school of distance education aebmf kmln-x-yw-þ2 sahithyam -2.pdf · 2015. 5. 12. · aebmf kmloxyw...

ae-bmf kmloXyw þ 2 1

School of Distance Education

aebmf kmln-X-yw-þ2

CommonCourse(Malayalam)

For

BA /B.Sc.II SEMESTER

(2014 Admission)

CUCBCSS

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

CALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635

509



UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

BA/B.Sc.

II SEMESTER

COMMON COURSE

Prepared by: - Dr. Saithalavi. C Asst. Professor

Thunchathezhuthachan Malayalam University Tirur.

Layout: Computer Section, SDE(c)

Reserved



PAGES CONTENTS

MODULE - 1 5

MODULE - 2 15

MODULE - 3 &4 23



samU-yqÄ þ 1Nn´m-hn-jvS-bmb koX

þ Ipam-c-\m-im³1873þÂ \mcm-b-Wsâbpw Imfn-b-½-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn Imbn-¡-c-bnÂ Ipam-c-\m-

im-\m³ P\n-̈ p. {]ikvX ]WvUnX-·m-cpsS IognÂ kwkvIr-X-̄ nepw ZÀi-\-§-fnepw {]mho-Wyw t\Sn. 1891 Â {io\m-c-b-W-Kp-cp-hns\ Ip-ap-«n. 1902 apXÂ ]Xn-\mdp hÀjw Fkv.-F³.-Un. ]n. tbmKm sk{I-«-dn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 1922Â shbnÂ cmP-Ip-am-c³ ]«pw hfbpw \ÂIn BZ-cn-̈ p. 1924 Â ]Ã-\-bm-änse t_m«-]-S-I-S-̄ nÂ acn-̈ p.hoW ]qhv, \fn-\n, eoe, IcpW, {]tcm-Z-\w, NWvUm-e-̀ n-£p-In, Nn´m-hn-jvS-bmbkoX XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv apJ-y-Ir-Xn-IÄ.Ihn-Xm-kmcw

Ipi-eh³am-tcbpw Iq«n hmÂaoIn- a-lÀjn {iocmasâ Ai-z-ta-[-bm-K-̄ nÂ]¦p-tN-cm³ t]mbn«v Znh-k-§-fm-bn. ISp¯ GIm-́ X A\p-̀ -hn-¡p¶ koX HcpsshIp-t¶cw B{i-a-̄ n\p kao-]s¯ ]qt´m-̧ nÂ sN¶n-cp-¶v hnNmc \na-á-bm-Ip-¶p. DS-Pm-́ -hmSnbnÂ {]IrXn koX¡v Ccn-̧ nSsamcp-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]qhm-I-sIm-¼p-IÄ ]q]-́ Â t]mse tim`n¨p lcn-\o-e-]p-Ãp-IÄ ]«p-hn-cn-̧ mbn Na-ªp.

Nn´-bn-em koX kqc-y-\-kvX-an-̈ tXm Npäpw \nemhv h¶p \nd-ªtXm Adn-ªtX CÃ. Xa-km-\-Zn-bnÂ Hmf-§Ä krjvSn-¡p¶ IpfnÀam-cp-X³ kk-y-e-Xm-Zn-IsfXgp-Ip-¶p. CÀ¸-ap-ff Ce-I-Ä \nemhv hoWv shf-fn-bnÂ hmÀ¯-Xp-t]mse sh«n-Xn-f-§p¶p

h\-ap-Ã-bnÂ \n¶v DXnÀ¶p hogp¶ ]q¡Ä koX-bpsS apSn-s¡-«nÂ an¶m-an-\p-§p-IÄ h¶n-cp-¶p. ac-§Ä¡n-S-bn-eqsS ImWp¶ \£-{X-§Ä \ndª BImiwt]mse koX-bpsS apSn tim`n-̈ p. DS-bm-S-IÄ icocw ad¨v \o ssIIÄ XpS-taÂh¨v ]mXn-\n-dª I®p-I-tfmsS Ccn-¡p¶ koX-bpsS Nn´m-̀ mcw A\p-hm-N-IÄ¡vA\p-̀ -h-th-Z-yamw h®w Ihn Nn{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. Imän-ep-eªv Af-I-§Ä I®nÂ]Xn-¡p-t¼mgpw AS-ªp-X-s¶-bn-cn-¡p¶ I®p-IÄ koX-bpsS Nn´-bpsS Bgwhy-à-am-¡p-¶p.

Ip\nª ico-c-ap-f-f-h-sf-¦nepw koX CS¡v \nhÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. \m\m-hn[ Nn -́Isf {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡m-\m-hmsX ZoÀL-\n-i-zm-k-ap-XnÀ¡p-¶p. DÅnÂ Ae-b-Sn-¡p¶ \m\m-Xcw Nn´-IÄ Ah-fpsS IhnÄ XS-§-fnÂ ]e-hn[ `mh-§Ä {]Xn-̂ -en-̧ n-¡p-¶p.a\-kns\ \nb-{´n-¡m-\m-hmsX hnNmc `mj-bnÂ Xs¶¯ms\ Ft´m-sam-gn-bp-¶p.

XpSÀ¶v koX-bpsS Bß-KX cq]-̄ n-emWv Imhyw hnI-kn-¡p-¶-Xv. Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS AgIpw XX-z-Nn-́ -bpsS Kuchhpw \ndªhbmWv XpSÀ¶p-ff hcn-IÄ

Hcp \nÝ-an-Ã-sbm-¶n\pwhcptamtcm Zi h¶-t]mse t]mwhnc-bp¶ a\p-j-y-t\-Xnt\mXncnbm temI-c-l-k-y-amÀ¡pta

Pohn-X-̄ nÂ H¶n\pw Hcp-d-̧ p-an-Ã. Hmtcm Ah-Ø-IÄ h¶pw t]mbpw Ccn-¡pw. CXn-\n-S-bnÂ F´n-s\-¶-dn-bmsX a\p-j-y³ Dg-ep-¶p. temI cl-k-y-s¯-¡p-dn¨v BÀ¡pwH¶pw Adn-bnÃ C{]-Imcw a\p-j-y-Po-hn-X-̄ nsâ `n¶m-h-Ø-I-fnÂ \n¶mWv koX-



bpsS Nn´-IÄ Bim³ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.a\Êv ck-_n-µp-t]mse HmSn-¡-fn-¡pI-bpw s\·-Wn-t]mse s]mcn-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-

¶p. Nne-t¸mÄ Xo{h-ambpw Nne-t¸mÄ eLp-hmbpw AXv DÂWvTm-Ip-e-am-Ip-¶p. CuAhØ hnh-cWw koX-bpsS ]pÀÆ-Ime kvay-Xn-bnÂ \n¶p-f-hm-Ip¶ am\-knIkwLÀj-¯nÂ sXfn-bp¶ XX-z-i-I-e-am-Wv. Xm³ IS-¶pt]m¶ Poh-X-¯nseITn\]co-£-W-§-fpsS ]mX-Ifpw Ah-Øm-hn-]-c-y-b-§-fp-amWv koXsb CusbmcpNn´-bn-te-s¡-̄ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

kt´mjw \ndª ]qÀÆ-Imew kvacn-¡p-t¼mÄ ZpÀhn[n ]p©n-cn-bpsS [mcm-fn¯w sImv Ahsb ambvNp-I-f-ª-Xmbn koX HmÀ¡p-¶p.

aÀ¯-y-Po-hnXw kpJ Zp:-J-k-½n-{i-am-sW-t¶mÀ¯v koX Bi-z-kn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. Ak-z-Ø-amb th\-en\p ]ndtI Ft¸mgpw ag-sb¯pw . Ce-IÄ s]mgnªvipjvI-amb Xcp-¡Ä XfnÀ¯ ]qhn-Spw. ChnsS a\p-jy Pohn-̄ nsâ AØn-c-XsbEXp-t -̀Z-§-tfmSv Ihn kma-y-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. kk-y-P-́ p-Pm-e-§-fnepw AgÂ amdnamdn h¶p s]Sp-sa-¦nepw Bßm-̀ n-am-\-ap-ff a\p-j-y-\nÂ am\-lm-\n-aq-e-ap-ff Zp:JwØnc-ambn \nÂ¡pw.

C{]-Imcw Nn´n-̈ n-cns¡ koX-bpsS CS-Xp-tXmÄ H¶p XpSn-̈ p. CXv ip -̀e-£-W-am-sW-¦nepw koX AXns\ "]pgp-t]mse' F¶v hnti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. {]nb-k-am-Kas¯kqNn-̧ n-¡p¶ Hcp \nan-̄ -am-sW-¦nepw Xm³ AXns\ ]n³Xp-S-cp-I-bn-sÃ¶v koX Dd-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ip«n \ng-ens\ ]n³Xp-S-cp-¶-Xp-t]mse Xm\n\n kpJ-t`m-K-§-fnÂ {`an¨vDg-ep-I-bn-sÃ¶v koX Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p.

]p{X³amÀ sNmÃnb cmam-b-W-Im-hyw tI«v {iocm-a³ Ahsc Xncn-̈ -dn-ªn-«p-m-h-Ww. Ah-tcmSv A\p-Xm-]-ap-f-f-h-\mbn XoÀ¶n-cn-¡-Ww. {incm-a-t\m-sSm¸wIgnª \Ã \mfp-IÄ ad-¶n-«n-¦nepw Ah Nn -́bnÂ Du¶n-Sm-sX-bm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. AhtIÄhn-bnÂ amsäm-en-t]msebmbn XoÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Aev]-t\-cs¯ hntbmKw t]mepwkln-¡m³ Ign-bm-̄ -hn[w Xo{h-am-bn-cp-¶ {]Wbw Ct¸mÄ Dd-§p¶ AW-en-̧ m-¼p-I-Ws¡ Df-fnÂ Xe-s]m¡m\mh-sX-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

C{µn-b-§Ä¡v BËm-Z-tl-Xp-hm-Ip¶ ̀ mh-§Ä Hgn-ªp-t]mb Xsâ a\kv {]mhp-IÄ Dt]-£n¨pt]mb IqSp-t]mse Zb-\o-b-ambn XoÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Xsâ lrZ-b-Im-im-̄ nÂ kZm hnf-§n-\n¶ sh¬N-{µ\pw HmÀa-bmbn XoÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Zm¼-X-y-̄ nsâa[p-c-̀ m-h-§-tfmSv koX¡v Ct¸mÄ {]Xn-]¯n tXm¶p-¶n-Ã.

B{i-a-̄ nse {hX-N-cy X\n-¡n¶p ioe-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Bß-hn-Zy Xs¶ im´-bm¡n XoÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. hnthI iàn-sImv FÃm Zp:-J-§fpw X¶nÂ\n¶pwHgnªp t]mbn-cn-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ "A]am-\-ieyw' Xs¶ Ct¸mgpw Np«p-s]m-f-fn-¡p-¶p. Xm³\n-jvI-cpWw h\-a-²yb-̄ nÂ Dt]-£n-¡-s¸« Imcyw koX HmÀ¡p-¶p.kzbw Poh³ shSn-bm³ B{K-ln¨ Xm³ KÀ`nWnbmb-Xn-\mÂ AXn-\p-ap-XnÀ¶n-Ã.Ct¸mÄ {]nb-tN-jvS-IÄ sImv B D®n-IÄ X\n¡v IuXp-I-ta-Ip-¶p. D®n-I-fpsSaµ-kvan-X-c-ivan-IÄ Xsâ thZ-\-b-I-äm³ t]m¶ Huj-ambn XoÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. thZ-\m-\nÀ -̀c-amb Poh-X-̄ nÂ AÀ -̀IÀ (a-¡Ä) Huj-[-ambn Na-bp-¶p-sh¶v Bim³ HmÀ½n-¸n¡p-¶p.

Iqcn-cp-«nepw sXfn-ªp-{]-Im-in-¡p¶ Nne \£-{X-§Ä ImWmw. AXp-t]mseISÂ ]c-̧ nÂ sNdp Zzo-]p-Ifpw ImWmw. GXp hn]-̄ nepw Bi-zm-k-ta-Im³ Fs´-



¦nepw amÀKw CÃm-Xn-cn-¡n-Ã. a¡-fpsS km¶n-²-yhpw tNjvS-I-fp-amWv koX¡vBi-zm-k-ta-Ip-¶-Xv.

Hcp ssIsImv XÃp¶ \nbXn adpssI sImv Xtem-Sp-Ibpw sN¿psa¶vkoX Bi-z-kn-¡p-¶p. \ngepw shfn-̈ -hpw-t]mse Htc ̀ mh-̄ nsâ c-h-Ø-I-fmWv

kpJhpw Zp:-J-hp-sa¶v koX Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-¶p. alm-ßm-¡Ä Ch cnepw AN-©-e-cm-Ip-¶Xv Cu kXyw a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶Xv sImm-sW¶v koX Icp-Xp-¶p.

C\nbpw e`n-t¨-¡m-hp¶ kpJm-\p-̀ -h-§-tfmSv koX CuÀj-y-tbmsS Xncnªv\nÂ¡p-¶p. Ahsb "hn\-bmÀ¶ kpJ' ambn ImWp-¶p. Xsâ Poh-Xn-X-̄ nseDÃm-k-\m-fp-IÄ thZ-\-bnepw A]-am-\-̄ n-ep-am-WtÃm HSp-§n-b-Xv. Zp:-Js¯ kzbwhcn-¡m³ sNÃp-t¼mÄ ZpÀhn[n AXnsâ CuÀj-y-̀ mhw ssIhn-Sp-sa¶p Xs¶-bmWvkoX-bpsS {]Xo-£. A]-am-\m-\p-̀ -h-t¯-tbmÀ¯v \odp¶ koX-bpsS kwLÀj-̀ -cn-X-amb a\-ÊnÂ \n¶mWv Cu hm¡p-IÄ DXn-cp-¶-Xv. Zp:-Js¯ Gäp-hm§n icn-bmba[p-cn-̈ nSmw kzbw ]cn-io-en-s¸mcp Ibv]p-X-\pta ''F¶ XoÀ¸nÂ koX Bi-zmkwIs-̄ p-¶p.Hcp-J-WvUn-bnÂ D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.1. \ne-sb-¶nsb tZhn-bmÄ¡I AI¯e-s¶mcp Nn´bmw ISÂ ]e `mh-a-W¨p sasÃ \nÀþ ½eamw Nmcp IhnÄX-S-§-fnÂ þ hym-J-ym-\n-¡p-I.2. ]pgp-t]mse XpSn-¡-bÃn lm ............................................................ ............................................................. bpgem t`mK anc¶p Rm\n-\n...þ hni-Z-am-¡p-I.3. kv^pS-Xm-c-§Ä Iqcn-cp-«n-epþ ........................................................... ............................................................ ¶nS-bm-taXp alm-hn-]-̄ nepw þ hym-J-ym-\n-¡p-I.4. hn\-bmÀ¶ kpJw sImXn-¡-bnþ .............................................................................................................................................X\ntb ssIhnSp aoÀj-y-ZpÀhn-[n. þ hym-J-ym-\n-¡p-I.D]-\-ym-k-sa-gp-XpI1. Bß-\n-µ-tbm-f-sa-̄ p¶ koX-bpsS hnNm-c-t -̀Z-§Ä hnIm-tcm-±o-]-I-am-¡n-XoÀ¡p-¶-XnÂ Bimsâ ]mShw hni-I-e\w sN¿p-I.

2 . s]cp-´-¨³þ Pn. i¦-c-¡p-dp¸v

1901þÂ s\Ãn-¡m-̧ -ffn i¦-c-hm-c-y-cp-sSbpw hS-¡n\n e£van-¡p«n A½-bp-sSbpwaI-\mbn Ime-Sn-¡-Sp-̄ p-ff \mb-t¯mSv {Kma-̄ n-emWv i¦-c-¡p-dp¸v P\n-̈ -Xv. "kmln-X-y-Iu-XpI' amWv At±-l-̄ nsâ BZy IrXn. ]pPm-]p-jv]w, sN¦-Xn-cp-IÄ, h\-Km-b-I³, ap¯p-IÄ, CX-fp-IÄ, A´ÀZm-lw, HmS-¡p-gÂ, Poh-\-kw-KoXw apX-bm-h-bmWv



{][m\ IrXn-I-Ä. "HmÀa-bpsS Hmf-§-fnÂ ' F¶ t]cnÂ cNn¨ Bß-IY A]qÀW-am-Wv. BZ-ys¯ Úm\-]o-T-]p-c-kvImcw 1965þÂ PnbpsS HmS-¡p-gÂ F¶ IhnXmkam-lm-c-̄ n-\mWv e`n-̈ -Xv. 1968þÂ At±-l-̄ n\v "]ß-̀ q-j³' e`n-̈ p. 1978þÂ At±lw\nc-ym-X-\m-bn.

"alm-\mb ZmÀi-\nI Ihn' F¶mWv tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn At±-ls¯ hnti-jn-¸n-̈ -Xv. a\p-jy Poh-X-̄ nsâ FÃm aWvU-e-§-fn-te¡pw i¦-c-¡p-dn-̧ nsâ IhnXIS-¶p-sN-Ãp-¶p. {]]-©-̄ nÂ apgp-h³ hym-]n¨p \nÂ¡p¶ Znhy ssNX-\-ys¯km£m-XvI-cn-¡m³ At±lw Xsâ anÌnIv Ihn-X-I-fn-eqsS {ian-̈ p. ZpÀ{K-l-ambBi-b-§sf {]Xn-cq-]-§Äs¡mv kv]jvShpw kpµ-c-hp-am-¡m³ At±-l-¯n\vkm[n-̈ p.s]cp-́ -̈ ³

hmÀ²-I-y-̄ nsâ Ah-i-X-I-fnÂ Iptd-\m-fmbn s]m¯n³ Npcpp InS-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse Ign-bp-I-bmWv s]cp-́ ¨³. hmXw ]nSn-ap-dp-¡n-bn«pw Pohn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶-Xn\v sXfn-h-t]mse iz-kn-¡p-¶p-v. Ah-i-X-bnepw ac-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw Ipe-s¯-gn-en-s\-¡p-dn-̈ p-amWv s]cp-́ -̈ sâ Nn´þ Dfn-sh-¡p-t¼mÄ I«n-s¸m-¶p-t]mse an¶p¶¹mhpw Ifn-h-©n-bp-m-¡m³ ]änb tX³amhpw B ao³Im-e¯v Cd-b¯v sN¶p-\n¶v ImWm³ At±lw sImXn-¡p¶p

kzbw ]d-¼nÂ Hcp hmg-¡p-än-t]m-ep-an-sÃ-¦nepw ImWp¶ ac-t¯m-sSms¡X\n¡v C¼w tXm¶pw. A¼-e-ap-ä¯v hfhpw t]mSpw tISp-an-Ãm¯ H¼-XmÄ ]nSn-¨mepw ]nSn-Iq-Sm¯ X¼-I-a-c-ap-v. AXp-ap-dn-̈ mÂ Xsâ \m«nse FÃm apf-tam-́ m-b-§fpw ac-ap-̄ -c-am-¡m-\m-Ipw. AsÃ-¦nÂ Ducm-W-a-¡mÀ tamln-¡p-¶Xv t]mse Ah-cpsS amfn-I-IÄ¡v Noem-́ n-bp-m-¡mw. ]t£ ]pX-en-̈ p-t]mb Xsâ XSn-sImvB ImX-enÂ Dfn hogv¯m-\m-hn-Ã-tÃm. "\m\n' bpsS \nhÀ¶ IS-sª-Sp¯ sa¿-gIpw HmÀa-bm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]q¯ sN¼-I-s¯-t¸m-se-bn-cp¶ AhÀ shSn-sh-̈ mÂt]mepw tIÄ¡m-¯-hn[w sNIn-Sn-bmbn Ip\n-IqSn Ign-bp-¶p. apdp-¡n-Np-h-¸n¨v]q¯shf-fn-e-bpsS tim -̀tbmsS Xsâ Acn-I-̄ -h¶p \nÂ¡m-dp-ff "\m\n' sb s]cp-´-̈ ³ HmÀ¡p-¶p. Ct¸mÄ Icn-sh-än-e-̄ ppw sIm«-S-bv¡bpw \qdn³ Xcnbpw ]pI-bn-e-sR«pw X¸n X¸n \S-¡p¶ \m\n s]cp-́ -̈ -\nÂ hÃmbva ]SÀ¯p-¶p.

]Wn-sN-¿p-hm³ hs¿-¦nepw \o§n-\n-c§n ]Wn-im-e-bnÂ sN¶n-cn-¡m³ Ign-ªn-cp-¶p-sh-¦n-se¶v AbmÄ tamln-¡p-¶p. Zqsc Icn-ho-«n-bpsS ImXÂ IS-̄ p-m-¡nb h³a-cnI Ian-gv¯n-sh-¨-Xpt]mep-ff BIm-i-¯n\p Iosg XsâsIIÄsImp XoÀ¯ s]cpw Xrt¡m-hnensâ sN¼p-Xm-gn-I-¡pSw ImWp-¶p. AXn\pap¼nse DbÀ¶ sImSn-a-c-̄ nÂ ]d-¡m³ NndIp-hn-SÀ¯p-t¼m-gp-ff Ne\w t]mepwBhm-ln-¡p¶ hn[w Kcp-Usâ at\m-lc cq]w sIm¯n-sb-Sp-̄ Xv Dfn-]n-Sn-¡m³ Xm³Xs¶ ]Tn-̧ n-̈ Xsâ {]nb-a-I-\m-bn-cp-¶tÃm F¶v AbmÄ thZ-\-tbmsS HmÀ¡p-¶p.Kcp-Usâ Nndp-Ip-IÄ Ct¸mgpw Nen-¡p-¶-Xmbn tXm¶p-¶Xv aIsâ Ic-hn-cp-Xp-sIm-m-Wv. aIsâ Ic-hn-cp-XnÂ Xm³ Akq-bm-ep-hm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶t{X \m«p-ImÀ ]d-ªp-]-c-̄ n-b-Xv. GX-̈ -\mWv aI-\p-e-̀ n-¡p¶ {]iwk DÄs¡m-f-fm-\m-hm-Xn-cn-¡pI? Bbncw aWn-bpsS \mh-S¡mw, ]t£ Hcp a\p-jysâ \m¡-S-¡m\ BÀs¡-¦nepwIgn-bptam ?



AÑ\pw aI\pw shtÆsd ]WnIgn¸n¨ cp tKm]p-c-̄ nsâ X«n-embn AjvS-ZnIv]meI cq]s¯ Xmc-X-a-y-s¸-Sp¯n aItâXmWv IqSp-XÂ Poh-Êp-ä-sX¶v \m«p-ImÀ ]d-bm³ XpS-§n. Fsâ I®n-ep-®n-bmb aI\v e`n-¡p¶ {]ikvXn XtâXp-Iq-Sn-bm-WtÃm F¶mWv Xm³ At¸mÄ Nnń-̈ -Xv. aIs\ aäp-f-f-hÀ ]pI-gv¯p-t¼mÄXsâ apJw a§p-¶p-sh¶v Bfp-IÄ Ifn-bm-¡n. Xm³ X¨-\m-sW-¦nepw A¨-\-Ãm-Xm-hn-ÃtÃm F¶mWv At¸mSpw Nnń-̈ -Xv. " IW¡pw tIm¸pw ap¯m-im-cn-¡m-sW-¦nepwinev]-KpWw aI-\mWv' F¶ \m«p-Im-cpsS hne-bn-cp-̄ epw Xm³ Ku\n-̈ n-Ã. Be-bnÂ ASp-̄ -Sp-̄ n-cp¶v ]Wn-sN-¿p-t¼mgpw A¨\pw aI\pw anp-¶n-sÃ-¶m-bn-cp¶p]n¶oSv \m«p-Im-cpsS Is-̄ Â. tIa-\mb aI³ {Kln-̈ Xpw A -̀y-kn-̈ Xpw CuAÑ-\nÂ \n¶m-WtÃm F¶v A`n-am-\n-¡p-I-I-bm-bn-cp-¶pAt¸mÄ. Rmbdp ad-tª¡mw Xn¦-fm-etÃ' F¶ aq¯-\m-b-cpsS tNmZ-y-ap-\bpw Xm³ tI«n-sÃ¶v \Sn-̈ p.

hgn-t]m-¡À ]me-¯nsâ \Sps¡¯p-t¼mÄ A{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn apJ-t¯¡vXp¸p¶ b{ -̧́ m-hsb shdpw t\cw t]m¡n-\p-thn Dm-¡n-b-Xm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v s]cp-´-̈ ³ HmÀ¡p-¶p. Cu hnNn-{X-hn-Zy ImWm³ B Bän³ h¡nÂ Bfp-IÄ \nd-bm³XpS-§n. F¶mÂ \mep Zn\w Ign-bp-¶-Xn\p ap¼p-Xs¶ Xp¸p-hm³ ̀ mhn¨v s]m§p¶Xsâ ]mh-bpsS hm Xp¡p-t¼m-tg¡pw sNIn-S-̄ -Sn-¡p¶ asämcp ]mh ]me-̄ nÂØm\w ]nSn-̈ p. aIsâ Ic-hn-cp-Xn³ \n¶mWv B ]mhbpm-bXv F¶-dn-ª-t¸mÄs]cp-́ -̈ \v ASn-tb-ä-Xp-t]mse tXm¶n. AÑ³ Ak-z-Ø-\mbn \nÂs¡ "\m\n' bpsS I®oÀ hI-sh-bv¡msX BIm-i¯v Htc kabw cp N{µ³amÀ¡v Øm\-an-sÃ¶ Xncn-̈ -dn-hnÂ aI³ hoSp hn«p-t]m-bn. aI³ ]Sn-bn-d-§p-t¼mÄ Dan-\odpw t]mse a\kv \odn-sb-¦nepw AÑ³ H¶pwDcn-bm-Sn-bn-Ã. Xs¶ \nµn-¡m-\m-bn-cp-¶nÃ aI³ A¯-c-samcp anSp¡v Im«n-b-sX¶vC¶v s]cp-́ -̈ ³ Xncn-̈ -dn-¡p-¶p-v.

]n¶oSv tImhn-enÂ ]pXnb B\-̧ -́ Â ]Wn-bp-t¼mÄ Xm³ aIs\ Xncn¨phnfn-̈ Xv Fń-\m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v s]cp´-̈ ³ Nnń-¡p-¶p.

aXnen-\-I¯v sN¶-t¸mÄ " aI-t\m-Sm-tem-Nn¨p `wKn-bm-¡Ww ]´Â ' F¶X¼p-cmsâ hm¡v s]cp-́ -̈ s\ Gsd Ak-z-Ø-\m-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. CXp-hsc asäm-cm-fpsSD]-tZiw tXSm¯ Xt¶mSv A§s\ ]d-ª-t¸mÄ Xncn-̈ p-t]m-cm³ tXm¶n-b-Xm-Wv.F¶n«pw £an-̈ Xv Xsâ aI-WmtÃm F¶ Nn´-sIm-mWv. Xm³ AXnÂ Akq-bm-ep-hmbn F¶mbn ]n¶oSv \m«p-Im-cpsS Is-̄ Â. aI-\p-ff am\w AÑ-\p-ap-m-bn-¡q-sS. acmimcn ac-ÃtÃm hnIm-c-c-ln-X-\m-Im³.

Ducm-W-·-¡mÀ IuXp-I-t¯msS t\m¡n \nÂs¡ `wKn-bp-ff ]´Â s]m§n.apI-̧ nsâ sIm¯p-th-e-IÄ _m¡n-bp-v. AXv Xm³ sNbvX-tXmfm F¶pw AÑ³tam´mbw Ib-än-t¡mfq F¶pw aI³ ]d-ª-t¸mÄ s]cp-́ -̈ \v Xsâ ta[m-i-àn¡v{]l-c-ta-ä-Xp-t]mse tXm¶n. "tam\-\p-h-Zn-¡tWm tam´mbw tamfnÂ tIäm³' F¶vs]cp-́ -̈ ³ AaÀj-t¯msS kzbw tNmZn-¡p-¶p. apI-̧ nsâ sIm¯p-th-e-IÄ Xs¶AXn-i-bn-¡m³ t]m¶ Ic-hn-cpXv {]I-Sn-̧ n-¡m³ aI\v Ah-kcw \ÂIp-sa¶v Hcpthf s]cp-́ -Ñ³ Nnń-̈ n-cn-¡mw. Nµ-\-̧ -e-I-bnÂ alm-e-£ao tZhn-bpsS tIfo-]ßw sIm¯n-s¡m-n-cp¶ aIsâIgp-̄ n-te¡v t\sc apI-fnÂ tam´m-b-̄ nsâ BWn Noń-sIm-n-cp¶ s]cp-́ -̈ sâhoXpfn DuÀ¶p-ho-gp-¶p. "ssIb-dn-bmsX, bdn-bm-sXbmþWpfn' F¶v s]cp-́ -̈ ³



kzbw Bi-z-kn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p-v. aIsâ taÂ hogtÃ F¶v hoW \nanjw Xs¶Xm³ t\À¶n-cp-¶p-sh¶v s]cp-́ -̈ ³ HmÀ¡p-¶p. ]t£ I®p-an-gn-¡p-t¼m-tg¡pw]nS-bp¶ Igp-̄ p-ambn InS-¡p¶ aI-s\-bmWv s]cp-́ -̈ ³ I-Xv. Npäpw IqSnbBfp-I-fpsS t\m«w kqNn Xp¼p-t]mse Xsâ t\sc \ofp-t¼mÄ Imep-d-¡msX XmsghoW Xm³ aI³ "ams¸'¶v ]d-ªXv tI«n-Ã. ac-W-th-f-bnÂ aI³ "am¸v' F¶v ]d-ªp-sh¶v kzbw kam-[m-\n-¡m³ s]cp-́ -̈ ³ Iev]n-s¨-Sp-̄ -Xm-hmw. sXäp sNbvX-h-cm-WtÃm am¸p ]d-bp-I. aI³ sXäp sNbvXn-«mWv Xm\-§s\ sNbvXp-t]m-bXvF¶v s]cp-´-̈ ³ kzbw t_m[n-¸n-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bmWv F¶v A\p-hm-N-IÀ¡vt_m[y-s¸-Spw. cà-̄ nÂ Ipfn¨p InS¶ inckä aIsâ cq]w s]cp-́ -̈ s\ th«-bm-Sn-s¡m-t-bn-cp-¶p. \m\n-bs Nncn¨p In-«n-Ã. ]n¶o-Smcpw Pohn-̈ n-cp-s¶-¦nÂ hmÀ²-I-y-̄ nsâCu Ah-i-X-I-fnÂ X\n¡pw \m\n¡pw Ah³ Du¶phSn-bm-tbt\ F¶v s]cp-́ -¨³ thZ-\-tbm-sS Nnń-¡p-¶p. Hc-Ñ-\nXv sN¿m-\m-hn-sÃ¶v BhÀ¯n¨v Bi-z-kn-¡m³ {ian-¡p¶ s]cp-́ -̈ ³ "òa-am-]-ar-Xyp ]nW-bm-Xn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ' F¶v hne-]n-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ Xsâ A´:-I-cWw "]nbv¡m-Xn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ' F¶v Xncp¯n ]d-bp-¶Xvs]cp-́ -Ñ³ Adn-bp-¶p. F§-s\-sbms¡ ambv¡m³ {ian-̈ mepw Df-fnÂ sXfn-ªp-h-cp¶ B ̀ oI-c-k-Xyw s]cp-́ Ñs\ \nc-́ cw th«-bm-Sp-¶p. Cusbm-cä {]tbm-K-̄ n-eqsS s]cp-´Ñsâ am\-knI kwLÀjw Ihn \½p-tS-Xp-Iq-Sn-bm-¡n-XoÀ¡p-¶p.Bi-zmk¯n\mbn kzbw Iev]n-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ bpàn-Ifpw hni-zm-k-§fpw amªp-t]m-Ip-Ibpw bmYmÀ°yw a\-Ênsâ At_m-[-X-e-̄ nÂ a§msX \nÂ¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-t¼m-gp-ff òI-cm-c-hØ s]cp-́ -Ñ³ A\m-h-cWw sN¿p-¶p.

150 hm¡nÂ Ihn-bmsX D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.1. X¼-I-a-cs¯¡pdn-̈ p-ff s]cp-´-̈ sâ Nn´-IÄ A¡m-es¯ kmaq-ln-Im-h-Øsb¡pdn¨v Fs´Ãmw kqN-\-I-fmWv \ÂIp-¶-Xv. ?2. "\m\n' sb ¡pdn-̈ p-ff s]cp-́ -̈ sâ HmÀa-IÄ Fs´Ãmw. ?3. Bbncw aWn-bpsS \m¡-S-¡oSm, samäþ hmbnse \mhmÀ¡m\pw sI«p-hm³ Ign-bptam ? - kµÀ -̀taXv ?4. "" Rmb-dp-a-d-tª¡mw Xn¦-fm-etÃ '' F¶ aq¯ \mb-cpsS hm¡nse [z-\n-sb´v?5. "CS-an-Ãm-Im-i¯p cp Xn¦-fn-s\¶pw ' -þ Bibw hni-Z-am-¡p-I.6. "hmin-bmse \n¡-Sn-tb-äXp t]mse tXm¶n ' þ kµÀ -̀taXv ?7. hoWp-Rm³, aI³ "ams¸'t¶mXn s]mÀ, tI«nÃ Rm³.þ kµÀ -̀taXv ?8. "" ]nW-bv¡m-Xn-cp-s¶-¦n-se¶p lm, Xncp-̄ p-¶pþ pW-cp-s¶m-sc-¶-́ :-I-cWw IqsS IqsS ''- þ Bibw hni-Z-am-¡p-I.D]-\-ymk cq]-̄ nÂ D¯-c-sa-gp-XpI1. ]m]-t_m-[-̄ mÂ th«-bm-S-s¸-Sp¶ Hcp a\:-km-£n-bpsS hnNm-c-W-bmWv s]cp-́ -¨³ F¶ Ihn-X. ' -kaÀ°n-¡p-I.

kl-ysâ aI³ þ sshtem-̧ n-ffn {io[-c-ta-t\m³

tNcm-\-ÃqÀ sIm¨p-Ip-«³ IÀ¯m-hnsâbpw If-̧ p-c-¡Â \mWn-¡p-«n-b-½-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn 1911þÂ Gd-Wm-Ip-f-̄ mWv {io[-c-ta-t\m³ P\n-̈ -Xv. Gd-Wm-Ipfw



alm-cm-Pmkv tImtf-PnÂ \n¶v _ncpZw t\Snb At±lw hnhn[ kv¡qfp-I-fnÂ imkv{X-[-ym-]-I-\mbncp-¶p. I¶n-s¡mbv¯v , IpSn-sbm-gn-¡Â, HmW-̧ m-«p-ImÀ, ISÂ¡m-¡-IÄ, hn¯pw ssIt¡m-«pw, Ibv¸-h-Ã-cn, hnS aI-c-s¡mbv¯v XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv{][m-\- Ir-Xn-IÄ.

ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnÂ Hcp bpK-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-̄ n\v km£yw hln¨ Ihn-X-IÄF¶ \ne-bnÂ sshtem-̧ n-ffnbpsS Ihn-X-IÄ {]tX-yIw ]T-\-aÀln-¡p-¶p. ]pd-ta¡v \nÝ-e-sa¶v sXm¶n-¡p¶ a\-Ênsâ AKm-[-X-fnÂ \S-¡p¶ kwLÀj-§Ässhtem-̧ n-f-fn-bpsS ]e Ihn-X-Ifpw A\m-h-cWw sN¿p-¶p. a\-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Cu

A´À ZrjvSn-bmWv X¨sâ aI³, klysâ aI³ F¶o Ihn-X-IfpsS apJy `mhw.

kl-ysâ aI³

DÕhw \S-¡p¶ A¼-e-¯nsâ shfn-¨-¯nÂ Ipfn¨p \nÂ¡p¶ apä¯v

Icn¼md-IÄ t]mse-bp-ff ]Xn-\-©m-\-IÄ Hcp-§n-\nÂ¡p-¶p. Ah-bpsS s\än-̧ -«-§Ä shfn-̈ -̄ nÂ Acp-hn-I-sf-t¸mse an¶p-¶p. hmZ-y-ta-f-̄ nsâ D·¯X-bnÂ Xe-bm«v Xmgvhc-t]mse ]c¶p \nÂ¡p-I-bmWv ]pcp-jm-cw. D¯-h-cwKw hÀ®n-¡m³Ihn D]-tbm-Kn¨ _nw_-§Ä t\m¡p-I. Icn-¼m-d-IÄ, Acp-hn-IÄ, Xmgvh-c-IÄ F¶oD]-am-\-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v B\-bpsS Zy-jvSn-bn-eqse DÕ-hs¯ ImWm-\mWv Ihn{ian-¡p-¶-Xv. A\-bpsS At_m-[-̄ nÂ ImSv Hcp In\m-hmbn \nd-bp-¶p.

apdp¡m³ Nh-̈ n-cn-¡p¶ Hcp kwLw \Sp-¡p-ff sIm¼-\m-\m-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-¶Xv tIÄ¡p-I. "" Ah³ Ipdp-¼-\m-Wv tZhsâ s]m³Xn-S-¼m-SWv Gäp-¶-sX-¦nepwB akvXn-I-̄ n-\p-f-fnÂ a{ń-¡p-¶Xv ]nim-Np-¡-fm-Wv. aZw Pew apgp-h³ tXmcp-¶-Xn\p ap¼p-Xs¶ Ahs\ DÕ-h-̄ n\v Iq«n-bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. Fs´mcp Xe-s¸m-¡-am-W-h\v! Ahsâ \o sIm¼p-IÄ Fs´-Ãmtam kml-k-̄ n\v Hcp§n \nÂ¡p-I-bm-sW¶v tXm¶p-¶p. I®p-IÄ \nW-k-z]v\w ImWp-¶p, Xp¼n¡cw a®p-tXm-p¶p]mhw imń-¡m-c³ hnd¨p \nÂ¡p-¶p''.

DÕ-h-ta-fw, Zosh-«-IÄ, P\-̄ n-c¡v F¶nh XoÀ¡p¶ i_vZ-km-Kcw sIm¼³Adn-bp-t¶-bn-Ã. Xs¶ Xf-¡m-\p-ff Iq¨p N§-e-sbtbm IqÀ¯ tXm«n-Nmcn\nÂ¡p¶ ]m¸m-t\tbm Ah³ Ku\n-¡p-¶n-Ã. B ka-b¯v Ahsâ {]uU-ambakvXn-jvI-̄ n\-I-̄ nsâ Ccp-fnÂ {`mńsâ \nemhv s]¿p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

GtXm kml-knI k¦-e-̧ -̄ nÂ tabp¶ Ah³ kzm-X-{´-̄ nsâ Nnd-Ip-I-IÄIWs¡ henb ]pf-fn-s¨-hn-IÄ hoin-s¡m-n-cp-¶p. at\m-bm-{X-bnÂ Ah³ F¯n-t¨À¶Xv hk-́ -̄ ns³ kar-²n-bnÂ ]q¯p-eªp \nÂ¡p¶ sNdp-̧ -̄ nÂ XsâIfn-ap-ä-am-bn-cp-¶p kl-y-km\p tZi-̄ m-Wv. kl-y-Xm-gvh-c-b-ÃmsX asäm-cn-Shpw Xs¶-t¸m-se-sbm-cm-\¡v A\p-tbm-P-y-a-sÃ¶v Ah³ HmÀ¡p-¶p. AhnsS aeÀhm-I-IÄ]q¯v amWn-I-y-ap-XnÀ¡p¶pv. akvXIw Xtem-Sm³ Cfw amcp-X-\p-v. ]«nepw arZp-hmb Xfn-cp-Ifpw Cu´Â]-«-Ifpw apIfpw hncp-s¶m-cp¡n Im¯p \nÂ¡p-¶p-v.Im«p-]q-t©meIÄ Aar-Xnepw hnin-jvamb X®o-cp-ambn amSn hnfn-¡p-¶p-v. thÀs]-«p-t]mb Hcp aIs\ AW-bm³ sh¼p¶ A½-bpsS `mh-amWv Ihn ChnsS kl-y\p\Âbn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Nncn-¡p¶ hmI-̧ q¡Ä, Bi-zm-k-ta-Ip¶ amcp-X³, arZp-hn-c-ep-I-fm-Ip¶ Xfn-cp-IÄ, IpfnÀa-bm-Ip¶ X®oÀ CjvS-t`m-P-y-sam-cp-¡n-bp-ff Im¯n-cp-̧ v.......Ch-sbÃmw h\-̄ n\v amXr-̀ mhw \ÂIp-¶p-v.



Nn´-IÄ IS-¶Â IqSm-¡n-XoÀ¯ Xe-bnÂ sXfnª k¦ev] hoYn-I-fnÂ Ae-bm³ sIm¼³ sImXn-¡p-¶p. aZ-e-l-cn-bnÂ asäÃmw ad¶v AXv apt¶m-«m-bp-¶p.\o«n-sh¨ ImenÂ ]mÂ¨dw sXdn-̈ v Im«p-]m-X-bn-eqsS kÀh-k-zm-X-{´-y-t¯msS \S-¡p-¶p. ImänÂ hcp-¶Xv ]me-̧ q-hnsâ kpK-Ô-am-tWm, AtXm Im«p-]-\-I-fnÂ \ns¡m-en-¡p¶ If-fnsâ KÔ-amtWm ? sacp-hnsâ aZ-{Z-h-amtWm ? B\ sXÃnS Xp¼n-ssI-IÄsImv hmbp-hnÂ X¸n-t\m-¡n. ]md-bnÂ \n¶v Pew hmÀ¶p t]mIp-¶-Xp-t]mse Xsâ hocyw hmÀ¶p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xmbn Ah\v A\p-̀ -h-s -̧Sp-¶p. hnj-h-ffn Xn¶-Xp-t]m-se. Pzcw _m[n-̈ -Xp-t]mse.

ac-s¡m-¼p-IÄ HSnªv hogp-¶p. akvX-I-̄ n³ sN½-®nsâ ]qs¼mSn s]mgn-bp-¶p. DÂ¯-cn¸v XoÀ¡m³ `n¯n-bnÂ Dc-̈ -t¸mÄ cà-K-Ô-ap-ff ]mÂ B ]me-bnÂ \n¶p-Xncp-¶p. _ew tNmÀs¶¶v tXm¶p-t¼mgpw D{K-_ew Xsâ DS-enÂ \nbp-¶Xv B\ Adn-bp-¶p. kvt\ln-¡m³ sh¼p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ ]nSn-̈ p-sIm-Ãm\pw tXm¶p¶p ChnsS _me-y¯nÂ \n¶v Iua-cm-̄ n-te-s¡-̄ p-t¼m-gp-ff ]pcp-jm-\p-̀ -hs¯Ihn hyw-K-y-ambn kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. Ft§mt«m IpXn-¡m-\p-ff sh¼Â el-cn-]n-Sn-̧ n-¡p¶ B -́cnI tNmZ-\-IÄ. _ew tNmÀ¶p-t]mIpw t]msebpw Cc-«n¡pw t]mse-bp-ap-ff tXm¶Â. Bsc-sbm-s¡tbm kvt\ln-¡m\pw sImÃm-\p-ap-ff hy-{K-X.

aZ-e-l-cn-bnÂ ImÂ IognÂ Aa-cp-¶Xpw hogp-¶Xpw hr£-im-J-I-fÃ a\p-j-y-cm-sW¶v A\-b-dn-bp-¶n-Ã. IhnÄ tNÀ¯p-c-¡p-¶Xv t£{X XqWn-em-sW¶pw Adn-bp-¶n-Ã.

hk´nsâ aWw HmÀt¯mÀ¯v B\ Im«p-]m-X-bn-eqsS apt¶-dn. s]m´-bnÂ]pf-fn-̧ pen ]Xp-§n-bn-cn-¶p-¶p-v. Ahs\ sIm¼n³t¡mÀ¡m³ DÕmlw tXm¶p-¶n-Ã. Xncn-tªm-Sp¶ Ipc-§-·m-cpsS ]pÑw \ndª hm¡p-IÄ adp-]Sn \ÂIm³ka-b-an-Ã. s]mbvI-bnÂ Im«p-t]m-̄ p-IÄ sIm¼n-«-Sn-¡p¶ i_vZhpw ac-̄ nÂ ]¶n-IÄ tXä Dc-¼p¶ i_vZhpw tIÄ¡p-¶p-v. Zqsc Gdp-a-S-ªn-en-cp¶v thS³amÀ]mSp-¶p-v. ]t£ Ch-scm¶pw tI«p-\nÂ¡m³ ka-b-an-Ã. ]IÂ ]d-bp¶ amac\ng-ep-IÄ¡v AIn-tS-Im³ Ccp«v hs¶-̄ p-¶p. Infn-IÄ IqS-W-bp-¶p. BIm-i-¯nse \oe ]qh³a-bnÂ ]oen-hn-SÀ¯n-¡-gn-ªp. Im«p-apÃ hmk\ sNmcn-bp-¶p.\nem-hnÂ h\-tZ-h-\vamÀ \r¯-am-Sp-¶p. th«-ar-K-§-fpsS Hm«-̄ nÂ NnÃ-IÄ HSn-bp-¶p. Ipdp-¡-·mÀ Hmcn-bn-Sp¶p Ccp-fnsâ \ni-_vZX t`Zn-̈ p-sImv Noho-Sp-IÄ hne-]n-¡p-¶p.

£W-t\cw B\-bpsS tNX-\-bp-WÀ¶p. Xm³ Im«n-eÃ DÕ-h-cw-K-̄ m-sW¶v\nan-j-t\-c-t¯¡v Ah³ Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-¶p. DÕ-h-]-d-¼nse a\p-j-ysc ]Xn-bn-cn-¡p¶]pen-Ifpw Xncn-c-tªm-Sp¶ Ipc-§-·m-cp-am-bmWv B\ ImWp-¶-Xv. hmZ-y-tLm-j-§-Mfpw Bc-h-§fpw Im«nse hnhn[ i_vZ-§-fmbn [cn-¡p-¶p. Im«ps]m-bvI-bnseXh-f-I-fpsS Ic-¨n-embn Ahsb Bh-K-Wn-¡p-¶p. DÕ-h-]-d-¼nse shfn-¨-§ÄIm«nse an¶m-an-\p-§-I-fmbn Ahs\ t\m¡n Nncn-¡p-¶p. cmdXn AI-ep-¶Xpw ]IÂcivan-IÄ F«p-Imen he-IÄ XoÀ¡p-¶Xpw Ah³ Adn-bp-¶p. t]S-am-\p-IÄ KqVamwhf-fn-s¡-«n-\p-f-fnÂ \n¶pw t]Sn-tbmsS Xs¶ t\m¡p-¶p-v. h\-]m-X-bnÂ ]pX-sbmcp KÔw ]c-¡p-¶Xv Ah-¶-dn-bp-¶p. {]mWs\ \nÀhrXnbnte¡v̄ n¡p¶ K\v[w.

ama-c-in-I-c-§-sfm-Sn-ªp-mb hgn-bnÂ Xma-c-bnse hSn-hp-ff ]nSn-bm-\-bpsSImÂ]m-Sp-IÄ Bhn s]m§p¶ ]¨-]nWvVw. Cu hgn B\-IÄ shffw IpSn-¡m³



t]mbn-«p-s¶v Ah³ Duln-¡p-¶p. A¼-e-̄ nÂ \n¶p-b-cp¶ sIm¼p-hnfn Nn¶whnfn-sb¶v Ah³ XoÀs¨-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p.

]peÀhm-bp-hnÂ Nmacw hoip¶ ZÀ -̀IÄ \ndª Bäph-¡nÂ kl-ysâ kuµ-c-y-[m-a-§-fmb B\-¡q-«s¯ ImWp-¶p. Ah-bvs¡m¸w tNcm³ sImXn¨v IpXnÄhsâ Iq¨q N§e s]m«p-¶p. Ahsb Im«p-h-f-fn-I-fmtb Ah³ KWn-̈ p-ff "B\-tbmSn' F¶ BÀ¸p-hnfntbmsS P\w Poh\pw sImtm-Spt¼mÄ ImänÂ sImSp-¦mäp]SÀ¶-Xm-bn B\¡v tXm¶p-¶p. ae-sh-Å-̧ m-̈ ntem ImSn-f-¡p¶ Im«m-f·mcpsS Bc-htam BsW¶v B\ ktµ-ln-¡p-¶p. Ipc-§-·mÀ Xsâ ]pd-̄ p-I-bdn adn-bp-I-bmtWm ? ]q¯-Im-«p-a-c-§Ä t]Sn-t¨m-Sp-I-bmtWm ImÂNp-h-«nÂ sRcn-bp¶ sNSn-IÄ Ic-bp-¶-sX-́ -§s\ ? Dcn-sª-Sp-¡p¶ ac-s¡m-¼p-I-fnÂ \n¶v càw In\n-bp-¶-sX-́ mWv ?.

sIme-¡-f-am-bn-XoÀ¶ A¼-e-̄ nÂ \n¶v ]pd-̄ p-I-S-¡m-\p-ff Adn-bn v̧ h¶p. Aev]kabw sImv i_vZ-tLm-jhpw shfn-¨hpw AS-§n. aq¡nÂ X§n-\nÂ¡p¶ZpÀJ\v[w am{Xw _m¡n-bm-bn. B\-bpsS Df-fnÂ hopw Hcp h\-Nn{Xw sXfn-ªp. sIm¼p-ap-f-¡m³ XpS-§n-bn«pw Ifn ssIsh-Sn-bms¯ tIma-f-·m-cmb Ip«n-bm-\-IÄ. Bäp \oÀIp-Sn-¡p-t¼mgpw {]W-b-\oÀ sIm¯n-¡p¶ ]nSn-bm-\-IÄ Ah-scm-sSm¯v Isf-fm¯ shffwIp-Sn¨pw Icn-s¼m¯ \mbv¡W Nońbpw Ah³ ckn¨pthm? Iq«-̄ nÂ kpµ-cn-bmb ]nSn-bm-\-bpsS Im«p-Xm-fn-e-t]m-ep-ff tImaf IÀW-§-fnÂ Xsâ at\m-cYw a{ń-¨pthm ? N§e sXmSm¯ AhfqsS Imen³ Xp¼n-ssI-sImv Ah³ t{]a-N-§e_Ôn-̈ pthm ? CXnsâ ]c-amÀY-a-dn-bp-¶Xv DÂk-h-]-́ -ense Ipe-hm-g-IÄ¡mbn-cp-¶p. ]e coXn-bnÂ Ipg-ªp-a-dnªp InS-¡p¶p Ah-tbm-Sm-bn-cp-¶-htÃm Ahsât{]aeoe-I-sf-Ãmw.

asämcp sIm¼-\m\ Xs¶ FXnÀ¡m³ hcp-¶-Xmbn Ah\p tXm¶n. Ahsâba-ZÞw t]mep-ff Xp¼nssI Xsâ t\À¡v Db-cp¶p. ImSp Ipep-§p-¶p. ]nSn-bm-\-IÄ t\m¡n \nÂ¡p¶p Ip«n-IÄ \Sp-§p-¶p. Df-fnÂ ASn-at¨dmsW-¦nepw X¶nÂhocyw DW-cp-¶Xv Ah³ Adn-bp-¶p. Al-¦mcw ]X-bp¶ i{Xp-hnsâ akvX-I-̄ nÂAh³ Bªp {]l-cn-̈ pthm. tKm]p-c-̄ nse CSnªphoW XqWp-IÄ¡pw IÂI-jvW-§-¡pta ]c-amÀY-a-dn-bq.

Ccp-«¯v t]Sn-t¨m-Snb amtem-I-cpsS ss[cyw ]IÂ shfn-̈ -¯nÂ DWÀ¶pZpÀa-y-X-y-hnsâ tkh-¡m-c-s\-t¸m-semcp ]«m-f-¡m-c³ t£{X-a-Xn-enÂ Ib-dn-bn-cp-¶p.AbmfpsS shSn-bp-s-bnÂ Ai-c-W-\mb B a-Z-bm\ Bsctbm hnfn-̈ -edn ]nS-ªp-hoWp. tImhn-enÂ ab-§p¶ am\-h-cpsS ssZhw B hnfn tI«pthm ? B \ne-hnfnkly ly-Z-b-̄ nÂ sN¶p X«n {]Xn-[-z-\n-̈ p. ]p{X-hn-tbmKw kln-¡msX kl-y\pwB k¦-S-̄ nÂ ]¦p-sIm-p.150 hm¡nÂ Ihn-bmsX D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.1. Adn-bn-sÃmcp ]t£ ]´-enÂ ]te-]-Sn. adnbpw Ipe-hmg

bv¡dnbmw ]c-amÀYw ' - þ kµÀ`w hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.2. Im\\ hoYn-bnÂ sIm¼-\m\ ImWp¶ ImgvN-Isfs´Ãmw. ?



3. A¼e apä-̄ p-\n¶ sIm¼-s\-¡p-dn¨v ImWn-I-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-§-sf-́ -Ãm-am-bn-cp- ¶p. ?4. kl-ysâ amXr-̀ mhw Ihn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\ ?5. hnj-h-Ãcn Xnt¶m ? hn]n-\m-́ -cm-f-̄ nÂ hnj-a-P-zcw h¶p Xs¶bpw _m[n-s¨t¶m ? - þ C§s\ sXm¶mÂ Imc-W-sa´v ?6. hcn-bm-bp-tZ-ym-Zn¡p a±o-sh-«n-IÄ apäpw h\-Ip-RvPI tPymX Jt{Z-ym-X-iXw am{Xwþ hni-Z-am-¡p-I.D]-\-ym-k-sa-gp-XpI1. ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn hnI-kn-¡p¶ {]mIrX tNmZ-\-IÄ F{]-Im-c-amWv "kl-ysâ aI-\nÂIhn Nn{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶Xv ?



samU-yqÄ 2]I-ep-IÄ cm{Xn-IÄ þ A¿-̧ -]-Wn-¡À

(C. \mcm-b-W³ Fw. ao\m-£n-b½ F¶n-h-cpsS aI-\mbn Imh-em-̄ mWvA¿-̧ -Wn-¡À P\n-̈ -Xv)

ae-bm-f-̄ nse B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-̄ nsâ XpS-¡-¡m-cn-sem-cmÄ F¶ \ne-bn-emWvA¿-̧ -]-Wn-¡À apJ-y-ambpw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. At±-l-̄ nsâ "Ipcp-t£{Xw' F¶IhnX Sn. Fkv. Fen-b-änsâ "Xcn-ip-̀ qan' sb kvacn-̧ n-¡p-¶p.Ipcp-t£-{Xw, ay-X-yq-]q-P, IpSpw-_-]p-cm-Ww, Aán-]q-P, lpKvfn, ]mtkPv SpAta-cn-¡, XpS-§n-bh {][m\ Ih-Xn-I-fm-Wv.]I-ep-IÄ cm{Xn-IÄ

Htc kabw Pohn-X-̄ nsâbpw ac-W-̄ nsâbpw {]XoIw F¶ \ne-bv¡mWvCu Ihn-X-bnÂ A¿-̧ -Wn-¡À kÔ-ysb Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. \o Xs¶ PohnXsa¶pw\o Xs¶ Xs¶ ac-W-sa¶pw Ihn kÔ-ytbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. \nsâ I®nÂ \n_n-²-amb AÔ-Imcw h¶v \nd-bp-¶p. NpnÂ L\-ssi-Xyw Dd-bp-¶p. \n¶nÂ ]I-ep-IÄ ]nd-¡p-Ibpw cm{Xn-IÄ ac-W-a-S-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. \o cm{Xn-bpsS P\-\nbpwac-W-̄ nsâ Imap-In-bp-am-Ip-¶p. ]pW-y-]m-]-]-cn-lm-chpw \o Xs¶.\c-\mbn ]nd-¶-Xp-sImv Xmt§-n-h¶ Zpc-\p-̀ -h-§fpsS hnf-dbnb HmÀ½-IÄ Ihnsb Ak-z-Ø-\m-¡p-¶p. kzÀK-þ-\-c-Im-\p-̀ -§Ä Ihn HmÀs¯-Sp-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. I®m-Sn-bnÂImWp¶ kz´w apJs¯ shdp-t¸msS t\m¡mt\ Ihn¡v km[n-¡p-¶p-Åq. GsXm-cm-sfbpw s]mse Ihn-tbbpw Pohn-Xs¯ {]k-¶XtbmsS t\m¡n-Im-Wm³ Zpc-\p-̀ -h-§Ä A\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶n-Ã. I\n-hnsâ \\-hq-dn \nÂ¡p¶ I®p-I-fp-ambn F¯nXs¶ Bi-z-kn-̧ n-¡m³ Ihn kÔ-y-tbm-Sm-h-i-y-s¸-Sp-¶p.

"\n³ aSn-bn-se-¡p-Sn-enÂ s¨þ¶`bw Xncn-¡p¶p'

kÔ-ysb Imap-I-bmbpw Ihn k¦-ev]n-¡p-¶p. kÔ-y-sb-¡p-dn-̈ p-ff HmÀa-IÄap{Z-I-fmbn \ngÂ \«p \nÂs¡ Xsâ \nd-I-®nÂ \n{Z-hm-cmsXbmbn F¶v Ihn ]d-bp-¶p. kÔ-y-bpsS apSn¨p HfnÂ hncÂ Npän ckn-¡p¶ Imap-I-\mbn amdp¶ Ihn.kÔ-y-bpsS aSn-¡p-gn-bnÂ Xsâ IcÄ sIm¯n hen-bp-¶-Xmbn Ihnbv¡v A\p-̀ -h-s -̧Sp-¶p. ]pÃn\pw ]pgp-hn-\p-a-S¡w FÃm-hÀ¡pw hkn-¡m³ CS-ap-ff Cu ̀ qan-bnÂXm³ A -̀b-a-t\-z-jn-¡p-¶Xv apSn ]n¶n-sa-S-bp¶ hncÂ \op \n kÔ-y-bpsS aSn-bnse¡pSn-en-em-sW¶v Ihn Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-¶p.

]I-ep-IÄ aS-¡-am-cw-̀ n-¡p¶ kÔ-ym-th-f-I-fnÂ \o ]Xn-hmbn hs¶-̄ m-dp-m-bn-cp-¶p. "ip`-cm{Xn t\À¶v ]ncn-bm-\m-hmsX Ip¶nÂ sNcn-hnÂ Ign-ªXv IhnHmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-¶p. ]pW-cmsX Npw_\w ]I-cmsX aªns³ IpfncnÂ {]W-bm-Xp-c-cmbv IgnªXv Ihn HmÀ¡p-¶p. hmXnÂ sasÃ Xpd-¶n-d-§p¶ t]mse, Icn-bnsesImgn-bp¶ t]mse, aªp-I« Aen-bp-¶-t]mse Ccp-h-cp-sSbpw thÀ]n-cn-bÂ eLp-hmbncp¶p efn-X-am-bn-cp-¶p. ChnsS thÀ]-cn-b-en\v kzm-̀ m-hn-Ihpw im -́hp-ambHcp ]Ým-̄ -e-amWv Ihn \ÂIp-¶-Xv.

hcp-sa¶v \o sNmÃn-sb-¦nepw h¶-tX-bnÃ \o Imew LSn-Im-c-kq-Nn-bpsS ]nSn-bnÂ Xpd-̈ p-\nÂ¡p-¶nÃ. Xmc-§Ä \ns¶ emfn¨p ]d-ª-Xnsâ el-cn-bn-emtWm



\o Ct¸mgpw ? A`u--a-amb kwKoX elcn \pW-bp-hm³ acn-J-zm\ (e-l-cn-a-cp-¶v)Xn¶v ad-hn-bn-em-p-t]m-b-XmtWm ?Xmc-§Ä NncnIäp hogp-¶p. Imew NnX-sbm-cp¡n Im¯p-\nÂ¡p-¶p. \obm-Is«CcpÄ¡-b-ambn amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Fsâ a\-knÂ ih-Zmlw \S-¡p-¶p.-hcn-sÃ-¶-dnªn«pw hm\w \nsâ hchpw Im¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. Pohn-X-̄ nsâ Nnc-Imew NnXÂXn¶pt]mbn«pw NnX-bnÂ sh¡m³ Nne \Ã HmÀ½-IÄ _m¡n-bm-bn-«p-v.Icn-bn-e-IÄ s]mgn-ªp-sIm-n-cn-¡p¶p \mgn-I-Ifpw hn\m-gn-I-Ifpw IS-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p. taL-§Ä hnd-sIm-f-fp-¶p. \o Aar-X-am-tWm, hnj-am-tWm, hnjm-Z-amtWmF¶v Ihn kÔ-y-tbmSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. {Iqcn-cpÄ Ib-ambn amdnb Fsâ Pohn-X-̄ n-te¡v kvt\l-̄ nsâ I\n-hp-ambn \o hop-sa-̄ p-sa¶v Rm³ {]Xo-£n-̈ n-cp-¶p.\nsâ \ng-eÂ Bg-se-t¶mÀ¯v Fsâ X{´n-IÄ \nsâ hnc-ep-I-fnÂ sh¨n-cp-¶p.\nsâ hnj aqÀO-bpsS Xo{hX C¶v Rm³ Adn-bp-¶p. Rm³ AXnÂ ]nS-bp-¶p.C¶v Nncn-ªp-amª Fsâ Npnsâ tImWnÂ Hcp ]cn-lmk ap{Z \n\-¡p-Im-Wmw. AXv Fsâ Pohn-X-̄ nsâ arXn-ap-{Z-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.

hcpw-Im-e-§-fnÂ \obn-Xnte IS¶p t]mhp-t¼mÄ Fcn-bm¯ kqc-y\pw hnf-dm¯ N{µ\pw hncn-bm¯ Xmchpw Ae-dm¯ ISepw aªn-ep-d-bm¯ aebpw Imän-ep-e-bm¯ ama-chpw \o ImWpw. AhnsS Fsâ ]cm-Pbw ]Wn sNbvX kvamcIwDbÀ¶p \nÂ¡p-¶Xpw \n\¡p ImWmw.

\o Pohn-Xhpw ac-Whpw X¶p. Ccp-fp-Ibpw ad-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fhn-sS-\n-¶mWv Pohn-X-̄ nsâ ISp¯ Ibv]p-ckw F¶n-te¡v h¶-sX-¶-dn-bmsX Rm\p-g-dp-¶p. Fsâ Icn-hoW a\kv Fcn-bp-Ibpw ]pI-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. \o t]mbv ad-bq.taLw Xmc-I-s¯bpw Ccp«v IcntaLPm-e-§-tfbpw hngp-§p-¶p. kuc-bq-Y-§ÄCcp-fn³Ib-̄ nÂ ap§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Rm\pw Ah-km-\-bm{X ]dªp Ign-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. Nnd-I-ä-]-£n-bmb X\n¡v Nnd-Ip-ambv C\n-sbm-cn-¡epw \o hc-cptX F¶vIhn kÔ-y-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p.

\o I¯n-̈ p-sh¨ sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-IÄ Zln¨p XoÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Zo]-§fpw shfn-¨hpw C\n tijn-¡p-¶n-Ã. \nsâ Ime-Sn-I-fnse s]mSn-IqSn X«n-¡-fªv ]Sn-hm-XnÂsIm«n-b-S-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. \nsâ ad-hn-IqSn \o adbv¡q F¶v Ihn kÔ-y-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. \o X¶ Pohn-Xhpw \o X¶ ac-Whpw \o Xs¶ sImp t]mIp-¶p-sh¶v]dªv Ihn Ah-km-\n-̧ n-¡p-¶p.

kvt\l-̄ nsâ Xo{h-Xbpw thÀ]m-Snsâ s\m¼-chpw Cu Ihn-X-bnse Imev]-\n-I-amb Bg-§-fnÂ \n¶v \ap¡v ]c-Xn-sb-Sp-¡m-\m-Ipw. kvt\l-̄ nsâ apdn-hp-IÄ F¡m-e¯pw \odn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-sa¶v B apdn-hp-I-tfÂ¸n¨v ad-bp-¶-hÀ Adn-bp-¶n-Ã. kpJ-Zp:J k½n-{i-amb PohnXw 'kÔy'bneqsS \ap¡v ZÀin-¡m-\m-Ipw.H¶nsâ A`m-h-am-WtÃm asäm-¶nsâ k¯bv¡v angn-th-Ip-¶-Xv. ]I-ep-IÄ sXfn-̈ -ap-f-f-Xmbn tXm¶p-¶Xv cm{Xn-bpsS IqSn km¶n-²yw sImm-W-tÃm.150 hm¡p-I-fnÂ Ihn-bmsX D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.Xmsg ]d-bp-¶-h-bpsS kµÀ`-sa-gpXn Bibw hy-à-am-¡p-I.1. "I®p-I-f-Sªp shdp-̧ m³'2. "\n³ aSn-bn-se-¡p-Sn-enÂ sN¶-̀ bw Xnc-¡p-¶p.'3. "efn-X-ambv \o adªp'



4. "Nne-Xpp NnX-bn-t·Â hbv¡m³'5. "arXn ap{Z \ob-XnÂ ImWpw '

6. AhnsS³ ]cm-Pbw ]Wn-sNbvX kvamcIw \nh-c-t«, \nÂ¡t« ktÔy!7. Nnd-Iä ]£n¡p Nnd-Ip-ambv \obn\n¸ndtI hscmtÃ, hscmtÃD]-\-ym-k-cq-]-̄ nÂ D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-I." ]I-ep-IÄ cm{Xn-IÄ ' F¶ Ihn-Xbv¡v Hcp Bk-zm-Z-\-¡p-dn¸v X¿m-dm-¡p-I.

]«p-]m-hmS þ kpK-X-Ip-amcn

1934-þÂ {]ikvX Ihn t_mt[-i-z-csâbpw ImÀ¯-ym-\n-b-½-bp-sSbpw ]p{Xn-bm-bmbn Xncp-h-\-́ -]p-c-̄ mWv kpK-X-Ip-amcn P\n-̈ -Xv. ]cn-ØnX kwc-£-W-̄ n-\p-th-nbpw kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Im-i-§Ä¡p-th-nbpw \S-¶p-h-cp¶ {]t£m-̀ -§-fpsSap¶-Wn-bnÂ {]hÀ¯n-̈ p-h-cp¶ kpK-X-Ip-am-cn¡v tI{µ-þ-tI-cf kmln-Xy A¡m-Z-an-IÄ DÄs¸sS \nc-h[n _lp-a-Xn-IÄ e`n-̈ n-«p-v. ap¯p-̈ n-̧ n, kz-]v\-̀ q-an, ]mhwam\-h-lr-Z-bw, CXÄ Nd-Ip-IÄ, cm{Xn-a-g, A¼-e-a-Wn, Xpdp-ªn-̧ q-¡Ä XpS-§n-bhapJy IhnXm kam-lm-c-§-fm-Wv. Xncp-h-\-́ -]pcw _me-̀ -hsâ {]n³kn-̧ fpw "A`b'bpsS Øm]I sk{I-«-dnbpw "Xfncv' amkn-I-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-cp-am-bn-cp-¶p.

B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS apJ-ap-{Z-IÄ sXfn-ªp-Im-Wm-sa-¦nepw Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsStas¼m-Sn-IÄ kpK-X-Ip-am-cn-bpsS Imh-y-ssi-en-bn-ep-S\ofw ImWmw. A´Àap-J-Xbpwau\m-t\-z-j-W-§fpw ]e Ihn-X-I-fnepw {]I-S-am-Wv. Ih-bn{Xn Pohn-Xs¯ \ntj-[n-¡p-Itbm Xnc-kvI-cn-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶n-Ã. adn¨v Ak-z-Ø-amb Xsâ a\-kns\im´n-tX-Sn-b-e-bm³ t{]cn-¡p-¶p.Ihn-Xm-kmcw

Hcp Znhkw cmhnse t]meo-kp-ImÀ Hcp sIm¨p s]¬Ip-«n-bp-ambn kpK-X-Ip-am-cn-bpsS ASp-s¯-̄ p-¶p. ]n¨-¡m-cn-bmb B s]¬Ip«n I®q-\oÀ s]mgn-̈ p-sIm-t-bn-cn-cp-¶p. t]Sn-am-dmsX AhÄ Ih-bn-{Xnsb t\m¡n Ahsf A`-b-tI-{µ-̄ n-em-¡m-\p-ff tImS-Xn-bp-̄ -chv t]meo-kp-ImÀ ImWn¨p. tamj-W-¡p-ä-̄ n\v A½ Pbn-en-em-b-t¸mÄ Hä-s¸«p t]mb-XmWv AhÄ. F®-tX-¡m¯ apSn ]mdn-̧ -d-ªn-cp¶DSp¸v Iodn-̄ q-§n-bn-cp-¶p. Ihn-f¯v ]¨-Ip-̄ nb AS-bm-f-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. a§nbap¡p-̄ nbpw t]Sn-̈ -c I®p-I-fp-ambn sImÃm-\mtWm hfÀ¯m-\mtWm Xs¶sImp-h-¶-sX¶v kwi-b-t¯msS Xs¶ t\m¡nb B _men-Isb Ih-bn{Xn HmÀ¡p-¶p. Nncn-̈ p-sImv ssI ]nSn-̈ -t¸mÄ AhÄ hnd-¡p-I-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AhÄ¡vhni-¡p-¶ptm F¶v AhÄ tNmZn-̈ p. t]cv tNmZn-̈ -t¸mÄ hnXp-¼p¶ Npp-I-tfmsS Imfn F¶-hÄ samgn-ªp.

\n§Ä¡v ]pXn-sbmcp IqS-̧ n-d-̧ mbn F¶v ]dªv Ahsf A`-b-tI-{µ-̄ nseaäp-Ip-«n-IÄ¡v GÂ¸n-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p¶p. ]ntä¶v Xsâ ap¶nÂ sImp h¶p\nÀ¯nb Ip«n AhÄ Xs¶tbm F¶v Ih-bn{Xn AÛp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ipfn¨p s]m«p-sXm«v apSn-NoIn ]pXnb DSp-̧ n«v sXfnªv Nncn-¡p-I-I-bm-cp-¶p AhÄ. ssII-fnÂhf-IÄ Inep-§p-¶p-m-bn-cp-¶p. aq¡p-̄ n¡v Xnf-¡-ta-dnbncp-¶p. Imfn-tbm-bnXvF¶v AÛpXw Iqdn-b-t¸mÄ "CssÃ \m³ tla-e-Xbm' sW¶pw "F³t]À \mt\-amän' F¶pw AhÄ ]d-ªp. aäp-Ip-«n-IÄ CXp-tI«v ssIsIm«n BËmZw {]I-Sn



-̧ n-̈ p. Ah-fpsS s\dp-I-bnÂ Npw_n v̈ \obn-\n-sb¶pw tla-e-X-bm-sW¶v Ih-bn{XnBinÀh-Zn-̈ p.

]pXnb Npäp-]m-Sp-ambn tla-eX s]s«-¶n-W§n. AXp-Iv Ih-bn{Xn Gsdkt´m-jn-̈ p. apSn]n¶n `wKn-bmbn dnº¬ sI«n ]pkvX-I-hp-ambn ap¶nÂ h¶p\n¶ Ahsf " \¶m-bn-hcpw ' F¶v Ih-bn{Xn BinÀh-Zn-̈ p. anSp-¡n-bm-bn-cp-¶pAhÄ. XanÄ ]m«p-IÄ Dds¡ ]mSn-\-S-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p. IY ]dbpw, ]Wn-I-fnÂklm-bn-¡pw. amk-§Ä IS-¶p-t]m-bn.

HmWw h¶p. ]q¡-f-an-Sm\pw Duªm-ep-sI-«m\pw {]Y-a-\p-m-¡m\pw Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡m\pw AhÀ Xocp-am-\n-̈ p. HmW-t¡mSn thW-sa-¶mbn NneÀ.kn\n-a-Im-Wm\pw SqÀ t]mhm-\p-ap-ff B{Klw AhÀ ad-̈ p-sh-̈ nÃ. Ih-bn{Xn FÃmwtI«p sImn-cns¡ tla-eX ]dªp ""Xmtb Hcp ]«p ]mhmssS thW-sat¶\¡mssi '' Ih-bn{Xn AhÄ¡v hm¡p-sIm-Sp-̄ p. ]n¶oSv Xan-gvNp-h-tbmsS tla-eX amth-en-̧ m«v ]mSp-¶Xv tI«p. AhÄ DuÀÖ-k-z-e-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Zmh-Wn-Npän So¨-dmbn A`n-\-bn-¡pw. ssI¯mfw sIm«n "PXn' sNmÃpw Icmt« A -̀ym-k-̄ n\v ssN\okv`mj-bnÂ Iev]\ ]d-bpw. Ih-bn{Xn Ahsf kt´m-j-t¯msS ho£n-̈ p-sIm-n-cp-¶p. ]t£ HmWs¯ kz]v\w In-cp¶ tla-e-Xbv¡v HmWam-tLm-jn-¡m-\m-bn-Ã.

\mdnb tNe-bp-Sp¯v saen-ªp-W-§nb Ipªns\ Ae-£-y-am-sb-Sp¯v HcpZnhkw Imfn-bpsS A½ tZj-y-t¯msS Ibdn h¶p. tXmf¯v amdm-̧ p-m-bn-cp-¶p.apdp¡n apdp¡n \mhv Idp-̄ n-cp-¶p. Idp¯ \mhnÂ im]-h-N-\§Ä KÀÖ-\-§-fmbn s]¬Ip-«nsb A½¡v hn«p-\-ÂIm-\p-f-fp-ff tImS-Xn-bp-̄ -chv t]meo-kp-ImÀIh-bn-{Xn¡v \ÂIn. Ih-bn{Xn B A½-tbmSv ssIIq¸n bmNn-̈ p. Ip«n \¶mbn]Tn-¡p-sa¶v \n§Ä¡v CS-bv¡nsS Ahsf h¶v ImWm-sa¶pw ]dªp t\m¡n.thW-sa-¦nÂ B A½bv¡pw Ipªn\pw aIÄsIm¸w AhnsS Xs¶ I g n b m -sa¶pw Ih-bn{Xn ]d-ªp. F¶mÂ KÀPn-̈ p-sImv B kv{Xo ]d-ªp. "thmw !'Xmsbsâ s]mss® io{Iw ''.

\nÊ-lm-b-bmb Ih-bn-{Xn-bpsS ap¶n-te¡v hy-̄ n-bnÂ thjw [cn¨v hc--I-®p-ambn tla-eX \n¶p. AhÄ¡v Ic-bm³ I®p-\o-cp-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. " t]mItÃ' F¶v Iq«p-ImÀ Ic-bp-¶p-m-bn-cp-¶p. I¿n-ep-m-bn-cp¶ k©n-bnse DSp-̧ p-IÄamdm-̧ n-te¡v amän ]pkvX-I-§Ä hen-s¨-dnªv "hmSo hmSo' tIm]-t¯msS B A½apc-p-sIm-n-cp-¶p. tla-eX t]mItÃ F¶v Iq«p-ImÀ Ic-ªp-hn-fn-̈ -t¸mÄ Rm³tla-e-X-bÃ Imfn-bmWv F¶v ]dªv AhÄ Xsâ Zptc-ym-K-̄ n-te¡v \S¶v ad-ªp. hgn-bn-te¡v t\m¡n-\n¶ Ih-bn{Xn ]pkvX-I-̄ mfp-IÄ ImänÂ adn-bp-¶XpwAS-bp-¶Xpw Ip.Hcp JWvUn-I-bnÂ D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.1. " Xan-sgm-̈ -bn-semcp Infn-sIm-©p¶p' þ kµÀ`w hni-Z-am-¡p-I.2. "sR«n-̄ -cn-¡p¶ Rm³ anm³ h¿' -- þ kµÀ`-taXv3. "" thmw ! Xmsbsâ s]mss® io{Iw'' þ kµÀ`w hni-Z-am-¡p-I.4. A`b tI{µ-̄ nÂ F¯ns¸« Imfn-bn-ep-mb amä-§-sf-s´Ãmw ?5. HmWs¯-¡p-dn-̈ p-ff Ip«n-I-fpsS kz-]v\-§-sf-s -́Ãm-am-bn-cp-¶p.



D]-\-ymk cq]-̄ nÂ D¯-c-sa-gp-XpI\jvS-_m-e-y-§-fpsS \nÊ-lm-b-X-IÄ ]«p-]m-hm-S-bnÂ F{]-Im-c-amWv A\m-h-cWwsN¿-s¸-Sp-¶Xv ?

Chs\¡qSn. þ k¨n-Zm-\-µ³

sImSp-§-Ãq-cnse ]qÃqäv {Kma-̄ nÂ P\n¨ k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ Gd-Wm-Ipfw alm-cm-Pmkv tImtf-PnÂ \n¶v Cw¥ojv kmln-X-y-̄ nÂ _ncp-Zm-\-µc _ncpZw t\Snb tijwhnhn[ tImtf-Pp-I-fnÂ A[-ym-]-I-\mbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-¨p. A©p kqc-y³,Fgp-̄ -Ñ³ Fgp-Xp-t¼mÄ, ]oT-\-Im-ew, th\Âag, Ch-s\-¡q-Sn, hoSp-amäw, tZim-S-\w, A]qÀWw, H¶m-]m-Tw, A\-́ w, km£-y-§Ä, hn¡v XpS-§nb {][m\ IrXn-I-fm-Wv.

tIhew hnem-]-Im-h-y-sa-¶-Xn-\p-a-̧ pdw sshtem-̧ n-f-fnsb ae-bmf IhnXm kmln-Xy Ncn-{X-̄ nÂ Nnkva-c-Wo-b-\m-¡p¶ kn²n-hn-tijw Hcp A\-́ -c-h³ amXp-es\HmÀ¡p¶ a«nÂ k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ "Ch-s\-¡qSn' F¶ Cu Ihn-X-bnÂ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p.Ihn-Xm-kmcw

tla-́ -Im-es¯ saenª Ipfp-\oÀ ssIIÄ \o«n Ch-s\-¡qSn kzo-I-cn-¡pIF¶v Ihn \nf-tbm-S-t]-£n-¡p-¶p. sshtem-̧ n-f-fn-bpsS ̀ uXnI icocw kzo-I-cn-¡m-\mWv Ihn At]-£n-¡p-¶-Xv. \nftbmSv am{X-aÃ Imän-t\mSpw [\p-cm-hn-t\mSpw IhnA`-yÀ°n-¡p-¶p-v. Xp¼n-ssI-sImv Ihn-bpsS `uXnI icocw DbÀ¯m-\mWvBen-³Np-h-«nse ]m©m-cn¡p sNhn-bm-«p¶ sX¡³ Imän-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶-Xv. B\-¡-hn-X-IÄ Fgp-Xnb sshtem-̧ n-f-fn-bpsS ̀ uXnI icocmh-injvSw -D-bÀ¯m³ sX¡³Imäns\ B\-bmbn Xs¶ Ihn-X-bnÂ k¦-ev]n¨cn-¡p-¶p. Xnhn-e-zm-a-e-bnse"]p\ÀÖ\n' sb¶ Kpl-bn-eqsS \pW-h-cp¶ \nem-hp-sIm-v PUs¯ aqSn-]p-X-̧ n-¡m-\mWv [\p-am-k-cm-hnt\mSv Bh-i-y-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. ]p\ÀÖ\n \pW-I-S-¶mÂ ]n¶oSv]m]-P-·-§Ä t]td-n-h-cn-Ã-¶mWv hni-zm-kw.

XpSÀ¶v sshtem-̧ n-f-fn-bpsS Ihn-X-IÄ kqNn-̧ n-̈ p-sImv At±-l-̄ nsâ Ihnhy-àn-Xzw hc-̈ p-Im-Wn-¡-¶p. Ch³ (C-t±-lw) R§-fpsS HmW-]m-«n\p Nph-Sp-sh-¸mWv ( HmW-̧ m-«p-ImÀ F¶ IhnX HmÀ¡p-I.) I¶n hb-ense s\Ãn³ ]mem-Wv.sX¡³ ]m«n³ hocyam-Wv. ]mXn-cm-̧ q-hn³ tX³ \nd-̈ Xpw Im¡-̈ n-d-InÂ kqtc-y-Õhw hnf-bn-̈ Xpw Cf-\oÀ ssii-h-amsI tImcn-sbm-gn-̈ Xpw Ch³ Xs¶. I¶n-s¡m-bvXv, enÃn-̧ q-¡Ä, Im¡ XpS-§nb Ihn-X-IÄ Cu `mK¯v kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p.

"Adn-hnÂ ]¨ ssIX-¸q-hn³ BXncm N{µ³, apdn-hnÂ aqÀ¨ apf-¦m-Sn\pIpdp-¦p-gÂ' F¶n-§-s\-bmWv Ihnsb k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-Xv. Adn-hnsâ shbn-enÂ \n¶v sshtem-̧ n-ffn IhnX A\p-̀ q-Xn-bpsS lcnXw amäp-¶p-sh¶v\ncq-]-I-{]-iw-k-bmWv k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. apdn-hn³ aqÀ¨ F¶-Xn-eqsS]cn-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v t{]c-W-bm-Im-dp-ff thZ-\m-\p-̀ -h-§-sf-¡qSn kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p.

XpSÀ¶v \nfm \Znsb I]n-eÀ F¶ kwL-Im-e-I-hn-bpsS acpXpw Ce-ªnbpw\\¨ Xmbv \Zo-sb¶v k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ kwt_m-[-\-sN-¿p-¶p. Imh-y-\n-f-bpsS Ncn-{X-K-



Xn-bnÂ sshtem-̧ n-ffn IhnXsb AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-̄ m-\mWv Ihn-bpsS {iaw. \nfsb`mj-bp-sSbpw kwkvIm-c¯ntâbpw {]hm-l-am-bmWv Ihn hn`m-h\w sN¿p-¶-Xv."\oe-¡p-dpªn Im«n³ an¶Â ]nWÀt]m-ep-ff Ddh' kwL-km-ln-X-y-¯nsesF´nssW k¦-ev]-̄ n-te¡v Imh-y-N-cn-{Xs¯ sImp-t]m-Ip-¶p.

Nne-s¼men Nne-̧ -Xn-Im-c-Im-h-y-t¯bpw ]pf-fp-h-¡p-Shpw ]mW-̄ p-Sbpw k¼-¶-amb \mtSmSn Km\ ]mc-¼-c-y-s¯bpw kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. B Imhy KwK Fgp-̄ -O-t\mfw F¯n-b-Xmbn Ihn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. " Za-b-́ n-X³ Iod-t¨e ' D®m-bn-hm-c-y-cpsS B«-¡-Y-tbbpw "km\p-¡-fn-e-eªp s]mcpÄ tXSn' F¶Xv Ipam-cm-\m-imsâBi-b-K-l-\-X-tbbpw A\p-kva-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. Imhy ]mc-¼-c-y-̄ nsâ XpSÀ¶p-ff I®n-I-fmb CS-tÈ-cn-tbbpw ]n tbbpw Ihn kvacn-¡p-¶p. Cu L«¯n-emWv sshtem-̧ n-ffn Imhy {]hm-l-̄ nsâ `mK-am-Ip-¶-Xv. " F«p-sI-«p-I-fpsS ]«S' kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶XvP·n-Xzw hnj-b-am¡n sshtem-̧ n-ffnsbgp-Xnb " IpSn-sbm-gn-¡ens\' bmWv XpSÀ¶vZm¼-Xy Pohn-X-̄ nse DÄ¸n-cn-hp-IÄ hnj-b-am-¡nb At±-l-̄ nsâ {]i-kvX-amb"I®oÀ¸mSw' kqNn-X-am-Ip-¶p.

\ncm-̀ -c-W\pw \mZm-Im-c-\p-amb Ihn Bdm«p ap§m-s\-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ChsâsImSn ]\n-\oÀap-f-fnÂ ]SÀt¶-dp¶ Ibv]-h-Ã-cn-b-t{X( " ]\n-\oÀ¸q-hnt\mSv' " Ibv]-h-Ãcn' ) Ibv]-bnse apffpw Ibv]pw arZp-X-zhpw sshtem-̧ n-ffn Ihn-X-bpsS `n¶-̀ m-h-§sf hyÖn¸n-¡p-¶p. Chsâ hml\w "ISÂIm¡' sb¶pw ]pen t\À¡p hcp-t¼mÄ "HmW-hnÃm' Wv Chsâ Bbp-[-sa¶pw Ihn kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. Ipcpt¯m-ebpw sImSn-̄ q-hbpw Xncp-hm-S-bm-¡nb sshtem-̧ n-ffn Ihn-X-IÄ a®nsâ aW-ap-f-f-h-bm-sW¶v k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ HmÀ¡p-¶p. sshtem-̧ n-ffn IhnXbnse BZn {ZmhnU`mh-§Ä Is-̄ m³ k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ {ian-¡p-¶pv.

" I\-em-gn-bnÂ \r¯w hN-\-a¸w Ipcnþ t¯me-bnÂ \nd-ame ]qPn-¡m³ Ipd-h-·mÀ '

"t\cnsâ hm¡n\pw hS-¡n\pw Ch³ s]cp-amÄ, Ch\p {]nb-I-en-Im-e-̄ n³tXmäw'. Cu ̀ n_-§-sfÃmw sshtem-̧ n-ffn Ihn-X-bnse {Zmhn-U-th-cp-IÄ NnI-bm³ t]m¶-h-bm-Wv.

\oÀ XmWn«pw hämsX ISÂ tXSp¶ \nfm-\-Zn-tbmSv sshtem-̧ n-f-fn-bpsS ̀ uXnIico-cm-h-in-jvS-§Ä kzo-I-cn-¡m³ Ihn hopw At]-£n-¡p-¶p. H¸w \nf-bpsSka-Im-en-Im-h-Ø-tbmÀ¯v Ihn hne-]n-¡p-¶p. \K-c-§Ä hnjw Xp¸n aen-\-am-¡nb\nf-bnse hnj-\o-tcäv ]mWsâ Npc-̧ p-¶bpw ¹mipw ]bv\nbpw Xf-cp-¶p. {Kma-§Ä ayp-Xp-h-cn-¡p-¶p. th«-̧ «nIfmÂ hfªv \mbm-«p-ImÀ {Kma-§sf shSn-sh¨phogv̄ p-¶-Xmbn Ihn k¦-ev]n-¡p-¶p. a\p-jym-ßm-hp-t]mepw aeo-a-k-am-Ip-¶p. \½ÄHgn-̧ n¨ PmXn aX ]nim-Np-IÄ Imhn-bnepw shfp-̧ nepw Bßm-¡Ä¡v hne-t]-ip-¶p.

HmW-̄ n-\p-W-cp-¶Xv amth-en-bÃ hma-\-\m-Wv. \mw ImWp¶ hnjp-¡Wn sdbnÂ]me-̄ nÂ F¶pw hogp¶ Ak-zØ bph-c-à-̄ am-Wv. hm¡nepw a\-Ênepw ]mcp-



jyw s]cp-Ip-¶p. Imc-W-h-cmb Ihn-tbmSv (ssh-tem-]n-Ån-tbm-Sv) C¶sX Ihn (k-¨n-Zm-\-µ³ ) £a tNmZn-¡p-¶p. am¼-g-¡m-e-̄ nsâ ss\Àa-eyw Ft¶ \jvS-s¸-«p-t]m-b-Xmbn ]cn-X-]n-¡p-¶p. \oXn-bpsS angn-IÄ AS-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. kvt\l-̄ nsâIe-h-dbv¡v Xmgn-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. \mSnsâ \s«-Ãmb kwkvImcw NnX-bnÂs]m«p-¶p.aeÀImew aW-en -se-cn -ª-a-cp -¶p. shbnÂ Xmgp -¶p. XWp-t¸-dp -¶p.HSp-¡s¯ amhnÂ IqS-W-bp-sam-än-¡nfn Nne-¡p-¶p.

" ]mhao \mSn³ kzÀ® In®-am-bn-cp-¶-h³ Zm, t\m¡p-hm-\nÂ ]qÀ®-N-{µ-\m-b-h³ hopw'

kµÀ`hpw kmc-k-yhpw hy-à-am-¡p-I.1. Adn-hn³ ]¨, ssIXþ

¸qhn-em-Xn-cm-̈ -{µ³ apdn-hnÂ aqÀ¨, apf ¦mSn¶p Ipdp-¦p-gÂ 2. At¸m-gm-Wn-h-s\-̄ nþ sb«p sI«p-IÄ I¯pw ]«S sh®o-dnÂ Xm³ s\Ãn¡p \oÀ tImcp-hm³ 3. s]cp-am-fn-h³ t\cmw

hm¡n\pw hS-¡n\pw Ch¶p {]nb-taäw Ien-Im-e-̄ n³ tXmäw 4. ]pc-§Ä \n¶nÂ hnjw Xp¸p¶p; ]c-Wsâ Npc-̧ p-¶bpw ¹mipw ]bv\nbpw Xf-cp¶p 5. amXp-em-s]m-dp-̄ mepw XoÀ¶p am¼-a-¡m-ew. D]-\-ym-k-sa-gp-Xp-I. 1. "Ch-s\-¡qSn' F¶ Ihn-Xbv¡v Hcp Bk-zm-Z-\-¡p-dn¸v X¿m-dm-¡p-I.

þþ-þ-þ-þþ

-ag-sImp am{Xw þ d^o¡v Al-½Zv

1961þÂ XrÈq-cn-emWv d^o¡v Al-½Zv P\n-̈ -Xv. No«p-I-fn-¡m-c³, ]md-bnÂ]Wn-ªXv kz-]v\-hm-Mvaqew, sXmcmag, Ae-am-c, inh-Im-an, {Kma-hr-£-̄ nse hmhÂXpS-§n-bh {][m\ IrXn-I-fm-Wv. 2006þÂ "Ae-amc' F¶ IrXn¡v tIcf kmln-X-y-A-¡m-Zan AhmÀUv e`n-̈ n-«p-v. Ht«sd ae-bmf kn\n-abv¡v Km\-c-N\ \nÀh-ln-̈ n-«p-v.



IhnXm kam-lmcwBÀ{ZX hän-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ ka-Im-enI PohnX kml-N-c-y-§-fnÂ {]W-bhpw

hcp t]mb-Xmbn kwi-bn-t¡-n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. hnip-²-amb {]Wbw Imh-y-̀ m-h-\-bmbn Npcp-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. {]W-b-̄ nsâ Xo{hhpw kpµ-c-hp-amb thZ-\-IÄ ]pX-X-e-ap-dsb Is¿m-gn-ªp-t]m-Ip¶p C¡m-e¯v Ah A\p-̀ qXn Zmb-I-amb H¶mb IhnNn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.

a®nÂ aqSn InS-¡p¶ Nne hn¯p-IÄ ag-sIm-mÂ am{Xw apf-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv.Ah {]Wbw sImp-am{Xw Fcn-ªp-I-̄ p¶ s\©nse Xncn-IÄ t]mse-bm-Wv. ag-sImv am{Xw XfnÀ¡p¶ Nne NnÃ-I-fp-v. lz-k-z-amb Pohn-X-Im-e-̄ n-\n-S-bnÂ Xfn-cn-Sp¶ ]q¯-e-bp¶ Hcp {]W-b-Im-e-hp-ap-v. kqZoÀL-amb X]-ÊnÂ \n¶p-WÀ¶vI¯p¶ shbnÂ NnX-bn-te¡v HmÀa-IÄ \o«p-¶-XmWv B {]W-b -Im-ew.

ag sNhn-bnÂ {]W-bn-\n-sb-t¸mse kz-Imcyw ]d-bp¶p. s]cp-hn-c-enÂ sIm¯nA\p-̀ qXn ]I-cp-Ibpw ]oen \nÀ¯n \r¯w Nhn-«p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. a\-Ênse Hgn-hn-S-§-fnÂ ]¨¸v \nd-bv¡p-¶p. Pohn-X-̄ nÂ {]l-c-taÂ¸n-¡p¶ shbn-e-h-ØIsfAXv IgpIn ip²n-h-cp-̄ pw. s]mSn-bnepw Icn-bnepw ap§n t{]X-cq-]n-I-fmbn Xocp¶ ac-§Ä ag-bnÂ Ipfn¨v]pXp-cq-]-a-Wn-bpw. a\-ÊnÂ Icn-aq-Snb Ah-Ø-bnÂ A{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn ag-t]mse h¶vXsâ a\-Ênsâ Cd-b¯p \n¶ {]W-bn-\nsb Ihn HmÀ¡p-¶p. CSn an¶-ensâ s]m¶p-fn-sImv sIm¯nb \á Pe-inev]w t]mse Ihn-bpsS a\-ÊnÂ {]W-bn\n CSwt\Sp-¶p. ]t£ {]Wb agt¯mÀ¨¡v Im¯p \nÂ¡msX {]W-bn-\n¡v ]Sn-bn-d-t§n h¶p.

\o ]Sn-bn-d-§n-b-tXmsS Rm³ Xcn-ip-̀ q-an-t]mse hc-p. Fsâ Zn\-§Ä Icn-bn-e-t]mse ]d-¶p. Xcn-imbn XoÀ¶ Fsâ Pohn-X-̄ nse NXp-̧ n-se-hn-sStbm Nnehn¯p-IÄ C\nbpw ag-bv¡mbn Im¯n-cn-¡p-¶p-v. ag-bpsS Nq-bnÂ tImÀ¡m³Ahsb HXp¡n \nÀ¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

{]W-b-a-gmÂ am{Xw ]nd-¡p¶ apdn-̧ m-SnÂ s]mSn-bp¶ cà-ambn Rm³ \nÂ¡pw.Rm³ X\nsb s\m¼-c-̄ nsâ Cu ag sImv XoÀ¡pw. {]Wbw k½m-\n¨ ]\n-bnÂ hnd-̈ p-In-S-¡pw.Bibw hy-à-am-¡p-I.1. "NneXpv s]mSn-sImv aqSn'2. "Igp-Ip¶p shbn-ensâbpffw '3. ""Adn-bmsX hs¶mcp ag-bnÂ a\-Ênsâ Cd-b¯p \n¶-Xm-tWmÀ½'' -4. "C¶p Rm³ \nsâ ]\n-bnÂ hnd¨p InS-¡pw.''D]-\-ym-k-sa-gp-Xp-I.1. "agsImp am{Xw' F¶ Ihn-X-bnse {]W-b-̀ m-h-§Ä \ncq-]Ww sN¿p-I.



samU-yqÄ þ 3 & 4CXn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä

þ Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀkuµ-c-b-ZÀinbpw XX-z-Úm-\nbpw \nin-X-_p-²n-bmb hnaÀiI\pw H¯p-sN-

cp¶ amcm-cpsS \ncq-]I {]Xn` Cu teJ-\-̄ nÂ sXfn-ªp-Im-Wmw. e£vao-hm-c-k-ym-cp-tSbpw IrjvW-am-cp-tSbpw aI-\mbn Xr{]-t§m-«mWv amcmÀ P\n-̈ -Xv. ]«m¼nkwkvIrX ]mT-im-e-bnÂ \oe-I-WvT-iÀ½-bp-sS inj-y-\m-bn-cp-¶p. 1928 emWv BZ-y-Ir-Xn-bmb kmln-X-y-`q-jWw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨-Xv. ae-bmfn ssien `mjm-]-cn-N-bw,hy-̄ -inev]w , kmln-X-y-k-Ãm]w, NÀ¨mtbmKw, kmln-X-y-hn-Z-y, Z´-tKm-]p-cw, `mc-]-c-y-S\w, Ie PohnXw Xs¶ XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv {][m\ IrXn-IÄ. "Ie PohnXw Xs¶'F¶ IrXn tIcf, tI{µ kmln-Xy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv t\Sn.

Fw.-]n. t]mfnsâ A`n-{]m-b-̄ nÂ CXn-lm-k-§-fn-tebpw alm-Im-h-y-§-fn-tebpw\mb-IÀ amXrIm ]pcp-j-·m-cm-Wv. \mbn-Im-\m-b-I-·mÀ FÃm kZvKp-W-§-fp-sSbpwD¯a amXr-I-bm-bn-cn-¡pw. AkÂ ]m{X§fn-em-ht« kÀh ZpÀKp-W-§fpw H¯p-tNÀ¶n-cn-¡pw. km[m-cW Pohn-X-̄ nÂ C§-s\-bp-f-f-hÀ ImW-s -̧Sp-¶n-Ã. Cu IYm-]m-{X-§Ä km[m-cW a\p-jy kz-̀ m-h-̄ n\v hncp-²tcm AXo-Xtcm BWv. A¯cwIYm]m{X§-tf-¡mÄ a\-knÂ CSw t\Sp-¶Xv KpW-tZm-j-k-¦-en-X-cmb bYmÀY a\p-j-y-cpsS `mh-§Ä t]dp¶ IYm-]m-{X-§-fm-sW¶v Fw. ]n. t]mÄ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p.

Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ Cu \nco-£-Ws¯ "CXn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä ' F¶- ]T-\¯nÂ kq£v-a-ambn hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶p. bYmÀY a\p-jy Pohn-X-hpw kz-̀ m-hhpwNn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s¸« Akw-Jyw kmln-Xy IrXn-I-tf-¡mÄ CXn-lmk IYm-]m-{X-§-fmWvs]mXp-P-\-lr-Z-b-̄ nÂ ]Xnªp InS-¡p-¶Xv F¶mWv amcm-cpsS A`n-{]mbw.`mc-Xo-bÀ¡v CXn-lm-k-I-Ym]m-{X-§Ä Ab-ho-«p-Imsct¸mse kp]-cn-Nn-X-cm-Wv. km[m-c-W-¡mÀ Cu ]cn-Nbw ]mcm-bWw sImp am{X-a-Ã, ]e-t¸mgpw tI«p-tIÄhn sImpIqSn-bmWv t\Sp-¶-Xv. CXn-lm-k-§-fnse "kz-̀ m-hm-XoX' IYm-]m-{X-§-fsf `mc-Xo-bÀIqsS sImp \S-¡p-¶-Xp-Im-Wp-t¼mÄ CXn-lm-k-Im-c-·mÀ Gähpw \Ã a\:-im-kv{X-Ú-cm-sW¶v \½Ä Nn´n-̈ p-t]m-Ipw.

\·-Xn·IÄ Bt]-£n-I-am-bn-cns¡ km[m-cW Pohn-X-̄ nÂ Ah hI-Xn-cn-¡pI{]bm-k-am-sW¶v \ap¡v t_m[-y-s¸-Spw. CXn-lmk IYm-]m-{X-§-fnse \·-Xn-·-Ifpwkq£va ZrjvSn-bnÂ XoÀ¸p-I-ev]n-¡m-\m-hm-̄ -hn[w Ipg-ªp-a-dnªp InS-¡p-¶-Xm-sW¶v t_m[-y-s¸-Spw. AhÀ shdpw BZÀi hy-àn-X-z-§-sf-sÃ¶pw bYmÀ°a\p-j-y-cpsS Ipd-̈ -[nIw henb t¢mk-̧ p-I-fm-sW¶pw Bg-̄ n-ep-f-f-hn-i-I-e-\-̄ nÂImWm-\m-Ipw.

cmam-b-W-̄ nse apJ-y-I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fpsS am\p-jn-I-amb ZuÀ_-e-y-§-fmWv IYm-K-Xn-bpsS Hgp-¡n\v B¡w Iq«p-¶-sX¶v amcmÀ Npn-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p. koX-bnÂ ]mXn-{]-X-yhpw cma-\nÂ ]nXr-`-àn-bpw {`mXr-kvt\-lhpw, {]Pm-c-Ö-\hpw ap´n-\nÂ¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ Cu Iev]nX KpW-§-fnÂ h¶p-s]-Sp¶ am\p-jnIamb ]pgp-¡p-̄ p-IÄ amcmÀ Npn-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p. koX X\n-¡p -Im-hÂ \n¶ e£-a-Ws\ sXdn]dªv B«n-b-I-än-bn-Ãm-bn-cp¶p-sh-¦nÂ cmam-bWw Bc-W-y-Im-WvT-t¯msS Ah-km-


School of Distance Education\n-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v amcmÀ Nqn-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p. e£-a-Ws\ B«n-b-I-än-b-Xp-sIm-m-WtÃm cmh-W\v Ffp-̧ -̄ nÂ koXsb I«p-sIm-p-t]m-hm-\m-b-Xv. e£-a-W-t\m-Sp-ff ZpÀ`m-jWw koXsb kXo-Xzw ssIsh-Snªv Hcp km[m-cW kv{Xobmbn amäp-¶p.

cmasâ Imc-yhpw hn`n-¶-a-Ã. AÑsâ hmKvZm\ ]me-\-̄ n-\p-thn cmPm-[n-Imcw hens¨dnªp Im«n-te-¡p-t]mb Xym-Kn-bmb aI³ F¶-XmWv cmasâ apJ-y-`mhw. F¶mÂ kÀh-KpW k¼-¶-\mb cma\pw X\n-a-\p-j-y-\mbn Xocp¶ Nne kµÀ -̀§Ä amcmÀ Npn-¡m-«p-¶p. ]«m-̀ n-tjIw aqS-§n-t¸mbXnep-ff Zp:Jw koX-bpsSap¼nÂ ad-bn-ÃmsX ]pd-t¯-s¡m-gp-Ip-¶p. ]n¶oSv Im«n-te¡v A\p-bm{X sNbvXAtbm-²ym hmkn-I-sfÃmw Xncn-̈ p-t]m-b-t¸mÄ e£-a-W-t\mSv cma³ ]nXm-hns\ Ipä-s¸-Sp¯n kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p-v. hnÑn-¶m-̀ n-tj-I-̄ n\pw ImcWw `qX-cmb `c-X-t\bpwssItI-bn-tbbpw Ipä-s¸-Sp¶ H¶n-e-[nIw kµÀ -̀§Ä cmam-b-W-̄ n-ep-v. Nn{XIqS-̄ n-en-cns¡ Xs¶ kµÀin-¡m-s\-̄ nb ̀ c-X-t\mSv sXän-²m-c-W-tbm-sS-bmWv cma³s]cp-am-dp-¶-Xv. cmasâ ]nXr-̀ -àn-bnepw {`mXr-kvt\-l-̄ nepw {]Pm cRvP-X-z-̄ nepwImWp¶ Cu sshcp-²-y-§Ä CXn-lmk IYm-]m-{X-§-fnse bYmÀ° a\p-j-y-X-bpsS Nn{Xo-I-c-W-̄ n-\p-ff DZm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv.

{]Xn-\m-b-I-\mb cmh-W³ "Hcp a\p-j-y-\p-m-Im³ ]mSq-ff kIe ZpÀKp-W-§fpw \nd-ª-h-\-sÃ¶v ' {io l\p-am³ Xs¶ hnfn¨p ]d-bp-¶Xv amcmÀ Nqn-Im-«p¶p. kpµ-c-Im-WvU-̄ nÂ l\p-am³ cmh-Wsâ cq]-t¯bpw ss[c-y-t¯bpw HmP-Ên-t\bpw {]IoÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. kÀÆ-e-£-W-bp-à-s\¶v {]iw-kn-¡p-¶p. cmh-WsâA[À½w temI-cm-h-W-X-z-amtWm ssXtem Iy-]n-P-b-amtWm F¶v amcmÀ At\-z-jn-¡p-¶p. Zzn-K-zn-Pbw t\Sp¶ N{I-hÀ¯n-amÀ _lp-am-\n-X-cm-Ip-t¼mÄ aq¶p-tem-IhpwPbn¨ cmh-W³ F´p-sImv _lp-am-\n-X-\m-hp-¶n-sÃ¶v amcmÀ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. cmh-Ws\ sI«n-bn« ImÀ¯y hoc-ymÀÖp-\-\s\ \mw _lp-am-\n-¡p-t¼mÄ AXnsâap¡mÂ ]¦p-t]mepw C{µs\ sI«n-bn« cmh-W\pw \mw \ÂIp-¶n-Ã. \½Ä _lp-am-\n-̈ mepw CsÃ-¦nepw cma³ AXp sNbvXn-«p-s¶v Imfn-Zm-k³ cLp-hw-i-̄ nÂ ]d-ªn-«p-v.

tZh-i-{Xp-hmb cmh-W³ tZhm-cm-[-I-cmb X]-k-zn-Isf t{Zmln-̈ n-«p-s-¦nÂ AXvZWvU \oXn am{X-ambn ImWmt\ ]äq F¶v amcmÀ ]d-bp-¶p. cpÜnWo lc-W-IÀ¯m-hmb {ioIr-jvW³ apXÂ At\Iw _lp-̀ m-c-y-·msc Bcm-[n¨pw BZ-cn¨pw t]mcp¶\mw cmh-Ws\ am{Xw AXnsâ t]cnÂ Ipäw ]d-bp-¶-sX-́ n-\mWv F¶pw amcmÀtNmZn-¡p-¶p.

cmam-b-Ws¯ \mep Iq«p ktlm-Z-c-·m-cpsS IY F¶ \ne¡pw amcmÀ t\m¡n-Im-Wp-¶p-v. cma-e--£-a-Wm-Zn-IÄ, _men-kp-{Ko-h-·mÀ, cmh-W-Ipw-̀ -IÀ® hn`o-j-W-·mÀ, k¼mZn PSm-bp-¡Ä F¶n§s\-bp-ff Iq«p ktlm-Z-c-·m-cnÂ Gähpw D¯awHSp-hn-e-t¯-Xm-sW¶v amcmÀ Icp-Xp-¶p. `c-X-e-£a-W-·m-cpsS tPym-jvT-\p-th-n-bp-ff kl\w k¼mXn A\p-P-\p-thn sNbvX-tXmfw al-̄ -c-sa¶v ]d-ªp-Iq-Sm. A\p-P-\mb PSm-bp-hns\ c£n-¡m-\mbn k¼mXn Poh-X-ymKw sNbvXp. PSm-bp-hm-Is«koXsb c£n-¡m³ cmh-Ws\ hgn-ap-S-¡p-¶-Xn-\nsS kzÀKw ]qIn. hm\-c-{`m-Xm-¡-fpsS IY-bnÂ A\p-P³, tPy-jvTs\ sImÃn-¡-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. sXän-²m-c-W-bmWv tPym-j-Tsâ ac-W-̄ n\v Imc-W-am-bXv F¶Xv IYm-k-µÀ`s¯ Gähpw timI-]qÀWhpwlrZ-b-t£m-̀ -I-hp-am¡n XnÀ¡p-¶p. cm£k -k-tlm-Z-c\am-cpsS IY-bnÂ tPy-jvT³


School of Distance Education(cm-h-W³) A\ysâ `mc-ysb I«p-sIm-p-t]m-¶-Xns\ A\p-P-·mÀ (Ipw-̀ -IÀW\pwhnò-j-W-\pw) Hcp t]mse FXnÀ¡p-¶pv. Ipw -̀IÀ®³ tPy-jvT-\p-thn bp²wsNbvXv sImÃ-s¸-Sp-¶p. hnò-j-W³ tPy-jvTsâ A\o-Xn-s¡-Xnsc cma-e-£-a-W-·m-tcmSv tNÀ¡p-¶p.alm-̀ m-c-Xw.

alm-̀ m-c-̄ nse {]Xn-\m-b-I-\mb Zptc-ym-[\sâ al-X-z-§Ä amcmÀ NnI-sª-Sp-¡p-¶p. s]äp hoW-Xp-ap-XÂ Zptc-ym-[s\ D]-t£n¨pIf-bm-\m-bn-cp¶p hnZp-ccpw aäpw[y-X-cm-jv{S-tcmSv D]-tZ-in-̈ -Xv. AbmÄ ImcWw Ipew apSn-bp-sa¶pw AhÀ ]d-ªp.Btcbpw sNhn sImf-fmsX Zptc-y-[-\³ ]nXr-k-tlm-Z-c-]p-{X-·msc D]{Zhn¨p-sIm-n-cp-¶p. ZpÀ½-Xn, ZpÀ_p-²n, Zpcm-ßm-hv, tem -̀]-cm-b-W³, t{Im[-]-cm-b-W³ F¶n-§-s\-bp-ff iIm-c-hm-¡p-I-IÄsImmWv Zptc-ym-[-\³ hnti-jn-¡-s¸-«-Xv.

Ipcp-t£-{X-bp-²-̄ nsâ Ah-km\w ̀ oa-\p-am-bp-ff Zz-µ-z-bp-²-̄ nÂ XpS NXªvhoW Zptc-ym-[-\³ XpSÀ¶p-mb Zpc-́ -§Ä¡pw Iem-]-§Ä¡pw km£n-bmbn Iptd\mfp-IÄIqSn acn-¡msX InS-¶p. Cu Ah-k-c-̄ nepw ]ecpw Zptc-ym-[s\ A[n-t£-]n-̈ p. {ioIr-jvW³ t]mepw ]tcm-£-ambn AXnÂ ]¦p-sIm-p. an{X-sat¶m i{Xp-sht¶m Icp-Xm-\m-Im¯ ac-ap-«n-t]m-se-bmbn XoÀ¶ Chsâ taÂ C\n-hm-¡p-IÄsh«n-bn-«n-s«-́ mWv F¶m-bn-cp-¶p {ioIr-jvWsâ ]tcm-£-amb A[n-t£-]w. CXp-tI« Zptc-ym-[-\³ ssI cpw \ne-̄ q¶n Duc-sImv \nhÀ¶p \n¶v ]pcnIw Npfn¨vD{K-amb adp-]Sn ]d-ªp. "" Rm³ hn[nbmw h®w A[-y-b\w sNbvXp, Zm\w sNbvXp, `qan-b-S¡n hmWp,cmPm-¡-fpsS Xe-bv¡p-aosX \n¶p, anI¨ sFi-z-c-yhpw tZthm-Nn-X-ambn t`mK-§fpwA\p-`-hn-¨p. kz-[À½w t\m¡p¶ £{Xn-bÀ CjvS-s¸«pw hn[w sIme-bp-taäpFsâXnt\-¡mÄ \Ã Ah-km\w BÀ¡m-Wp-f-fXv. Rm³ kplr-̄ p-¡-sfmSpw A\p-P-·m-tcmSpw IqSn kzÀK-̄ n-te¡v t]mIp-I-bm-Wv. \n§tfm k¦Â]w sI«p hnjm-Zn¨p Ign-̈ p-Iq-t«-nbpw hcpw '' Cu hm¡p-IÄ tI«v BIm-i-̄ p-\n¶v ]pjv]-hr-jvSn-bp-mbn KÔÀhm-]vk-c-Êp-IÄ hmZ-y-tLmjw apg-¡n. \½Ä "Xm³ t]mcna ' sb¶veLq-I-cn-¡p¶ Zptc-ym-[-\sâ hm¡p-IÄ¡v Akm-[m-c-W-amb t{ijvL-X-bp-m-bn-cp¶p F¶mWv CXv sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu t{ijvTX CXn-jm-k-Ihn Xs¶ ]n¶oSvNn{Xo-I-cn-̈ n-«p-v. [À½-{i-²-bm³ DStemsS kzÀKw ]qInb bp[n-jvT-c³ tZh³amÀ¡n-S-bnÂ alm-{]-̀ m-h-t¯m-sS-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Zptc-ym-[s\ I-t¸mÄ AaÀjw ]q-t{X.CXp I \mc-Z³ Zptc-ym-[-\sâ kzÀK-tbm-K-y-X-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]d-ªXv {it²-b-am-bn.Gähpw henb ̀ b-̄ nepw AX-ym-]-̄ nepw kÀh-{]m-Wn-̀ -b-¦-c-amb ac-W-̄ nÂ t]mepwsXÃp `b-s¸-SmsX \Sp-§msX \nÂ¡pI F¶-Xns\ tZh-kn-²hpw KÔÀhm-̀ n-\-µ-y-hp-amb Hcp ]pWyambmWv \mc-Z³ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Zptc-ym-[s\ kzÀKm-h-Im-cn-bm-¡n-bXv CXm-Wv. Zptc-ym-[-\sâ \nÀ -̀b-X-z-̄ nsâ t\sc adp-h-i-amWv bp[n-jvTn-c-\n-ep-f-f-Xv.

AÀÖp-\-s\-¡mfpw anIhv ImWn¨ IÀ®-t\mSv bp[n-jvT-c\v _lp-am-\-t¯-¡mÄ `b-am-bn-cp-¶p. òjva-tcbpw t{ZmW-tcbpw Ir]-tcbpw Ai-z-°m-am-hn-t\bpwAh-cpsS ZpÀÖ-b-X-tbmÀ¯v bp[n-jvT-c³ `b-¶p. bp[n-jvTn-csâ Ømbn `mh-am-bn-cp¶ Cu `bw Imc-W-amWv ]mWvU-hÀ¡v hmc-Wm-h-X-̄ nse Ac-¡n-Ã-̄ nÂ sN¶v]mÀ¡p-Ibpw AhnsS \n¶v Hfn-t¨m-Sp-Ibpw thn-h-¶-Xv. FhnsSt¸mbmepwZptc-ym-[-\³ Nmc³am-sc-s¡mv X§sf sImÃn-t -̈¡p-sa¶v bp[njvTnc³ ̀ b-¶p. GI-


School of Distance EducationN-{I-bnÂ ]n¨-bn-c-t¡-n-h-¶p. AÀÖp\sâ A -̀ym-k_e¯mÂ ]m©m-ensb th«v_Ôp-_ew t\Sn A`n-h-y²{]m]n-s -̈¦nepw ]Ip-̄ p-In-«nb cmPyw NqXp-I-fn-bnÂ \jvS-s¸-Sp-t¯n h¶p. ]m©m-en-sb-t¸mepw ]Wbw sht¡n h¶p. ]m©men k -̀bnÂ A]-am-\n-Xbmb-t¸mÄ bpZn-jvTn-csâ £{Xn-b-Xzw am{X-aÃ BW¯w t]mepwNqfn-t¸m-bn. AÚmX hmk-¡m-e¯v bp[n-jvTn-c\v hopw CtX A\p-̀ -h-ap-mbn]m©m-en-bnÂ Imam-thiw ]q IoN-I³ AXv \nd-th-dm¯ tZj-y-̄ nÂ Ahsfbp[n-jvTn-cm-Zn-I-fpsS ap¼n-en«v Nhn«v. AÚm-X-hm-k-̄ n-em-b-Xp-sImv òa\v Din-cp-ff \mev hm¡v t]mepw ]d-bm³ km[n-̈ n-Ã. ià-cmb ktlm-Z-cpsS ]n´pWDm-bn«pw ̀ bw Hcp ZuÀ_-e-y-ambn bp[n-jvTn-cs\ ]n³Xp-S-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu ZpÀ_-eX Nqn-¡m-Wn v̈ alÀjnamÀ amÀ¡-WvtU-b³ bp[n-jvT-c-t\mSv ]d-ªp. "" t\ti_-e-tk-zXn NtcZ[À½w'' HcmÄ X\n¡v _e-anÃm F¶p IcpXn sXsc-sª-Sp-¡p¶{]h-y¯n F´p-X-s¶-bm-bmepw Abmsf kw_-Ôn-̈ n-S-t¯mfw AXv A[À½-am-sW-¶mWv CXn\v kµÀ -̀a-\p-k-cn¨v e`n-¡p¶ hnim-emÀYw.

Zptc-ym-[³ ]mWvU-h-tcmSv sNbvX ISpw-ssI-IÄ i{Xp kwlm-c-̄ n\vthnGXv cmPmhpw sN¿p-¶Xpw Xs¶. £{Xn-bÀ AwKn-I-cn-¡p¶ ZWvV-\oXn am{X-am-Wv. Imfn-Zm-k³ hnti-jn-̧ n-N-t]mse " ]cmXn kÔm\ hnZ-y-IÄ' ]b-än-bmWv ]ecpwPbw I-s-̄ n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. Ipcp-t£-{X¯nÂ ]mWvUhcpw IrjvWsâ au\m-\-h-t¯m-sS Nne "]cmXn kÔm-\-hn-Z-y-IÄ' ]b-än-bmWv i{Xp-kw-lmcw \S-̄ n-b-Xv. Cu A[À½-§Ä kÀÆ -£-{Xn-b -km-[m-c-W-am-Wv. Cu \ne¡v Zptc-ym-[-\sâ A[À½-§-tfbpwAkm-[m-c-W-ambn ImtW--Xn-Ã. Ah amän-sh-̈ mÂ Bc-y-P-\-§Ä¡p-m-bn-cn-t¡-p¶ kÀh -\·-Ifpw Zptc-ym-[-\-\p-m-bn-c-¶p. {]Pm-XÂ]-c-\mb cmPm-hm-bn-cp¶pZptc-ym-[-\-\³. òjvam-Zn-I-fmb Kpcp-P-\-§-tfmSpw amXm-]n-Xm-¡-tfmSpw AbmÄ¡vthp-thmfw ̀ à-ym-Z-c-§-fp-sm-bn-cp-¶p...-]m-WvU-h-cp-ambn kÔn sN¿pI' Fs¶m-sXm-gn¨v Kpcp-P-\-§fpw FÃm CjvS-§fpw Zptc-ym-[-\³ A\p-k-cn-̈ p. iIp-\n-t]mepwcp kµÀ`-¯nÂ ]mWvU-h-tcm-Sn-W-§p-hm³ Zptc-ym[\s\ D]-tZ-in--¡p-¶p-v.AXnepw t`Zw Bß-l-XybmWv F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Zptc-ym-[-\-\sâ \ne-]m-Sv.

Zptc-ym-[-\-\sâ amXr-̀ àn t{ijvT-am-bn-cp-¶p. bp²w \S¶ ]Xn-s\-«p-Zn-h-khpwAbmÄ A½-bpsS A\p-{Klw hm§ntb bp²-¡-f-̄ n-te¡v ]pd-s¸-«n-«p-f-fq. BA½-bm-It« [À½w Pbn-¡t« F¶-ÃmsX aI\v {]tX-yIw Pb-am-iw-kn-̈ n-Ã. kplr-s¯¶ \ne-bnÂ Zptc-ym-[\-t\-¡mÄ t{ijvT\mb HcmÄ `mcX-̄ n-ep-s-¦nÂ AXvAbm-fpsS kplr-̄ mb IÀ®\m-sW¶v amcmÀ Nqn-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p. i{Xp-]-£-]m-Xn-sb¶p Icp-X-s¸« ̀ K-hm³ IrjvW-t\m-Sp-t]mepw Zptc-ym-[-\\v _lp-am-\-am-bn-cp¶p.sXm®q-säm-¼Xv ktlm-Z-ccpw At±-l-̄ n\p thn bp²-̄ nÂ {]mW-X-ymKw sNbvXpF¶-XnÂ \n¶v B ku{`m-{X-̄ nsâ Bgw a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Ignbpw.

]mWvU-hÀ Zptc-ym-[-\\v ASp¯ ktlm-Z-cm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. A¸w H¸w hfÀ¶-h-cm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AXp-sImp Xs¶ kz´w sFi-z-c-y-̄ nsâ A]-lÀ¯m-¡Ä F¶ \ne-bnte Ahsc ImWm³ Zptc-ym-[-\\v Ign-ªn-cp-¶q-f-fq. Cu ØnXn¡v Abm-f-hsci{Xp-¡-sf¶ `mh-̄ nÂ ho£n-̈ Xv a\p-j-y-k-l-P-amtb ImWm-\m-hq.

alm-̀ m-c-̄ nse \mbI {]Xn-\m-b-Im-Zn-Isf amcmÀ shdpw Ip«n-I-fmbn ImWp-¶p. Ii-]ni IqSp¶ Ch-cnse apXnÀ¶ Iq«n-bm-bmWv IÀ®s\ ImWp-¶-Xv. Xd-hm-«nse apXnÀ¶ {][m-\-h-y-àn-Isf Htcm-cp-̄ -cmbn amcmÀ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p.

a¡-sf-sNmÃn Zp:-Jn-¡p¶ Ipńbpw KmÔm-cn-bpw, Bcm-[-\m-]m-{X-§-fmb



`K-hm³ hmkp-tZ-h\pw Ipcp-]n-Xm-a-l³ `ojva-cpw, ]p{X-hm-Õ-eyw sImv AÔ-\m-bn-XoÀ¶ [y-X-cm-jv{SÀ, Akv{X-hn-Z-ym-\n-[n-bmb t{ZmWm-Nm-c-ycpw aI³ Ai-z-°m-amhpw kzbw \njv]-£-hm-Zn-sb¶v hnti-jn-̧ n¨ _e`{Z³ C§s\ F®n-bm-sem-Sp-§m¯ a\p-j-y-{]-Xn-cq-]-§Ä. Ejn-I-hn-bmb Iy-jvW-ssZ-z-]m-b-\\v {]am-W-aÀ¸n-̈ p-sIm-mWv amcmÀ Ah-km-\n-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.D -̄c-sa-gp-Xp-I.1. Fw. ]n. t]mfnsâ A`n-{]m-b-̄ nÂ CXn-lmk IYm-]m-{X-§Ä F§-s\-bp-f-f-h- cmWv ?2. "F¦nÂ BZn-Im-hyw Bc-W-y-Im-WvU-t¯msS Ah-km-\n-t¡-n-bn-cp-¶p.' þ amcmcpsS Cu A`n-{]m-bs¯ km[q-I-cn-¡p-I.3. cmam-bW IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS am\p-jnI `mhw amcmÀ hnh-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§-s\.4. \mep-Iq«p ktlm-c-·m-cpsS IY F¶ \ne¡v amcmÀ cmam-b-Ws¯ t\m¡n-Im- Wp-¶sX§s\5. AÚmX hmk-Im-e¯v bp[n-jvTn-c\v hopw tamt´-n-h-¶-sX´v ?6. Zptc-ym-[-\-\sâ kZvKp-W-§-sf-s´-Ãm-am-bn-cp-¶p.7. CXn-lm-k-Im-c³ cmam-b-Ws\ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ Xv F§-s\-bmWv8. Zptc-ym-[-\sâ hotcm-Nn-X-amb hnS-hm-§Â amcmÀ hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶-sX-§s\D]-\-ym-k-sa-gp-Xp-I.1. "CXn-lm-k-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä bYmÀ° a\p-j-y-cpsS hep¸w IqSnb t¢mk-̧ p-I-fm- Wv.' amcm-cpsS teJ-\s¯ Bkv]-Z-am¡n Ah-tem-I\w sN¿p-I.

kv]µn-¡p¶ AØn-amSw þ s{]m. Fw.-sI. km\p.

1927þÂ Be-̧ p-g-bn-emWv Fw.-sI. km\p P\n-̈ -Xv. ZoÀL-Imew alm-cm-PmkvtImtf-PnÂ ae-bmfw s{]m -̂k-dmbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn¨ At±-l-̄ nsâ {][m\ IrXn-IÄ Ah-[m-c-Ww, A\p-̀ q-Xn-bpsS \nd-§Ä, Npa-cnse Nn{X-§Ä, cmP-ho-Yn, {]`mXkµÀi\w XpS-§n-b-h-bm-Wv. "N§-¼p-g-bpsS þ \£-{X-§-fpsS kvt\l-̀ m-P\w 'F¶Poh-N-cn{X IrXn Gsd {it²-b-am-Wv. kv]µn-¡p¶ AØn-amSw F¶ Cu {]_ÔwN§-¼p-g-bpsS Ah-km\ \mfp-Isf hnIm-c-hm-bvt]msS hc-̈ p-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p.

tcmKn-bmbn XoÀ¶ N§-¼pg ISp¯ GIm-́ -X-bnÂ \mS-I-im-e-bmb temI-s -̄¡p-dn¨v Xm³ Ipdn-̈ n« hm¡p-IÄ HmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-¶p.NnIn-Õ¡v t]mepw ]W-an-ÃmsX\ncm-{i-b-\mbn \ncm-i-\mbn Ihn-bth Xm³ A´-y-cw-K-t¯mSSp-¡p-¶p-sh¶v N§-¼pg Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-¶p. B Xncn-̈ -dnhv At±-l-̄ nsâ ka-Nn-̄ X \jvS-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p.Nnet¸mÄ ss\cm-iyhpw AaÀjhpw Bß-\n-µbpw tXm¶p-¶p. {]im-́ X A\p-̀ -hn-¡p¶ A]qÀÆ thf-I-fnÂ \nX-y-im-́ n-¡p-thn sh¼Â sImf-fp-¶p. ]v X¶nÂcq]-s¸« NnX-dnb Nn´-IÄ hopw At±-l-̄ nsâ HmÀ½-bnÂ h¶p. temI-{]-iw-k-bm-Ip¶ apÄs -̈Sn-Im-«nÂ Ae-ªp-Xn-cnªp. ZpÀK-a-§-fmb ZpÀK-a-§Ä Xmm³ Ign-ªp. ]t£ FÃmw shdp-sX-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Xsâ {]Xm]w Pe-tc-J-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶vC¶v AcnsI h¶v ]p©n-cn-Xq-Ip¶ ih-Ip-So-cw HmÀ½n-̧ n-¡p-¶p. X\n-̈ n-cn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv C¯cw Nn´-IÄ Ihnsb aZn-̈ n-cp-¶-Xv.

Xs¶-¡m-Wm³ Bsc-¦nepw h¶mÂ tcmKm-hØ ad¶v {]k-cn-t¸msS hÀ¯-



am\w ]d-bpw. Nncn-¡p-I-Ibpw Nncn-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. N§-¼p-gsb kµÀin¨ C.Fw. sImhqÀ Ihn-bpsS Zb-\o-hØ ]pd-̄ -dn-bn-¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v hnhn[ tImWp-I-fnÂ \n¶v h¶ klmbw At±-l-̄ nsâ NnInÕ¡v D]-I-cn-̈ p. Bbn-Sbv¡v ae-bm-f-a-t\m-c-a-bpsS dnt¸mÀ«À N§-¼p-gsb kµÀin¨ A\p-̀ hw hni-Z-ambn dnt¸mÀ«vsNbvXn-cp-¶p. SmtKmdnsâ XmSn-tbmSpw [mSn-tbmSpw InS-\nÂ¡p¶ Ihn-bpsS apJwtcmKm-h-Ø-bn-epw {]k-¶-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v B dnt¸mÀ«À HmÀ¡p-¶p. Xsâ Kpcp-X-c-amb tcmKm-h-Øbpw thZ-bpsS Bghpw dnt¸mÀ«-dp-ambn N§-¼pg ]¦p-sh-̈ p. A¶v]\n \qdp Un{Kn-bn-se-̄ n-bn-cp-¶p. \mep Znh-k-ambn NÀ±n-bnÂ cà-a-b-ambn XpS-§n-bn-cp-¶p. acp-¶n\p Xs¶ Znh-khpw ̀ mcn¨ XpI sNe-hm-¡-W-am-W-bn-cp-¶p. ap-tÈ-cnbpw I-̄ nÂ hÀ¤okv am¸n-fbpw P\n¨ kap-Zm-b-̄ nÂ \n¶v X\n¡v e`n¡p¶klm-bs¯ Ihn \µn-tbmsS kvacn-̈ p. Bß -X-ym-K-̄ nsâ AZ-zn-Xo-b-Nn{Xw {InkvXp-hns\ temI-Kp-cp-hmbn ImWm³ Ihnsb t{]cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. al-mXvaPnbpw s\lvdphpwN§-¼p-gbv¡v Bcm-[-y-cm-bn-cp-¶p. s\lvdp-h-s\-¡p-dn v̈ ]d-ª-t¸mÄ A`n-am\w sImvAt±lw NmSn-sb-gp-t¶-äp. alm-ß-Pn-sb-¡p-dn¨v Hcp Ihn-Xbpw FgpXm³ Ign-bmsXt]mb-XnÂ At±lw tJZw {]I-Sn-̧ n-̈ p. KmÔn-Pn-bpsS Nc-a-s -̄Xp-SÀ¶v C{Xbpw Ig-¼n-Ãm¯ Ihn-X-IÄ hcp-s¶-dn-ªn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ KmÔnPn \nÝ-b-ambpw acn-¡n-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v A`n-{]mbw N§-¼pg Nncn-̈ p-sImv AwKo-I-cn-̈ p. CS¡v Lost my internalmusic F¶v hnIm-c-̀ -cn-X-\mbn {]kvXm-hn-̈ -t¸mÄ B teJ-I³ s]m«n-¡-c-ªp-t]m-bn.

awK-tfm-Z-b-¯nÂ JWvU-È-{]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-cp¶ aKvZ-e-\-a-dnbw Cu Ah-Ø-bnÂ]qÀ¯n-bm³ \nÀhm-l-an-sÃ¶v N§-¼pg ]d-ªp. A]qÀ×mb thtdbpw JWvU-Im-h-y-§-fp-s¶pw Ah-sbÃmw ]qÀ¯n-I-cn-¡m³ km[n-̈ n-cp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ Xsâ km¼-¯nI sRcp-¡-̄ n\v Ipd¨v ]cn-lm-c-ap-m-tbs\ F¶v At±lw {]X-ym-in-̈ p. KmÔn-Pn-bpsS Fgp-]s¯«-Sn {]Xn-a-sb-¡p-dn¨pw t£{X \nÀam-W-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ p-ap-ff hmÀ¯-IÄ N§-¼p-gsb thZ-\n-̧ n-̈ p. C´-y-bnÂ Hcp amXrIm. Sn. _n. ¢n\nIvØm]n-¡m³ B ]Ww sNe-hm-¡n-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ AXv _m¸p-Pn-bpsS BZÀi-§Ä¡vimi-z-Xo-I-c-W-am-Ip-ambn-cp-¶p-sh¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«p. \nc-h[n kplr-̄ p-¡-sfbpwAh-cpsS klm-bhpw IrX-Ú-Xm-]qÀhw kvacn¨ Ihn Smäm-bnepw aäpw tPmen-sN-bvXn-cp¶ km[p sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS cW kw`m-h\sb Aaq-e-y-ambn Ip. At±-ls¯ NnIn-Õn-̈ n-cp¶ tUm. sNX-es\ Iv kwkm-cn-̈ -t¸m-gmWv N§-¼p-gbpsSKpcp-X-cm-hØ B teJ-I\v icn¡pw t_m[-y-am-b-Xv. CsXÃmw dnt¸mÀ«v sNbvX-tXmsSIhn-bpsS NnIn-Õ¡v kw`m-h-\-IÄ {]h-ln-¡pI Xs¶ sNbvXp.

N§-¼p-g-tbm-Sp-ff Bfp-I-fpsS kvt\l-̄ nsâ {]I-S-\-̄ nsâ ck-I-c-amb HcpDZm-l-cWw Fw. sI. km\p kvacn-¡p-¶p. Ihnsb ImWm³ \K-c-̄ nte¡v ]pd-s¸«aIs\ hne-¡nb {Kmao-W-\mb AÑ\v aI³ "hmg-¡pe' hmbn-¡m³ \ÂIn. hmg-¡pe hmbn-̈ -Xnsâ Bthi-̄ nÂ IÀj-I-\mb B AÑ³ Xs¶ Hcp hmg-¡p-e-bp-ambn \K-c-̄ nÂ N§-¼p-gsb ImWm³ sN¶p.'

tcmKw aqÀÑn-¨-t¸mÄ N§-¼p-gsb tImb-¼-¯q-cn-te¡v hnZKv[ NnIn-Õ¡vsImp t]mhm³ Xocp-am-\n-̈ p. B Ah-Ø-bnÂ ZoÀL-bm{X IqSp-XÂ tZmj-I-c-am-Ip-sa¶v Iv XrÈqÀ awK-tfmZbw \gvkn§v tlmanÂ At±-ls¯ {]th-in-̧ n-̈ p.tIc-fo-b-am-\-k-§-sf-bm-I-am\w Aeu-In-Im-\p-̀ q-Xn-bnÂ A-aáam-¡nb Ihn 1948 Pq¬17\v Znhw-K-X-\m-bn. A½-tbmtSm {]nb kp-lr-̄ q-¡-tfmtSm bm{X tNmZn-¡m³ At±-



l-̄ n\v km[n-̈ n-Ã. CS-̧ -f-fn-bnse Xd-hm-«p-hI Øe-̄ mWv At±-ls¯ kwkvI-cn-¨-Xv. A¶v A´n-tam-]-Nmcw AÀ¸n-¡m³ F¯n-b-h-cnÂ Cud-\-Wn-bm¯ I®p-IÄDm-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ¶v Fw.-sI. km\p HmÀ¡p-¶p.

ih-Ip-So-c-̄ p-\p-ap-¼nÂ Bkmbw-Im-e¯v Fw. sI. km\p Nn´m-̀ m-c-t¯msS\ne-sIm-p. \nem-hnÂ \ocm-Sn-\nÂ¡p¶ ]mXn-cm-hp-Isf ]me-¸q-hnsâ ]cn-afw]pÂIn \nÂ¡p-t¼mÄ, B IÃ-d-bv¡p-f-fnse lrZbw kv]µn-¡p-I-Ibpw B kv]µ\wHcp ]Ã-hn-bmbn Db-cp-I-fbpw sN¿p¶ Zriyw Fw.-sI. km\p k¦-ev]n-¡p-¶p. Nmc-¯p-ff ama-c-¡m-hnsâ sIm¼¯v sIm¡p-cp-½n-bn-cn-¡p¶ Infn-IÄ, B ih IpSo-c-c-l-k-y-̄ nsâ ]Ãhn am\ v̄ \£-{X-§sf Adn-bn-¡p-¶Xv \£-{X-§Ä hnkva-b-̄ mÂI®p Nn½n t]mIp-¶Xpw teJ-Isâ k¦-ev]-̄ nÂ sXfn-RvMp-h-¶p.

X]sâ A½ þ Fw.-Fw. _joÀ

kmln-Xy \ncp-]W cwK¯v X\Xv ap{Z-]-Xn-̧ n¨ sUm. Fw.-Fw._joÀ Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-imebnÂ ae-bmf hn`mKw A[-ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p.- I-hn-X-bnse Nne {]iv\-§Ä,Bimsâ ]Wn-̧ pc, kmln-X-ym-tem-N-\, Ipam-c-\m-imsâ cN-\m-inev]w ae-bmf sNdp-IYm kmln-Xy Ncn-{Xw, A£-cmÀYw, Ipam-\m-imsâ t\m«p-_p-¡p-IÄ XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv {][m\ \ncp-]-W-{K-Ù-§Ä

kaq-l-̄ nse A\o-Xn-I-tfmSv {]Xn-I-cn-¡m-\p-ff k¶-²-Xbpw AXns\ Ie-bm¡namäm-\p-ff {]Xn-_-²-Xbpw alm-ti-z-Xm-tZ-hnsb ̀ mc-X-̄ nse Fähpw henb Fgp-̄ p-Im-cn-bm¡n XoÀ¡p-¶p-sh¶v Fw.-Fw. _joÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. a\p-j-y-Xzw Xs¶-bmWv alm-ti-z-Xm-tZ-hn-bpsS cmjv{Sob ZÀi-\-sa¶v "X]sâ A½' F¶ t\mhÂ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Fw.-Fw. _joÀ Nqn-¡m-«p-¶p. Hcp X¯-z-im-kv{X-t¯mSpw hntZ-b-Xzw ]peÀ¯msX \nµnX hÀK-̄ n-\p-thn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶XneqsS Cu Fgp-̄ p-Imcn hm¡pw {]hÀ¯nbpw kwtbm-Pn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. at\m-cm-P-y-¡m-cmb Fgp-̄ p-Im-cpsSIqsS IqSm³ AhÀ X¿m-d-Ã. ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-h-tcm-sSm¸w ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡m\pw H¸wAh-cpsS I®ncpw ]¦-̧ mSpw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m\pw amlm-ti-z-Xm-tZhn X¿-dm-Ip-¶p.

If-f\pw sIme-]m-X-In-bp-amb aI-t\m-Sp-ff Hc-½-bpsS \njvI-f-¦hpw ]mh-\-hp-amb kvt\l-̄ nsâ IY-sbt¶m k¼-¶À sIme-bm-fn-bm¡n hfÀ¯p-Ibpw X§-fpsS Ifn-̧ m-h-bm¡n amäp-Ibpw sNbvX XojvW-bu-h-\-̄ nsâ IY-sb-t¶m hnti-jn-¸n-¡m-hp¶ Hcp t\mh-emWv "X]sâ A½' X]\v ho«nÂ \n¶v kvt\lw e`n-̈ n-Ã.AÑ\pw ktlm-Z-c\pw Ahs\ ]cn-K-Wn-̈ n-Ã. sXcp-hnÂ ZmZ-bmbn hfÀ¶ Ahs\A½ am{Xw kvt\ln-̈ p. IpX-dn-am-dm-\m-hm¯ hn[w Kpm-bn-k-̄ nsâ ]nSn-bn-e-aÀ¶p-t]mb Ahsâ XIÀ¶ Pohn-X-̄ nse Htc-sbm-cm-i-zmkw A½-bm-bn-cp-¶p. X]³ a\-ÊnÂ ]d-ªp-sIm-t-bn-cp-¶p. "At½, \n§Ä sN¿p-¶Xv icn, Rm³ sN¿p-¶-sXÃmw sXäv' A½¡v XW-em-hm³ Ah\v B{K-l-ap-v. aäv B¬-a-¡fpsS IqsSt]mIm³ A½-tbmSv AhÀ \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p. F{X ]Ww thW-sa-¦nepw F¯n-¡m-sa¶v ]d-ªp-t\m-¡p¶p. Rm³ IqSn t]mbmÂ \n\¡v ]ns¶ Bcp-ap-m-hn-sÃ¶m-bn-cp-¶p kvt\l-\n-[n-bmb B A½-bpsS adp-]-Sn. A½sb-¡p-dn-t¨mÀ¯v Ah³hnXp-¼n. Xm³ AI-s¸« sIWn-bnÂ \n¶pw tamN\w t\Sm-\m-hn-ÃtÃm Ft¶mÀ¯vAh³ thZ-\n-̈ p.

sXcp-hnÂ ZmZm-bm-sW-¦nepw Ah³ kv{XoIsf D]-{Z-hn-̈ n-Ã. IqsS-bp-f-f-hsc



AXn\v A\p-h-Zn-̈ -Xp-anÃ Btcm-cp-an-Ãm-̄ -hÀ¡pw Ah³ Xm§m-bn. ]mh-s¸« Hcpkv{Xosb c£n-¡m-\mbn X]³ FXnÀKp--I-tfmSv Gäv ap«n acn-¡p-¶p. AXp-hscaI-s\-¡p-dn-t¨mÀ¯v Xe Xmgv¯n \S¶ A½ A¶v A`n-am-\-t¯msS Xe-bpÀ¯n\S-¶p. Hcp s]¬Ip-«nsb thi-y-bm-Ip-¶-XnÂ c£n-¡m³ thn-bmWv Xsâ aI³Poh-X-ymKw sNbvX-sX¶v B A½ HmÀ¯p.

B A½ C³kvs]-IvS-dpsS ap¼nÂ s]m«n-s¯-dn-¡p-¶p-v. Xsâ aIs\ hmS-I-Kp--bm¡n XoÀ¯ At[m-temI \mb-I\mb `hm\n _m_p-hns\t¸mep-f-f-hÀam\-y-cmbn Pohn-¡p-¶-Xnse sshcp-²yw AhÀ tNmZyw sN¿p-¶p. X]s\ A§-s\-bm-¡n-XoÀ¯ hy-h-k-Yn-Xn-bn-te-¡mWv alm-ti-z-Xm-tZhn hncÂ Npp-¶-Xv.

k¦p-NnX cmjvv{So-b-̄ nÂ hni-z-kn-¡m¯ Fgp-̄ p-Imcn kmaq-ln-Im-hØbv¡vamäw hcm³ B{K-ln-¡p-¶p. ]mh-s¸-«-hsâ PohnX \nehmcw DbÀ¯m-\m-hm¯Hcp `c-W-Iq-S-s¯bpw AhÀ AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. kzbw hniZo-Icn-¡m-\p-ff Hcp_m[-y-X-sb¶ \ne-bv¡mWv a\p-j-y-cpsS {]iv\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v AhÄ Fgp-Xn-sIm-t-bn-cp-¶p-¶-Xv.

]mcn-Øn-X-I-Ie þ Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\³

sF.-F. Fkv DtZ-ym-K-Ø-\m-bn-cp¶ Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\-\³ ]q\-bnse thÀUv C³Ìn-ä-y«v Hm^v ksÌ-bv\-_nÄ F\ÀPn-bpsS Ub-c-IvSÀ P\-d-em-bn-cp-¶p. {Ko³ F\ÀPnF¶ amkn-I-bpsS No^v FUn-ä-dm-Wv. IYbpw ]cn-Øn-Xn-Xbpw, lcn-X-\n-]q-]Wwae-bm-f-̄ nÂ F¶n-h-bmWv {][m\ ae-bmf IrXn-IÄ.

]mcn -Øn-Xn -I-Ie tIh-e-a -bmb {]IrXn t_m[-¯ntâtbm Krlm-Xp-c-Xz¯nsâtbm Ie-b-Ã. AXv Pohn-X-̄ nsâ ka-kvX-ta-J-e-I-tfbpw DÄs¡m-f-fp¶H¶m-Wv. ]p\:-Øm-]n-¡m-\m-hm¯ hn -̀h-§-fpsS ]n³_-e-̄ nÂ sI«n-̧ -Sp¯ B[p\nhy-h-kmb k¼Zv hy-h-Øbpw cmjv{So-bhpw kmt¦-Xn-Ibpw kwkvIm-c-hq-sa-ÃmwISp¯ {]Xn-k-Ônsb t\cn-Sm³ t]mhp-I-bm-sW¶v Pn . a[p-kq-Z-\-\³ Cu teJ-\-¯nÂ ap¶-dn-bn¸p \ÂIp-¶p. PohnXw {]Ir-X-ym-\p-km-cn-bmb ]mX-bn-te¡v ]cn-W-an-s¨-t¯--Xnsâ Bh-iyw Bfp-IÄ Xncn-̈ -dnªv XpS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu Xncn-̈ -dn-hmWv B[p-\n-Im-\-́ -c-bpsS apJ-ap-{Z. CXv ̀ mj-bnepw kmln-X-y-̄ nepw \thm\vtajwkrjvSn-¡pw. B[p-\n-Im-\-́ -c-amb Cu ]Ým-̄ -e-̄ n-emWv ]mcn-Øn-Xn-I-Ie DZbwsN¿p-¶-Xv. ]cn-an-X-amb hn -̀h-§Ä A\n-b-{´n-X-ambn NqjWw sNbvXv F¡m-ehpwkpJ kar-²n-bnÂ Ign-bm-sa¶ km¼-̄ nI hnZ-KvZ-cpsS \nK-a-\-§Ä Ab-YmÀYhpwDt«-ym-]-y-\p-am-sW¶v Xncn-̈ -dnªv hcp-¶p. hnI-k-\hpw kwkvIm-chpw kpØnc hgn-I-fn-te¡v Xncn-̈ p-hn-Sp-¶-XmWv icn-bmb dnb-en-kw.

]mcn-Øn-X-Ie Hcp ZÀi-\-t¯mSpw hnt[-b-Xzw ]peÀ¯p-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ FÃmZÀi\-§Ä¡pw ]mcn-Øn-XnI Iesb DÄs¡m-f-fm-\m-Ipw. kakvX Poh-Pm-e-§-fp-tSbpw \oXn-bp-à-amb \ne-\nÂ]n-t\m-Sp-am-{X-amWv AXn\v {]Xn-_-²-X. F¶mÂ AXvXnI¨pw Acm-jv{So-b-am-W¶v ]d-ªp-Iq-Sm. ]cn-Øn-Xnsb shdpw Krlm-Xp-c-X-bmbnam{Xw ImW-cpXv F¶mWv kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. ImÀjn-I-an-̈ -̄ nÂ \n¶p-mb aqe-[\hfÀ¨bpw X§-fpsS emt -̀Ñ-bv¡-\p-k-cn v̈ imkvv{X kmt¦-Xn-I-Xsb sacp-¡n-sb-Sp¯aqe-[\ DS-a-I-fpsS BÀ¯n-bp-amWv ]mcn-Øn-XnI hn\m-i-̄ n-te¡v \bn-̈ -sX¶v teJ-



I³ Nqn-¡m-«p-¶p. ]mcn-Øn-XnI ho£-W-s¯-t¸mepw X§Ä¡-\p-Iq-e-am¡nXoÀ¡p¶ apX-em-fn¯ X{ -́§Äs¡-Xn-sc-bp-ff Pm{K-X-bmWv ]mcn-Øn-XnI Ie-bpsScmjv{So-bw.

]mcn-Øn-XnI Ie-sb-¶mÂ Hcp Xcw kb³kv ^n£-\m-sW¶v Nne-sc-¦nepwsXän-²-cn-¡m-dp-v. Ct¡m-f-Pn-bpsS imkv{Xo-b-sX-¡m-tfsd kmaq-l-yhpw cmjv{So-bhpwBßo-bhpw a\:-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb ka-k-y-I-fmWv ]mcn-Øn-Xn-I-I-ebv¡v hnj-b-am-Ip-¶-Xv.

ka-Im-enI kwkvIm-c-̄ nsâ aqe-y-§sf A]-\nÀan-¡p-I-sb¶ [À½w ]mcn-Øn-Xn-I-I-e-bv¡p-v. kmt¦-Xn-I-bpsS taÂt¡mbva \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ temI¯v{]IrXn¡nW-§nb Hcp _ZÂ kmt¦-Xn-IX AXv apt¶m«v sh¡p-¶p. Cu _ZÂ\nÀan-Xn-bnÂ ̀ mh-\bpw ̀ mjbpw Bhn-jvImc ssienbpw ]pXnb Is-̄ -ep-IÄ¡vhnt[-b-am-Ip-¶p. kmt¦-Xn-I-X-bpsS IS-¶p-I-b-änÂ \½psS temI-§fpw hm¡p-Ifpw\jvS-s¸-Sp-¶p. km{am-P-y-X-z-̄ nsâ `mjbpw kwkvIm-chpw IS-¶p-I-bdn BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-I-fpsS ̀ mjbpw Pohn-Xhpw CÃm-Xm-¡p-¶p. hmWn-̀ -̄ ntâbpw ]c-k-y-̀ m-j-bp-tSbpwIS¶p Ib-ä-̄ nÂ X\Xpw {Kma-y-hp-amb hm¡p-IÄ \jvS-am-Ip-¶p. `mj timjn¨vAØn-¡q-S-am-Ip-¶p.

hy-àn-hm-Z-̄ ntâbpw ip²-Iem hmZ-̄ ntâbpw ASn-̄ -dn-bnÂ ]Sp-̄ p-bÀ¯nbAlw-k-z-X-zs¯ A]-\nÀ½n v̈ ]pXn-sbmcp ]mcn-Øn-Xn-I-k-zXw sa\ªp \ÂIpIsb¶[À½w ]mcn-Øn-XnI Ie \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-¶p-v. kv{XoIÄ, BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-IÄ, ̀ ojWnt\cn-Sp¶ kk-y-P-́ p-Pme§Ä XpS§n FÃm Xnc-kvIrX kz-X-z-§Ä¡pw ]mcn-Øn-XnI Ie ]pXpPoh³ ]I-cp-¶p. Xnc-kvIrXcptS-XpÄs¸sS hnhn[ hn`mK-§-fpsSkz-c-§Ä Iem-]-c-amb tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ p-I F¶Xv C¡m-es¯ Fgp-̄ p-Im-csâ \ntbm-K-am-Wv. _àosâ _lp-k-z-cX (Poly Phony) UbtemKv F¶o ]cn-I-ev]-\-IÄ {]k-à-am-Ip-¶Xv AXn\memWv. Iesb Aß{]-Im-i-ambn Npcp-¡m-\n-hn-Ã. ]mcn-Øn-I-Ie Pohn-X-̄ nsâ ka-{K-X-bpsS {]Im-i-\-am-Wv.

a\pj-y-cpsS Bßob ]p\À\nÀan-Xn¡v Iebpw kmln-X-yhpw klm-b-I-am-I-W-sa¶ teJ-I³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. ]mcn-Øn-Xn-t_m[w ]g-a-bn-te-¡p-ff aS-¡-a-Ã.AXv Øe-_-ÔnXamb Ncn-{X-t_m-[-̄ n\v Du¶Â \ÂIp-¶p. Fgp-X-s¸« \pW-IÄ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶p. kpØn-c-X-bv¡p-ff {]mtbm-KnI amÀK-§Ä tXSp-¶p.

ac-¸m-h-IÄ hopw hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ þ hn. cmP-Ir-jvW³

kmln-X-y-hn-aÀi-I³, Ne-Nn{X \ncp-]-I³, Xnc-¡-Ym-Ir-̄ v, kwhn-[m-I-b³F¶o \ne-I-fn-seÃmw {it²-b-\mWv t{]m.-hn. cmP-Ir-jvW³ {im²w, tcmK-̄ nsâ]q¡Ä, au\w tXSp-¶-hm-¡v, ImgvN-bpsS Aim-́ n, sNdp-I-Y-bpsS NµÊv F¶n-h-bmWv {][m\ IrXn-IÄ.

Imcp-cnsâ IY-I-fn-bÂ Xe-sb-Sp-t¸msS \nÂ¡p¶ Hcp krj-Sn-bmWv "ac-̧ m-h-IÄ' F¶v hn. cmP-I-y-jvW³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cu IY-bnse \neo\ `wKn-bp-ffi-yw-Km-c-̀ mhw IY ]pd-̄ p-h¶ Ime-̄ p-Xs¶ \ncp-]I {i² t\Sn-bn-cp-¶p. AaÀ¯-s¸« ssewKnIm`nem-j-̄ nsâ Xc-f-amb {]Im-i-\-sa-¶Xv kv{Xolr-Z-b-̄ nsâ Bg-§Ä tXSn-t¸mb ]nÂ¡me sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-̄ p-¡sf tamln-̧ n¨ a\-Èmkv{X ka-k-y-bmbn amdp-I-bp-m-bn. am[-hn-¡p-«n-sb-t¸m-ep-ff Fgp-̄ p-ImÀ ImcqÀ sXm«p-Im-WnÑ



Cu `mh-ta-J-ebv¡v ]p¯³ s]mcpÄ k½m-\n-¡p-I-bp-mbn. IYm-k-¦-ev]-̄ nÂ]e s]m-fn-s¨-gp-̄ p-Ifpw \S-¶p-I-gnª C¡m-e¯v "ac-̧ m-h-IÄ' hopw hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ a\-ÊnÂ ]Xn-bp¶ Awi-§Ä Is-̄ m-\p-ff {ia-amWv Cu Ipdn-s¸¶v teJ-I³ ]d-bp-¶p.

Zm¼-X-y-X-IÀ -̈bpsS Ah-in-jvS-ambn hminbpw k¦-Shpw IqSn-I-eÀ¶ Hcp hnImcw"ac¸m-h-Ifn' se IYm-\m-bn-I-bmb \fn-\n-bpsS Df-fnÂ DS-¡n-\nÂ¡p-¶p-v. ]pd-ta¡v AhÀ {]I-Sn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xm-ht« Iqk-en-Ãm-bvabpw hnhm-l-tam-Nn-X-sb-¡p-dn¨v \m«n-]p-ds¯ AbÂ¡mÀ km[m-cW ]d-bm-dpff Ipä-§Ä hI-sh-bv¡msX kz-X{´PohnXw \bn-̈ p-t]m-cp-¶-h-fmWv \fn-\n. XtâShpw ̂ en-X-t_m-[hpw thZ-\-Isf IqS-sª-dn-bm³ Ahsf klm-bn-¡p-¶p-v. Imcp-cnsâ `mK-y-lo-\-I-fmb IYm-]m-{X-§-fnÂ \n¶v \fn-\nsb thÀXn-cn¨v \nÀ¯p¶ hkvXp-XX AhÄ Iem-Im-cn-bm-sW-¶-Xm-Wv.

Ah-fp-m-¡nb ]mh-IÄ tIm]-̄ n\pw hnem-k-̀ m-h-̄ n-\p-an-Sn-bnÂ shdp-̧ n\pwkaÀ¸-W-̄ n-\p-an-S-bnÂ Bfn-I-̄ p¶ Ah-fpsS lr-Z-b-̄ nsâ {]Xn-̂ -e-\-am-bn-cp-¶p.Ah-fpsS Ag-ImÀ¶ ico-c-̄ nsâ hSn-hp-I-fm-hm-ln¨ B ac-̧ m-h-IÄ aXn-bm-bn-cp¶pNpäp-ap-f-f-hÀ¡v Ipäw ]d-bm³. kz´w kÀKm-ß-I-X-bn-te¡v Npcp-§m³ ioen-̈ -tXmsS AhÄ¡v A]-hm-Z-§sf t]Sn-bn-Ãm-Xm-bn. Cu Iqk-en-Ãm-bvasb "Al´'sb¶mWv F\-yq-a-td-äÀ hnti-jn-̧ n-̈ -Xv. Iem-Im-c\p kl-P-amb Cu Al-́ -bmWv\fn-\nsb \fn-\n-bm¡n amän-b-Xv.

\fn-\n-bpsS hy-àn-k-̄ -bpsS ]c-̀ m-K-tim-̀ -bv¡mbn F\-yp-a-td-äsd krjvSn-̈ XvGsd DNn-X-am-sW¶v teJ-I³ Npn-¡m-«p¶p. a\p-j-ysc hkvXpX-I-fm¡n amäp-I-bm-WtÃm F\-yp-a-td-äÀam-cpsS tPmen. F\-yp-a-td-ä-dpsS tNmZ-y-§Ä¡v XÀ¡p-̄ cw]d-bp¶ \fn\n Xsâ "Al´' sImv F\yqatdä-dpsS ^b-ense Hc-¡-ambn Npcp-§p-¶n-Ã. Ah-km\w B DtZ-ym-K-Øsâ lrZ-b¯v hnkvabw IeÀ¶ a[p-cm-k-zm-Øyw P\n-̧ n¨v AhÄ ]n³hm-§p-¶p.

\fn-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-̄ ntâbpw Ie-bp-tSbpw ]Wn-̧ pc cl-k-y-§Ä shfn-̈ -̄ p-sIm -p-h -cm³ ImcqÀ Is-¯nb hnh-cW coXn {]tX-yIw ]cn -K -W\AÀln¡p¶p.\fn-\n-bpsS Bß \njvT-amb ImgvN-̧ m-Sn-eqsS IY Ah-X-cn-̧ n-̈ n-cp¶psh-¦nÂ D]-cn-Xe kv]Àin-bmb \À½-̄ nsâ Øm\¯v hnIm-c-§-fpsS Ips¯m-gp¡vA\p-hm-N-I\v A\p-̀ -hn-¡m³ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v teJ-I³ hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶p.F¶mÂ Hcp aq¶m-asâ \ne-ssI-sImv A]-cn-Nn-X-\mb Hcp hy-àn-bp-ambn \fn\n\S-̄ p¶ skmd-]-d-̈ nÂ tI«v ckn-¡p-I-bmWv ImcqÀ sN¿p-¶-Xv. kw`mjW{][m-\-amb Cu IY-bnÂ " Ub-temKv' am{X-amWv Xsâ {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-̄ nsâ am\-kn-Im-hØ ]c-Xm-\mbn ImcqÀ Ahew_n¨n-«p-f-f-Xv. km[m-c-bmbn Imcq-cnsâ IY-I-fnÂhnX-dm-dp-ff temtIm-̄ n-I-fp-tSbpw [mÀ½nI ho£-W-§-fp-tSbpw tat¼m-Sn-IÄ CuIY-bnÂ Ipd-hm-Wv. IY-m--́ -y-̄ nÂ \fn\n F\-yp-a-td-ä-dpsS a\-knÂ DWÀ¯nb {]Xn-I-c-W§Ä kqNn-̧ n-¡m³ thn am{X-amWv ImYn-IÄ t\cn«v \½-tfm-sS--́ -¦nepw ]d-bp-¶-Xv.

\thm-°m-\-Im-e-̄ nse aäp sNdp-IYm Ir¯p-IÄ CtX {]ta-bs¯ F§s\kao-]n-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v teJ-I³ hnNn-́ \w sN¿p-¶p. s]mä-¡mSv CS-XqÀ¶ ]Ým-¯e hÀ®-\-sImv \mbn-I-bpsS hnjm-Z-kp-µ-c-ap-J-̄ n\v IqSp-XÂ angn-th-Ip-am-bn-


School of Distance Educationcp-¶p. Ddq_v IhnX IeÀ¶ sIm¨p hmMvab Nn{X-§-fn-eqsS \fn-\n-bpsS A´ÀK-X-§ÄIqSn NnI-sª-Sp-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p. XIgn Xpd-¶-Sn¨ kmaq-ly hnaÀi-\-̄ nÂ sNs¶-¯p-am-bn-cp-¶p. kap-Zmb hy-h-Øn-Xn-bpsS \oXn XX-zs¯ tNmZyw sN¿p-am-bn-cp-¶p.Npcp-¡-̄ nÂ Imcp-cns\ hy-X-y-kvX-\m-¡p-¶Xv EPpw BS-bm-̀ -c-W-§-fn-Ãm-̄ Xpw X\ntIc-fo-b-hp-amb IYm-I-Y\ coXn-bm-Wv. ]ß-\m-̀ tâbpw Fw. Sn. bptSbpw am[-hn-¡p-«n-bp-tSbpw Xe-apd km£m-XvI-cn¨ sFdWn knw_ Iev]-\, {]Xn cq]m-ß-I-Xzw XpS-§nb B[p-\n-IX kt¦-X-§Ä Imcp-cns\ Xosc BIÀjn-̈ n-Ã. Imcp-cnsâ BJ-ym\Ie hÀÖ-\-̄ nsâ Ie-bmWv (art of elimination) F¶ \nK-a-\-̄ nÂ teJ-I³ F¯n-t¨-cp-¶p. sshhn-[-y-amÀ¶ cN\kt¦-X-§-fpsS km[-y-X-IÄ NqjWw sN¿p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bÃ, B km[-y-X-X-IÄ¡v t_m[-]qÀÆw \nb-{´Ww GÀs¸-Sp-̄ p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bmWvImcqÀ IY-IÄ ]e "C -̂IvSp-Ifpw' t\Sn-sb-Sp-̄ -Xv.

ac-¸m-h-I-fpsS IYm inev]hpw \mbn-I-bpsS inev]-I-em-hn-Z-ybpw X½n-ep-ffkmZ-y-iyw teJ-I³ Nqn-¡m-«p-¶p. \fn-\n-sb-t¸mse Imcqcpw HcÀ°-̄ nÂ ac-̧ m-h-I-fpsS \nÀam-Xm-hm-Wv. At±-l-̄ nsâ IY-I-fnÂ Z´w sImp-ff Ae-¦m-c-̧ -Wn-I-fn-Ã. amÀ_nÄ ssIIm-cyw sN¿p-¶n-Ã. A\m-IÀj-I-sa¶v tXm¶p¶ ]cp-¡³Poh-Xn-bm-YmÀ°-y-§-fnÂ \n¶v HXp-¡hpw imeo-\-X-bp-ap-ff IYm-in-ev]-§Ä {i²m-]qÀhw sa\-bp¶ hnZ-y-bm-bn-cp¶p Imcp-cntâXv.

{kjvSm-hnsâ kzm-X-{ -́yhpw krjvSn-bpsS kZm-Nm-chpw þFw. tXmakv a-yp.19194019-Xp-Xm, þ Fw. tXmakv amX-yp.

11940 Â ]¯\w Xn«-bnse Ios¡m-gq-cn-emWv Fw. tXmakv amXyp P\n-̈ -Xv. hnhn[tImtf-Pp-I-fnÂ ae-bmfw s{]m^k-dm-bn-cp¶ At±-lw tIc-f-̀ mjm C³Ìn-S-ä-yq-«nsâUb-d-IvS-dmbpw tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-̈ n-«p-v. Z -́tKm-]p-c-̄ n-te¡v hopw, kmln-X-y-ZÀi-\w, Bßm-hnsâ apdn-hp-IÄ acp-̀ q-an-bnÂ hnfn-̈ p-]-d-bp-¶-hsâ ssZhw, ss__nÄA\p-̀ -hw, \n\-hp-IÄ \ncp-]-W-§Ä F¶nh {][m\ IrXn-I-fm-Wv.

"{kjvSm-hnsâ kzm-X-{´-yhpw krjvSn-bpsS kZm-Nm-chpw ' F¶ teJ-\-̄ nÂBhn-jvIm-c-k-z-X-{´-y-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw Ie-bpsS [À½-im-kv{X-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw hnNn-́ \wsN¿p-¶p. aäp Poh-Pm-e-§sf At]-£n¨v \nÊ--lm-bI-\mb a\p-j-y³ AXn Poh-\-¯n-\p-ff t]mcm-«-¯n-emWv ]pXnb hSn-h-pIfpw AS-hp-Ifpw t\Sp-¶-Xv {]IrXnI\nªv \ÂIm-̄ -sX-Ã. kzbw Dm-¡m-\p-ff ssh -̀h-̄ nsâ hn¯v ap\-j-ysâXe-t¨m-dn-se-hn-sStbm {]IrXn Xs¶ \nt£-]n-̈ n-«p-v. kÀKm-ß-I-amb IÀ½Ä ap\-j-ysâ ]cn-an-Xn-I-fnÂ \n¶v IpX-dn-s¯dn-¡m-\p-ff DZ-y-a-§-fmWv. Ah AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ kzm-X-{´-y-{]-J-ym-]-\-§-fp-am-Wv.

a\q-j-y-IÀ½-§-fnÂ G-ähpw hnin-jvS-amb ssZh-km-Z-y-iyw hnfw-_cw sN¿p¶IÀ½-amWv IYm-{]-hÀ¯-\w. Iem-hn-jvI-cWw Iem-Im-csâ kzm-X-{´-y-̄ nsâ {]Im-i-\-amWv "Ie PohnXw Xs¶' F¶ XoÀ¸n-eqsS amcmÀ Bhn-jvI-cn¨ ZÀi-\hpw CXp-X-s¶. Iem-hn-jvIm-c-§-fn-eqsS Ah-\-hsâ kzXw Is-̄ p-¶p. Ah-\m-\p-ff Bß-{]-Im-i-\-X-z-c-bpsS \nc-́ -c-amb {]{In-bn-bn-emWv Hcp Iem-Im-c³ bYmÀY kzm-X-{´ywA\p-̀ -hn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXp-sImv kzm-X-{´-y-̄ n-\p-ff Xz-c-bmWv Bhn-jvI-c-W-̄ n-\p-ff t{]c-W-sb¶v ]d-bmw. {kjvSm-hmb hy-àn-am-{X-aÃ Cu kzm-X-{´yw A\p-̀ -hn-¡p-



¶-Xv. Bk-zm-Z-IÀ IqSn-bm-Wv. Ak-zm-Z\w ]p\:krjvSn-bm-b-Xn-\mÂ Ie-bn-eqsS hntam-N-\-{]-{Inb \nc-́ cw \S-¶p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p.

a\p-j-ys\ kw_Ôn¨n-S-t¯mfw kz-X{´yw [mÀ½n-I-bp-ambn IqSn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. kz´w CÑ-tbm-sSm¸w kZm-Nm-c-s¯-¡p-dn¨p IqSn Ah\v t_m[-hm-\m-th-n-h-cp-¶p. [À½-k-¦-S-§Ä a\p-j-ysâ am{Xw Ah-Im-i-am-Wv. AXvsImv Iebv¡vkuµ-c-y-imkv{Xw am{XaÃ, [À½-imkv{Xw IqSn-bp-v. \Ã \S-̧ nsâ D¯-c-hm-Zn-XzwI¿m-fn-t¸m-cp¶ A[n-Im-c-tI-{µ-§Ä kz-X-{´-̀ -c-Ws¯ kwi-b-t¯m-sSbpw ̀ oXn-tbm-sS-bp-amWv ho£n-̈ p-t]m-¶-Xv. H¶p t\m«w sXän-bmÂ hgn-sXän t]mIp-¶-X-h-cmWvhni-zm-kn-IÄ F¶v AhÀ kzbw hni-z-kn-¡p-¶p. sXämbn hym-Jym-\n-̈ mtemF¶v t]Sn¨v Hcp Ime¯ ss__nÄ hmb-\-t]mepw k`-IÄ hne-¡n-bn-cp-¶p.ss__nÄ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX Ipä-̄ n-\mWv Sn³tU-ens\ Np«p-sIm-¶-Xv. kz-X-{´-amb FÃ At\-z-j-W-§-tfbpw krjvSn-I-tfbpw k` kwi-b-t¯msSbmWv t\m¡n-b-Xv.

cmjv{Sobm-[n-Im-chpw hy-X-y-kvX-a-Ã. Imfn-Zm-k³ BZÀi-cm-Pm-hmbn {]iw-kn¨Zneo-]nsâ {]P-I-fpsS KpW-§-fn-sem-¶mbn At±lw Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv {]P-IÀ cmPm-Ú-I-fnÂ \n¶pw ISp-InS hy-Xn-N-en-¡p-¶n-sÃ-¶-Xm-Wv. cmjv{Sm-[n-Imcw Ft¸mgpwB{K-ln-¡p-¶Xv A\p-k-cn-¡p¶ {]Pm-k-©-b-s¯-bm-Wv. ]t£ Iem-Im-c-·mÀFt¸mgpw \hh-y-Xn-bm-\-§Ä k¦-ev]n-¡p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS cq]-I-ev]-\-bnÂ BßmhvAÀ¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p.

ka-{Km-[n-]-X-y-§-fpsS kphÀ®-Imew Ie-bpsS No¯-Im-e-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶vteJI³ Npn-¡m-«p-¶p. F´v, F§s\ Fgp-XWw Fgp-Xm-sa¶v `c-W-IqSw Xocp-am-\n¨ Ime¯v tamkvtIm-bn-tebpw skâ v ]otä-gkn_ÀKn-tebpw Nn´-IÀ¡pwFgp¯pImÀ¡pw Poh\pw sImv ]mem-b\w sNt¿-n-h-¶p.

Npcp-¡-̄ nÂ krjvSn-bpsS kZm-Nm-c-̄ n\p Imh-em-fm-hm³ A[n-Im-c-̄ nsâbmsXm-cq-]hpw \Ã-X-Ã. A[n-Im-c-̄ nsâ IqS-̧ n-d-̧ mWv ̀ bw. ]pXnb-sX´pw AXns\t]Sn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p. Ah X§-fpsS Ccn-̧ nSw Cf-¡p-sa¶v AhÀ Icp-Xp-¶p. Cu ̀ bwlnwk-bn-te¡v \bn-¡p-¶p. HXp-¡m-\m-h-̄ -Xns\ BZ-c-hnsâ {]tem-̀ -\-§-fn-eqsShis -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p. kÀK-k-zm-X-{ -́ys¯ Ip¯n-bmbmepw \¡n-bm-bmepw sImÃpI Xs¶sN¿p-¶p.

\ne-hn-ep-ff AX-y-]vXn-bmWv krjvSn-bpsS auenI tNmZ-\. kX-y-̄ nÂ kz´w\ne-\Â]n-\p-thn AXv {]Xr-Xn-sb ]qcn-̧ n-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. AXp-sImvkrjvSn-bpsS Ncn{Xw Ncn-{Xs¯ \nc-́ -c-ambn amän-sb-gp-Xp-¶-Xnsâ Ncn-{X-am-bn-Xo-cp-¶p. Bbp-[-§Ä¡pw ]oV-\-§Ä¡pw {`jvSn\pw ]pc-kvIm-c-{]-tem-̀ -\-§Ä¡pw Bhn-jvI-c-W-X-z-csb AS¡n \nÀ¯m³ Ign-ªn-«n-Ã. FXnÀ¸p-I-fpsS a[-y-̄ nÂ Xs¶-bmWv t{ijvT-amb Ie cq]w sImf-fp-¶-Xv. Iem-Im-csâ GXv kml-N-c-y-̄ nepw]Y-y-amb A{]n-b-k-Xyw hnfn-̈ p-]-d-bp-¶p. Abm-fpsS hncÂ A[À½-̄ n\v t\scNpp-¶p. þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ

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