F Nkw;fhf gutpAs;sJ –
f];uh gs;sj;jhf;F kw;Wk; FW gs;sj;jhf;F
,q;F fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,k; kiyapd; ngUk;
gFjp ,e;jpahtpy; mike;Js;sJ. kpf cah;e;j
,lk; eq;f gh;tjk;
FkhA+d; ,kakiyfs;:
rl;ny[; Kjy; fhsptiu Rkhh; 300
fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu gutpAs;sJ. FkhA+d;
vd;W miof;fg;gLk; gFjp cj;uhQ;ry;
MFk;
fq;if> aKid Njhd;Wkplq;fs; cs;sJ
fq;Nfhj;jphp> aKNdhj;jphp> Knrhhp
Nghd;w Rw;Wyh ,lq;fs;
ee;jh Njtp rpfuk; ,g;gFjpapy; cs;sJ
Neghs ,kakiyfs;
1. Nkw;F Neghs ,kakiyfs;
,jpy; ngUk;gFjp Neghsj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
,e;jpahtpy; cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; ngUk; gFjp
mike;Js;sJ. 498 fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu fpof;F
Nkw;fhfTk; 617 fpNyh kPl;lh; tlf;F
njw;fhfTk; gutpAs;sJ. ,jpy; fQ;rd;[q;fh
cah;e;j rpfukhFk;. jw;NghJ ,e;jpa
vy;iyapy; cs;s kpf cah;e;j rpfuk; ,JNt
MFk;
2. kj;jpa Neghs ,kakiyfs;
,jpy; ngUk;gFjp Neghsj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh; khepyj;jpy; ngUk; gFjp
mike;Js;sJ. 466 fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu fpof;F
Nkw;fhfTk; 476 fpNyh kPl;lh; tlf;F
njw;fhfTk; gutpAs;sJ. ,jpy; cyfj;jpd;
cah;e;j vtnu];l; rpfuk; mike;Js;sJ.
,jd; gphpTfs; 1. md;dhG+h;zh ,kakiy
(Neghsk;) cah;e;j rpfuk; md;dG+h;zh
1. $h;fh ,ka kiy (Neghsk; kw;Wk;
rPdh) cah;e;j rpfuk; kd];Y
2. fNz\; ,kakiy (rPdh kw;Wk;
Neghsk;) cah;e;j rpfuk; fNz\;
3. Xixabangma Feng (rPdh kw;Wk; Neghsk;)
cah;e;j rpfuk; Xixabangma Feng
4. Khumbu ,kakiy (rPdh kw;Wk;
Neghsk;) cah;e;j rpfuk; kTz;l;
vtnu];l;
5. fhl;kz;L njuha; (,e;jpah kw;Wk;
Neghsk;) ,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh; khepyj;jpy;
gutpAs;sJ. fsp Kjy; nl];lh tiu
– jtsfphp Nghd;wit fhzg;gLfpwJ
m];]hk; ,kakiyfs;
nl];lh Kjy; gpuk;kGj;jpuh tiu Rkhh; 460
fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu fpof;F Nkw;fhf
gutpAs;sJ. ,k; kiyapd; ngUk; gFjp
,e;jpahtpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,q;F ehJyh
kw;Wk; [Pypghyh Mfpa ,U fztha;fs;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. kpf cah;e;j ,lk; ekr;r
gh;tjk;
Nfhil thr];jyq;fs;
1. my;Nkhuh (Fkzd; kiy) –
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
2. rpuG+Q;rp (\py;yhq; kiy) – Nkfhyah
3. cjf kz;lyk; (ePyfphp) – jkpo;ehL
4. nfhilf;fhdy; - jkpo;ehL
5. ly;n`srp - ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrk;
6. nfsyp (rpk;yh) - ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrk;
7. lhh;[pypq; - Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
8. Fy;khh;f; - fh\;kPh;
9. kfhgNy];th; - kfhuh\;buh
10. mGkiy - ,uh[];jhd;
11. KNrhhp – cj;juhQ;ry;
12. uhQ;rp – [hh;fz;l;
13. \py;yhq; (fhrp kiy) - Nkfhyah
rpe;J tbepyKk; fq;if tbepyKk;
rpe;J tbepyj;jpy;> gQ;rhg; rkntsp
mike;Js;sJ. ,g;gFjpapy; fpof;Fg;
gQ;rhg;> mhpahdh Mfpa khepyq;fs;
cs;sd
fq;if tbepyj;ij Nky;fq;ifr;
rkntsp> kj;jpa fq;ifr; rkntsp>
fPo;fq;ifr; rkntsp vd %d;W
gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;
Nky; fq;ifr; rkntspapy; gP`hh;
khepyj;jpd; ngUk; gFjpAk;
Nrhl;lhefGhpg; gPlG+kpapd; rpWgFjpAk;
mlq;Fk;. fPo; fq;ifr; rkntspapy;
Nkw;F tq;fhsk; mike;Js;sJ. fq;if
tbepyk; ,e;jpahtpNyNa kpfTk;
nropg;ghdjhFk;.
gpuk;kGj;jpuh gs;sj;jhf;F
,e;jpahtpd; tlfpof;Ff; NfhapYs;s
,kakiyg; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk;
m];]hkpYs;s fhrp> fhNuh>
n[ae;jpf;fhf Fd;WfSf;Fk; ,ilapy;
gpuk;kGj;jpuh gs;sj;jhf;F mike;Js;sJ.
,g;gs;sj;jhf;F m];]hk;> Nkfhyah
Mfpa khepyq;fspy; tskhd gFjpahf
mike;Js;sJ.
,uh[Gjd Nkl;LepyKk; kj;jpa ,e;jpag;
gPlG+kpAk;
,uh[Gjd Nkl;Lepyj;jpy; ,uh[];jhd;
khepyk; mike;Js;sJ. ,jd; Nkw;Fg;
gFjpapy; jhh; ghiytdk; cs;sJ.
jPgfw;g ,e;jpah
jPgfw;g ,e;jpah xU gPlG+kpahFk;. ,jd;
Nkw;fpy; khy;th gPlG+kpAk;> njw;fpy;
jf;fhz gPlG+kpAk; fpof;fpy; Nrhlh
ehfG+hpAk; cs;sJ
tlgFjp mfd;Wk; njd;gFjp FWfpAk;
Kf;Nfhz tbtk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. gioa
fbdkhd cUkhwpa ghiwfshy; MdJ
Nkw;fpy; ,Ue;J fpof;fhf rhpe;Js;sJ.
vdNt MWfs; Nkw;Nf cw;gj;jpahfp
fpof;Nf Xb tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;
fyf;fpwJ
,J kio kiwT gpuNjrk;
eh;kij ejp jPgfw;g ,e;jpahit
khy;tha; gPlG+kp kw;Wk; jf;fhz gPlG+kp
vd;w ,U ngUk; gphptfh gphpf;fpd;wJ
khy;th gPlG+kp: kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F
gFjpNa khy;th gPlG+kpahFk;. ,J kj;jpa
gpuNjrj;jpd; Nkw;F gFjp ,uh[];jhd;
khepyj;jpd; njd; fpof;F gFjp kw;Wk; F[uhj;
khepyj;jpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpahf mike;Js;sJ.
500 kPl;lh; cauj;jpy; mike;Js;s ,g; gPlG+kp
tlf;F Nehf;fp rhpe;Js;sJ. ,jpy; khfp kw;Wk;
rhk;gy; ejpfs; gha;fpd;wJ. kpf 60 Kjy; 68
kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; gioik tha;e;j
Cretaceous fye;J ghiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
Nrhlh ehf;g+hp gPlG+kp: ,jd; ngUk; gFjp
[hh;fz;l; khepykhFk;. Xhprh> gPfhh; kw;Wk;
rl;B];fh; khepyj;jpd; vy;iyg; gFjpfs;
,g;gPlG+kpapy; mike;Js;sJ. Precambrian
fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;j ghiwfs; ,g; gPlG+kpapy;
mike;Js;sJ. jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F
,g;gPlG+kpapy; cs;sJ
jf;fhz gPlG+kp
,e;jpa fq;ifr; rkntspf;F fpof;F
gFjpapy; mike;jJ jf;fhz
gPlG+kpahFk;
njd; Nkw;F gUtfhw;why; nga;af;$ba
kioia Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfshy;
jLj;J tpLtjhy; ,q;F kio FiwT
,g;gPlG+kpapd; tlf;F gFjpapy; Nfhjhthp
kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz MWfSk; njd;
gFjpapy; fhNthp MWk; gha;fpd;wJ
eh;kij gs;sj;jhf;F njd; ,e;jpahit
,uz;L gphpthf gphpf;fpd;wJ
tl gFjp – khy;th gPlg+kp
njd;gFjp – jf;fhz gPlG+kp vd;W ngah;
jf;fhz gPlg+kp kiyfs; gpz;l kiyfs;
eh;kij> jgjp> ejpfs; gpsT
gs;sj;jhf;fpy; cs;sJ
Gtpapy; hPjpahf jf;fhz gPlG+kp 9 ngUk;
gphpthf gphpf;fyhk;
mit
1. Muty;yp kiyj;njhlh;
2. kj;jpa gPlG+kpfs;
3. tpe;jpa kiyfs;
4. rhj;G+uh kiyfs;
5. fpof;F gPlG+kp
6. fj;jpathh; kw;Wk; fl;r; tisFlh
7. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs;
8. Fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs;
9. nlf;fhd; buhg;
cyf kiyfs; jpdk;: brk;gh; 11
1. Muty;yp kiyj;njhlh;fs;: Pre
Cambrian fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;j
,e;jpahtpd; kpf goikahd kbg;G
kiyj; njhlh;fs; MFk;.
Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 300 iky;fs;
tl fpof;fpy; ,Ue;J njd; Nkw;F tiu
,uh[];jhd; topahf gutpAs;sJ
kTz;l; mG kiyapy; cs;s FUrpfhh;
,jd; cah;e;j rpfuk; MFk;
Muty;yp kiyj; njhlhpy; kpf cah;e;j
kiy cr;rp ghe;Nkhp
,uh[];jhdpd; njw;F rhptpy; M[;kPh;
efuk; mike;Js;sJ
Y}dp MW cw;gj;jpf;F fl;r;
tisFlhtpy; tbfpd;wJ
nrk;G cw;gj;jpf;F Gfo; ngw;w Nfj;jphp
efuk; Muty;yp kiyfshy;
#og;gl;Ls;sJ
,e;jpahtpd; tlNkw;F gFjpfspd; fhy
epiyia ghjpf;fpd;wJ
3. tpe;jpa kiyj;njhlh;fs;:
tpe;jpa rhj;G+u kiyfs; ,e;jpahit
tlgFjp njd;gFjp vd gphpf;fpd;wJ
tpe;jpa kiyfs; eh;kij ejp
gs;sj;jhf;fpw;F ,izahf Nkw;F
fpof;fhf nry;fpd;wJ. ,k;kiyfs;
eh;kij ejp gs;sj;jhf;fpd; gf;fr;
Rth;fNs MFk;. vdNt ,jid kiyNa
,y;iy vd;W $Wth;. ,k; kiyfs;
thuzhrpf;F mUfpy; Kbfpd;wJ
4. rhj;G+uh kiyj; njhlh;fs;:
eh;kij> jgjp ejpfSf;fpilNa rhj;G+uh
kiyj;njhlh; cs;sJ
tpe;jpa kiyf;F njw;fpy; mtw;wpw;F
,izahf nry;fpd;wJ. ,k; kiyapd;
ghiwfs; jf;fhz yhth gPlG+kp ghiw
tifiar; rhh;e;jjhFk;
jf;fhz gPlG+kpf;F tlf;Nf tpe;jpah
rhj;G+uh kiyj;njhlh;
rhj;G+uh kiyj; njhlhpd; kpf cah;e;j
rpfuk; J}g;fhh;
ntapd; fq;fh kw;Wk; thh;jh Mfpa
MWfs; rhj;g+uh kiyj; njhlhpy;
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ.
5. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs;
jgjp ejp Kfj;Jtuhj;jpy; ,Ue;J
njhlq;fp Nkw;F flw;fiuf;F ,izahf
Fkhp Kid tiu njhlh;r;rpahf tlf;F
njw;fhf Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs;
gutpAs;sJ
Kf;fpa kiyfs;
1. Mid kiy 2. Vyf;fha; kiy 3.
godp kiy 4. nfhilf;fhdy; kiy 5.
Fw;why kiy
1. Mid kiy: Nkw;F njhlh;r;rpapd;
Kf;fpakhd gphpthd ,jpy; njd;
,e;jpahtpd; cah;e;j rpfukhd Mid
Kb cs;sJ. ,J Nfushtpd; ,Lf;fp
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,g; gFjpapy;
metamorphic gneiss ,d fw;fs;
fpilf;fpd;wJ. mtw;wpy; feldspar and
quartz, porphyrite Nghd;w tiffs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. MopahW miz>
mkuhtjp miz> fhlk;ghb miz>
NrhiyahW miz> ,e;jpahtpd;
nfhs;ssT mjpfk; nfhz;l
guk;gpf;Fsk; miz Mfpait ,k;
kiyj; njhlhpy; cs;sJ. Miz
kiy> Vyf;fha; kiy kw;Wk; godp
kiy Mfpait NrUkplj;jpy;
,utpf;Fsk; Njrpa g+q;fh
mike;Js;sJ. itif ejp Miz
kiyapy; njhlq;fp tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;
fyf;fpwJ
2. godp kiy: godp kiyapy; Nfhil
thr];jykhfpa nfhilf;fhdy;
cs;sJ
Kf;fpa fztha;fs;
1. tlf;fpy; jhy;fhl;
2. tlf;fpy; Nghh;fhl;
3. njw;fpy; ghyf;fhL fztha; - Nkw;F
njhlh;r;rp kiyapy; fhzg;gLk;
,f;fztha; ,J kJiuiaAk;
nfhy;fj;jhitAk; ,izf;fpwJ.
ghyf;fhL khtl;lj;ijAk; Nfhit
khtl;lj;ijAk; ,izf;fpwJ. njd;
Nkw;F gUt fhw;wpid ,f; fztha;
jLj;J epWj;jhjjhy; Nfhit khtl;lk;
kio ngWfpd;wJ
Kf;fpa MWfs;
1. fhtphp
2. fpU\;zh
3. Nfhjhthp
njd; ,e;jpahtpd; ePz;l MW Nfhjhthp
Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfSf;F rahj;jphp
vd;w ngah; cz;L
Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs; “Ecological hot
spot” vd;W $Wth;
Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfSf;F fpof;F
njhlh;r;rp kiyfSk; xd;W NrUkplk;
ePyfphp MFk;. ePyfphpapy; N\hyh fhLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd
njhl;lngl;lh rpfuk; ,q;F cs;sJ
rptrKj;jpuk; ePh;tPo;r;rp kfhj;kh fhe;jp
ePh;tPo;r;rp Mfpait ,k;kiyj; njhlhpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
ghGjhd; Fd;Wfs; jf;fhz gPlG+kp
gFjpfspy; cs;sJ
,k;kiyapd; kNfe;jpufphp ,uz;lhtJ
caukhd rpfuk;
8. fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs;
khfejp cld; njhlq;fp ePyfphp kiy
tiu gutpAs;sJ. xhprh khepyj;jpy;
,Ue;J Me;jpu khepyk; tiu fpof;F
flw;fiuia xl;b nry;fpd;wJ
,it jdpf; Fd;Wfshf fhzg;gLk;
1. efhp Fd;Wfs; 2. jpUg;gjp kiyfs; 3.
[t;thJ Fd;Wfs; 4. Nrh;tuhad; kiy
5. nfhy;yp kiy 6. gr;ir kiy
rpe;J – fq;ifr; rkntspfs;
,r;rkntspfs; ,kakiyj;
njhlh;fSf;Fk; tpe;jpa
kiyfSf;Fkpilapy; mike;Js;sd
mugpf; flYf;Fk; tq;fhs tphpFlhf;
flYf;Fk; ,ilapy; mike;js;s
,g;gue;j rkntsp gpiwr;re;jpu tbtpy;
tlf;F Nehf;fp tise;J mike;js;sJ
,r;rkntspapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 2>400 fp. kP
Mfyk; 300 fp. kP
,r;rkntspapd; gug;Gr; Rkhh; 4>00>000
r.fp.kP
,J cyfpNyNa kpf nghpa
rkntspahFk;
Nkl;L epyq;fspy; gioa tz;ly; ghq;fh;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
jho;epyg;gFjpfspy; Gjpa tz;ly; fhjh;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
flw;fiur; rkntspfs;
jPgfw;g ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F fpof;Fg;
gFjpfspy; flw;fiur; rkntspfs;
cs;sd
flw;fiufs; cil glhky; Neuhf
,Uf;fpd;wd
flypd; Mok; FiwT> vdNt ,aw;ifj;
JiwKfq;fs; mjpfkhf ,y;iy
Nkw;Ff; flw;fiur; rkntsp
,J mugpf; flYf;Fk;> Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp
kiyfSf;Fkpilapy; fhk;NgapypUe;J
fd;dpahFkhp tiuapy; mike;Js;sJ.
Nkw;F flw;fiur; rkntspfis %d;W
gFjpfshf gphpf;fyhk;
1. tlf;fpYs;s nfhq;fd; gFjp
2. kj;jpapYs;s fduh gFjp
3. njw;fpYs;s Nfusg; (kyghh;) gFjpfs;
flw;fiuNahukhfg; gy cg;gq;fopfs;
cs;sd. mit fhay;fs; vdg;gLk;.
,it Nfushtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; Nkw;Fr;
rhptpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; MWfs;
,r;rkntspapy; gha;fpd;wd. mtw;wpd;
ePsk; FiwT. Mdhy; Ntfk; kpFjp.
vdNt gy ,lq;fspy; ePhpkpd; rf;jp
epiyaq;fs; cs;sJ
fpof;F flw;fiur; rkntsp
,J fpof;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfSf;Fk;>
tq;fhs tphpFlhf; flYf;Fkpilapy;
fq;if Mw;wpd; Kfj;Jthuj;jpy; ,Ue;J
fd;dpahFkhp tiu gutpAs;sJ. ,J
Nkw;Ff; flw;fiur; rkntspia tpl
mfykhdJ
fpof;F flw;fiur; rkntspia %d;W
gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;
1. jkpo;ehl;Lf; flw;fiur; rkntsp fhtphp
nly;lh
2. Me;jpuf; flw;fiur; rkntsp fpU\;zh
Nfhjhthp
3. cj;fy; flw;fiur; rkntsp kfhejp
nly;lh
nrd;id Kjy; Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; tiu
cs;s flw;fiuia Pyan Gnat vd;gh;.
njw;Fg; gFjp Nrhokz;ly flw;fiu
,e;jpahtpd; nghpa ePsKs;s flw;fiu –
nrd;id flw;fiu
,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa flw;fiufs;:
Lawsons Bay Beach – Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
Rishikonda Beach – Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
Anjuna Beach – Nfhth
Calangute Beach – Nfhth
Colva Beach – Nfhth
Dona Paula Beach – Nfhth
Miramar Beach – Nfhth
Palolem beach – Nfhth
Sinquerim Beach – Nfhth
Vagator Beach – Nfhth
Arambol Beanch – Nfhth
Agonda Beach – Nfhth
Mandri Beach – F[uhj;
Gopnath Beanch – F[uhj;
Devbath Beach – F[uhj;
Kanwar Beach – F[uhj;
Marwanthe Beach – fh;ehlfk;
Malpe Beach – fh;ehlfk;
Kapped Beach – Nfush
Kovalam Beach – Nfush
Jhu Beach – kfhuh\;buh
Puri Beach – xhprh
Marine Beach – jkpo;ehL
Elliot Beach – jkpo;ehL
Digha Beach – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
Shankarput Beach – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
Junpet Beach – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
Bakkhali Beach – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
Sagardwip Beach – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
jhh; ghiytdk;
gQ;rhg;gpw;F njd;gFjpapYk; rpe;J -
fq;if rkntspf;F Nkw;Fg; gFjpapYk;
Vwf;Fiwa uh[];jhdpd; KO gFjpapYk;
gutp Muty;yp kiyf; Fd;Wfs; tiu
gutpAs;sJ
gPlG+kpfs;
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Kf;fpa gPlG+kpfs;
1. khy;th gPlg+kp 2. Nrhlhehf;G+h; gPlG+kp
3. jf;fhz gPlG+kp 4. ik#h; gPlG+kp
,e;jpaj; jPTfs;
,e;jpahtpy; nkhj;jk; 247 jPTfs;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
209 jPTfs; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; cs;sJ
vQ;rpa jPTfs; mugpf; flypy; cs;sJ
tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; cs;s jPTfs;
me;jkhd; epNfhghh; jPTfs; tq;fhs
tphpFlhtpy; mike;js;sJ
gj;J bfphp fztha; me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh;
jPTfis gphpf;fpd;wJ
,e;jpah ,yq;iff;F eLNt ghk;gd;
jPTfs; cs;sJ
,e;jpahtpd; njd; Kidahd ,e;jpuh
Kid nghpa epNfhghhpy; cs;sJ
nrapd;l; [hh;[; fztha; rpwpa
epNfhgiuAk; nghpa epNfhgiuAk;
gphpf;fpd;wJ
jD\;NfhbiaAk; jiy kd;dhiuAk;
Mlk; ghyk; gphpf;fpd;wJ
ahidf; fztha; ,yq;ifapy; cs;sJ
Sombreto fztha; tpl;by; epNfhghiuAk;
fr;rj;jPitAk; gphpf;fpd;wJ
ghk;gd; jPT ,e;jpah - ,yq;if
(,uhkehjGuk;) eLtpy; cs;sJ
ghk;gd; jPTfspy; fpof;F gFjpapy;
jD\;Nfhb cs;sJ
Nghh;l; gpNsah; - njw;F me;jkhdpy;
cs;sJ
me;jkhd; jPtpd; nghpa jPT: eL
me;jkhd;
me;jkhdpd; rpwpa jPT: Nuh]; jPT
epNfhhgh; jPtpd; nghpa jPT: nghpa
epNfhghh;
epNfhghh; jPtpd; rpwpa jPT: gpNyhkpNyh
jPT
ghud; jPT:
ghud; kw;Wk; ehh;nflhk; jPTfspy;
(Barren and Narcodam) vhpkiy cz;L
me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfspy; cs;s
cah;e;j rpfuk; - Saddle Peak (732 kPl;lh;)
epNfhghpy; kpf cah;e;j rpfuk; Jypah;
kiy (672 kPl;lh;)
mugpf; flypy; cs;s jPTfs;
mugpf; flypy; ,yl;rj;jPTfs;> kpdpfha;>
fz;Z}h; vd 27 gtoj; jPTfs; cs;sJ
,yl;rj;jPtpd; gug;G 32 fp. kP
vl;L bfphp fztha; kpdpf;fha; jPtpy;
cs;sJ
mugpf; flypy;; fhzg;gLk; jPtpy; gtog;
ghiwfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ
fl;r; tisFlhtpy; cs;s kf;fpa jPTfs;
1. fhjPh; 2. ghr;rk; 3. gPyh
MWfs;
,e;jpa MWfis %d;W tbfhy;fshf
gphpf;fyhk;
mit
1. tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; fyf;Fk;
MWfs;
2. mugpf; flypy; fyf;Fk; MWfs;
3. cs; ehl;L MWfs;
1. tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; fyf;Fk;
MWfs;
1. gpuk;kGj;jpuh kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz
MWfs;
2. fq;if kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz
MWfs;
3. Nkw;F tq;fhs MWfs;
4. kfhejp MWfs;
5. Nfhjhthp MWfs;
6. fpU\;zh MWfs;
7. Me;jpug; gpuNjr MWfs;
8. ngd;dhh; MWfs;
9. fhNthp MWfs;
10. jkpo;ehL flw;fiu MWfs;
1. gpuk;kGj;jpuh
,J ifyha kiy – khdrNuhth;
vd;w ,lj;jpy; Chemayungdung vd;w
gdp Mw;wpy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. ,j;d
Jiz ejpfs; - jprha;Ngh> jprhq;>
b];lh> Njhrh
,J jprhq;nfh vd;w ngaUld; jpngj;
topahf fpof;F Nehf;fp gha;e;J gpd;
gpuk;kGj;jpuh vd;w ngaUld; mrhk;
khepyj;jpy; gha;e;J gpd; fq;if
ejpapd; fpis ejpahd gj;khTld;
Nrh;e;J tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;
fyf;fpd;wJ
2. fq;if
National River
Conservation Plan – 1995
Central Ganga Authority -
1995
,J ,kakiyapd; fq;Nfhj;jphp
(Alaknanda) vd;w ,lj;jpy; Njhd;WfpwJ.
,jid ,uz;lhf gphpf;fyhk;.
1. ghfPujp 2. igutp
myf;ee;jhTk; ghfPujpAk; NrUkplk;
Njtgpuahf; vdg;gLk;
ghfPujpapd; Jiz ejpfs;: aKid>
Nfhkjp> uhk;> fq;fh> rhujh> Nfhfpuh>
fz;lfp> Nfhrp> rk;gy;> Nrhd;
igutpapd; Jiz ejpfs;: fk;yh> jhNkhjh;
,J cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; topahf gha;e;J
tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpd;wJ
aKid – aKNdhj;jphp vd;w ,lj;jpy;
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. myfhghj; rq;fkj;jpy;
fq;ifAld; ,izfpd;wJ
Nfhkjp – gpspgpl; mUfpy;
cw;gj;jpahfpwJ ,j;d fpis> ejp – rha;
ruA> gh;kh
uhk; - fq;fh – iedplhy; mUfpy;
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ ,jd; fpis ejpfs; -
jpNahfh> Nfh];> fq;fd;
fhq;uh - ,jd; fpis ejp – rhujh
kw;Wk; uhg;jp
fz;lfp – jpngj; mUfpy;
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. ,juid ehuhazp
vd;W miog;ghh;
jhNkhjh; - NrhlhehfGhp mUfpy; - Njhhp
vd;w ,lj;jpy; Njhd;WfpwJ. ,J P̀f;sp
ejpAld; fyf;fpwJ
fq;if ejp rkntspapy; Kjypy; rpthypf;
kiyapd; mbthuj;jpy; `hpj;Jthhpy;
Eiofpd;wJ
3. Rth;z Nufh: ,jd; Jiz MW fhuif
,J [hh;fz;l khepyj;jpy; Nrhl;lh
ehfGhp gPlG+kpapy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.
Nkw;F tq;fhsk; topahf gha;e;J xhprh
khepyj;jpy; cs;s jhy;rhhp vd;w
,lj;jpy; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;
fyf;fpd;wJ. ,jpy; cs;s ePh;tPo;r;rp
Hudru falls vdg;gLk;
4. kfhejp
fpof;fpe;jpa ejpfspy; xd;whd ,J
kj;jpa ,e;jpahthd kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy;
rhj;G+uh kiyj; njhlhpy; g];jhh;
Fd;Wfspy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. xhprhtpy;
gha;e;J tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpd;wJ.
rl;b];fh; rkntsp ,e;j MW gha;tjhy;
Vw;gLk; rkntsp MFk;
,e;ejp ghAk; khepyq;fs; rl;B];fh;>
xhprh> [hh;fz;l; kw;Wk; kfhuh\;buh
MFk;
,e; ejpapd; kPJ `puhFl; miz
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
5. Nfhjhthp
,J tpUj;j (gioa) fq;fh my;yJ
jl;rpz (njw;F) fq;fh vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ
,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;lhtJ nghpa ejp vd;W
$Wth;
jf;fhz gPlg+kp> ehrpf; mUfpy; -
jphpak;gf; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Njhd;WfpwJ.
Mdhy; njd; fpof;fhf kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;.
fh;ehlfh> xhprh kw;Wk; Me;jpu gpuNjrk;
Mfpatw;wpd; topahf gha;e;J tq;fhs
tphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpd;wJ
Jiz MWfs; - ngz; fq;fh> ntapd;
fq;fhth;jh> kQ;rpuh> ,e;jpuhtjp> rghp>
th;jh kw;Wk; gpe;J rhuh Mfpait MFk;
,e;ejpapd; fiuapy; ehrpf;> jphpak;gf;>
gj;uhryk; Mfpa Gdpj efuq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd
ehrpf;> mTuq;fhghj;> ehf;G+h;> eprhk;ghj;>
uh[hKe;jphp kw;Wk; ghyfhl; Mfpait
cs;sJ
njd; ,e;jpa ejpfspy; mjpf khepyq;fs;
,e;j ejp ePiu gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd
njd; ,e;jpa ejpfspy; kpfTk; ePskhdJ
,jd; ePsk; - 1560 fpkP
khfp
khfp – cja;G+h; khtl;lj;jpy;
Njhd;WfpwJ
6. fpU\;zh
ghAk; khepyq;fs; - kfhuh\;buk;>
fh;ehlfk;> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapy;
kfhgNy];tuj;jpw;F mUfpy; Njhd;WfpwJ
Jiz MWfs; - Jq;fgj;jpuh> gPkh
Ntzp> fl;lgpugh> kyg;gpugh> nfha;dh>
jz;b kw;Wk; %rp
ePsk; - 1300 fp.kP
Me;jpu gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s `k;ryhNjtp
vd;w ,lj;jpy; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;
fyf;fpd;wJ
Jq;fgj;jpuh:
fh;ehlfhtpd; Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapy;
Jq;f kw;Wk; gj;jpuh vd ,U ejpfshf
Njhd;Wk; ,e; ejpfs; fh;ehlfh kw;Wk;
Me;jpu gpuNjrj;jpd; topahf gha;e;J
fpU\;zh ejpAld; fyf;fpd;wJ. ,e;
ejpf;fiuapd; kPJ tp]a efu NguuR
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ
7. ngz;zhW:
fh;ehlfhtpd; Nfhyhh; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s
ee;jp Jh;f;fj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. Me;jpu
gpuNjrj;jpy; gha;e;J tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;
fyf;fpd;wJ
8. fhNthp
Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy gpuk;k fph; kiy
thpirapy; FlF kiy – nkh;f;fhuh –
jiyf; fhtphpapy; Njhd;WfpwJ
Jiz MWfs; - gthdp> neha;ay;>
mkuhtjp> jpUkzpKj;jhW> fgpdp>
N`khtjp> rpk;rh> Nyhfghzp kw;Wk;
,yl;Rkzd; jPh;j;jk; Mfpait MFk;
ghAk; khepyq;fs; - fh;ehlfk;> jkpo;ehL>
ghz;br;Nrhp> ,J tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;
fyf;fpd;wJ
,jd; ePsk; - 800 fp. kP
njd; Nkw;Fg; gUtfhykhd [Pd; Kjy;
nrg;lk;gh; tiu fhtphpapy;
nts;sg;ngUf;F mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
fhtphpapd; FWf;Nf fh;ehlf khepyj;jpy;
fz;zk;ghb vd;Dkplj;jpy;
fpU\;zuh[rhfh; vd;w mizAk;> Nryk;
khtl;lj;jpy; Nkl;^hpy; ];lhd;yp
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; rptrKj;jpuk;
kw;Wk; xNfdf;fy; Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
ePh;tPo;r;rpfs; cs;sd
gthdp> neha;ay;> mkuhtjp>
jpUkzpKj;jhW Mfpad fhtphpapd;
Jiz MWfs; MFk;. gthdp vd;Dk;
,lj;jpy; gthdp ejp fhtphpAld;
fyf;fpwJ. jpUr;rpf;F rpwpJ Nkw;fpy;
fhtphp ,uz;lhfg; gphpe;J mit
nfhs;splk;> fhtphp vd;w ngaUld;
gha;fpd;wd. nfhs;splk; Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf
Nkyiz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tpU
MWfSk; jpUr;rpf;F fpof;Nf ,ize;J
=uq;fj;jPitj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.
fhtphpapd; FWf;Nf fhpfhy; Nrhodhy;
fl;lg;gl;l Gfo;tha;e;j fy;yiz
cs;sJ. ,q;Ff; fhtphp MW nfhs;splk;
fhtphp> ntd;dhW vd %d;W
fpisfshfg; gphpfpd;wJ. jQ;rhT+h;
khtl;lkhf khw;wpAs;sJ. fhtphpahW
rhpj;jpug; Gfo; ngw;w G+k;Gfh;
vd;Dkplj;jpy; tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;
fyf;fpwJ.
Nkl;^h;
Nryk; khtl;lk; fhNthp Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf
Nkl;^hpy; fl;lg;gl;l mizapypUe;J
kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ
itif – Vyf;fha; kiyapy; Njhd;wp
kd;dhh; tisFlhtpy; gha;fpd;wJ. ,jd;
FWf;Nf fk;gd; miz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
jhkpuguzp
mfj;jpa kiyapy; Njhd;wp kd;dhh;
tisFlhtpy; fyf;fpwJ
kzpKj;jhW kw;Wk; rpw;whW ,jd; Jiz
MWfs; MFk;
,jw;F Kw;fhyj;jpy; nghUie ejp vd;W
ngah;
Ghgehrk;> rpw;whW kw;Wk; Fw;whyk; Mfpa
,lq;fspy; ePh;tPo;r;rpia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ
Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyapy; Njhd;wp
mugpf; flypy; fyf;Fk; rpy Kf;fpa
MWfs; - nghpahW> \uhtjp>
Nej;jpuhtjp> nghd;dhdp> MspahW
ghyhW
fh;ehlhf khepyj;jpy; cs;s ee;jp
kiyapy; Njhd;wp fh;ehlfk;>
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; topahfg; gha;e;J
rJuq;fg;gl;bdj;jpw;F mUfpy; tq;fhs
tphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpwJ. nra;ahW>
Ntftjp vd;gd ,jd; JizahWfs;
MFk;
itif
Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapy; cs;s
nghpahh; gPlG+kpapy; itif ejp
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. itif ejpf; fiuapd;
Nky; kJiu efuk; cs;sJ. ,jdhy;
fk;gk; gs;sj;jhf;F tskile;Js;sJ.
,jd; JizahWfs; RUspahW>
kQ;rshW> Ky;iyahW kw;Wk; tuhf
ejpahFk;. Nfush muR Ky;iy nghpahW
gpur;rpidahy; itif ejpapy; ePh;
,Ug;gjpy;iy. itif mizf;fl;L NjdP
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,uhkehjGuj;jpy;
cs;s ghf; ryre;jpapy; tq;fhs
tphpFlhtpy; itif fyf;fpd;wJ. Ky;iy
nghpahW mizia fl;bath; [hd;
ngd;dp Fapf; kw;Wk; gpujhdp Kj;jpUg;g
gps;is Mthh;
njd;ngz;iz
fh;ehlf khepyj;jpy; cs;s nrd;dNfrt
kiyapy; Njhd;wp> jkpo;ehl;bw;Fs;
gha;fpwJ. flY}h; mUNf tq;fhs
tphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpwJ. jUkGhp
khtl;lj;jpy; fpU\;zfphp vd;Dkplj;jpYk;>
jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lj;jpy; rhj;jD}h;
vd;Dkplj;jpYk; ,e;j Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf
,U mizfs; fl;lg;glbUf;fpd;wd.
fpof;F Nehf;fp – tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy;
fyf;Fk; ejpfs;
1. rghp 2. Jq;fgj;jpuh 3. Tlngz;iz
2. mugpf; flypy; fyf;Fk; MWfs;
1. Nfus flw;fiu MWfs;
2. fh;ehlf flw;fiu MWfs;
3. Nfhth flw;fiu MWfs;
4. kfhuh\;buh flw;fiu MWfs;
5. jgjp MWfs;
6. eh;kjh MWfs;
7. khfp MWfs;
8. rgh;kjp MWfs;
9. rpe;J MWfs;
1. Nfus flw;fiu MWfs;
nghpahW Nfushtpd; caph; ehb MW
MFk;. Nfushtpd; kpfg; nghpa MW
,JNt MFk;. ,t;thw;wpd; FWf;Nf
,Lf;fp miz fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
2. fh;ehlf flw;fiu MWfs;
Nej;uhtjp MW rpf;;kq;fSh; khtl;lk;
fq;f%yh vd;w ,lj;jpy;
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. kq;fSh; efUf;F
FbePh; toq;Fk; MW ,JNt MFk;
\uhtjp MW \pNkhfh khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;s mk;GjPh;j;jk; vd;w ,lj;jpy;
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. ,uhkh; rPijia
kzf;f mk;gpid cilj;j ,lk;
vdg;gLfpwJ. Gfo;ngw;w N[hf; ePh;tPo;r;rp
,t;thw;wpy; cUthfpAs;sJ
2. Nfhth flw;fiu MWfs;
[Pfhhp MW Nfhthtpd; kpfg; nghap
MwhFk;. ,jd; Kfj;Jthuj;jpy;
th];Nfhlh fhkh JiwKf efuk;
cs;sJ
kz;Nlhtp MW
4. kfhuh\;buh flw;fiu MWfs;
5. jgjp MWfs;
kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; ghAk; Kf;fpa
MWfspy; jgjpAk; xd;whFk;. kj;jpa
gpuNjrj;jpd; njw;F gFjpapy; rhj;G+uh
kfhNjt; Fd;Wfspy; Njhd;wp rhj;G+uh
kiyfSf;Fj; njw;fpy; Nkw;F Nehf;fpg;
gha;e;J (kj;jpa gpuNjrk; - kfhuh];buh
– F[uhj;) topahf fhk;Ng
tisFlhtpy; fyf;fpd;wJ
,e;ejpapd; njw;F gFjpapy; F[uhj;
kw;Wk; kfuh\;buh vy;iyg; gFjpapy;
Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy my;yJ
rahj;jphpj; njhlh; njhlq;FfpwJ
kfhuh\;buhtpd; tpjhh;gh khtl;lk; ,e;
ejpahy; nghpJk; gad;ngWfpd;wJ
,e;ejpapd; Kfj;Jthuj;jpy; #uj; efuk;
mike;Js;sJ
Y}dp – Muty;ypkiyj; njhlhpy;
m[;kPh; mUNf Njhd;WfpwJ
6. eh;kjh MWfs;
kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; ikf;fhy; kiyj;
njhlhpy; mkh;fz;lf; vd;w ,lj;jpy;
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. tpe;jpa rhj;G+uh
kiyfSf;fpilapy; Nkw;F Nehf;fpg;
gha;e;J mugpf; flypYs;s fhk;Ng
tisFlhtpy; fyf;fpd;wJ
eh;kjh ejpf; nfhg;giu 98>796 rJu
fpNyh kPl;lh; tiu gutpAs;sJ. ,J
,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;jg; gug;gpy; 3 rjtPjk;
MFk;. ,g;gFjp kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;>
F[uhj; kw;Wk; kfhuh\;buh Mfpa
gFjpfis cs;slf;fpaJ
7. khfp MWfs;
khfp MW Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyj;
njhlhpy; kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy;
cw;gj;jpahfp ,uh[];jhd; topahf
F[uhj; khepyj;jpy; fhk;Ng tisFlh
topahf mugpf; flypy; fyf;fpd;wJ
Nfhkjp MW ,uh[];jhd; khepyj;jpy;
cjaG+h; khtl;lj;jpy;
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ
8. rgh;kjp MWfs;
rgh;kjp MW ,uh[];jhd; khepyj;jpy;
cjaG+h; khtl;lj;jpy; Muty;yp
kiyj;njhlhpy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ.
F[uhj; khepyj;jpy; fhk;Ng tisFlh
topahf mugpf; flypy; fyf;fpd;wJ.
mfkjhghj; kw;Wk; fhe;jpefh; ,jd;
fiuapy; mike;Js;J. fhe;jpabfspd;
rgh;kjp Mrpukk; ,jd; fiuapy;
cs;sJ
9. rpe;J MWfs;
,J ifyha kiyapy; khdrNuhth;
vd;Dkplj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. ,jd;
tyJGw Jiz ejpfs; - fpy;fpl;> fhG+y;>
];thl;> gQ;r;Nfhuh> Fzhh;> Fh;uk;
,jd; ,lJGw Jiz ejpfs; - rPyk;>
rPdhg;> uhtp> gpah];> rl;ny[;
gpw Jiz MWfs; - rpfhh;> m];lhh;>
[hd;[;fh;> jpuh];> i\Nahf;> ];fhh;L
Mfpait MFk;
,J fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpy; gha;fpd;wJ
,J fuhr;rp mUNf mugpf; flypy;
fyf;fpd;wJ
,J ,e;jpahtpd; nghpa ejp
,jd; ePsk; - 2900 fp.kP
,jpy; 709 fp. kP. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ.
rPyk;
fh\;kPh; gs;sj;jhf;fpy; Verinag vd;w
,lj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ
,e;jpah ghfp];jhdpd; vy;iyfahFk;
rPdhg; - yh$y; vd;Dkplj;jpy;
Njhd;WfpwJ. rPdhg; tyJ Gwj;jpy;
rPyj;ijAk; ,lJ Gwj;jpy; uhtpiaAk;
,izj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ
uhtp - ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrk; FYtpy;
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. ,J rl;ny[; cld;
,izfpd;wJ. rPdhg; kw;wk; rl;ny[;
ghQ;ehl; (Panjnad) vd;w ngahpy;
,izfpwJ. gpd; mit ghfp];jhdpy;
cs;s kpjhd;Nfhl; vd;w ,lj;jpy;
rpe;Jtpy; ,izfpwJ. ,t;thW 5 ejpfs;
ghAk; gpuNjrk; vd;gjhy; gQ;rhg; vd
ngah; ngw;wJ (Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;)
Nkw;F Nehf;fp ghAk; ejpfs;
ejpfs; Jiz ejpfs;
1. eh;kij – jhth> xh;rhq;> G\;Neh;>
ghq;jh;> `puh> jpNah – fq;fh
2. jgjp – ghhp> yh$h;> G+h;zh> ghQ;ruh
3. rgh;kjp thl;uhf; - `hjpkjp> `hh;et;>
nra;> thFy;
4. mkuhtjp
5. Y}dp
,e;ejpfs; Nkw;F Nehf;fp gha Gtpapd;
Fault Line mikg;Ng fhuzk; MFk;.
\uhtjp
fh;ehlf khepyj;jpy; \pNkhfh
khtl;lj;jpy; \uhtjp Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf
,J mike;Js;sJ. ,J kfhj;kh fhe;jp
ePh; kpd;rf;jp jpl;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;
jkpofj;jpd; Kf;fpa MWfs;
neha;ay; fhtphpapd; JizahW –
Nfhitapd; gy;ylk; kw;Wk; <NuhL
khtl;lj;jpd; jhuhGuk; Mfpait gad;
ngWfpwJ
nra;ahW Nfhyhh; khtl;lj;jpy;
cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. ,J fhtphpapd;
JizahW MFk;. jpUtz;zhkiy
khtl;lj;jpy; ,J nrq;fk; topahf
nry;fpwJ
fhtphpapd; JizahW mkuhtjp
Nfuhspty; cs;s m[e;jh gs;sj;jhf;fpy;
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. f&h; mUNf
fhtphpapy; fyf;fpd;wJ. cLkiyg;Ngl;il
,jd; fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ
nrd;idapy; cs;s milahW
nrk;guk;ghf;fk; Vhpapd; mUNf
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ
gthdp MW Nfushtpd; mikjp
gs;sj;jhf;fpy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ.
NkhahWTld; fye;J rj;jpakq;fyj;jpd;
topahf gthdp vd;Dkplj;jpy;
fhNthpAld; fyf;fpd;wJ. ,t;thWfs;
fyf;Fkplj;jpy; rq;fNk];thp Nfhtpy;
cs;sJ. ,jd; JizahWfs; rpWthzp
kw;Wk; Fe;jh MFk;
njYq;F fq;ifj; jpl;lk;
nrd;id efUf;F FbePh; fpU\;zh
ejpapy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L tUk; jpl;lk;
gad; ngWk; khepyq;fs; -
Me;jpugpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL
tl ,e;jpah kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpa ejpfis
,izf;Fk; jpl;lj;jpw;F Garland Canal
Project vd;W ngah;
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rpy Kf;fpa gy;Nehf;F
jpl;lq;fs;
gy;Nehf;F jpl;lq;fs; Fwpf;Nfhs;
1. ghrd trjp
2. nts;sg;ngUf;F fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
3. ePh;kpd; rf;jp cw;gj;jp nra;jy;
4. FbePh; trjp
5. Rw;Wyh trjp
6. kpd; cw;gj;jp
7. kz; mhpkhdk;
8. ePh; topg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
gy;Nehf;Fj; jpl;lq;fs; ghjpg;Gfs;
1. fhLfs; ngUk; mstpy; mof;fg;gLjy;
2. ,aw;if ,lh;ghLfshd G+fk;gk;
Nghd;wit Njhd;w fhuzkhf ,Uj;jy;
3. ePhpd; cg;Gj;jd;ik mjpfhpj;jy;
eh;kjh mizj;jpl;lj;ij vjph;j;J Nkjh
gNjfhpd; ,af;fk; eh;kjh gr;rh
me;Njhyd;
fhLfis mopg;gij vjph;j;J
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ rpg;Nfh ,af;fk;.
Re;jh;yhy; gFFzh Jtf;fpdhh;
kioePh; Nrfhpg;G my;yJ nuapd; thl;lh;
`hh;t];bq; vdg;gLtJ kioePh;
tPzhtij jLf;Fk; jpl;lkhFk;.
nkhl;ilkhb Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; cs;s
kioePiu Foha; %yk; G+kpf;F nfhz;L
nrd;W epyj;jb ePh; kl;lj;ij
cah;j;JjNy kioePh; Nrfhpg;G MFk;
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ePh;kpd; jpl;lk; -
rptrKj;jpu jpl;lk;
gy;Nehf;F jpl;lq;fs;
jpl;lk; ejp
jhNkhjh; jhNkhjh;
,e;jpuhfhe;jp gpah];
Jq;fgj;jpuh fpU\;zh
rh;jhh; rNuhth; eh;kjh
uhzh gpujhg; rhfh; rk;gy;
eh;kjh eh;kjh
gj;uh gj;uh
ehj;gh [fhhp
gf;uh eq;fy; rl;ny[;
rhk;gy; rhk;gy;
ghuf;fh kfhejp
`puhFl; kfhejp
Njapd; uhtp
Cf;if jgjp
mh;[Pdh fpU\;zh
rpdy; nrdhg;
rhujh rahf; fhf;uh
n[aftb Nfhjhthp ([g;ghd; cjtp)
Jq;fgj;jpuh – fh;ehlfh kw;Wk; Me;jpu
gpuNjrk;
jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;Fj; jpl;lk;
gad;ngWk; khepyk; - Nkw;F tq;fk;
kw;Wk; gPfhh;
mnkhpf;fhtpd; nld;rpy; gs;sj;jhf;fpy;
fl;lg;gl;l gy;Nehf;F jpl;lk; Nghd;wJ
,j;jpl;lk; MFk;
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gy;Nehf;Fj;
jpl;lk; ,JNt MFk;
,j; jpl;lk; 7.7.1948 md;W Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
1953 jpiyah – jhNkhjh; ejpapd;
JizahW ghuhf;fh; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ
1955y; Nfhdhh; - jhNkhjh; ejpapd;
JizahW Nfhhdh; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ
1957y; ikjhd; – jhNkhjh; ejpapd;
JizahW ghuhf;fh; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ
1959y; gQ;rpl; - jhNkhjh; ejpapd; kPJ
fl;lg;gl;lJ
jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;Fj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;
ikjhd;> jpiyah> gQ;rpl; kw;Wk; Nfhdhh;
,izapd; jpiyah> gQ;rpl; kw;Wk;
Nfhdhh; mizapd; %yk; kpd; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ
nghf;fhNuh> Jh;f;fhG+h;> re;jpuG+uh Mfpa
,lq;fspy; mdy; kpd; rf;jp cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ
Jh;f;fhG+h; - ejp ePh; Nghf;Ftuj;J ghrd
trjp
gf;uh eq;fy;
gad;ngWk; khepyk; - gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh>
,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; ,uh[];jhd;
,khr;ryg;gpuNjr khepyj;jpy; rl;ny[;
ejpf;F FWf;fhf fl;lg;gl;l miz gf;uh
miz MFk;. ,jd; gpd;Gwj;jpy; FU
Nfhtpe;j; rhfh; cs;sJ
Nfhtpe;j rhfh; Vhp xU nraw;if
VhpahFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; kdpjdhy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l kpfg; nghpa VhpahFk;
eq;fy; miz gf;uh mizf;F fPNo 13
fpNyh kPl;lh; njhiytpy; &g;efh; vd;w
,lj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
cyfj;jpd; caukhd (Highest
Straightway Gravity) miz – gf;uh
MFk;
`puhFl; jpl;lk;
xhp]htpy; kfhejpapy; cs;s `puhFl;
mizapy; ,j;jpl;lk; cs;sJ
cyfj;jpd; kpf ePskhd miz `puhFl;
miz
Nfhrp jpl;lk;
,e;jpa – Neghs vy;iyapy; mDkhd;
efhpy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
gad;ngWk; khepyk; - gPfhh;
Neghsk; ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; gad;ngWfpwJ
rhk;gy;
gad;ngWk; khepyq;fs; - ,uh[];jhd;
kw;Wk; kj;jpagpuNjrk;
,j;jpl;lj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l mizfs;
1. Rtfh; rhfh; miz
2. uhzh gpujhg; rhfh; miz
hpfz;l – hpfz;l miz hpfz;l MW
kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; fhy;tha;
Nfhtpe; ty;yg;ge;h; rhfh; MFk;
3. fhe;jp rhfh; miz
fq;lhf;
gad;ngWk; khepyq;fs; - gPfhh; kw;Wk;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
,j;jpl;lj;jpy; Neghsk; gad;gLfpwJ
ehfh;Rdh rhfh; jpl;lk;
gad;ngWk; khepyk; - Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
fpU\;zh ejp Nky; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
Jq;fgj;jpuh jpl;lk;
gad;ngWk; khepyq;fs; - Me;jpu gpuNjrk;
kw;Wk; fh;ehlfk;
gpah]; jpl;lk;
gad;ngWk; khepyq;fs; gQ;rhg;>
`hpahdh> uh[];jhd; kw;Wk; ,khr;ryg;
gpuNjrk;
gpah]; ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ miz
nfha;dh jpl;lk;
gad;ngWk; khepyk; - kfhuh\;buk;
epyeLf;fj;jhy; ,j;jpl;lk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ
jz;lfhuz;ah jpl;lk;
gad;ngWk; khepyq;fs; - xhprh> kj;jpa
gpuNjrk; kw;wk; Me;jpu gpuNjrk;
ghuhf;fh jpl;lk;
,e;jpah – tq;fhs Njrk; Mfpa ,U
ehLfs; gad;ngWk; jpl;lk;
Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; fq;if ejp Nky;
fl;lg;gl;l jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lj;jhy; Nkw;F tq;fhsk; kw;Wk;
gPfhh; khepyq;fs; gad; ngWfpd;wd
fy;fj;jhtpw;F FbePh; toq;Fk; jpl;lk;
ehfh;[Pdrhfh; jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lj;jpy; gad; ngWk; khepyq;fs;
Me;jpuh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh MFk;
,uhk fq;fh jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lj;jpy; gad; ngWk; khepyk;
Me;jpu gpuNjrk;
nghpahh; jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lj;jhy; gad; ngWk; khepyk;
Me;jpu gpuNjrk;
cf;fa; jpl;lk;
jgjp ejpapd; kPJ mikak; ,j;
jpl;lj;jhy; gad; ngWk; khepyk; F[uhj;
MFk;
kA+uf;\p jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lj;jhy; gad; ngWk; khepyk;
Nfush kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL MFk;
jhth jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lj;jhy; gad; ngWk; khepyk;
kfhuh\;buh MFk;
G+h;zh jpl;lk;
,j; jpl;lj;jhy; gad;ngWk; khepyk;
kfhuh\;buh MFk;
Nky; fpU\;zh jpl;lk;
,j; jpl;lj;jhy; gad;ngWk; khepyk;
fh;ehlfk; MFk;
ghj;uh jpl;lk;
,j; jpl;lj;jhy; gad; ngWk; khepyk;
fh;ehlfk; MFk;
khyhgpugh jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lj;jhy; gad;ngWk; khepyk;
fh;ehlfk; MFk;
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rpy Kf;fpa ePh; kpd;
jpl;lq;fs; kr;fz;l; jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lk; Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; xhprh
Mfpa ,U khepyq;fspd; $l;Lj; jpl;lk;
MFk;. kr;fz;l ejp FWf;Nf [yhghl
vd;w ,lj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l miz %yk;
,q;F kpd; rf;jp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ
=iryk; jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lk; Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; fpU\;zh
ejpapd; FWf;Nf ehfhh;[Pdrhfh;
mizapd; Nky; xU fy;yiz
fl;lg;gl;L mjpypUe;J kpd;rhuk;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fPo; irNyU jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lk; Me;jpuh khepyk; irNyU
ejpapd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;l miz %yk;
kpd;rhuk; jhahpf;fg;gLk; jpl;lkhFk;
,Lf;fp ePh; kpd; jpl;lk;
,j; jpl;lk; Nfush khepyk; ]hpahh;
kiyj; njhlhpy; fl;lg;gl;l miz %yk;
kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;fg;gLk; jpl;lkhFk;.
\uhtjp ePh; kpd; jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lk; fh;ehlf khepyk; \uhtjp
ejpapd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;l miz %yk;
kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;fg;gLk; jpl;lkhFk;
ghypNkhyh ePh; kpd; jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lk; Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; xhprh
Mfpa ,U khepyq;fspd; $l;Lj; jpl;lk;
MFk;
aKid ePh; kpd; jpl;lk;
,j;jpl;lk; cj;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; ghAk;
hpfz;l; kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz ejpahd
Nrhid Mfpatw;wpd; ePhpy;> ,Ue;J
kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;Fk; jpl;lkhFk;. ,J xU
fbdkhd jpl;lkhFk;.
jpl;lj;jpd; ngah; khepyk;
Nky;fPo;irNyU Me;jpuhg;gpuNjrk;
Rghpkiy Nfush
fhe;jprhf; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
nfha;dh kfhuh\;buh
Jq;fgj;jpuh fh;ehlfk;
uhzhgpujhg;rhfh; ,uh[];jhd;
nghpahW jkpo;ehL
Fe;jh jkpo;ehL
NfhijahW jkpo;ehL
guk;gpf;Fsk;> MspahW – jkpo;ehL
Nfhrp gPfhh;
fh];lhf; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
xguh cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
hpfz;l; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
rh;jhh; rNuth; F[uhj;
jy;`h];jp [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;
flk; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
n[urg;gh (rpt rKj;jpuk;) fh;ehlfk;
rhk;gy; uh[];jhd;
,e;jpahtpd; caukhd (Tallest) ePh; tPo;r;rpfs;
Kunchikal Falls – 1>496 feet – fh;ehlfh
Varahi
Barehipani Falls – 1>309 feet – xhprh
Langshian Falls – 1>107 feet –
NkfhyahNohkalikai Falls – 1>100 feet –
Nkfhyah
Nohsngithiang Falls – 1>035 feet – Nkfhyah
Dudhsagar Falls – 1,017 feet – Nfhth
Kynrem Falls – 1>000 feet – Nkfhyah
Meenmutty Falls – 984 feet – Nfush
Thalaiyar Falls – 975 feet – jkpo;ehL
116th Place in the world # 226 place in the
world ,e;jpahtpd; nghpa (Largest) ePh;
tPo;r;rpfs;
1. fhNthp my;yJ rptrKj;jpuk; ePh;tPo;r;rp –
fhNthp
2. N[hf; ePh;tPo;r;rp my;yJ n[urg;gh -
\uhtjp ejp
16 place in the world # 39 place in world
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rpy Kf;fpa mdy; kpd;
rf;jp jpl;lq;fs;
Me;jpu gpuNjrk;
1. Nfhj;jf;Flk; mdy; kpd; epiyak;
Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpd; kpd; Njirf;fhf
,j;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
2. tp[athlh mdy; kpd; epiyak;
3. rpk;khj;jphp mdy; kpd; epiyak;
mrhk;
e`h;fjpah mdy; kpd; epiyak;
m];]hk; khepyj;jpd; ehg;&g; cuj;
njhopw;rhiyf;F kpd;rhuk; mspg;gjw;fhf
cUthdJ. e`h;fjpah vz;nza; taypy;
,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; thA ,q;F vhpnghUshf
gad;gLfpwJ
gnusdp mdy; kpd; epiyak;
tlf;F gPfhh; khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf
,j;jpl;lk; 5 Mz;L jpl;lj;jpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
gj;uhJ mdy; kpd; epiyak;
gPfhh; khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitfhf;f ,j; jpl;lk;
Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
Jtuhd; (fhk;Ng) mdy; kpd; epiyak;
F[uhj; khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf
,j;jpl;lk; fhk;Ng tisFlh mUfpy;
Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
rhj;G+uh mdy; kpd; epiyak;
,uh[];jhd; kw;Wk; kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; Mfpa
,U khepyq;fspd; kpd Njitf;fhf ,j;
jpl;lk; kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
ehf;g+h; (fhu\;) mdy; kpd; epiyak;
kfhuh\;buh khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf
,j;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
jhy;rh; mdy; kpd; epiyak;
xhprh khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf ,j;jpl;lk;
Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
xg;uh mdy; kpd; epiyak;
cj;jpug;gpuNjr khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf
,j;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhd epyf;fhp
rpq;f;nusdp taypy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fpd;wJ
ghe;njy; mdy; kpd; epiyak;
Nkw;F tq;f khepyj;jpd; kpd; Njitf;fhf
,j;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
[hh;fz;l;
1. Tenughat Thermal Power Station
2. Patratu Thermal Power Station
3. Damodar Valley Corporation
fh;ehlfh
1. ngy;yhhp mdy; kpd;epiyak;
jpl;lj;jpd; ngah; khepyk;
nghfhNuh gPfhh;
re;jpuGuh gPfhh;
nfhh;gh kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
rhj;G+uh kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
buhk;Ng kfhuh\;buk;
ehrpf; kfhuh\;buk;
nea;Ntyp jkpo;ehL
vz;Z}h; jkpo;ehL
`h; JtfQ;r; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
[.gp. ];Nl\d; by;yp
cNrd;rfhh; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
mdy; kpd; rf;jpahy; mjpf gad;ngWk;
khepyk; Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
mZ kpd; rf;jp epiyaq;fs;
,e;jpa mZkpd; epiyaq;fs; ,e;jpa
mZ rf;jp Jiwapd; fPo; ,aq;Fk;
epA+f;fpspah; gth; fhh;g;gNu\d; fPo;
,aq;Ffpd;wJ
jhuhg;g+h;: ,J kfhuh\;buh khepyj;jpy;
cs;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; gioikahd
kw;Wk; nghpa mZ kpd; epiyak; ,JNt
MFk;. ,j;jpl;lk; mnkhpf;f cjtpAld;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
,uhthgl;lh: ,J ,uh[];jhd;
khepyj;jpd; Nfhl;lh mUfpy;
mike;Js;sJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpd;
,uz;lhtJ jpl;lkhFk;. ,j;jpl;lj;jpw;F
]pzP]PzP wpr\PzPkPzP[P \pzPhPzPr\P
vd;W ngah;. fdlh ehl;L cjtpAld;
,j;jpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa
mZFz;L Nrhjidahy; fdlh cjtp
nra;a kWj;Jtpl;lJ
fy;ghf;fk;: ,J jkpofj;jpy; fhQ;rpGuk;
khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,jw;F
,e;jpuh fhe;jp epA+f;fpspah; gth;
];Nl\d; vd;W ngah;. ,J ,e;jpahtpd;
%d;wthJ jpl;lkhFk;. ,q;F
GSNlhdpak; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpah RakhfNt ,jid fl;baJ
eNuhuh - ,J cj;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy;
mike;Js;sJ
iffh - ,J fh;ehlfh khepyj;jpy;
mike;Js;sJ
Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (CAPE)
fhf;ughuh - ,J F[uhj; khepyj;jpy;
#uj; mUfpy; mike;Js;sJ
$lq;Fsk; - ,J jkpofj;jpy;
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy;
mike;Js;sJ. ,J ,u\;ahtpd;
cjtpAld; mike;Js;sJ
Research Reactors
Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) –
buhk;Ng
Apsara Research Reactor - ,e;jpahtpd;
gioikahd mZ ciy. ,q;fpyhe;J
cjtpAld; buhk;Ng – Kk;igapy;
fl;lg;gl;lJ
Canadian – India Research U S (CIRUS) –
buhk;Ng Dhurva Research Reactor Largest
Research - buhk;Ng
Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBRT) –
fy;ghf;fk;
Kalpakkam Mini Reactor (KAMINI) –
fy;ghf;fk;
Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) –
fy;ghf;fk;
Purnima I – II – III (Plutonium Reactor for
Neutornic Investigation in Multiplying
Assemblies) – buhk;Ng
Zerlina (Zero Energy Reactor for Lattice
Investigations and New Assemblies) –
buhk;Ng Kk;ig
fdePh; ciyfs;
gNuhlh fdePh; ciy
`rhhpah fdePh; ciy
Nfhl;lh fdePh; ciy
khdFU fdePh; ciy
eq;fy; fdePh; ciy
jhy;rh; fdePh; ciy
jhy; fdePh; ciy
J}j;Jf;Fb fdePh; ciy
,e;jpah mZ rf;jp %yk; 3160 nkfh
thl; kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ
10 Mz;Lfs; fopj;J ,e;jpahtpw;F
Njitg;gLk; kpd;rhuj;jpd; msT 300>000
nkfhthl; MFk;
fhw;whiy:
jkpo;ehl;by; fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;s Muy;tha; nkhop kw;Wk; Kg;ge;jy;
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fhw;whiy %yk;
kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpah
[Piy 2008 md;W 8>696 nkfhthl;
kpd;rhuj;ij fhw;W rf;jp %yk;
jahhpf;fpd;wJ. ,jpy; jkpo;ehL Kjyplk;
tfpf;fpd;wJ. jkpo;ehL 3873 nkfhthl;
kpd;rhuj;ij fhw;W rf;jp %yk; cw;gj;jp
nra;fpd;wJ. ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij F[uhj;
khepyKk; mile;Js;sJ.
gNah Bry;
fhl;lhkzf;F vdg;gLk; n[l;Nuhgh
tpijapypUe;J gNah Bry;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ
fhyepiy
Vg;uy; khjj;jpy; Nfhilf; fhyj;jpy;
khq;fha; kio vdg;gLk; kio nga;fpwJ
fhyepiyia fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfs;
1. G+kj;jpa Nuifapy; ,Uf;Fk; J}uk;
2. fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J cauk;
3. flw;fiuapy; ,Ue;J cauk;
4. fhw;Wk; mjd; jpirAk;
5. kiyfSk; fhLfSk;
6. epyr;rhpT
7. kz; tiffs;
8. fly; ePNuhl;lq;fs;
,e;jpahtpd; fhyepiyia gpkPwPwPkP`;
vd;w Gtpapayhh; Ma;T nra;Js;shh;.
,e;jpahtpd; fhyepiyia mad kz;ly
gUtf;fhw;W fhy epiy vdg;gLk;
1. Fsph;fhyk; - brk;gh; Kjy; gpg;uthp tiu
2. Nfhilf;fhyk; - khh;r; Kjy; Nk tiu
3. njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhyk; - [Pd; Kjy;
nrg;lk;gh; tiu
4. tlfpof;F gUtf; fhyk; my;yJ
gpd;dilAk; gUtf;fhyk; - mf;Nlhgh;
Kjy; etk;gh; tiu
Fsph;fhyk;: brk;gh; - gpg;uthp
tlf;fpypUe;J njw;fhf nry;y nry;y
ntg;gepiy mjpfhpf;fpwJ. tlNkw;fpy; Fiwe;j
ntg;gepiy 5 bfphp nrd;bfpNuL Nfhilapy;
ntg;gepiy 24 bfphp nrd;bfpNuL
Nfhilf;fhyk; khh;r; - Nk
,e;jpahtpd; Nfhil ntg;gk; njd;dpe;jpahtpd;
Nfhil ntg;gj;ijtpl mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
,jw;F fhuzk; tl,e;jpah nghpa
epyg;gug;gpid MrpahTld; ,ize;Js;sJ.
NkYk; flw;fiuapypUe;J njhiytpy;
cs;sJ. xNu ml;rj;jpYs;s ehfGhp
gk;ghiaptl mjpf ntg;gkhf cs;sJ. ,jw;F
fhuzk; gk;gha; flw;fiuapy; cs;sJ
njd;Nkw;F gUt fhyk; - [Pd; - mf;Nlhgh;
,J [Pd; khjj;jpy; njhlq;FfpwJ. Nfhil
fhy ,Wjpf; fl;lj;jpy; tlNkw;F ,e;jpahtpd;
ngUk;gFjpapYk; kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; jho;e;j
gFjpfspYk; cr;r ntg;gepiy fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Vnddpy; #hpad; flf Nuiff;F mUfpy;
mjd; fjph;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; nrq;Fj;jhf
tpOfpd;wd. cr;r ntg;gepiy fhuzkhf
mq;Fs;s fhw;W ntg;gile;J tphptilfpwJ.
tphptilfpd;w fhuzj;jhy; fhw;W Nyrhfp xU
jPtpu jho; mOj;jk; tlNkw;F ,e;jpahtpy;
cz;lhfpwJ. ,j;jho;tOj;jj;ij Nehf;fp
njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W tPRfpwJ. ,f;fhw;W
tPrj;njhlq;FtJ kiof; fhyj;jpd;
njhlf;fj;ij Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,r;rkaj;jpy;
G+kj;jpa Nuiff;F njw;fpy; kfuNuif
gFjpapy; fhw;wpd; mOj;jk; mjpfkhf
cs;sJ. ,t;Tah; mOj;j kz;lyj;jpypU;eJ
tl,e;jpahtpy; cUthfpAs;s jPtpu jho;
mOj;j kz;lyj;ij Nehf;fp fhw;W tPrj;
njhlq;FfpwJ. kfuNuif gFjpapypUe;J
njd;fpof;F jpirapy; tPRk; fhw;W
G+kj;jpaNuifia fle;Jk; g+kpapd; Row;rpapd;
fhuzkhf jpir khwp njd;Nkw;F
gUtf;fhw;whf ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ tPRfpwJ.
,g;gUt fhw;W ,e;jpa ngUq;flypypUe;J
tPRk;NghJ ,J fpisfshf gphpfpwJ
1. mugpf;fly; fpis
2. tq;fhs tphpFlh fpis
1. mugpf;fly; fpis
mugpf;fly; fpis Nfush Kjy; fhk;Ng
tisFlh tiu tPRfpwJ. ,f;fhw;W Nkw;Fj;
njhlh;r;rp kiyfshy; jLf;fg;gl;L
NknyOk;GfpwJ. caNu nry;Yk; fhw;W
Fsph;tjhy; ePuhtpia jhq;Fk; rf;jp
FiwfpwJ. vdNt mjpfg;gbahd ePuhtp
kioahf nghopfpwJ. Mjyhy; Nkw;F
njhlh;r;rp kiyia fle;J. jf;fhz gPlG+kp
kPJ ,f;fhw;W tPRfpd;w nghOJ mf;fhw;W
twz;l fhw;whf tPRfpwJ. vdNt kiokiwT
gpuNjrkhd jf;fhz gPlG+kp ,f;fhw;why; kio
ngWtjpy;iy
2. tq;fhs tphpFlh fpis
jf;fhz gPlG+kp kPJ tPRk; twz;l fhw;W
tq;fhs gphpFlhit flf;Fk;NghJ kpFe;j
ePuhtpia ngWfpd;wJ. tq;fhsj;jpd; kPJ tPRk;
,f;fhw;W m];]hk; Fd;Wfshy;
jLf;fg;gLtjhy; mg;gFjpapy; mjpf kio
nghopfpwJ. Nkfhyahtpy; cs;s rpuGQ;rp
vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; mjpf kio nghopfpwJ.
,f;fhw;W ,ka kiyfshy; jLf;fg;gLtjhy;
jpir khwp fq;if rkntsp kPJ tlNkw;fhf
tPrj; njhlq;FfpwJ. tq;fhs tphpFlhtpypUe;J
Nkw;Nf nry;y nry;y fhw;wpd; <ug;gjk;
Fiwe;J tpLfpwJ. vdNt fq;if
rkntspapypUe;J Nkw;Nf nry;y nry;y
kioapd; msT Fiwe;J tpLfpwJ
,e;jpah ngUk; mstpy; njd;Nkw;F
gUtfhyj;jpy; kio ngWfpwJ
tlfpof;F gUtf;fhw;Wf;fhyk; my;yJ
gpd;dilAk; gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhyk;
nrg;lk;gh; khj ,Wjpapy; #hpad; G+kj;jpa
Nuifia fle;J njd; Nfhshh;j;jj;jpy;
gpufhrpg;gjhy; jhop mOj;j kz;ly njw;F
Nehf;fp efh;fpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf ,Jtiu
tPrpa njd;Nkw;F gUtfhw;W rpwpJ rpwpjhf
gpd;thq;FfpwJ. ,jid tlfpof;F
gUtf;fhw;W my;yJ njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;wpd;
gpd;dilT vd;W $wyhk;. ,f;fhw;W tq;fhs
tphpFlhit fle;J ePuhtpia Rke;J fpof;F
flw;fiuapy; tPrp jkpo;ehl;bw;F kioia
nfhLf;fpwJ. ,Jjhd; jkpo;ehl;bw;F
kiof;fhyk;. ,g;gUt fhyj;jpy; tq;fhs
tphpFlhtpd; fhw;wpd; mOj;jk; Fiwe;J
#whtspAk; Njhd;WfpwJ. ,r;#whtspfs;
,e;jpahtpy; fpof;F flw;fiuapy; cs;s
jkpo;ehL Me;jpuh> xhprh Mfpa khepyq;fspy;
flw;fiu gFjpfspy; kpFe;j kioiaAk;
Nrjj;ijak; nfhLf;fpwJ
kpf mjpfkhf (200 nr.kP) kio ngwk;
gFjpfs;
1. m];]hk;
2. tq;fhsk;
3. Nkw;F ,kakiy
4. Nkfhyah
5. Nkw;Fflw;fiuapd; rpygFjpfs;
6. mUzhry gpuNjrk;
7. rpf;fpk;
8. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiy
200 nr.kP Nky;; kio ngWk; efuq;fs; -
\py;yhq;> jpUtde;jGuk;> Kk;ig
mjpfkhf (100-200 nr.kP) kio ngWk;
gFjpfs;
1. Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
2. gPfhh;
3. cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpd; fpof;F gFjp
4. kj;jpa gpuNjrj;jpd; fpof;F gFjp
5. Nrho kz;ly flw;fiu
6. Xhprh
7. ,kakiyapd; mbthuk;
8. jkpofj;jpd; fpof;F flw;fiu gfjp
kpjkhd kio (50-100 nr.kP) ngWk;
gFjpfs;
1. fq;if rkntsp
2. kj;jpa ,e;jpah
3. jf;fhz gPlG+kp
4. F[uhj;
5. cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpd; Nkw;F gFjp
kpf Fiwthd kio ngWk; ,lq;fs; (50
nr.kPf;fFk; fPo;)
1. ,uh[];jhd;
2. njd;Nkw;F gQ;rhg;
3. fl;r;
4. jhh;ghiytdk;
jf;fhz gPlG+kp kio kiwT
gpuNjrkhFk;
kiog; nghopT 3 tifg;gLk;. mit:
1. Frontal rainfall: Gay; Nghd;w ,aw;if
khw;wj;jhy; Vw;gLfpwJ
2. Orgraphic rainfall: kiyfshy;
Vw;gLtJ. jf;fhz gPlG+kpapy; ,t;tif
kio Vw;gLfpwJ
3. Conventional rainfall: fhw;W #lhfp
mjdhy; Nkfq;fs; mq;F te;J Fsph;e;J
kio nghoptjhy; Vw;gLtJ
mjpf mstpy; kiog; nghopT 25 [Piy
khjk; 2005Mk; Mz;L Kk;igapy;
Vw;gl;lJ. 94.9 nrd;b kPl;lh; (37.1 ,d;r;)
mstpw;F xNu ehspy; mjpf kio
nga;jJ. ,jw;F Kd;G Nkfhyahtpy;
cs;s rpuGQ;rpapy; 83.82 nrd;b kPl;lh;
mstpw;F 12.7.1910 Mz;L nga;jJ.
#oy;
gtoj; jpl;Lfs;
,e;jpahtpy; ehd;F gtoj; jpl;Lfs;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. mit
1. kd;dhh; tisFlh
2. me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs;
3. ,yl;rj; jPTfs;
4. fl;r; tisFlh
Atoll – gtog; ghiwfshy; cUthd jPT
yl;rj;jPT - ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s gtoj;
jPT ,JNt MFk;
M];jpNuypah (Great Barrier Reef)tpy;
cs;sit cyfpd; kpf;nghpa
gtoj;jpl;Lfs; MFk;. ,it Fapd;yhz;l;
flw;fiuapy; cs;sJ
28° tlf;F Kjy; 20° njw;F ml;r
Nuifapy; ,J tsUk;
ePhpd; ntg;g epiy 20°rp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fly; ePh; 180 mbf;F Nky; Mok; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;
ePhpd; cthpg;Gj; jd;ik 27 Kjy; 35
rjtPjk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
,e;jpahtpy; Fringing reef kd;dhh;
tisFlh kw;Wk; ghf; ryre;jpapYk;
Platform reef fl;r; tisFlh gFjpapYk;
Atoll reef ,yl;rj; jPtpYk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
fhLfs;
,e;jpahtpy; fhLfspd; nkhj;jg;gug;G
6>75>333 r.fp.kP
nkhj;jg; gug;gstpy; ,J 20.64% rjtPjk;
,e;jpa fhLfs; nfhs;ifg;gb 2012f;F
33.3% fhLfs; ,uf;f eltbf;if
vLf;fg;gl;L tug;gLfpwJ
mlh;j;jpahd fhLfs; - 1.56%
Rkhuhd mlh;j;jpahd fhLfs; - 10.32%
jpwe;j fhLfs; - 7.95%
kuq;FNuht; fhLfs; - 0.15%
Gjh; fhLfs; - 1.74%
fhLfs; mjpfk; cs;s khepyk; kj;jpa
gpuNjrk;
nkhj;jg;gug;gpy; 50 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk;
mjpfkhf fhLfs; cs;s khepyq;fs; -
mUzhry gpuNjrk;> Nkfhyah> kzpg;G+h;
kw;Wk; jphpGuh;
khepyk; fhLfs; gug;G rjtPjk; gug;G
r.fp.kP
kj;jpagpuNjrk;: 94>689 30.72% 4239
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;: 63>821 61.55% 130
kfhuh\;buh: 61>939 20.13% 8191
rl;b];fh;: 59>722 44.21% 2256
xhprh: 58<136 37.34% 538
mUzhry;: 51>540 23.20% 14411
fh;ehlfh: 38>284 19.96% 464
,khr;ry;: 37>033 66.52% 1097
cj;uhQ;ry;: 34>662 64.79% 4002
,uh[];jhd;: 32>488 9.30% 1446
mrhk;: 26>832 34.21% 1444
[hh;fz;l;: 23>065 29.61% 2544
jkpo;ehL: 22>877 17.59% 2650
[k;K & fh\;kPh;: 20>230 9.10% 2135
F[uhj; 18>962 9.67% 114
kzpg;G+h;: 17>418 78.01% 923
cj;jpugpuNjrk;: 16>796 6.79% 1297
kpNrhuk;: 16>717 79.30% 133
Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 11>879 13.38% 2302
Nfush: 11>265 28.99% 1024
Nkfhyah: 9>496 42.34% 338
ehfyhe;J: 9>222 55.62% 236
me;jkhd;: 7>171 86.93% 3359
gPfhh;: 6>473 6.87% 110
jphpGuh: 6>294 60.02% 61
rpf;fpk; 5>841 82.31% 498
gQ;rhg; 3>084 6.12% -
`hpahdh 1>559 3.53% -
Nfhth 1>224 33.06% 55
nly;yp 85 5.73% -
rz;bfh;: 33 28.95% 1
tdkNfhj;rtk;: 1950y; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
mjpfkuq;fis el;L tsh;g;gNj ,jd;
Nehf;fk; MFk;
National Forest Policy: 1988
1. Afforestation and Development waste
lands
2. Reforestation and Replantation in
existing forests
3. Encouraging the wood substitutes and
supplying other types of fuel
fhLfs; Ma;T epiyaq;fs;
National Museum of Natural History –
New Delhi
National Zoological Park – New Delhi
Central Pollution Control Board – Delhi
Central Zoo Authority – New Delhi
G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan
Environment and Development, Almora
Botanical Survey of India – 1890 –
nfhy;fj;jh
Zoological Survey of India – 1916 –
nfhy;fj;jh
Forest Survey of India – 1981 – Nluh^d;
Forest Research Institute – Dehradun
Directorate of Forest Education –
Dehradun
Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy –
Dehradun
Arid Zone Forestry Research Institute –
Jodhpur
Institute of Rain and Moist Deciduous
Forests – Jorhat
Institute of Wood Science and Technology
– Bangalore
Indian Plywood Industries Research and
Training Institute – Bangalore
Centre for Ecological Sciences – Bangalore
Tropical Forestry Research Institute –
Shimla
Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree
Beeding – Coimbatore
Temperature Forest Research Centre –
Shimla
Himalaya Forest Research Institute –
Shimla
Centre for Forest Productivity – Ranchi
Institute of Social Forestry and
Ecorehabilitation – Allahabad
Institute of Forestry Research and Human
Resource of Development – Chhindwara
Advanced Centre for Bio-Technology and
Mangrove Forest – Hyderabad
Indian Institute of Forest Management –
Bhopal
Centre for Social Forestry and
Environment – Allahabad
CPR Environmental Education Centre –
Chennai
Centre for Mining Environment –
Dhanbad
Centre for Environmental Educational
Ahmedabad
Tropical Botanical Garden and Research
Institute – Thiruvananthapuram
Forest Research Institute – Dehra Dun
,k;gPhpay; td Muha;r;rp epiyak; vd
1906y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. fpNuf;f Nuhkhdpa
fiyak;rj;Jld; rp. [p. Gsk;gPy;l;
vd;gtuhy; fl;lg;gl;l ,f; fl;blk; xU
National Heritage mFk;.
,e;jpa tdr; rl;lk; 1927 Indian Forest
Act. 1927
,e;jpa tdr; rl;lj;jpd; gb fhLfs; 3
Mf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
1. xJf;fg;gl;l fhLfs; (Reserved Forest)
2. ghJfhf;fg;gl;l fhLfs; (Protected
Forest)
3. fpuhkf; fhLfs; (Village Forest) National
Forest Commission - 2003
Biosphere Reserves: Genetic Diversity
fhf;Fk; nghUl;L ,e;jpahtpy; 14 Bioshre
Reserves mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
1. ePyfphp – jkpo;ehL
2. ee;jh Njtp – cj;jpuhQ;ry;
3. Nokrek – Nkfhyah
4. nghpa epNfhghh; - me;jkhd; epNfhghh;
jPTfs;
5. kd;dhh; tisFlh – jkpo;ehL
6. Manas – mrhk;
7. Re;jutsk; - Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
8. rpkpypghy; - xhprh
9. Dibru Saikhowa – mrhk;
10. Dehang – Debang
11. Pachmarhi – mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk;
12. fQ;rd;[q;fh – rpf;fpk;
13. Agasthya Malai – jkpo;ehL
14. Achnakmar - Amarkantak
,tw;wpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fs;
1. To conserve diversity and integrity of
plants animals and micro – organisms
2. To promote research on ecological
conservation and other environmental
aspects and
3. To provide facilities for education,
awareness training
ika murpd; khRf; fl;Lg;ghL thhpaj;jhy;
mjpfkhf khRg;gLj;jg;gl;l gFjp vd 15
gFjpfs; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit
1. thgp - F[uhj;
2. rpq;nuhsp - cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
3. nfhh;gh - kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
4. uhl;yhk; - kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
5. ehf;lh - kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
6. jpf;gha; - mrhk;
7. jhy;rh; - xhprh
8. gj;uhtjp - fh;ehlfk;
9. n`uh - Nkw;Ftq;fhsk;
10. jhd;ghj; - gPfhh;
11. ghyp - uh[];jhd;
12. N[hj;G+h; - uh[];jhd;
13. kzyp - jkpo;ehL
14. NtY}h; khtl;lk; - jkpo;ehL
15. tprhfg;gl;bdk; - Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
khq;FNuht; (m) rJg;G epyf;fhLfs;:
flYk; MWk; NrUkplj;jpy; ,t;tif
fhLfs; fhzg;gLk;
,jw;F Re;jphp tif fhLfs; (m)
njuha;f; fhLfs; vd;W ngah;
fq;if> kfhejp> nly;lh gFjpfs;> Nkw;F
tq;fhsk;> jkpo;ehl;by; gpr;rhtuk; Mfpa
gFjpfspy; ,t;tif fhLfs; cs;sJ
,e;jpahtpy; 6740 r.fp.kP tiu ,f;fhLfs;
cs;sJ
cyfj;jpd; nkhj;j khq;FNuht; fhLfspy;
,J 7 tpOf;fhL MFk;
,e;jpahtpy; 38 ,lq;fspy; rJg;G epyf;
fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ
,tw;wpy; gy;NtW tifahd jhtu>
tpyq;fpdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ
Rhizophora anmmalayana vd;w jhtuk;
gpr;rhtuj;jpYk; kw;Wk; Heritiera
Kanikensis vd;w jhtuk; xhprhtpy; cs;s
gpjhh; fdpfh vd;w gFjpapy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
,it Tropical kw;Wk; sub-tropical
gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ
,jw;F Littoral my;yJ tidal fhLfs;
vd;Wk; ngah; cz;L
khq;FNuht; fhLfs; cs;s Kf;fpa ,lq;fs;
fhLfs; khepyq;fs;
1. tlf;F me;jkhd; kw;Wk; me;jkhd; (k)
epNfhghh; jPTfs;
2. epNfhghh; jPTfs;
3. Re;jutdf;fhLfs; Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
4. gplhh; fdpfh (Bhitarkanika) xhprh
5. fhh;dpfh (Corniga)
6. Nfhjhthp nly;lh
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
7. fpU\;zhejp Kfj;Jthuk;
8. kfhejp nly;lh – xhprh
9> 10 gpr;rhtuk; Kj;Jg;Ngl;il – jkpo;ehL
11. Nfhth Nfhth
12. fl;r; kw;Wk; fhk;Ng tisFlh – F[uhj;
13. Coondapur fh;ehlfk;
14. mr;uh / uj;jpdfphp kfhuh\;buk;
15. Ntk;gehL Nfush
<uepyq;fs; (Wet Lands)
Mz;L KOtJk; <uk; ,Uf;Fk; epyq;fs;
<u epyq;fs; MFk;
Ramsar Convention, (Waterfouwl
Hanitat) gb <u epyq;fs; Fwpj;J
tiuaiw nra;ag;gLfpwJ
,J Fwpj;J mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy; xU
FO cs;sJ. mjd;gb 71 <uepyq;fs;
mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 6 <uepyq;fs; cyf
mstpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;sJ
fq;if> gpuk;kGj;jpuh> eh;kjh> jgjp>
Nfhjhthp Mfpa ejpfs; ghAk; gFjpapy;
,e;j <u epyq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ
gpw <uepyq;fs;
Ntk;gehL Nfush
ml;lKb Nfush
rh];jhf; Nfhl;il Nfush
nfhy;Y}U Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
fghh; gPfhh;
fpof;F fy;fj;jh Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
&ghh; gQ;rhg;
fhQ;yp gQ;rhg;
Ngh]; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
Rfhdh ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk;
bNrh Kuhhp - [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Kf;fpakhd MW Wet
Lands
1. Keoladeo National Park
2. ghuj;G+h; kw;Wk; rhk;ghh; (uh[];jhd;)
3. rpy;fh (xhprh)
4. Nyhf;Nlf; (kzpg;G+h;)
5. cyhh; ([k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;)
6. `hpf; (gQ;rhg;)
Kl;Gjh; fhLfs;
tlNkw;F ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ
kio kpf Fiwthf nga;Ak; twz;l
gpuNjrj;jpy; tsUk;
Ntykuk;> NghPr;ir> ghGy; Nghd;wit
tsUk;
gRikapiyf;fhLfs;
300 nr.kP mjpfkhf kio nga;Akplj;jpy;
tsUk;
m];]hk;> fpof;F ,akiyj;njhlh;>
Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; Nkw;F
rhpTfspy; tsUk;.
Njf;F> Nuh];Tl;> vNghdp Nghd;w
cWjpahd kuq;fs; tsUk;
gUt fhw;Wf;fhLfs;
jf;fhz gPlG+kpapd; Nkw;Fg;Gwk; cs;sJ
100 nr.kP – 200 nr.kP. tiu kio
nga;Ak; ,lj;jpy; tsUk;
,it ,e;jpahtpy; ,iyAjph; fhLfs;
vdg;gLk;
Njf;F> rhy;> fUq;fhyp> <l;b> re;jdk;
Nghd;w nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;j kuq;fs; tsUk;
re;jd kuk; ik#h; fhLfspy; mjpfkhf
tsUfpwJ
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk;
fhLfs; ,itNa
kiyf;fhLfs;
,it ,kakiy (m) My;igd; fhLfs;
vdg;gLk;
,kakiy> jf;fhz gPlG+kp Mfpa
caukhd ,lq;fspy; tsUk;
gph;> igd;> NjtjhU My;igd; kuq;fs;
tsUk;
fhl;L tpis nghUl;fSk; mjd; gad;fSk;
tpisnghUs; gad;fs;
fw;G+uj;ijykuk; - jiytyp ijyk;
rpd;Nfhdh - nfha;dh kUe;J
tpy;Nyh kuk; - fphpf;nfl; kl;il
Njf;F> <l;b fg;gy; fl;Ljy;> nuapy;ngl;b
nra;jy;> ,Ug;Gg;ghij> tPL fl;Ljy;
re;jd kuq;fs; - mofpa rpw;gq;fs;>
thridg;nghUl;fs;> Nrhg;Gfs;
muf;F - thh;dp\; ngapz;l; jahhpf;f
NghPl;ir – czTg;nghUl;fs; kUe;J
%q;fpy; - Ngg;gh; jahhpf;f
tdtpyq;Ffs; Ma;T epiyaq;fs;
Wild Life Institute of India – Dhra Dun Salim Ali
Centre for Ornithology and Natural History –
Coimbatore
Wild Life Protection Act – 1972
Njrpag; G+q;fhf;fs; - ruzhyaq;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; jw;NghJ 87 Njrpa
G+q;fhf;fs; kw;Wk; 480 tdtpyq;F
ruzhyaq;fs; cs;sJ
,it Gtpapay; mikg;gpy; ,e;jpahtpd;
4.66% gug;ig nfhz;lit
Project Tiger jpl;lk; 1972y; nfhz;L
tug;gl;L 1.4.1973y; eilKiwg;
gLj;jg;gl;lJ
Project Tiger jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;f;fz;l
28 ,lq;fs; Gyp tsh;f;Fk; ,lq;fs; vd
mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 37>761 r.fp.kP
gug;gstpy; Gypfs; tsh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. 2008
Gypfs; fzf;nfLf;fpd;gb jw;NghJ
,e;jpahtpy; 1411 Gypfs; kl;LNk
cs;sJ
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; ,uh[pt; fhe;jp tdr;
ruzhyak; ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; cs;s kpf
nghpa ,lkhFk;. 2007y; mjpf Gypfs;
cs;s ,lk; Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s
Re;ju tdf; fhLfs; MFk;
Corbett Uttarakhand
Bandipur Nagarhole, Karnataka
Kanha Madhya Pradesh
Manha Assam
Palamau Jharkhand
Ranthambhore Rajasthan
Similipal Orissa
Sunderbans West Bengal
Melghat Maharashtra
Periyar Kerala
Sariska Rajasthan
Namdapha Arunachal Pradesh
Indravati Chhatisgarh
Buxa West Bengal
Dudhwa – Katerniaghat – Uttar Pradesh
Kalakad – Mundanthurai – Tamilnadu
Valmiki Bihar
Pench Madhya Pradesh
Bandhavgarth Madhya Pradesh
Panna Madhya Pradesh
Dampha Mizoram
Tadoba Andheri, Maharashtra
Bhadra Karnataka
Nameri Assam
Pench Maharastra
Bori – Satpura – Panchmari – Madhyra Pradesh
Pakhui Arunachal Pradesh
caphpapay; G+q;fhf;fis Central Zoo
Authority vd;w mikg;G fz;fhzpf;fpwJ
Project Elephant – 1992 y;
eilKiwf;F te;jJ
jw;NghJ Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;> mUzhryg;
gpuNjrk;> mrhk;> [hh;f;fz;l;> fh;ehlfk;>
Nfush> Nkfhyah> ehfyhe;J> xhprh>
jkpo;ehL> cj;uhQ;ry;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
kw;Wk; Nkw;F tq;fhsk; Mfpa 13
khepyq;fs; / A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy;
,j;jpl;lk; cs;sJ
Kf;fpa ruzhyaq;fs;
ruzhyak; khepyk; tpyq;fpdk;
1. gz;bg;G+h; fh;ehlfk; ,e;jpaf;
fhl;nlUik> Gs;spkhd;
2. nuq;fh jpl;L fh;ehlfk; gwitfs;
3. re;jpug;gpugh c.gp.
4. fhh;nghl;> iedplhy; - c.gp. Gyp
5. fPh; F[uhj; ,e;jpa
rpq;fq;fs;
6. j\pfk; fh\;kPh; fiykhd;
7. [lhguh Nk.t fhz;lhkpUfk;
8. khd];ghh; Ngl;lh - Gyp
9. Ntle;jhq;fy; jkpo;ehL gytpj
gwitfs;> kpUfq;fs;
10. ee;jd; fz;zd; xhprh
11. ,Lk;gpf;Fsk;> ,Lf;fp> ,uh[kiy–Nfush
12. guk;gpf;Fsk;> ghyf;fhL Nfush
13. nghpahh; Nfush
14. KJkiy - jkpo;ehL – ePyfphp ahidfs;
15. rpk;gypahy; Gypfs; xhprh
16. fhrpuq;fh Njrpa G+q;fh mrhk; - xw;iwf;
nfhk;G cila fhz;lhkpUfk;
17. kd;dh]; mrhk;
18. Re;jutd Gypf;fhLfs; Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
19. ge;jt;fhh; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
20. mrhhpghf; gPfhh;
21. nfsjk Gj;jh; - gPfhh;
22. fPh; F[uhj; Mrpa rpq;fq;fs;
Kf;fpa Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
1. Kasu Brahma Reddy National Park
2. Mahavir Harina Vanastual National Park
3. Mrugavani National Park
4. Sri Venkateswara National Park
mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk;
5. Monling National Park
6. Namdapha National Park
mrhk;
7. Kazi Ranga Natinal Park – Golaghat
8. Manas National Park – Barpeta
9. Nameri National Park – Sonitpur
10. Dibru National park
11. Orang National Park
gPfhh;
12. Valmiki National Park - Pashchim
rl;B];fh;
13. Indravati National Park
14. Kangerghati National Park
15. Sanjay National Park
Nfhth
16. Bhagawan Mahavir National Park
F[uhj;
17. Gir National Park
18. Marine National Park
19. Vansda National Park
20. Velavadhar National Park
[hfh;yhz;l;
21. Palamau National Park
22. Hazaribagh National Park
fh;ehlfk;
23. Anshi National Park
24. Bandipur National Park
25. Banner Ghata National Park
26. Kudremukh National Park
27. Nagar Hole National Park
Nfush
28. Priyar National Park
29. Eravikulam National Park
30. Silent Valley National Park
`hpahdh
31. Sultanpur National Park
,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk;
32. Great Himalayan National Park – Kullu
33. Pinvalley National Park
[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;
34. Dachigam National Park
35. Hemis Leh National Park
36. Kishtwar Doda National Park
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
37. Bhandhavgarh National Park – Umaira
38. Fossil National Park
39. Khana National Park
40. Madhav National Park
41. Panna National Park
42. Priyadarshini National Park
43. Sanjay National Park
44. Satphra National Park
45. Van viher National Park
kfhuh\;buh
46. Sanjay Gandhi National Park
47. Gugamal National Park
48. Pench National Park
49. Naregaon National Park
50. Tadoba National Park
kzpg;G+h;
51. Keibul Hamjao National Park
(cyfj;jpd; xNu kpjf;Fk; G+q;fh)
52. Shiroi Hill National Park
Nkfhyah
53. Balphakram national park
54. Nokrek National Park
kpNrhuhk;
55. Murlen National Park
56. Phawngpui National Park
ehfyhe;J
57. Intanki National Park
xhprh
58. Bhitarkanika National Park
59. Simlipal National Park
gQ;rhg;
Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs; ,y;yhj khepyk;
uh[];jhd;
60. Desert National Park
61. Keoladeo Ghana National Park
62. Ranthambhore National Park
rpf;fpk;
63. Kanchenjunga National Park
jkpo;ehL
64. Guindy National Park
65. Indira Gandhi National park
66. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve and
National Park
67. Mudumalai National Park
68. Mukurithi National Park
jphpGuh
Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs; ,y;yhj khepyk;
cj;jpuhQ;ry;
69. Corbett National park – Nainital
70. Gangotri National Park
71. Govind National Park
72. Nanda Devi National Park
73. Rajaji National Park
74. Velley of Flowers National Park
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
75. Dudhwa National park
Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
76. Neora Valley National Park
77. Singalila National Park
78. Gorumar National Park
by;yp
Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs; ,y;iy
me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs;
79. Mahatona Gandhi Marine National Park
80. Jhansi Marine National Park
81. Middle Button National Park
82. Mount Harriet National Park
83. North Button National Park
84. Saddle Peak National Park
85. South Button National Park
epf;Nfhhghh; jPTfs;
86. Campbell bay National Park
87. Galathea National Park
rz;bfh;> ghz;br;Nrhp> lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA+>
yl;rj;jPTfspd; Njrpa g+q;fhf;fs; ,y;iy
ePh;g;ghrdk;
,e;jpah xU Ntshz;ik ehlhFk;
,e;jpah Nfhilf; fhyj;jpy; njd;
Nkw;Fg; gUtf; fhw;wpdhy; kio
ngWfpwJ
,e;jpa Ntshz;ikia gUtf; fhw;wpd;
#jhl;lk; vd;W $Wth;
,e;jpa tptrhapfSf;F Njitg;gLk;
nghOJ ePh; fpilg;gjpy;iy. NkYk;
Njitg;gLk; nghOJ kio
nghoptjpy;iy
,e;jpahtpd; %d;W tifahd ePh;g;ghrd
Kiwfs;
1. fhy;tha;g;ghrdk;
2. Vhpg;ghrdk;
3. fpzw;Wg; ghrdk;
fhy;tha;g;ghrdk;
,e;jpahtpd; epyg;gug;gpy; 50%
epyg;gug;gpy; fhy;tha; ghrdk; %yk;
ghrd trjp ngWfpwJ
,e;jpahtpy; fhy;tha; ghrdk;
Kf;fpakhdJ. fhuzq;fs;
1. fhy;tha; mikg;gJ vspJ
2. nryT FiwT
3. ePh; rPuhf fpilf;Fk;
,e;jpahtpy; ,uz;L tifahd
fhy;tha;fs; cs;sd
1. nts;sg; ngUf;Ff; fhy;tha;
2. tw;whf; fhy;tha;
,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa ghrd fhy;tha; -
,e;jpuhfhe;jp ghrd fhy;tha;
nts;sg; ngUf;Ff; fhy;tha;
,f;fhy;tha;fspy; MWfspy; nts;sk;
tUk; NghJ jz;zPh; ghAk;> gpw
rkaq;fspy; twz;bUf;Fk;
gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpd; rl;ny[; Mw;Wg;
gFjpapy; ,j;jifa fhy;tha;fs;
cs;sd
tw;whf;fhy;tha;
,f;fhy;tha;fspy; Mz;L KOtJk; ePh;
XLk;
,j;jifa fhy;tha;fs; fq;ifr;
rkntspapYk; njd; ,e;jpahtpYk;>
mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
gQ;rhgpy; gf;uh> eq;fy; fhy;tha;fSk;>
cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; Nky; fq;if
fhy;tha;> fPo;fq;if fhy;tha;> fpof;F
aKidf; fhy;tha;> Mf;uh fhy;tha;>
rhujh fhy;tha;> Mfpait cs;sd
jkpo;ehl;by; fhtphp nly;lh fhy;tha;fs;
Nkl;^h; fhy;tha;fs;> fPo;gthdpf;
fhy;tha;fs; mkuhtjpf; fhy;tha;fs;
MfpadTk; cs;sd
Vhpg;ghrdk;
jPgfw;f ,e;jpahtpy; (jf;fhz gPlg+kp)
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL> ik#h;> xyprh
Mfpa khepyq;fspy; Vhpg;ghrdk;
mjpfkhf cs;sJ
cyfj;jpd; caukhd Pangong TSO [k;K
kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Kf;fpa Vhpfs;
Vhp khepyk; Vhptif
rpy;fh xhprh cg;GVhp
Gypf;fhl; jkpo;ehL cg;GVhp
nfhy;NyW Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; cg;GVhp
cNrd; rhfh; i`juhghj; Me;jpug;
gpuNjrk;
ntk;gehL Nfush
jhy; Vhp fh\;kPh;
cyhh; Vhp fh\;kPh; Crator Lake
Ydhh; Vhp kfhuh\;buk;
cjarhfh; ,uh[];jhd;
n[a;rhy;khh; ,uh[];jhd;
uh[h rhy;khh; ,uh[];jhd;
G\;fhh; ,uh[];jhd;
Deedwana ,uh[];jhd;
Loonkaransa ,uh[];jhd; cg;GVhp
gQ;r;ghj;uh ,uh[];jhd; cg;GVhp
Nyhf;lhf; kzpg;G+h;
ehdpjhy; cj;uhQ;ry;
rfhdh rz;bfh;
eprhk; rhfh; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
gPk;jhy; cj;uhQ;ry;
rhk;ghh; ,uh[];jhd;
rhk;ghh; Vhp - ,J ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;
nghpa Vhp MFk;. ,q;F Nrhbak; ry;Ngl;
jahhpg;G epiyak; cs;sJ
jkpofj;jpy; mjpf Vhpfs; fhQ;rpGuk;
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,jid Vhpfs;
khtl;lk; vd;gh;
jkpofj;jpy; Vhpg;ghrdk; mjpf mstpy;
eilngWfpwJ
fpzw;Wg;ghrdk;
fpzWfs; %yk; epyj;jb ePh;g;
ghrdj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; KiwNa
fpzw;Wg; ghrdk;> epyj;jb ePh; kl;lj;ijg;
nghWj;Jf;fpzw;wpd; Mok; NtWgLfpd;wJ.
MWfs;> Vhpfs; ,y;yhj ,lq;fspYk;>
Nfhilapy; tw;Wk; MWfs; cs;s
,lq;fspYk;> Nfhilapy; tw;Wk; MWfs;
cs;s ,lq;fspYk;> ePh;j;Njf;fk; mikf;f
Kbahj ,lq;fspYk;> fpzw;Wg; ghrdk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;>
gQ;rhg;> jkpo;ehL> Me;jpuk;> fh;ehlfk;>
kfhuh\;buk;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;>
,uh[];jhd; Mfpa khepyq;fspYk; kio
Fiwthd gFjpfspYk;> fpzw;Wg; ghrdk;
eilngWfpwJ
jkpo;ehL> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> `hpahdh>
gPfhh;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; Mfpa
khepyq;fspy; Foha;f; fpzWfs;
mikf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. kpFe;j
Moj;jpy; cs;s epyePiuAk; Foha;f;
fpzWfs; %yk; ePh;g;ghrdj;jpw;Fg;
gad;gLj;j KbfpwJ. Foha;f; fpzWfs;
%yk; ngWk; mstpy; epyePh; fpilg;gjhy;
mjpf epyg;gug;gpw;Fg; ghrd trjp
mspf;f Kbfpd;wJ
kpf vspikahd ePh;g;ghrd Kiwfspy;
fpzw;Wg; ghrdk; xd;whFk;
fhw;whb ,ae;jpuk;> ghurPfr; rf;fuk;>
gpf;Nfhl;lh> ftiy Vw;wk; Nghd;w gy
Kiwfis gad;gLj;jp epy ePh;
Gtpg;gug;gpw;F nfhz;Ltug;gLfpwJ
jPgfw;g ,e;jpahtpy; flw;fiur;
rkntspfspy; fpzWfs; cs;sd
jkpo;ehl;by; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp
khtl;lj;jpw;F tlf;fpYs;s gFjpfspYk;>
NfhaKj;J}h;> kJiu> ,uhkehjGuk;
Mfpa khtl;lq;fspYk; fpzw;Wg; ghrdk;
eilngWfpwJ
,e;jpahtpy; ePh;g;ghrdk; ngWk;
epyg;gug;gpy; Rkhh; 25 rjtPjk; epyg;gug;Gf;
fpzw;Wg; ghrdk; %yk; gadilfpwJ
kz;tiffs;
tz;ly; kz;
MWfspdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ
goikahd tz;ly; kz; ghfh;
,sikahd tz;ly; kz; fhjh;
nghl;lh\; kw;Wk; gh];gu]; rj;J mjpfk;
iel;u[d; FiwT
vy;yh gapUf;Fk; Vw;wJ
rkntspfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ
tl,e;jpa rkntspfs;> eh;kjh> jgjp
Mw;Wg;gs;sj;jhf;FfspYk;> jPgfw;g
,e;jpahtpd; fpof;Ff; flw;fiuapy; cs;s
MWfspy; nly;lhg; gFjpfspYk; (kfh
ejp> Nfhjhthp> fpU\;zh kw;Wk; fhNthp)
F[uhj;jpYk;> rl;b];fh; rkntspapYk;
tz;ly; kz; gbTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
fhpry; kz;
,J nufh; vdg;gLk;
,J yhth Fok;Gfspdhy; MdJ
gOg;G epwj;jpy; ,Ue;J fUik epwk;
tiu fhzg;gLfpwJ
<ug; gjj;ij mjpf ehl;fs; jhq;Ftjhy;
gpRgpRg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt ,e;j
epyj;ij kiof; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;G
cOtJ ey;yJ
Rz;zhk;G> ,Uk;G> nghl;lhrpak;>
mYkpdpak;> fhy;rpak; fhh;gNdl;L>
kf;dPrpak; fhh;gNdl;L kw;Wk;
mYkpdarj;J FiwT
gUj;jp> Gifapiy> kpsfha; Nghd;w
gapUf;F Vw;wJ. fk;G> Nrhsk;> jpiz
Nghd;witfSf;F Vw;wJ
jf;fhz gpuNjrq;fspy; fpilf;fpwJ
khuh\;buh khepyj;jpd; ngUk;gFjp>
kj;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjp>
fh;ehlfk;> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> F[uhj;
Mfpa khepyq;fspy; rpy gFjpfs;
jkpo;ehl;by; NfhaKj;J}h;> ,uhkehjGuk;>
jpUney;Ntyp Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy;
fhpry; kz; fhzg;gLfpwJ
fspkz;
,Uk;Gr; rj;J mjpfk;
Mkpyj; jd;ik cilaJ
Rz;zhk;G rj;J ,y;iy
Nkw;Fkiyj; njhlh; kw;Wk; fpof;F
kiyj; njhlh; mbghfq;fspy;
fpilf;fpwJ
nrk;kz;
tz;ly; kz;zpw;Fk; kzYf;Fk;
,ilg;gl;l Jfs;fshy; cUthd kz;>
Jfs;fSf;fpilNa XusT ,ilntsp
cz;L. ePiu cwpQ;Rk; jd;ikAilaJ.
<uj;ij Njf;fp itf;Fk; rf;jp FiwT
gioa gbfg; ghiwfSk;
khw;WUg;ghiwfSk; rpijtiltjhy;
nrk;kz; cUthfpd;wJ. jkpo;ehL>
fh;ehlfk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy;
ngUk;gFjp> kfhuh\;buhtpd; njd;fpof;Fg;
gFjp> Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;> xhprh Mfpa
khepyq;fspy; fpof;Fg; gFjpfs;> Nrhl;l
ehfGhp Mfpait nrk;kz; fhzg;gLk;
Kf;fpakhd gFjpfshFk;
fpuhidl; kw;Wk; gioa gbTg;
ghiwfspdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ
,Uk;G Mf;irL mjpfk; cs;sJ.
gh];gu];> iel;u[d;> Rz;zhk;G rj;J
Mfpait FiwT mkpyj; jd;ik mjpfk;
gaphpl fbdkhd kz; vdNt ePh;g;ghrd
trjpAs;s ,lq;fspy; kl;LNk gaph;
nra;a KbAk;. gpd; nra; gaph;fshd
mtiu> Jtiu Nghd;w gaW tiffs;>
fliy> Mkzf;F Nghd;w vz;nza;
tpj;Jf;fs; ,jpy; gaph; nra;a Vw;wJ.
ghiy kz;
ghiytdj;jpy; cs;s kzy; ghiy kz;.
<uj;ij jhq;Fk; rf;jp fpilahJ
jhh; ghiytdj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ
kz; mhpg;G: kz; mhpg;gpdhy; kz; tsk;
Fiwe;J tpisr;ry; Fiwfpd;wJ. vdNt kz;
mhpg;ig jLf;f Ntz;Lk;
XLk; ePh;: XLk; ePuhy; kz; mhpg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
,jid jtph;f;f rhptpw;F FWf;fhf epyk;
cog;gl Ntz;Lk;. rhpTfspy; kuk;> nrb> nfhb
Nghd;wit tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;
fhw;W: fhw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; kz; mhpg;igj;
jLf;f fhw;W tPRk; jpirf;F FWf;fhf
kuq;fs; elNtz;Lk;.
Nka;r;ry;: Nka;r;ry; epyq;fis msTld;
gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. tskhd kz;iz
fl;blq;fs; fl;l gad;gLj;jf; RlhJ
gaph; Row;rp Kiw: xNu tifahd jhtuj;ij
njhlh;r;rpahf gaphpl;L te;jhy; mj; jhtuk;
mk; kz;zpy; jkf;F Njitahd rj;ij
kw;Wk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;. vdNt mk;kz;zpy;
Fwpg;gpl;l mr;rj;J kl;Lk; kpf Fiwe;J kz;
tsk; Fiwfpd;wJ. vdNt kz;zpd; tsk;
ngUf gaph; Row;rp Kiwia gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
tbfhy;fs;: kz;zpd; cg;Gr; rj;J fiuahky;
,Uf;f epyj;jpd; Nkw;Gwk; ePh; Njq;fhky;
,Uf;f tbfhy;fis mikf;f Ntz;Lk;
kz; mhpkhdj;jhy; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gLk;
khepyk; - ehfyhe;J
jhtuq;fspy; nghl;lh\paj;ij
gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;
It regulates osmotic pressure in the plant
It regulates more than 60 enzyme systems
in the plant
It favours stomatal regulation of water
It aids in photosynthesis
It favours translocation of photosynthates
It enhances N uptake and protein
synthesis
Ntshz;ik
,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j cs;s ehl;L
cw;gj;jpapy; 22 rjtPjk; Ntshz;ik
kw;Wk; mjidf; rhh;e;j nghUl;fs; %yk;
fpilf;fpd;wJ
,e;jpahtpd; Vwf;Fiwa nkhj;j gug;G
143 kpy;ypad; Vf;fh;> Ntshz;ik gug;G
Vwf;Fiwa 56 kpy;ypad; Vf;fh; (43%
rjtPjk;)
Ntshz;ik ,e;jpa nghUshjhuj;jpd;
jpwTf;Nfhy;
,e;jpahtpy; jdpegh;fs; czT
nghUl;fis ngWk; tpfpjk; 467 gms /
per day
IADP – Intensive Agricultural District
Programme mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L
1960-61
,e;jpahtpy; nfhz;L tug;gl;l gRikg;
Gul;rp vd;gJ NfhJikg; Gul;rp vd;gh;
ghrdf; FO mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 1972
Ne\dy; fkp\d; Md; mf;hpfy;rh; 1976
IAAP – Intensive Agricultural Area
Programme mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L
1964-65
CAD – Command Area Development
DDP – Desert Development Programme
DPAP – Drought Prone Area Programme
Target Group Approach – 1971
Cash Schemes for Rural Employment –
1971
Pilot Intensive Rural Employment – 1971
Food for Work Programme – 1977
National Rural Employment Programme
1980
Rural Landless Employment Guarantee
Programme – 1983
Jawahar Rozgar Yojana – 1989
WDPSCA – Water Shed Development
Project in Shifting Cultivation Areas
NWDPRA – National Watersed
Development Project in the rainfed areas
1990-91
Farm centered Agriculture Resource
Management Programme – 1994
Farm Machinery Training and testing
Institutes
Budni kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
Hissar `hpahdh
Garladinne Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
Biswanath Chariali mrhk;
tptrhapfspd; czT nghUs;fSf;F
nfhs;Kjy; tpiyia eph;zapg;gJ
Crop Agriculture Produce Loan – First
Launched by Corporation Bank with effect
from 1-4-2005
mjpfkhf Waste Land cs;s khepyk;
F[uhj;
Agricultural Prices Commission ,J jw;NghJ
Commission for Agricultural Costs and
Price vd eph;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
Food Corporaiton of India - 1965
kj;jpa muR kjpa czT jpl;lj;ij
Jtf;fpa Mz;L 15.8.1995
LAMPS – Large Sized Multipurpose
Socieites
FSS – Farmer Service Socieites
PACS – Primary Agricultural Co-operative
Socieites
Ntshz;ik re;ijfis gw;wp jfty;fs;
mspg;gJ National Council for Applied
Economic Research
,e;jpahtpd; new;fsQ;rpak; - gQ;rhg;
jkpofj;jpy; new;fsQ;rpak; - jQ;ir
mrhkpy; Jhum vd;w Kiwapy;
gaphplg;gLfpwJ
,jpy; Slash and Burn vd;w Kiw
gad;gLfpwJ.
,jpy; kz;tsk; Fiwe;j fhyj;jpy;
mope;JtpLk;
,e;jpa kf;fs; njhifapy; Rkhh; 64%
tptrhaj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;sdh;
ehl;bd; nghUshjhuk; tptrhaj;ijr;
rhh;e;Js;sJ
,e;jpahtpy; 52% epyg;gug;gpy; tptrhak;
eilngWfpwJ
gzg;gaph;fistpl> czTg; gaph;fs;
mjpf mstpy; gapuhfpwJ
nkhj;j tptrhag; gug;gpy; Vwj;jho 75%
gug;gpy; czTg; gaph;fs; gapuhfpd;wd
,e;jpahtpd; 2005-2006 Mz;L
czTg;gaph;fs; cw;gj;jp 210.01
kpy;ypad; ld;fs; mFk;
6.7 gpy;ypad; lhyh; czTg;nghUl;fs;
Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ
3.6 gpy;ypad; lhyh; ,e;jpahtpd; Food
Basket of the country and granary of India
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. gQ;rhg; khepyk;
gaph;r; rhFgb mlh;j;jp 186 rjtPjk;
MFk;. ,JNt ,e;jpahtpy; kpf cah;e;j
gaph;r; rhFgb mlh;j;jp MFk;.
Cental Agricultural Research Institute,
Port Blair
Aarid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur,
Rajasthan
Central Inland Fisheries Research
Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal
Central Institute for Cotton Research,
Nagpur, Maharashtra
Central Institute for Research on goats,
Farah, UP
Central Institute for Arid Hortinculture,
Bikaner, Rajasthan
Central Institute for Research on
Buffaloes, Hissar, Haryana
Central Institute for Fisheries Education,
Mumbai, Maharashtra
Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla,
HP
Central Research Institute for Dryland
Agriculture, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack,
Orissa
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute,
Karnal, Haryana
Central Tuber Crops Research Institute,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
New Delhi
ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Ela Old,
Goa
Indian Insitute of Spieces Research
Calicut, Kerala
Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research
Lucknow, UP
Indian Institute of Vegetable Research,
Varanasi, UP
National Research Centre on Camel,
Bikaner, Rajasthan
National Research Centre for Medicinal
and Aromatic Plants, Boriavi, Gujarat
National Research Centre for Soybean, MP
National Research Centre for Yak, Dirang,
Arunchal Pradesh
NRC for Citrus, Nagpur, Maharashtra
NRC for Mushroom, Solan, Himachal
Pradesh
NRC for Oilpalm, Pedavegi, Andhra
Pradesh
NRC for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra
NRC for Medicinal & Aromatic Plants,
Boriavi, Anand, Gujarat
NRC for Onion & Garlic, Rajgurunagar,
Pune, Maharashtra
NRC for Banana. Trichi, Tamilnadu
NRC on Seed Spieces, Tabiji, Ajmer,
Rajasthan
,e;jpa tptrhaj;jpy; cs;s gpur;rpidfs;
1. epiyaw;w kiog;nghopT
,e;jpa tptrhak; ngUk;ghYk; gUt
kioiaNa ek;gp ,uf;fpwJ. gUt
kioFwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; nga;tjpy;iy.
vdNt tptrhak; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. Fiwe;j kz; tk;
gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; ,iltplhJ
gaph;njhopy; nra;ag;gl;L tUtjhy; kz;
tsk; kpfTk; Fiwe;Js;sJ. jhtuq;fis
mopg;gjhYk; kz;tsk; mhpf;fg;gl;L
kz;tsk; Fiwe;J tpisr;ry; FiwfpwJ
3. cuk;
tsk; Fd;wpa epyj;jpw;F ,urhad
cuq;fspd; tpiy mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy;
rpwpa tptrhapfs; mtw;iw gad;gLj;j
Kbtjpy;iy
4. juk; Fiwe;j tpij
tptrhapfs; tpijfisAk;> cah;e;j uf
tpijfisAk; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy
jq;fs; epyq;fspy; tpisAk; gapdh;fspy;
,Ue;J xU gFjpia tpijf;nfd xJf;fp
itf;fpd;wdh;. mtw;iw ghJfhg;ghd
Kiwapy; itg;gjw;fhd trjp
,Ug;gjpy;iy. ,jdhy; tptrhak; nghpJk;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ
5. epyTlik
guk;giu guk;giuahf gps;isfSf;F
,ilNa epyq;fs; gq;fplg;gLtjhy;
tptrhapfs; ,lj;jpy; cs;s epyq;fspd;
gug;G kpf kpf FiwT
6. gaph; ghJfhg;G
gaph;fis jhf;fp mopf;Fk; G+r;rpfis
mopf;f G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfis thq;Ftjw;F
nghUshjhu trjp ,y;iy
gpw fhuzq;fs;
1. tptrhapfs; fy;tpawpT mw;wth;fs;.
tPhpa tpijfs; gw;wpAk; G+r;rp nfhy;yp
gw;wpAk; gaph; nra;Ak; Gjpa Kiw
gw;wpAk; mth;fshy; rhptu Ghpe;J
nfhs;s Kbtjpy;iy
2. epyTilik rpwpajhf ,Ug;gjhy;
,ae;jpuq;fis gad;gLj;j Kbtjpy;iy
3. rpwpa tptrhapfs; jdpegh;fsplk;
fld;gl;L nghpJk; ghjpf;gg;Lfpd;wdh;
4. Njitahd fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g ePh;ghrd
trjpfs; ,y;iy
5. nts;sf; fhyq;fspy; rhpahd gaph;
ghJfhg;G VJkpy;iy
6. tpise;j nghUis Nrkpf;fTk;> mjid
mq;fhbapy; rhpahd tpiyf;F tpw;Fk;
cs;fl;likg;G trjpfs; VJk; ,y;iy.
vdNt ,ilj; jufh;fs; mjpf yhgk;
ngWfpd;wdh;.
7. ,aw;if cuq;fis vhpnghUshf
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
2003-2004 Mk; Mz;bd; fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb
cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah ghy;>
goq;fs;> Ke;jphp> Njq;fha;> ,Q;rp>
kQ;rs;> thiog;gok;> rg;Nghl;lh> gUg;G
tiffs; kw;Wk; kpsF Mfpa
cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplk; tfpf;fpd;wJ.
Nth;f;fliy> NfhJik> fha;fwpfs;>
rh;f;fiu kw;Wk; kPd; cw;gj;jpapy;
cyfpd; ,uz;hltJ ,lj;ijAk;>
%d;whtJ cw;gj;jpapy; Gifapiy
kw;Wk; mhprp cw;gj;jpiaAk;
tfpf;fpd;wJ. fhhpg; gaph;fs; my;yJ
Nfhilf; fhyg; gaph;fs; (Khariff)
ney;> Nrhsk;> kf;fhr;Nrhsk;> rzy;>
fk;G> gUj;jp> fUk;G> epyf;fliy
epyj;ij gz;gLj;Jk; fhyk; - Vg;uy;> Nk
kio – njd;Nkw;F gUt fhw;wpy;
nga;Gk; kio
tpijf;fg;gLk; fhyk; - [Pd; khjk;
mWtilf;fhyk; - etk;gh;
uhfp gaph;fs; my;yJ Fsph; fhy gaph;fs;
NfhJik> Gifapiy> gUg;G tiffs;>
vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; Kjypad
tpijf;fg;gLk; fhyk; - mf;Nlhgh; khj
,Wjpapy; my;yJ etk;gh; njhlf;fj;jpy;
mWtilf;F tUk; fhyk; - khh;r; khjk;
MFk;
,e;jpahtpy; gapuhFk; Kf;fpag; gaph;tif
,Utifg;gLk; mit
1. czTg; gaph;fs; 2. gzg; gaph;fs;
ney;> NfhJik> ghh;yp> fk;G> Nrhsk;>
Nfo;tuF
gUg;G tiffs;
Jtiu> cSe;J> gr;irg; gapW>
jl;ilg;gapW> fliyg;gUg;G> nfhs;S
eWkzg; nghUs;fs;
kpsF> Vyf;fha;> kQ;rs;> ,Q;rp
czTg; gaph;fs; - gzg;gaph;fs;
vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;
epyf;fliy> vs;> fLF> Mkzf;F>
Njq;fha;> Msptpij
,iog;gaph;fs;
gUj;jp> rzy;
Njhl;lg;gaph;fs;
Njapiy> fhg;gp> ug;gh;> ,Q;rp> kQ;rs;>
Njq;fha;> kpsfha;
epue;jug; gaph;fs;
Mg;gps;> fUk;G> fhgp> NfhNfh Mfpait
epue;jug; gaph;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wJ
kw;wgaph;fs;
fUk;G> Gifapiy> ney;
,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa gaph; ney; MFk;.
,g;gaph; mjpfg; gug;gpy; gapuhfpwJ.
Mz;Lr; ruhrhp ntg;gepiy 24 bfphp
nr.kPAk; kioasT 150 nr.kP cs;s
gFjpfspy; mjpfkhf ney; gapuhfpwJ.
Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;> xhprh> Me;jpuh>
jkpo;ehL> Nfush> fh;ehlfk; Mfpa
khepyq;fspy; ney; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
nrOikahd fspkz; fye;j
tz;ly;kz;Zk; ePh; Njq;fp epw;f
rkepyKk; mjpfg;gbahd ePUk; ney;
gapuhtjw;F mtrpak;. rkntspg; gFjp
nly;lhg;gFjp Mw;W tbfhy; gpuNjrq;fs;
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ney; gapuhfpd;wJ
,e;jpahtpd; 29 rjtPjk; epyg;gug;gpy;
gaphplg;gLfpwJ
cyfpy; cw;gj;jp 13 ghfk; ,e;jpahtpy;
cw;gj;jp
mjpfk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; khepyk; Nkw;F
tq;fhsk;> ,uz;lhtJ ,lk;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> %d;whtJ ,lk;
gQ;rhg;.
,e;jpahtpy; 400 kpy;ypad; n`f;Nlh;
epyg;gug;gpy; (mjpf epyg;gug;gpy;) ney;
gaphplg;gLfpwJ
,e;jpahtpy; Njapiyf;F mLj;jgbahf
Vw;WkjpahFk; czTg; nghUs; mhprp
MFk;.
mjpfkhf tpisr;ry; (Average yield per
acre) Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; (1210 lbs)
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jPgfw;g ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfk; ney;
tpisAk; khepyk; Me;jpu gpuNjrk; MFk;
jQ;rhT+h; khtl;lj;jpy; ney;Yf;fhd tl;l
Muha;r;rp epiyak; MLJiwapy; cs;sJ
NfhJik
NfhJik xU kpj ntg;gkz;ly gaph;
nkhj;jk; 13 kpy;ypad; n`f;Nlh;fspy;
NfhJikg; gaphplg;gLfpwJ
NfhJik mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
khepyk; cj;jpugpuNjrk;
mjpfkhd tpisr;ry; (Yield per acre)
,uh[];jhdpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ
,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j cw;gj;jpapy; 1/5
ghfk; NfhJik gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy;
,Ue;J fpilf;fpwJ. vdNt
,g;gFjpapid ,e;jpahtpd; NfhJikf;
fsQ;rpak; vd;W miog;gh;
Fsph;r;rpahd <ukpf;f fhy epiyapy;
NfhJik gapuhfpwJ.
NfhJik 35° Kjy; 55° jPh;f;fNuifapy;
NfhJik tpisfpd;wJ
NfhJik tpia 10° nr. Kjy; 20° nr
tiu ntg;gKk; 50 nr. kP Kjy; 100 nr.
kP tiu kioAk; Njit
kf;Nuhdp tif NfhJik kj;jpa
,e;jpahtpy; fhpry; kz;zpy; ed;F
tpisfpd;wJ
NfhJikapd; tpisr;ry; fhyk; 5 Kjy;
5 ½ khjq;fs;
NfhJik tpijf;fg;gLk; fhyk; -
mf;Nlhgh; Kjy; etk;gh; khjq;fs;
fjph; Kw;Wk;NghJ kio $lhJ. XusT
fspkz fye;j tz;ly; kz;
tpisr;rYf;F Vw;wJ. gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh>
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; khepyq;fspy; epH;ghrd
trjpfSlDk; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;>
kfhuh\;buk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy;
khdhthhpahfTk; NfhJik gapuhfpwJ
kf;fhr;Nrhsk;
Nrhsk;: 27 bfphp nr. Kjy; 32 bfphp nr.
tiu ntg;gKk; 30 nr. kP Kjy; 100
nr.kP tiu kioak; Njit
fk;G: cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> uh[];jhd;>
`hpahdh> jkpo;ehL. kfhuh\;buk;
Kjypa khepyq;fspy; gapuhfpwJ
Nfo;tuF: ,J cw;gj;jpahFk; nkhj;j
epyg;gug;gpy; ghjpf;F Nky; fh;ehlfk;>
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL Mfpa
,lq;fspy; cs;sJ. 50 nr.kP. Kjy; 100
nr. kP tiu kio ngWk; gFjpfspy;
Nfo;tuF gapuhfpwJ
gUg;G tiffs;
gUg;G cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah cyfpd;
Kjyplk; tfpf;fpd;wJ. cyf
cw;gj;jpapy; 28% ,e;jpah cw;gj;jp
nra;fpd;wJ. Rkhh; 12-15 kpy;ypad; ld;
gUg;G tiffis ,e;jpah cw;gj;jp
nra;fpd;wJ.
Jtiu> mtiu> fliy> cSe;J>
nfhs;S> gUg;G tiffs; Gd;nra;
gaph;fs; MFk;. cw;gj;jpapy; Kjy; ,lk;
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> ,uz;lhtJ ,lk;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> %d;whtJ ,lk;
,uh[];jhd;
gQ;rhg;> gP`hh;> kfhuh\;buk;> fh;ehlfk;>
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL Mfpa
,lq;fspy; gapuhfpwJ.
Indian Institute of Pulses Research
cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s fhd;G+hpy;
mike;Js;sJ
eWkzg; nghUl;fs;
eWkzg; nghUl;fs; Nfushtpy; mjpfk;
tpisfpd;wJ
Fq;Fkg; G+ mjpfkhf tpisAk; khepyk;
[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; MFk;
kpsF
,J Nfusj;jpy; mjpfkhf tpisfpwJ.
cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,uz;lhtJ ,lk;.
fh;ehlfk; kw;Wk; Nfushtpy;
tpisfpd;wJ. md;dpa nryhtzp <l;bf;
nfhLg;gjpy; kpsF %d;whtJ ,lj;ij
tfpf;fpd;wJ
Vyf;fha;
,jd; cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah
Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp
kiyg; gFjpfs;> Nrh;tuhad;
kiyg;gFjpfs;> Nghbehaf;fd; gFjpfspy;
gapuhfpwJ. Nfushtpd; ,Lf;fp khtl;lk;
Gfo;ngw;wJ
kQ;rs;
,J Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; mjpfkhf
tpisfpwJ. jkpo;ehl;by; <NuhL
khtl;lj;jpy; mjpfk; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
rhak;> kUe;J> czT nghUshf
gad;gLfpwJ
,Q;rp
,Q;rp Nfusj;jpy; mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;>
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL> fh;ehlfhtpy;
gaph; nra;ag;gLfpwJ
kpsfha;
Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL> kfhuh\;buh
kw;Wk; fh;ehlfj;jpy; mjpfk;
tpisfpd;wJ. Fz;^h; kpsfha;
Gfo;ngw;wJ. eWkz nghUl;fspy; mjpf
md;dpa nryhtzpia kpsfha;
(,uz;lhtJ ,lk;) <l;bf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ.
nkhj;j kpsfha; cw;gj;jpapy; 60 rjtPjk;
Me;jpuhtpy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ
ghf;F
Mjpfkhf tpisAk; ,lk; Nfush MFk;.
fh;ehlfk;> mrhk;> kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk;
jkpofj;jpy; mjpfk; tpisfpd;wJ
Gjpdh (kpd;l;)
md;dpa nryhtzp mjpfkhf <l;bj;
jUk; thridj; jputpaq;fspy; kpd;l;
Kjyplj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ.
gzg;gaph;fs;
vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;
cyfpy; vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;
cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah Kjyplk;
tfpf;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j tptrha
gug;gpy; 10 rjtPjk; vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;
gaphplg;gLfpwJ
,e;jpahtpy; 2004-2005 Mk; Mz;L 26.1
nkl;hpf; ld;fs; vz;nza; cw;gj;jpj
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
twz;l #o;epiyapYk; tsuf; $ba gaph;
vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; MFk;
vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; mjpfkhf tpisAk;
gFjp jf;fhz gPlg+kpahFk;
The Technology Mission on Oilseeds –
1986
mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
vz;nza; tpj;J
1. NrhahgPd;]; (27%) 2. epyf;fliy (26%)
NrhahgPd;];
mjpf Gujr;rj;J cilaJ
kj;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpy; mjpfk; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ
epyf;fliy
,J xU ntg;gkz;lyg; gaph;
,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 86.72 ,yl;rk;
n`f;Nlhpy; ,g;gaph; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
jf;fhz gPlG+kpapy; fhpry; kz;> nrk;kz;
cs;s gFjpfspy; epyf;fliy gaphpl
kpfTk; Vw;wjhf cs;sJ. Me;jpuhtpy;
mjpf epyg; gpug;gpy; ,g;gaph;
gaphplg;gLfpwJ. F[uhj;jpy; ngUksT
tpisfpwJ
Rkhh; 50 nr. kP Kjy; 70 nr. kP tiu
kio Njit. jkpo;ehl;by; rdthp Kjy;
Nk tiu tpijf;fg;gLfpwJ. Vg;uy; Kjy;
Nk tiu mWtil nra;ag;gLfpwJ
jkpo;ehL> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfk;>
F[uhj; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; nkhj;jk;
80% epyf;fliy cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. nkhj;j vz;nza;
cw;gj;jpapy; ,J 25 rjtPjk; MFk;.
F[uhj; Kjyplk; tfpf;fpd;wJ.
,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij jkpo;ehL my;yJ
Me;jpu gpuNjrk; tfpf;fpd;wJ
ey;y #oypy; jw;NghJ epyf;fliy
cw;gj;jp Rkhh; 8 kpy;ypad; ld;fs;
MFk;. jkpo;ehlb;y; 1 kpy;ypad; ld;
epyf;fliy tpisfpd;wJ. Kf;fpa
Vw;Wkjp ehL nrdfy; kw;Wk;
mh;n[d;ildh MFk;.
vs;
jf;fhz gPlG+kpapy; mjpfkhf
gaphplg;gLfpwJ. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
mjpfkhf gaphplg;gLk; khepyk; MFk;
fLF
fLF gaphpl twz;l Fsph;fhyKk;
tskhd tz;ly; kz;Zk;
Njitg;gLfpwJ. rl;ny[;> fq;if Mw;Wg;
gs;sj;jhf;Ffspy; fLF mjpfkhf
gapuhfpwJ. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; cw;gj;jpapy;
Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ
Mkzf;F
jf;fhz gPlG+kpapy; mjpfkhf
gaphplg;gLfpwJ. cyf cw;gj;jpapy;
gpNurpYf;F mLj;jjhf ,e;jpah ,uz;lhk;
,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ. Mkzf;F vz;nza;
rpwe;j cah;T nghUshf gad;gLfpwJ.
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; mjpf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
khepyk;
Njq;fha;
cah;e;j ntg;gepiy> <ug;gjk;> mjpf
jio nghopT> tbfhy; trjpAs;s kz;
Mfpait Njitg;gLk;. ,e;jpahtpd;
Njq;fha; cw;gj;jpapy; 70 rjtPjk;
NfushtpypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ.
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfk;> kfhuh\;buh>
xhprh> jkpo;ehl;by; mjpfk; tpisfpd;wJ
Msptpij
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> gP`hh;>
uh[];jhd;> kfhuh\;buk;> Mfpa
khepyq;fspy; ,e;jpahtpd; cw;gj;jpapy;
90 rjtPjk; fpilf;fpwJ.
Ke;jphp
Nfushtpy; mjpfk; tpisfpd;wJ
ghh;yp
Mhprp kw;Wk; NfhJik tpisahj
,lj;jpy; ghh;yp gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
mjpfkhf gaphplg;gLk; khepyk; -
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
,iog;gaph;fs;
gUj;jp
ekJ ehl;L thzpfg; gaph;fSs; Kjyplk;
tfpf;fpwJ. ,J tsu fhpry; kz;
my;yJ fUQ;rptg;G kz; Njit
ntg;gkz;lyj;jpYk; kpj ntg;g
kz;lyj;jpYk; gUj;jp ed;F tpisAk;.
,jw;F 75 nr.kP Kjy; 100 nr.kP kio
Njit. ,g;gaph; tpisa 200 gdpaw;w
ehl;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J jf;fhz
gPlG+kpapd; tlNkw;Fg; gFjpapy; ed;F
tpisfpwJ. jf;fhz gPlG+kpapd;
kfhuh\;buk;> F[uhj;> kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;>
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfk; Mfpa
gFjpfs; ,e;jpahtpd; gUj;jp gpuNjrk;
vd;gh;
mjpfkhf gaphplg;gLk; ,lk;: kfhuh\;buh
mjpfkhf cw;gj;jpnra;agLk; ,lk;:
F[uhj;
mjpfkhf Yield per hectare F[uhj;
,J xU ,aw;ifahd ehh;g;gaph;
cyfpy; gUj;jp mjpfkhf mnkhpf;fhtpy;
jahh; nra;ag;gLfpwJ
,e;jpah cyf gUj;jp cw;gj;jpapy; 14%
rjtPjk; cw;gj;jp nra;aJ %d;whtJ
,lk; tfpf;fpd;wJ
gUj;jp gaphpl Muk;gj;jpy; cah;e;j ntg;g
epiyAk; gUj;jp fha; Kw;Wk; fhyj;jpy;
mjpf twl;rpAk; Njit
gUj;jp ntg;g kz;lj;jpYk;> kpj ntg;g
kz;lyj;jpy; ed;F tpisAk;.
,e;jpahtpy; Fl;ilapiog; gUj;jp
gaphplg;gLfpwJ
cah;e;j uf nel;biog; gUj;jp
tl ,e;jpahtpy; Mf];l; - khh;r; tiu
gUj;jp gaphplg;gLfpwJ
,e;jpahtpy; gUj;jp 75% jf;fhz (yhth)
gpuNjrj;jpy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gUj;jpapd; gaph;f;fhyk;
Nk Kjy; brk;gh; tiu MFk;
,e;jpah nel;ilapiog; gUj;jpia
vfpg;J> mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,Ue;J ,wf;Fkhjp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ
gUj;jp tiffs; - Mcu – 5> R[hjh>
tunyl;Rkp
2007-2008 Mz;L cw;gj;jp 310 ,yl;rk;
Ngy;fs; MFk;. xU Ngy; vd;gJ 170
fpNyh MFk;
jkpo;ehl;by; ,j;d cw;gj;jp kpff;
FiwT. Mdhy; njhopw;rhiyfspy;
gad;gLj;Jtjpy; ,e;jpahtpy; Kjyplk;
jkpo;ehL MFk; 2007-2008
khepyk; gug;G cw;gj;jp kf#y;
F[uhj; 25.16 110.00 743
kfhuh\;buh 31.91 60.00 320
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 10.96 43.00 667
gQ;rhg; 6.48 24.00 630
kj;jpa gpuNjrk; 6.62 21.00 539
`hpahdh 4.78 16.00 569
,uh[];jhd; 3.68 9.00 416
fh;ehlfh 3.71 8.00 367
jkpo;ehL 1.23 5.00 691
nkhj;jk; 310.00
Central Institute for Cotton Research –
Nagpur 1976
kz;ly epiyaq;fs; 1. Coimbatore 2. Sirsa
rzy;
Rzy; xU kypthd ,iog;gaph;. ,J
ntg;g kz;lyg; gaph;. Rzy; gaphpl 28
nrd;bfpNul; ntg;gKk; 200 nr.kP kioak;
Njit. GJ tz;ly; kz; rkntspfspy;
rzy; ed;F tpisAk;. ,e;jpahtpy; rzy;
gaphplg;gLk; epyg;gug;gpy; 55% epyg;gug;G
Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;sJ.
cyfpNyNa rzy; ,e;jpahtpy; mjpf
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy;
Rkhh; 971>000 Vf;fh; epyg;gug;gpy; rzy;
gaphplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd;
gphptpidapy; rzy; cw;gj;jp
ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ
Rzy; khh;r; Kjy; Nk khjk; tiu
tpijf;ggLfpwJ. Vg;uy; Kjy; [Pd; tiu
gaph;fs; mjpfkhf tsUk;. gaph;fhyk; 5
khjq;fs;. mWtil fhyk; [Piy Kjy;
mf;Nlhgh; tiu. cyf cw;gj;jpapy;
,e;jpah tq;fhsNjrk; 96%
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpahtpy; cw;gj;jp
MFk; rzypd; msT 10940>000 Ngy;fs;
MFk;.
Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; njd;gFjpfspy;
Fwpg;ghf n`suh> `{f;sp> ghh;j;Jthd;>
gh;fhdhf;fs;> kpl;dhG+h;> ehbah Mfpa
khtl;lq;fspy; rzy; mjpfkhfg;
gaphplg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 77
rzy; kpy;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mjpy; 60
kpy;fs; Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpYk; Me;jpug;
gpuNjrj;jpy; 7> gPfhhpy; 3 c.gpapy; 3
mrhk; khepyj;jpy; xd;Wk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rzy; jz;by; ,Ue;J
rziy gphpj;jnjLf;Fk; Kiwf;F nul;bq;
vd;W ngah;. Rkhh; 90>000 Ngh;
NehpilahfTk; Rkhh; 1.50 ,yl;rk; Ngh;
kiwKfkhfTk; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;.
rzy; cw;gj;jpapy; Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
KjyplKk; ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij gPfhUk;
%d;whtJ ,lj;ij m];]hKk;
ehd;fhtJ ,lj;ij Me;jpu gpuNjrKk;
tfpf;fpd;wd.
Njhl;lg;gaph;fs;
Njapiy
Njapiyapd; gpwg;gplk; rPdh MFk;
tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG fhyj;jpy;
Njapiy tzpf gapuhf gaphplg;gl;lJ
cyfpNyNa mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
ehL ,e;jpah
mjpfkhf Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; ehLfs;
,yq;if> rPdh kw;Wk; ,e;jpah MFk;.
Njapiy Vw;Wkjp jw;NghJ Fiwe;J
nfhz;L tug;gLfpwJ
Mjpfkhf Njapiyia gad;gLj;Jk; ehL
,e;jpah MFk;
cyf cw;gj;jpapy; 28 rjtPjKk; cyf
Vw;Wkjpapy; 16 rjtPjKk; gq;F
tfpf;fpd;wd
,e;jpahtpy; Njapiy gaphplg;gLk; gug;G
435 ,yl;rk; n`f;Nlh; MFk;
2000-01y; ,e;jpahtpy; Njapiy cw;gj;jp
8.05 ,yl;rk; ld;fs; mFk;
Njapiy xU ngUe;Njhl;l Ntshz;ik
MFk;
,J xU ntg;g kz;ly kiof;fhl;L>
ntg;ge;jho;e;j <uf;fhy epiyAs;s
gpuhe;jpa gapuhFk;. ,jw;F mjpf msT
ntg;gk; Njit
,jw;F 250 nrkP kio Njit. Nthpy; ePh;
jq;fhky; tope;J Xlf; $ba 300 Kjy;
1800 kPl;lh; tiu cauKs;s kiy
rhpTfspy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ. cjphpahd>
jz;zPh; Njq;fhj kzw;ghq;fhd tz;ly;
kz; Njapiy cw;gj;jpf;F rpwe;jjhFk;.
Njapiy gaphpLk; ehLfs; midj;Jk;
tlf;fpy; 35 bfphpf;Fk; njw;fpy; 30
bfphpf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l ml;rq;fspy;
mike;Js;sd
Pruning Kiw Njapiy cw;gj;jpapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
,e;jpahtpy; Njapiy gaphplg;gLk; gFjpfis
2 gphpTfshf gphpf;fyhk;
1. tlfpof;F 2. njd;dpe;jpa gFjp
tlfpof;F gFjp
m];]hkpy; gpuk;kGj;jpuh #h;kh Mfpa
MwWg;gs;sj;jhf;Fg; gFjpapYk;
gpuk;kGj;jpuh Mw;Wf;F tlf;fpy; fhk&g;>
jhuq;> yf;fpk;g+h;> rhbah Mfpa
khtl;lq;fspYk;> njw;fpy; rpg;rhfh;>
et;fhq; Mfpa khtl;lq;fspYk; #h;kh
gs;sj;jhf;fpYs;s fhrh;f; Fd;WfspYk;
Njapiy mjpfkhfg; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpy; Njapiy mjpfkhfg;
gaphplg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Njapiy
gaphplg;gLk; epyg;gug;gpy; 52% m];]hkpy;
cs;sJ
mrhkpy; Njapiy gaphplg;gLk; ,lq;fs;:
Darrang, Goalpara, Kamrup, Lakhimpur,
Dibrugarh, Sibsagar, Nowgong, Cachar,
Karbi Anlong, North Cachar
Nkw;F tq;fj;jpy; (Darjeeling, Teria,
Dooars) lhh[pypq;> [hy;gha;Fhp kw;Wk;
$r;gPfhh; khtl;lq;fspy; Njapiy
gaphplg;gLfpwJ
Darjeeling Tea Research and Development
Centre Kurseong
njd;dpe;jpa gFjp
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; jkpo;ehL> Nfush Mfpa
khepyq;fspYs;s Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp
kiyr; rhpTfspy; Njapiy
gaphplg;gLfpwJ. njd;dpe;jpa Njapiy
cw;gj;jpapy; ghjpf;F Nky; jkpofj;jpy;
,Ue;J fpilf;fpwJ
jkpo;ehl;by; ePyfphp> Nfhit> kJiu>
jpUney;Ntyp kw;Wk; fd;dpahFkhp
khtl;lq;fspy; Njapiy gaphplg;gLfpwJ
Nfushtpy; ,Lf;fp> taehL> Nfhl;lak;>
jpUtde;jGuk;> jpUr;#h; Nfhopf;NfhL>
ghyf;fhL> fz;Z}h; kw;Wk; nfha;yhd;
Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy; gaphplg;gLfpd;wJ
fh;ehlfhtpy; rpf;kq;fSh;> `rd;> $h;f;
khtl;lq;fspy; gaphplg;gLfpd;wJ
,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 980 kpy;ypad; fpNyh
Njapiy cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
jkpo;ehl;by; 163656>000 fpNyhf;fs; 2006y;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ
Tea Board of India : 1.1.1954
jiyikaplk;: Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy;
fy;fj;jh> kz;ly mYtyfq;fs;:
Fd;D}h;> nfs`hj;jp> GJ jpy;yp> rpy;Fhp>
Kk;ig> nfhr;rpd;> nrd;id> rpy;rhh;>
Nfhl;lak;> mfh;jyh> N[hul;> Nj];G+h;>
Fhprpahq; kw;Wk; gsk;G+h;
fhgp
fhgp tzpf Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf 1820 Kjy;
,e;jpahtpy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ
,e;jpahtpy; gaphplg;gLk; Nuhg];lh kw;Wk;
mugpfh ufq;fs; cyf juk; tha;e;j fhgp
MFk;
ePhpy; mjpfk; jq;ff; $lhJ. 600 kPl;lh;
Kjy; 1200 kPl;lh; cauKs;s kiyr;
rhpTfspy; gapuhfpwJ. 20 bfphp nr. Kjy;
25 bfphp nr. tiu ntg;gk; Njit.
Njapiyiaf; fhl;bYk; Fiwthd
ntg;gk; NghJk;. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; kio
kpFe;j Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfspy;
Nkw;F rhpTfspy; NjapiyAk; fpof;F
rhpTfspy; fhgpAk; gapuhfpwJ. ,g; gaph;
xU epoy; tpUk;Gk; jhtuk; MFk;.
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fhgp Njhl;lq;fspy;
ghjpf;F Nky; fh;ehlfh khepyj;jpy;
cs;sJ. fLh;> rpNkhfh> Mrd;> FlF
kiy Mfpa ,lq;fspYk; jkpo;ehl;by;
Nrh;tuhad; kiy> Mizkiy> ePyfphp
kiy Kjypa gFjpfspYk; fhgp
Njhl;lq;fs; cs;sd
Nfushtpy; fhg;gp ,Lf;fp> Nfhl;lak;>
ghyf;fhL Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
gaphplg;gLfpwJ
,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 354840 Vf;fh;
epyg;gug;gpy; fhg;gp gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpy; fhg;gp cw;gj;jpapy; 70%
fh;ehlfj;jpYk; 23.6% NfushtpYk; fhg;gp
tpisfpwJ.
jkpofj;jpy; fhg;gp 5.6 rjtPjk;
gaphplg;gLfpwJ. jkpofj;jpy; fhg;gp godp
kiyapy; mjpfk; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ
cyf fhg;gp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpahtpd;>
gq;F 4% MFk;. 2008-2009 Mk; Mz;L
jkpo;ehl;bd; fhg;gp cw;gj;jp 16>625
nkl;hpf; ld; vd vjph;ghh;ffg;gLfpwJ.
jkpo;ehl;by; Pulneys gFjp mjpf fhg;gp
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; gFjpahFk;.
,e;jpahtpy; mjpf fhg;gp cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak; gFjp FlF kiy MFk;.
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf gaphplg;gLk; fhg;gp
,j;jhyp ehl;bw;F mjpfk; Vw;Wkjp
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ
ug;gh;
ug;gh; Njhl;lq;fs; Nfus khepyj;jpYk;
(85%) jkpo;ehl;bYk; 4% cs;sd
jkpo;ehl;by; ePyfphp> kJiu> fd;dpahFkhp
khtl;lq;fspy; ug;gh; gaphplg;gLfpwJ
jpUtde;jGuk; kw;Wk; kyghh; gFjpapy;
1880 Kjy; ug;gh; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
,Ug;gpDk; tzpf Nehf;fkhf 1902 Kjy;
gaphplg;gLfpwJ
ug;gh; kuq;fs; 300 nr. kP mjpfkhf kio
nga;Ak; ,lq;fspy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
NkYk; ,jw;F 25 Kjy; 35 bfphp nrz;b
fpNuL ntg;gk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;
300 Kjy; 450 kPl;lh; fly; kl;lj;jpy;
,Ue;J cauk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 700
kPl;lUf;F Nky; cauk; ,Uf;ff;%lhJ
cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpahtpd; gq;F 8
rjtPjkhFk;
400>000 n`f;Nlh; epyg;gug;gpy; 630>000
ld;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ
kw;w gaph;fs;
fUk;G
,J xU ntg;g kz;lyg; gaph;. 24 nr. kP
Kjy; 30 nr. kP ntg;gKk; Njit.
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> gP`hh;> gQ;rhg; Mfpad
fUk;G gaphpLk; Kf;fpakhd ,lq;fs;
2004-2005 Mk; Mz;L fUk;G cw;gj;jp
23.23 Nfhb ld;fs;
cyfj;jpd; rh;f;fiu fpz;zk; fpA+gh
,e;jpahtpd; rh;f;fiu fpz;zk;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
fUk;G kw;Wk; rh;f;fiu cw;gj;jpapy;
cyfj;jpy; ,e;jpah ,uz;lhtJ ,lk;
ngWfpwJ. Kjyplk; gpNurpy; MFk;
rh;f;fiu gad;gLj;Jtjpy; ,e;jpah Kjy;
,lk; ngWfpwJ
,J %q;fpy; FLk;gj;ij rhh;e;jJ
fUk;gpd; tpisr;ry; fhyk;: 12 khjq;fs;
MFk;. ney; tpisAk; gFjpfspy;
tpisAk; gaph; fUk;G MFk;
tl ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fUk;gpidf;
fhl;bYk; njd; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s
fUk;gpy; rh;f;fiu mjpfk; cs;sJ
fUk;gpd; rf;if Bagasse vdg;gLk;
,J fhfpj njhopw;rhiyf;F
gad;gLfpwJ. ,t;tif fhfpjq;fs;
GfSh; njhopw;rhiyapy;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ
mjpfkhf gaphpLk; khepyk;: 1.
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; (38.57%) 2. kfhuh\;buh
(17.76%) 3. fh;ehlfh (12.20%)
2008-2009Mk; Mz;L fzf;fpd;gb
mjpfkhf rh;f;fiu jahhpf;Fk; khepyk;: 1.
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 2. kfhuh\;buh 3.
fh;ehlfh 4. jkpo;ehL 5. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
(Kd;G Kjyplk; kfhuh\;buh)
rh;f;fiu ePh; fopT nkhyhr]; vdg;gLk;.
,jpy; ,Ue;J vhp rhuhak;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ
,J Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oiy khRgl
nra;tjhy; ,jid ,Uk;G njhl;bapy;
Njf;fpitf;f Ntz;Lk;
,e;jpahtpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; fUk;gpy;
ngUk;gFjp fz;lrhhp rh;f;fiu nra;a
gad;gLfpwJ
fh;ehlfj;jpy; fUk;G mjpfkhf tpisAk;
khtl;lk; khz;bah MFk;
Gifapiy
,J xU ntg;g kz;lyg; gaph;. Fspkz;
my;yJ Rz;zhk;G fye;j nrk;kz;
,jw;F Njit
cyf cw;gj;jp nkhj;jk; 6137 Mapuk;
ld;fs; MFk;. ,jpy; rPdh 2299 Mapuk;
ld;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;J cyfpd;
Kjyplk; tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,uz;lhtJ
,lj;ij gpNurpy;> ,e;jpah 595.4 Mapuk;
ld;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;J cyf
cw;gj;jpapy; 8 tpOf;fhL ngw;W
%d;whtJ ,lj;ijAk; tfpf;fpd;wJ
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; (0.16 kpy;ypad; ld;)>
F[uhj; (0.15 kpy;ypad; ld;)> kw;Wk;
fh;ehlfk; (0.03 kpy;ypad; ld;) Mfpait
Gifapiy Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy;
tpistpf;fg;gLfpwJ
Gifapiyia 1508y; ,e;jpahtpw;F
mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;fs; Nghh;r;RfPrpah;fs;.
Gifapiyapy; epNfhbd; vd;w er;Rg;
nghUs; cs;sJ
Gifapiy thhpak; Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy;
cs;s Fz;^hpy; nray;gLfpwJ
goj;Njhl;lq;fs;
,e;jpah 43 kpy;ypad; ld; goq;fisAk; -
86 kpy;ypad; ld; fha;fwpfisAk;
cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ
goq;fs;> fha;fwpfs; cw;gj;jpapy;
cyfpy; ,uz;lhtJ ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wJ
cyf khk;gok; cw;gj;jpapy; 65
rjtPjKk; thiog;gok; cw;gj;jpapy; 11
rjtPjKk; ,e;jpahtpy; tpisfpd;wJ
khk;gok; kw;W; thiog;gok; cw;gj;jpapy;
cyfpy; Kjyplk;
Viofspd; Mg;gps; - nfha;ahg;gok;
thiog;gok; - tpisAk; khepyq;fs; -
jkpo;ehL> kfhuh\;buh> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;>
Nfush> F[uhj;
jpuhl;ir – tpisAk; ,lq;fs; -
fh;ehlfj;jpy; - $h;f;> Nfushtpy; taehL
jkpofj;jpy; - ePyfphp kw;Wk; ,khr;ry
gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; Nkfhyah Mfpa
,lq;fs;
khk;gok; - cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; mjpf
cw;gj;jp gPfhh;> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> Nkw;F
tq;fk;> xhprh> jkpo;ehL Mfpa
khepyq;fspy; tpisfpwJ
czTg; gaph;fs;
czTg;gaph;fs; mjpfk; tpisAk;
khepyq;fs;
1. mhprp Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
2. ghh;yp cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
3. Nrhsk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
4. fLF cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
5. gl;L fh;ehlfh
6. Fq;Fkg;G+ [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;
7. Ke;jphp Nfush
8. Njapiy mrhk;
9. NfhJik cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
10. gUj;jp kfhuh\;buh
11. re;jdk; fh;ehlfk;
12. fUk;G cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
13. ug;gh; Nfush
14. Vyk; Nfush
15. Gifapiy Me;jpuh
16. fpuhk;G Nfush
17. epyf;fliy F[uhj;
18. fhg;gp Nfush
19. kQ;rs; Nfush
20. ,Q;rp fh;ehlfk;
21. Njq;fha; Nfush
22. tpsf;nfz;nza; - Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
Shifting Cultivation
fhLfis mopj;J rpy ,lq;fspy;
tptrhak; eilngWfpwJ. ,jid
Shifting Cultivation vd;W $Wth;. ,J
gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; ntt;NtW
ngah;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ
[Pk; mrhk;
NghL Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
Nghzk; Nfush
fhy;eilfs;
cyfpNyNa fhy;eilfs; mjpfk; cs;s
ehL ,e;jpah
Kjy; fhy;eilfis fzf;nfLg;G 1919-
1920 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;wJ
16tJ fhy;eilfs; fzf;nfLg;G 1997
Mk; Mz;L eilngw;wJ
17tJ fhy;eilfs; fzf;nfLg;G 2003
Mk; Mz;L eilngw;wJ
17tJ fhy;eilfs; fzf;nfLg;G 2003
ghy; cw;gj;jp 88.81 kpy;ypad; ld;fs;
Kl;il cw;gj;jp 34 gpy;ypad;
fk;gsp cw;gj;jp 53 kpy;ypad; fpNyh
nkhj;j fhy;eil 185181 (000)
cattle 38.2%
buffaloes 20.2%
sheep 12.7%
goats 25.6%
pigs 2.8%
other animals are less than 0.50%
cyfpd; nkhj;j khLfspy; 57 rjtPjKk;
MLfspy; 14 rjtPjKk; ,e;jpahtpy;
cs;sJ
cyfpd; nkhj;j fhy;eilfspy; 19
rjtPjk; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ
,e;jpahtpd; Ntshz;ikapy; fpilf;Fk;
cw;gj;jpapy; 37 rjtPjKk; (nkhj;j
DPapy; 5.30 rjtPjk;) fhy;eilfs; %yk;
fpilf;fpd;wJ.
gz;izj; njhopypy; ,e;jpahtpy;
Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; khepyk;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
fhy;eilfSf;fhd fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lk;
Insurance Scheme 21.2.2006 Kjy;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
Nfushtpy; mjpfkhf kPd;gpbj;jy;
eilngWfpwJ
kd;dhh; tisFlh> fhk;Ng tisFlh
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; Kj;J Fspj;jy;
eilngWfpwJ. fhy;eilfs; jhf;Fk;
Neha;
vy;dh fhy;eilfs; - Me;j;uf;]; khLfs;
fhy; kw;Wk; tha; Neha;
[hd; Neha; Nfhopfs; - khh;f Neha;
uhzpfz;l;
ML> khLfs; - hpz;ld;ng];l;
nts;isg;Gul;rp – ghy; cw;gj;jp
nts;spg;Gul;rp – Kl;il cw;gj;jp
jqfg; Gul;rp – goq;fs; cw;gj;jp
kQ;rs; Gul;rp – vz;nza;tpj;jf;fs;
cw;gj;jp
gpuTd; Gul;rp – Njhy; / Non
Conventional cw;gj;jp
gRikg; Gul;rp – Ntshz;ik cw;gj;jp
fpNu Gul;rp – cuq;fs; cw;gj;jp
gpq;f; Gul;rp – kUe;J cw;gj;jp
rptg;Gg; Gul;rp – khkprk; kw;Wk; jf;fhsp
cw;gj;jp
tl;lg; Gul;rp – cUisf;fpoq;F cw;gj;jp
,it midj;Jk; xUq;fpize;J
nray;gLj;JtJ thdtpy; Gul;rp
vdg;gLk;.
Ntz;ikg;Gul;rp - ,e;jpahtpy; ntz;ik
Gul;rp Vw;gl fhuzkhdth; lhf;lh; th;fP];
#hpad;. ghy; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jpNa
ntz;ik Gul;rp Kjy; ntz;ikg; Gul;rp
eilngw;w Mz;L – 1970 – 81
,uz;lhtJ ntz;ikg; Gul;rp eilngw;w
Mz;L 1981-85
gRikg; Gul;rp – Kjy; gRikg; Gul;rp
Vw;gl;l Mz;L 1967 – 68
gad; mile;j khepyq;fs; - gQ;rhg;>
mhpahdh kw;Wk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpd;
Nkw;F gFjp
,uz;lhtJ gRikg; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l
Mz;L – 1983 – 84
gad; mile;j khepyq;fs; - Nkw;F
tq;fhsk;> xhprh> gPfhh;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
kw;Wk; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
gRikg; Gul;rp Vw;gl fhuzkhdth; -
lhf;lh; vk;.v];. Rthkpehjd; kw;Wk; rp.
Rg;gpukzpad;
gpuTd; Gul;rp – NfhJik cw;gj;jpNa
gpuTd; Gul;rp MFk;. (gioa
Gj;jfq;fspy;)
ghy; gz;izj; njhopy;
,e;jpah 91 kpy;ypad; ld; ghy; cw;gj;jp
nra;J cyfpd; Kz;zdp ehlhf
jpfo;fpd;wJ.
kfhuh\;buhtpYs;s MNuh ghy;
gz;izAk;> nrd;idapYs;s khjtuk;
ghy; gz;izAk;> F[uhj;jpYs;s> Mde;;j;
ghy; gz;izAk; Kf;fpakhf ghy;
gz;izfshFk;
ghy; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah Kjy; ,lk;
tfpf;fpwJ
ghy; gz;izj; njhopiy ngUf;fk;
nra;a ngq;fSh;> fh;D}y;> F[uhj;>
kfuh\;buk; Kjypa ,lq;fspy; gapw;rp
epiyaq;fs; cs;sJ
ghy; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpa mstpy;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; Kjy; ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ
fk;gsp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpa mstpy;
,uh[];jhd; Kjy; ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ
Nfhopg;gz;iz
Kf;fpa ,dq;fs; xapl; ny`hd; gpshf;
ikdhh;f;fh> Nuhl; Iyz;l
Nfhop tsh;g;G gz;izfs; jkpo;ehL>
Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;> m];]hk;>
kfhuh\;buk;> kj;jpa gpuNjrk; Mfpa
khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sd
Kl;il cw;gj;jpapy; 5tJ ,lj;jpy;
,e;jpah cs;sJ
45 kpy;ypad; Kl;ilfs; cw;gj;jp nra;J
cyfpd; 6 ehLfspy; xd;whf
jpfo;fpd;wJ.
Kl;il Gul;rp
cyf Kl;il cw;jg;jpapy; ,e;jpah
jw;NghJ 3tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
Kjyplj;jpy; rPdh cs;sJ
,uz;lhtJ ,lj;jpy; mnkhpf;fh cs;sJ.
,e;jpahtpy; Me;jpu khepyj;jpy; mjpf
Kl;il cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. mjpf
Kl;il nryT nra;tjpy; kfhuh\;buh
khepyk; Kjyplk; MFk;
khLfs;
cyfpy; khLfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy;
,e;jpah Kjyplk; ngWfpwJ. fhq;Nfak;>
Xq;Nfhy;> rpe;jp Nkthjp Mfpad rpy
Kf;fpa khLfspd; ,dq;fshFk;.
`hpahdh> gQ;rhg;> uh[];jhd;> F[uhj;>
kfuh\;buk;> jkpo;ehL> fh;ehlfk;>
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy;
khLfspd; juk; mjpfk; cs;sJ
MLfs;
,e;jpahtpy; 61.47 kpy;ypad;
nrk;kwpahLfSk; 124.36 kpy;ypad;
MLfSk; cs;sd. ,J cyfj;jpy; 3tJ
epiyahFk;.
Rkhh; 45 kpy;ypad; fpNyh fk;gsp
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,J cyf
cw;gj;jpapy; 3.1 rjtPjkhFk;
,e;jpahtpd; nrk;kwpahLfspd;
vz;zpf;ifapy; Rkhh; 40rjtPjk;
uh[];jhd;> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; Mfpa
khepyq;fspy; cs;sJ. jf;fhzj;jpy;
mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jkpo;ehL>
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> kfhuh\;buk;> F[uhj;>
[k;K> fh\;kPh;> gPfhh;> gQ;rhg; `hpahdh
Mfpa khepyq;fspy; nrk;kwpahLfs;
tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. Vio kf;fspd; gR
vd MLfs; fUjg;gLfpd;wd
16tJ fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb ,uh[];jhd;
17tJ fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
Fjpiufs;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> gPfhh;>
F[uhj;> kfhuh\;buk; Mfpa
khepyq;fspy; Fjpiufs;
tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd
xl;lfq;fs;
ghiytdf; fg;gy; vd miof;fg;gLk;
xl;lfq;fs; gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh> Nkw;F
uh[];jhd; Mfpa gFjpfspy;
tsh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd
thj;J
thj;Jf;fs; cyfpd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;ifapy; Vwj;jho 20 rjtPjk;
,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ. jkpo;ehL Me;jpuk;>
Nkw;F tq;fhsk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy;
thj;Jf;fs; mjpfk;
kPd; gpbf;Fk; njhopy;
cyf kPd; cw;gj;jpapy; rPdh
Kjyplj;ijAk;> [g;ghd; ,uz;lhtJ
,lj;ijAk; ,e;jpah %d;whtJ
,lj;ijAk; tfpf;fpd;wJ.
cs;ehl;L kPd; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah
,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ
cs;ehl;L kPd; gpbg;gjpy; Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
njhlh;e;J Kd;dpiyapy; cs;sJ.
,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij Me;jpu gpuNjrKk;
tfpf;fpd;wJ.
kPd; gpbf;Fk; ,lj;ij
1. Mo;fly; kPd;gpbg;G
2. flNyhu kPd;gpbg;G
3. cs;ehl;L kPd;gpbg;G vd %d;W
tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;
1. Mo;fly; kPd;gpbg;G
,e;j kPd;gpbg;G eilngWk; ,lq;fs;
nfhq;fzf; flw;fiu> Nfusf; flw;fiu>
Nrhokz;lyf; flw;fiu MfpaitahFk;
2. flNyhu kPd;gpbg;G
F[uhj;> fh;ehlfk;> kyghh; flw;fiu
Xuq;fspYk; kd;dhh; tisFlhtpYk;>
jkpo;ehL> Me;jpuk; Mfpa khepyq;fspd;>
flw;fiu Xuq;fspYk;> xhprh> Nkw;F
tq;fhsk; Mfpa khepyq;fspYs;s
cg;gq;fopfspYk; flNyhu kPd;gpbg;G
eilngWfpwJ
3. cs;ehl;L kPd;gpbg;G
Nfhjhthp> fpU\;zh> fhtphp> fq;if>
gpuk;kGj;jpuh> kfhejp Kjypa
MWfspYk; mtw;wpd; FWf;Nf
fl;lg;gl;Ls;s mizf;fl;LfspYk;
fhy;tha;fspYk; ePh;tif kPd;fs;
gpbf;fg;gLfpd;wd
Ma;T epWtdq;fs;
Central Institute of Brackishwater
Aquaculture, Chennai, Tamilnadu
Central Inland Fishereis Research
Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal
Central Institute of Freshwater
Aquaculture, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa
Central Marine Fisheries Research
Institute, Kochi, Kerala
Central Institute of Fisheries Technology,
Kochi, Kerala
National Bureaue of Fish Genetic
Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
National Research Centre on Coldwater
Fisheries, Bhimtal, Uttaranchal
jhJg;nghUl;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf epyf;fhp cs;sJ
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf fpilf;Fk; fyit
jhJf;fs;: khq;fdPR> FNuhikl;>
ill;lhdpak;
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf fpilf;Fk; Flux
jhJf;fs; Rz;zhk;G> [pg;rk;> Nlhyikl;
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf fpilf;Fk;
Refractorses jhJf;fs;: khf;idl;>
rpypkidl; kw;Wk; ifidl;
,e;jpahtpy; Njitf;Fk; Fiwthf cs;s
,Uk;gw;w (Non Ferrous) jhJf;fs;:
nrk;G> Jj;jehfk;> lq;];ld;> fpuhigl;
kw;Wk; ghjurk;
cuj; jahhpg;gpw;F Njitg;gLk;
,e;jpahtpy; fpilf;fhj jhJf;fs;: fhg;gh;>
nghl;lh\;> kw;Wk; gh];Ngl;
,e;jpahtpy; Fiwthf fpilf;Fk; fdpk
Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; rikay; fhp kw;Wk;
ngl;Nuhypak;.
jhJg;nghUl;fis fz;lwpAk; gzpapy;
cs;s epWtdq;fs;
1. Geological Survey of India
2. Mineral Ex;oration Corporation Limited
3. Indian Bureau of Mines
2000-2001 Mk; Mz;L 480.17 gpy;ypad;
kjpg;Gs;s jhJg; nghUl;fs; ntl;b
vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1950-95y; 892 kpy;ypad;
kjpg;Gs;s jhJg;nghUl;fNs
vLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J jw;NghJ cs;sJ
Nghy; 538 klq;F MFk;
cw;gj;jp tpfpjq;fs;: (2000-2001)
vhpnghUs;: 88.87 rjtPjk;
cNyhfq;fs;: 7.26 rjtPjk;
mNyhfq;fs;: 3.86 rjtPjk;
,e;jpahtpy; ntl;b vLf;fg;gLk; nkhj;j
jhJg;nghUl;fs; Rkhh; 68 MFk;.
mtw;wpy; 1 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhdit
fhp: 41.11 rjtPjk;
ngl;Nuhypak; 30.69 rjtPjk;
,aw;if vhpthA 14.88 rjtPjk;
,Uk;G 4 rjtPjk;
Rz;zhk;G 2.60 rjtPjk;
ypf;idl; 2.19 rjtPjk;
fdpk tsk; njhlh;ghf ,e;jpahit 3
ngUk; gFjpahf gphpf;fyhk;
mit
1. tlfpof;Fg; gFjp:
,tw;wpy; Nrhl;lhehfGhp> xhprh kw;Wk;
fpof;F Me;jpuh mlq;Fk;
,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhf fdpk tsk;
fpilf;Fk; gFjp ,JNt MFk;
,Uk;G> khq;fdPR> ikf;fh> ghf;irl;>
Rz;zhk;G> Nlhyikl;> Njhhpak;>
A+Nuhdpak;> FNuhkpak;> rpykidl;>
gh];Ngl; Kjypad jhJf;fs;
,g;gFjpapy; fpilf;fpd;wd
jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F kw;Wk; rl;B];fh;
gFjpapy; epyf;fhp kpFjpahf fpilg;gjhy;
,g;gFjpapy; Vuhskhd ,Uk;G>
mYkpdpak; Nghd;w njhopw;rhiyfs;
cs;sJ
ngl;Nuhypak;> vhpthA Nghd;wit
,g;gFjpapy; fpilf;fpd;wJ. NkYk;
nts;sp> nrk;G> <ak; kw;Wk; Jj;jehfk;
Nghd;wit ,g;gFjpapy; fpilf;fpd;wJ
,Jjtpu gpuk;kGj;jpuh rkntspapy;
ngl;NuhypaKk; Nfush flw;fiuapy; fd
cNyhfkhd ,y;kidl; Nghd;witAk;
fpilf;fpd;wd
jhJg;nghUl;fSk; mit ,e;jpahtpy;
mjpfkhf fpilf;Fk; ,lq;fSk;
1. Mz;bkzp – gQ;rhg;> xhprh> jkpo;ehL
2. mYkpdpak; - gPfhh;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
3. FNuhikl; - gPfhh;> xhprh> kfhuh\;buk;
4. m];ng];lh]; - Me;jpukhepyk;>
fh;ehlfk;> uh[];jhd;
5. ,UkGj;jhJ – gPfhh;> xhprh> jkpo;ehL>
Nkw;Ftq;fhsk;
6. mgpufk; (ikf;fh) – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
(`rhhpghg;> fah)
7. ,k;kidl; - Nfush
8. <ak; - uh[];jhd;> Me;jpuh> xhprh
9. epyf;fhp – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;>
Me;jpuh> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> m];]hk;>
jkpo;ehL
10. fy;ehh; - fh;ehlfk;> uh[];jhd;>
m];]hk;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
11. fhh;Nghuz;lk; - jkpo;ehL> fh\;kPh;
12. fpuhigl; - uh[];jhd;> Me;jpuh>
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
13. FNuhikl; - gPfhh;> fh;ehlfk;> xhprh>
kfhuh\;buk;
14. ryitf; fw;fs; - uh[];jhd;
15. rpfg;Gf;fy; - gPfhh;> jkpo;ehL> xhprh
16. nrk;G – Me;jpuh> fh;ehlfk;
17. lq;];ld; - gPfhh;
18. jfuk; - gPfhh;
19. Jj;jehfk; - uh[];jhd;> xhprh
20. Rz;zhk;G – gPfhh;> jkpo;ehL
21. irdhf;fspkz; - gPfhh;> uh[];jhd;
22. Njhhpak; - Nfush> jkpo;ehL
23. ngl;Nuhy; - m];]hk;> F[uhj;
24. Nghpak;ry;Ngl; - jkpo;ehL> Me;jpuh>
Nfhth
25. ikfh – gPfhh;> Me;jpuh> uh[];jhd;
26. ANudpak; - gPfhh;> Nfush
27. ituk; - kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
28. nts;sp – fh;ehlfk;> gPfhh;
29. [pg;rk; - uh[];jhd;> jkpo;ehL> F[uhj;
30. ghf;irl; - gPfhh;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
31. khq;fdP]; - kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> xhprh>
kfhuh\;buh
nts;is ryitf;fy;
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;
uh[];jhd; kuf;fhdh
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; [gy;G+h;
fpuidl;
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;
gPfhh; rpq;G+k;> kA+h;gQ;r;
Me;jpuh ney;Y}h;
ANudpak;
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;
gPfhh; rLFlh
Jj;jehfk;
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;
uh[];jhd; [hh;thh; Fd;Wfs;
epyf;fhp
,jid fUg;G jq;fk; vd;gh;
Mother of Industry vd;Wk; $Wth;
ngUk;ghyhd epyf;fhp Ruq;fq;fs; gbTg;
ghiwfspy; cs;sd
,e;jpahtpy; epyf;fhp Rkhh; 1200 kPl;lh;
Moj;jpy; fpilf;fpd;wJ
2001Mk; Mz;L Geological Survey of
Indiatpd; fzf;Fg;gb 2>13>905.51
kpy;ypad; ld; epyf;fhp cs;sJ
,J cyf epyf;fhp ,Ug;Gfspy; 1
rjtPjk; MFk;
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s epyf;fhp ngUk;ghYk;
gpl;Lkdh]; tifiar; rhh;e;jit. Juk;
Fiwe;j rhk;giy mjpfk; juf;$ba
epyf;fhp tay;fNs ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ
,e;epyf;fhp tay;fs; ejpr; rkntsp
kl;Lk; fpof;F jPgfw;gj;jpYk;
mike;Js;sJ.
vdNt ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s
njhopyfq;fspy; epyf;fhp gw;whf;Fiw
cs;sJ
,e;jpahtpy; vhprf;jp jahhpf;f mjpf
msT epyf;fhp gad;gLfpwJ
epyf;fhpapy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; Jiz
nghUl;fs;
1. jhh;> 2. Nfhf;> 3. ry;gpA+hpf; mkpyk;
epyf;fhp fpilf;Fkplq;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; epyf;fhp fpilf;Fk;
,lq;fis ,U gFjpfshfg; gphpf;fyhk;
1. fhz;Lthdh epyf;fhp tay;fs;
2. nlh;\pahp epyf;fhp tay;fs;
fhz;Lthdh epyf;fhp tay;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; 97
rjtPjk; fhz;Lthd epyf;fhp
tay;fspypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wJ
,it 200 kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs; goik
tha;e;jJ
fhz;Lthd epyf;fhp tay;fis ehd;F
ngUk; gphpthf gphpf;fyhk;
1. jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F : [fhh;yhz;l;
kw;Wk; Nkw;F tq;fhsk; mlq;fpaJ.
2. Nrhd; gs;sj;jhf;F: kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;>
rl;B];fh; kw;Wk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
mlq;fpaJ
3. kfhejp gs;sj;jhf;F: rl;B];fh; kw;Wk;
xhprh mlq;fpaJ
4. thh;jh – Nfhjhthp gs;sj;jhf;F:
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
[hh;fz;l;:
,e;jpahtpd; 32.34 rjtPj epyf;fhpia
,Uk;G nfhz;lJ ,k; khepyk;. ,jpy;
[hhpah> nghf;fhNuh> fph;\;> fhd;Guh>
uhk;fhh;> lhy;ld;fQ;r;> mTuq;fhghj;>
`hl;lh; kw;Wk; uhzpfQ;r; taypd; xU
gFjp Mfpa epyf;fhp tay;fs; ,k;
khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ
epyf;fhp ,Uk;G Kjy; 4 khepyq;fs;
[hh;fz;l;> xhprh Nkw;F tq;fhsk; kw;Wk;
kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;
kfhuh\;buh
re;j – te;jh> fhk;b kw;Wk; ge;jh;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;: rpq;fNuzpapd; xU gFjp
nlh;\pahp epyf;fhp tay;fs;
n[a;rhykh;> jkpo;ehl;by; nea;Ntyp
Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; fpilf;fpwJ
,it 50 kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs; goik
tha;e;jJ
Nkfhyah: jhud;[php> rpuGQ;rp> Langrin,
Laitryngew kw;Wk; kht;yhq;
mrhk;: khFk;> n[a;G+h; kw;Wk; erphpah
mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk;: ek;rpf; kw;Wk;
ek;Gf;
[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;: fyhfhl;
kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;: nfhh;gh
ypf;idl; : mjpf <ug;gjKk; Fiwe;j
msT fhh;gDk; cilaJ
jkpo;ehL : nea;Ntyp
,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa
epyf;fhp Ruq;fk; - uhzpfQ;r;
,e;jpahpty; mjpfkhf epyf;fhp
fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - jhNkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F
,Uk;Gj;jhJ
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;
1. [hh;fz;l; uhQ;rp kw;Wk; Palamau
2. F[uhj; nfa;uh> [hk;efh;> #uj;
kw;Wk; rgh;fhe;jh
3. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; - [gy;G+h;> nua;fhh;>
ikf;fhy; kiyj;njhlh; kw;Wk; mkh;fz;l;
gPlG+kp
4. fh;ehlfk; - ngy;fhk;
5. jkpo;ehL – Nryk;> jpUney;Ntyp>
Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> kJiu
6. kfhuh\;buh – nfhyhgh kw;Wk; uj;jpdfphp
7. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; - ghz;lh
[pg;rk;
,e;jpahtpd; [pg;rk; cw;gj;jpapy; gjpf;Fk;
Nky; ,uh[];jhdpy; Nkw;Fg;
gFjpfspypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;
1. ,uh[];jhd; N[hj;G+hp> n[a;rhy;kh;
2. jkpo;ehL jpUr;rp
3. fh\;kPh; gpuKy;yh> A+hp
4. F[uhj; ghth efh;
Nkhdirl;L ,y;kidl;L
1. Nfush jpUtde;jGuk; flw;fiu kzy;
2. Nrhokz;lyf; flw;fiu gpuNjrk;
[Ph;fhd;
kyghh; kw;Wk; Nfhukz;ly; flw;fiuapy;
fpilf;fpd;wJ
ngl;Nuhypak;
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;
m];]hk; - jpf;fha;> ehfh;fhbah> P̀f;hpad;>
Nkhud;
F[uhj; - fhNyh];> mq;fNy];th;> fhk;gl;
Kk;gha; - ghk;Ng i`
jkpo;ehL – fhtphp nly;lh gFjp
ghdpgl; vz;nza; Rj;jpfhpg;G epiyak;
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ISO 9002 kw;Wk; ISO
14001 ngw;w epiyakhFk;
,aw;if vhpthA
m];]hk; ehfh;fhbah> P̀f;hpad;>
];thyKfp uh[];jhd; - n[a;rhy;khh;
1270 fp. kP ePsKs;s cyfj;jpd;
kpfg;nghpa Pipeline – [hk; efh; - Nyhzp
LPG Pipeline MFk;.
HBJ – Pipeline `rhpah – gp[g;G+h; -
n[fjP];G+h; topNa nry;fpwJ
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jput ,aw;if vhpthA
fplq;F F[uhj; khepyk; Dahej vd;w
,lj;jpy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
nrk;G
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; ghyfhl;
,uh[];jhd; Nfj;jphp> cjaG+h;>
gpy;thuh
[hh;fz;l; rpq;f;Gk;> rhe;jy;
gPfhh; `rhhpghf;> fah
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; fhh;thy;
Nkw;F tq;fhsk; lhh;[pypq;
fh;ehlfh rpl;lJh;fh> `rhd;
nrk;G mjpf gad;ghL ,Ug;gjhy;
,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ
nts;sp
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;
,uh[];jhd; [thh; Fd;Wfs;
gPfhh; kd;G+k;
fh;ehlfk; Nfhlh Fd;Wfs;
[hh;fz;l; jhd;ghj;
,e;jpahtpy; nts;sp Fiwe;j mstpy;
fpilf;fpd;wJ. nts;sp cw;gj;jp mjpfk;
nra;Ak; khepyk; ,uh[];jhd;
jq;fk;
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;
fh;ehlfk; Nfhyhh;> `l;b
nua;r;#h;> jhh;thh;> `hrd;
Me;jpuh rpj;J}h;> uhkfphp
Kolar Gold Fields (KGF):
cyfj;jpy; cs;s Mokhd Ruq;fq;fspy;
nfhyhh; Ruq;fKk; xd;W . ,J 1871y;
Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. 2003y; ,r;Ruq;fk;
%lg;gl;lJ. Nfhyhh; ypl;b; ,q;fpyhe;J
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ
Hutti Gold Mines Limited (HGML):
jw;NghJ ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fk; cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak; xNu Ruq;fk; ,JNt MFk;.
`l;b kw;Wk; rpj;jpuJh;fh Mfpa ,U
,lq;fspy; ,e;j epWtdj;jhy; jq;fk;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. cyf jq;f
fTd;rpy; Kjy; ,e;jpa cWg;gpdh; ,e;j
epWtdk; MFk;.
Deccan Gold Mines:
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jdpahh; jq;fr;
Ruq;fk; ,JNt MFk;. fh;ehlf khepyk;
jhh;thhpy; ,e;j epWtdk; jq;fk;
,Ug;gij fz;lwpe;Js;sJ
jfuk;
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; Nuth
Njhhpak;
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;
Nfush nfha;yhd;
ituk;
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; gd;dh> jpNahNghf;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; uhknfy;yh
ikf;fh
cyfpd; ikf;fh cw;gj;jpapy; Rkhh; 70
rjtPjk; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fpwJ
,e;jpahtpy; ikf;fh cw;gj;jpapy; Rkhh;
75 rjtPjk; gPfhhpypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ
,e;jpahtpy; fpilf;Fk; ikf;fh
(Muscovite Sheet Mica vdg;gLk;
Pottassium Mica) &gp ikf;fh MFk;
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;
gPfhh; fah> `rhpghf;> gfy;G+h;
[hh;fz;l; nfhlh;kh
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; Fz;^h;> tprhfg;gl;bdk;
uh[];jhd; gpy;thuh> cja;G+h;
khq;fdpR
khq;fdPR cw;gj;jpapy; xhprh Kjyplk;
ngw;wJ
cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah %d;whtJ
,lk; mFk;
khepyk; fpilf;Fkplk;
xhprh – fpNahQ;rhh;> Re;jh;fhh;> nfhuGl;>
rhk;gyG+h;
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; - ghyfhl; kw;Wk; rpe;j;tuh
kfhuh\;buh - ,uj;jpdfphp> ehf;G+h;
[hh;fz;l - rpq;G+k; khtl;lk;
fh;ehlfk; - ngy;yhhp> rpj;ju Jh;fh>
\pNkhfh
M];ng];lh];
,J xU fibre mineral MFk;.
vz;nza;
,jid Liquid Gold vd;gh;
rh;kh gs;sj;jhf;fpy; fpilf;fpwJ
,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa vz;nza;
Rj;jpfhpg;G epiyak; nfhahyp
Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC)
,jd; jiyikafk; Nluh^d; MFk;
khepy fpilf;Fkplk;
m];]hk; - jpnfhgha;> ed;kjp> Nkhud;>
efunal;gh> yhfpk;G+h;> nghq;iffhd;> rpg; rhfh;
F[uhj; - Uj;jpurhfh;> mq;fNy\;th;
ghk;Ngi`> fhk;Ng tisFlh (my;yJ) Lunej
Field
gQ;rhg; [PthyhKfp
jkpo;ehL fhtphp nly;lh> ehpkzk;
Nrhokz;ly flw;fiu
kfhuh\;buh – ghk;Ng i`> ghrpd;
mikg;Gfs;
,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; goikahd vz;nza;
fpzW jpNfhgha;
vz;nza; Rj;jpfhpg;G epiyaq;fs;
JiwKfq;fis xl;bNa mikfpd;wd
Kf;fpa Rj;jpfhpg;G epiyak; khepyk;
`hy;bah Nkw;F tq;fk;
nrd;id jkpo;ehL
tprhfg;gl;bdk; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
epNfhgha;> nfsfhj;jp mrhk;
Ez;kjp mrhk;
nfhr;rpd; Nfush
buhk;Ng kfhuh\;buk;
g;nusdp gPfhh;
kJuh mrhk;
,e;J];jhd; ngl;Nuhypak; fhh;g;gNu\d; (HPCL)
1. Kk;ig 2. tprhfg;gl;bdk;
,e;jpad; ngl;Nuhnfkpf;fy; fhh;g;gNu\d;
ypkpnll; (PCL)
2. Vadodara 2. Nagothane (near Mumbai)
3. Dahej (Narmada estuary in bay Khambat)
Rabale, Navi Mumbai
,e;jpad; Mapy; fhh;g;gNu\d; (IOC)
1. nfs`hj;jp> 2. g;nusdp 3. Nfhahyp 4.
`hy;ba 5. kJuh 6. epNfhgha; 7.
ghdpgl; 8. nrd;id 9. ehpkzk; 10.
nghq;iffhd; kq;fSh; hpigdhp];
kw;Wk; ngl;Nuhnfkpf;fy; ypkpnll;
(MRPL) kq;fSh;
rkPf fhyj;jpy; ngl;Nuhypaj;jpd; gad;ghLfs;
mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy; thfdq;fspy;
vhpnghUshf ngl;Nuhypaj;jpw;F khw;Wk;
nghUs; fz;Lgpbf;f Ma;Tfs; elj;jg;gl;L
tUfpwJ
Kf;fpa njhopy;fs;
Indian Institute of Entreprenuer
Development Ahmedabad
mjpf njhopy; tsh;r;rpAw;w khepyk; -
kfhuh\;buh
jhNkhjh; ejp gs;sj;jhf;F – Rurh Basin
of India
Gjpa njhopw;nfhs;if – 24.7.1991
mjpf msT Ntshz;ikia
mbg;gilahfj; njhopw;rhiyfs; cs;s
khepyk; - cj;jpugpuNjrk;
Nrhl;lh ehf;G+h; gFjp – Heart of
Industrial India vdg;gLk;.
,e;jpa njhopy; kz;lyq;fs;
1. `_f;sp kz;lyk;
2. Kk;ig – G+dh kz;lyk;
3. mfkjhghj; - #uj; kz;lyk;
4. Nrhlh – ehfG+hp kz;lyk;
5. kJiu kz;lyk;
nerTj; njhopy;
nerTj; njhopw;rhiyfs; - kfhuh\;buh>
F[uhj;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;sJ
,e;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh; vd; Kk;ig
miof;fg;gLfpwJ
njd;dpe;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh;
Nfhak;Gj;J}h;
mjpf mstpy; kf;fs; ,lk; ngWk;
njhopy; nerTj; njhopy;
nerTj; njhopy; eilngWk; ehd;F Kf;fpa
gphpTfs;
nerTj; njhopw;rhiyf;F <ug;gjk; kpFe;j
fhw;Wj; Njit. ntg;gj;jpy; ,iofs;
KWf;Fj;jd;ik kw;Wk; njhlh;r;rpahd
ePsk; milahJ
1. kfhuh\;buh – F[uhj;
2. Nfhit – Nryk; - kJIu
3. fhd;g+h; - Fthypah; - jpy;yp
4. Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; xU rpy gFjpfs;
1. kfhuh\;buh – Kk;ig> Nrhyhg;G+h;>
G+Nd> F[uhj; - mkfjhghj; > tNjhuh>
uh[;fhl;> #uj;> ghth efh;
mjpf mstpy; mfkjhghj;jpy; nerTj;
njhopw;rhiyfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ
gl;L cw;gj;jp
cyf cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah 18
rjtPjj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;J cyfpd;
,uz;lhtJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
,e;jpahtpy; mjpf msT ky;nghp> Eri,
Tasar, and Muga gl;L tiffs; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
mjpf mstpy; gl;L njhopy;
fh;ehlfj;jpy; eilngWfpwJ
Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> gPfhh; Mfpait gl;L
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; kf;fpa khepyq;fs;
MFk;
fk;gspj; njhopy;
gQ;rhg;gpy; jhhpthy;> Yjpahdh>
mkph;jru]; ngNuh];G+h;> kfhuh\;buhtpy;
Kk;ig> cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; fhd;G+h;>
Mf;uh> kph;rhG+h; Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
fk;gspj; njhopy;fs; mjpfk;
eilngWfpd;wJ
rzy; njhopy;
cyfj;jpy; rzy; mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak; ehLfspy; ,e;jpahTk; xd;W
Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; mjpfk; cs;sJ.
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> gPfhh;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
kw;Wk; kj;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpy; Mfpait
mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; khepyq;fs;
mFk;
Rje;jpuk; mile;jnghOJ mjpfkhf
ghjpf;fg;gl;l njhopy;
fhfpj njhopw;rhiy
Kjy; fhfpjnjhopw;rhiy Nkw;F
tq;fhsj;jpy; rPuk;G+hpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
gpd; 1870 Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; ghypfQ;r;
vd;w ,lj;jpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.
kj;jpa gpuNjrk; - Negh efh; gj;jphpf;if
fhfpjk; - The National Newsprint and
Paper Mills Ltd., ,J ,e;jpahtpd;
kpfg;nghpa fhfpjj; njhopw;rhiy MFk;.
fh;ehlfk; - Mysor Paper Mills
ITC Bhadrachalam: Sarapaka, Andhra
Pradesh
Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers
Limited: Kagithapuram in Karur District
Pudumjee Pulp & Paper Mills: Pune –
Maharashtra
The West Coast Paper Mills: Dandeli,
Karnataka
The Andhra Pradesh Paper Mills:
Rajahmundry
JK Paper : Jaykaypur, Rayagada, Orissa
Star Paper: Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh
Titagarh Paper Mills: Titagarh and
Kakinara
Sirpur: Kaghaznagar, Andhra Pradesh
Sir Krishna Paper Mills: Bahadurgarh,
Delhi
Vikarabad Pulp and Paper Mills:
Vikarabad, Rangareddy, AP
Nghl;Nlh gpypk; njhopw;rhiy
,e;J];jhd; Nghl;Nlh gpypk; njhopw;rhiy
cjfkz;lyk; (jkpo;ehL)
,urhad cu cw;gj;jp njhopy;
ik#hpy; ngsFyhtpy; mk;Nkhdpaj;
njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ
Nfushtpy; My;thapy; ,urhad
njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ
gpk;ghpapy; ngd;rPypd; njhopw;rhiy
cs;sJ
gPfhhpy; rpe;jphpapy; mk;Nkhdpak; ry;Ngl;
jahhpf;Fk; njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ
jkpofj;jpy; nea;Ntypapy; A+hpah
jahhpf;Fk; njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ
National Fertilizers Limited: Vijaipur,
Guna, Madhyra Pradesh, Panipat, Haryana,
Bathinda, Punjab, Ropar. Punjab
Fertilizers & Chemicals Travancore Ltd.,
(FACT) cj;jpNahfkz;ly;> nfhr;rp>
Nfush
Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited
(RCF)
Madras Fertilizers Limited: kzyp>
nrd;id
Paradeep Phosphates Limited (PPL)
Jagatsinghpur
Pyrites, Phosphates & Chemicals Lted.,
Rohtas, Bihar Saladipura, Rajasthan
Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation Limited
(HFC) Durgapur – West Bengal Barauni –
Bihar Haldia – West Bengal
Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer
Corporation Limited Namrup – mrhk;
The Fertilizer Corporation of India
Limited (FCIL) Sindri – [hh;f;fz;l;>
Ramagundam – Andrapradesh. Talcher –
xhprh> Gorakhpur – cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL) Nfj;hp>
,uh[];jhd;
FCI Aravli Gypum And Minerals India
Limited Namrup – mrhk;
Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited
(KRIBHCO) Hazira – F[uhj;
Gujarat State Fertilizer and Chemical
Limited Fertilizer nagar (Vadodara),
Kosamba (Surat), Sikka (Jamnagar),
Nandesari (Vadodara)
Coromandel Fertilizers Limited
Vishakhapatnam Ennore, Ranipet, Navi
Mumbai
Sriram Fertilizers and Chemicals, Kota,
Rajasthan
Zurai Industries Limited – Fertilizer
Limited, Goa
Southern Petrochemicals Inds. Corpn. Ltd.,
Tuticorin
Duncans Industries Limited, Kanpur
Mangaore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited,
Panambur, Mangalore
Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizer Co. Ltd.,
Bharuch, Gujarat
Deepak Fertilizers & Petrochemicals Ltd.,
Taloja – Maharashtra
Indo – Gulf Fertilizers & Chemicals
Corporation Limited – Jagdishpur – Uttar
Pradesh
Godavari Fertilizer & Chemicals Limited –
Kaminda Nagarjuna Fertilizers &
Cehmicals Limited – Kakinada Indian
Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited –
IFFCO 1967y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
Kalol, Gujarat A+hpah
Kandla, Gujarat NPK/DAP
Phulpur, Aonal – Uttar Pradesh –
mk;Nkhdpah kw;Wk; A+hpah cw;gj;jp
,urhad njhopw;rhiy cs;s ,lq;fs;
khepyk; njhopw;rhiy
kfhuh\;buh buk;Ng
gQ;rhg; eq;fs;
jkpo;ehL vz;Z}h;> nea;Ntyp
Nfush My;tha;> nfhr;rp
Xhprh &h;Nfyh
Nkw;F tq;fhsk; Jh;f;fhG+h;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; tprhfg;gl;bdk;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; fhd;G+h; (ghd;fp)> thudhrp>
nfhuf;G+h;
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; nfhh;gh
mrhk; ehk;&g;
F[uhj; fz;l;yh
Central Fertilizar Quality Control at Training
Institute - Faridabad
rh;f;fiuj;njhopy;
fUk;G cw;gj;jpapy; cyfj;jpy; ,e;jpah
Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ
rh;f;fiuj; njhopy; mjpfk; cs;s
khepyq;fs; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; gPfhh;
MFk;
,g;gFjpfis ,e;jpahtpd; rh;f;fiu
kz;lyk; vd;W $Wth;
,e;jpah rh;f;fiuj; njhopy; El;g
Muha;r;rpf; fofk; fhd;G+hpy; cs;sJ
fUk;G Muh;a;r;rp epiyak; Nfhak;Gj;J}hpy;
cs;sJ
rh;f;fiu mjpfk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
khepyq;fs; - kfhuh\;buk;>
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfk;> jkpo;ehL>
gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh> uh[];jhd;
mYkpdpak; cUf;Fjy; njhopy;
mYkpdpak; fpilf;Fkplk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J>
kpd;rhuk; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L mYkpdpa cUf;Fjy;
njhopw;rhiyfs; mikfpwJ
xhprhtpy; `uhFl;> nfhuhGl;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; NuZFl;>
kj;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpy; nfh;gh>
kfhuh\;buhtpy; mYkpdpa cUf;Fjy;
njhopw;rhiyfs; eilngWfpd;wJ
jhkpu cUf;F njhopy;
,uh[];jhd; khepyj;jpy; Nfj;jphp>
My;thh;> [Pd;[PFD> [hh;fz;l;
khepyj;jpy; rpq;G+k; Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy;
mf;dpFlyh Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;sJ
ghJfhg;Gj;Jiwj; njhopy;
kfhuh\;buhtpy; cs;s mk;gh;ehj;jpy;
Aj;j jsthlq;fs; nra;ag;gLfpwJ
ePyfphpapy; cs;s mutq;fhl;by;
ntbkUe;J jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ
jpUr;rpapy; rpWtif Nghh;f;fUtpfs;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ
nrd;id Mtbapy; lhq;fpfs;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ
fy;fj;jhtpy; fhh;ld;hPr; gzp kidapy;
Nghh;f;fg;gy;fs; fl;lg;gLfpwJ
Kk;gha; nkrfhd; fg;gy; jsk; cs;sJ
ngq;fShpy; cs;s ,e;J];jhd; tpkhdj;
njhopw;rhiyapy; ,e;jpa tpkhdg;gilf;F
Njitahd #gh;rhdpf; n[l;
tpkhdq;fisAk; Ntk;gah; n[Nghh;
tpkhdq;fisAk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd
G\;gf;> fpUTf; vd;w rpwpa tpkhdq;fSk;>
,q;fpyhe;J ehl;Lj; JizAld;
ehl;tpkhdq;fSk;> mNyhal; vd;w
n`hpfhg;lh;fSk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd
fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopy;
,e;jpahtpd; Kjd; Kjypy;
tprhfg;gl;bdj;jpy; rpe;jpah ];Bk;
NerpNf\d; fk;ngdpahy; epWtg;gl;lJ
1952Mk; Mz;L muRj;Jiw ,jid
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fg;gy; fl;Lk; Jiwfs;
mit:
1. tprhfg;gl;bdk;
2. fy;fj;jh
3. gk;gha;f;F mUfpYs;s krfhd;
4. nfhr;rpapYs;s fg;gy;fl;Lk; Jiw
tprhfg;gl;bdk;
Hindustan Shipping Yard ,q;Fjhd;
cs;sJ
,q;F gazpfs; kw;Wk; tzpf fg;gy;fs;
jahh; nra;ag;gLfpwJ
,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa fg;gy; fl;Lk;
njhopyfk;
,J Mo;fly; gFjpapy; cs;s ,aw;ifj;
JiwKfk;. ,q;F fl;lg;gLk;
fg;gy;fisf; flypy; nrYj;j trjp
cs;sJ. lhy;gpd; Kid kw;Wk; fiuapd;
mikg;G Mfpatw;why; ,j;Jiw
ngUk;Gay;fspy; ,Ue;J
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ
fpof;Ff; flw;fiuapy; nrd;idf;Fk;
fy;fj;jhtpw;Fk; ,ilNa ,Ug;G ghij
topapy; mike;Js;sJ
jhNkhjh; ejpg; gs;sj;jhf;Fg; gpuNjrj;jpd;
epyf;fhpAk;> lhlh efhpd; v/Fj;
jfLfSk;> Nrhl;lh ehfGhpf; fhLfspy;
kuq;fSk; ,j;Jiwapy; fg;gy; fl;lg;
nghpJk; gad;gLfpwJ
fy;fj;jh
fy;fj;jh lf;];-ruf;if Vw;wpr;nry;y
ghh;[]; bnul;n[]; vd;w rpW
fg;gy;fisAk;> thzpff; fg;gy;fisAk;
cUthf;FfpwJ. Garden Reach Workshop
,q;F cs;sJ
k];fhd; fg;gy; fl;Lk; Jiw – Kk;ig
,e;jpa fg;gw;gilf;F Njitahd
Nghh;f;fg;gy;fs; kw;Wk; gazpfs;
nghUl;fis Vw;wpr; nry;yf;$ba
fg;gy;fis jahhpf;fpwJ
nfhr;rpd;
nfhr;rpd; \pg;gp]; ahh;L ,q;F cs;sJ.
gj;uhtjp ,Uk;Gj; njhopw;rhiyapy;
,Ue;J ,Uk;G> N[hf; ePh;tPo;r;rpapy;
,Ue;J ePh;kpd; rf;jpAk;> gh;khtpy; ,Ue;J
Njf;Fk; fpilg;gjhy; ,q;F fg;gy;
njhopy; ed;F tpsq;Ffpd;wJ
Nfhth
Nfhth \pg;gpq ahh;L ,q;F cs;sJ.
,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopy;
,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,Uk;G v/F
njhopw;rhiy 1874y; tq;fhsj;jpy;
guhf;fh; vd;Dkplj;jpy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
gpwF ghd;G+h; vd;Dkplj;jpy; cs;s
kw;nwhU njhopw;rhiyAld; ,ize;J
,e;jpa ,Uk;G v/F fofk; 1889y;
Njhd;wpaJ
1907y; lhlh ,Uk;G v/F njhopw;rhiy
[hk;n\l;G+hpy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
lhlh ,Uk;G v/F njhopw;rhiy - TISCO
jw;NghJ [hh;fz;l; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ,Uk;G v/F
njhopw;rhiy %yg;nghUl;fs;
fpilf;Fkplq;fs;: rpq;G+h;> xhprhtpy;
kA+h;gQ;r; - ,Uk;Gj;jhJ
gPfhhpy; [hhpah> fpUjp – epyf;fhp
khy;lh – khq;fdPR
rpq;Gk; - Rz;zhk;G> lhyikl;
Rth;z Nufh fhh;if – jz;zPh;
gPfhh;> tq;fhsk;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; -
Ntiyf;F Ml;fs;
fy;fj;jh – JiwKfk;
&h;Nfyh ,Uk;G v/F njhopw;rhiy
,J xhprhtpy; cs;sJ
,uz;lhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpy;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
Nkw;F n[h;kdp cjtpAld; epWtg;gl;lJ
%yg;nghUl;fs;
[hhpah> Nfhh;gh – epyf;fhp
`uhFl; jpl;lk; - kpd;rhuk;
kfhejp – jz;zPh;
tp];Nt];tua;ah ,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopw;rhiy
1923y; gj;uhtjpapy; ,J epWtg;gl;lJ
1962y; muR Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ
,J fh;ehlfj;jpy; cs;s gj;uh
Mw;wq;fiu kPJ cs;sJ
%yg;nghUl;fs;
ghGjhd; kiy - ,Uk;Gj;jhJ
\pNkhfh> rpf;kq;fSh; - tpwF
ee;jp nfhz;lh – khq;fdPR> Rz;zhk;G
gj;uhtjp – jz;zPh;
gpyha; ,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopw;rhiy
,J rl;B];fh; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ
Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; xj;Jiog;Gld;
Jtq;fg;gl;lJ
,uz;lhtJ 5 Mz;L jpl;lj;jpy;
Jtf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
%yg;nghUl;fs;
Jh;f; ,Uk;G
Nfhh;gh epyf;fhp
ee;jpdp Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;
ghyf;fhL khq;fdPR
Nfhh;gh mdy; kpd; epiyak; - kpd;rhuk;
khejp jz;zPh;
Jh;f;fhG+h; ,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopw;rhiy
,J Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;sJ
,J ,q;fpyhe;J cjtpAld;
epWtg;ngw;wJ
,uz;lhtJ 5 Mz;L jpl;lj;jpy;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
kw;nwhU nghpa njhopw;rhiy ghh;d;G+hpy;
cs;sJ
%yg;nghUl;fs;
rpq;Gk;> rpNahQ;rhh; - ,Uk;Gj;jhJ
jhNkhjh; - jz;zPh;
[hhpah – epyf;fhp
ghh;d;G+h; ,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopw;rhiy
Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;sJ
tprhfg;gl;bdk; ,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopw;rhiy
Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;sJ
nghfhNuh ,Uk;G v/Fj; njhopw;rhiy
,J [hh;fz;l; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ
Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; cjtpAld;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
,J jhNkhjh; ejpf;fiuapd; Nky;
mike;Js;sJ
[hh;fz;l; khepyj;jpy; cs;s kw;nwhU
Kf;fpa ,Uk;G v/F njhopw;rhiy –
lhlhefh;
%yg;nghUl;fs;
fphpGU> nghidfhh; - ,Uk;Gj;jhJ
[hhpah – epyf;fhp
jhNkhjh; MW – jz;zPh;
fz;zhbj; njhopy;
ngNuhrghj; tisay;fSf;F Gfo;ngw;wJ
mjpfkhf eilngWk; khepyq;fs; kw;Wk;
,lq;fs;
khepyq;fs; ,lq;fs;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; - ngNuhrghj;> ghythyp
kw;Wk; rpf;fh;ghj;
kfhuh\;buh – Kk;ig> Nfhyhg;G+h;> G+dh
Nkw;F tq;fhsk; - fy;fj;jh> uhzp Q;r;
mrzhy; kw;Wk; 24 gh;fdh khtl;lk;
gQ;rhg; - Yjpahdh
nraw;if fw;fs; njhopy;
mnkhpf;fd; ituk; vdg;gLk; nraw;iff;
fw;fis ntl;b mjid nkUNfw;wp
tpw;gid nra;Ak; njhopypy; ,e;jpah
Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;js;sJ
Rkhh; 90 rjtPj fw;fs; mnkhpf;fh>
`hq;fhq;> ngy;[pak;> [g;ghd; kw;Wk;
jha;yhe;J Mfpa ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp
Mfpd;wJ
jkpo;ehl;by; jpUr;rp ,j;njhopYf;F Gfo;
ngw;wJ
xspUk; nraw;iff; fw;fs; jahhpf;fg;gLk;
njhopw;$lk; jkpo;ehl;by; vq;Fs;sJ?
m. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp M. NtY}h;
,. Nkl;Lg;ghisak; <. Nryk;
kz;ghz;l njhopy;
fy;fj;jh kw;Wk; ngq;fSh; Gfo;
ngw;wit
rikay; ghz;lq;fs; - nly;yp> Kk;ig>
ngq;fSh;
igg;Gfs; - &gehuhazG+h; kw;Wk; [gy;G+h;
Njhy; njhopy;
Nkw;F tq;fk;> kfhuh\;buh kw;Wk;
jkpofk; Mfpatw;wpy; eilngWfpwJ
Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s ghl;lh efh;
\_ jahhpg;gpw;F Gfo; ngw;wJ
Kjy; njhopyfk; - fhd;G+h; - 1860
jkpofj;jpy; NtY}h;> jpz;Lf;fy; Mfpa
khtl;lq;fs;
Gfo; ngw;w ,lq;fs; - fhd;G+h;> fy;fj;jh>
Kk;ig> Mf;uh> n[a;g+h;
kpd;dZ njhopy;
Electronic City of India vd ngq;fSh;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ
irgh; rpl;b efuk; i`juhghj;
illy; ghh;f; cs;s ,lk; nrd;id
1991 – 2000 Mz;Lfspy; mjpf mstpy;
nkd;nghUs; (software) Vw;Wkjp nra;j
khepyk; fh;ehlfk;
thfd njhopw;rhiyfs;
$h;fhd; - khUjp fhh;
nrd;id - P̀z;lha;> Nghh;L> b.tp.v];
,e;jpahtpd; nll;uha;L vd;W
miof;fg;Lk; khepyk; jkpo;ehL MFk;
mk;ghrplh; fhh; jahhpg;G njhopw;rhiy
fy;fj;jhtpy; cs;sJ
irf;fps; njhopw;rhiyfs;
Nrhdpgl; vd;w ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ
fduf njhopw;rhiyfs;
BHEL – ghuj kpFkpd; epiyak;
etuj;jpdq;fspy; xd;W
Nghghy;> `hpj;Jthh;> jpUr;rp>
i`juhghj;> ngq;fSH> ,uhzpg;Ngl;il>
rfjP\;G+h; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;sJ
HMT - ,e;J];jhd; kp\pd; ^y;];
ngq;fSh;> i`juhghj;> =efh;> gpQ;#h;
kw;Wk; fskNrhp Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
cs;sJ
Nghf;Ftuj;J
mjpf ePsKs;s rhiy cs;s
khepyq;fs;
1. kfhuh\;buh (3>61>983 fp.kP)
2. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; (2>55>467 fp.kP)
3. jkpo;ehL (2>06>503 fp.kP)
,yl;rj;jPtpy; cs;s rhiyapd; ePsk; 1
fp. kP
rhiyfspd; tpfpjk; Nfushtpy; mjpfkhf
cs;sJ 100 rjU fp. kPl;lh; gug;gpw;F
365 fp. kP J}uk; cs;sJ
jkpofj;jpy; 100 rJu fp. kP gug;gpw;F 140
fp.kP. J}uk; rhiyfs; cs;sJ
neLQ;rhiyfs; mjpfk; cs;s
khepyq;fs; 1. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 2.
kfhuh\;buh
jq;f ehw;fu jpl;lk; ,e;jpahtpy; jpy;yp –
Kk;ig – nrd;id – fy;fj;jh Mfpa
ehd;F ngU efuq;fis neLQ;rhiy
topNa ,izf;Fk; jpl;lk;
NADP – National Highways Development
Project - 1988
cyfj;jpd; caukhd rhiy: rz;bfh; -
kzhyp – Ny (ylhf;) rhiy MFk;
rhiy topfs;
cyfpNyNa ,e;jpa rhiy topfs; 33
yl;rk; fp.kP ePsKila rhiyfis
nfhz;l kpfg;nghpa njhFg;ghf
tpsq;FfpwJ. ,e;jpa rhiyfis 1.
Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs; 2. khepy
rhiyfs; 3. khtl;l rhiyfs; 4. Fpuhk
rhiyfs; vd ehd;F rhiyfshf
gphpf;fyhk;
Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs;
nkhj;j rhiyfspy; Rkhh; 1.8% Njrpa
neLQ;rhiyfs; MFk;
ika murpd; guhkhpg;gpy; cs;sit.
vy;iyg;Gwk;> khepy jiyefuq;fs;
JiwKfq;fs;> Kf;fpa efuq;fis
,izf;Fk; rhiyfs;> uhZt rhiyfs;
Mfpatw;iw ika muR guhkhpf;fpwJ
Kf;fpa Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs;
Njrpa vz; jlq;fs;
vd;. vr;. 1 jpy;yp – mk;ghyh – [ye;jh;
- mkph;jru];
1. jpy;yp – kJuh – Mf;uh – fhd;G+h; -
myfhghj; - thudhrp – fy;fj;jh
2. Mf;uh – Fthypah; - ehrpf; - Kk;ig
3. jhNd – G+dh – ngy;fhk; - nrd;id
4. fy;fj;jh – nrd;id
5. fy;fj;jh – uha;G+h; - ehf;G+h; - jy;
6. thudhrp – [gy;G+h; - ehf;G+h; -
i`juhghj; - ngq;fSh; - fd;dpahFkhp
7. nly;yp – n[a;g;G+h; - mfkjhghj; -
Kk;ig
22 mk;ghyh – fy;fh – rpk;yh –
uhk;G+h;
24 jpy;yp – ngNuhyp – yf;Ndh
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Kf;fpa Njrpa
neLQ;rhiyfspd; nkhj;j ePsk; - 58.112
fp.kP
khepy neLQ;rhiyfs;
khepy jiyfiu khtl;l jiyefUld;
,izf;Fk; ,iy Njrpa
neLQ;rhiyfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,it mbj;js rhiyfs; vdg;gLk;
khtl;l rhiyfs;
khtl;l jiyefuq;fis khtl;lj;jpy;
kw;w efuq;fSld; ,izf;Fk; rhiyfs;
fpuhkr; rhiyfs;:
fpuhkq;fisAk; mUfpYs;s khtl;l
rhiyfisAk; ,izf;Fk;
uapy;
uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J ly;n`srp fhyj;jpy;
16 Vg;uy; 1853y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
Kjy; Nghf;Ftuj;J gk;gha; Kjy; jhdh
tiu njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; J}uk; 34 fp.
kP.
Mrpahtpd; Kjy; nghpa uapy;Nt
,e;jpad; uapy;Nt. nkhj;j ePsk; 63.140
fp.kP
cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa uapy;Nt: mnkhpf;fh
jpdrhp 11>000 ,uapy;fs; ,af;fg;
gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpy; 7>000 ,uapy;fs;
Nghf;Ftuj;J ,uapy;fs; MFk;.
Mapuk; rJu fpNyh kPl;lUf;F 19 fp.kP
vd;w tpfjj;jpy; ,uapy;Nt Nghf;Ftuj;J
cs;sJ
mjpf tpfpjk; - gQ;rhg;
1853y; gk;gha; - jhdh
1854y; nrd;id – uhzpfQ;r;
1856y; nrd;id – muf;Nfhzk;
1947y; jdpahh; ,uapy; epiyaq;fs; xd;W
Nrh;j;jy; (gz;bj; `hpNlh ehj; FQ;RU)
jw;NghJs;s nkhj;j ,uapy; epiyaq;fs;
7068
nkhj;j ,uapy;fs; 7>525
1925 Kjy; ,uapy;Nt epjpepiy mwpf;if
Kjy; kpd;rhu ,uapy; gk;gha; - tNuhyp
1905 Kjy; ,uapy;Nt Nghh;L
Kjy; kpd;rhu ,uapy; nlf;fhd; Fapd;
Ntfkhf uapy; Nghghy; rjhg;jp
vf;];gpu]; (1989) NeU E}w;whz;L tpoh
Nrhd; Mw;wpd; Nky; cs;s NeU NrJ
,uapy;Nt ghyk; ,e;jpahtpd; kpf
ePskhd uapy;Nt ghykhFk;
fd;dpahFkhp Kjy; [k;Kjhtp tiu
,k;rhfh; tpiuT tz;b nry;fpwJ. ,JNt
ePz;l J}uk; gazk; nra;Ak; tz;bahFk;
fhuf;G+h; kpf ePskhd uapy;Nt gpshl;ghuk;
cs;s ,lkhFk;
cyfpd; Kjy; kUj;Jtkid ,uapy;
(16.7.1991) [Ptd; Nufh (m) iyg; iyd;
vf;];gpu];
,uapy;Nt Njh;thizak; - myfhghj;
,uapy;Nt gzpahsh; fy;Y}hp – tNlhuh
,uapy;Nt mUq;fhl;rpafk; - by;yp
Kjy; Ruq;fg;ghij ,uapy; epiyak; -
fy;fj;jh
National Rail Vikas Yojana nghpa efh;fs;
kw;Wk; nghpa JiwKfq;fis
,izf;Fk; jpl;lkhFk;.
Deccan Odyssey Nfhthtpw;F nry;Yk;
nrhFR ,uapy;
ghijfs; jz;lthsj;jpd; ,ilj;J}uk;
mfyg;ghij 1>676 kPl;lh; J}uk;
kPl;lh; ghij 1>000 kPl;lh; J}uk;
FWfpa ghij 0.762 kPl;lh; J}uk; Kjy;
0.610 kPl;lh; J}uk; tiu
FWfpa ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J eilngWk;
,lq;fs;
1. rpk;yh 2. lhh;[pypq; 3. Cl;b
,uapy;Nt nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs;
fd;nla;dh; fhh;g;gNu\d; Mg; ,e;jpah -
CONCOR
nrd;lh; ghh; ,uapy;Nt ,d;gh;Nk\d;
rp];lk; - CRIS
,e;jpad; ,uapy;Nt fd;];bud; fk;ngdp
ypkpnll; - IRCON
,e;jpad; ,uapy;Nt igdhd;];
fhh;g;gNu\d; ypkpnll; - IRFC
nfhq;fd; ,uapy;Nt fhh;g;gNu\;d – KRC
,uapy;Nt ,e;jpa nlf;dpf;fy; md;l;
vf;dhkpf;]; rh;tP]]; ypkpnll; - RITES
,e;jpad; ,uapy;Nt Nfl;lhpq; md;l;
^hprk; fhh;g;gNu\d; ypkpnll; - IRCTC
Kk;ig ,uapy;Nt tpfh]; fhh;g;gNu\d;
(12.7.1999y; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ) – MRVC
jahhpg;G njhopw;rhiyfs;
1. Chittaranjan Locomotive Works:
1950y; Gfo; ngw;w Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l
jiyth; rpj;juQ;rd; jh]; ngahpy;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
cyfpd; kpfg; nghpa jahhpg;G epiyak;
MFk;
,j; njhopw;rhiyapy; electric
locomotives, AC & DC Traction motors,
Switch gears / Control gears Mfpa
jahhpg;Gg; gzpfSk; Bogies cast &
fabricated, Wheel sets & Steel casting
Mfpa ,izg;Gg; gzpfSk;
eilngWfpd;wd
2. Diesel Electric Locomotives Works -
Varanaso
1961y; mnkhpf;fh cjtpAld;
Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
1964y; ehl;bw;F mh;gzpf;fg;gl;lJ
3. The Integral Coach Factory - Perambur
2.10.1955 ghujg; gpujkh; [t`h;yhy;
NeUthy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. yhy; gfJ}h;
rh];jphp ,uapy;Nt mikr;rh;. ,q;F
,uapy; ngl;bfs; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd
4. Rail Wheel Factory (Wheel and Axle Plant)
1983 – Vyf;fhdh rf;fuk; kw;Wk;
Mr;rpy;fs; (fh;ehlfh)
1964- thuhdhrp Bry; vQ;rpd;fs;>
\d;gh];
1985 – fG+h;jyh cjphp ghfq;fs;
ghl;bahyh cjphp ghfq;fs;
Nghghy; kpd;rhu uapy;
[hk;n\l;G+h; - kPl;lh; Nf[; uapy;
,d;[pd;fs;
nfhq;fd; ,uapy;Nt
J}uk; 760 fp.kP gk;gha; (Nuhfh) Kjy;
kq;fSh; tiu MFk;. ,J kfhuh\;buh>
Nfhth kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh topNa
nry;fpwJ. ,j;d jiyikaplk; Kk;ig
MFk;.
gad;ngWk; khepyq;fs; kfhuh\;buh>
Nfhth> fh;ehlfh> Nfush
,e;jpa ,uapy;Ntapd; kz;lyq;fs;
kz;lyq;fs;
jiyikaplk;
1. njw;F ,uapy;Nt nrd;;id
2. Nkw;F ,uapy;Nt Kk;ig(rh;r;Nfl;)
3. fpof;F ,uapy;Nt fy;fj;jh
4. tlf;F ,uapy;Nt jpy;yp
5. kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt Kk;ig (tpb)
(rpth[p nlh;kpdh;)
6. tlfpof;F ,uapy;Nt Nky;fhd; Nfhuf;G+h;
7. tlfpof;F vy;iyg;gFjp – nfs`hj;jp
8. tlkj;jpa ,uapy;Nt – myfhghj;
9. tlNkw;F ,uapy;Nt – n[a;G+h;
10. njd;kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt – nrfe;jpuhghj;
11. njd;fpof;F ,uapy;Nt – fy;fj;jh
12. njd;Nkw;F ,uapy;Nt - `{g;sp (ngq;fSh;)
13. kj;jpa fpof;F ,uapy;Nt - `hrpG+h;
14. fpof;F flw;fiu ,uapy;Nt – GtNd\;th;
15. kj;jpa Nkw;F ,uapy;Nt – [gy;G+h;
16. njd; fpof;F kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt –
gpyh];G+h;
thpir vz;fs; 6> 9> 12> 13> 14. 15
Mfpa ,uapy;Nt kz;lyq;fs; 1996Mk;
Mz;L Jtf;fg;gl;lJ
,e;jpa JiwKfq;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s nghpa JiwKfq;fs;
- 12: rpwpa JiwKfq;fs; - 184
nghpa JiwKfq;fs; ika murpd;
fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; rpwpa JiwKfq;fs;
khepy murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYk; cs;sJ.
rpwpa JiwKfq;fs; nghJg; gl;baypy;
cs;sJ
Major Port Trusts Act 1963
jw;NghJ 300 kpy;ypad; ld;Df;F Nky;
ruf;Ffis ,e;jpa JiwKfq;fs;
ifahSfpd;wd
Mz;bw;F 15000f;F Nkw;gl;l ruf;F
thfdq;fs; nghpa JiwKfj;jpy;
tUfpd;wJ
fpof;F flw;fiu JiwKfq;fs; - 6
tlf;fpy; ,Ue;J fpof;fpy; cs;s
JiwKfq;fs; fy;fj;jh> ghujPg;>
tprhfg;gl;bdk;> nrd;id J}j;Jf;Fb
1. fy;fj;jh
,J ilkz;l; JiwKfk; vdg;gLk;
,J `_f;sp ejpapd; Nky; mike;j ejpj;
JiwKfk; MFk;
Tidal Port ,J vdg;gLk;
`_f;sp epjpapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT ePh;
kl;lk; ,Ue;jhf Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhy;
guhf;fh fhy;thapy; ,Ue;J ePh;
mDg;gg;gLfpwJ
,J ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa
JiwKfkhFk;. fg;gy;fs; cs;ehl;bw;Fr;
nry;y KbahJ. vdNt `hy;bah vd;w
,lj;jpy; xU Jiz JiwKfk;
fl;lg;gLfpwJ. fy;fj;jh JiwKfj;jpd;
gpd;dpyk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; Kjy;
m];]hk; tiu gutpAs;sJ. Njapiy
kw;Wk; rzy; Vw;Wkjpf;F ,J Kf;fpa
JiwKfkhFk;.
[g;ghd; kw;Wk; mnkhpf;fh Mfpa
ehLfSf;F nry;Yk; topahf
,j;JiwKfk; cs;sJ
2. guhjPg;
xhprh khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
,Uk;Gj;jhJit [g;ghd; ehl;bw;F
Vw;Wkjp nra;a ,j;JiwKfk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpd;dpyq;fs;:
xhprh> gPfhh;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;>
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
3. tprhfg;gl;bdk;
lhy;gpd; Neh]; vd;w ghiw flypDs;
nrd;wpUg;gjhy; Xh; ,aw;ifj;
JiwKfkhf ,J tpsq;FfpwJ
epyj;jhy; #og;gl;l ghJfhf;fg;gl;l
JiwKfk;
gpd;dpyk;:
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> xhprh> kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;>
jkpo;ehl;bd; epy gFjpfs;
Mjpf mstpy; ,Uk;Gj; jhJ Vw;Wkjp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ
4. nrd;id:
,J xU nraw;ifj; JiwKfkhFk;.
gpd;dpyk;: Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> jkpo;ehL>
fh;ehlfhtpd; rpy gFjpfs;
mf;Nlhgh; - etk;gh; khjq;fspy; tPRk;
#whtspfshy; fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ
5. J}j;Jf;Fb
,J jkpofj;jpd; njw;F Kidapy; cs;s
JiwKfk; MFk;
6. vz;Z}h;
nrd;idapy; ,Ue;J 25 fpNyh kPl;lh;
njhiytpy; mike;Js;sJ. The Ennore
Port Company Limited vd;w Nkw;F
flw;fiu JiwKfq;fs; - 6
1. fhz;l;yh – TIDAL – Free Trade Zone
,J F[uhj;jpYs;sJ
fuhr;rpj; JiwKfk; ghfp];jhDld;
,ize;j gpwF fhz;l;yh
tphpTgLj;jg;gl;L cs;ehl;Lld; ,izf;fg;
gl;bUf;fpwJ
,j;JiwKfk; fl;R tisf;Flhtpd;
Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; mike;Js;sJ.
gpd;dpyk;: F[uhj;> uh[];jhd;> gQ;rhg;>
fh\;kPh;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
,j;JiwKfk; #a]; fhy;tha; topapy;
cs;sJ
2. Kk;ig
,J xU ey;y ,aw;if JiwKfkhFk;.
,J xU jPtpy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. fly;
mikjpahf ,Ug;gjhy; fg;gy;fs;
jq;FtJ vspjhf cs;sJ
#a]; fhy;tha; topahf tUk; fg;gy;fs;
gk;ghapy; jq;fpg; gpd;dh; nry;fpd;wd.
Nkw;F INuhg;gpa – Mg;gphpf;f ehLfis
Nehf;fpapUf;Fk; ,j;Jiwia ,e;jpahtpd;
Nkw;F thapy; vd;fpNwhk;
,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa JiwKfk; kw;Wk;
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; JiwKfk; ,JNt
MFk;.
gpd;dpyk;:
Nkw;F ,e;jpahTk; jf;fhzKk;
Kk;igf;Fg; gpd;dpyq;fshf
tpsq;Ffpd;wd
3. [t`h;yhy; NeU JiwKfk;
etNrth vd;w ,lj;jpy; ,J
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kk;ig JiwKfj;jpd;
nehpriy jtph;f;f fl;lg;gl;Ls;s etPd
JiwKfk;. etNrth JiwKfk; MFk;
4. kh;kNfhth
1963f;F Kd;G Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpaj;
JiwKfkhf ,Ue;j kh;k Nfhth xU
Kf;fpakhd ,e;jpa ,aw;if
JiwKfkhFk;. ,e;jpahtpypUe;J
Vw;WkjpahFk; ,Uk;Gj; jhJtpy; Rkhh; 60
rjtPjk; ,j;JiwKfj;jpd; topahf
Vw;Wkjpahfpd;wJ. kfhuh\;buk;> ik#h;>
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; Mfpad mjd;
gpd;dpyq;fshf cs;sd
5. Gjpa kq;fSh; JiwKfk;
fh;ehlf khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
FjpNuKf; vd;w ,lj;jpy; cs;s
,Uk;Gj;jhJ Vw;Wkjp nra;a ,j;
JiwKfk; gad;gLfpwJ. ,Uk;Gj;jhJ
Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gad;gLfpwJ
6. nfhr;rpd;
[g;ghdpah;fspd; xj;Jiog;Gld; ,J
epWtg;gl;lJ
,J Kj;Jj; JiwKfkhFk;. ,J Nkw;Ff;
flw;fiuapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;. Xh; mofhd
,aw;if JiwKfkhFk;.
M];jpNuypah kw;Wk; J}uf;fpof;F
ehLfSf;Fr; nry;y ,j; JiwKfk;
gad;gLfpwJ
,jd; gpd;dpyq;fs;:
1) Nfush 2) njd; fh;ehlfh kw;Wk;
njd;Nkw;F jkpo;ehL Mfpait MFk;.
jpUg;G+h;> NfhaKj;J}h;> kJiu> Nryk;>
f&h; kw;Wk; ngq;fSh; Mfpait ,jpy;
mlq;Fk;
rpwpa JiwKfq;fs; mjpfk; cs;s
khepyq;fs;:
1. kfhuh\;buh – 53
2. F[uhj; - 40
3. me;jkhd; epNfhghh; jPTfs; - 23
4. jkpo;ehL – 15
fpof;F flw;fiuapy; cs;s gpw Kf;fpa
JiwKfq;fs;
ehfg;gl;bdk;> ghz;br;Nrhp> k#ypg;gl;bdk;>
fhf;fpehlh
Nkw;F flw;fiuapy; cs;s gpw Kf;fpa
JiwKfq;fs;
xfh> Nghh;ge;jh;> Nth;th jiyr;Nrhp
cs;ehl;L ePh; topfs;
,e;jpahtpy; epH; topfs; Nghf;Ftuj;J
14>500 fpNyh kPl;lh; MFk;. ,jpy; 5200
fpNyh kPl;lh; J}uk; Mw;wpd; topahfTk;
4000 fp.kP fhy;tha; topahfTk;
Nghf;Ftuj;J eilngWfpd;wJ
cyfj;jpy; cs;ehl;L ePh; topfs;
Nghf;Ftuj;J mjpfk; mnkhpf;fhtpy;
eilngWfpd;wJ
cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;ehl;L ePh;topfs;
kpf mjpf J}uk; cs;sJ
,e;jpahtpy; cs; ehl;L ePh;top
Nghf;Ftuj;J Waterways Authority of
India fz;fhzpg;G nra;fpd;wJ
Kf;fpa ePh;topfs;
1. fq;if fhy;tha;
2. Nfhth fhy;tha;
3. rhhpe;j fhy;tha;
4. Nkw;F tq;fhs fhy;tha;
5. gf;fpq;fhk; fhy;tha;
Njrpa ePh; top 1: `_f;sp ejpapy;
`hy;bah Kjy; myfhghj; tiu
Njrpa ePh; top 2: gpuk;kGj;jpuh ejpapy;
cs;s Nghf;Ftuj;J
Njrpa ePh; top 3: Nfushtpy; Nkw;F
flw;fiu fztha; nfhy;yk; Nfhl;lGuk;
top
gd;dhl;L ePh;topfs;:
1. #a]; fhy;tha;
2. ed;dk;gpf;if Kid
tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J:
Father of civil aviation: J R D Tata
Vh; ,e;jpah epWtdk; JRD lhlh
mth;fshy; 1932y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
15.10.1932 md;W lhlh fuhr;rpapy; ,Ue;J
Kk;igf;F mfkjhghj; topahf tpkhdk;
%yk; te;jhh;.
1970y; Vh; ,e;jpah tpkhdj;ij ee;jh
Njtp vd;w Nghapq; 707 tpkhdj;ij
thq;fpaJ
midj;J tpkhdq;fSk; Nghapq; vd;w
epiyia 1962y; mile;j cyfpd; Kjy;
ehL ,e;jpah MFk;
jw;NghJ ,e;jpahtpy; 11 gd;dhl;L tpkhd
epiyaq;fs; cs;sJ
tpkhd epiyaq;fs; 4 tifahf
gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ
1. gd;dhl;L tpkhd epiyaq;fs;
2. Kf;fpa (Major) tpkhd epiyaq;fs;
3. eLj;ju (Medium) tpkhd epiyaq;fs;
4. rpwpa (Minor) tpkhd epiyaq;fs;
IAAI – International Airport Authority of
India 1972
tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J kioapdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy; fLk; gdp
fhuzkhf tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
ghjpg;gilfpd;wJ
Vw;Wkjp
1. Njapiy – mnkhpf;fh> u\;ah> fdlh>
,q;fpyhe;J
2. Rzy; kw;Wk; rzy; nghUs;fs; -
,q;fpyhe;J> mnkhpf;fh> mh;n[d;bdh>
ghfp];jhd;> M];jpNuypah
3. gUj;jpj; Jzpfs; - ,yq;if>
njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfs;> ,q;fpyhe;J
4. gUj;jp - ,q;fpyhe;J> ghfp];jhd;>
[g;ghd;
5. vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;> vz;nza; -
,q;fpyhe;J> mnkhpf;fh> fdlh>
M];jpNuypah
6. Njhy;> Njhy; nghUl;fs; - ghfp];jhd;>
,q;fpyhe;J> mnkhpf;fh
kq;fdPR> mgpufk;> ,Uk;Gj;jhJ>
Gifapiy> fhg;gp> gGy;fs;> rh;f;fiu
Nghd;w nghUl;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J
kw;w ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp MfpwJ
vd;l;hpNghl; thzpfk; vd;gJ kW –
Vw;Wkjp thzpfk; MFk;
Rw;Wyh:
cyfj;jpd; Rw;Wyh th;j;jfj;jpd;
,e;jpahtpd; gq;F 1 rjtPjk; MFk;
kf;fs; njhif
rPdhtpw;F mLj;jgbahf kf;fs;
njhifapy; ,e;jpah cyf ehLfspilNa
,uz;lhtJ ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ
rPdhit ,e;jpah 2050 Mk; Mz;L
kf;fs; njhifapy; kpQ;rptpLk; vd;
fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ
cyf kf;fs; njhifapy; jw;NghJ 16
rjtPjk; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sdh;
kf;fs; njhif kpf mjpfkhf
ngUFtjw;Ff; fhuzq;fs;
1. nfhba njhw;W Neha;fshd fhyuh>
nghpak;ik Nghd;w Neha;fs;
jLf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld
2. kUj;Jt trjp ngUfptpl;ljhy;
Foe;ijfs; gpwe;jTlNdAk;> gpwe;j
Kjyhz;bYk;> Foe;ij gUtj;jpYk;
,wg;gJ kpfTk; Fiwe;Js;sJ
3. kf;fspd; MAl;fhyk; ePz;Ls;sJ
4. MWfs; FWf;Nf mizfs; fl;b
nts;sg;ngUf;Fj; jLf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ljhy;
nts;sj;jhy; kf;fs; Nrjk;
ePf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ
5. gQ;rk;> gl;bdp Nghd;wtw;why; Vw;gLk;
,wg;G jLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
6. ehl;bd; gof;ftof;fq;fs; %lek;gpf;if
cilajhf cs;sJ
kf;fs; njhif neUf;fk; gpd;tUk;
Gtpapay; fhuzpfisg; nghWj;J
mikfpwJ
1. jl;gntg;gepiy 2. kz;tsk; 3.
,aw;ifr; nry;tq;fs; 4. epyj;jpd;
mikg;G 5. kio 6. ePh;g;ghrd trjpfs;
7. Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp 8. njhopy;
tsh;r;rp 9. ehl;bd; mikjp
kf;fs; neUf;fk; mjpfkhf cs;s gFjpfs;:
Nky;fq;ifr; rkntsp> fPo;fq;ifr;
rkntsp> Nkw;Ff; flw;fiur; rkntsp>
fpof;Ff; flw;fiur; rkntsp kf;fs;
neUf;fk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ
,g;gFjpapy; mlq;Fk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;>
gPfhh;> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> F[uhj;>
kfhuh\;buk;> fh;ehlfk;> Nfusk;>
jkpo;ehL> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> xhprh
khepyq;fspy; kf;fs; neUf;fk; mjpfk;
,kakiyg; gpuNjrk;> khstgPlG+kp>
Nrhl;lh ehfGhpg; gPlG+kp> juha; rJg;G
epyk;> Re;jutdf; fhLfs;> jhh;
ghiytdk;> uh[hGjd Nkl;L epyk;
Mfpatw;wpy; kf;fs; neUf;fk; Fiwthf
cs;sJ
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; kpf mjpf kf;fs;
njhif cs;s khepyk; MFk;
ePh; mspg;gpw;F mUfhikapy;
miktplj;ijg; ngw;w FbapUg;GfSf;F
ePh; ehba FbapUg;G vd;W ngah;
kf;fs; njhif mjpfk; cs;s efuq;fs;
1. Greater Mumbai 16>368>084
2. fy;fj;jh 13>216>546
3. nly;yp 1>791>458
4. nrd;id 6>424>624
5. ngq;fSh; 5>686>844
6. i`juhghj; 5>533>640
7. mfkjhghj; 4>519>278
8. G+dh 3>755>525
9. #uj; 2>811>466
10. fhd;G+h; 2>690>486
11. n[a;g;G+h; 2>324>319
12. yf;Ndh 2>266>933
13. ehf;G+h; 2>266>933
14. ghl;dh 1>707>429
15. ,e;J}h; 1>639>044
16. tNjhjuh 1>492>398
17. Nghghy; 1>454>830
18. Nfhak;Gj;J}h; 1>446>034
19. Yjpahdh 1>395>053
20. nfhr;rp 1>355>406
21. tprhfg;gl;bdk; 1>329>472
22. Mf;uh 1>321>410
23. thuzhrp 1>211>749
24. kJiu 1>194>665
25. kPul; 1>167>399
,e;jpahtpd; efh; Gw kf;fs; njhif:
1. kfhuh\;buh 41>100>980
2. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 34>539>582
3. jkpo;ehL 27>483>998
4. Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 22>427>251
5. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 20>808>940
6. F[uhj; 18>930>250
7. fh;ehlfh 17>961>529
8. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 15>967>145
9. uh[];jhd; 13>214>375
10. by;yp 12>905>708
11. gPfhh; 8>681>800
12. Nfush 8>266>925
13. gQ;rhg; 8>262>511
14. `hpahdh 6>115>304
15. [hh;fz;l; 5>993>741
16. Xhprh 5>517>238
17. rl;B];fh; 4>185>747
18. mrhk; 3>439>240
19. [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; 2>516>638
20. cj;ufhz;l; 2>179>074
21. rz;bfh; 808>515
22. Nfhth 670>577
23. ghz;br;Nrhp 648>619
24. ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 595>581
25. kzpg;g+h; 575>968
26. jphpGuh 545>750
27. Nkfhyah 454>111
28. kpNrhuhk; 441>006
29. ehfhyhe;J 342<787
30. mUzhr;rygpuNjrk; 227>881
31. me;jkhd; kw;Wk;
epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs; 116>198
32. rpf;fpk; 59>870
33. lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA+ 57>348
34. jjuh kw;Wk; ehfh; `Ntyp 50>463
35. yl;rj;jPTfs; 26>967
,e;jpahtpd; mjpf goq;Fb kf;fs; - re;jy;
gFjpfs; thOk; kiytho; kf;fs;
me;jkhd; jPTfs; Onga
ePyfphp Njhlh;fs;
2001 kf;fs; njhif (1-3-2001)
fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb kf;fs; njhif:
,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; njhif nfhs;if:
2000
,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; njhif 1 gpy;ypaid
11.5.2000 md;W jhz;baJ
,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; njhif 1.2 gpy;ypad;
MFk;
nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif – 1>027>015>247
Mz;fs; - 531>277>078
ngz;fs; - 495>738>169
,e;jpa kf;fs; njhifapy; jkpof kf;fs;
njhifapd; gq;F – 6.04%
,e;jpahtpd; filrp kf;fs; njhif
fzf;nfLg;G 2001Mk; Mz;L
eilngw;wJ
,e;jpahtpy; mLj;j kf;fs; njhif
fzf;nfLg;G 2011 jw;NghJ eilngw;W
tUfpd;wJ
kf;fs; njhif thpirapy; jkpo;ehL 6tJ
,lk;:
1. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 166>197>921
2. kfhuh\;buh 96>878>627
3. gPfhh; 82>998>509
4. Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 80>176>179
5. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 76>210>007
6. jkpo;ehL 62>405>679
7. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 60>348>023
8. uh[];jhd; 56>507>188
9. fh;ehlfh 52>850>562
10. F[uhj; 50>671>017
11. Xhprh 36>804>660
12. Nfush 31>841>374
13. [hh;fz;l; 26>945>829
14. mrhk; 26>655>528
15. gQ;rhg; 24>358>999
16. `hpahdh 21>144>564
17. rl;B];fh; 20>833>803
18. nly;yp 13>850>507
19. [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; 10>143>700
20. cj;jpufhz;l; 8>489>349
21. ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 6>077>900
22. jphpGuh 3>199>203
23. kzpg;G+h; 2>166>788
24. Nkfhyah 2>318>822
25. ehfhye;J 1>999>036
26. Nfhth 1>347>688
27. mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 1>097>968
28. ghz;br;Nrhp 974>345
29. rz;bfh; 900>635
30. kpNrhuhk; 888>573
31. rpf;fpk; 540>851
me;jkhd; kw;Wk; epf;Nfhgh; jPTfs; 356>152
jjuh kw;wk; ehfh; `Ntyp 220>490
lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA+ 158>204
,yl;rj;jPTfs; 60>650
gpwg;G tpfpjk; - 21.24 1991 – 2001
Mz; - ngz; tpfpjk; - 1000:933
gbj;jth;fs; - 64.84 rjtPjk;
Mz;fs; gbj;jth;fs; - 64.84 rjtPjk;
ngz;fs; gbj;jth;fs; - 53.67 rjtPjk;
khepyk; gbj;jth; Mz; ngz;
1. Nfush 90.92 94.20 87.86
2. kpNrhuhk; 88.49 90.69 86.13
3. Nfhth 82.32 88.88 75.51
4. kfhuh\;buh 77.27 86.27 67.51
5. ,khr;ry; 77.13 86.02 68.08
6. jphpGuh 73.66 81.47 65.41
7. jkpo;ehL 73.47 82.33 64.55
8. cj;jpuhQ;ry; 72.28 84.01 60.26
9. F[uhj; 69.97 80.50 58.60
10. gQ;rhg; 69.95; 75.63 63.55
11. rpf;fpk; 69.68 76.73 61.46
12. Nk. t 69.22 77.58 60.22
13. kzpg;G+h; 68.87 77.87 59.70
14. `hpahdh 68.59 79.25 56.31
15. ehfhye;J 67.11 71.77 61.92
16. fh;ehlfh 67.04 76.29 57.45
17. rl;B];fh; 65.18 77.86 52.40
18. mrhk; 64.28 71.93 56.03
19. kj;jpa gp 64.11 76.80 50.28
20. xhprh 63.61 75.95 50.97
21. Nkfhyah 63.31 66.14 60.41
22. Me;jpu gp 61.11 70.85 51.17
23. uh[];jhd; 61.03 76.46 44.34
24. c. gp. 57.36 70.23 42.98
25. mUzhr;ry; 54.74 64.07 44.24
26. fh\;kPh; 54.46 65.75 41.82
27. [hh;fz;l; 54.13 67.94 39.38
28. gPfhh; 47.53 60.32 33.57
29. ,yl;rj;jPTfs; 87.52 93.15 81.56
30. nly;yp 81.82 87.37 75.00
31. rz;bfh; 81.76 85.65 76.65
32. ghz;br;Nrhp 81.49 88.89 74.13
33. me;jkhd; 81.18 86.07 75.29
34. lhkd; (k) ilA+ 81.90 88.40 70.37
35. jjuh ehfh; 60.03 73.32 42.99
Mz;-ngz; tpfpjk; (Females Per 1000 males)
khepyk; tpfpjk;
,e;jpah 933
Nfush 1058
ghz;br;Nrhp 1001
rl;B];fh; 990
jkpo;ehL 986
kzpg;G+h; 978
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 978
Nkfhyah 975
Xhprh 972
,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 970
cj;juhQ;ry; 964
fh;ehlfh 964
Nfhth 960
jphpGuh 950
,yl;rj;jPTfs; 947
[hh;fz;l; 941
kpNrhuhk; 938
Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 934
mrhk; 932
,uh[];jhd; 922
kfhuh\;buh 922
gPfhh; 921
F[uhj; 921
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 920
ehfhye;J 909
mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 901
[k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; 900
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 898
rpf;fpk; 875
gQ;rhg; 874
`hpahdh 861
me;jkhd; epNfhghh; 946
nly;yp 821
jjuh ehfh; 811
rz;bfh; 773
lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA+ 709
Mz; - ngz; tpfpjk; Nfushtpy;
1000:1058 vd mjpfk; cs;sJ
Mz; - ngz; tpfpjk; jkpofj;jpy;
1000:986 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; cs;sJ
gbj;jth;fs; mjpfk; cs;s khepyk;
Nfush – 90.86%
gbj;jth;fs; Fiwthf cs;s khepyk;
gPfhh; - 47.00 rjtPjk;
Mz;fs; - Fiwthf gbj;jth;fs; cs;s
khepyk; - gPfhh; - 59.68 rjtPjk;
ngz;fs; - Fiwthf gbj;jth;fs; cs;s
khepyk; - Nfush – 87.86 rjtPjk;
ngz;fs; - Fiwthf gbj;jth;fs; cs;s
khepyk; - gPfhh; - 33.17 rjtPjk;
jkpofj;jpy; gbj;jth;fs; tpfpjk; - 73.47
rjtPjk;
Mz;fs; gbj;jth;fs; tpfpjk; - 82.33 %
ngz;fs; gbj;jth;fs; tpfpjk; - 64.55%
gbj;jth;fs; mjpfk; cs;s A+dpad;
gpuNjrk; - yl;rj;jPTfs;
gbj;jth;fs; mjpfk; cs;s khtl;lq;fs;
1. Aizwal (kpNrhuk;) 2. Serchhip (kpNrhuk;)
3. Nfhl;lak; (Nfush)
gbj;jth;fs; Fiwthf cs;s khtl;lq;fs;
1. Dantewada (rl;b];fh;)
2. Pakaur ([hh;fz;l;)
Njrpa ruhrhp (64.80%) tpl Fiwthd
khepyq;fs;
1. gPfhh; 2) [hfh;yhz;l; 3) [k;K kw;Wk;
fh\;kPh;
2001 Mz;L kf;fs; njhif
fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb 7 taJf;F Nkw;gl;l
vOj kw;Wk; gbf;f njhpe;jth;fs;
fy;tpawpT cilath;fs; vd
fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ
mlh;j;jp:
,e;jpahtpd; mlh;j;jp – 324 Ngh; / r.fp.kP
jkpo;ehl;bd; mlh;jjp – 478 / r.fp.kP
mjpf mlh;j;jp cs;s khepyk; - Nkw;F
tq;fhsk; 903
mjpf mlh;j;jp cs;s A+dpad; gFjp
9340 (jpy;yp)
mlh;j;jp Fiwthf cs;s khepyk; -
mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk; 13
mlh;j;jp Fiwthf cs;s A+dpad; gFjp
(43) MFk;
Population Density (per Square Km)
2001
1. ,e;jpah 324
2. Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 904
3. gPfhh; 880
4. Nfush 819
5. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 689
6. gQ;rhg; 482
7. jkpo;ehL 478
8. `hpahzh 477
9. Nfhth 363
10. mrhk; 340
11. [hh;fz;l; 338
12. kfhuh\;buh 314
13. jphpGuh 304
14. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 275
15. fh;ehlfh 275
16. F[uhj; 258
17. Xhprh 236
18. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 196
19. uh[];jhd; 165
20. cj;jpuhQ;ry; 159
21. rl;B];fh; 154
22. ehfhye;J 120
23. ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 109
24. kzpg;G+h; 107
25. Nkfhyah 103
26. [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; 99
27. rpf;fpk; 76
28. kpNrhuk; 42
29. mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 13
30. nly;yp 9294
31. rz;bfh; 7903
32. ghz;br;Nrhp 2029
33. ,yl;rj;jPTfs; 1894
34. lhkd; ilA 1411
35. jjuh ehfh; 44
36. me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; 43
(16.7 tpOf;fhL)
gug;gsT:
Gjpa khepyq;fs; gphpg;gjw;F Kd; nghpa
khepyk; - kj;jpa gpuNjrk;
Gjpa khepyq;fs; gphpf;fg;gl;lgpd;
gug;gstpy; nghpa
Kjy; khepyk; uh[];jhd;
,uz;lhtJ khepyk; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
%d;whtJ khepyk; kfhuh\;buh
ehd;fhtJ khepyk; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
thpir khepyk; gug;gsT (r.fp.kP)
1. ,uh[];jhd; 342>236
2. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 308>144
3. kfhuh\;buh 307>713
4. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 275>068
5. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 238>566
6. [k;K & fh\;kPh; 222>236
7. F[uhj; 196>024
8. fh;ehlfk; 191>791
9. xhprh 155>707
10. rl;B];fh; 135>194
11. jkpo;ehL 130>058
12. gPfhh; 94>164
13. Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 88>752
14. mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 83>743
15. [hh;fz;l; 79>700
16. mrhk; 78>483
17. ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 55>673
18. cj;jpuhQ;ry; 53>566
19. gQ;rhg; 50>362
20. `hpahzh 44>212
21. Nfush 38>863
22. Nkfhyah 22>429
23. kzpg;G+h; 22>327
24. kpNrhuhk; 21>081
25. ehfhyhe;J 16>579
26. jphpGuh 10>492
27. me;jkhd; & epNfhghh; jPTfs;-8>249
28. rpf;fpk; 7>096
29. Nfhth 3>702
30. jpy;yp 1>483
31. ghz;br;Nrhp 492
32. jjuh ehfh; `Ntyp 491
33. rz;bfh; 144
34. lhkd; ilA+ 122
35. ,yl;rj;jPTfs; 32
Kjyplk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; - 166>052>859 –
16.17 tpOf;fhL
,uz;lhtJ ,lk; kfhuh\;buh –
96>752>247 - 9.42 tpOf;fhL
kf;fs; njhif Fiwthf cs;s khepyk;:
rpf;fpk; (5>40>493)
gpwg;G ,wg;G tpfpjk;:
,e;jpahtpd; gpwg;G tpfpjk; : 24.8
,e;jpahtpd; ,wg;G tpfpjk; : 8.9
jkpo;ehl;bd; gpwg;G tpfpjk;: 11.19
Fiwe;j gpwg;G tpfpjk; (Kjy;) Nfush –
9.42
mjpf gpwg;G tpfpjk; (ehfhye;J) – 64.41
jkpofk; Fiwe;j gpwg;G – tpfpjj;jpy;
,uz;lhtJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ
efh;g;Gwk;
efuj;jpy; thOk; kf;fs; - 72 Nfhb>
fpuhkj;jpy; thOk; kf;fs; - 27.78 Nfhb
efh;Gw tsh;r;rp tpfpjk; - 2.1%
tpiuthd efh;Gw tsh;r;rp – Kjyplk;
kpNrhuk; - 49.5% jkpo;ehL – 43.9%
,uz;lhtJ – Nfhth – 49.4%
%d;whtJ – jkpo;ehL - 44%
,e;jpahtpy; ngz;fs; jpUkzj;jpd; %yk;
Xh; ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F
FbGFfpd;wdh;
jkpofj;jpd; efh;Gw kf;fs; njhif –
2.70 Nfhb
efuq;fspd; Kf;fpa tiffs;
Nfhl;il efuk; - jpUr;rp
Nfhtpy; efuk; - kJiu
kiy thr];jyk; - Cl;b> nfhilf;fhdy;>
rpk;yh
fyhr;rhu efuk; - jQ;rhT+h;
Rw;Wyh efuk; - kfhgypGuk;
Foe;ij ,wg;G tpfpjk;:
,e;jpah 71
Nfush 16
ghz;br;Nrhp 21
kpNrhuk; 23
kzpg;G+h; 25
me;jkhd; epNfhhgh; jPTfs; 30
,yl;rj;jPTfs; 30
rz;bfh; 32
Nfhth 36
mUzhryg;gpuNjrk; 44
[k;K & fh\;kPh; 45
kfhuh\;buh 49
jphpGuh 49
by;yp 51
Nkfhyah 52
rpf;fpk; 53
Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 53
gQ;rhg; 54
fh;ehlfh 58
jjuh ehfh; `Ntyp 61
F[uhj; 64
,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; 64
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; 66
gPfhh; 67
`hpahdh 69
mrhk; 78
uh[];jhd; 83
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 85
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 97
xhprh 98
ehfhye;J NA
lhkd; ilA+ NA
taJ
Mz;fspd; taJ fhyk; 62.3%
ngz;fspd; taJ fhyk; - 65.27%
KjpNahh; ngz;fspd; gbg;gwpT tpfpjk; -
43.5
,Uk;Gr;rj;J Fiwthf cs;s NgWfhy
ngz;fs; - 88%
ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; cs;s ngz;fs;
tpfpjk; 8.9%
mjpf goq;Fbfs; cs;s khepyk; -
kj;jpa gpuNjrk; (khepyk; gphpg;gjw;F
Kd;)
jw;NghJ gQ;rhg; 28.85 rjtPj
jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; trpf;fpd;wdh;
kf;fs; gphpTfs; 2001
,e;Jf;fs; 80.5% (827 kpy;ypad;)
K];yPk;fs; 13.4% (138 kpy;ypad;)
fpwp];jth;fs; 2.33% (24 kpy;ypad;)
rPf;fpah;fs; 1.84% (19 kpy;ypad;)
Gj;jkjk; 0.76% (7.9 kpy;ypad;)
rkz kjk; 0.4% (4.2 kpy;ypad;)
kw;wth;fs; 0.64% (6.6 kpy;ypad;)
gbj;jth;fs;:
rkzh;fs; 94.1%
fpUj;Jth;fs; 80.3%
Gj;jkjj;jpdh; 72.7%
rPf;fpah;fs; 69.4%
,e;Jf;fs; 65.1%
,Ryhkpah;fs; 59.1%
,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; ,Ryhkpah;fspy;
gbj;j ngz;fs; Fiwthf cs;sdh;
rkzh;fspd; gpwg;G tpfpjk; mjpfkhf
cs;sJ
Mz; - ngz; tpfpjk; rPf;fpah;fspilNa
Fiwthf cs;sJ
,e;jpahtpy; ngUk;ghd;ik nkhop
NgRgth;fs; ,e;Njh Mrpah;fs; vdg;gLk;
tFg;igr; rhh;e;jth;fSk; jpuhtpl
,dj;ijr; rhh;ej;th;fSk; trpf;fpd;wdh;.
rpwpa mstpy; Austro – Asiatic and Tibeto
– Burman nkhop NgRgth;fs; cs;sdh;
,e;jpahtpy; thOk; goq;Fbapdh;
Arunachal Pradesh – Abors, Aptanis, Aka,
Dafla, Kampti
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; - Chenchus, Konda,
Khonds
mrhk; - Chakma, Garoshamr, Kanchani,
Khasiskuki, Lalung, Mikir
gPfhh; - Chend, Ho, Oraon, Santhalstharu
F[uhj; - Bhil, Koli
,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; - Gaddo, Gujar,
Kinnara, Adivasis, Bhot
kj;jpag; gpuNjrk; - Baiga, Bhills, Birhos<
Gond, Kol, Korker
kzpg;G+h; - Anami, Mizo, Sema, Kuki
Nkfhyah – Garos, Lakahes, Khasiskuki,
Mizo, Jaintias, Khasi
kpNrhuk; - Garo, Hmar, Khasi, Kulki
ehfhye;J – Baige, Birhar, Kol, Munda,
Santhals
,uh[];jhd; - Bhils, Gurassa, Mine
rpf;fpk; - Bjatia, Lepchas
jkpo;ehL – Badagar, Toda, Kota
cj;juhQ;ry; - Bhotia
jphpGuh – Chakma
xhprh – Chenchus, Santhals, Mundas
me;jkhd; kw;Wk; epNfhghh; - Sentinelese,
Shompern, Onge, Jarawas
kfhuh\;buh – Warlis
Nfush – Utalis
M];bf; nkhopthhpahd ,d kf;fs; gPfhh;>
Nkw;F tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; xhprh gFjpapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;
fl;Lkhdq;fSk; NritfSk;
Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; nrwpe;J
fhzg;gLk; gFjp rkntspg; gFjpahFk;
Mrpahtpy; kpf mlh;j;jpahd
Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpapdiuf; nfhz;Ls;s
ehL ,e;jpah
jkpo;ehL muR Vio kw;Wk; thhpak;
%yk; tPLfis fl;bj; jUfpd;wJ
,e;jpahtpy; thd; topg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
1930y; Jtf;fg;ngw;wJ
1994 Kjy; ,uapy;Ntapy; fhg;gPl;Lr;
rl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
1991y; Fiwe;j gl;r fy;tp vd;w
Kiwia cUthf;fpath; Nguhrphpah;
jhNt Mthh;
ey;y tho;tpd; milahsk; vdg;gLtJ
fpuhk kw;Wk; efuj;jpy; thOk; kf;fSf;F
vt;tsT ey;y FbePh; toq;fg;gLfpwJ
vd;gJ jhd; vd cyf Rfhjhu ikak;
njhptpj;Js;sJ
Nghf;Ftuj;J> fy;tp> ey tho;T>
tPl;Ltrjp Mfpait Nritfs;
tifiar; rhh;e;jJ
,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp epWtdk;
1968y; If;fpa ehLfs; rigf;fhf
mh;g;gzpj;j VTjsk; Jk;gh VTjsk;
MFk;. ,jid epyeLf;Nfhl;L VTjsk;
vd;W miog;gh;
I.Mh;.v];. 1 rp vd;gJ KOtJk;
,e;jpahtpNyNa jahhpf;fg;gl;l
tpz;fydhFk;. ,e;jpahtpd; kpf Gfo;
ngw;w njhopy; efuq;fs;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
,e;jpahtpy; mjpf ePh;kpd; rf;jp cw;gj;jp
nra;fpd;wJ
,uhkFz;lk; - cw;gj;jp njhopw;rhiy
tprhfg;gl;bdk; - ,Uk;Gj; njhopw;rhiy>
fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopw;rhiy> fg;gy; fl;Lk;
njhopy; (,e;J];jhd; \pg;ahh;L) kw;Wk;
ghuj; n`tp gpNsl; kw;Wk; ntry;];
Nghr;rk;ghb – miz
Fz;^h;: Gifapiy njhopw;rhiy kw;Wk;
nthp[pdpah Gifapiyf;F Gfo;ngw;wJ.
`hpahdh:
kfhghujg; Nghh; eilngw;w FUN\j;jpuk;
,k; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ
ghdpgl; Nghh; eilngw;w ,lk; ,k;
khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ
khUjp fhh; njhopw;rhiy $h;fhd; ,k;
khepyj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
National Dairy Research Institute – Karnal
Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes
– Hisar
mrhk;
E}d;kjp> nghq;iffhd;> jpNfhgha;>
Ekypfhh; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; vz;nza;
fpzWfs; cs;sJ
ehk&g;gpy; cuj; njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ.
gPfhh;
mjpfkhd epyf;fhp ,Ug;G cs;sJ\
mjpfkhd ikf;fh kw;Wk; ypj;jpak;
cs;sJ
mjpfkhd muf;F cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ
ifidl; cw;gj;jp
ngsudP – cuj; njhopw;rhiy
lhy;kpah efh; : rpnkz;l;
[LFlh – A+Nudpak;
rpe;jphp – cucw;gj;jp
rl;B];fh;
gpyha; - ,Uk;Gj; njhopw;rhiy
Nrhd; ejp
rgh;zNufh jpl;lk;
nfh;th – cuj; njhopw;rhiy
Bella Delah – Iron and Steel
Nfhh;gh mYkpdpaj; njhopw;rhiy
Nfhth:
fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopw;rhiy> Nrhd; ejp
rgh;zNufh jpl;lk;
nfh;th – cuj; njhopw;rhiy
Bella Delah – Iron and Steel
Nfhh;gh mYkpdpaj; njhopw;rhiy
F[uhj;:
mfkjhghj;> #uj; - gUj;jp
njhopw;rhiyfs;
rgh;kjp jpl;lk;> rh;jh; rNuhthh; eh;kij
jpl;lk; kh`p jpl;lk;> fh;rd; jpl;lk;
Kf;fpa efuq;fs; tNjhuh> uh[;Nfhl;>
[hk; efh;> ghth efh;> Nrhkehj; Nfhtpy;
,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk;
ehj;gh [fphp jpl;lk;> Fy;khh;f; Nfhil
tho;tplk;
[hh;fz;l;
,uhQ;rp – n`tp vd;[pdpahpq;
fhh;g;gNu\d;> n`tp nk\pd
fhh;g;gNu\d;
nghf;fhNuh - ,Uk;Gj; njhopw;rhiy
[hk;n\l;g+h; - ,Uk;Gj; njhopw;rhiy
rpq;G+k; - jhkpuj; njhopw;rhiy
fh;ehlfk;
Nfhyhh; kw;Wk; `l;b jq;fj;
njhopw;rhiy
gj;uhtjp tp];Nt];tua;ah ,Uk;Gj;
njhopw;rhiy
ngq;fSh; - ,e;J];jhd; VNuhehl;bd;>
,e;jpah nlypNghd;];
ngy;yhhp – tp[a efh; ,Uk;Gj;
njhopw;rhiy
[y`y;yp – ghuj; vyf;l;uhdpf;];
fhyz;b – ePh;kpd; epiyak;> gj;uh jpl;lk;
Nfush
[ph;Nfhdpak; kw;wk; Njhpak;
My;tha; - cuj; njhopw;rhiy (FACT –
Fertilizer and Chemical Travancore
Limited)
My;tha; - Hindustan Insecticide
My;tha; - Indian Rare earth
nfhr;rpd; - Fertilizer
nfhr;rpd; - Ship Yard
jpUtde;jGuk; - Hindustan Latex
,Lf;fp – Hydro Project
guk;gpf; Fsk; - Aziyar Project
kfhuh\;buh
Kk;ig i` - ngl;Nuhy; fpilf;Fkplk;
buhk;Ng – cuk;
,uj;jpdfphp – mYkpdpak;
m[e;jh kw;Wk; vy;Nyhuh Fiffs;
gQ;rhg;
mypfhh; - G+l;L jahhpg;gpw;F Gfo; ngw;wJ
eq;fy; - cuj; njhopw;rhiy
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;
f[PuhNgh Nfhtpy; cs;sJ
cj;jpufhz;l;:
,q;F cs;s Knrshpapy; ,e;jpa Ml;rpg;
gzpahsh;fSf;F gapw;rp mspf;Fk; Lal
Bahadur National Academy of
Administration cs;sJ.
`hpj;Jthh;> iedplhy; Nghd;w Nfhil
thr];jyq;fs; ,k; khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ
Nfjhh;ehj;> gj;hpehj;> fq;Nfhj;jphp kw;Wk;
aKNdhj;jphp Nghd;w Gdpj jyq;fs; ,k;
khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;:
,e;jpahtpd; kpfr; rpwe;j Ntshz;ik
khepykhf cj;jpu gpuNjrk;
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk;
mq;F ghAk; ejpfSk; tskhd tz;ly;
kz; MFk;
Fk;gNksh jpUtpoh ,q;F eilngWfpwJ
Kf;fpa efuq;fs;: Allahabad, Varanasi,
Ayodhya and Mathura
Nkfhyah:
fhrp kw;Wk; fhNuh Fd;Wfs; ,k;
khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ
uh[];jhd;
kf;uhdh – nts;is gspq;F fw;fs;
Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
lhh;[pypq; - Njapiy> jpl;lfhh; - fhfpjk;
Gtpapay; Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;
,e;jpah Kf;Nfhz mikg;ig
ngw;Ws;sJ. ,J tlNfhsj;jpy;
mike;Js;sJ
njd;dpe;jpah G+kj;jpa Nuiff;F mUfpy;
,Ug;gjhy; (mjhtJ flfNuiff;F fPNo
,Ug;gjhy;) tl ,e;jpah Nghd;W
fLikahd ntg;gj;ijAk; FspiuAk;
ngWtjpy;iy
cyfpNyNa kpfg;nghpa vhpkiyg;
gpuNjrk; jf;fhz gPlG+kpahFk;
Kjypy; ,J 500>000 rJu fp.kP grhy;l;
yhthtpdhy; %lg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,J 65-60
kpy;ypad; Mz;bw;F Kd; cUthd gFjp.
cyfj;jpd; ntg;g epiyia cah;j;Jk;
FNshNuh GNshNuh fhh;gd;
gad;gLj;Jtij jtph;f; khz;Bhpy;
gpufldk; 1987y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ
Muty;yp kiyj;njhlh; ,uh[];jhd;
khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ
ikf;fhy; kiyj;njhlh;
kj;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;sJ
,e;jpah njd; Nkw;F kw;Wk; tl fpof;Fg;
gUt fhw;wpd; %yk; kioiag;
ngWfpd;wJ.
tl ,e;jpar; rkntsp gFjpfspy; Nk>
[Pd; khjq;fspy; mdy; fhw;W tPRfpwJ.
40° – 50° ntg;g epiyiaf; nfhz;L
,Uf;Fk; ,f;fhw;W Y} fhw;W vdg;gLk;
ghud; jPT:
,e;jpahtpy; nray;gLfpd;w xNu vhpkiy
ghud; jPTvhpkiy MFk;
,J Nghh;l; gpNsaUf;F fpof;Nf 135 fp.kP.
njhiytpy; mike;Js;sJ
1994-95y; ,J ntbj;jJ 2000y;
thAnebAld; $ba Gif ntspapl;ljhy;
,J nray;ghL cilajhf
fUjg;gLfpwJ
cyfpNyNa kpfg;nghpa vhpkiyg;
gpuNjrk; jf;fhzg; gPlG+kpahFk;
,e;jpahtpd; ,aw;if Nghplh; tbtq;fs;:
26> rdthp 2001Mk; Mz;L F[uhj;
khepyj;jpy; G+[; vd;Dkplj;jpy;
epyeLf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. hpf;lh; mstpd;gb
,J 7.7 msT MFk;. ,J kpfg;nghpa
Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ
Nghghy; tp\thA frpT Nghplh;
kj;jpa gpuNjrj;jpd; jiyefh; Nghghypy;
cs;sJ. A+dpad; fhh;igL vd;w
epWtdk; ,q;F kPj;Njy; [NrhirNdl;
er;R thAthf khwpajhy; 2> 3.12.1984y;
tp\thA frpT Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; Rkhh;
2000 Ngh; ,we;jdh;
mjph;tiy kz;lyq;fs;:
kf;fs; capiu gwpg;gJ epyeLf;fq;fs;
my;y. mjd; Nky; cs;s fl;blq;fNs
vd;W $Wth;.
G+kapy; L, P, S mjph;tiyfs; mjph;r;rpia
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ
L waves travel along the surface of the
earth’s crust
P waves propagate, they move material in
a path parallel to the direction of
movement.
S waves move objects at right angles to
their direction of motion
,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;jg;gug;gpy; Rkhh; 50-60
tpOf;fhL gug;G epy mjph;tiyj;
jhf;fq;fSf;F cl;gl;lJ. ,e;jpah> II,
III, IV, V vd;W ehd;F mjph;tiy
kz;lyq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,kakiy mijr; Rw;wpAs;s gFjpfs;
kw;Wk; fl;r; tisFlhTk; (V kw;Wk; IV)
mjp mgha kw;Wk; mgha kz;lyj;jpy;
mike;J cs;sd.
jkpo;ehL epy mjph;tpy; kpj kw;Wk;
Fiwe;j mgha Neh;T kz;lykhf
tifaPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
ePyfphp> nrd;id> fhQ;rpGuk;>
jpUts;Sth;> NtY}h;> jpUtz;zhkiy>
Nryk;> jh;kGhp kw;Wk; Nfhak;Gj;J}h;>
khtl;lq;fspy; kpj mgha Neh;T
kz;lykhf tifaPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ
epy mikg;gpay; hPjpahf jf;fhz gPlG+kp
ve;jtpj ,lh;fisAk; jhq;Fk; jpwk;
nfhz;lJ
nrd;w E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpah vjph;
nfhz;l Nghplh;fspNyNa kpf Nkhrkhd
epfo;r;rp xhprh flw;Gay; MFk;
Njrpa Nghplh;fs; epthuzk; kw;Wk;
kWrPuikg;G Fwpj;J Njrpa Nghplh;
fl;Lg;ghl;L Mizak;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
16-7-2004 md;W Fk;gNfhzk; gs;sp jP
tpj;J ele;jJ
,e;jpahtpy; fh\;kPh; gFjpfspy;
gdpg;ghiwr; rhpTfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd
nkhj;j;g gug;gpy; 80 tpOf;fhL fhLfs;
cs;s khepyk; mUzhr;ryg;gpuNjrk;
fq;if ePiu gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;
khepyq;fs;
1. cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 2. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; 3.
gPfhh; 4. uh[];jhd; 5. Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
fq;if ejp tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; fyf;Fk;
Kd;G gpuk;kGj;jpuhTld; Nrh;e;J cyfpd;
nghpa tz;ly; rkntspia (59>000 r.fp.kP
Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ)
NkYk; tq;fhsj;jpy; Re;jutd;
fhLfisAk; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ
fq;if ejp mjpfkhf ghAk; ,lk;:
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
Nfhrp: ,J jpngj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ
,e;jpahtpy; njd;Nkw;F gUtf; fhw;W
ngha;g;gjhy; twl;rp Vw;gLfpd;wd
,e;jpahtpy; mjpf msT ghrd trjp
ngw;w khepyk; gQ;rhg;
xJf;Ff; FbapUg;Gfs; rhjhuzkhf
fhzg;gLk; gFjp: ,uh[];jhd;
gj;Jyl;rj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhf kf;fs;
trpf;Fk; efuq;fs; 35
mjpf efh;Gwk; cila khepyk;: gQ;rhg;
,e;jpahtpy; jpl;lkplg;gl;l efuk;: rz;bfh;
14-1-1969 Kjy; kjuh]; khfhzk;
jkpo;ehL vd ngah; khw;wk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ
,Ug;Gg;ghij njhlh;gpy;yhj Gfo;ngw;w
Nfhilthoplk;: nfhilf;fhdy;
F[uhj; khepyj;jpy; myhq; vd;Dkplj;jpy;
fg;gy; cilf;Fk; njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ
`hpahdhtpy; cs;s fh;ehy;
vd;Dkplj;jpy; nlypNghd; Nfgps;
jahhpf;Fk; njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ
gPfhhpy; cs;s fh;ehy; vd;Dkplj;jpy;
nlypNghd; Nfgps; jahhpf;Fk;
njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ
gPfhhpy; cs;s rpe;jphpapy;
cuj;njhopw;rhiy cs;sJ
,e;jpahtpy; kpf Kf;fpakhd mjpfkhd
ngl;Nuhypak; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ,lk;
jpf;gha;
epyf;fhp ngl;Nuhy; Nghd;wit
GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l Kbahj %yg;nghUs;
MFk; Njapiy - ,J nghUe;Njhl;l
Ntshz;ikahFk;
NfhJik - ,J gue;jKiw
Ntshz;ikahFk;
ney; - ,J nrwpe;j Kiw Ntshz;ik
MFk;
fhpry; kz; - ,J fUik epwk;
nfhz;lJ. ePiu jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;
jd;ik nfhz;lJ
jkpo;ehl;by; Nryk;> <NuhL Mfpa
khtl;lq;fspy; nrk;kz; fhzg;gLfpwJ
kz;tsk; gaph; Row;r;rp Kiwapy;
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ
fhy;tha; ghrdk; kpFe;j khtl;lk;
jQ;rhT+h;
,yl;rj;jPTfspy; Bitra Island vd;w
gwitfs; ruzhyak; cs;sJ
KJkiy fhl;by; ahidfs;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa rJg;G epyf;fhL
fq;if nly;lh gFjpfspy; cs;sJ
njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;why; mjpf
kiog;ngWk; ,lk; Nkw;F Nrhokz;ly
flw;fiu – fh;ehlf flw;fiu
thdpiy xU ehspd; fhiy kw;Wk;
khiyf;FhpaJ
,e;jpa gUtf;fhw;W njhlh;GilaJ
nkhrk;gpf; ePNuhl;lkhFk;
,e;jpahtpy; gy;Nehf;F mbg;gilapy;
fl;lg;gl;l Kjy; jpl;lk; jhNkhjh;
gs;sj;jhf;F jpl;lk; MFk;. mjpf
mdy;kpd; rf;jp jUk; jpl;lk; ,JNt
Nfhrp ejp tlf;F gPfhhpd; Jauk;
vdg;gLk;. ehfh;Rdh rhfh; jpl;lk;
Gj;Jwtp ehfh;Rdh ngahpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ
jhNkhjh; ejp tq;fhsj;jpd; Jauk;
vdg;gLk;
fq;if ejp ghfPujp myf;ee;jh vd;w
,Uejpfspd; ,izg;G MFk;
Muty;yp kiyj;njhlh; ,uh[];jhd;
khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ
ikf;fhy; kiyj;njhlh;
kj;jpag;gpuNjrj;jpy6; cs;sJ
Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpw;F mLj;jjhf gPfhhpy;
rzy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ
kuG rhuh vhp rf;jp
kuG rhuh vhp rf;jpapd; Kf;fpa $W:
#hpad; mFk;
Wind Energy, Tidal Energy, Geo-Thermal
Energy Solar Energy. Gobar Gas Energy
Nfhgh; thA: ngUksT kPj;Njd;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
nea;Ntypapy; fpilf;Fk; epyf;fhp
ypf;idl; vdg;gLk; gOg;G epyf;fhp
MFk;.
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ypf;idl; gbtq;fspy;
90% nea;Ntypapy; cs;sJ
ghk;Ng i`apy; flypy; vz;nza;
vLf;Fk; Mo;Jis ,ae;jpuk;: rhfh;
rhk;uhl;
Nfushtpy; kPd; mjpfk; czthf
gad;gLfpwJ
,e;jpahtpd; jy tiuglq;fs; Survey of
India vd;w mikg;gpdhy; tiuag;
gLfpd;wJ
mk;ghrplh; fhh; fy;fj;jhtpy;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ
fhw;whiy %yk; kpd;rf;jp jahhpf;fg;gLk;
khepyk;: F[uhj;
jkpo;ehl;by; fhw;whiy %yk; kpd;rf;jp
jahhpf;fg;gLk; ,lq;fs;: faj;jhW>
Kg;ge;jy;>
jw;NghJ ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfg;gbahd
kf;fs; Nghf;Ftuj;J ,Ug;Gg;ghij
topahf eilngWfpd;wJ
,ug;gh; njhopw;rhiy Nfushtpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ
Kjy; rpe;jbf; (nraw;if) ,ug;gh;
njhopw;rhiy gNuypapy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ
,e;jpahtpy; gioikahd fhy;tha;
ghrdk; fhtphpnly;lh gFjpapy; cs;sJ
Nghh;r;Rf;fPrhpah;fshy; Gifapiy