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lzIfsx¿n] ef]Ug'k/]sf ;d:of, ltgsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ljrf/ a'nGb ug{] Psdfq nf]slk|o, pTs[i6 / ljz'4 z}lIfs klqsf aGg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . c‰} b'u{d ufpF7fpFsf ljBfnox¿df ;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf

lzIfsx¿sf] syf, Joyf / lzIf0f k]zfdf ;+nUg /xL ;kmntf xfl;n ug]{ lzIfsx¿sf] k[i7e"ld hLjgL ;d]l6g] 5'§} Pp6f :tDe eOlbP a]; x'g]lyof] .s'df//fh :ofª\af]af3 e}/j lgdflj5ltjg–%, 7"nf]ynL, dsjfgk'/

s]xL ;'‰ffjxfdL lzIffzf:q cWoog ul//x]sf ljBfyL{x¿sf] nflu lzIfs dfl;s Pp6f pkof]uL v'/fs ag]sf] 5 . c;f/ cÍb]lv lzIfs sf] d"No ?=$) x'g] s'/f hfgsf/L kfof}+ . ljBfyL{x¿sf] nflu of] clns dxFuf] eP h:tf] nfUof] . t/ klg ;a}sf cf–cfˆg} ;d:of x'G5g\ . d"Noj[l4 u/]kl5 ca lzIfs df k[i7x¿ yk]/ nueu !)) k'¥ofpg'k¥of] . ;fy} o;df lgDg s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ul/o'g\ eGg] xfd|f] ;'‰fj 5M!= pkof]uL s'/fx¿ h:t}M

;[hgzLntf a9fpg] pkfo, k9fOdf ?lr a9fpg] s'/f, sIffsf]7fdf lzIf0f ubf{ ljBfyL{d'vL / cGt/lqmofd'vL s;/L agfpg] eGg] h:tf s'/f lgoldt ¿kdf k|sflzt ug'{k¥of] .

@= lzIfs dfl;sdf g]kfn lzIfs o'lgogsf cWoIf s[i0fk|;fb 9sfnsf ljrf/, cg'e"ltx¿ a9L ;dfj]z ePsf] b]lvof] . u'0f/fh nf]xgL, df]xg 1jfnL, afa'/fd clwsf/L tyf cGo o'lgogsf cWoIf tyf ;b:ox¿sf ljrf/x¿ klg lgoldt ¿kdf k|sflzt ug'{ k¥of] . o;df e]befj gul/of];\ .

#= zAbv]n, ;'8f]s' / cGtfIf/L sf6]/ k7fpFbf To;sf] cufl8 jf k5fl8kl§ /x]sf dxŒjk"0f{ n]vx¿ sfl6g] x'Fbf zAbv]n, ;'8f]s' cufl8 jf k5fl8sf] k[i7df lj1fkg, ;xL ;dfwfg k7fpg]x¿sf] gfdfjnL k|sflzt u/] /fd|f] x'GYof] .

$= lzIfs dfl;sdf ;'b"/klZrdsf lzIfs, lzIffljb\, a'l4hLjLx¿sf cg'e"lt, ;d:of, ljrf/ Hofb} g}

sd ;dfj]z ul/Psf] b]lvof] . cflv/ of] e]befj lsg <

nf]s]Gb| l;+x 36fn, ljzgk|;fb kGt / cd/axfb'/ a'9f, l;4gfy ax'd'vL SofDk;, dx]Gb|gu/

-l6Kk0fLM ;'‰fjsf nflu 36fn, kGt / a'9fhLnfO{ wGojfb . tkfOFx¿sf] ;'‰fj cg';f/ lzIfs nfO{ c‰} a9L pkof]uL / ;fy{s t'Nofpg] k|of; eO{ g} /xg] ljZjf; lbnfpg rfxG5f}+ .

b'O{j6f ;Gbe{df lzIfs n] …e]befjÚ u/]sf] tkfOFx¿sf] h'g cf/f]k / cfzÍf 5 To;nfO{ xfdL :jLsf/ ub{}gf}+ . a? tkfOFx¿ ljBfyL{ ePsf gftfn], s] ;'‰fj lbg rfxG5f}+ eg]+Ù s;}k|lt cf/f]k nufpFbf cyjf s;}sf] sfd–Jojxf/af/] zÍf k|s6 ug'{cl3 tYo–oyfy{ s] xf] eGg] cfkm}+n] a'´g] k|of; ug]{ ug'{ plrt x'G5 .

lzIfs n] 9sfnnfO{ …sfvfÚ / nf]xgL, 1jfnL tyf clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ …kfvfÚ u/]sf] xf]Og, slxNo} ub}{g . 9sfnn] hlt n]Vg'eof], n]Vg Eofpg'eof] tL 5flkP . nf]xgL, 1jfnL, clwsf/Lx¿n] 9sfnsf hlt n]Vg'ePg, n]Vg Eofpg'ePg, To;}n] pxfFx¿sf n]v÷ljrf/ yf]/} ;ª\Vofdf 5flkP . lx;fa ;Lwf 5 .

tkfOFx¿sf] csf]{ cf/f]k -a'Fbf g+= $_ cfkm}+df lg/fwf/ 5 . lsgeg], -s_ lzIfs n] s'g ljsf; If]qnfO{ slt kfgf lbg] eg]/ k[i7x¿ efua08f jf …cf/If0fÚ u/]sf] 5}g . -v_ lzIfs sf xfn;Ddsf cÍdf sxfFsf / s:tf ;fdu|L s]–s:tf] cg'kftdf k|sflzt eP eGg] s'/f o;df 5flkPsf ;du| ljifoj:t'sf] ljZn]if0f -sG6]G6 Pgflnl;;_ u/]kl5 dfq} yfxf x'G5 . Tof] sfd clxn];Dd ePsf] 5}g . lgs6 eljiodf :jtGq JolQm jf ;+:yfaf6 Tof] sfo{ u/fpg] xfd|f] of]hgf /x]sf] 5 . -u_ …d]/f]÷xfd|f] n]v jf ljrf/ jf ;dfrf/n] lzIfs df :yfg kfPgÚ eGg] Pp6f klg u'gf;f] ;'b"/klZrdf~rnaf6 cfh;Dd xfdLnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] 5}g . -olb tkfOFx¿n] To:tf] u'gf;f]

5b\de]ifL kq k|]ifs ÛlzIfs klqsfn] lbg] u/]sf ljifoj:t'x¿ lzIfs, ljBfyL{ Pj+ cleefjssf ;fy} lzIffk|lt rf;f] /fVg] hf]–sf]xL JolQmsf nflu pkof]uL 5g\ . t/ o; klqsfsf] …k|ltlqmof / ;'‰fjÚ :tDedf csf{sf] gfd a]rL cgfjZos kmfObf p7fpg] kf7sx¿ klg e]l6Fbf /x]5g\ . c;f/ @)^& sf] lzIfs sf] …k|ltlqmof / ;'‰fjÚ :tDecGtu{t …kIfkftL a9'jfÚ zLif{sdf ofbj vltj8f -ljZjHof]lt pdflj nfdL8fF8f, vf]6fª_sf] gfddf k|sflzt k|ltlqmof d ofbjk|;fb vltj8fn] n]v]s} xf]Og . c¿ s;}n] JolQmut kmfObf p7fpg Tof] kq n]v]sf] x'g'k5{ . o;/L csf{sf] gfd /fvL JolQmut kmfObf lng vf]Hg] JolQm kQf nufO{ lzIfs n] sf/afxL u/f];\ . ;fy} pQm kqsf] kf08'lnlk d]/f] 7]ufgfdf k7fO{ ;xof]u ul/lbg'x'g cg'/f]w 5 .ofbjk|;fb vltj8f ljZjHof]lt pdflj, nfdL8fF8f, vf]6fª

-l6Kk0fLM vltj8fhLsf] cfu|xnfO{ xfdLn] uDeL/tfk"j{s lnPsf 5f}+ . 5b\de]ifL klxNofpg] k|of; ca z'? x'g]5 . t/, kqsf] kf08'lnlk -k|df0f_ g} tkfOFnfO{ k7fOlbg] xf] eg] xfdLn] 5fglag rflxF s] cfwf/df ug'{ lg Û To;}n] kf08'lnlk k7fpg c;dy{ 5f}+ . – ;+=_

k|ltlqmof / ;'‰ffj

lzIfs ;fpg @)^&6

kfpg'ePsf] 5 eg] xfdLsxfF ;Dks{ ug{ elglbg'xf]nf .

st} To; If]qsf lzIfs, kqsf/ / a'l4hLjLx¿n] n]v÷;dfrf/ g} yf]/} k7fPsf sf/0f lzIfs df ;'b"/klZrdf~rnsf] pkl:ylt -tkfOFx¿n] eg] ‰}+_ …Go"gÚ x'gk'u]sf] xf] ls < olb To:tf] /x]5 eg] lzIfs n] …e]befjÚ u¥of] eGg'sf] ;§f ;'b"/klZrdf~rnsf lzIfs, kqsf/, a'l4hLjL n]vs cflbnfO{ n]Vgsf lglDt 3r3Rofpg] kf] xf] ls < –;+=_

;a} kq Pp6} vfddfdnfO{ lzIfs df k|sflzt x'g] km';{b :tDe cToGt} dgk5{ . t/, ;'8f]s'sf] k5fl8 cGtfIf/L /xFbf Pp6f Roft]/ k7fpFbf csf]{ klg gi6 x'g] ePsfn] xfdLnfO{ o:tf] b'Mv glbP /fd|f] x'GYof] .

csf]{ s'/fÙ lh1f;f, k|ltlqmof, zAbv]n tyf cGo ;fdu|L k7fpFbf Pp6} vfdleq /fv]/ k7fpFbf x'G5 ls x'Fb}g < o;f] ePdf sd vlr{nf] x'g]lyof] .;Gtf]ifs'df/ d]xtf;'s'gf ax'd'vL SofDk;, df]/ª

-l6Kk0fLM Pp6} vfddf ;a} s'/f /fv]/ k7fpg kfOxflnG5 lg Û c¿n] k7fO/x]s} 5g\ . –;+=_

lgDg s'/fx¿ ylkof];\lzIfs dfl;s klxnfsf] eGbf kl/dflh{t x'Fb} uPsf]df xflb{s wGojfb . ca lzIfs n] lgDg s'/fx¿ yKb} hfcf];\M!= lzIff lgodfjnL cÍut lx;fan]

k|sfzg ug]{Ù@= lzIfs nfO;]G;sf]

kf7\oqmdnufot kf7\oqmddf cfwfl/t ;fdu|+L qmdzM k|sfzg ug]{Ù

#= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] kf7\oqmddf cfwfl/t ;fdu|Lnufot ;fdfGo1fg;DaGwL hfgsf/L a9fpg]Ù

$= lzIfssf] v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL x'g lzIfsn] ug{'kg]{ tof/L af/]sf] hfgsf/LÙ

%= lzIfs eO;s]kl5 ug'{kg]{

sfd, bfloTj cflbsf] af/]df klg hfgsf/L lbP xfdL h:tf …ljBfyL{–lzIfsÚ nfO{ kl5 sfd ug{ ;lhnf] x'GYof] .

;'/]z kf}8]nlvlbd–^, c3f{vfFrL

gubsf] ;§f lgMz'Ns lzIfslzIfs dfl;s klqsf xfdL lzIf0fsdL{, ljBfyL{ tyf o; If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿sf nflu ;~hLjgL a'6L g} ;fljt ePsf] 5 . cGo kf7sx¿sf nflu ;d]t of] klqsf Hofb} ultnf] v'/fs xf] . ;fdfGo1fg, zAbv]n, ;'8f]s' / cGtfIf/Lsf] ;xL hjfkm k7fpg] kf7sx¿dWo]af6 uf]nf l6kfO k|To]ssf Ps÷Ps ljh]tfnfO{ gub ?=!))) k'/:sf/ ;d]tsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg' lzIfs dfl;ssf] csf]{ ;an kIf xf] . tyflk ljh]tfx¿nfO{ ?= !))) sf b/n] k'/:sf/ lbg'eGbf lzIfs Ps jif{;Dd lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fP /fd|f] x'GYof] ls </fhg e'h]nefiff lgdflj, a8fsflbofn]–%, vf]6fª

-l6Kk0fLM e'h]nhLsf] k|:tfjaf/] o;cl3 k'/:sf/ k|fKt ul/;Sg'ePsf ;d]t cGo kf7sx¿ s] eGg'x'G5 < s[kof cfˆgf] /fo k7fpg'xf]nf . –;+=_

E-mail: kscram@ksc.edu.np, URL: w w w . k s c . e d u . n p

sf7df8f}+ lzIff SofDk;/fdzfxky, e[s'6Ld08k. rf]s, sf7df8f}+ -kb\df]bo pdfljsf] ejg_kmf]gM )!–$@#)@$), (*%!)!!^$^, (*$!#@%()), (*$!@^%%$$gf]l6; af]8{ g+=M SofDk; ljif]z ;"rgf -!^!*)!$@#)@$)_ljBfyL{ ljz]if ;"rgf -!^!*)&)&#)@$!_ pQm g+= x¿df g]kfnel/sf nf]sn kmf]gaf6 ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

klxnf] ;fd'bflos lzIff SofDk;

ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofksx¿af6 cWofkg u/fOg] o; sf7df8f}+ lzIff SofDk;df Pd=P8=-cª\u|]hL, g]kfnL, :jf:Yo, z}lIfs of]hgf tyf Joj:yfkg / kf7\oqmd_aL=P8= Psjif]{ / tLgjif]{ -cª\u|]hL, g]kfnL, :jf:Yo, ul0ft, hg;+Vof, ;fdflhs,

z}lIfs k|zf;g / ;'kl/j]If0f_ +@ -lzIff, dfgljsL, Joj:yfkg / sDKo'6/ lj1fgsf sIff ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 .

— tLgyfgf, sf7df8f}+, kmf]gM $#!!*$#

Pd=P8= bf];|f] jif{sf] cEof; lzIf0fsf] nflu ;fpg !( ut] ;Dks{ ug]{ . j]a;fO6 tyf gf]l6;af]8{dfkm{t\ ;"rgf k|bfg / cfw'lgs k|ljlwaf6 cWofkg . sIff ;~rfng ;fF‰f $ b]lv * tyf k|zf;g lbgsf] ! b]lv ;fF‰f * ah];Dd 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf .lzIfs dfl;ssf] @)^% ;fnsf

c+sx¿ …afOl08ªÚ ul/Psf] ;ª\u|x tof/ ePsf] 5 . OR5's kf7sx¿n] glhssf] klqsf k;n jf lzIfssf] sfof{no -kmf]gM %%$*!$@_ df ;Dks{

/fVg'xf]nf .d"No ?=M #%)÷–

lzIfs sf k'/fgf cÍ

…;ª\u|x @)^^Ú l5§} ahf/df cfpFb}5 .

lzIfs ;fpg @)^& 7

lzIfs ;fpg @)^&8

kfpFbf d]/f] :yfoL ;]jf cjlw @) jif{ gk'Ug] b]lvG5 . of] cj:yfdf d}n] k]G;g kfpF5' ls kfpFlbgF < c:yfoL ;]jf cjlw hf]8]/ k]G;g kfpg] Joj:yf 5 ls 5}g <

/]ZdL/fh ;'j]bL, r'/] pdflj, augfxf, alb{of

lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( df @) jif]{ :yfoL ;]jf k"/f u/]sf lzIfsn] dfq} k]G;g kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . c:yfoL ;]jf cjlw hf]8]/ k]G;g lbg ldNb}g . tkfOFn] pkbfg rflxF cjZo kfpg'x'g]5 . lbjfs/ cj:yL, lgldQ dxflgb]{zs, ljBfno lzIfs lstfavfgf

xfdLn] k]G;g kfpF5f}+ <xfdL @)^@÷)^# df lzIfs ;]jf cfof]un] lnPsf] %) k|ltzt cfGtl/s k/LIffaf6 df=lz= t[tLo >]0fLdf :yfoL ePsf lzIfsx¿ xf}+ . pQm cjlwdf :yfoL ePsf xfdL h:tf lzIfsn] lgj[Qe/0f -k]G;g_ kfpF5f}+ ls kfpFb}gf}+ <

lji0f' >]i7, gf/fo0fk|;fb sfˆn], nf]saxfb'/ u'?ªzflGtlgs'~r pdflj, lk7f}nL, gjnk/f;L

k|sfz /fO{, k~rsGof k|flj, Zofdl;nf– %, ef]hk'/uf]ljGbk|;fb 9'Ëfgf, dxfFsfn lgdflj, 7"nf]k;]{n– !, sfe|]

;/sf/n] @)^) ;fndf lzIff lgodfjnL—@)%( df bf];|f] ;+zf]wgdfk{mt …g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]lslbPsf] ldltkl5 lgo'Qm x'g] lzIfsn] pkbfg jf k]G;g gkfpg]Ú Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To:tf lzIfssf nflu 5'§} lgj[lQe/0f sf]if u7g ug]{ klg elgPsf] 5 . t/ ;/sf/n] xfn;Dd lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf] ;"rgf /fhkqdf k|sflzt u/]sf] 5}g . lbjfs/ cj:yL, lgldQ dxflgb]{zs, ljBfno lzIfs lstfavfgf

cfj]bg lbg kfpF5' ls kfpFlbgF <@)^! ; fnd f cWo fkg cg'dltkq k|fKt u/L ̂ jif{b]lv Pp6f k|fylds :s"ndf lghL;|f]t lzIfssf ¿kdf k9fO/x]sL 5' . t/, d}n] clxn];Dd s'g} tflnd

lnPsL 5}g . of] cj:yfdf d}n] k|fylds txsf] l/Qm b/aGbLsf] lzIfs kbdf pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpF5' ls kfpFlbgF <

;'lgtf yfkf, 7f8f– %, c3f{vfFrL

tkfOFn] :yfoL jf c:yfoL s'g rflxF cg'dltkq lng'ePsf] xf] eGg] v'Ng ;s]g . olb :yfoL cg'dltkq lng'ePsf] xf] eg] :jtM pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg'x'G5 . cg'dltkq c:yfoL xf] eg] To;sf] Dofb ;lsPsf] x'g'x'Fb}g .

j}s'07k|;fb sfˆn], pk;lrj, lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u

k};f lsg cfPg <;/sf/ / lzIfs o'lgogaLr !! sflQs @)^^ df ePsf] ;xdltsf] a'Fbf ! df k|fylds :s"nnfO{ sd{rf/L vr{afkt ?=@@,))) lbg] pNn]v 5 . t/, xfn;Dd klg pQm /sd ljBfnodf lgsf;f ePsf] 5}g . o;df lsg l9nfO ePsf] xf] <

afnfb'Dhfg tfdfª, ljBfno kl/r/, Ko'7fg

lzIfs–;/sf/ ;xdltadf]lhd k|flj, lgdflj / dfljnfO{ qmdzM ?=@@ xhf/, ?=@& xhf/ / ?=#! xhf/sf b/n] lhlzsfdfk{mt ;DalGwt :s"nnfO{ /sd lgsf;fsf] nflu o; ljefuaf6 !) df3 @)^^ df g} lgb]{zg lbO;lsPsf] 5 .

s[i0fk|;fb 9'Ëfgf, pk;lrj, lzIff ljefu

s] of] ;fFrf] xf] <c:yfoL / :yfoL lzIfssf] ;d]t c:yfoL lzIf0f ;]jf cjlwsf] ;l~rt /x]sf] la/fdL labfsf] /sd gkfpg] eGg] ;'Ggdf cfPsf] 5 . s] of] s'/f ;fFrf] xf] <

w|'jk|;fb kË]gL, a'4ljsf; lgdflj, sf]n8fF8f, kfNkf

c:yfoL ;]jf cjlwsf] ;l~rt la/fdL labfsf] /sd gkfpg] s'/f ;fFrf] xf]Og . a?, lzIfs lstfavfgfn] :yfoL lzIfssf] dfq} ;l~rt /sd lbFb} cfPsf]df cfpFbf lbgdf c:yfoL lzIfssf] lgsf;f ;d]t lstfavfgfaf6} ug]{ u/L lzIff ;lrj:t/Lo lg0f{o eO;s]sf] 5 .

s[kf/fd l/Hofn, n]vf clws[t, ljBfno lzIfs lstfavfgf

pkbfg lng'xf];\d}n] @* j}zfv @)#$ df lg=df= t[tLo >]0fLsf] c:yfoL lzIfssf ¿kdf lzIf0f yfn]sf] x'F . o; qmddf !@ dª\l;/ @)$* df ;f]xL >]0fLdf :yfoL lgo'lQm kfO{ c6'6 ¿kdf ;]jf ub}{ cfPsf] 5' . gful/stf / z}lIfs k|df0fkq cg';f/ cfpFbf] ! j}zfv @)^* df d]/f] pd]/ ^) jif{ k'U5 . cjsfz

lstfa lsGg k};f ePg Û;/sf/n] z}lIfs jif{ @)^^÷^& b]lv sIff * ;Dd kf7\ok':ts lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . t/, xfd|f] :s"ndf ut ;fn klg kf7\ok':ts lsGgsf nflu /sd lgsf;f ePg . ;fy} o; jif{sf] /sd klg lgsf;f ePsf] 5}g . o;n] ubf{ ljBfyL{nfO{ k'/fg} k':ts lbg'kg]{ afWotf 5 . pQm /sdsf] lgsf;f lsg ePg <

5ljnfn sfˆn] -k|c_ tyf;Dk"0f{ lzIfsx¿, dflj lhgfv', l;Gw'nL

kf7\ok':tssf] /sd ;a} :s"ndf k7fO;s]sfn] ;DalGwt lhlzsfd} ;Dks{ /fVg'x'g cg'/f]w ub{5' .

s[i0fk|;fb 9'Ëfgf, pk;lrj, lzIff ljefu

lzIff ljefun] to u/]sf] gD;{ cg';f/ sIff * sf] kf7\ok':ts lsGgsf lglDt k7fOPsf] /sd xfdLn] ;DalGwt :s"nsf] vftfdf @)^^ kmfu'gdf hDdf u/]sf 5f}+ . To;}n], o;;DaGwL yk :ki6tfsf nflu ;DalGwt :s"nsf k|c tyf lzIfsn] lhlzsfdf cfP/ a'́ g ;Sg'x'g]5 .

dgsfhL >]i7, lhlzc, l;Gw'nL

lzIfs ;fpg @)^& 9

d]/f b'O{ kZgz'4 l/Qm b/aGbLdf lgo'lQm kfPsf c:yfoL lg=df= låtLo >]0fLsf lzIfsnfO{ ;/sf/n] dfWolds txsf] !) dlxg] tflnd / ;f]xL txsf] tna ;'ljwf klg lbPsf] 5 . t/,s_ lg=df= låtLo >]0fLsf lzIfsnfO{ df=lz= t[tLo >]0fLdf

;dfof]hg ug{ lsg gldn]sf] xf]nf <v_ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]un] ca vf]Ng] lj1fkgdf lg=df= låtLo

>]0fLsf lzIfsn] s'g txsf] s'g >]0fLdf b/vf:t lbg kfpF5 <

sfd]Zj/ d08n, hgHof]lt pdflj, as'jf, alb{of

s_ lg=df= låtLo >]0fLsf lzIfsnfO{ dfWolds t[tLo >]0fLsf] b/aGbLdf sfod ug{sf] nflu cy{ dGqfno;Fu ;xdlt dfluPsf] 5 . cy{ dGqfnoaf6 ;xdlt k|fKt ePkl5 lzIff dGqfnon] pQm k|:tfj sfof{Gjog ug]{5 .

lji0f'k|;fb clwsf/L, pk;lrj, lzIff dGqfno

v_ aL=P8= pQL0f{ eO{ cWofkg cg'dltkq k|fKt u/]sf lg=df= låtLo >]0fLsf lzIfsn] dfWolds t[tLo >]0fLdf b/vf:t lbg ;Sg]5g\ .

j}s'07k|;fb sfˆn], pk;lrj, lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u

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cfkm" cefj} cefjdf k9]sf] eP/ xf]nf, ljBfyL{;Fu sfkL / snd gePsf] b]Vbf d]/f] dg s'Fl8g] u5{ .

cfh lzIfsnfO{ x]g]{ cfdk|j[lQ ;sf/fTds 5}g . ;/sf/L ljBfnosf lzIfsnfO{ lgsDdf 7fGg yflnPsf] 5 . o;df xfdL lzIfsx¿ g} lhDd]jf/ 5f}F . xfd|f] sfdrf]/ k|j[lQn] xfdLnfO{ lgsDdf agfO/x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] of] k|j[lQnfO{ lzIfssf k]zfut lzIfs ;+3–;Ë7gx¿n] klg s]xL xb;Dd ;+/If0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . x'Fbfx'Fbf ca k]zfut lgi7f xf]Og lzIfsn] /fhgLlts bnsf] cf]t gnfuL gx'g] kl/l:ylt ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . xfdL cfkm}F klg hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/L k9fpg xf]Og …hflu/ vfgÚ ljBfno wfO/x]sf 5f}F .

Psfwafx]s d]/f] lzIfs hLjgsf gdL7f If0fx¿ 5}gg\ . t/ d}n] d]xgt u/]/ k9fPF eg]/ Pshgf ;xsdL{n] dnfO{ …lzIff lbj;sf] lbg tSdf kfpg'xf]nfÚ eg]/ 5]8 xfg]sf] slxNo} e'lNbgF . pxfF clxn] lzIf0f k]zf Tofu]/ cGo k]zfdf /dfpg yfNg'ePsf] 5 .

cfh ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] z}lIfs:t/ cf]/fnf] nflu/x]sf] 5 . c‰} r'k nfu]/ a:g] xf] eg] Pslbg ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿ ljBfyL{ljxLg x'g]5g\ . To;}n] o;k|lt ;a}n] uDeL/ x'g'kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu lzIfss} e"ldsf cxd\ x'G5 . xfdLn] k"/f ;do lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf sIffd} latfpg] xf] eg] cfwf ;d:of To;} xn x'G5 . lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] cg'udg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L b08 / k'/:sf/sf] gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'k5{ . tflnddf l;s]sf ;LknfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{ / lg/Gt/ cWoogzLn aGg] xf] eg] xfdL lzIfsn] g} ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] z}lIfs:t/ psf:g ;S5fF } .

lzIfs ;fpg @)^& 13

s Iff ! b]lv k|foM k|yd x'Fb} P;Pn;L kf; u/]F . 3/sf] sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yfsf sf/0f zx/ahf/

/ pkTosf l5/]/ /fd|f] k|fljlws lzIffaf6 jl~rt eO{ 3/ glhs}sf] pRr dfljdf cWoog u/L ±@ kf; u/]F . Tolta]nf dnfO{ k9fpg'x'g] u'?x¿ cToGt kl/>dL, of]Uo, st{Jolgi7 / cfbz{jfbL x'g'x'GYof] . To;df klg u'? v/]nnfO{ zfob d ;bf;j{bf cfˆgf] dfg;k6naf6 x6fpg ;lSbgF . pxfFsf] cyfx kl/>d, of]ubfg, z}lIfs ;dk{0f / kbk|bz{gaf6 d}n] :gftsf]Q/ ug{ ;s]sf] x'F . ljBfyL{sfndf zfob h]x]gbf/, lh1f;' / kl/>dL ePs} sf/0f d pxfFsf] nflu ljz]if glhs / Kof/f] ljBfyL{ ePsf] x'g;S5' . d]/f] 7DofOdf pxfFn] daf6 7"n} cfzf ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] ;f]rfO cfzf / cg'dfg lyof]—d lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cAan bhf{sf] /fi6«;]js ag"F .

ljBfno 5f]8]kl5 pxfF;Fusf] e]63f6 qmdzM dw'/f] x'Fb} uof] . jif{df Psk6s, To;kl5 b'O{ jif{ x'Fbfx'Fb} nueu !) jif{sf] cGt/fndf crfgs d]/f] cfbz{ lzIfs v/]n u'?;Fu e]6 eof] . Tof] bzssf] cGt/fndf d / d]/f] :d[lt pxfFsf] dfg;k6ndf kftlnFb} uPsf] /x]5 . u'? t ;]t} km'Ng'ePsf], rfp/L kg'{ePsf] clg n¶Lsf] e/df lxF88'n ub}{ …l/6fo8{Ú nfOkm lhpg' x'Fb}/x]5 . o;f] cg'dfg sf6]/ a8f] lzi6 ¿kdf bz{g 6qm\ofPF . nfdf] / ulx/f] k|Zg;"rs x]/fOkl5 pxfFn] dnfO{ 7Dofpg'eof] . æc/] Û kf}8]n x}g, stfaf6 af6f] la/fO;\ < s] alg;\ < s] ub}{5;\ cfhsn <Æ pxfFsf tLg j6} k|ZgnfO{ Pp6} pQ/ t]:of{PF, ælzIfs, otf sfof{nodf cfPsf] lyPF .Æ w]/}a]/sf] uDeL/ x]/fOkl5 u'?sf] d'vf/ljGbaf6 jf0fL ljikmf]6 eof], æy'OSs Û lzIfs kf]=== .Æ

d :tAw ePF . lrofkfg / 5f]6f] enfs';f/Lkl5 u'?af6 labf eO{ uGtJotkm{ nlDsPF . To;kl5 dg v'nf cfsfzdf sfjf vfg yfNof] . ælsg …lzIfsÚ eGbf …y'OSsÚ Û s] la/fPF < pxfF klg t cfbz{ / a8f] ;Ddflgt u'? . pxfFs} r]nf lzIfs ag]sf]df lsg lwSsf/sf] pkdf < Toqf] cfklQ Û cflv/ lghL ;|f]t x'Fb} /fxt b/aGbLdf a;]/ sl/a !@cf}+ j;Gt kf/ ub}{ xhf/f}+ ljBfyL{nfO{ 8'Ëf lvofP/ lIflth kf/ u/fPs} 5' . e|i6frf/, zf]if0f / s'sd{ u/]sf] 5}g Û ljBfyL{nfO{ 1fgu'gsf s'/f k:s]/ ;fgf] kljq sdfO a6'n]/ cfˆgf] ;fgf] / zfGt ‰'k8Ldf cfgGb, ;Gtf]if / v';L;fy lhPs} 5' .Æ dgdf s'/f t/ËL /x] . æzfob cfh u'? d'8df x'g'xF'bf] /x]g5 Sof/] . d}n] e]6 ug{ gx'g] /x]5 .Æ

u'?sf] ckm;f]rnfO{ kjf{x gu/L To;kl5 klg cfˆgf] k]zfdf nLg eO/x]F . ljBfyL{, lzIfs ;fyLx¿ / cleefjsaf6 klg dfof, ddtf / ;Ddfgsf jiff{x¿ al;{/x] . kQ} kfOgF lzIf0f k]zfsf JotLt ef]ufOx¿ . ;f]Rg} EofOgF lzIfs x'g'df To:tf] s] g} kf] v/faL 5 < :jR5 dof{lbt k]zfdf 5' . pd]/ xbaGbL glhs k'u]5 ca ;f]Rg ljjz ePF lzIfs === :yfoL === c:yfoL === /fxt === lghL ;|f]t === kL=;L=Pkm=== . cf]xf] Û oqf] juL{s/0f Û e]befj Û cflv/, Ps} Tof] klg clt ;+j]bgzLn / dof{lbt k]zfleq Û jfkm /] jfkm Û

d t aNn a'´g yfn]F, s'lx/f]df atfl;Psf] sfu, gfljs a]u/sf] ;fd'lGb|s ofqL, sxfF xf] uGtJo < aNn a'‰]F u'? t a8f] b"/bzL{, #) jif{kl5sf] z}lIfs lkmtnf] gLlt klxNo} a'l‰;Sg'ePsf] /x]5 Û 7Ls} kf] /x]5 d]/f] !) jif{kl5sf] e]6df lbPsf] …y'OSsÚ sf] pkxf/ Û

:ofaf;Lsf] ;§f …y'OSsÚ Ûdf]xg kf}8]n;/:jtL dflj, 8fF8fvs{, vf]6fª

ljb]zLsf] cfFvfdf xfdL

lzIfs ;fpg @)^&14

k|f= xflhd] ofdl;tf

olb cfhsf] /fhgLlts g]t[Tj b]zsf] ;d[l4k|lt sl6a4 / Odfgbf/ 5}g eg] To;lglDt g]kfnsf] lzIff lhDd]jf/ 5 . g]t[Tjdf k'u]sf dflg;n] kfPsf] lzIffdf sxLF g sxLF sdL eP/} of] ;d:of b]lvPsf] xf] . Tof] sdhf]/L;d]t klxNofP/ lzIffnfO{ b]zk|]d ug]{ gful/s pTkfbg ug]{ u/L ;'wf/ ug'{k5{ .

d klxnf]kN6 ;g\ !((* df Ps hgf hfkfgL ;dfh;]jL;Fu g]kfn cfPsf] lyPF . Tolta]nf g} dnfO{ of] 7fpF cf}wL

dg k¥of] . oxfFsf] k|fs[lts 56f / dflg;x¿sf] hLjgk|ltsf] cfzfjfbn] dnfO{ 5f]of] . g]kfnk|lt d olt d'Uw ePsf] 5' ls !@ jif{df !@÷!# kN6 g]kfn cfO;s]F . c‰} cfpg k'u]sf] 5}g . hlt cfP klg cfO/x'F h:tf] nfU5 .

g]kfnsf ufpF3/ 3'Dbf w]/} c;'ljwf / ul/aL b]lvG5 . ToxfF dflg;x¿ w]/} ;ª\3if{ u/]/ afFr]sf 5g\ . t/ klg pgLx¿df cfzf / ;sf/fTds ;f]r plQs} kfOG5 . hfkfg Pp6f ;d[4 b]z eP klg ToxfF a;]{lg @%÷#) xhf/ dflg; lg/fz eP/ cfTdxTof ug{ k'U5g\ . ul/aL, cJoj:yf / cefjsf aLr klg g]kfnLx¿df hLjgk|ltsf] cfzf ulx/f] ePsf sf/0f oxfF cfTdxTofsf] b/ Psbd} guGo /x]5 . o; b[li6df g]kfn w]/} ;DkGg d'n's xf] . ef}lts / cfly{s

To;f] eP, lzIffdf ;'wf/ u/ Û

g]tfx¿ Odfgbf/ ePgg\ <

;d[l4 dfq ;a}yf]s xf]Og /x]5, hLjgnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f Tof]eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ /x]5 eGg] s'/f g]kfn cfP/ l;s]F d}n] . g]kfnLx¿n]] hLjgsf] ul/df / dxŒj a'‰]sf /x]5g\ . hLjgk|lt cljrlnt cfzf / ;sf/fTds ;f]rn] ubf{ g]kfn Ps lbg cfly{s tyf ef}lts ¿kn] klg ;d[4 d'n's x'g]5 eGg] s'/fdf dnfO{ s'g} ;Gb]x 5}g . cfzfjfbn] g} oxfFsf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;d:of / r'gf}tL;Fu n8\b} ;d[l4sf] nIo xfl;n ug{ ;3fpg] 5 .

cfh g]kfnn] åGå, ul/aL / cljsf; h:tf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] 5 . t/ hfkfgn] of]eGbf klg 7"nf] ;Í6 bf];|f] ljZjo'4df Wj:t ePkl5 ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] lyof] . d}n] k9fpg] :s"nsf] ejg klg cd]l/sL ;]gfsf] adn] Wj:t ePsf] lyof] .

o'4kZrft\ b]zsf] lzIffnufot k'glg{df{0fsf sfo{nfO{

lzIfs ;fpg @)^& 15

s;/L cufl8 a9fpg] eGg] 5nkmn eO/x]sf] lyof] . o;} d];f]df cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] hfkfgdf cd]l/sfs} h:tf] lzIff gLlt nfu" ug{] l;kmfl/; u¥of] . Tolta]nf cd]l/sfdf lzIfs cfkm}Fn] :yfgLo cfjZostf cg';f/sf] kf7\oqmd agfpg] / ;f]xLcg'?k k9fpg] k|rng /x]5 . xfd|f] ;/sf/n] klg ;f]xL gLlt cg';/0f ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] . t/ To;n] xfd|f lzIfsx¿df 7"nf] xnrn Nofof] . lsgeg] lzIfsn] klxnf]kN6 cfkm}F ;f]Rg'kg]{ eof] . To;cl3 lzIfsx¿ kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf s'/f ljBfyL{nfO{ /6fP/ a:y] . t/ ca t lzIfsn] s] /6fpg] eg]/ klg ;f]Rg'kg]{ eof] Û

;d'bfosf] cj:yf / ToxfF Nofpg'kg]{ kl/jt{gnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ kf7\oqmd agfpg elgof] . ;fgf sIffdf :yfgLo s'/fx¿ k9fpg hf]8 lbOof] eg] qmdzM dflyNnf sIffx¿df If]qLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o If]qsf s'/fx¿ k9fpg] gLlt lnOof] . t/ o;lglDt ;f]Rg], gofF kf7\oqmd agfpg] / To; cg';f/ k9fpg] ;d]t ;a} lhDd]jf/L lzIfsnfO{ g} lbOof] . h;/L lzIfsx¿nfO{ kf7\oqmd agfpg lbOof], To;/L g} pgLx¿n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfˆgf ;fyLx¿;Fu l;Sg / cfkm"n] hfg]sf s'/f l;sfpg nufP . o;sf nflu cGt/lqmof / ;d"xdf cWoog ug]{ ljlw ckgfOof] . s'g} ;d:of of ljifoj:t'sf af/]df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ Psfk;df 5nkmn ug{ nufOof] . ToxfF ;d:of cfOk/]df jf ga'‰]sf] s'/f a'‰fpg] sfd rflxF lzIfsx¿n] ug{ yfn] . cyf{t\ lzIfssf] sfd 5nkmnnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ dfq x'g uof] . cd]l/sLx¿n] l;sfPcg';f/ nfu" ul/Psf] of] pkfo lgs} pknlAwd"ns b]lvof] . o;n] ljBfyL{x¿df klg gofF s'/f hfGgsf nflu vf]Hg] / lrGtgzLn x'g] ;+:sf/sf] yfngL u/fof] . hfkfgsf] lzIffsf] nflu of] 7"nf] …6lg{ª KjfOG6Ú lyof], h;n] cfw'lgs / ;d[4 hfkfg agfpg lg0ff{os of]ubfg u¥of] .

s]xL :s"nx¿ 3'd]sf] / lzIfsx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL u/]sf] cfwf/df eGg'kbf{, clxn] g]kfnsf] k9fO k/LIffd'vL 5 . hfFr kf; ug'{ g} oxfFsf] k9fOsf] d'Vo ceLi6 h:tf] b]lvG5 . o;n] ubf{ hLjgsf nflu rflxg] cfwf/e"t ;Lkx¿ l;Sgaf6 afnaflnsf jl~rt eO/x]sf 5g\ . clg lzIfsx¿ sIffsf] cufl8 pleP/ ljBfyL{nfO{ lgb]{zg lbgdf g} w]/}h;f] ;do vr{ ul//x]sf b]lvG5g\ . t/ of] ljlwaf6 s]6fs]6Lx¿n] vf;} l;Sg ;Sb}gg\ . a? lzIfsx¿ k5fl8sf] a]~rdf a;]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} ;d:of of gofF ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ lbg' plrt x'G5 . ;dfwfgsf] af6f] klxNofpg] of gofF–gofF vf]h ug]{ k|]/0ff / cj;/ s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ g} lbg'k5{ . ToxfF lzIfs /fd|f] ;xhstf{ jf s]xL xb;Dd …d]G6/Ú aGg] ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .

vf;u/L xfdL lzIfsx¿n] s] s'/f ;lD‰/fVg'k5{ eg] lzIffsf] Wo]o ljBfyL{nfO{ cf1fkfns agfpg] xf]Og, a? p;nfO{ cfkm}F ;f]Rg ;Sg] vf]hstf{ agfpg] xf] . oxfFsf s]xL :s"n 3'Dbf dnfO{ of] s'/fsf] cefj lgs} v6\lsof] . lzIfssf] sfd ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cfkm}F vf]h ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ / To; qmddf cfOk/]sf ;d:of xn ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ dfq xf] . ljBfno, ;dfh / b]zsf ;d:ofsf af/]df 5nkmn ug]{ / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ vf]hL ug]{ sfddf pgLx¿nfO{ g} cu|;/ u/fpg'k5{ . lrGtg tyf dgg\ ug]{ sfd ca

ljBfyL{x¿sf] xf], lzIfssf] xf]Og . o;sf nflu w]/} k"jf{wf/ klg rflxGg / vlr{nf] klg x'Gg . o;lglDt rflxg] d'Vo s'/f eg]sf] l;sfpg] k4ltdf kl/dfh{g÷kl/jt{g g} xf] .

:s"n /fd|f] agfpg] ;a}eGbf lg0ff{os tTj :s"nsf] Joj:yfkg xf] . hfkfgdf :s"nnfO{ ;'Jojl:yt t'Nofpg k"j{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;|f]tsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . x/]s :s"ndf k"j{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;d"x jf Sna -PNd'gfO_ agfpg] ul/G5, hxfF pgLx¿sf] efjgfTds nufj ;d]t x'G5 . PNd'gfO sf] x/]s jif{ a[xt\ e]nf x'g] u5{ . cfˆgf] eljio agfpg dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg u/]sf] :s"nsf] k|ultdf ;3fpg k"j{ ljBfyL{x¿ x[bob]lv g} ;dlk{t x'G5g\ . clwsf+zn] cfˆgf] sdfOsf] lglZrt lx:;f :s"nnfO{ rGbfsf ¿kdf x/]s jif{ lbO/x]sf x'G5g\ . hfkfgdf h'g :s"nsf] PNd'gfO alnof] / k|efjsf/L x'G5, Tof] :s"n /fd|f] / :t/Lo dflgG5 . ;fwg–;|f]t h'6fpg / gofF–gofF 1fg tyf ;Lk leœofpg klg of] pkfo k|efjsf/L x'g] u/]sf] 5 . d]/f] ljrf/df, g]kfndf klg of] cjwf/0ff nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf :s"nx¿sf] lbuf] ljsf; / k|ult ;'lglZrt t'Nofpg of] Pp6f e/kbf]{ pkfo x'g ;Sb5 .

cfly{s ljsf; / lzIff Pscsf{;Fu 3lgi6 ¿kn] ufFl;Psf s'/f x'g\ . dflg;x¿ lzlIft / ;Lko'Qm eP eg] dfq} ltgn] /fd|f]l;t sfd ug{ / cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ 6]jf lbg ;S5g\ . b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; eof] eg] lzIffdf nufgL a9fpg ;lsG5, h;n] ubf{ lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ a9fpg d2t k'U5 . hfkfgsf] cfly{s ljsf;df lzIffsf] 7"nf] b]g 5 . Psflt/ hfkfgn] kf7\oqmd lzIfsnfO{ g} agfpg nufpg], k|fylds tx;Dd lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ ug]{nufotsf ;'wf/fTds sbd rfNof] eg] csf{lt/ o;lglDt cTofjZos wg/flzsf] hf]xf] klg u¥of] . lzIffdf ul/Psf] gLltut ;'wf/ / nufgLsf] ;fy{s kl/0ffd Psbzs klg gk'Ub} b]lvg yfNof]– cfly{s j[l4b/ / ljsf; b'j}n] ult lnP . sn]h k9]sf x/]s hfkfgLnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] clgjfo{ Joj:yf ul/of], h;n] ubf{ Psflt/ pgLx¿sf] hf]lznf] / pj{/ ;do b]z ljsf;df ;b'kof]u eof] eg] csf{lt/ pgLx¿df lg/fzf / s'07f hfUg] df}s} ldn]g .

clxn] g]kfnsf] k9fO k/LIffd'vL 5 . o;n] ubf{ hLjgsf nflu rflxg] cfwf/e"t ;Lkx¿ l;Sgaf6 afnaflnsf jl~rt eO/x]sf 5g\ . clg lzIfsx¿ sIffsf] cufl8 pleP/ ljBfyL{nfO{ lgb]{zg lbgdf g} ;do vr{ ul//x]sf b]lvG5g\ . t/ of] ljlwaf6 s]6fs]6Lx¿n] vf;} l;Sg ;Sb}gg\ . a? lzIfsx¿ k5fl8 a;]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} ;d:of of gofF ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ lbg' plrt x'G5 .

ljb]zLsf] cfFvfdf xfdL

lzIfs ;fpg @)^&16

cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu tLgj6f s'/f dxŒjk"0f{ /x]5g\ . klxnf], …d ug{ ;S5'Ú eGg] cfTdljZjf; . bf];|f], s]xL ug]{ c7f]6 . /, t];|f] gofF–gofF ljrf/ -cfOl8of_ . :s"nn] oL tLgj6} s'/f lszf]/–lszf]/Lx¿sf] lbdfudf aLhf/f]k0f ul/lbg'k5{ . csf]{ zAbdf eGbf lzIfssf] d'Vo bfloTj g} ljBfyL{df cGt/lglxt df}lns k|ltefsf] klxrfg u/L To;nfO{ km'Ng] / kmqmg] cj;/ h'/fOlbg' xf] . s]6fs]6L÷lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿df cfTdljZjf; hufpg] / …s]xL ug]{Ú c7f]6 hfu[t u/fpg] sfd d'Vo ¿kdf lzIfss} xf] . hfkfgsf To;a]nfsf lzIfsx¿n] Tof] sfd u/]sfn] g} hfkfgn] 7"nf] km8\sf] dfg{ ;s]]sf] xf] . cfhÙ g]kfnsf o'jfo'jtLx¿df klg …xfdL ug{ ;S5f}+, xfdL;Fu cyfx ;+efjgf 5, xfd|f] b]z /fd|f] 5Ú eGg] af]w / efjgfsf] ljsf; ug{' h?/L 5 . …xfdL;Fu s]xL 5}g, xfdL ug{ ;Sb}gf}+Ú eGg] efjgf /fv]/ slxNo} klg pFef] nfUg ;lsFb}g . To;}n] ;j{k|yd g]kfnLx¿df To:tf] -xfdL u/LaÙ s]xL ug{ ;Sb}gf}+_ efjgfsf] ;§f …xfdL ug{ ;S5f}+, xfdL ;Ifd 5f}+Ú eGg] ljrf/ / cfTdljZjf; hfu[t x'g' cfjZos 5 . To;sf lglDt ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L 7fpF xf] :s"n . cfTdljZjf; hufpg] JolQm xf] lzIfs . cfhsf s]6fs]6Lx¿df plrt 1fg, ;Lk / k|lqmofåf/f cfTdljZjf; hufpg] sfd :s"nsf lzIfsx¿sf] g} xf] . To;lglDt :s"nsf lzIfsx¿ g} ;j{k|yd To:tf] ;f]r, bIftf / nugzLntfn] el/Psf x'g'k5{, h;n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;w}+ pTk|]l/t ul//xg ;s'g\ .

x/]s b]z;Fu s]xL g s]xL /fd|f s'/f x'G5g\ . c¿ b]zsf /fd|f s'/f cg';/0f ug]{ ;'‰a'‰ / ;d‰bf/L cfjZos /x]5 . hfkfgsf] cfly{s ;d[l4 eujfg e/f];fdf ePsf] xf]Og . o'/f]k / cd]l/sfn] u/]sf] k|ult / pgLx¿sf /fd|f s'/faf6 l;Sg ;s]sfn] dfq xfdLn] k|ult u/]sf xf}+ . xfdLn] tL b]zx¿af6 k|ljlw / Joj:yfkg sf}zn dfq l;s]gf}+, ltg} b]znfO{ ahf/ agfP/ /fd|f / ;:tf dfn;fdfgx¿ klg a]Rg yfNof}+ . e"uf]n / hg;ª\Vofsf lx;fan] hfkfg w]/} 7"nf] b]z xf]Og t/ o:t} tf}/tl/sfsf sf/0f k|ult ug{ ;kmn ePsf] xf] . hfkfgsf] of] cg'ej g]kfnsf nflu klg pkof]uL x'g;S5 . o;lglDt c¿n] s] /fd|f sfd u/]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fdf x/bd cfFvf nufP/ To;af6 cfˆgf] b]zn] s;/L nfe lng ;S5 eGg] s'/fdf g]kfnLx¿n] ljZf]if Wofg lbg'

/fd|f] x'G5 . lsglsÙ h;n] a9L l;Sg ;S5, a9L k|ult klg p;}n] ug]{ xf] .

xfnnfO{ g]kfnsf] k|ult / ;d[l4 s[lifd} lge{/ 5 . t/ k/Dk/fut ljlwaf6 cTolws pTkfbg ;Dej x'Fb}g . To;lglDt cTofw'lgs k|ljlw leœofpg} k5{ . pTkflbt j:t'x¿nfO{ ;f]‰} laqmLdf k7fpg'eGbf sf]N8 :6f]/df /fv]/ cyjf k|zf]wg u/]/ dxFuf] d"Nodf a]rlavg ug]{ gLlt lnOg'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu w]/} e6df; pTkfbg x'G5 eg] To;nfO{ ;f]‰} ga]rL k]n]/ t]n agfP/ a]Rg'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ Psflt/ w]/} g]kfnL o'jfo'jtLx¿n] /f]huf/L kfpF5g\ eg] csf{lt/ o;af6 x'g] cfDbfgLaf6 c¿ c¿ If]qdf klg /f]huf/Lsf] ;[hgf x'g hfG5 . cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]usf] ;Gbe{df hfkfg h:tf b]zx¿af6 g]kfnn] l;Sg ;S5 . k|ljlw leœofpg] / To;nfO{ pkof]u ug{ l;sfpg] ;Gbe{df ;a}eGbf a9L pkof]uL ;+:yf t cGttM :s"nx¿ g} x'G5g\ .

cfly{s If]qx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{ / To;sf] ljsf;sf nflu gLlt agfpg] sfd ;/sf/sf] xf] . t/ lzIff;Fu o;nfO{ ghf]8L pQd glthf xfl;n x'Fb}g . s[lif, Jofkf/ / ko{6gnufotsf cfly{s pkfh{gsf gofF–gofF If]q / dfWodx¿af/] ;Defjgfsf] vf]hL ug]{ ;f]rb]lv To;sf] nflu cfjZos 1fg tyf ;Lkx¿ dfWolds / sn]h txsf] lzIffn] lbg}k5{ .

lzIffn] csf]{ Pp6f s'/f klg x/]s gful/snfO{ lbg'k5{ . Tof] xf], b]znfO{ dfof ug]{ efjgf . cfhsf] g]kfnL /fhgLlts g]t[Tj b]zsf] ;d[l4k|lt sl6a4 / Odfgbf/ x'g g;s]sf] u'gf;f] ;'lgG5 . h'g w]/} xb;Dd gfhfoh klg gxf]nf . t/ o;lglDt klg g]kfnsf] lzIff g} lhDd]jf/ 5 . g]t[Tjdf k'u]sf dflg;x¿n] kfPsf] lzIffdf sxLF g sxLF sdL eP/} of] ;d:of b]lvPsf] xf] . sdhf]/L sxfF 5– kf7\oqmddf, kf7\ok':tsdf, lzIfsdf jf cGoq st} < To;sf] klxrfg u/L ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu plrt sbd p7fpg] s'/fn] clxn] klxnf] k|fyldstf kfpg'k5{ .

otfsf jif{df sfdsf] vf]hLdf jf k9fOsf nflu 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf g]kfnLx¿ ljb]lzg yfn]sf 5g\ . ljb]z hfg' cjZo klg g/fd|f] s'/f xf]Og . sfd of k9\g h] ug{ ljb]z uP klg pgLx¿n] l;Sg] cj;/ kfpF5g\ . o;n] pgLx¿df cfTdljZjf; a9fpFb} n}hfG5 . hfkfgLx¿ ;+;f/df hxfF uP klg cfˆgf] b]zsf nflu ;f]lr/xG5g\ / Pp6f ;dokl5 pgLx¿ b]z kms]{/ sfd ug{ rfxG5g\ . ljb]zaf6 l;s]sf] 1fg / ;Lk k|of]u u/]/ cfˆgf] b]znfO{ ;d[4 kfg]{ ;kgf / c7f]6 g]kfnLdf klg x'g'k5{ . To:tf] ;kgf / c7f]6n] g} Ps lbg g]kfnnfO{ ;fFrf] cy{df ;+;f/s} ;d[4 b]zdf ?kfGtl/t ug{ ;S5 . To;lglDt g]kfnsf] lzIffnfO{ b]zk|]d ug]{ gful/s pTkfbg ug]{ u/L ;'wf/ ug{' pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

-bf];|f] ljZjo'4tfsf hfkfgL ;]gfdf /x]sf k|f= ofdl;tf lzIfs / kqsf/kl5 6f]lsof] ljZjljBfnodf cy{zf:qsf k|fWofks eP . xfn pgL cjsfzk|fKt hLjg latfpFb} 5g\ . of] cfn]v sf7df8f}+df s]xL ;docl3 pgLl;t ul/Psf] s'/fsfgLsf cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] ._

k|:t'ltM ;'bz{g l3ld/]

;j{k|yd g]kfnLx¿df …xfdL ug{ ;S5f}+, xfdL ;Ifd 5f}+Ú eGg] ljrf/ /

cfTdljZjf; hfu[t x'g' cfjZos 5 . To;sf lglDt ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L

7fpF xf] :s"n . cfTdljZjf; hufpg] JolQm xf] lzIfs . To;lglDt:s"nsf lzIfsx¿ g} ;j{k|yd

To:tf] ;f]r, bIftf / nugzLntfn] el/Psf x'g'k5{ .

lzIfs c;f/ @)^& 17

6LkL8L z'?z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|n] !) dlxg] tflnd lnPsf k|flj, lgdflj / dflj lzIfssf] k]zfut Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ nIon] tof/ u/]sf] lzIfssf] k]zfut ljsf; -6LkL8L_ sfo{qmd ljleGg ;|f]t tyf tflnd s]Gb|df z'? u/]sf] 5 . s]Gb|sf k|fljlws clws[t afns[i0f rfkfufOFsf cg';f/ b]zel/sf $^ j6f cu'jf ;|f]t s]Gb|, !)%# ;|f]t s]Gb| / #$ j6f tflnd s]Gb|df 6LkL8L ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . cfj @)^^–^& b]lv nfu" ul/Psf] lzIfsx¿sf] dfudf cfwfl/t pQm tflnd kfFr jif{;Dd ;~rfng x'g]5 . s]Gb|n] o;cl3 ;~rfng u/]sf] !) dlxg] tflnddf efu lnPsf lzIfsn] kfFr jif{df #) lbg a/fa/ of] tflnd lng'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .

;fs{ lzIfs dxf;+3sf] !#–!$ c;f/ @)^& df gofFlbNnLdf ;DkGg a}7sn] ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf k|fKt ug]{ elgPsf] …;a}sf nflu lzIffÚsf] nIo ;fs{ If]qdf xfl;n x'g g;Sg] lgrf]8 lgsfn]sf] 5 . ;fs {sf ;/sf/x¿n ] pQm cleofgdf lzIfssf k]zfut ;+:yf kl/rfng gu/]sf], lzIffdf nufgL ga9fPsf] tyf cfkm"n] a]nfa]nfdf u/]sf k|lta4tfx¿ k"/f gu/]sf sf/0f pQm nIo xfl;n gx'g] 7x/ a}7sn] u/]sf] 5 .

;f] a}7sn] ;g\ @)!! sf] h"g;Dddf >LnÍfdf ;fs{ lzIfs sfplG;n / ;g\ @)!@ sf] h"g;Dddf ;fs{ lzIfs dxf;+3sf] dxflwj]zg g]kfndf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . a}7sdf ;xefuL ;fs{ lzIfs dxf;+3sf pkfWoIf tyf g]kfn lzIfs ;+3sf cWoIf df]xg 1jfnLsf cg';f/, a}7sn] ;fs{ If]qsf ;a} b]zdf …Kof/f lzIfsÚsf] Joj:yf x6fpg, c:yfoL lzIfsnfO{ :yfoL ug{ / /fxt lzIfsnfO{ b/aGbLdf ?kfGt/0f ug{sf lglDt ;/sf/dfly ;fd"lxs

;fs{ lzIfs dxflwj]zg g]kfndf x'g]bafa lbg] lg0f{o klg u/]sf] 5 .

a }7sn ] e '6fg, df lNbE; / ckmuflg:tfgsf ;/sf/x¿n] lzIfs ;+:yfx¿dfly nufPsf k|ltaGw v'nfpg ;DalGwt b]zsf ;/sf/dfly s"6gLlts bafa ;[hgf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . ;fs{ lzIfs dxf;+3df Ph's]zg OG6/g]zgndf cfj4 g]kfn, ef/t, aËnfb]z, kfls:tfg / >LnÍfsf lzIfs ;+:yfx¿ ;Ël7t 5g\ .

;fs{sf ;a} :s"nnfO{ zflGt If]q 3f]if0ff ug{ ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] lg0f{o klg ;f] a}7sn] u/]sf] 5 . lzIfs / lzIff If]qdfly hf/L xTof, lx+;f, cftÍ tyf hf]/hah{:tLsf lj?4 ;fd"lxs ¿kdf lj/f]w hgfpg ;fs{ lzIfs dxf;+3sf g]tfx¿ ;xdt ePsf 5g\ . ;fs{ If]qsf] ;fj{hlgs lzIffdf b]lvPsf] pbf;Lgtfk|lt a}7sn] uDeL/ lrGtf hfx]/ ub}{ lzIff / lzIfssf ;d:of klxrfg u/L ;dfwfg kQf nufpg lzIfsx¿sf] cu'jfO{df z}lIfs cg';Gwfg yfngL ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] ;d]t 1jfnLn] hfgsf/L lbP .

nlntk'/sf] rfkfufpFl:yt ah|af/fxL ;|f]ts]Gb|df tflnd lnFb} lzIfs .

tl:a/ ;f}hGoM

dx]Gb|

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ultljlw

ultljlw

lzIfs c;f/ @)^&18

k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{non] o;k6sb]lv P;Pn;Lsf] nAwfÍkq / k|df0fkqdf 5fq5fqfsf] cª\u|]hL hGdldlt klg pNn]v ug{ yfn]sf] 5 . o;cl3 ljb]z uPsf w]/}n] P;Pn;L k|df0fkq / nAwfÍkqdf g]kfnL hGdldlt dfq pNn]v ul/Psf sf/0f w]/} 7fpFdf ‰d]nf ‰]Ng' k/]sf] u'gf;f] u/]sf lyP . To:tf u'gf;fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g]kfnL ldlt;Fu} cª\u|]hL ldlt klg pNn]v ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] klgsfn] hgfPsf] 5 . pklgoGqs clDasf /]UdLsf cg';f/ 5fq5fqfn] /lhi6«]zg kmf/ddf pNn]v u/]sf] g]kfnL hGdldltnfO{ sDKo'6/ ;ˆ6j]o/sf] ;xof ]udf cª\u| ]hLdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfn /fli6«o lzIfs ;Ë7gn] ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf -P;P;cf/kL_ n] lzIfssf] k]zfut clwsf/ s6f}tL u/]sf] eGb} To;sf] lj/f]w ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . ;Ë7gsf] @* / @( h]7df lj/f6gu/df ;DkGg !%cf} + /fli6«o kl/ifb\sf] a}7sn] To:tf] lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] .

dxf;lrj afa'/fd yfkfsf cg';f/ P;P;cf/kLn] lzIfssf] lgo'lQm, tna tyf ;]jf, zt{, ;'ljwf lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ lbPsf], lzIfsx¿nfO{ juL{s/0f u/L lje]b u/]sf], hf];'s} klg k|c aGg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] tyf dfWolds txnfO{ sIff !@ ;Dd lj:tf/ u/L :gfts pQL0f{ dflj lzIfssf] eljio cGof]ndf kf/]sf sf/0f lj/f]w ug'{ k/]sf] xf] . pgsf] egfO 5, æsIff !@ ;DdnfO{ dfWolds agfpFbf :gfts pQL0f{ lzIfssf] af/]df s] ug]{ eGg] to ul/g'kYof] {Ù t/, P;P;cf/kLdf

P;P;cf/kLsf] lj/f]wdflzIfs ;Ë7g

:s"nsf] tx dfq cku| ]8 ul/of], lzIfssf] of]Uotf a9fpg] of]hgf rflxF NofOPg .Æ pgn] :gfts pQL0f{ dflj lzIfsnfO{ ;]jfsfnLg cWoogsf] df}sf lbP/ :gftsf]Q/;/x t'NofOg'kg]{ klg atfP .

kl/ifb\sf] pQm a}7sn] lzIfs ;]jf cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs agfO{ Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 lzIfs lgo'lQm tyf a9'jf ug]{ clwsf/ lbOg'kg]{, lzIffdf @) k|ltzt ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/g'kg]{, lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;]jfsfnLg cWoogsf] cj;/ lbOg'kg]{ tyf ;/sf/ / lzIfs ;+:yfaLr !! sflQs @)^^ df ePsf] ;xdlt sfof{Gjog ul/g'kg]{ dfu klg u/]sf] 5 . ToxfF /fxt lzIfs sf]6fnfO{ lgodk"j{s b/aGbLdf ?kfGt/0f u/L :yfoLsf] k|lqmof yfNg'kg]{, afnljsf; s]Gb|df sfo{/t ;xof]uL sfo{stf{nfO{ k|flj lzIfs;/x kfl/>ldssf] Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{, ljz]if lzIff, v'Nnf ljBfno / pdflj txsf lzIfsx¿sf] ;]jf,

zt{ ;'ljwf / k]zfsf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g'kg]{ k|:tfj klg kfl/t ul/Psf] 5 . lzIfsx¿dfly lgj[lQe/0f, ;Gtlt j[lQ, b'u{d eQf tyf kfl/jfl/s j[lQ cflbdf ePsf] lje]b cGTo ug{, ;]jf–lgj[Q lzIfsnfO{ gLlt–lgdf{0fsf] txsf oyf]lrt Joj:yfkg ug{ / ;+:yfut :s"nnfO{ ;xsf/L jf u'7L cGtu{t ;~rfng u/L ToxfF sfo{/t lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;fd'bflos lzIfs;/x kfl/>ldssf] Joj:yf ug{ klg ;Ë7gn] dfu 5 .

P;Pn;L dfs{l;6df cª\u|]hL hGdldltrf/ k|ltzt sdo;k6ssf] P;Pn;Ldf ut jif{eGbf sl/a $ k|ltzt sd cyf{t\ ^$ bzdnj #! k|ltzt 5fq5fqf pQL0f{ ePsf 5g\ . klgsfsf cg';f/ lgoldt ;d"xtkm{ !^,*%( ljlzi6, (#,##( hgf k|yd, !,@*,)&% hgf låtLo / (,$!^ hgf t[tLo >]0fLdf pQL0f{ ePsf 5g\ . To:t} …PShfD6]8Ú ;d"xtkm{ ^!^ hgf k|yd, (,!!$ hgf låtLo / @,^(& hgf t[tLo >]0fLdf pQL0f{ ePsf 5g\ .

o;k6s k/LIffdf …lrl6ªÚ ug]{ @** hgfsf] k/LIff /2 ePsf] 5 . o;df lgoldttkm{sf @%( / PShfD6]8sf @( hgf 5g\ . !% hgfsf] rflxF Ps

ljifosf] dfq k/LIff /2 ePsf] 5 . ljBfnox¿n] k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf] cÍ k7fpg afFsL /x]sf sl/a !@)) hgfsf] k/LIffkmn c‰} :ylut /x]sf] klgsfn] hgfPsf] 5 .

k"/s k/LIff #) ;fpgdfo; k6ssf] k"/s k/LIff #) ;fpgb]lv ^ ebf};Dd ;~rfng x'g] u/L klgsfn] tof/L z'? u/]sf] 5 . To;lglDt k/LIff s]Gb|x¿ lgwf{/0f eO;s]sf 5g\ . klgsfsf] cfFs8f cg';f/ P;Pn;L k"/s k/LIffdf ! nfv # xhf/ &!! hgf k/LIffyL{ ;xefuL x'g;Sg] 5g\ . o;dWo] b'O{ ljifosf] k/LIff lbg]sf] ;ª\Vof $% xhf/ 5 .

lzIfs c;f/ @)^& 19

lzIfssf k]zfut ;+:yfx¿sf] ba f ak l5 lz I f f d G q fno lzIfsx¿nfO{ lghfdtL sd{rf/L;/x b'u{d tyf dxFuL eQf lbg ;xdt ePsf] 5 . dGqfnoåf/f !) c;f/df hf/L lj1lKtdf lzIfsx¿nfO{ ! j}zfv @)^& b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L dxFuL tyf b'u{d eQf lbOg] pNn]v 5 . To;}u/L o;cl3 b/aGbLsf lzIfsn] dfq kfPsf] ?=!@)) dxFuL eQf /fxt lzIfsn] klg ! j}zfv @)^& b]lv kfpg] ePsf 5g\ . !! sflQs @)^^ df ;/sf/ / lzIfs ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿aLr ePsf] ;xdltsf cGo a'Fbf klg oyfzL3| sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|lta4tf dGqfnon] bf]xf]¥ofPsf] 5 .

dGq fnon ] !$ c;f/d f csf] { lj1lKt hf/L u/L /fxt lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf sfo{/t lzIfs;/x tna b/ / dxFuL eQf lbg] Joj:yf eO{ oxL cfly{s jif{af6 lgsf;f k7fpg] tof/L ePsf] hgfPsf] 5 .

o;cl3 @# h]7df o'lgogsf kbflwsf/L;Fusf] e]6df cy{dGqL ; '/ ] Gb | kf08 ]n ] pQm ;xdlt sfof{Gjog ug{ ah]6 Joj:yf ug]{ k|lta4tf hgfPsf] lzIfs g]tfx¿n] atfPsf 5g\ . kf08]n] c:yfoLnfO{ :yfoL ubf{ c;kmn x'g] lzIfsnfO{ :yfoL lzIfs;/x pkbfg tyf cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ lbg, %) jif{ pd]/ k'uL k]G;g kfs]sf lzIfsn] :j]lR5s cjsfz lnPdf Ps jif{sf] Psd'i7 tna jf Ps tx÷>]0fL a9'jf jf kfFr u|]8 yk ug{ ah]6 Joj:yf ug]{ k|lta4tf hgfPsf] atfOPsf] 5 . g]kfn /fli6«o lzIfs ;Ë7gsf dxf;lrj afa'/fd yfkfsf cg';f/, Pp6} txdf !% jif{ ;]jf u/]sf] jf !@ jif{ ;]jf u/L dflyNnf] of]Uotf ePsf lzIfsnfO{ :jtM Ps tx a9'jf ubf{ nfUg] cfly{s Joo ef/ jxg ug{ cy{dGqL /fhL ePsf lyP .

lzIfs ;]jf cfof]un] !$ / @! h]7 @)^& df k|sflzt u/]sf] glthfdf pQL0f{ x'g]x¿nfO{ !% ;fpg;Dddf cWofkg cg'dltkq lbg yfNg] atfPsf] 5 . cWofkg cg'dltkqx¿ ;Da4 ;a} lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf k7fOG5 .

cfof]usf pk;lrj a}s'07k|;fb sfˆn]sf cg';f/, kmhL{ cg'dltkq lgoGq0f ug{ cfof]un] gofF cg'dltkqdf pDd]bjf/sf] gful/stf gDa/, xf]nf]u|fd / ODaf]l;ª :6\ofDk /fVg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cfof]usf cg';f/ s]xL lhNnfdf eg] cWofkg cg'dltkq

lzIfsnfO{ klg b'u{d / dxFuL eQf

nfO;]G; ;fpgleqdfk7fO;lsPsf] 5 . cfof]un] @^ / @& dª\l;/df lnPsf] k/LIffdf ;xefuL ! nfv !! xhf/ !($ dWo] *^ xhf/ #&( hgf pQL0f{ ePsf lyP .

@!, @@ / @# kmfu'gdf ;~rflnt cWofkg cg'dltkq k/LIffsf] glthf c;f]h;Dddf k|sflzt ug]{ u/L sfd eO/x]sf] hfgsf/L klg pk;lrj sfˆn]n] lbPsf 5g\ .

o;}aLr ;/sf/n] lzIff lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg gu/]sf sf/0f lzIfs egf{sf lglDt ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷^& sf] ah]6 lk|mh ePsf] 5 .

To:t} dlxnf lzIfsnfO{ !#% lbg ;'Ts]/L labf, !% lbg :ofxf/ labf, ;GtfgnfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg] ;dodf cNklj>fdsf ] Joj:yf, lzIf0fdf dlxnfnfO{ #% k|ltzt cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf / ;f;"–;;'/f jf afa'–cfdfsf] lsl/of a:bf klt–kTgL b'j}nfO{ labfsf] Joj:yf ug{ klg pQm a}7sn] dfu u/]sf] 5 . kl/ifb\ a}7sn] cfpFbf] lzIfs lbj;sf cj;/ kf/]/ % cS6f]a/df ljleGg ;d"xaf6 dfl/Psf lzIfs kl/jf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ lg0f{o

;d]t u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/, ;Ë7gn] zxLb 3f]if0ff u/]sf lzIfsx¿ l;/xfsf ;"o{gf/fo0f ofbj, l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf 1fg]Gb| v8\sf, :ofª\hfsf u'Ktaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{, alb{ofsf ;u'gnfn rf}w/L / afh'/fsf ;bg ljZjsdf{sf kl/jf/nfO{ ?=!) xhf/ !)) gub;lxt bf];Nnf / ;Ddfgkq k|bfg ul/g] hgfOPsf] 5 .

a }7sdf ^( lhNnfsf @)) k|ltlglw / &% ko{j]Ifs u/L @&% lzIfsx¿ ;xefuL /x]sf] ;Ë7gn] hgfPsf] 5 .

lzIfs ;fpg @)^^20

tkfO{+sf] xftdf lzIfs Û

cfˆg} lj1fkg

/lhi6«L x'nfsaf6 klqsf kfpg] u/L u|fxs aGg'ePsf ‰fkfb]lv sfnLsf]6;Ddsf ljleGg @) lhNnfsf @) hgf kf7sx¿nfO{ @)^& c;f/ @$ ut] xfdLn] kmf]gaf6 tLgj6f k|Zg ;f]Wof}+M

s_ lzIfs dfl;s lgoldt ¿kdf kfO/xg'ePsf] 5 ls 5}g <

v_ lzIfs x/]s dlxgfsf] slt ut]leq kfpg] ug'{ePsf] 5 <

u_ /lhi6«L x'nfs afx]s l56f] / lgoldt ¿kdf klqsf kfpg] csf]{ ljsNk s]xL b]Vg'ePsf] 5 <

hjfkm o:tf] cfof]—s_ @) dWo] !^ hgfn] lgoldt ¿kdf klqsf k|fKt

eO/x]sf] atfpg'eof] . afFsL rf/ hgfn] Ps jif{df ! b]lv # j6f cÍ;Dd gkfPsf] atfpg'eof] .

v_ clwsf+zn] !) ut]leq klqsf xft kg]{ u/]sf] hjfkm

lbg'eof] . sflnsf pdflj, unf–@, sfnLsf]6 / ljlne;{ OËln; :s"n, gSsnaGb–!#, sfFs8le§f, ‰fkfdf cf};t !) ut]leq klqsf k'u]sf] kfOof] . ;a}eGbf l9nf] -!* ut]_ klqsf kfpg]df eLdsfnL kf6g, kf]v/f, sf:sLl:yt ;+:s[t dflj lyof] .

u_ @) dWo] !& hgf u|fxsn] /lhi6«L x'nfs afx]s lgoldt ¿kdf klqsf k|fKt ug]{ csf]{ pkfo -clxn]nfO{_ gePsf] hjfkm lbg'eof] . afFsL tLgdWo] b'O{ hgfn] glhssf] klqsf k;naf6 kfpg] Joj:yf ul/lbg cfu|x ug'{eof] eg] Pshgfn] zx/d} /x]sf cfkmGtdfkm{t klqsf l56f] kfpg ;Dej b]Vg'eof] .

lgisif{dflysf] ;fgf] ;j]{If0f kl/0ffdn] ljz]iftM zx/–ahf/eGbf 6f9f a;f]af; ug]{ kf7sx¿sf lglDt lgoldt ¿kdf lzIfs dfl;s k|fKt ug]{ ;a}eGbf e/kbf]{ dfWod clxn]nfO{ /lhi6«L x'nfs g} xf] eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 . …/lhi6«L x'nfsÚaf6 kfpg] u/L lzIfs sf] u|fxs aGg'xf];\ eGg xfdLnfO{ c¿ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .

…/lhi6«L x'nfsÚaf6 u|fxs aGg xfdL lsg hf]8 lbg vf]lh/x]sf 5f}+ eg], /lhi6«L u/L k7fOPsf] klqsf

lzIfs ;fpg @)^^ 21

cfkm"n] k9]sf] :s"n / cfkm"nfO{ k9fpg] lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;D‰g'xf];\

tkfOFn] hLjgdf w]/} ;kmntf, pknAwL / ;Gt'i6L kfO;Sg'ePsf] 5 . Tof] ;kmntf / pknAwLsf] klxnf] v'6\lsnf] eg]sf] tkfOFn] k9]sf] :s"n g} xf] . tkfOF hxfF k'u] klg Tof] :s"n clxn] klg ToxLF 5 . x'g;S5, tkfOFnfO{ ;kmn hLjgsf] af6f] b]vfOlbg] sltko lzIfsx¿ klg ToxLF cWofkg/t x'g'x'G5 . tkfOFn] xfl;n u/]sf] JolQmut pknAwL / ;kmntf tkfOF;Fu} /xG5 t/ cfkm"n] k9]sf] :s"n / cfkm"nfO{ k9fpg] lzIfsx¿nfO{ …d}n] lal;{Psf] 5}g x}Ú eGg] bzf{pg lzIfs dfl;s lgoldt ?kdf k7fOlbg] Joj:yf ul/lbg'eof] eg] tkfOFnfO{ k9fpg] lzIfssf] dg slt k|km'Nn xf]nf <

o; lglDt, tkfOFn] lzIfs sf] sfof{nodf ;Dks{ u/L lzIfs dfl;ssf] u|fxs alglbP k'U5Ù tkfOFn] OR5fPsf] :s"n jf JolQmsf] 7]ufgfdf klqsf k'¥ofpg] Joj:yf xfdL u5f}{+ .

-x:tfIf/_ lng'kg]{ x'G5 . k|fks km]nf gk/]sf] cj:yfdf /lhi6«L ul/Psf kqklqsf x'nfs sd{rf/Ln] cfkm}+;Fu lkmtf{ nfG5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfaf6 hf]lugsf] lglDt lzIfs sf u|fxsn] x'nfssf ;DalGwt sd{rf/L;Fu klxNo} ;Dks{ /fvL cfˆgf] cg'kl:yltdf klqsf a'´g;Sg] JolQmx¿sf] gfd atfOlbg] cyjf cGo cfjZos pkfo ul//fVg' /fd|f] x'G5 .

u|fxs aGg] cGo ljlws_ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf kf7sn] l;w} lzIfssf]

sfof{nodf ;Dks{ -kmf]g g+= %%$*!$@_ /fvL cfkm"n] OR5fPsf] 7fpFdf lzIfs dfl;s kfpg] u/L u|fxs aGg ;Sg'x'G5 .

v_ sf7df8f}+ pkTosf tyf cGo lhNnfsf ;b/d'sfd / ;x/ahf/sf kf7sx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ kfos kg]{ glhssf] kqklqsf k;ndfkm{t\ klqsf kfpg] u/L lzIfs sf] u|fxs aGg ;Sg'x'G5 .

yf]s u|fxs (Bulk Subscrip on) aGg] ;DaGwdfsof}+ z'e]R5'sx¿n] lzIfs dfl;s b]zsf w]/}eGbf w]/} ljBfno tyf lzIfsx¿df k'Ug ;sf];\ eGg] sfdgf ub}{ cfpg'ePsf] 5 . t/, lzIfs dfl;s k|sfzg ;d"xsf] PSnf] k|of;af6 dfq} Tof] ck]Iff k"/f x'g] cj:yf 5}g . t;y{ lzIfs dfl;ssf] ljt/0fdf of]ubfg ug{ OR5's ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf JolQmx¿nfO{ o; sfo{df ;xefuL x'g xfdL xflb{s cfdGq0f ub{5f}+ . o;df tkfOFx¿n] rfx]sf] ;+Vofdf lzIfs k|ltsf] u|fxs z'Ns -x'nfsaf6 k7fpg'kg]{ eP /lhi6«L z'Ns;lxt_ / klqsf k|fkssf] 7]ufgf lzIfs sf] sfof{nodf bflvnf ul/lbP k'U5 . u|fxs sxfF klqsf k'¥ofpg] sfo{ lzIfs dfl;ssf] sfof{non] ;DkGg u5{ .

x'nfssf sf/0f x/fPdf÷gfl;Pdf Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t bfaL ug{ kfOG5 . o;}sf/0f, /lhi6«L ul/Psf] klqsf ;DalGwt JolQmsf] xftdf k'¥ofpg x'nfs / x'nfssf sd{rf/Lx¿ ljz]if ;ts{ x'g] u5{g\ .

x'nfs ;]jf ljefun] k|sflzt u/]sf] x'nfs ;]jf sfo{ljlw lgb]{lzsf–@)^) cg';f/ kq jf klqsf /lhi6«L u/]sf] #) lbg;Dd klg k|fkssxfF k'u]g eg] ;DalGwt x'nfsdf ph'/L ug'{k5{ . o:tf] ph'/L ^ dlxgfleq ul/;Sg'k5{ . lzIfs dfl;ssf u|fxsx¿n] klqsf k|fKt gePsf] l:yltdf cfkm}+ x'nfsdf ph'/L ug{ hfg'kb}{g . pgLx¿n] klqsf gkfPsf] hfgsf/L xfdL -lzIfs dfl;ssf] sfof{no_ nfO{ df}lvs ¿kd} lbP k'U5 . To;kl5sf] ;a} k|lqmof xfdL cufl8 a9fpF5f}+ . /lhi6«L ubf{ lbPsf] /l;bsf] cfwf/df x'nfs sfof{non] klqsf sxfF;Dd k'Uof] / sxfFaf6 x/fof] cyjf s'g sd{rf/Laf6 nfk/jfxL eof] eGg] v'6\ofpF5 . Tof] /l;b lzIfs sf] sfof{nodf ;'/lIft x'G5 . olb x'nfssf] nfk/afxLsf sf/0f /lhi6«L ul/Psf] klqsf x/fPsf]÷gfl;Psf] jf gk'u]sf] 7x/]df x'nfs sfof{non] k|To]s k6s ?=#)) Ifltk"lt{ ltg'{kg{] Joj:yf x'nfs lgb]{lzsfdf 5 . cyf{t\ /lhi6«L u/L x'nfsaf6 k7fOPsf] lzIfs sf k|lt aLrd} x/fpg], u|fxssf] xftdf gkg]{ ;Defjgf Psbd} sd x'G5 .

x]Ssf /fVg'kg{] s'/f!= lzIfs dfl;s x/]s dlxgfsf] ! ut] ahf/df

k7fOG5 . ;fdfGotM x'nfsdf klg To;} lbg bflvnf ul/G5 . t/, obfsbf nuftf/ @–# lbg ;fj{hlgs labf k/]sf] l:yltdf x'nfs bflvnf #–$ ut] dfq klg x'g;S5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf :jfefljs ¿kd} u|fxsn] #–$ lbg l9nf] dfq klqsf kfpg ;Sg'x'G5 .

@= x'nfs sd{rf/Ln] ;fdfGo x'nfsaf6 hfg] kq–klqsf h:tf] /lhi6«L ul/Psf kqklqsf k|fkssf] 7]ufgfdf TolQs} 5f]8\g ldNb}g . pgLx¿n] /lhi6«L ul/Psf] kq jf klqsf ;DalGwt k|fkss} xftdf a'‰fP/ k|df0f

l/kf]6{ n]Vg] kf6L

lzIfs ;fpg @)^&22

zf]ef zdf{

sl/a b'O{ jif{cl3Ù w'lnv]ndf SofG;/ /f]u;DaGwL b'Olbg] tflndsf] qmddf lrlsT;sn] rssf] w'nf]n] klg SofG;/ x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf b]vfpFbf >Lv08k'/ pdfljsf :jf:Yo lzIfs /d]z dxt ‰l:sP . rssf] w'nf];Fu jiff}{+b]lv v]ln/x]sf dxtn] of] s'/f cfˆgf ;xsdL{ lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;'gfP . Toltv]/ ljBfnodf hu]8f ;]tf]kf6L lyof] . csf{ lzIfs ;'/]Gb|s'df/ /fO{n] t'?Gt} dfs{/ lsg]/ NofP . dfs{/ / ;]tf]kf6L ;a}nfO{ /fd||f] nfUof] . clxn] ljBfnosf !, @ / # afx]s ;a} sIffdf ;]tf]kf6Ls} k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] 5 .

sf7df8f}+sf] k'/fgf] :s"n kb\df]bo pdfljsL lzIfs kb\df zdf{nfO{ nfdf] labfkl5sf] b'O{–tLg lbg;Dd rssf] w'nf]n] ubf{ 6fpsf] b'Vg] / af]Ng ufx|f] x'g] x'GYof] . n'uf t kmf]xf]/ eO{ g} xfNy] xft km'6]/ a]xfn g} x'GYof] . t/ clxn] Tof] ;d:of pgsf] :d[ltdf dfq ;Lldt 5 . To;sf] sf/0f xf], sfnf]kf6L / rssf] 7fpFdf tLg jif{cl3 ;]tf]kf6L / dfs{/sf] k|of]u . kb\df elG5g\, ædfs{/ k|of]u u/]kl5 w]/} ;lhnf] ePsf] 5, cFWof/f]df a;]sf] dfG5]nfO{ aQL afNbf nfu]sf] v';L h:t} .Æ

sf7df8f}+sf] /fgLkf]v/Ll:yt ;+:s[t dfljn] klg kfFr jif{b]lv rs / sfnf]kf6L x6fP/ dfs{/ / ;]tf]kf6Lsf] k|of]u z'? u/]sf] 5 . lzIfsÙ ljBfyL{sf cfFvf kf]Ng], 5fnf lrnfpg], xft km'6\g] h:tf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg :j?k dfs{/ / ;]tf]kf6Lsf] k|of]u z'? ul/Psf] ;xfos k|wfgfWofks sflnsfk|;fb ltldlN;gf atfpF5g\ . dËn dflj sLlt{k'/df klg rssf] 7fpFdf dfs{/sf] k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf] kfFr jif{ eof] . rsn] h:tf] k|ToIf xflg gk'¥ofpg] / sIffsf]7f klg ;kmf b]lvg] ePsfn] o;sf] k|of]uaf6 lzIfsx¿ a9L v';L b]lvG5g\ .

sf7df8f}+sf lghL :s"nx¿df XjfO6 af]8{ / af]8{ dfs{/sf] k|of]u u/]sf] b]v]sf ;TojtL pRr dflj wflbªsf k|wfgfWofks nId0f zdf{nfO{ o;sf] cfjZostf Toltv]/ af]w eof], ha pgn] d'u'sf] :s"ndf klg dHhfn] o;sf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] b]v] . Tolt b'u{d / ;fwg ;|f]t gePsf] :s"ndf t …XjfO6 af]8{Ú k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg] xfdLn] lsg g;Sg] < To;kl5 nuQ} pgn] lzIfsx¿sf] a}7s u/]/ af]8{ dfs{/ k|of]u ug]{ lgwf] u/] .

sfnf]eGbfsfnf]eGbf

s]xL jif{cl3;Dd u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / s]xL lghL ljBfnox¿n] dfq k|of]u ug]{ …XjfO6 af]8{Ú / af]8{ dfs{/ zx/–ahf/b]lv ufpF3/sf ;fj{hlgs :s"ndf k|of]u x'g yfn]sf b[i6fGt x'g\ oL . sf7df8f}+ lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosL ljBfno lg/LIfs rGb|f yfkf ljBfnox¿df XjfO6 af]8{ / dfs{/ nf]slk|o x'Fb} uPsf] atfpFl5g\ .

kmfObf bf]xf]/} ;]tf]kf6L / dfs{/af6 lzIfs / ljBfyL{ b'j}nfO{ kmfObf k'Ug] :ki6} b]lvG5 . lzIfsnfO{ x'g] d'Vo

kmfObf eg]sf] rssf] w'nf]af6 arfj6 g} xf] . To:t}Ù d]6\g ;lhnf] x'g], n]Vbf rlDsnf] / a9L ;lhnf] nfUg] ePsfn] lzIfsx¿n] o;nfO{ dg k/fPsf] b]lvG5 .

rssf] w'nf]sf sf/0f cfFvf / kmf]S;f]df c;/ k/]sf sltko lzIfsnfO{ dfs{/sf] k|of]un] k|ToIf nfe k'u]sf] 5 . To;sf Ps pbfx/0f x'g\ zflGt ljBfu[x n}grf}/sL ul0ft lzIfs lnnL Wjh' gsdL{ . rssf] w'nf]sf] PnhL{sf sf/0f cfFvf /ftf]kL/f] x'g] ;d:of ef]Ub} cfPsL gsdL{n] dfs{/sf] k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf] s]xL lbgkl5 g} 7"nf] /fxt

;'bz{g

;]tf] hftL Û

lzIfs ;fpg @)^& 23

dx;'; ul/g\ . ædfs{/ k|of]u ug{ yfn]kl5 cfFvfsf] PnhL{sf] ;d:of x/fPsf] 5Æ, pgL elG5g\ . w'nf]sf sf/0f 3fF6L b'Vg] bL3{ /f]usf] l;sf/ x'g k'u]sf jfu]Zj/L pdflj, a}/]gL, wflbªsf cª\u|]hL lzIfs /fhgk|;fb clwsf/L dfs{/sf] k|of]ukl5 3fF6Lb'vfO sd ePsf] atfpF5g\ . æ8fS6/n] t lzIf0f k]zf g} 5f8\g eg]sf] lyof]Æ, pgL eG5g\, ædfs{/n] s]xL ;'wf/ cfPsfn] clnslt cfzf hufPsf] 5 . t/ pNn]Vo ;'wf/ cfPg eg] k]zf g} 5f8\g'kg]{ lbg klg cfpg ;S5 .Æ

sfnf]kf6L / rssf] k|of]u x'Fbf;Dd klxnf] a]~rdf a:g cfgfsfgL ug]{ kb\df]bosf 5fq ;~hLj tfdfªnfO{ dfs{/ k|of]u ug{ yfn]kl5 klxnf] a]Rgdf a:g s'g} ;d:of 5}g . ædfs{/ k|of]u u/]kl5 w'nf] p8\b}g n'uf klg kmf]xf]/ x'Fb}gÆ ;~hLj eG5g\, æcIf/ klg :ki6 b]lvG5 . klxn]eGbf clxn] t w]/} ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .Æ ;~hLjsf] dfq xf]Og c¿ :s"nsf ljBfyL{sf] klg oxL cg'ej 5 . cIf/ rxlsnf] / k|:6 b]lvg] x'Fbf o;af6 kl5Nnf] a]~rdf a;]sf ljBfyL{n] klg nfe p7fpg kfPsf 5g\ .

dxFuf] x'G5 t/ w]/} xf]Ogkb\df]bo dfljsf] n]vf zfvfsf k|d'v /fdk|;fb dfgGw/sf cg';f/ rssf] nflu jflif{s vr{ ?=#$)) hlt x'GYof] eg] dfs{/ k|of]u ubf{ jflif{s ?=&@)) vr{ x'g yfn]sf] 5 . dfgGw/ eG5g\, æjif{df rs Ps u|'; -!$$ Kofs]6_ eP k'UYof] eg] dfs{/ rf/ bh{g / To;sf] d;L lsGg'k5{ .Æ ;+:s[t df=lj= / dËn df=lj=df klg vr{sf] lx;fa o:t} b]lvPsf] 5 . dfs{/df l/lkmn ug]{ xf] eg] rseGbf w]/} dxFuf] gx'g] ;a} :s"nsf] cg'ej b]lvG5 . ptf wflbªsf] jfu]Zj/L pdfljsf k|c

w|'j/fh vltj8f rflxF rssf] t'ngfdf dfs{/ k|of]u ubf{ 8]9L hlt a9L vr{ x'g] cg'ej ;'gfpF5g\ . æXjfO6 af]8{nfO{ s]6fs]6Ln] km'6fOlbFbf rflxF x}/fgL x'Fbf]/x]5 .Æ pgL eG5g\, æt/ pkof]lutfsf lx;fan] of] w]/} /fd|f] /x]5 .Æ

ahf/df rngrNtLdf /x]sf dfs{/sf] k|of]u k"/} ;'/lIft eg] 5}g . dËn dfljsL lzIfs ;l/tf 8Ëf]n elG5g\, æo;sf] uGwn] dnfO{ a]nfa]nfdf 6fpsf] b'vfpF5 . o;n] klg c;/ t ubf]{ /x]5 . n'ufdf nfluxfNof] eg] klg wf]P/ o;sf] bfu hfFb}g .Æ

6]s' c:ktfnsf 5ftL /f]u ljz]if1 8f= 8L=kL= e08f/Lsf cg';f/ u'0f:t/xLg s]ldsno'Qm dfs{/n] klg Zjf; k|Zjf; gnLdf xflg k'¥ofpF5 . ærssf] w'nf]n] ljleGg PnhL{x¿ / 5fnf, cfFvf tyf 3fF6LnfO{ k|ToIf c;/ u5{ . pgL eG5g\, ædfs{/n] klg :jf:Yodf uDeL/ xflg k'¥ofpg ;S5 .Æ o;} aLr lzIfsx¿nfO{ :j:y dfs{/sf] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ …8:6 lk|m Snf; ?dÚ -8LPkm;L_ g]kfnn] :jf:Yodf xflg gug]{ dfs{/ cfkm"x¿n] g]kfndf gd'gfsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul//x]sf] bfaL u/]sf] 5 . -x]= aS;_ æxfdLn] rngrNtLsf] dfs{/af6 lzIfssf] :jf:Yodf xflg gug]{ dfs{/ ljb]zL ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf ;Lldt ljBfnodf ljt/0f ul//x]sf 5f}+Æ, ;f] ;+:yfsf cWoIf e]if/fh kf}8]n eG5g\ . t/ pgsf cg';f/ pQm dfs{/ xfn ahf/df pknAw 5}g . dfu a9\b} uPdf eljiodf pTkfbs sDkgLn] g]kfnL ahf/df pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf eg] /x]sf] pgL atfpF5g\ .

ljBfnox¿df sfnf]kf6L / rssf] ;§f dfs{/ / ;]tf]kf6Lsf] k|of]u al9/x]s} a]nf w'nf]/lxt sIffsf]7fsf] cleofg rnfPsf] …8i6 lk|m Snf; ?d g]kfnÚ -8LPkm;L_ n] ;'/lIft dfs{/ g]kfn leœofPsf] 5 .

;fdfGo dfs{/ h:t} b]lvg] of] sndsf] d;L /a/sf] x'G5 . l;d]G6 jf sf7s} kf6L k|of]u ug{ ;lsg], d;L km]g{ ldNg] / n]v]/ k'5\bf w'nf]sf] ;§f n]o/ eP/ v:g] of] k]gsf] ljz]iftf xf] . 8LPkm;L g]kfnsf cWoIf e]if/fh kf}8]n eG5g\, æof] k]gn] rs / dfs{/n] h:tf] lzIfs ljBfyL{sf] :jf:YonfO{ xflg ub}{g / sIffsf]7fnfO{ klg ;kmf /fV5 .Æ

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Kofs]6df Pp6f k]g / b'O{ j6f d;Lsf] af]tn x'G5g\ . o;nfO{ ;ft ;o ?k}ofF k5{Æ, pgL eG5g\ .

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3/sf] hu eg]kl5 sltko g]kfnLx¿ olt ;f/f] n6\l7Psf] klg kfOG5, Pp6f tnfsf] sfd k"/f ug]{ k};f ;d]t afFsL g/fvL hu dha"t kfg{df nufgL u5{g\ . b'O{, tLg, kfFr of bz jif{sf] cGt/fndf PsPs tnf yKb} hfg]x¿ t y'k|} e]l6G5g\ . clGtd tnf] !% jif{kl5 yk] klg eOxfN5, lsgeg] dha"t hu 5Fb}5 Û

lzIffÙ Pp6f dflg;sf] hLjgsf] hu xf] eg] lzIffsf] hu k"j{–k|fylds÷k|fylds sIffsf] k9fO, ef]ufO / l;sfO xf] . clg pGgt ;dfhsf] hu rflxF ;du| gful/ssf] c;n lzIff xf] . cfdg]kfnLdf 3/ / 3/sf] huk|ltsf] h:t} df]x tyf dxTjaf]w k|fylds lzIffsf af/]df eof] eg] of] b]z s:tf] xf]nf <

c‰f, Pp6f u[x:yLn] ef]ln sf]7f …lkmlgl;ªÚ ug]{ ah]6 ;d]t kjf{x gu/L 3/sf] hu dha"t kfg{ ;a} ;fwg–;|f]t vGofP ‰f}+, b]zsf] pknAw ;fwg–;|f]t / /fhgLlts,

hLjgsf] huk|fylds :s"n Û

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lk|o kf7sx¿ Û …hLjgsf] huÚ 7flgPsf] k|fylds txsf] lzIffsf af/]df xfdLn] o;k6s ax;sf] yfngL dfq ug{ ;s]sf 5f}+ . xfdLn] dflysf k|Zgdf tkfOFx¿sf cg'ej / ljrf/sf] ck]Iff /fv]sf 5f}+ . n]Vg'xf]nf Û

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lzIfs ;fpg @)^^ 25

@)%& ;fndf #–% pd]/sf !# k|ltzt afnaflnsf afnljsf; s]Gb| cyjf k"j{–k|fylds txdf hfGy] eg] @)^^ ;fndf Tof] b/ ^^ k|ltzt k'Uof] .

df lysf] tYofÍn] g]kfnsf] k"j{–k|fylds / k|fylds lzIffdf kl5Nnf] !) jif{df pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ ePsf] b]vfpF5 . tYofÍn] b]vfPsf] of] k|ult

cfkm}+df ;Gtf]if ug{ nfos eP klg To;df lrQ a'‰fP/ a:g] 7fpF eg] 5}g . b'j} txdf k|z:t} ;d:of / sdL–sdhf]/Lx¿ 5g\, h;df 7"nf] ;'wf/ / kl/jt{g h?/L b]lvG5 .

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@)%& ;fndf kfFr jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf afnaflnsfsf] v'b :s"n k|j]zb/ %#=& k|ltzt lyof] eg] To;sf] gf} jif{kl5, @)^^ df Tof] b/ a9]/ *^=$ k'Uof] .

@)%& ;fndf k|fylds txsf] v'b egf{b/ *)=$ k|ltzt lyof] eg] Tof] b/ a9]/ ut jif{ (#=& k|ltztdf plSnof] .

cfj/0f

lzIfs ;fpg @)^^26

n}lËs cfwf/df lzIffdf ul/g] nufgLsf] k|ltkmn -k|ltztdf_

z}lIfs tx k'?if dlxnfk|fylds @)=! !@=*

dfWolds !#=( !*=$

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lzIffdf ul/Psf] nufgLsf] k|ltkmnef}uf]lns If]qsf] cf};t -k|ltztdf_

;fdflhs lghLIf]q k|fylds dfWolds pRr k|fylds dfWolds pRrPl;of !^=@ !!=! !!=) @)=) !%=* !*=@

o'/f]k÷dWok"j{÷pQ/ clk|msf !%=^ (=& (=( !#=* !#=^ !*=*

blIf0f cd]l/sf÷Sof/]laog !&=$ !@=( !@=# @^=^ !&=) !(=%

ljsl;t -cf]O{;L8L_ *=% (=$ *=% !#=$ !!=# !!=^

;xf/f d?e"ld blIf0f If]q @%=$ !*=$ !!=# #&=^ @$=^ @&=*

g]kfn* !%=& *=! (=! !^=^ *=% !@=)

ljZj !*=( !#=! !)=* @^=^ !&=) !(=)

cf};t dflg;n] Jofkf/, pBf]u jf cGo ef}lts ;+/rgfdf ul/g] nufgLsf] k|ltkmn ;lhn} cfFsng÷cg'ej ug{ ;S5g\ . lzIff, :jf:Yoh:tf If]qdf ul/Psf] k|ltkmn k|foM …cd"t{Ú /xg] u5{ . t/, ljZja}+snufotsf ;+;f/sf y'k|} k|lti7fgx¿n], lzIffdf ul/Psf] nufgLsf] k|ltkmn, s'g} ef}lts of]hgf jf sfo{df ul/Psf] nufgLsf] k|ltkmn eGbf sd gx'g] b]vfPsf 5g\ .

;|f]tM l/6g{;\ 6' OGe]i6d]G6 Og Ph's];g, hh{ ;fsf/f]kf}n; / Xof/L PGyf]gL Kof6«Lgf];÷ljZj AofÍ . * k/fh'nL -;g\ !(((_ .

o:tf s]Gb|x¿sf] lj:tf/ dgUu] eP klg ul/aL / s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:of a9L ePsf u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qdf rflxF Go"g ;ª\Vofdf dfq :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ . cyf{t\ h'g 7fpFsf s]6fs]6L a9L ;d:ofdf 5g\ / hxfF afnljsf; s]Gb|sf] a9L cfjZostf 5, ToxfF tL s]Gb|x¿ lj:tf/ x'g;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;/sf/L cfFs8f cg';f/ c‰} PsltxfO afnaflnsf afnljsf; s]Gb|sf] kx'Frdf k'Ug;s]sf 5}gg\ .

:yfkgf ePsf clwsf+z afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ klg To;sf] d"n cjwf/0ff cg';f/ ;~rflnt x'g;s]sf 5}gg\ . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f, cleefjsx¿df JofKt e|d / unt wf/0ffnfO{ dflgPsf] 5 . cleefjsx¿sf] d'Vo hf]8 km//{ g]kfnL, cª\u|]hL cIf/ lrg'g\ eGg]d} 5, hals afnljsf;n] Tof]eGbf w]/} u'0ff /fd|f], j}1flgs / Jofjxfl/s ;f]r /fVb5 . cleefjsx¿sf] unt a'‰fOsf sf/0f zx/sf k"j{–k|fylds jf afnljsf; s]Gb|sf aRrfx¿ 7"nf] df/df k/]sf 5g\ . lsgls …cleefjssf] rfxgfÚ eg]/ ToxfF sIff ! df h:t} u/L cIf/ 3f]sfpg]d} a9L hf]8 lbg] ul/G5, gls pgLx¿sf] ;a} kIfsf] ljsf;df . afnljsf;sf] cfw'lgs cjwf/0ff cg';f/, hGd]b]lv # jif{;Ddsf] aRrfnfO{ &% k|ltzt x]/rfx rflxG5Ù pgLx¿ @% k|ltzt dfq l;Sg] cj:yfdf x'G5g\ . # b]lv % jif{sf afnaflnsfnfO{ %) k|ltzt x]/rfx rflxG5 eg] pgLx¿df %) k|ltzt g} l;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; eO;s]sf]

x'G5 . % b]lv * jif{sf s]6fs]6LnfO{ @% k|ltzt dfq x]/rfx / &% k|ltzt l;sfO rflxG5 .

cfˆgf] Ps hgf gft]bf/sf] tLg jif{sf] aRrf lghL :s"nsf] afnljsf; sIffdf hfg yfn]kl5 qmdzM af]Ng 5f8]]sf] b[i6fGt lbFb} lzIff dGqfnodf ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd x]g]{ pk;lrj t'n;L yklnof eG5g\, æxfQL;Fu ;'T5' eGg] aRrf afnljsf; sIffdf hfg yfn]kl5 af]Ng 5f8\of] . o:tf] tl/sfn] aRrf;Fu Jojxf/ ug]{ xf] eg] afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ aRrfsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; xf]Og, ljgfz u/fpg] lbzfdf cled'v eO/x]sf 5g\ ls eGg] cfzÍf pTkGg x'G5 .Æ sltko :s"nx¿n] t afnljsf;sf c¿ lqmofsnfk ;d]t gu/L ;f]‰} n]Vg l;sfpg] klg u/]sf 5g\ . aRrfnfO{ v]nfpg], ;d"xdf cGt/lqmof u/fpg], p;sf ?lrsf lqmofsnfk ug{ lbg'kg]{df ;f]‰} 3f]Sg / n]Vg nufpg'nfO{ pgLx¿dflysf] HofbtL g} dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . afnljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffn] …h] u/ aRrfnfO{ v';L kf/]/ u/, p;sf] dfgl;s, zf/Ll/s / ;+j]ufTds ljsf; x'g] u/L u/Ú eG5 . of] lx;fan] zx/sf eGbf ufpFsf aRrf a9L efUodfgL b]lvG5g\, lsgeg] pgLx¿n] zx/sf] h:tf] af]‰ y]Ug' k/]sf] 5}g . ufpF3/sf afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿df aRrfx¿n] t'ngfTds ¿kdf k9fOsf] af]‰ sd / v]Ng] jftfj/0f a9L kfPsf] e]l6G5 .

tflnsf !

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lzIfs ;fpg @)^^ 27

c;f/sf] t];|f] ;ftf ljleGg lhNnfaf6 tflnddf efu lng cfPsf sl/a #) hgf ljBfno lg/LIfs / ;|f]tJolQmx¿nfO{ lzIfs k|ltlglwn] lzIff ljefudf e]6]/ afnljsf; s]Gb|sf ;an kIf, ;d:of÷r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿af/] cf–cfˆgf wf/0ffx¿ a'Fbfut ¿kdf lbg cg'/f]w u/]sf] lyof] . pgLx¿af6 k|fKt a'Fbfx¿sf] ;f/ 5, æcjwf/0ff /fd|f] eP klg k|z:t} ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ . :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L lbP/ cfjZos ef}lts tyf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / ;xhstf{nfO{ /fd|f] kfl/>ldssf] Joj:yf u/] s]Gb| /fd|f];Fu rN5 . pgLx¿sf] hf]8 afnljsf;nfO{ ljBfno lzIff ;+/rgfsf] cleGg cË agfOg'k5{ eGg] 5 . lsgeg] ;/sf/n] ;d'bfonfO{ g} :yfkgf / Joj:yfkgsf] lhDdf nufP/ afnljsf; s]Gb| ;~rfng ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 / o;nfO{ ljBfno lzIff ;+/rgfdf NofOPsf] 5}g . hals lzIffdf cu|0fL :yfg agfPsf clwsf+z b]zx¿df o;nfO{ ljBfno lzIffsf] cfwf/:tDesf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 / ToxfF ljBfno lzIff lsG8/uf8]{g af6 z'? eO{ !@ sIff;Ddsf] x'G5 . w]/}h;f] ljsl;t b]zx¿df afnljsf; sIffdf tLg jif{b]lv ^ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf aRrfnfO{ /flvG5 / ̂ jif{sf] pd]/ k'u]kl5 dfq cIf/ n]Vg] cEof; u/fOG5 . & jif{sf] pd]/ k'u]sfnfO{ dfq sIff ! df egf{ ul/G5 .

k"j{–k|fylds txdf nufgL ug{ ;/sf/ tTk/ gePs} sf/0f o;nfO{ ljBfno txsf] lzIff ;+/rgfdf gNofOPsf] a'´g sl7g 5}g . lsgeg] ljBfnosf] ;+/rgfleq NofPkl5 To;sf] nflu rflxg] wg/flzsf] hf]xf] ug'{kg]{ bfloTj klg p;}sf] yfKnf]df cfpF5 . xfns} ljBfno txsf] nflu cfjZos ;fwg;|f]tsf] /fd|f] aGbf]a:t ug{ g;s]sf] ;/sf/n] To;lglDt jflif{s yk s]xL ca{ ah]6sf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lzIff dGqfnoleq}af6 klg afnljsf;nfO{ :s"n lzIff ;+/rgfdf ;dflji6 u/fpg'kg]{ cfjfh gp7]sf] xf]Og . t/ ;fwg;|f]tsf] hf]xf] ug{ c;Dej ePsf] eGb} cfkm"x¿sf] ;'‰fj c:jLs[t ePsf] lzIff ljefusf] k|f/lDes afnljsf; x]g]{ zfvfsL k|d'v b]ljgf k|wfgfË atfpFl5g\ .

;/sf/n] xfn cufl8 ;f/]sf] ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd

-P;P;cf/kL_ n] :yfgLo ;/sf/dfkm{t afnljsf; s]Gb|sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ gLlt clVtof/ u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/ eGg ldNg] clwsf/ glbOPsf] eP klg xfnnfO{ uflj;÷gkf / lhlj; g} :yfgLo ;/sf/ x'g\ . t/ pgLx¿nfO{ ufpF÷gu/ / lhNnfsf] ljBfno lzIff Joj:yfkgsf] clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L b'j} lbOPsf] 5}g . xfn uflj; k|d'vsf] e"ldsfdf /x]sf ;lrj jf gu/kflnsfsf d]o/sf] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf sfo{sf/L clws[tn] sfg"gn] :ki6 Joj:yf gu/]s} sf/0f lzIff cfˆgf] sfo{If]qleqsf] ljifo g} dfGb}gg\ . pgLx¿ To;nfO{ lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf] sfd eg]/ a'´5g\ . :yfgLo hgtf / /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿sf] bafadf uflj;x¿n] ufpFdf cfPsf] ah]6sf] s]xL /sd lzIfsnfO{ tna v'jfpg jf ljBfno dd{t ;Def/df vr{ ug]{ u/]sf eP klg afnljsf; s]Gb|b]lv :s"n;Ddsf] Joj:yfkgsf] clwsf/ / bfloTj sfg"gL ¿kd} gtf]lsPsf sf/0f pgLx¿nfO{ s/ gx'g' c:jfefljs xf]Og .

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t /x]sf afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ s]6fs]6Lsf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu ;kmn /x]sf] cg'ej xfdL;Fu x'Fb} gePsf] rflxF xf]Og . ;g\ @))& df lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIff ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -;]l/8_n] u/]sf] cWoog cg';f/, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t s]Gb|sf s]6fs]6Lsf] ;du| ljsf; ljBfnodf cfwfl/t s]Gb|df eGbf /fd|f] /x]sf] 5 . ælsgeg] ToxfF s]6fs]6LnfO{ pgLx¿sf] OR5f cg';f/ sfd ug{ lbOGYof] . ;du| jftfj/0f klg /fd|f] lyof] .Æ ;f] cWoogdf ;+nUg cg';Gwftf lzIffljb\ 8f= lszf]/ >]i7n] lzIfs l;t eg] . t/ Joj:yfkgsf] ;d:of / …:s"nsf] tof/Lsf nflu dfq afnljsf; sIffÚ eGg] e|fGt a'‰fOsf sf/0f ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿eGbf eL8ef8sf lx;fan] :s"ndf cfwfl/t s]Gb|x¿ df}nfPsf 5g\ . o;af6 klg afnljsf; sIffÚ o;sf] p2]Zo / dd{cg';f/ ;~rflnt x'g g;s]s} k'li6 x'G5 .

zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;sf nflu aRrf :j:y / tGb'?:t x'g' ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . t/ ul/aL tyf cGo sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ g]kfndf sl/a cfwfhlt afnaflnsf s'iff]if0fsf] l;sf/ x'g k'U5g\ . of] cfkm}+df Pp6f eofjx l:ylt xf] . …o'g]:sf]Úsf]

dsjfgk'/ r'l/ofdfO{l:yt ;f]gfd8fNdf afnljsf; s]Gb|sf afnaflnsx¿ .

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lzIfs ;fpg @)^^28

jflif{s k|ltj]bg–@)!), n] afnljsf; s]Gb|÷k"j{–k|fylds :s"ndf AofKt s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:ofnfO{ lzIffdf df}g ;Í6sfn -;fOn]G; Od/h]G;L_ sf] cj:yf egL lrlqt u/]sf] 5 . ;f] k|ltj]bgn] afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿n] s]6fs]6LnfO{ s'kf]if0fsf] l;sf/ x'gaf6 hf]ufpg] / eO;s]sf] eP x6fpg] tyf plrt x]/rfx;lxt rf}tkmL{ ljsf;df hf]8 lbg'kg]{ jsfnt u/]sf] 5 . ef/t, sDaf]l8of, Olyof]lkof nufotsf d'n'sdf ul/Psf] cWoogaf6 s'kf]if0fu|:t aRrfsf] z/L/ / dfgl;s b'j} :jf:Yodf Iflt k'Ug] s'/f k|dfl0ft ePsf] pNn]v ub}{ k|ltj]bgn] afnaflnsfsf] dfgl;s tyf zf/Ll/s ljsf;sf] nflu ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg ;a} kIf;Fu cfu|x u/]sf] 5 . plrt :ofxf/ tyf vfg]s'/fsf] Joj:yf u/]/ afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿n] of] ;d:of lgld6\ofGg kfg{ g;Sg] xf]Ogg\ . t/ g]kfnsf clwsf+z afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿df vfgf tyf vfhf vfg] rng g} gePsf] b]zJofkL ¿kdf afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] cWoog u/]sf lzIffljb\ 8f= >]i7sf] cg'ej 5 . pgL eG5g\, æ:jf:Yo tyf kf]if0fsf b[li6n] clwsf+z s]Gb|x¿n] s'g} of]ubfg u/]sf 5}gg\ .Æ ;/sf/n] :jf:Yo dGqfnodfkm{t ufpFufpFdf tflnd lbP/ tof/ kf/]sf dft[ lzz' :jf:Yo sfo{stf{nfO{ s]xL k};f lbP/ afnljsf; s]Gb|sf] :jf:Yo ;xhstf{ agfpFbf 7"nf] nufgLljgf /fd|f] pknlAw xfl;n x'g] 8f= >]i7sf] ;'‰fj 5 .

afnljsf;sf nflu kof{Kt v]nf}gf / c¿ ;fdu|L;lxt pko'Qm 7fpF klg rflxG5 . t/ clwsf+z s]Gb| of k"j{–k|fylds ljBfnox¿df Go"gtd ;fdu|Lsf] klg cefj /x]sf] cWoog ug]{x¿ atfpF5g\ . pklgb]{zs b]ljgf k|wfgfË elG5g\, æsfdrnfp ;fdu|Lx¿ dfq 5g\ . afnljsf;sf nflu kof{Kt ;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf g} ePsf] kfOFb}g .Æ 8f= >]i7 yK5g\, æ:yfgLo:t/df pknAw ;fdu|Laf6} klg w]/} ;fdu|L agfpg ;lsG5 . ;xhstf{ sfo{stf{nfO{ tflnddf To:tf] s'/fx¿ l;sfOPsf] klg 5 . t/ plrt Joj:yfkg / OR5fzlQmsf] cefjsf sf/0f afnljsf; s]Gb|df Go"gtd k"jf{wf/ 5}g .Æ

csf]{ ;d:of afnljsf; ;xhstf{sf] of]Uotf;Fu ufFl;Psf] 5 . sltko 7fpFdf sIff * klg pQL0f{ gu/]sf dflg;x¿ ;xhstf{ ePsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ /fd|f]l;t n]vfO–k9fO u/fpg ;s]gg\ eGg] u'gf;f] cfpg' c:jfefljs nfUb}g . pklgb]{zs k|wfgfË elG5g\, æof]Uotf eGbf klg sfo{stf{sf]] pTk|]/0ff / k|lta4tf g} 7"nf] s'/f /x]5 . oL b'j} s'/f ePsf s]Gb| t'ngfTds ¿kdf sd z}lIfs of]Uotf eP klg /fd|f]l;t rn]sf 5g\ eg] sltko 7fpFdf rflxF P;Pn;L, cfO{P kf; u/]sf dflg; eP klg l:ylt bogLo 5 .Æ

v6\lsPsf] csf]{ s'/f xf], cg'udg . afnljsf; s]Gb| s;n] cg'udg ug]{ eGg]df P]g–lgod :ki6 5}g . s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ cg'dlt uflj;÷gkfn] g} lbg;Sg] sfg"gL

k|fjwfg 5 eg] lhlzsfn] cg'bfg lbg] ePsfn] Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf s]Gb|x¿ Tot}lt/ a9L pQ/bfoL b]lvG5g\ . ljBfnosf ;|f]tJolQm jf lg/LIfssf] sfo{If]qdf s]Gb| kb}{gg\ . æs]Gb|x¿ s;/L rln/x]sf 5g\, s] ck'u 5, s] unt eO/x]sf] 5 eg]/ lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg ug]{ sf] eg]/ g} :ki6 ePg . To;}n] ubf{ of] ;a}eGbf a9L ;+j]bgzLn If]qnfO{ ;a}lt/af6 a]jf:tf ePsf] b]lvG5Æ, 8f= >]i7 eG5g\ .

;'wf/M k|fyldsdf klg cfjZosg]kfnsf] k|fylds lzIffsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:ofÙ lzIfs, cleefjs, Joj:yfks / gLltlgdf{tfx¿n] ;d]t of] txsf] lzIffnfO{ ;xL 9Ën] a'´g / cfTd;ft\ ug{ g;Sg' /x]sf] b]lvG5 . s]6fs]6LnfO{ ;[hgzLn / c;n gful/s agfpg] d"No–dfGotf, 1fg tyf ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg] u'?Q/ bfloTj af]s]sf k|fylds ljBfnox¿ afnaflnsfsf] nflu ;a} lx;fan] cfsif{s / l;Sg] ynf] aGg'–agfOg'kg]{ xf] . t/ xfd|f clwsf+z k|fljx¿ k6\of/nfUbf] cj:yfdf 5g\ . lzIff ah]6sf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ c+z -^) k|ltzteGbf dfly_ vr{ u/] klg ;/sf/n] klg of] txsf] lzIffnfO{ hlt dxŒj / Wofg lbg'kYof]{, Tof] lbPsf] kfOFb}g .

cf};t ¿kdf rn]sf afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿n] k7fPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ sIff ! df :jfut ug]{ bfloTj xf], k|fylds txsf] . t/ xfd|f] k|fylds txsf ljBfnox¿sf] jftfj/0f olt k/Dk/fut / ?9 5 ls afnljsf; s]Gb|df v]nL–v]nL x'ls{g] ;f}efUo kfPsf s]6fs]6L sIff ! df l6Sg ;Sg] cj:yf g} 5}g . lzIffljb\ k|f=8f= k|]dgf/fo0f cof{n eG5g\, æO;L8Ln] tof/ u/]/ k7fPsf s]6fs]6L sIff ! df :jfut ug]{ k|sf/sf] afnd}qL jftfj/0f xfd|f] k|fylds txdf 5}g . v]n]/ x's]{÷a9]sf s]6fs]6Ln] To:t} jftj/0f rfxG5 t/ xfd|f] sIff ! d} klg ljZjljBfnodf ‰}+ …n]Sr/ d]y8Údf k9fpg] ul/G5 .Æ sIff # ;Ddsf s]6fs]6LnfO{ afnljsf; s]Gb|df ‰}F afnd}qL / cGt/lqmofd'vL l;sfOk4ltdf cfwfl/t sIff x'g'kg]{ pgsf] wf/0ff 5 . æTo:tf] x'g;Sof]

eg] dfq s]6fs]6L sIffdf /dfP/ a:5g\ / /fd|f]l;t l;Sg ;S5g\Æ, pgsf] syg 5 . k"j{ k|fylds txdf ‰}F of] txdf klg s'iff]if0fsf] uDeL/ ;d:of 5 . lsgeg] ;fj{hlgs If]qsf *) k|ltzteGbf a9L k|fylds :s"nx¿n] %÷^ 306fsf] :s"n a;fOdf s]6fs]6LnfO{ Psk6s klg vfhf v'jfpFb}gg\ .

lzIfssf] k9fpg] z}nL, sIffsf]7fsf] a;fO Joj:yfkg / lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] cefj k|fylds txsf] lzIffsf] k|d'v ;d:of /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . hals oL tLg j6f tTjn] g} s]6fs]6Lsf] l;sfO :t/ / pknlAw lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ . s]6fs]6Ln] sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] / sIff g} 5f8\g'sf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ sf/0f klg oxL dflgG5 . lzIff ljefusf] kl5Nnf] tYofÍ cg';f/,

sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ cltl/Qm ;xof]u u/]/ hfGg] agfP/} dflyNnf] sIffdf r9fpg] of] gLltsf] d"n dd{ xf] . t/ st} lzIfs gk'u]/ t st} lzIfsdf hfFu/ gePsf sf/0f pbf/ sIff]Ggltsf]

dd{cg'?k sdhf]/ s]6fs]6Ln] lzIfsaf6 ;'wf/fTds ;xof]u -l/d]l8on ;kf]6{_ kfPsf

5}gg\ . cyf{t\ k9fO–l;sfOsf] Go"gtd :t/ geP klg pgLx¿

sIff rl9/x]sf 5g\ .

lzIfs ;fpg @)^^ 29

sIff ! df egf{ ePsfdWo] !) k|ltztn] k9fO 5f8\5g\ eg] dflyNnf sIffx¿df klg of] b/ w]/} Go"g 5}g . sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/ ! sIffdf @^ k|ltzt 5 eg] k"/} k|fylds txsf sl/a !% k|ltzt s]6fs]6Ln] ;f]xL sIff k'gM k9\5g\ -x]= tflnsf_ .

of] l:yltdf kl/jt{g Nofpgsf nflu ;a}eGbf klxn] lzIfsx¿nfO{ …k'/ftgjfbLÚ af6 gjLg 1fg tyf ;Lko'Qm / ;[hgzLn agfpg' cfjZos 5, h;n] s]6fs]6Lsf] dgf]lj1fg / cfjZostf a'‰]/ pko'Qm lzIf0f ljlwaf6 l;sfpg ;s"g\ . k|fylds txsf s]6fs]6Lsf] ;fljssf] a;fO Joj:yfnfO{ abn]/ cGt/lqmofd'vL / v's'nf] agfpg' klg plQs} h?/L b]lvG5 . s]6fs]6Lsf] l;sfO pknlAw a9fpg plrt z}lIfs ;fdu|L;lxt lzIfs sIffdf hfg}k5{ . w]/} k|sf/sf cWoogx¿n] cfjZos z}lIfs ;fdu|Lljgf g} lzIfsx¿ sIffdf uP/ k/Dk/fut JofVofg ljlwaf6 dfq lzIf0f ug]{ u/]sf sf/0f ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n gePsf] s6' oyfy{ cg]sg\ k6s phfu/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . lzIffljb\ 8f= >]i7 eG5g\, ælzIfsnfO{ cfw'lgs lzIf0fsnf / z}lIfs ;fdu|L;lxt pmhf{zLn t'NofP/ sIffdf k7fpg ;Sg] xf] eg] kfFr jif{d} k|fylds txsf] lzIffsf] :t/df 7"nf] kl/jt{g cfpF5 .Æ

lzIfs / :s"nsf] jftfj/0fnufotsf ljleGg sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ k|fylds txsf ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] :t/ ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . @)^% ;fndf km'na|fO6 sG;n6]G;L n] lzIff ljefusf nflu u/]sf] sIff % sf ljBfyL{x¿sf] /fli6«o pknlAw dfkg cWoog n] s]6fs]6Lsf] l;sfOsf] cf};t cj:yf ;fdflhs lzIffdf afx]s %) k|ltzteGbf sd b]vfPsf] 5 . -x]= tflnsf #_ xfnsf] pQL0ff{Í #@ nfO{ a9fP/ sDtLdf $) k|ltzt agfpg'kg]{ egL kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|n] lbPsf] ;'‰fj ;/sf/n] sfof{Gjog u/]sf] 5}g . sltko lzIffljb\x¿ t lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ a9fpg] xf] eg] pQL0ff{Í ^) k|ltzt agfpg'kg]{ wf/0ff /fV5g\ . d"NofÍgsf] cÍ;Fu} k4ltnfO{ klg cfjZos kl/dfh{g u/]/ s]6fs]6Lsf] JolQmTj / l;sfOsf ljljw cfofdx¿af/] klg j:t'lgi7 d"NofÍg x'g' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

afa'cfdf, ;d'bfo, lzIfs, ljBfno jf c¿n] ;d]t k|fylds txsf sIffdf cg'QL0f{ ePkl5 afnaflnsfnfO{ …c;kmnÚ ePsf] ku/L u'yfpg] u/]sf] 5 . To;n] s]6fs]6Lsf] cfTdljZjf; tyf k|ultdf hLjge/ k|efljt ug]{ ePsf] s'/fnfO{ ;d]t dWogh/ u/L ;/sf/n] otf cfP/ pbf/ sIff]Ggltsf] gLlt nfu" u/]sf] 5 h;cg';f/, sIff % ;Ddsf s]6fs]6LnfO{ …km]nÚ ul/Fb}g . kfFr ljsf; If]qsf kfFr lhNnfdf gd'gfsf ¿kdf nfu" u/]kl5 b]zJofkL agfOPsf] of] gLlt sfof{Gjog x'Fbf lzIfs tyf cleefjsdf 7"nf]

lrGtf 5fPsf] 5– ghflgsg s]6fs]6L dflyNnf] sIffdf uof] eg]/ . sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ cltl/Qm ;xof]u u/]/ hfGg] agfP/} dflyNnf] sIffdf r9fpg] of] gLltsf] d"n dd{ xf] . t/ st} lzIfs gk'u]/ t st} lzIfsdf hfFu/ gePsf sf/0f pbf/ sIff]Ggltsf] dd{cg'?k sdhf]/ s]6fs]6Ln] lzIfsaf6

;'wf/fTds ;xof]u -l/d]l8on ;kf]6{_ kfPsf 5}gg\ . cyf{t\ k9fO–l;sfOsf] Go"gtd :t/ geP klg pgLx¿ sIff rl9/x]sf 5g\ . kl/df0f:j?k, k|fylds tx pQL0f{ s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] of]Uotf / Ifdtfdf :jo+ lzIfsx¿d} uDeL/ ;Gb]x pTkGg x'g uPsf] 5 . afub]jL dflj, w'Dn';Nn], d'nfaf/Lsf lzIfs rGb|k|;fb e08f/L eG5g\, æl:ylt olt eofjx 5 ls cfˆgf] gfd z'4 n]Vg ghfGg] s]6fs]6Lx¿ klg sIff % kf; u/]/ uPsf 5g\ .

xfd|f] k|fylds txsf] kf7\oqmd ljsl;t b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf w]/} sdhf]/ dflgFb}g . s]xL jif{b]lv @) k|ltzt

kf7\oqmd :yfgLo:t/d} agfpg] gLltnfO{ w]/}n] :jfut u/]sf 5g\ . t/ kf7\oqmdn] ck]Iff u/]cg';f/ kf7\ok':ts aGg g;s]sf] sltkosf] egfO 5 . kf7\oqmdn] tf]s] a/fa/sf] l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{ :s"ndf /fd|f] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L;lxtsf] k':tsfno x'g'k5{ . t/ b'ef{Uojz, b]zsf clwsf+z k|fylds :s"nn] k':tsfnosf] d'v b]Vg kfPsf 5}gg\ eg] k':tsfno ePsf lgdflj jf dfljsf klg k|fylds txsf s]6fs]6Lsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L / kx'Frsf] ;d:of 5 .

lzIff ljefusf] kl5Nnf] tYofÍ cg';f/ xfn klg sl/a & k|ltzt s]6fs]6Ln] ljBfnosf] d'xf/ b]v]sf 5}gg\ . cfhsf] o'udf ljBfnosf] d'v gb]Vg] s]6fs]6L lgZro klg ljz]if cj:yfsf x'g\ . ltgLx¿ ul/aL / lk5l8Psf] cj:yfdf 5g\ eGg]df s'g} låljwf 5}g . cleefjsx¿nfO{ cfly{s cj;/ lbP/ eP klg To:tf] cj:yfsf s]6fs]6LnfO{ :s"n Nofpg ;a} If]qn] hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . t/ ;/sf/n] To; lbzfdf s] ug]{ / s;/L ug]{ eGg] e]p c‰};Dd kfPsf] b]lvFb}g .

sIff % sf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;du| pknlAwljifo ljBfyL{

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ælzIfsnfO{ cfw'lgs lzIf0fsnf / z}lIfs

;fdu|L;lxt pmhf{zLn t'NofP/ sIffdf k7fpg ;Sg] xf] eg] kfFr jif{d} k|fylds txsf]

lzIffsf] :t/df 7"nf] kl/jt{g cfpF5 .Æ

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kfOG5 . k|fylds txnfO{ ljBfno lzIffsf] hu dflgG5 . t/ klg ToxL hu a;fNgsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] k|fylds txsf lzIfsx¿df c‰} klg cfˆgf] Jofj;flos ;Lk / bIftfsf] kof{Kt cefj b]lvG5 . sdhf]/ cfTdljZjf; / cfkm}F cGof]nu|:t /x]sf lzIfsaf6 :t/Lo k7gkf7gsf] ck]Iff ug{ ldNb}g .

lzIff ljefusf] ̂ nf;–! l/kf]6{, @)^^ cg';f/, d'n'se/sf ;fd'bflos -;/sf/L_ :s"nsf ! nfv ^@ xhf/ %(# lzIfsx¿dWo] ! nfv !^ xhf/ $&! hgf -&!=^# k|ltzt_ k|fylds txsf 5g\ . k|fylds txdf sfo{/t lzIfsdWo] *) xhf/ !&^ hgf :jLs[t b/aGbLdf / @! xhf/ &&^ /fxt sf]6fdf / afFsL lghL ;|f]t, kL;LPkm cflb k|s[ltsf 5g\ .

;d:ofsf] h8;/sf/L clwsf/L / cleefjsx¿n] k|fylds lzIfsdfly nufpg] d'Vo cf/f]k, pgLx¿df hflu/] dfgl;stf xfjL eof] eGg] xf] . ;fy} pgLx¿df k]zfut k|lta4tf / k|lt:kwL{ efjgf gePsf] eGg] l6Kk0fL klg af/Daf/ ul/G5 . o:tf] cf/f]k / l6Kk0fLnfO{ sltko k|fylds lzIfsx¿ lgw{Ss :jLsf/ klg u5{g\ . sfe|], afn'jfl:yt cfhfb pdfljsf k|fylds lzIfs s[i0fk|;fb e"t]{nn] !) dlxg];lxt sl/a @% j6f lzIf0f tflnd lnO;s]sf 5g\ . t/, pgn] tflnddf l;s]sf] 1fg / ;Lk cfh;Dd sIffsf]7fdf l5/fPsf 5}gg\ . pgL xfsfxfsL eG5g\, æd}n] lzIf0f ;Lk a9fpg / /fd|f];Fu k9fpg eGbf klg a9'jfdf a9L cÍ kfOg] cfzn] tflnd lnPsf] x'F .Æ

sfe|]sf] tLglkKn]l:yt hf]/kf6L dfljsL k|fylds lzIfs sdnfb]jL kGt sIff Psb]lv kfFr;DdnfO{ kfFr} y/L ljifo cyf{t\ cª\u|]hL, g]kfnL, ul0ft, lj1fg / :jf:Yo k9fpFl5g\ . P;Pn;L dfq} u/]sL kGt ;a} ljifo k9fpg ufx|f] ePsf] dx;'; ul5{g\ . elG5g\, æPs jif{cl3;Dd d}n] g]kfnL dfq k9fpFy]F . k|fylds txsf lzIfs ;a} ljifodf kf]Vt x'g'k5{ eg]/ :s"ndf w]/} ljifo k9fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/of] . t/, ;a} ljifosf] lzIf0f cEof; gx'Fbf ufx|f] kg]{ /x]5 .Æ

sf7df8f}+sf] hLtk'/ pdfljsf lzIfs lbg]zs'df/ cof{n k|fylds txdf ul0ft k9fpF5g\ . pgn] k9fpFbf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u vf;} ug]{ u/]sf 5}gg\ . cof{n eG5g\, æul0ft lzIf0fdf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 eGg] dnfO{ yfxf 5 . t/, :s"ndf ;fdu|L g} gePsfn] d}n] k|of]u ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .Æ ptf, dsjfgk'/, xfF8Lvf]nfsf] gjHof]lt k|fljsL lzIfs uLtf k/fh'nL klg z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] cefj bzf{pFb} elG5g\, æ;fdu|L gx'Fbf ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tss} e/df l;sfpg'kg]{ afWotf 5 .Æ

sfe|]sf] kfFrvfnl:yt ;dfhsNof0f k|fljdf otf cfP/ k9fOsf] dfWod cª\u|]hL agfOPsf] 5 . t/, lzIfsx¿ ;Lw} …cª\u|]hL af]Ng cfpFb}gÚ geg] klg cª\u|]hL dfWoddf k9fpg …ufx|f]Ú ePsf] atfpF5g\ . !) dlxg] tflnd ;d]t lnPsL lzIfs ;fljqL clwsf/L elG5g\, æklxn] ;w}F g]kfnLd} k9fpg] afgL k¥of] . clxn] cª\u|]hLdf k9fpg' kbf{ ;d:of k/]sf] 5 .Æ

k|fylds txdf k9fpg] lzIfsn] sIffsf]7fdf ef]lu/x]sf ;d:ofsf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ oL . k|fylds txsf lzIfsx¿sf] lzIf0f z}nL / cg'ejaf/] cWoog ubf{ pgLx¿ cfkm}F ljleGg ;d:of / r'gf}tLdf ?dlNnPsf]

cfhsf afnaflnsf ef]ln s:tf] gful/s agfpg] eGg] uxg lhDd]jf/L af]s]sf k|fylds lzIfsx¿n] Psflt/ cfˆgf] ;fdYo{sf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ eg] csf{lt/ cg]sg\ ;d:ofx¿df h]lnPsf 5g\ .

k|df]b cfofd

k|fylds lzIfs

lzIfs ;fpg @)^& 31

z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|sf cg';f/, k|fylds txsf] :jLs[t b/aGbLdf sfo{/t (* k|ltzt lzIfsn]] sDtLdf !) dlxg] tflnd kfO;s]sf 5g\ . s]Gb|sf pklgb]{zs lzjs'df/ ;fksf]6fsf cg';f/ k|fylds txsf lzIfssf] tflnddf dfq} ;/sf/n] sl/a ?=! ca{ nufgL u/]sf] 5 . t/ To;sf] pknlAw eg] k6Ss} ;Gtf]ifhgs g/x]sf] ;fksf]6fsf] syg 5 .

ultnf];Fu k9fpg g;Sg'df lzIfs :jo+ lhDd]jf/ /x] klg o;sf] ;a} bf]if lzIfsdf yf]k/]/ cGo kIf klG5g ldNg] klg b]lvFb}g . tflnd s]Gb| / sIffsf]7fsf] ;+/rgf / jftfj/0f Psbd} km/s x'g', lzIfssf] …lkl/o8Ú ef/ a9L x'g', :s"ndf cTofjZos z}lIfs ;fdu|L klg pknAw x'g g;Sg', ljBfyL{sf] rfk Hofbf x'g', h:tf sf/0fn] klg lzIf0f÷l;sfOsf] kf6f] sdhf]/ /x]sf] ljleGg cWoogx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . lzIf0f ;Lk;DaGwL tflnd lbP klg k'gtf{huL tflndsf] cj;/ ;a} lzIfsn] kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . To;n] ubf{ lzIfsx¿ lzIf0fsf gofF–gofF k4ltaf/] …ck8]6Ú x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . b/aGbLsf lzIfsn] tflndsf] cj;/ kfP klg /fxt, kL;LPkm / lghL ;|f]tdf k9fpg] ( xhf/eGbf a9L lzIfs;Fu lzIf0f ;DaGwL Go"gtd ;}4flGts 1fg klg 5}g . o:t}, ‰08} !% xhf/ lzIfsn] cf+lzs tflnd dfq} kfPsf] ˆnf; l/kf]6{ sf] cfFs8fn] b]vfpF5 .

lzIfsn] s;/L k9fpF5g\ cyjf s;/L l;sfpFb} 5g\ eGg] kIfsf] cg'udg ug]{ ;+oGq g} lkmtnf] x'g' csf]{ k|d'v ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . lzIff sfof{non] cg'udgsf nflu ljBfno lg/LIfs / ;|f]tJolQmnfO{ v6fP klg pgLx¿n] sIffsf]7fd} k'u]/ cg'udg ug]{ gu/]sf] / :s"nsf] tYofÍ dfq} lnP/ kms{g] u/]sf] lzIfsx¿sf] cfd u'gf;f] 5 . ;dfhsNof0f k|fljsf k|c gj/fh sf]O/fnf eG5g\, æd]/f] :s"ndf ljlg / ;|f]tJolQmn] sIffsf]7fd} k;]/ slxNo} lg/LIf0f u/]sf 5}gg\ . pgLx¿n] k9fPsf]

x]/]/ ;'‰fj lbP sd;]sd xfdLn] klg t ;'lw|g] cj;/ kfpFYof}+ .Æ To:t}Ù lzIf0fsf qmddf cfOkg]{ ;d:ofaf/] cfk;df 5nkmn u/L Pscsf{df 1fg cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ ;+:sf/ g]kfnL lzIfsx¿df lj/n} e]l6G5 . dflj txsf] ;d]t k9fO x'g] :s"nsf k|fylds lzIfsn] rflxF sltko cj:yfdf cfk"mn] ghfg]sf s'/fx¿ ;f]Wg] / l;Sg] cj;/ kfpF5g\ . t/, z'4 k|fylds tx dfq} k9fO x'g] :s"nsf lzIfsx¿df rflxF ;d:of kbf{ tTsfn} ;f]lwxfNg] cj;/ ldNb}g .

k|fylds lzIfssf] k]zfut ljsf;sf af/]df lzIff ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|-;]l/8_n] h]7÷c;f/, @)^^ df u/]sf] Ps cWoogn] lzIf0fsf] cfwf/e"t tflnd kfP klg gjLgtd 1fg / k]zfut Ifdtf clej[l4sf] cj;/ gx'Fbf lzIfssf] lzIf0f:t/ sdhf]/ ag]sf] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5 .

cª\u|]hL dfWodM ;dfwfg ls ljsf/ <ljBfyL{ cfslif{t ug]{ ;jfndf lghL :s"n;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ufx|f] ePkl5 otf cfP/ ;fd'bflos :s"nx¿df klg k|fylds txb]lv g} cª\u|]hL dfWoddf k7gkf7g u/fpg] rng a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . t/, clwsf+z k|flj lzIfsdf cª\u|]hL efiffsf] Go"gtd 1fg ;d]t gx'Fbf pgLx¿sf] k7gkf7g k|efjsf/L x'g] ;Defjgf cfkm}+ zÍfsf] 3]/fdf k/]sf] 5 . hLtk'/ pdfljsL lzIfs c~h' cfrfo{ elG5g\, æ/x/n] eGbf klg afWotfjz cª\u|]hL dfWoddf k9fpg'k/]sf] 5 . a? xfdLnfO{ cª\u|]hLsf] 5'§} tflndsf] cj;/ lbP s]xL ;lhnf] x'g]lyof] .Æ vf;u/L P;P;nL;Ddsf] dfq z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf k|fylds lzIfsdf ljifout bIftf / cª\u|]hL dfWodsf] cWofkgdf a9L ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . k|lzIfsx¿sf cg';f/, clwsf+z k|fylds lzIfsx¿ cª\u|]hL / ul0ft ljifosf] cWofkgdf w]/} g} sdhf]/ 5g\ . z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|sf pklgb]{zs lzjs'df/ ;fksf]6fsf cg';f/, nueu #% k|ltzt k|fylds lzIfsx¿

sf7df8f}+, wfkf;Ll:yt ltlnª6f/ pdfljsf k|fylds lzIfsx¿ .

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lzIfs ;fpg @)^&32

k|df0fkq txeGbf a9L k9]sf 5g\ . afFsL ^% k|ltzt k|flj lzIfssf] of]Uotf P;Pn;L dfq} 5 / To;df $% jif{ gf3]sfx¿sf] afx'No 5 .

k|fyldsdf ‰g\ ufx|f] Ûsf7df8f}+, wfkf;Ll:yt ltlnª6f/ pdfljsL lzIfs ;/:jtL lji6 k|fylds txdf sIff ! / % nfO{ dfq} k9fpFl5g\ . pgL Tof]eGbf a9L ;do sIff ̂ –( df k9fpFl5g\ . kf7\oqmd / d"NofÍgdf Pd=P8= ul//x]sL lji6 dflyNnf] txsf] t'ngfdf k|fyldsdf k9fpg c‰ ufx|f] x'g] cg'ej ;'gfpFl5g\ . pgsf] egfOdf k|fylds txsf ljBfyL{df 1fgsf] tx sdhf]/ x'g] ePsfn] klg lzIfsn] a9L d]xgt / tof/L ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

lgDgdfWolds / dfWolds txdf ljifout lzIf0fnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] x'G5 . t/ k|fylds txdf eg] ljifout lzIf0fsf] cEof; x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . To;}n] pQm txsf lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;a} ljifosf] cWofkg u/fpg'kg]{ afWotf 5 . o;n] k|fylds lzIfsnfO{ …cf]e/nf]8]8Ú agfPsf] b]lvG5 .

ltlnª6f/s} k|fylds lzIfs b]jsL kf}8]n elG5g\, ædfWolds txsf nflu …lzIfsÚ dfq} eP k'U5 . t/, xfdL rflxF …PS6/Ú g} aGg'k5{ .Æ

cleefjsdf z}lIfs r]tgfsf] :t/ sdhf]/ ePsf] sf/0fn] klg k|fylds lzIfsx¿df bfloTjaf]‰ a9L /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljBfyL{n] l;s]÷gl;s]sf] dfq} xf]Og pgLx¿n] sfkL, snd NofP÷gNofPsf] s'/fdf ;d]t lzIfs cfkm}F rgfvf] aGg'kg]{ x'G5 . o; lx;fan] ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] :t/ j[l4 ug{sf lglDt yf]/} d]xgtn] gk'Ug] lzIfsx¿sf] egfO 5 . lzIf0fsf] ljifodf cleefjs / ;xsdL{ lzIfsx¿;Fu lg/Gt/ 5nkmn / k/fdz{ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf k|fylds lzIfsdf x'g'kg]{ dfGotf /flvG5 . ljBfyL{;Fu 3'nldn x'Fb} pgLx¿sf] dgf]j}1flgs kIfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]/ lzIf0f ug'{kg]{ Ifdtf klg k|fylds lzIfsdf x'g'k5{ .

c;Gt'li6sf] c;/:jf:Yo lzIffdf Pd=P8= u/]sf dsjfgk'/sf k|sfz nD;fn cfde~Hofªl:yt zf/bf pdfljsf k|fylds lzIfs x'g\ . k|fylds txsf] eP klg nD;fn k|fylds txdf b}lgs b'O{ lkl/o8 dfq} k9fpF5g\ eg] afFsL sIff & b]lv ( ;Dd . k|fylds txsf] tna kfP/ dfWolds;Dd k9fpg'k/]sf]df pgL ;Gt'i6 5}gg\ . k|fylds t[tLo >]0fLsf] tna ?=(,(() x'G5 eg]] lgDgdfWolds / dfWolds t[tLo >]0fLsf lzIfsn] qmdzM ?=!),%^) / ?=!#,(() kfpF5g\ .

tfKn]h'ªsf ] l;4sfnL dfljdf k|fylds txsf] b/aGbLdf /x]sf lzIfs o'j/fh kf}8]nn] ul0ftdf :gftsf]Q/ pQL0f{ u/]sf 5g\ . pgL k|fylds txsf] sIff % nfO{ cª\u|]hL ljifo k9fpF5g\ . pgsf] afFsL cWofkg sIff *–!) d} laTg] u5{ . zflGt/fd g]kfn / j]blglw kf}8]n klg l;4sfnLsf k|fylds txsf lzIfs x'g\ . pgLx¿ klg dfWolds tx;Dd} k9fpF5g\ . lzIfs g]kfn eG5g\, æ:s"ndf dfWolds txsf ;/x¿ rf/hgf dfq} x'g'x'G5 .

s] 5g\ k|fylds lzIfssf ;d:of <sIff–lzIf0fsf ;d:of lzIfssf k]zfut ;d:of z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] ckof{Kttf z}lIfs ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] cefj lzIf0faf/] ;fd"lxs cGt/lqmof gx'g' k'/:sf/ / b08sf] Joj:yf gx'g' sdhf]/ :s"n tyf sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg ljBfyL{ lgoldt pkl:yt gx'g' a]~r ;+/rgf k|efjsf/L gx'g' ljBfyL{s]lGb|t lzIf0f z}nLsf] cefj

/fhgLlts bn;Fu lzIfssf] ;+nUgtf lzIf0fnfO{ eGbf 3/]n' sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf sIffsfo{df sdhf]/ k|:t'lt c:yfoL lzIfsdf k]zfut c;'/Iffsf] lrGtf ;dfhdf lzIfssf] sdhf]/ 5lj lzIfssf] lgo'lQmdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k sdhf]/ 1fgsf] :t/

k|fylds lzIfssf] k]zfut ljsf;;DaGwL cWoog, @))( af6 .tl:a

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sf7df8f}+sf] g]kfn6f/l:yt g]kfn /fli6«o pdfljdf !* c;f/ @)^& df e]l6Psf ljleGg :s"nsf k|fylds lzIfsx¿ .

lzIfs ;fpg @)^& 33

To;}n] xfdLn] dflyNnf] txdf gk9fO ;'v} 5}g .Æ :s"ndf ljifout lzIfssf] cefj x'Fbf :gfts

jf :gftsf]Q/ pQL0f{ u/]sf k|fylds lzIfsx¿nfO{ dfWolds tx;Dd cWofkg ug'{kg]{ afWotf 5 . k|fylds txsf] eGbf z}lIfs of]Uotf a9L eP klg To; cg';f/ a9'jf / dflyNnf] txsf nflu k|lt:kwf{sf] cj;/ gkfPsf]df pgLx¿ lg/fz b]lvG5g\ . dsjfgk'/sf lzIfs nD;fn eG5g\, ælzIfs ;]jf cfof]un] dfWolds txsf] b/vf:t dfUnf / To;sf nflu k/LIff lbpFmnf eGg] cfzfdf 5' .Æ t/ cfof]un] @)%@ ;fnotf lzIfssf] :yfoL kbk"lt{sf] lj1fkg v'nfPs} 5}g .

@)%* ;fn;Dd k|fylds txsf] :yfoL lzIfsn] cfˆgf] kb lnogdf /fv]/ z}lIfs of]Uotf cg';f/ dflyNnf] txdf c:yfoL a9'jf x'g kfpg] Joj:yf lyof] . t/, o;n] k|fylds txdf lnog lzIfssf] ;ª\Vof a9\b} uP/ ;dfof]hg ug{ sl7g ePkl5 ;/sf/n] pQm Joj:yf vf/]h u/]sf] lyof] . o;af6 klg cfk"mx¿ …c:yfoL a9'jfÚsf] cj;/af6 al~rt ePsf] u'gf;f] k|fylds txsf lzIfsx¿sf] 5 .

jiff}{+b]lv c:yfoL g} /xg'k/]sf] sf/0fn] klg k|fylds txsf lzIfsx¿df k]zfut c;Gt'li6 a9fPsf] e]l6G5 . sf7df8f}+, dgd}h'l:yt dfgl;+x wd{ pdfljsL lgd{nf s];L pQm :s"ndf ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] lzIfs x'g\ . @)$# ;fnb]lv k9fpg yfn]sL s];L clxn];Dd klg c:yfoL g} 5g\ . @)%@ / @)^# ;fndf :yfoLsf] nflu k/LIff lbP klg pgL b'j}} k6s cGtjf{tf{df …km]nÚ ePsf] atfpFl5g\ . pgL elG5g\, æ@$ jif{ lzIf0fdf latfO;s]F . t}klg :yfoL x'g g;Sbf ;w}F cfˆg} eljiosf] lrGtfn] lk/f]N5 .Æ lzIff ljefusf cg';f/, k|fylds txdf !( xhf/ %(@ hgf c:yfoL lzIfs 5g\ .

ug}{ kg]{ sfdk|fylds lzIfsx¿sf] lzIf0f lqmofsnfk ;'wf/ u/L k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg pgLx¿sf] k]zfut Ifdtf / bIftf clej[l4 ug'{sf] ljsNk b]lvFb}g . d'Vo s'/f lzIfsnfO{ …of]UoÚ / …;lqmoÚ agfpg' g} klxnf] sfd b]lvG5 . ;/sf/n] ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd-P;P;cf/kL_ df lzIfssf] k]zfut ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;f/]sf] 5 . To; cg';f/ k|:tfljt cfwf/e"t tx -sIff !–*_sf nflu k|df0fkqtx pQL0f{ u/L lzIfs tof/L sf];{ k"/f u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 . ax'sIff lzIf0fcGtu{t sIff !–# ;Dd ;a} ljifo k9fpg] / sIff $–* df sDtLdf tLg ljifo k9fpg of]Uo x'g] u/L lzIfs ljsf; sf];{ tof/ ul/g] kl/sNkgf …P;P;cf/kLÚn] u/]sf] 5 . of];Fu} lzIfssf ;d:ofs]lGb|t / k'gtf{huL tflndsf nflu lzIfssf] k]zfut ljsf;-6LkL8L_ tof/ u/]sf] 5 . …6LkL8LÚcGtu{t lzIfsn] k|To]s kfFr jif{df !)–!) lbgsf] b/n] tLg k6s;Dd

sfe|], kfFrvfnsL ;'hftf >]i7 :yfgLo uf]Ndfb]jL k|fljsL afnljsf; ;xof]uL sfo{stf{ x'g\ . laxfg !) b]lv ck/fGx ;f9] tLg ah];Dd !$ hgf afnaflnsfx¿;Fu latfpFl5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ v]nfpg', gfrufg u/]/ dgf]/~hg lbnfpg', /f]Psf a]nf k'mNofpg]b]lv ;/;kmfO{ ug'{ pgsf] lhDd]jf/L xf] . To;afkt pgn] kfpFl5g\, hDdf ?=!,*)) . ;'hftf elG5g\, æd]/f] v6fO c¿sf] eGbf sd 5}g . t/, kfl/>lds ;fx|} sd x'Fbf cln cln vNnf] nfU5 .Æ

;'hftf h:t} afnljsf; ;xof]uL sfo{stf{x¿ cfk"mn] kfpg] kfl/>ldsnfO{ lnP/ lgs} c;Gt'i6 b]lvG5g\ . lzIff ljefusf cg';f/, xfn d'n'se/ ;fd'bflos :t/df @$ xhf/ &&# j6f afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿ ;~rfngdf 5g\ . afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;+j]ufTds ljsf; u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ljBfno k|j]zsf] cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy ;/sf/n] @)%@ ;fnb]lv g} …lzz'sIffÚsf] ¿kdf afnljsf; s]Gb|sf] cjwf/0ff z'? u/]sf] lyof] . ;xof]uL sfo{stf{sf] kfl/>lds :j?k lzIff ljefun] dfl;s ?=!,*)) pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .

lzIff ljefu, afnljsf; zfvfsL pklgb]{zs b]ljgf k|wfgfË ;xof]uL sfo{stf{sf] kfl/>lds ck'u ePsf] eGg gldNg] ts{ ul5{g\ . pgsf] egfO 5, æ;/sf/ / ;d'bfon] cfwf÷cfwf /sd Joxf]g]{ u/L afnljsf; s]Gb|sf] cjwf/0ff NofOPsf] xf] . To;}n] o;df ;d'bfon] klg of]ubfg ug'{k5{ .Æ tyflk cfly{s jif{ @)^&÷^* df ;xof]uL sfo{stf{sf] kfl/>lds a9fpg] ljifodf 5nkmn eO/x]sf] hfgsf/L pgn] lbOg\ .

df/df afnljsf; sfo{stf{

k'gtf{huL tflnd lng'kg]{5 . o;n] lzIfssf k]zfut ;Lk / 1fgnfO{ cBfjlws ug{ ;3fp k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

tyflkÙ k|fylds lzIf0fsf nflu cfjZos Go"gtd of]Uotf g} ck'u /x]sf] l:yltdf P;Pn;L dfq u/]sf k'/fgf lzIfsx¿nfO{ g} tflndsf] cj;/ lbP/ To;af6 lzIf0f sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf cfpg] ;Defjgf sd} b]lvG5 . tflnd lbP/ To;af6 lzIf0f sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf cfpg] ;Defjgf sd}

sfe|] afn'jfsf] cfhfb pdfljsf k|fylds lzIfsx¿ s[i0fk|;fb e't]{n -afofF_ / ljqmdxl/ bg'jf/ .

cfj/0f l/kf]6{

lzIfs ;fpg @)^&34

lzIff ljefusf] ̂ nf;–! l/kf]6{, @)^^ cg';f/, ;fd'bflos :s"nsf] k|fylds txdf cWofkg/t s'n !,!^,$&! lzIfsdWo] $),!&% hgf -#$=$( k|ltzt_ dlxnf 5g\ . hals @)^# df dlxnf lzIfs @!,(() -#)=^) k|ltzt_ lyP . of] cfFs8f x]bf{ tLg jif{sf] cjlwdf dlxnf lzIfssf] ;ª\Vof ‰08} bf]Aa/ j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;'b"/klZrd If]qdf dlxnf lzIfssf] cg'kft cGo If]qsf] t'ngfdf sd /x]sf] 5 . ToxfF !(=&% k|ltzt dfq} dlxnf lzIfs 5g\ . afFsL rf/ ljsf; If]qdf of] ;ª\Vof #@ k|ltzteGbf dfly 5 .

k|fylds txsf ljBfyL{ pd]/}n] ;fgf x'g] ePsfn] klg pgLx¿nfO{ ddtfdoL 9Ëaf6 l;sfpgsf nflu klg dlxnf lzIfssf] e"ldsf a9L dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] atfOG5 . uf]Ndfb]jL k|fljsL k|c b]phf elG5g\, æk'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnf lzIfs;Fu ljBfyL{x¿ ;d]t sd 8/fpg] ePsfn] cfkm"nfO{ k/]sf] ;d:of ;lhn};Fu atfpg ;S5g\ .Æ

sl/a !% jif{cl3 ;/sf/n] k|To]s k|fylds :s"ndf sDtLdf Pshgf dlxnf lzIfs /fVg] cjwf/0ff cl3;f/]sf] lyof] . To;cg';f/ lzIff lgodfjnLdf tLg hgf b/aGbL /x]sf] k|fylds :s"ndf sDtLdf Pshgf dlxnf lzIfs x'g}kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0f ug{sf nflu dlxnf cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/]sfn] cfpFbf lbgdf dlxnf lzIfssf] ;ª\Vof c¿ j[l4 x'g] b]lvG5 .

a9\b}5g\ dlxnf lzIfs b]lvG5 . l;Sg] / ;lqmo x'g] pd]/ / pT;fx kf/ ul/;s]sf lzIfsx¿nfO{ :j]lR5s cjsfzsf] cj;/ lbP/ pgLx¿sf] 7fpFdf k|lta4, of]Uo / pT;fxL o'jfx¿nfO{ cj;/ lbg' a9L lskmfotL / pkof]uL x'g] b]lvG5 .

lzIfsx¿nfO{ k]zfk|lt k|lta4 / hjfkmb]xL t'Nofpg b08, k|f]T;fxg / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yfnfO{ hlt ;Sof] rfF8f] sfof{Gjog ul/g' h?/L 5 . ;]l/8sf] cWoog k|ltj]bgn] klg k|fylds lzIfssf nflu ljifout sfo{zfnf, glhssf :s"ndf cjnf]sg e|d0f, cª\u|]hL efiffsf] tflndsf] cj;/ lbg'kg]{ ;'‰fj lbPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu ;|f]t s]Gb| / :s"nnfO{ g} ;lqmo t'Nofpg'kg]{ ;'‰fj pQm cWoogsf] 5 . lzIfsnfO{ sIffsf]7fdf cfjZos kg]{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L / cGo ;|f]t÷;fwgsf] pknAwtfsf nflu ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / k|cn] klg Wofg k'¥ofpg'sf] ljsNk 5}g .

lzIfssf] sfo{Ifdtf / cg'ejsf cfwf/df lglZrt ;dofjlwdf a9'jf kfpg] Joj:yf /fv]/ klg pgLx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ ;lsG5 . clxn] Pp6f txsf] >]0fLut ¿kdf lzIfsnfO{ a9'jf ug]{ k|fjwfg 5 . of]Uotf k'u]sf lzIfsnfO{ txut a9'jfsf] cj;/ lbOg'kg]{ lzIfsx¿sf] dfu 5 .

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lzIfs ;fpg @)^^ 35

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w]/} sdhf]/L /fHos}lzz' lzIff xf] eg]sf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ rf/ jif{ k"j{sf afnaflnsfnfO{ lbOg] lzIff lzz' lzIff / rf/ jif{ k"/f eO{ kfFr jif{ k"/f gePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ lbOg] lzIff k"j{–k|fylds lzIff elgPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ h;/L x]/] klg k"j{–k|fylds ljBfnodf afnljsf; jf k"j{–k|fylds ljBfnosf] gfd lbP/ sIff PsnfO{ ;d]t To;}df /fv]/ sf]rfsf]r / eL8ef8sf ;fy JofVofg ljlw ckgfO{ k9fOG5 . o:tf] sIffdf s;/L x'G5 afn–d}qL, ljBfyL{s]lGb|t lzIf0f l;sfO < cleefjsx¿ afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfnodf egf{ u/]kl5 km]l/ ljBfno hfFb}gg\ . pgLx¿ ;r]t eP klg cfˆgf afnaflnsfeGbf sfdnfO{ a9L k|fyldstfdf /fV5g\ .

lzIfsx¿nfO{ w]/} txdf ljefhg u/L lzIfssf] dof{bfdfly 7]; nfUg] sfo{ /fHo kIfaf6 ul/Psf] 5 . lzIfsx¿sf] k]zf jf /f]huf/sf] Uof/]G6L gePsf sf/0f w]/} lzIfsx¿ bf];|f] k]zf ;dfTg afWo ePsf x'g\ . k|fylds lzIfsnfO{ a9L ;lqmo, ;Gt'i6, lqmofzLn, kl/0ffdbfoL agfpg dflysf ;a} s'/fdf

Wofg lbg' /fHokIfsf] e"ldsf /xG5 . k|fylds lzIffnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ lzIffsf] husf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . h;/L 3/sf] hu bx|f] geP 3/ sdhf]/ x'G5 To;/L g} ;Dk"0f{ lzIffsf] hu alnof] kfg{ k|fylds lzIffsf] hu alnof] x'g' cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu lzIfs tflndsf] Joj:yf, tflnddf l;s]sf s'/fnfO{ ljBfnodf sfof{Gjog ug]{ jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug'{k5{ . ljBfnodf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|r'/ dfqfdf Joj:yfÙ /fHokIfaf6 jf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 a]nfa]nfdf lzIfssf] sfo{bIftfsf] d"NofÍg, k[i7kf]if0fsf ;fy;fy} ;'wfg{ k|of; ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug'{k5{ . ljBfyL{ lgoldt agfpg ljBfnodf nufgLsf ;fy} ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkgdf Jofks ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf k5{ . ljBfnodf Jofj;flos, Jofjxfl/s / k|efjsf/L lzIf0faf6 dfq b]zdf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ j[l4sf ;fy} k|fylds lzIffsf] hu alnof] agfpg 6]jf k'Ub5 .

n]vgfy ;'j]bLdfuf{b]jL k|flj, a]nx/f–#, wgs'6f

; Dk"0f{ lzIffsf] cfwf/lznf eGg' g} k|fylds tx xf] .

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h:tf] kfl/>lds p:t} :t/;du| jftfj/0f afncg's"n ePkl5 dfq u'0f:t/Lo lzIff ;Dej x'G5 . ljBfyL{sf] zf/Ll/s, af}l4s / ;+j]ufTds ljsf;df ;fdflhs / k|j[lQut ?kfGt/0f Nofpg ;Sg' c;n lzIfssf] k|d'v bfloTj x'G5 . cfk;L 5nkmn, cGt/lqmof / lh1f;' :jefjn] hlt Jofjxfl/s / lqmofzLn agfpF5 plQs} dfqfdf ;fdflhsLs/0f x'g klg d2t ldNb5 . afndgf]lj1fgsf] Vofn} gu/L ef}lts / dfgl;s oftgfn] eod'Qm l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf gsf/fTds k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . lzIf0f Pp6f snf xf] / o;df lgk'0f x'gsf nflu k]zfut Odfgbf/L x'g'k5{ . ef}lts

k"jf{wf/sf] sdLnfO{ Jojl:yt u/]/ k|fylds pd]/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ ljz]if sfo{qmdcGtu{t ljBfno cfpg] jftfj/0f agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . k"j{–k|fylds sIffdf afnpBfgsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg 5}g . !$ y/Lsf lzIfs lgo'lQm u/]/ sltkosf] k]zfut clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf vflt/ Goflos xs vf]Hb}df cWofkg tof/Lsf] ;do kof{Kt gx'g ;S5 . clg Go"g kfl/>ldssf] df/df s:tf] u'0f:t/Lotfsf] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsPnf <

d}ofb]jL /fO{zflGt lgdflj, xf]Dtfª–$, ef]hk'/

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xf nsf] cj:yfnfO{ lgofNbf nIo k|flKtsf nflu of] ;~rfng k4lt oyf]lrt b]lvFb}g . k"j{–k|fylds÷k|fylds txdf cfj4 x'g] pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfsf nflu afns]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlwaf6 lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ePsf] kfOFb}g . a? pxL k'/ftg k4ltsf] lzIfss]lGb|t / ;'uf/6fOsf] k4lt xfjL 5 . kmntM k9\g] / l;Sg] sfd pgLx¿sf nflu ;xh / ;/n aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . k|fylds txsf lzIfssf] Go"gtd of]Uotf P;Pn;L tf]lsPsf] 5 . lzIff ljifo lnP/ k9]sf afx]s cGo lzIfsdf lzIf0fl;sfO sf}znsf] 1fg k6Ss} 5}g . :gfts, :gftsf]Q/

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;'wf/sf !) ;"q;a} k|fylds ljBfnodf vfhf -kf}li6s cfxf/_ sf] sfo{qmd ha;Dd Nofpg ;lsFb}g ta;Dd l;sfOdf k|efjsfl/tf cfpg ;Sb}g .

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txsf] of]Uotf ePsf JolQmx¿ ;d]t k|fylds lzIfsk|lt cfslif{t b]lvPsf 5g\ t/ tLdWo] w]/} lzIf0fk|ltsf] nufjsf sf/0f eGbf /f]huf/Lsf nflu cfPsf b]lvG5g\ . pgLx¿dWo] sltkodf lzIf0f sf}zn b]lvG5 eg] sltkodf z"Go g} b]lvG5 . ;Lk ePsfx¿n] klg To;nfO{ sIffdf sd} dfqfdf k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 .

cS;/ k"j{–k|fylds÷k|fylds txs} lzIfs ePsf JolQmx¿ 3/fo;L sfd klg EofOg], ;fgf]ltgf] hflu/ klg kfOg] ;f]rdf cfslif{t ePsf] klg kfOG5 . kmntM lzIfsx¿ cfˆgf] k]zfut lgi7feGbf klg 3/fo;L sfdk|lt nufj lbG5g\ . k]zfsdL{x¿nfO{ o;af/] l6Kk0fL ug{ nufpFbf pgLx¿af6 ;xh hjfkm

cfpF5– …sfd ug]{÷gug]{nfO{ Pp6} t'nfdf /fv]/ x]g]{ k4lt ePkl5 s] ug]{ < h;f]t;f] u¥of] cfˆg} sfddf bu'¥of] .Ú

s] ug]{ <k|fylds lzIff ljBfyL{sf] z}lIfs hLjgsf] hu xf] . of] sdhf]/ eP To;}df cl8g] cGo s'/f :jtM etfe'Ë eP/ hfG5g\ . o;nfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg cg'udgdf tLa|tf NofOg'k5{ . To;af6 k|fKt x'g] k|ltj]bgnfO{ cWoog u/L lzIfsx¿df b08÷k'/:sf/sf] gLlt nfu" ug'{k5{ . k]zfdf cfa4 ePsfnfO{ ;dlk{t /xg pTk|]l/t ug'{k5{ . To;sf nflu kof{Kt tna ;'ljwfn] dfq k'Ub}g, tflndsf] k|of]u nlIft If]qdf

plrt jftfj/0f g} d'Vo s'/f

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lg/LIf0f x'g'kg]{%= ljBfnosf cfjZostf

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^= ljBfyL{sf] lg/Gt/ d"NofÍgsf] k|j[lQnfO{ ;a}df ;dfg ¿kn] nfu" ug'{kg]{

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k"jf{wf/sf] tof/L, z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf / k|of]usf nflu of]ubfg lbg tyf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljleGg ultljlwx¿df ;lqmo ;xefuL u/fO{ pgLx¿sf lqmofsnfkx¿sf af/]df cleefjsnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg ;s]df k|fylds lzIffsf] hu alnof] kfg{ ;lsG5 .

k|fylds lzIfsnfO{ ;Gt'i6 agfpgsf lgldQ eg] ;/sf/n] k|fylds lzIfssf gfddf /x]sf ljleGg pkgfd / lgo'lQm k|lqmofnfO{ ;Rofpg'k5{ . Pp6} txdf sfd

ug]{ lzIfsx¿sf leGg–leGg tna ;'ljwfn] lzIfsnfO{ c;Gt'i6 agfO/x]sf] 5 . Pp6f ljBfnodf sfd ug]{ lzIfs b/aGbLsf] sdLn] d/Ld/L ;ft} 306L k9fpg afWo 5 eg] csf]{ ljBfnodf sfo{/t lzIfs b/aGbL a9L eP/ #÷$ 306L k9fP/ ysfO dfb}{5 . s'g} ljBfnodf @÷# j6f sIffdf Pp6} lzIfs 3f]qmf] ;'Sg] u/L s/fO/x]sf] x'G5 . of] cj:yfdf lzIfsdf s;/L pTk|]/0ff a9\5 / lzIfsx¿ ;Gt'i6 x'g;S5g\ < t;y{ b/aGbL ldnfgsf nflu ;/sf/sf] Wofg k'Ug' h?/L 5 . Joj:yfkg ;ldltaf6 lzIfs lgo'lQm ug]{ k|fjwfg x6fpg'k5{ . lhNnf:t/df lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u u7g u/L lgikIf ¿kdf lzIfs lgo'lQm, ;?jf, a9'jf / b/aGbL ldnfgsf] sfd ug{ ;lsPdf k|fylds lzIffnfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg ;lsG5 .

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k|To]s tLg dlxgfdf ;DalGwt lzIfsx¿af6 k|ult ljj/0f tof/ kfg{ nufO{ k|wfgfWofks, ;|f]tJolQm / lg/LIfsx¿af6 To;sf] uxg cWoog u/]/ oyf]lrt ;'‰fj lbP/ ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogdf lgu/fgL /fVg'k5{ . oxL qmdnfO{ bf];|f]÷t];|f]df klg lg/Gt/tf lbFb} ;f] cg';f/ ;an kIfdf :ofaf;L / b'a{n kIfdf ;'wf/sf nflu ;'‰fj lbP/ lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf], lzIfssf] k|wfgfWofksnufot cGon] clGtd d"Nofª\sg ub}{ k'/:sf/÷b08sf] gLlt ckgfP/ lzIfsx¿df pT;fx yKb} hfg'k5{ / ck]lIft nIonfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg'k5{ . ;fy}, pbf/ sIff pGgltsf cfwf/df k|ultljj/0f lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ug'{k5{ .

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eP÷gePsf] x]g'{k5{ / k|fKt kl/0ffd cg';f/ k|ltlqmof lbg'k5{ .

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lzIfsx¿ g} l;sfO lqmofsnfksf cfwf/:tDe ePsfn] pgLx¿n] afnaflnsfdf eo/lxt lzIf0fsf] jftfj/0f agfpg'k5{ .

lzIffzf:q tyf dgf]lj1fgdf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ jf ;f];/xsf] lzIf0f tflnd lnPsf JolQmnfO{ dfq} k|fylds÷k"j{–k|fylds lzIfssf ¿kdf k|j]z u/fpg'k5{ . lzIfs lgo'lQmdf :yfgLo /fhgLlts kf6L{sf sfo{stf{nfO{ k|fyldstf glbO{ …;a} /fd|f xfd|fÚ eGg] cfbz{ ckgfpg'k5{ .

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3/sf] hu sdhf]/ x'Fbf 3/} sdhf]/ eP h:t} ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|fylds txsf] k9fOsf] :t/ / pgLx¿n] l;Sg'kg]{ l;sfO pknlAwx¿ k"/f gx'Fbf lzIffsf p2]Zox¿ cw'/f x'G5g\ . ljBfyL{;Fu ePsf k|ltefx¿ phfu/ u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ljleGg lqmofsnfkdf ;l/s u/fpg ;s]df k|fylds ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿ lgdflj / dfljsf nflu :jtM of]Uo x'g]5g\ / dflyNnf sIffx¿sf l;sfOdf o;sf] k|efj k5{ . k|fylds lzIfsx¿n] sIffsf]7fdf cfjZos

efiff

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lzIfs ;fpg @)^^38

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dflj :s"nsf k|fylds lzIfsx¿ ckx]lnt ePsf] dx;"; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h'g;'s} sfo{qmddf klg cfkm"nfO{ 7"nf] b]vfpg] cyf{t\ cfkm" dflj lzIfs ePsfn] To;sf] g]t[Tj cfkm}+n] lng] u/]sfn] k|fylds lzIfsx¿ bz{s ag]/ x]g{ afWo ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|fylds lzIfsx¿ k|foM afnaflnsfnfO{ /dfP/, gfFr]/, dfof u/]/ ljleGg lzIf0f ljlw

l;Fufg] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ‰f]nf af]Sg, a:g, xfF:g, v]Ng, snd ;dfpg l;sfpg] afnljsf;df sfo{/tsf] tna ?=!,*)) clgÙ ;dfg of]Uotf ePsf k|fylds lzIfssf] tna ^ u'0ff a9L cyf{t\ ?=!!,))) sfod u/]/ s;}nfO{ nfvf s;}nfO{ kfvf ul/Fbf ;xof]uL sfo{stf{x¿sf] lrQ b'v]sf] 5 .

k|of]u u/L kmsfO{–km'NofO{ k9fPsf x'G5g\ t/ ltg} ljBfyL{x¿ dflj sIffdf k'U5g\ clg ltgLx¿n] k|fylds lzIfsnfO{ jf:tf ug{ 5f]8\5g\ . pgLx¿n] s] ;f]R5g\ eg] ca t xfdLnfO{ oL k|fylds lzIfsx¿n] k9fpFb}gg\ clg lsg lognfO{ 6]g]{ <

k|efjsf/L lzIf0f l;sfOsf] nflu k|fylds sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ¿kn] ;hfo jf b08 lbg'x'Fb}g . b08 jf ;hfo klg o:tf] x'g'k5{ h;n] afnaflnsfsf] af}l4s Ifdtf a9fpg d2t u/f];\ .

cGTodf …k|fylds lzIfsÚ sf] k"/f cy{ o;/L nufpg] sf]lzz ul/Psf] 5–k|f Ö k|f/lDes cj:yf

xf] . afnaflnsfsf] w]/} Wofg lbg'k5{ .

y Ö ysf{P/ xf]Og, 8/fP/ xf]Og dfof u/L k9fpg'k5{ .

ld Ö ldqtf ;w}+ sfod /xf];\, lzIfs / ljBfyL{sf] aLrdf .

s Ö s;nfO{, s], lsg, slt / s;/L k9fpg]Ù vf]Hg' cfˆgf] dgdf .

lz Ö lzIf0f ljlw 5fgL–5fgL k9fpg'k5{ sIffsf]7fdf .

If Ö Ifdf ug'{k5{, lzionfO{ uNtL ;'wfg]{ df}sf lbP/ .

s Ö st{Jok|lt jkmfbf/ x'g'k5{ .

/jLGb|s'df/ bf;dflj lhgfv', l;Gw'nL

efiff

zdf{

lzIfs ;fpg @)^& 39

cfj/0f ljrf/8f= ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf

5nfªL aRrf / yf]lqPsf lzIfs g"tg aGg] ls <k|To]s aRrf ¿v aG5 . ;f9] tLg xft] z/L/sf] ¿v . ;f] ¿vsf k|To]s cjoj k9f}+ . 1fg ToxLF 5 . lxGb"sf] k'Vof}{nL zAbdf— eftsf] l;tf ToxLF 5 . sfFrf] jf kfsf] 5fGg] l;tf . yf]lqg] ls el/g] /x/ xfdL lzIfss} xf] . c¿ s]jn ;xfos x'g\ .

5nfªL ;Gbe{k|f/Aw sd{ lnP/ xfdL hGdG5f}+ . lxGb" k'vf{n] o;} eg] . o; cy{df ;l~rt 1fg . k"j{hGdsf] 1fg . klZrdL cfw'lgs k'vf{n] eg]— xfdL 1fgfh{g u5f}{+ . cf===cf=== u/]/ . df===df=== u/]/ . af===af=== u/]/ . Plnhfj]y xn{sn] To;} elgg\– b'O{ jif{df of] hfGb5 . kfFr jif{df of] hfGb5 . b'O{ leGg ljrf/ xfdLn] af]Sof}+ . af]sfOof}+ . ldnglaGb' klg lyof] . a'4dfuL{ laGb' . lxGb"af6 cfg'j+lzs -Ogx]l/6]8_ 1fg :jLsfg]{ . xn{saf6 cflh{t 1fg . b'j}nfO{ Pscsf{sf] k"/s 7fGg] . t/ xfdL lzIfsn] To;f] u¥of}+ / < ug{ hfGof}+ / < pbfx/0f lbpFm afUn'ªsf b'O{ aRrfsf] . klxnf] aRrf cd/k'/L bd}ssf] xf] . bf];|f] vf]nflt/sf] . klxnf] tLgjif]{ aRrf . bf];|f] cf7jif]{ . klxnf] aRrfdf t'ngf ug]{ crDdsf] Ifdtf 5 . pd]/df t'ngf . n}lËs agf]6df t'ngf . prfOdf t'ngf . df]6fOdf t'ngf . t/ j:t'nfO{ 7"nf]

/ ;fgf] eGg hfGb}g . bf];|f] aRrfdf ljZn]if0ffTds Ifdtf 5 . df]afOnsf] k|of]udf . sIffsf]7fdf df]afOn glng]df . k|wfgfWofksn] k|zf;lgs k|of]usf nflu dfq df]afOnsf] k|of]u ug]{df . lszf]/Ln] afa'cfdf;Fu ;DaGw /fVg dfq} k|of]u ug]{df . s]6fx¿sf] cgfjZos kmf]gn] lhGbuL aaf{b x'G5, afgL lau|G5 eGg]df . oL Ifdtfaf/] xn{s hflGbgg\ . tflnd vfPsf lzIfs hfGb}gf+} . cfO{=P8=, lzIff ljifos pRr dfWolds / aL=P8= k9]sf lzIfs a'´b}gf}+ . s] afnaflnsf klg 5nfªL eO;s]sf x'g\ t <

;Gbe{sf] lzIffdflysf] ;Gbe{n] eGof]— xfdL kl5 k¥of}+ . k"j{hsf] a'l4 a'´g . xn{snfO{ r'gf}tL lbg . o; dfg]df lzIfs kl5 k¥of}+ . aRrfx¿n] 5nfª dfl/;s] . Ifdtf -slDk6]G;L_ df cfwfl/t kf7\oqmd a]t'sL eO;s] . kf7\ok':ts

/ljg ;fo\ld

cfj/0f ljrf/

lzIfs ;fpg @)^&40

;Gbe{xLg eO;s] . To:tf ;Gbe{xLg kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts af]Sg] xfdL lzIfs s] eof}+ xf]nf < d]/f] ljrf/df a]sDdf . 3f]8f cufl8sf] uf8f . o:tf …uf8fx¿Ún] s] lzIff lbg] < sxfF cBfjlws ug]{ < cBfjlws x'g] < s;n] cBfjlws ul/lbg] < d]/f] cg'ejn] eG5— cBfjlws ul/lbg] tfutjfnf sf]xL 5}gg\ . 5}gf}+ . 5f}+ eg] klg xn{s} af]N5f}+ . k|f/Aw sd{ af]n] kTofpFb}gf}+ . xn{s af]n] EofpFb}gf}+ . dfS;{ af]n] aRr} lrGb}gf}+ . ltgnfO{ j:t' 7fG5f}+ . cfsfl/t ug]{ j:t' . ul/g] j:t' . o; l:yltdf ;Gbe{ljb\ (Environmentalist/Constructi onist) n] cfsng ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ . o; dfg]df xfd|f lzIf0fx¿ cfTd/lt x'G5g\ . afUn'ª] aRrfx¿nfO{ gx'g] . x'g} g;Sg] . 5f]Psf] e|d dfq} lbg] .

z}lIfs kL8faRrf 5nfªL . lzIfs cfTd/lt . ljutsf] cf:yfsf cfTd/lt . o; cy{df ljutn] jt{dfgnfO{ 8f]¥ofPg . lxhf] 8f]¥ofof] . cfh lsg gx'g] < of] a'l4 g} kL8f xf] . afUn'ª] aRrfn] elglbP— k'u]g ;/ . k'u]g ld; . ltd|f] tfut k'u]g . ltd|f xn{sx¿ e"t alg;s] . ltd|f dfS;{x¿ yf]lqO;s] . ltd|f ca|fxd lnÍg dlsO;s] . ltd|f ufGwL wf]lqO;s] . ltd|f dfcf] ldlt gf3]sf cf}iflw eO;s] . aRrfx¿sf] of] ;Gb]z ga'´g' xfd|f] kL8f xf] . lzIfssf] kL8f . Joj:yfkssf] kL8f . tflnd]sf] kL8f . ;dli6df eGbf– ?9jfbLsf] kL8f . xn{sL ?9 . ufGwL ?9 . dfS;{ ?9 . dfcf] ?9 . lnÍg ?9 . o:tf ?9x¿n] s;nfO{ Gofo u¥of}+ t < aRrfx¿n] elglbP— xfdLnfO{ k'u]g . o; cy{df aRrfsf] nflu cGofoL eof+} . l;4fGtsf/x¿n] elglbP—xfdLn] ;Gbe{df n]Vof}+ . ;Gbe{ km]l/p~h]n afFr]gf}+ . To;}n] ljrf/ 5f]8\of}+ . z/L/ nUof}+ . cyf{t\ a'4sf] …;do ;f]rÚ a'‰]gf}+ . cfh lxlhFb}5 eGg] ;f]r . xfjf km]l/Fb}5 eGg] ;f]r . o; cy{df csf]{ kL8f hGDof] . kL8f xf]— ;a}nfO{ hf]8\g ghfGg' .

kL8f zdgsf tls{jljrf/sx¿n] af6f] klg lbP . dfS;{n] n]v]— x]u]n pN6f lyP . ToxLF pgn] cJoQm ¿kdf eg]—d klg s'g} lbg pN6f] x'g ;S5' . xn{sn] k'/fgf ;f]rdf r'gf}tL lbOg\ . pgn] cGhfgd} elgg\— d klg k'/fgL x'G5' . w;]{ (Liner) a'l4df k''/fgL . qmdfut (Conti nuum) a'l4df cndn] . rqmLo (Cyclic) a'l4df s'g} a]nf gofF . s'g}a]nf k'/fgf] . km]l/ gofF . kfOG6sf] cfsf/ h:tf] . slxn] s'g km'sfO gofF . slxn] s'g ;'sfO gofF . o:tf ljrf/x¿af6 tls{j lgl:sG5g\ . ug]{ tls{j . gug]{ tls{j .-s_ klxnf] tls{j xf]— aRrfx¿ k9f}+ . ltgnfO{ k9fpg

5f]8f}+ . of] tls{jn] cd/k'/L bd}ssf] aRrf lrlgG5 . vf]nflt/sf] aRrf a'l‰G5 . ToxL a'‰fOdf xn{s x]/f}+ . xn{ss} a'l4df ag]sf] kf7\oqmd x]/f}+ . ;f]xL kf7\oqmdsf] cf8df ag]sf] kf7\ok':ts x]/f}+ . oL x]/fOx¿n] xfdLnfO{ :jtM k]z]j/ agfpF5 .

-v_ bf];|f] tls{j xf]— xh'/af, xh'/cfdf;Fu a'afcfdfsf] afnrl/q ;f]wf}+ . pgn] u/]sf s'/f . pkb|f] . gjLg vf]h . o:tf pkqmdn] xfdLnfO{ t'ngf ug{ afWo u5{ . cfhsf k9]n]v]sf afa'cfdfsf ;Gtfg . afUn'ª] aRrfx¿ . clg cfˆg} afnrl/q . o;/L rf/j6f sf]nd agfcf}+ . klxnf] sf]nddf cfˆgf] afnrl/q n]vf}+ . cfˆg} ;D‰gfsf . cfˆgf cfdfafa'sf] ;D‰gfsf . xh'/af–xh'/cfdfsf ;D‰gfsf . bf];|f] sf]nddf a'afcfdfaf/] xh'/af / xh'/cfdfsf P]ltxfl;s ;D‰gfsf . t];|f] sf]nddf cd/k'/L / vf]nflt/sf aRrfsf . csf]{ zAbdf lzIfssf ;D‰gfsf . rf}yf] sf]nddf xn{s, dfS;{, dfcf] cflbsf lrGtgsf . o;/L cfh]{sf] 1fgaLr t'ngf u/f}+ . Tof] t'ngfn] lstfa abN5 . abNg] tls{j lbG5 . o; cy{df xn{ssf] ;fGbeL{s/0f . dfcf], dfS;{sf] ;fGbeL{s/0f . g]kfnL df6f]df tL slt ldN5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] 1fgfh{g . slt ldNb}gg\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;dfnf]rsLo 1fgfh{g . o:tf 1fgfh{gx¿n] cfbz{x¿ (Icon/Ideal) sf] lj:tf/ x'G5 . o:tf lj:tf/x¿n] gjLg 1fg aG5 . alg/xG5 . cfˆg} ;Gbe{sf cg]sg\ ;f]rx¿ hGdG5g\ .

-u_ t];|f] tls{j xf]— ;defjL lzIfssf] ;~hfn agfcf}+ . Pp6} lrGtg ug]{sf] . p:t} lrGtg ug]{sf] . ltgsf] ;f‰f ljifoj:t'df Ps;fy cWoog u/f}+ . afUn'ªsf] ;Gbe{df g/]7fF6Ldf . ljx"Fdf . bd}sdf . a'afªdf . rf/} 7fpFsf] ljrf/ t'ngf u/f}+ . ljrf/ agfcf}+ . ;f]xL ljrf/df uf]i7L u/f+} . ;Ílnt s'/fsf] k':ts lgsfnf}+ . ;Dkflbt k':ts . ;Dkflbt klqsf . of] tls{jn] lzIfsnfO{ k9fpF5 . k9\g] /x/ hufpF5 . …ljBfyL{Ú k9\g] ljifoj:t' aG5 . …k9fpg] j:t'Ú (Object) aGb}g .

-3_ rf}yf] tls{j xf]— ljBfyL{nfO{ vf]Hg nufcf+} . cg';GwfgLo zAbfjnLdf zf]wstf{ agfpg] pkqmd . o;f] ubf{ ljBfyL{x¿ zf]wstf{ aG5g\ . e}+;L lj1 . ufO{ lj1 . v]t lj1 . jg lj1 . ;8s lj1 . kmf]xf]/ lj1 . efG;f lj1 . oL …7"nf lj1Ú sf ljrf/x¿ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'gfcf}+ . o:tf] ;'Gg]÷;'gfpg] ;+:sf/n] -lzIfsx¿df_ ljBfyL{nfO{ …k9fpg]Ú a'l4 36\5 . …k9\g]Ú a'l4 a9\5 .

-ª_ kfFrf}+ tls{j xf]— cfkm"nfO{ lh1f;' agfcf}+ . lh1f;'x¿s} ;~hfn agfcf}+ . u}/ hft–hftLo ;~hfn . u}/eflifs ;~hfn . u}/If]qLo ;~hfn . o:tf …u}/ ;~hfnx¿Úaf6 cGt/s'Gt/sf 1fg hGdG5g\ . cfTd/ltsf 1fg ablnG5g\ . 1fgdf gjLgtf ylkO/xG5 . lxhf] v'Dn]sL/f lyof] . cfh cl/d'7] a9\of] . lsg xf]nf < lxhf] dw]zdf ;]tf] n'uf nufpFy] . cfh /ËLg eof] lsg < lxhf] lxdfnL e]udf a9L v]tL x'GYof] . clxn] 36\of] lsg < o:tf lh1f;fx¿sf] pQ/ ljBfyL{;Fu x'G5 . cleefjs;Fu x'G5 . lzIfs;Fu} x'G5 . sDKo'6/;Fu x'G5 . tL

lzIfs ;fpg @)^& 41

cfj/0f ljrf/

pQ/x¿ a6'nf}+ . of] a6'nfOaf6 lxGb" k'vf{sf] g]lt (Nega on of Nega ons) yfxf x'G5 . ef]s nfUbf cGg a|Xd eGg] a'‰fO . ltvf{ nfUbf kfgL a|Xd eGg] a'‰fO . cflTds 1fg hfUbf t]h a|Xd eGg] a'‰fO . cGttM cfgGb g} a|Xd xf] eGg] a'‰fO . k'gkL{8f gx'g] cfgGb . cfgGbkl5 lkmlt{g' gkg]{ cfgGb . k'vf{sf] of] a'l4n] a|Xdx¿ ;fGble{s x'g\ eGg] a'l‰G5 . ;Gbe{ km]l/Fbf a|Xdx¿ km]l/g] . k|To]s a|Xdn] cf–cfˆg} ;Gbe{ vf]Hg] . g]ltsf] of] a'‰fOn] k|To]s JolQmsf] 1fgsf] ;Ddfg u5{ . p;n] Tolt a'‰]5 eGg] s'/f yfxf x'G5 . cyf{t\ k|To]s a'‰fO k"0f{ x'G5 . ljBfyL{sf] a'‰fO k"0f{ xf] . cleefjssf] a'‰fO k"0f{ xf] . lzIfssf] a'‰fO k"0f{ xf] . t/ ablng ldNg] k"0f{ .

-r_ 5}7f}+ tls{j xf]— bfz{lgs lrGtgdf klg g]lts} ;f]r nufcf}+ . ef]s nfUbf dfS;{ a|Xd x'g\ . of}g rfxgfdf a|Xd km]l/G5g\ . jfT:ofog a|Xd . k|mfO8 a|Xd . lgjf{0f lrGtgdf a'4 a|Xd . cNnfx a|Xd . :ju{ lrGtgdf lh;; a|Xd . df]If lrGtgdf lzj a|Xd . o:tf] a'l4n] d"Vof{OF 36\5 . d]/} a|Xd 7Ls eGg] d"Vof{OF . of}g rfxgfdf dfS;{sf] a|Xd s] sfd < ef]sdf jfT:ofog s] sfd < o:tf] ;f]r /fvf}+ . o;f] ubf{ c¿ a|Xd k9\g] /x/ aG5 . a|XdaLrsf] lje]b yfxf x'G5 . a|Xdx¿ kl/k"/s /x]5g\ eGg] a'l‰G5 . dfS;{sf kl/k"/s jfT:ofog . jfT:ofogsf kl/k"/s lzj . of] a'l4 chdfpg] sfd u/f}+ . h8;"qjfbL lrGtgnfO{ r'gf}tL u/f}+ . lrGtsnfO{ r'gf}tL u/f}+ . 5nfªL aRrfsf] ;Gbe{ gla;f}{+ .

d]/f] l;sfOafUn'ª] aRrfx¿n] w]/} s'/f l;sfP . klxnf] l;sfO xf]— k|To]s k':tf t]lhnf] x'Fbf]/x]5 . cl3Nnf] eGbf hfGg] . leGg a'‰fOsf] . cu|ufdL a'‰fOsf] . of] l;sfOn] lzIfsnfO{ r'gf}tL lbof] . of] r'gf}tL :jLsf/f}+ . o;sf nflu k9fpg 5f]8f+} . k9\g yfnf}+ . l;sfpg 5f8f}+ . l;Sg yfnf}+ . bf];|f] l;sfO xf]— Ps ljBfyL{sf] hfgsf/L csf]{df ;f/f}+ . o;sf cg]sg\ pkfo 5g\ . ljifoj:t'df af]Ng nufpg] . vf]Hg nufpg'sf] k5fl8 lstfadf x]g{ nufpg] . t];|f] l;sfO xf]— lzIfs yf]lqP5f}+ . yf]lqPsf lzIfsn] …hfGb5f}+Ú eGg 5f]8f}+ . …l;Sb}5f}+Ú egf}+ . cfh of] aRrfaf6 of] l;s]F . lxhf] of] l;s]y]F . lxhf] / cfhsf] l;sfOaf6 x]bf{ d]/f] lstfa oxfF 7Ls /x]5 . oxfF yf]lqP5 . oxfF yKg'kg]{ /x]5 . of] o:t} a'l4nfO{ dGq agfcf}+ .

rf}yf] l;sfO xf]—afUn'ª pbfx/0f xf] . dxf]Q/Lsf] tTdf / afFs]sf] yf¿ aRrfdf klg :jfefljs kl/jt{g eO;Sof] . lxhf]sf ;fIf/ afa'x¿ xh'/af eO;s] . cfh lzlIft afa' cfO;s] . lxh}sf lg/If/ cfdfx¿ xh'/cfdf alg;s] . clxn] lzlIft cfdfx¿ cfO;s] . aRrfnfO{ k]6d} cledGo' agfpg]x¿ . k|Nxfb agfpg]x¿ . o;/L cfPsf k|Nxfb / cledGo'nfO{ k9fpg] tfut lzIfsdf 5}g . To;}n] ltg};Fu ;f]wf}+ . 8fS6/n] la/fdLnfO{ ;f]w] h:tf] . ;f]Wg] la/fdL;Fu} . a'´g] la/fdL;Fu} . cfkm"n] cf}iflw n]lvlbg] . …rf/ lbg vfP/ x]g'{;\ clg e]6\g';\Ú eGg] olt dfq} . cyf{t\ d"s zAbdf d}n] d}nfO{ k/LIf0f u/]F . 7Ls eP d}n] k9]sf] ldNof] . ;~rf] geP d}n] csf]{ cf}iflw lbg'kg]{ /x]5

eGg] a'‰]F . of] 8fS6/L a'l4nfO{ df:6/L a'l4df ldnfcf}+ . zf]w p;}df . 1fg p;}sf] . k};f p;}sf] . cf}iflw p;}sf] . gofF 1fg dfq} cfˆgf] . kfFrf}+ l;sfO xf]— aRrfsf] ;/sf/ xfdL xf}+ . xfdL ;/sf/L sd{rf/L xf}+ . ztk|ltzt ;/sf/s} k};f vfg]x¿ . dfS;{sf] zAbfjnLdf /fHo (State) gxf}+nf . /fHo ;+oGq (State apperatus) xfdL g} xf}+ . o;}n] d]/f] ;+oGqn] o;/L ljBfyL{nfO{ hgjfbL agfPF egf}+ . j}1flgs agfPF egf}+ . Jofjxfl/s agfPF egf}+ . nf]stflGqs agfPF egf}+ . k|hftflGqs agfPF egf}+ . /fi6«jfbL agfPF egf}+ . o:tf] agfpg'k5{ eGg] pkb]z lbg 5f]8f}+ . lsgls aRrfn] 5nfª

df/]5g\ . xfd|f pkb]zx¿ k'/fgf eP5g\ . pgLx¿n] hLjsf]if (Cell) k9]5g\ . ef]s ToxLF b]v]5g\ dfS;{n] a'‰]sf] . of}g ToxLF b]v]5g\ jfT:ofog / k|mfO8n] a'‰]sf] . 8/ ToxLF b]v]5g\ hf]g xN6n] a'‰]sf] . lgjf{0f ToxLF b]v]5g\ a'4n] a'‰]sf] . df]If ToxLF b]v]5g\ lxGb"n] a'‰]sf] . cNnfx ToxLF b]v]5g\ O:nfdn] a'‰]sf] . :ju{ ToxLF b]v]5g\ lh;;n] b]v]sf] . lzIfsn] s]jn hLjsf]if b]v]5f}+ . vfln aRrf . vfln lstfa . vfln kf7\ok':ts . ulxl/g hfg]g5f}+ . ulxl/Psf aRrfaf6 l;Sg hfg]g5f}+ . cfkm"nfO{ ;Rofpg hfg]g5f}+ . h'g pd]/sf lzIfs eP klg xfdL yf]lqP5f}+ . aRrf el/Fb} cfP5g\ . lxhf]sf ljåfg\ ck"/f eP5g\ .

5}7f}+ l;sfO xf]— ljrf/ssf] ¿v agfcf}+ . s'gn] kft a'‰] eGg] ¿v . s'gn] sf08 a'‰] eGg] ¿v . s'gn] h/f a'‰] eGg] ¿v . s'gn] km"n a'‰] eGg] ¿v . s'gn] kmn a'‰] eGg] ¿v . oL ;a} a'´g]jfnfx¿ hDdf kf/f}+ . k|To]s aRrf ¿v aG5 . ;f9] tLg xft] z/L/sf] ¿v . ;f] ¿vsf k|To]s cjoj k9f}+ . 1fg ToxLF 5 . lxGb"sf] k'Vof}{nL zAbdf— eftsf] l;tf ToxLF 5 . sfFrf] jf kfsf] 5fGg] l;tf . yf]lqg] ls el/g] /x/ xfdL lzIfss} xf] . c¿ s]jn ;xfos x'g\ .

…rf/ lbg vfP/ x]g'{;\ clg e]6\g';\Ú eGg] olt dfq} . cyf{t\ d"s zAbdf d}n] d}nfO{ k/LIf0f u/]F . 7Ls eP d}n] k9]sf] ldNof] . ;~rf] geP d}n] csf]{ cf}iflw lbg'kg]{ /x]5 eGg] a'‰]F . of] 8fS6/L a'l4nfO{ df:6/L a'l4df ldnfcf}+ . zf]w p;}df . 1fg p;}sf] . k};f p;}sf] . cf}iflw p;}sf] .

gofF 1fg dfq} cfˆgf] .

lzIfs ;fpg @)^^42

cfj/0f ljZj cg'ej /fhs'df/ a/fn

o' g]:sf] OlG:6Ro"6 ckm :6fl6l:6s sf cg';f/ ljZjsf ljleGg b]zdf k|fylds lzIffsf] cjlw 36Ldf $ / a9Ldf * jif{ cyf{t\ ljZjJofkL cf};t %=& jif{ /x]sf] 5 . k|fylds sIffsf] k9fOnfO{ afnaflnsfsf nflu efiff, ul0ft / ljleGg k|f/lDes 1fgsf] aLhf/f]k0f ug]{ txsf]

¿kdf a'l‰G5 . k|fylds txsf] lzIff w]/}h;f] b]zx¿df lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ 5 .

ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿df ;fdfGotM :s"n tx -!@ sIff jf ;f];/x_ pQL0f{x¿nfO{ k|fylds lzIfssf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ljsl;t b]zdf eg] k|flj lzIfssf] Go"gtd of]Uotf lzIff ljifod} :gfts x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . ToxfF z}lIfs of]Uotfsf cnfjf /fd|f] ;~rf/ ;Lk ePsf], /rgfTds / Jojl:yt, aRrfsf] JolQmut Ifdtf, l;sfO tl/sf, ;f+:s[lts leGgtf / ;d'bfosf] ck]Iffaf/] a'´g ;Sg] u'0fnfO{ of]Uo lzIfssf] dfkb08sf ¿kdf tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . lzIf0f cg'dltkq klg clgjfo{ b]lvG5 . c‰ cd]l/sL dlxnf lzIfs rf:sfsf cg';f/ ToxfF k|flj txdf lzIfs x'g

…ax'–ljifo lzIf0fÚ cg'dltkq lnPsf] x'g'k5{ . k|flj lzIfs xf]pmg\ cyjf dflj, ;/sf/L x'g\

of ;fd'bflos— ;a} b]zdf lghLeGbf ;/sf/L ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿sf] tna / ;'ljwf a9L b]lvG5 . lghL ljBfnosf] xsdf rflxF ljBfnosf] cfly{s ;|f]t / p2]Zo Pj+ x}l;otn] lzIfssf] ;]jf;'ljwfnfO{ lgb]{lzt ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

o'g]:sf] OlG:6Ro"6 ckm :6fl6l:6s sf cg';f/

t'ngfTds ¿kdf Go'lhNof08sf k|flj lzIfs ;a}eGbf a9L tna kfpF5g\ eg] To;kl5sf efUodfgLdf cfo/Nof08 / kf]r'{unsf k|flj lzIfsx¿ k5{g\ . cd]l/sf, ci6]«lnof, xË]/L, lkmgNof08sf k|flj lzIfssf] tna eQf nueu a/fa/L h:tf] b]lvG5 . gofF / k'/fgf lzIfsaLr tna km/s x'G5 . To:t}Ù lzIfsn] k9fpg] ljifo, of]Uotf, cg'ejsf cfwf/df klg tna ;'ljwf km/s x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf k|fylds / dflj lzIfsaLrsf] tnadf Tolt km/s b]lvFb}g t/ 8]gdfs{, hd{gL, hfkfg, g]b/Nof08, :jL6\h/Nof08df eg] k|flj / dfljaLr /fd|} leGgtf kfOG5 . r]s l/klAns, xË]/L, gj]{, blIf0fsf]l/of, :k]g, :jL6\h/Nof08 h:tf ljsl;t b]zdf k|ltJolQm cfosf] /fli6«o cf};tsf] t'ngfdf k|flj tyf dfljsf lzIfssf] tna sd b]lvG5 . of] ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿ w]/} g} efUodfgL b]lvG5g\ lsgeg] pgLx¿sf] jflif{s tna÷eQf g]kfnLsf] cf};t k|ltJolQm cfDbfgLeGbf sDtLdf klg tLg u'0ff a9L 5 .

l;ljs l/kf]6{ gDa/–%), hgj/L @))& df k|sflzt h]=kL= u|Lg P08 dfs{; P ljG6;{sf] cg';GwfgfTds n]vcg';f/ cd]l/sfdf ;/sf/L lzIfsn] k|lt306f #$=)^ 8n/ sdfpF5g\ . of] /sd ;fdfGo dfgl;s >d ug]{ cd]l/sL sd{rf/Lsf] eGbf cf};t #^ k|ltzt / k|fljlws sfdbf/sf] eGbf !! k|ltzt a9L xf] . To:t} ToxfFsf ;/sf/L :s"nsf lzIfsn] lghL :s"nsf lzIfseGbf ̂ ! k|ltzt a9L sdfpF5g\ . cd]l/sL >d tYofÍ Jo'/f]sf cg';f/ ;/sf/L lzIfsx¿ xKtfdf #^=% 306f sfd u5{g\ . hals, ToxfFsf lghL ljBfnosf lzIfs #*=# 306f sfd u5{g\ . sfd a9L u/] klg lghL ljBfnosf

p:t} p:t} 5 k|flj lzIfssf] ;+;f/

Go'lhNof08sf k|flj lzIfs ;a}eGbf

a9L tna kfpF5g\ eg] To;kl5sf

efUodfgLdf cfo/Nof08 / kf]r'{unsf k|flj

lzIfsx¿ k5{g\ . cd]l/sf, ci6]«lnof, xË]/L, lkmgNof08sf k|flj lzIfssf] tna eQf nueu a/fa/L

h:tf] b]lvG5 .

Go'lhNof08sf k|flj lzIfsn] kf7sf]] tof/L ug]{, z}lIfs ;fdu|L h'6fpg], ljBfyL{sf] k|ult d"NofÍg ug]{, sIffsf]7f /fd|f] kfg]{b]lv z}lIfs dgf]lj1, ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ h:tf cGo k]zfsf JolQm;Fu klg ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf ;DaGwdf ;xsfo{ ug'{k5{ .

lzIfs ;fpg @)^^ 43

lzIfssf] tna eg] yf]/} x'G5 . ljsl;t b]zx¿df u|fdL0f If]qdf sfo{/t

lzIfssf nflu cltl/Qm tna tyf cfjZos ;]jf;'ljwf lbOPsf] kfOG5 . cGo k]zfsf] t'ngfdf k|flj lzIfssf] tna tyf ;]jf;'ljwf sd eP klg jif{df ;aeGbf a9L labf -sl/a tLg dlxgf_ x'g] ePsfn] pgLx¿ w]/} xb;Dd ;Gt'i6 kfOG5g\ . s]xL ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿df b'u{d eQfsf] k|fjwfg eP klg w]/}h;f] u/La b]zsf lzIfsn] Tof] ;'ljwf kfpFb}gg\ . sd cfo x'g] b]zdf cGo k]zfsf] t'ngfdf lzIfsnfO{ sd tna ;'ljwf lbOG5 . To:tf b]zdf lzIfssf] tna sfdsf] cfwf/df eGbf klg kbsf] cfwf/df ;dfg ¿kdf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .

ljsl;t b]zx¿df lzIfssf] tna tyf ;]jf;'ljwf dfq} w]/} xf]Og pgLx¿nfO{ uxg lhDd]jf/Lx¿ klg lbOPsf] e]l6G5 . h:tf] Go'lhNof08sf k|flj lzIfsn] cfˆgf] ljz]if1tf :s"nsf cGo lzIfsnfO{ afF8\g'k5{ . kf7sf]] tof/L ug]{, z}lIfs ;fdu|L h'6fpg], ljBfyL{sf] k|ult d"NofÍg ug]{, sIffsf]7f /fd|f] kfg]{b]lv z}lIfs dgf]lj1, ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ h:tf cGo k]zfsf JolQm;Fu klg ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf ;DaGwdf klg pgLx¿n] ;xsfo{ ug'{k5{ . ;fdflhs lqmofsnfk, v]ns'b sfo{qmdx¿ cfof]hgf ug'{k5{ . ljBfnonfO{ cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg;d]t kxn ug'{k5{ . ToxfF k|fylds txd} …g]tf lzIfsÚ cyjf …kf7\oqmd ljz]if1 lzIfsÚsf] kb /flvPsf] kfOG5 . k|c x'g ;xfos k|c eP/ sfd u/]sf] x'g}k5{ . k|foM ;xfos k|cn] s]xL 306L k9fpF5g\ t/ k|cn] k9fpFb}gg\ . ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf lzIfsx¿ eg] ljBfno ;dokl5 ljBfnosf] sfddf Tolt ;+nUg ePsf] kfOFb}g .

k|foM ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf k|fylds ljBfnosf sIffdf …k|jrg ljlwÚ åf/f g} k9fpg] ul/G5 . ljsl;t b]zdf eg] Jofjxfl/s / k|of]ufTds ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u a9L ePsf] kfOG5 . s]xL bzsb]lv cd]l/sfdf k/Dk/fut lzIf0f ljlwsf] ljsNksf] ¿kdf k|fylds :s"nx¿n] …Ps lzIfs Ps sIff df]8nÚ k4lt tf]8\g] cEof; ul//x]sf 5g\ . ToxfFsf sltko :s"ndf b'O{ jif{sf nflu pxL lzIfsn] pxL ljBfyL{ ;d"xnfO{ k9fpF5g\ . o;nfO{ …nf]lkª k|0ffnLÚ elgPsf] 5 . pxL lzIfsn] Ps jif{ sIff # df k9fpg], bf];|f] jif{ sIff $ df k9fpg] t/ csf]{ jif{ k'gM sIff # sf gofF ljBfyL{ ;d"xnfO{ k9fpg] cEof; u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;afx]s ToxfF …ax'–sIffÚ / …ax'–pd]/Ú sIffsf] klg cEof; ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:tf sIffdf lsG8/uf8]{gb]lv b'O{ sIff;Ddsf aRrfnfO{ Pp6} lzIfsn] Pp6} sIffdf /fv]/ k9fpg] u5{g\ .

sltko k|fylds ljBfnox¿df …b'O{ lzIfs b'O{ sIff df]8nÚsf] cEof; klg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . of] cEof; cg';f/ afnaflnsfx¿ Pp6f sIffdf s'g} Ps lzIfs;Fu k9\5g\ / csf]{ ljifo k9\g cs}{ lzIfssf]

sIffdf hfG5g\ . g]kfnsf sn]hx¿df k|foM o:tf] cEof; x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . To:t}Ù lzIfsx¿sf] Pp6f ;d"x -Ps ;]6_ n] Pp6f sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps cw{–jflif{s;Dd k9fpg] / csf]{ ;]6 lzIfsn] afFsL cfwf jif{ k9fpg] cEof; u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . o:tf cEof;x¿ k|foM ;a} b]zdf a9\bf 5g\ .

;fdfGo cleefjssf nflu ljZjJofkL ¿kd} /fd|f k|fylds–k"j{ k|fylds :s"n kfpg ufx|f] 5 . h'g;'s} b]zdf klg lghL k|fylds ljBfno hfg] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ lstfasf] rfªn] lyRg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . lzIf0f sfo{df cleefjssf] ;xof]usf] cefj ;+;f/el/ g} v6\lsg] ljifosf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 eg] y/Ly/Lsf k|of]u / cEof;n] k|fylds ljBfnonfO{ …lzIf0f ;+:yfÚ sf] ;§f …lzz':ofxf/ s]Gb|Ú agfpg] r'gf}tL klg plQs} 5 .

k|fylds ljBfnosf afnaflnsfdfly x'g] lx+;f ljZjJofkL rf;f]sf] ljifo aGg] u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))) df k|sflzt k':ts cG8/:6fl8ª PAgd{n ljXofljo/ cg';f/ zf/Ll/s ;hfon] afnaflnsfnfO{ Psf]xf]/f], lx+;|s / sdhf]/ cfTdan ePsf] agfpF5 . ;g\ !((* df k|sflzt skf]{/n klg:d]G6 Og k|fOd/L :s"n;\ ckm gy{ j]:6 k|mG6fo/ k|f]leG; kfls:tfg eGg] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ kfls:tfgdf k|fylds ljBfnosf w]/} aRrfx¿n] sIff aLr}df 5f8\g'sf] sf/0f lzIfsn] lbg] zf/Ll/s b08 k|d'v xf] . pQm k|ltj]bg cg';f/ kfls:tfgsf k|flj :s"ndf !$ k|ltzt afnaflnsf lzIfssf 8/n] g} sIff 5f8\5g\ . 8LPkmcfO{8L sf] ;g\ @))& df k|sflzt l6r/ df]l6e]zg Og ;a–;xf/g clk|msf P08 ;fpy Pl;of k|ltj]bgn] rflxF blIf0fPl;ofsf] k|flj lzIffsf] d'Vo r'gf}tLÙ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿df l;sfOk|lt lhDd]jf/Lsf] cefj xf] eg]sf] 5 .

ljsf;f ]Gd'v b]zsf k|fljx¿df ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] cefj, lzIfssf] pRr cg'kl:ylt b/ / km/flsnf] lzIfs–ljBfyL{ cg'kft k|d'v ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . o'g]:sf] sf] b Dofg]hd]G6 ckm k|fOd/L l6r;{ Og ;fpy Pl;of l/kf]6{df pNn]v eP cg';f/ lzIfs ljBfyL{ cg'kft ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf w]/} b]lvG5 . ef/t -dWok|b]z_ sf PsltxfO{ :s"ndf Pshgf dfq} lzIfs 5g\ . lzIffljb\ dfOsnf]efsf] ;g\ @))@ df k|sflzt l6r/ ha ;l6:ˆofS;g, :6'8]G6 Plr6d]G6 P08 bL s:6 ckm k|fOd/L Ph's]zg Og k|mfG;sf]kmf]g ;a–clk|msf cg';f/ k|fylds ljBfnosf lzIfssf] cg'kl:ylt blIf0fPl;ofdf ;a}eGbf a9L 5 .

o'g]:sf] ljZj cg'udg k|ltj]bg @)!) cg';f/

h'g;'s} b]zdf klg lghL k|fylds ljBfno hfg] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ lstfasf] rfªn] lyRg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . lzIf0f sfo{df cleefjssf] ;xof]usf] cefj ;+;f/el/ g} v6\lsg] ljifosf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 eg] y/Ly/Lsf k|of]u / cEof;n] k|fylds ljBfnonfO{ …lzIf0f ;+:yfÚ sf] ;§f …lzz':ofxf/ s]Gb|Ú agfpg] r'gf}tL klg plQs} 5 .

lzIfs ;fpg @)^^44

cfj/0f ljZj cg'ej

c‰} kfFr s/f]8 ;f7L nfv :s"n hfg] pd]/sf afnaflnsf ljBfno egf{ x'g kfPsf 5}gg\ . To;dWo] %$ k|ltzt s]6Lx¿ 5g\ . k|fylds lzIffsf] ;jfndf blIf0fPl;of / clk|msfdf n}lËs e]b t'ngfTds ¿kdf a9L 5 .

k|fylds lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ljsl;tsf] t'ngfdf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf r'gf}tLk"0f{ g} 5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf k|fljx¿df ultnf lzIfs Nofpg] ;d:of ;a}eGbf 7"nf] 5 . o'g]:sf] ljZj cg'udg k|ltj]bg @)!) cg';f/ ul/aL / cleefjssf] c1fgtf csf]{ r'gf}tL ag]sf] 5 . ;f]xL k|ltj]bg cg';f/ s'kf]if0fsf sf/0f ;+;f/df k|lt jif{ !& s/f]8 *) nfv aRrfsf z/L/ / dl:tis Wj:t eO/x]sf 5g\ .

k|f1 d'gf{gn] ;g\ !(*& df u/]sf] cWoogdf …k|flj txsf lzIfsx¿ lzIf0f sfo{nfO{ /f]hfOsf] k]zfeGbf klg sfdrnfp k]zfsf] ¿kdf lnG5g\Ú elgPsf] 5 . zx/d'vL / ;lhnf] k};f sdfpg] o'jfx¿sf] k|j[lQ ljZjJofkL ¿kd} b]lvG5 . o:tf] k|j[lQ k|fylds lzIffsf lglDt Pp6f 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf v8f ePsf] 5 . ;g\ @))$ df k|sflzt o'g]:sf] OlG:6Ro"6 km/ :6fl6l:6s 8]6f ;]G6/sf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf lzIfsx¿ sIffsf]7fdf uP/ k9fpg} rfxFb}gg\ . pQm k|ltj]bg cg';f/ l;o/flnof]gsf *) k|ltzt k|flj lzIfsn]

cfkm" ;fFRr} / ;w}Fsf nflu lzIfs x'g geO{ ;do latfpg dfq lzIfs ePsf] s'/f cGtjf{tf{sf qmddf atfPsf lyP . …sfdrf]/ lzIfsÚ ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf k|fljx¿sf] csf]{ ;f‰f 7"nf] ;d:of b]lvG5 . lzIfs o'lgog / /fhgLlts ;+/If0fdf k|cnfO{ g6]g]{ k|flj lzIfssf] ;d:of klg u/La b]zx¿df Jofks 5 . ljsl;t b]zdf o'lgogn] lzIfssf] k]zfut xslxtsf] If]qdf k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]n]sf] b]lvG5 . h:tf] cd]l/sL k|flj lzIfs rf:sfsf cg';f/ ToxfFsf lzIfsn] k|lt dlxgf !)) 8n/ o'lgognfO{ lt5{g\ .

o'g]:sf] sf] b Dofg]hd]G6 ckm k|fOd/L l6r;{ Og ;fpyPl;of l/kf]6{ @))) cg';f/ blIf0fPl;ofsf b]zx¿df %–!) k|ltzt lzIfsn] dfq} a9'jf x'g] cj;/ kfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . sltko ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf ljBfno lg/LIfssf] xftdf lzIfssf] a9'jf e/k5{ t/ lg/LIfsx¿ u|fdL0f If]qd} hfFb}gg\ / lzIfsx¿ a9'jf x'gaf6 al~rt x'g'k5{ . sltko b]zdf k|flj lzIfssf] a9'jf ;DaGwdf k|:6 Joj:yf g} 5}g . sltko b]zn] -kfls:tfg_ a9'jf x'g lglZrt cltl/Qm tflnd tf]s]sf 5g\ h'g dlxnf / b'u{ddf a:g] lzIfssf nflu sl7g x'G5 . ;?jf x'g /fhgLlts k|efj h'6fpg'k5{ . w]/} sd cfo x'g] b]zx¿df k|fylds lzIfsx¿n] ;dodf tna ;d]t kfpFb}gg\ . lzIffljb\ dfOsnf]efsf] k|ltj]bgdf

lzIfs ;fpg @)^^ 45

hflDaofdf ToxfFsf k|flj lzIfssf] cfwf tna lzIff sfof{nodf tna lng wfpFbf g} ;lsg] pNn]v 5 . ;f]xL k|ltj]bg cg';f/ lzIfsx¿aLrsf] k]zfut P]Soa4tf clk|msfdf sd / Pl;ofdf a9L 5 . t/ k|fylds lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ a9fpgdf ;a–;xf/f clk|msf / b Pl;of sf lzIfs o'lgogx¿sf] e"ldsf cToGt sdhf]/ 5 .

dlxnfsf] afnaflnsfk|ltsf] ddtf / Jojxf/nfO{ afnljsf;sf] b[li6df cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ 7flgPsf] 5 . t/ blIf0fPl;ofdf dlxnf lzIfssf] ;ª\Vof Psbd} Go"g 5 . To;dWo] klg g]kfndf ;aeGbf sd -!@=* k|ltzt_ dlxnf lzIfs 5g\ . Ph's]zg OG6/g]zgnsf] clk|n @))( sf] cÍ cg';f/ k|fGtLo ;/sf/x¿n] k|fljdf dlxnf lzIfs dfq} egf{ ug]{ gLlt lnPsfn] ef/tdf dlxnf lzIfssf] ;ª\Vof a9L 5 . ci6]«lnof, OËNof08 h:tf ljsl;t b]zx¿df k|flj txdf dlxnf lzIfs ;ª\Vof Hofbf 5 . OËNof08 h]g/n l6lrª sfplG;n sf] @))( sf] cg';Gwfg cg';f/ ToxfFsf !^,()) k|fljdWo] $,%%) j6fdf ;a} lzIfs dlxnf 5g\ . dlxnf lzIfs ;ª\Vof Hofbf x'Fbf aflnsfsf] lzIffdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kg]{ sltko cWoogx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . odgsf] /fli6«o dlxnf ;ldltn] xfn;fn} u/]sf] cWoogn] u|fdL0f e]udf aflnsfx¿n] sIff aLr}df 5f8\g'sf] Pp6f sf/0f dlxnf lzIfs Go"g

x'g' xf] eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 . k|fl1s cg';Gwfgstf{ Sj]b cSjfnfgn] u/]sf] pQm cWoog cg';f/ sIff $ kl5 ljBfnodf dlxnf lzIfs gx'Fbf aflnsfx¿n] ljBfno 5f]8\g] u/]sf 5g\ . d'Vou/L ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf dlxnfk|ltsf] lje]bsf/L ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;DaGwx¿n] dlxnfx¿ kl5k/]sf 5g\ . of] ;Gbe{df k|flj txsf] lzIf0fdf n}lËs ;Gt'ng sfod ug{' h?/L b]lvG5 .

k|flj txsf dlxnf lzIfsn] aflnsfsf] lzIffsf] nflu …/f ]n df]8nÚ sf] sfd ug] { ePsfn] klg k|fylds txsf lzIfsx¿df n}lËs ;Gt'ngsf] ax; p7\g] u/]sf] 5 . k|foM ljsl;t b]zsf k|fljx¿df dlxnf lzIfs Hofbf / k'?if lzIfs Go"g kfOg] u/]sf 5g\ . t/ o;af6 klg ;d:of pTkGg gePsf] rflxF xf]Og . ljBfnodf dlxnf lzIfs / 3/df klg cfdf;Fu a9L p7a; x'Fbf afnljsf;df cs}{ vfnsf] ;d:of k}bf x'g] sltko dgf]lj1 atfpF5g\ . To;}n] clxn] ljZjsf ;a} b]zsf] d'Vo ;jfn lzIfsdf n}lËs ;dtf sfod /fVg] g} b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfn h:tf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿n] k|fylds lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wfg]{ xf] eg] n}lËs ;Gt'ng sfod u/L lzIfsnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg'sf] ljsNk b]lvFb}g . To;sf nflu k|flj txsf lzIfssf] ;]jf–;'ljwf, k|f]T;fxg, j[lQ–ljsf;sf cj;/ a9fpg'k5{ .

;+:d/0f

lzIfs ;fpg @)^&46

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u'?sf u'0f

s] 6fs]6L 5Fbf lzIfs x'G5' eg]/ slxNo} ;f]r]sf] lyOgF . x'gt, ̂ )÷^% jif{ cufl8 s]6fs]6Ln] cfˆgf] hLjgs} p2]Zo s] agfpg ;Sy] / < dftfx¿ lg/If/ h:t} x'Gy] eg] lktfhL, sfsfx¿ klg rf/ kf;], P3f/ kf;] ¿kdf lzlIft x'Gy], h;sf] d"n nIo g} /f0ffx¿sf] rfs/L u/L c8\8f cbfntdf 3':g' dfq x'GYof] . xfd|f jl/kl/ w]/} k9]n]v]sf dflg; x'Fb}gy] . afx'gn] cª\u|]hL k9]/ hft kmfNg' x'Gg eGg] ;f]rfO JofKt lyof] . To;}cg'?k d}n] klg 3/}df cIf/f/De u/L cd/sf]z, r08L cflb k9\g'k/]sf] lyof] . kl5 lktfhLn] zfob cª\u|]hL k9fpg} kbf]{/x]5 eGg] cg'ej u/]/ dnfO{ kßf]bo xfO{:s"ndf @))% ;fndf sIff ! df egf{ u/fpg'eof] .

To;tfsf afnssf] Nofst egf}+ ls k9fO hfFr]/ dfq :s"ndf egf{ lnOGYof] . s;}nfO{ df}lvs ;f]lwGYof] eg] s;} s;}nfO{ n]Vg / lx;fa ug{ klg nufOGYof] . d sIff Ps -clxn]sf] h:tf] g;{/L, s]hL sxfF lyP / Û_ df ;ft jif{sf] pd]/df egf{ x'g hfFbf 3fd tfk]/ a:g'ePsf df8\;fkn] æs] k9]sf] 5;\, slt k9]sf] 5;\ <Æ eg]/ ;f]w]sf lyP . hjfkmdf d}n] ædl;gf]vfn] km:6 a's k9]sf] / b'gf]6 3f]s]sf] 5'Æ eGg;Dd ;s]sf] ;D‰gf 5 . Ps b'O{cf]6f cª\u|]hLsf] dfg] ;f]w]kl5 pgn] Psdf egf{ ug{ ldNg] cfb]z lbP / d egf{ ul/PF . ljBfyL{sf] n'uf eg]sf] sldh, ;'?jfn, 6f]kL, h'Qf -s;} s;}n] sf]6 klg nufpFy]_ g} lyof] . ;j{;fwf/0fdf df]hfsf] rng g} cfO;s]sf] lyPg . w]/}sf] cª\u|]hL efiffsf] lzIf0f 'The First Book of English' af6 g} z'? x'GYof] . o;sf n]vs, d]/f] ;D‰gfdf k|km'Nn rGb| /fo lyP . d}lSdng P08 sDkgLn] 5fk]sf] Tof] lstfa ltgtfs clt g} k|rlnt lyof] . 5f]6f5f]6f cª\u|]hL jfSoaf6 z'? u/]/ ;fgf lgaGw;Dd 3f]sfP/ k9fpg] rng lyof] . s;}n] e]8fsf] of 3f]8fsf] kftf];Dd k'u]/ k9\g 5f]8\y] eg] w]/}rflxF do'/ ePsf] kftf] -k[i7_;Dd 3/d} k9]/ :s"n egf{ x'Gy] .

xfd|f] 3/a]6Lsf] 5f]/f] deGbf Ps sIff dfly lyof] . :s"n hfFbf ;Fu} hfGYof}+ . af6f]df r'/f]6sf] a§f l6Kg tF5f8d5f8 ubf{ -ltgtfs s]6fs]6L r'/f]6sf] a§fnfO{ kfFrsf], bzsf] gf]6 agfP/ v]Ng] ub{y]_ ;fyLsf] wSsfn] d 9'Ëfdf n8\g k'u]F / lgwf/ /utfDo eof] . af6fdf lxF8\g]n] cf}iflw k;ndf nu]/ dndk§L ul/lbP . sIffdf lzIfsn] d]/f] 3fp b]v]/ k|Zg u/] . d}n] csf]{ sIffdf k9\g] ;fyLn] n8fOlbFbf rf]6 nfUof] eg]/ eGbf pgn] Tof] n8sfnfO{ sIffdf af]nfpg nufP . ljr/f] ?Fb} cfPsf] b]v]/ dnfO{ dfof nfu]5 / d …df8\;fa d cfkm}+ n8]sf] x'FÚ eGg k'u]5' . clg t lzIfs -hf] ;w}+ clnstf lkP/ sIffdf cfpg] uy]{_ n] …c¿nfO{ bf]if nufpg] ab\df;Ú eg]/ dnfO{ g} b'O{–rf/ a]t lxsf{P . clxn] klg nfUb5, d}n] cfkm}F n8]sf] s'/f g;sf/]sf] eP Tof] n8sfn] w]/} lk6fOvfGYof] . lzIfs s8f lyP . t/, ptf d}n] cfkm+} n8]sf] eg]/ ‰"7f] af]Ng' klg 7Ls ePsf] lyPg . lzIfsn] klg w]/} ljrf/ u/]gg\ . d]/f] :jLsf/f]lQmkl5 tL lzIfsn] clns lgikIf 9Ën] ;f]r]sf eP d}n] lk6fO kfpg'kg]{ lyPg . d}n] tL u'?af6 l;s]sf] s'/f xf]M ljBfyL{aLrsf] ‰u8fdf bf]ifL–lgbf]{ifL 5'6\ofP/ dfq b08 lbg'kb{5 / slxNo} klg gzf -hfF8/S;L_ ;]jg u/]/ sIffdf hfg'x'Gg .

sIff cf7sf] Pp6f 36gf . cl3Nnf] a]~rdf rf/ hgf s]6fx¿ lyof}+ . d;Fu}sf b'O{hgfaLrdf unkmQL k/]/ xNnf eof] t/ u'?n] dnfO{ …lsg xNnf u/]sf]Ú eg]/ ;f]w] . d ltgtfsf clncln eses] lyPF . esesfP/ …d}n] xf]OgÚ eGg vf]Hbf vf]Hb} df:6/n] ufnfdf b'O{ yKk8 k8\sfO;s]sf lyP . eses] afgL 5'6\5 eGg] lgotn] lk6]sf eP cs}{ s'/fÙ cGoyf cfkm" lg/k/fw x'Fbfx'Fb} klg s'6fO vfg' k/]sf]df d]/f] ;f/} g} lrQ b'vfO/Xof] . tL cGofoL u'?nfO{ d clxn] klg ;lD‰/xG5' . Tof] clj:d/0fLo 36gfn] ubf{ ;hfo lbFbf lg/k/fw kf] kb{5g\ ls eGg] 8/

ob'gfy vgfnsf] cª\u|]hL dL7f] / :ki6 x'GYof] . pgsf] sIff zfGt / Jojl:yt klg x'GYof] . k9fpg] lzIfssf] ljåQf / k9fpg] z}nLn] sIffnfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnFbf]/x]5 eGg] d}n] Tolta]nf g} /fd|/L a'‰]F .

lzIfs ;fpg @)^& 47

dnfO{ cfˆgf] lzIf0fsfnel/ g} nflu/Xof] .!%–@) hgfsf] ;fgf ] sIffdf lzIfsn]

5fqx¿nfO{ /fd|/L lrGg] df}sf / JolQmut ¿kdf k|f]T;fxg lbg ;S5g\ eGg] s'/f d}n] Oltxf;sf u'?af6 l;s]F . sIff gf} / bzdf Oltxf; ljifo lng] ljBfyL{ yf]/} / Oltxf;sf lzIfs klg of]Uo lyP . pgn] eg]sf s'/f ljBfyL{ /fd|/L a'́ by] . To;dflyÙ dnfO{ JolQmut ¿kdf :g]x u/L ga'‰]sf s'/f km]l/ a'‰fOlbGy]] . To;n] ubf{ dnfO{ Oltxf; ljifodf cToGt} ?lr a9\of] . b'j} sIffdf Oltxf;df d]/f] cAan gDa/ klg cfof] . tL lzIfs;Fu kl5kl5 e]6 x'Fbf klg d]/f] lz/ >4fn] lgx'l/GYof] .

ljifodf ljBfyL{sf] ?lr hufpg lzIfssf] 7"nf] xft x'G5 eGg] yk cg'ej d}n] ul0ftsf lzIfsaf6 k|fKt u/]F . tL lzIfs;Fu d}n] ul0ftsf] 6\o';g k9]sf] x'F . t/ pgsf] l;sfpg] snfn] ubf{ ul0ft d]/f] cToGt lk|o ljifo eP/ cfof] . P;Pn;Lsf] k/LIffdf ul0ftdf k|fKt pRr cÍn] d]/f] hLjgsf] wf/ g} ablnlbof] . cGttM d}n] ul0ft ljifod} cfO{P, aLP, PdP / ljBfjfl/lw;Ddsf] cWoog u/]F . w]/}nfO{ lg/; / sl7g nfUg] of] ljifo g} dnfO{ ;jf{lws /l;nf] / ;lhnf] nflu/Xof] .

sIff tLg÷rf/df x'Fbf d ul0ftdf sdhf]/ lyPF . lktfhLn] b'O{ dlxgfsf] nflu 3/d} Pshgf Oi6ldqnfO{ …6\o';gÚ k9fOlbg nufpg'eof] . lx;fadf d}n] ug]{ uNtLnfO{ tL lzIfsn] slxNo} klg s8f b08sf] ljifo agfPgg\ . ;w}F :g]xk"j{s …o;/L ug'{kb{5, nf} u/Ú dfq eg]/ ;D‰fOa'‰fO

ub{y] . ltgn] dnfO{ slxNo} klg yKk8 nufPgg\ . To;}n] pgL 3/df k9fpg cfpFbf d ;w}F pgsf] af6f] x]/]/ a:by]F . s]6fs]6LnfO{ k|]dk"j{s g} lzIff, pkb]z lbg'kb{5 eGg] s'/f tL lzIfsaf6 l;s]sf] x'F . a]tn] lxsf{pg] lzIfseGbf dL7f];Fu pT;fx lbg] lzIfs ljBfyL{sf Kof/f x'Fbf/x]5g\ . :s"nsf] ljBfyL{ x'Fbf kfPsf] oxL lzIffaf6 k|]l/t eP/ d}n] ljZjljBfnosf] lzIfs x'Fbf ;b}j ljBfyL{nfO{ k|]dk"j{s g} k9fpg] k|oTg u/]F .

cfh :s"ndf ;+:s[t k9fpg] tL a"9f u'?nfO{ klg d ;lD‰G5', hf] ;+:s[tsf gfd / wft'sf ?k ljBfyL{nfO{ 3f]Sg nufP/ cfkm" d]rdf pF£g yfNy] clg ljBfyL{sf] xNnfvNnfnfO{ a]tn] 6]a'n 76fP/ zfGt kfy]{ . cfˆgf] cWofkg sfo{nfO{ ;w}+ lgoldttf lbP klg j[4Tjn] ubf{ a]nfavt pgL ysfO dfg{ vf]Hy] . d}n] pgLaf6 j[4 u'? / o'jf u'?sf] km/s a'´g kfPF .

Pshgf ;+:s[t / g]kfnL k9fpg] u'? klg d]/f]

;+:s[t / g]kfnL k9fpg] u'? ljBfyL{af6 ;w}F x]lkGy], pgsf] ;hfonfO{ klg 6]b}{gy] . t/ pgL o:tf s'/fsf] kjf{x gu/L k9fO{ g} /xGy] . o;af6, sIffdf cfˆgf tkm{af6 s'g} sdhf]/L k|bz{g eof] eg] ljBfyL{sf] x]kfOdf kl/Fbf]/x]5 eGg] x]Ssf dnfO{ kl5;Dd eO/Xof] .

b]j]g

;+:d/0f

lzIfs ;fpg @)^&48

:d[ltdf 5g\Ù hf] dw'/f] :j/ / b'Anf] kftnf] ePsf sf/0f ljBfyL{af6 ;w}F x]lkGy] . pgn] hlt d]xgt u/]/ k9fP klg ljBfyL{x¿ Wofg lbFb}gy] . pgsf] ;hfonfO{ klg ljBfyL{ 6]b}{gy] . t/ pgL o:tf s'/fsf] kjf{x gu/L k9fO{ g} /xGy] . sIffdf cfˆgf tkm{af6 s'g} sdhf]/L k|bz{g eof] eg] ljBfyL{sf] x]kfOdf kl/Fbf]/x]5 eGg] x]Ssf dnfO{ kl5;Dd eO/Xof] .

gf}÷bz sIffdf lj1fg k9fpg] lzIfs eg] laNs'n km/s lyP . ef]lnkN6 k9fpg] kf7 klxn] g} elglbg] / cfkm" klg k"0f{ tof/L ;fy cfP/ d'vfu| gf]6 n]vfOlbg] tL km'lt{nf u'? ljBfyL{aLr lgs} ;Ddflgt lyP . pgL;Fu ljBfyL{ 8/fpFy] klg . dnfO{ Tolta]n} nfUbYof], lzIfs ePF eg] d klg o:t} lzIfs x'g] sf]lzz ug]{5' .

ca sn]hsf s]xL lzIfssf] :d/0f u5'{ . @)!# ;fnsf] z'?lt/ cfO{=P:;L= k9\g] ljrf/ lnP/ lq–

rGb| sn]hdf lgj]bg lbPF . :s"ndf cltl/Qm ul0ft gk9]sfn] z'?df dnfO{ 5flgPg . t/ kl5 clgjfo{ ul0ftdf /fd|f] cÍ NofPsf] cfwf/df lk|lG;kn cfz'tf]if uf+u'nLn] ul0ft d"n ljifo lnP/ ef}lts ;d"xdf k9\g] u/L egf{ ul/lbP . o;/L d lj1fgsf] 5fq x'gk'u]F .

ul0ftsf lzIfs gf/fo0faxfb'/ dfgGw/ -hf] ul0ftdf Pd=P= ug]{ k|yd g]kfnL lyP_ n] cfO{=P:;Ldf k9fPsf] ul0ft sIffsf] ;D‰gf clxn] klg tfh} 5 . pgL olt 7"nf] :j/n] af]Ny] ls lq–rGb| sn]hsf xn h:tf sIffsf]7f k"/} u'l~hg k'Uby] . pgsf] d'vaf6 lg:sg] y'ssf l56fn] glhs}sf a]~rdf a:g] ljBfyL{nfO{ x}/fg kfYof]{ t/ pgnfO{ To;sf] s'g}

kjf{x x'Fb}gYof] . pgsf] 7"nf] cfjfhn] ubf{ ljBfyL{n] k9fOsf s'/f /fd|/L dgg\ ug{ kfpFb}gy] . pgL cfˆg} ;'/df Psf]xf]/f] k9fP/ hfGy] . ljBfyL{n] a'‰]÷a'‰]gg\ eGg] dtna} /fVb}gy] . d}n] pgLaf6 l;s]sf] s'/f xf]— cfˆg} w'gdf a]va/ eP/ k9fpg' klg lzIfssf] Pp6f sdhf]/L g} x'Fbf]/x]5 . ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg eP/ dfq k'Ub}g, of]Uo lzIfs x'g ;xL lzIf0f ;Lk klg x'g'kbf]{/x]5 .

ul0fts} k|fWofksx¿dWo] cfz'tf]if uf+u'nL rflxF g rsf]{ g t dl;gf] :j/df k9fpFy] . pgn] af]Ng] cª\u|]hL klg Psbd :ki6, dL7f] / a'l‰g] x'GYof] . pgL cfˆgf] sfo{Jo:ttfn] ubf{ lgoldt ¿kn] sIff -To;avt pgL lk|lG;kn lyP_ lng kfpFb}gy] t/ k9fpg cfPkl5 Ps306fsf 7fpFdf b'O{ 306f k9fpFy] . sIffsf] sf]if{ k"/f u/]/} 5f8\y] . pgsf] k9fpg] z}nLdf ;a} ljBfyL{ d'Uw x'Gy] . pgn]

dnfO{ PdP;Dd ul0ft k9fP . uf+u'nL ;/sf] k9fpg] z}nLn] d]/f] lzIf0f ofqfnfO{ kl5;Dd k|efljt kfl//Xof] t/ d}n] hlt sf]lzz u/] klg pgL h:tf] ;kmn ul0ft k|fWofks x'g ;lsgF .

d}n] ;lD‰g] sn]hsf k|fWofksx¿df k|f= ob'gfy vgfn klg lyP . pgL cª\u|]hL k9fpFy] . pgsf] cª\u|]hL dL7f] / :ki6 x'GYof], Wofg lbP/ k9\g] ljBfyL{n] pgn] af]n]sf k|To]s zAb x[boËd ug{ ;SYof] . pgsf] sIff zfGt / Jojl:yt x'GYof] . k9fpg] lzIfssf] ljåQf / k9fpg] z}nLn] sIffnfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnFbf]/x]5 eGg] d}n] Tolta]nf g} /fd|/L a'‰]F . vgfn ;/n] sIffdf s'g} ljBfyL{k|lt s8f jrg u/]sf] d}n] slxNo} yfxf kfOgF . pgL ;w}+ Psgf;sf] dWod :j/df af]Ny] . dflg; wL/ x'g'k5{ / dw'/f] af]Ng'k5{ eGg] s'/fsf lglDt d}n] k|f= vgfnnfO{ hLjgel/ cfbz{ dflg/x]F .

/;fogzf:q k9fpg] u'?x¿ 8f= w|'jdfg cdfTo / cd[tk|;fb k|wfg klg ljBfyL{df‰ clt nf]slk|o lyP . ev{/ a]nfotaf6 8S6/]6 u/]/ cfPsf w|'jdfg d'vfu| k9fpg ;Sy] eg] cd[tk|;fb k|wfgsf] :ki6 pRrf/0fn] ubf{ pgn] eg]sf ;a} s'/f a'́ g ;lsGYof] . xfdL ;a} ljBfyL{ w|'jdfg h:t} cfˆgf] ljifodf w'/Gw/ x'g rfxGYof}+ . ljBfyL{df /fd|f] 5fk kfg{ ;Sg' Ps c;n lzIfssf] k|efjsf/L u'0f /x]5 eGg] lzIff d}n] log} u'?x¿af6 lng;s]F .

d]/f] cf}krfl/s ljBfyL{ hLjgofqfsf] ;dfkg ljBfjfl/lw ubf{sf dfu{lgb]{zs ef/tLo k|fWofksdf k'u]/ eof] . pgL sf]nDaf] KnfgcGtu{t lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf :gftsf]Q/df ul0ft k9fpg ef/t ;/sf/af6 5flgP/ cfPsf lyP . pgL 7"nf ljåfg\ t lyP g}Ù cToGt ;/n / ;f}Do Jojxf/sf wgL klg lyP . pgL ljBfyL{nfO{ cfˆgf] ldq 7fGy] / ldqjt\ 9Ëaf6 k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm lbGy] . ltg} 8f= s[i0fd'/fl/ ;/ kl5 d lxGb':yfgdf ljBfjfl/lw ug{ hfFbf d]/f zf]wlgb{]zs eP . ul0ft ljifodf d}n] pgL;Fu /x]/ tLg jif{;Dd u/]sf] zf]wsfo{ d]/f] hLjgs} clj:d/0fLo 36gf xf] . pgL s'g} klg ;d:ofnfO{ ;lhnf] 9Ëaf6 lnGy] . zf]wsf k|To]s ;d:of xn ug]{ tl/sf pgL :ki6;Fu atfOlbGy] . pgL dnfO{ clt dfof / ljZjf; uy]{ . pgLaf6 d}n] z}lIfs, ;fdflhs / cg]s Jofjxfl/s lgb]{zgx¿ klg kfPF . cfkm"eGbf slgi7nfO{ s;/L cfTdLotfk"j{s Jojxf/ / :g]x bzf{pg'kb{5— d}n] pgLaf6 l;s]sf] d"ne"t lzIff lyof] . z}lIfs ljifosf ;d:ofnfO{ s;/L xn ug]{ af6f] lng'kb{5, d}n] pgLaf6 l;s]sf] csf]{ 7"nf] lzIff lyof] . d]/f] hLjgdf k|f=8f= s[i0fd'/fl/ u'?sf] hlt c¿ s;}sf] klg k|efj k/]sf] 5}g .

d]/f k'/fgf syfx¿ cfhsf lzIfs ;fyLx¿nfO{ st} pkof]uL xf]nfg\ ls eGg] cfzfn] of] ;+:d/0f n]v]sf] x'F . cGTodf, 8f= s[i0fd'/fl/;lxt ;a} lbjËt u'?x¿k|lt cfb/ / >4f;'dg ck{0f ub{5' .

gf/fo0faxfb'/ dfgGw/ cfˆg} ;'/df

Psf]xf]/f] k9fP/ hfGy] . ljBfyL{n] a'‰]÷a'‰]gg\

eGg] dtna} /fVb}gy] . d}n] pgLaf6 l;s]sf] s'/f xf]— cfˆg} w'gdf a]va/ eP/ k9fpg' klg lzIfssf] Pp6f sdhf]/L g} x'Fbf]/x]5 . ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg eP/

dfq k'Ub}g, of]Uo lzIfs x'g ;xL lzIf0f ;Lk klg x'g'kbf]{/x]5 .

lzIfs ;fpg @)^& 49

g]kfn–cWoog

lzIfs ;fpg @)^&50

8f= tLy{axfb'/ >]i7

cf hef]ln jftfj/0fsf s'/f ubf{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|;Ë hf]8\g ;lsPg eg] Tof] cw'/f] / vNnf] nfU5 . ut jif{sf] ;]K6]Da/df 8]gdfs{sf] sf]kgx]ug zx/df ljZj hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o s'Ded]nf g} ;DkGg eof] . To; cj;/df g]kfnn] ;u/dfyfsf] sfv -%,%$@ ld6/sf] prfO_ df /x]sf] sfnfkTy/df dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7s u/L bnansf ;fy k|wfgdGqL dfwjs'df/ g]kfn;lxt ljZje/sf lxdfn cf/f]xLx¿ lxdfnosf] kL8f af]s]/ sf]kgx]ug k'u]sf lyP . ;d'Gb| ;txeGbf !&# ld6/sf] prfOdf cjl:yt sf]kgx]ugsf] Pp6} d~rdf lxdfnsf] prfO / ;d'Gb|sf] ulx/fOaf/] rrf{–kl/rrf{ ePsf] lyof] .

lxdfno …otLÚsf] jf;:yfg xf] eg] 8]gdfs{ hnk/Lsf] . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ubf{ lxdfnosf otL / sf]kgx]ugsf hnk/L Pp6} Joyfn] ynf kg]{ l:ylt b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . xfG; lqmlZrog P08/;gn] ;g\ !*#& sf] :jR5 ;d'Gb|df kf}8L v]Nb} u/]sL Ps ;fgL hnk/L (The Li le Mermaid) sf] kl/sNkgf u/]/ ljZjljVoft afnsyf lgdf{0f u/] . tL hnk/Lsf] k|ltd"lt{ sf]kgx]ugjf;Ln] syf /rgfsf] *^ jif{kl5 ;d'Gb|s} 5]pdf 78\ofP . otL rflxF xfd|f lxdfnL afl;Gbfsf dg / dl:tisleq hLljt} 5 . dfgj;Eotfsf sf/0f cfh ;d'Gb|sf] kfgL la6'lnPsf] 5, lxdfnosf] lxpF ljyf]lnPsf] 5 . To;}n] otL / hnk/Lsf] ljifodf Ps} ynf]df a;]/ lrGtf hfx]/ ug{'kg]{ cj:yf cfOk¥of] . s7}j/L tL hnk/L, s7}j/f oL otL Û

P08/;gn] hnk/Lsf] syf /Rbfv]/Lsf] ;d'Gb|sf] :jR5tfsf] ljj/0f 3tnfUbf] 5 . g]kfnL afn;flxTosf jl/i7 ;|i6f zfGtbf; dfgGw/n] P08/;gsf] hnk/Lsf] syf g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/]/ xfd|f aflnsfx¿nfO{ 7"nf] u'g nufpg'ePsf] 5 . P08/;g / zfGtbf;sf] j0f{gn] ;d'Gb|sf] kfgLsf] gL/ /ªnfO{ Ps gLnf] km"n …sg{ ˆnfj/Ú;Fu t'ngf u/]sf] 5 . ds}af/Ldf km'Ng] of] km"nnfO{ …a}rn;{ j6gÚ cyf{t\ s'df/ s]6fsf 6fFs klg elgG5 . h]xf];\ o;sf] gL/ /ªsf

t/]nLn] P08/;gsf] ;d'Gb| egf}+ jf hnk/Lsf] jf;:yfgnfO{ k"/} /ËfPsf] 5 . ;d'Gb| klg gfKg} g;Sg] u/L ulx/f] lyof] . cUnf cUnf luhf{3/x¿ Psdfly csf]{ u/L 8'afP klg lkFw km]nf gkg]{ To; ;d'Gb|sf] lkFwdf hnk/Lsf] b/af/ x'G5 . ;d'Gb|sf] Tof] ;+;f/df hnk/Lsf /fhf / ltgsf k|hf x'G5g\ . xfd|f] cfsfzdf y/Ly/Lsf r/f p8] ‰}+ ToxfF y/Ly/Lsf df5fx¿ kf}l8G5g\ / ljleGg k|sf/sf jg:klt / ltgsf xfFuflaFuf kfgL;Fu} ;nanfpFbf hLljt k|f0fLx¿sf] rfn k|ToIf x'G5 . ulx/f]df ulx/f] / ;a}eGbf ulx/f] :yfgdf /fhb/af/ x'G5 . b/af/sf kvf{nx¿ d'ufn] ag]sf / uf]y] z}nLsf luhf{3/df ‰}+ 7"N7"nf ´ofnx¿ xNsf kx]Fnf] /ªsf] sfFrdf ;lhPsf x'Gy] . b/af/sf] 5t l;kLx¿n] ag]sf] lyof] . k|To]s l;kLleq df‰df rlDsnf df]tL x'GYof] . tL l;kL kfgLsf] rfn;Fu} XjfË v'Ng] / RofKk aGb x'g] ub{y] .

;d'Gb|sf] Tof] ;+;f/df Ps /fhs'df/L hnk/Lsf] k|]dsyfnfO{ lnP/ P08/;gn] ljZj k|Voft afnsyf …b lnl6n d/d]8Ú /r]sf lyP . To; syfsf] nf]slk|otf r'lnFb} uPkl5 tL ;fgL hnk/Lsf] k|ltdf lgdf{0f ug]{ ;f]r 8]gdfs{sf Ps wgf9\o JolQmsf] dgdf knfpg k'Uof] . kmn:j?k sfF;sf] 9nf}6df Ps ;'Gb/ d"lt{sf] cgfj/0f eof] ;g\ !(@# sf] cui6 @# sf lbg . Tof] d"lt{df Ps j:qxLg gf/Lsf] ;'Gb/ cfs[lt Pp6f kTy/dfly v'§f bf]a|fP/ xftn] e'OFdf 6]s]/ a;]sf] b]lvG5 . v'§f / kfOtfnflt/af6 df5fsf] k'R5/ h:t} hnr/sf cjoj b]lvG5g\ . d"lt{ ‰08} % lkm6 -!=@% ld6/_ cUnf] 5 . sf]kgx]ug k'Ug] k|foM ;a} ko{6s Pj+ cltlyx¿ To; ;fgL hnk/Lsf] 5]pdf a;]/ kmf]6f] lvrfpF5g\ . ljZjdf ;jf{lws lrqfÍg ul/Psf d"lt{dWo] To; hnk/Lsf] :yfg lgs} pRrsf]l6df kb{5 . elgG5, snfsf/ P8jf8{ Ol/S;gn] d"lt{sf] gUg efu tof/ ug{ cfˆg} kTgLnfO{ df]8nsf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf / cg'xf/ rflxF tTsfnLg k|l;4 gt{sL Od]n k|fO;sf] df]8naf6 k|fKt u/]sf lyP . hnjfo' kl/jt{g / ;d'Gb| k|b"if0fsf sf/0f kLl8t tL hnk/Lsf] ljnf}gfn]

otLsf] /f]bg / hnk/Lsf] ljnfk

;Gbe{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g

g]kfnsf] cf};t tfkqmd )=)^ l8u|L ;]lN;o; k|ltjif{ a9\g] u/]sf]df ;g\ !(&% b]lv ;g\ @))^ ;Dd of] j[l4b/ !=* l8u|L ;]lN;o; k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf tfkqmd j[l4n] k|ToIf k|efj kfg]{ lxdfnL If]qnfO{ g} xf] . To;}n] of] vt/fk|lt ljZjsf] Wofgfsif{0f x'g'k/]sf] xf] .

lzIfs ;fpg @)^& 51

sf]kgx]ug ;Dd]ngsf] a]nf ljZjsf g]t[Tj ju{df slQsf] k|efj kf¥of]Ù Tof] c‰} x]g{ afFsL 5 .

ljZj ;Dd]ngsf a]nf hnk/Lsf] b]zdf …otLÚsf cfF;' aufpg g]kfnaf6 klg y'k|} g]tf, cleg]tf, lxdfnk|]dL JolQm / jftfj/0fljb\x¿ uPsf lyP . ljb]zdf g]kfnLnfO{ cS;/ otLsf] ;Tj / cl:tTjaf/] w]/} s'/f ;f]lwG5 . ljZjf;, cljZjf; / cGwljZjf;sf y'k|} s'/fx¿df 5nkmn x'G5 . otL 5 jf 5}g Tof] k|Zg cfˆg} 7fpFdf 5, t/ otLsf] jf;:yfg eg] lgZro g} xfd|f] lxdfn xf] eGg] uf}/j ul/G5 . otf cfP/ k[YjLsf] tfkdfg j[l4;Fu} otLsf] jf;:yfg ;Í6df kg{ yfn]sf] tYo phfu/ x'Fb}5 . ;u/dfyf If]qdf ljleGg lxdgbLx¿ k|lt jif{ !) ld6/b]lv %( ld6/;Dd kUn]/ lxdtfnsf] hnfzo a9\g] / lxd/]vf dfly–dfly ;g]{ qmd k|ToIf cg'ej ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . cfKkf z]kf{ h:tf @)cf}+ k6s ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ul/;s]sf JolQmx¿ lxpFsf] cefjn] kj{tf/f]x0f g} ;Í6df kg{ yfn]sf] lrGtf hfx]/ ub{5g\ . ljutdf g]kfnsf] cf};t tfkqmd )=)^ l8u|L ;]lN;o; k|ltjif{ a9\g] u/]sf]df ;g\ !(&% b]lv ;g\ @))^ ;Dd of] j[l4b/ !=* l8u|L ;]lN;o; k'u]sf] b]vfpF5 . tfkqmdsf] j[l4n] k|ToIf k|efj kg]{ If]q lxdIf]q xf] . To;}n] lxdfnk|lt ljZjsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug'{k/]sf] xf] .

sf]kgx]ugdf hnk/Lsf] h:tf] k|ltd"lt{ lxdfnL If]qdf otLsf] aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . otLsf] kfOtfnf / vKk/sf af/] w]/} rrf{–kl/rrf{ eO;s]sf 5g\ . otLsf] kfOtfnfsf kblrGxx¿ lxpFdf e]l6Psf] w]/} pbfx/0f 5g\ . tL kblrGxx¿ kfly{j k|f0fLs} x'g\ eGg]df zÍf 5}g t/ Tof] k|f0fL v}/f] efn'

kf] xf] ls eGg] w]/}sf] c8\sn 5 . ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0fdf nfu]sf lxnf/L, t]lGhª tyf To;eGbf klxn] Ol/s lzK6gn] klg o:tf kblrGxx¿ b]v]sf] k'li6 u/]sf 5g\ . t/, tL kblrGxsf] /x:o c‰} v'Ng ;s]sf] 5}g .

o;}aLr kfª\af]r] u'Dafdf ;'/lIft /flvPsf] Pp6f ;fgf] vKk/ cfsf/sf] cjoj otLs} xf] eGg] :yfgLo lhls/n] klg ljZjel/ lgs} 7"nf] k|rf/ kfof] . P8d08 lxnf/Ln] To;

vKk/sf] /f}+sf] j}1flgs k/LIf0f ug{ ljleGg k|of]uzfnfdf ;d]t k'¥ofPsf lyP . klxn] To;nfO{ lxdfnL yf/sf] cË eGg] klxrfg eof] . sfnfGt/df cS;kmf]8{ ljZjljBfnosf] cg';Gwfgn] To:t} /f}+sf] k/LIf0f u/]/ yf/ xf]Og 3f]/n xf] eGg] lgSof]{n lgsfNof] . cS;kmf]8{sf] k/LIf0f g]kfnsf] gd'gfdf geO{ uf/f] kj{t -ef/t_af6 ;Ílnt gd'gfdf ePsf] lyof] . xfn;Ddsf] vf]hLlgtLaf6 otLsf] elgPsf] kblrGx efn'sf] / vKk/sf] /f}+ 3f]/n jf yf/sf] eGg]

zÍfdf otLsf] cl:tTj c8\s]sf] 5 . zÍf ug}{ gkg]{ s'/f eg] otLsf] jf;:yfg xf] . otLsf] jf;:yfg lxdfno xf] / To; jf;:yfgsf] ;+/If0fdf ljZjsf] Wofgfsif{0f dfq xf]Og k|efjsf/L sbd g} cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 .

tfTbf] k[YjL / ablnFbf] xfjfkfgL cyf{t\ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] otLsf] lxdfn / ;fgL hnk/Lsf] ;d'Gb|nfO{ k|ToIf / ;aeGbf klxn] k|xf/ u/]sf] tYo ca s;}af6 n's]sf] 5}g . o;sf] k|efj otLsf] /f]bg / hnk/Lsf] ljnfkdf dfq ;Lldt geO{ ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hfltsf] cl:tTj;Fu klg ufFl;Psf] 5 . t;y{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf/] ;a} /fi6«n] rf;f] / lrGtf lng'kg]{ cj:yf cfO;s]sf] 5 . k|efjsf/L sbdx¿ rfNg ca l9nf ug'{x'Fb}g .

sf7df8f}+sf] sflGtkyl:yt g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgudsf] kl/;/df /x]sf] otLsf] d"lt{ .

sf]kgx]ug aGb/ufxdf /x]sf] hnk/Lsf] d"lt{ .

tfTbf] k[YjL / ablnFbf] xfjfkfgL cyf{t\ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] otLsf]

lxdfn / ;fgL hnk/Lsf] ;d'Gb|nfO{ k|ToIf / ;aeGbf klxn] k|xf/ u/]sf] tYo ca s;}af6 n's]sf] 5}g . o;sf] k|efj otLsf] /f]bg / hnk/Lsf] ljnfkdf dfq ;Lldt

geO{ ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hfltsf] cl:tTj;Fu klg ufFl;Psf] 5 .

;'/]z/fh Gof}kfg]

sIffsf]7fM vuf]n lj1fg

lzIfs ;fpg @)^&52

h] kL >Ljf:tj

lzIfsx¿df kf7\oj:t'sf] /fd|f] 1fg / z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf eP kG5\ofOFb} cfPsf] vuf]n lj1fgsf] k7gkf7g ;xh x'G5 .

v uf]n lj1fg ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] lj1fgdWo] dflgG5 . k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} o;sf]

cWoog ul/Psf] k|df0f 5 . oltv]/ vuf]n lj1fgnfO{ Astrometry (Study of posi onal mo on of heavenely bodies), Celes al Mechanics (Mathema cal study of the mo on), Astrophysics (Chemical composi on and physical condi on of celes al bodies) / Cosmology (Study of the whole men oned above) df ljefhg u/L cWoog ul/G5 .

xfd|f] b]zdf vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoog–cWofkgnfO{ sIff Psb]lv bz;Dds} lj1fgsf] kf7\ok':tsdf ;d]l6Psf] 5 . t/ vuf]n lj1fgsf kf7 x/]s kf7\ok':tssf] k'5f/df dfq} /fVg] ul/Psf] 5 . k|foMh;f] ljBfnox¿df vuf]n lj1fg ls k9fOFb}g ls t yf]/} ;dodf

qm=;+= sIff kf7 zLif{s kf7\oj:t'!= sIff ^ k[YjL, rGb|df

/ ;"o{k[YjL ;f}/d08nsf] Ps ;b:o

@= sIff & k[YjL, rGb|df/ ;"o{

lbg / /ft, df};d kl/jt{g,;f}/d08n, rGb|dfsf] snf

#= sIff * u|x, tf/f /tf/fd08n

u|x / tf/f, tf/fd08nsf] kl/efiff,tf/fd08nsf] klxrfg, tf/fd08nsf]cjnf]sg, s]xL k|d'v tf/fd08nx¿

$= sIff ( a|Xdf08df k[YjL k[YjLsf] b}lgs / jflif{s rfn,rGb|dfsf] snf, ;"o{ / rGb| u|x0f

%= sIff !) a|Xdf08 a|Xdf08sf cjojx¿ h:t}M tf/fk'~h,tf/fd08n / ;f}o{d08n tyftf/fx¿sf] hLjgL

o;nfO{ l;WofOG5 . /fd|f];Fu k7fpg'sf] ;§f 5fq5fqfnfO{ :jfWofog ug{ nufP/ ‰f/f 6fg]{ ul/Psfn] vuf]n lj1fgsf] k7gkf7g sdhf]/ ePsf] xf] . vuf]n cWoog sdhf]/ x'g'df c¿ sf/0f klg 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf lglDt lzIfs ldqx¿df vuf]nsf kf7\oj:t'sf] uxg 1fgsf] cefj, z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] klxrfgdf sdL / k/LIffdf o;n] cf]u6\g] cÍef/ yf]/} x''g' cflb . kf7\ok':tsx¿df k/:k/ afl‰g] ljifoj:t' / qmdljxLg k|:t'ltn] klg vuf]nnfO{ lg/; / af]l‰nf] t'NofPsf] dx;'; x'G5 .

vuf]n lj1fgsf] cWoog–cWofkgsf] qmddf x'g] sdL–sdhf]/Lsf sf/0fx¿ h]–;'s} eP klg o;sf] cWofkgnfO{ ;xh, lbuf] / /f]rs agfpgsf] nflu s]–s:tf pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df lrGtg ug]{ a]nf ePsf] 5 . vuf]n lj1fg k9fpg] lzIfsdf s:tf] 1fg x'g'kb{5 eGg]af/] uxg 5nkmn cfjZos b]lvPsf]

5 . ljBdfg kf7\oqmd cWoog ubf{ sIff ^ b]lv sIff !) ;Ddsf] kf7\o ;fdu|Lx¿sf] sequence lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .

pko'{Qm kf7\oj:t'x¿ x]bf{ ;f}o{d08n, k[YjLsf] b}lgs / jflif{s rfn, rGb|dfsf] snf, tf/fd08n / tf/fk'~h tyf tf/fsf] hLjgLnfO{ sIff !) ;Ddsf] vuf]n lj1fgsf] d'Vo kf7\oj:t'sf] ¿kdf lng'kg]{5 . oL cjojx¿sf] cWofkgsf] nflu xfdL lzIfs;Fu kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿ afx]s yk 1fg ePdf vuf]n lzIf0f k|efjsf/L x'G5 .

gkG5fcf}+

vuf]n cWoogsf] sIffut ljj/0f

k9fpg ;lsG5

lzIfs ;fpg @)^& 53

;f}o{d08n• ;g\ @))^ df r]s u0ftGqsf] k|fudf ePsf]

cGt/f{li6«o vuf]nzf:qL ;+3sf] ;Dd]ngn] ;f}o{d08nsf] ;"rLaf6 od (Pluto) nfO{ lgsfn]/ u|xx¿sf] ;ª\Vof gf}af6 cf7df ;Lldt u¥of] . ;f] ;Dd]ngn] u|xsf] gofF kl/efiff klg lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/—

• …u|x eg]sf] o:tf] uf]nf] cfsfzLo lk08 xf] h'g ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ uf]nf] (Ellip cal) af6f]df 3'Db5 / o;sf] sIf csf]{ u|xsf] sIfåf/f sfl6Fb}g .Ú

• odsf] sIfnfO{ j?0f (Neptune) sf] sIfn] sf6\g] x'Fbf odnfO{ u|xsf] ;"rLaf6 x6fpg'k/]sf] xf] .

• u|xsf] ;"rLaf6 x6fOPsf] odnfO{ l;/; [klxnfsf] lzz' u|x (Asteroid)] / ;g\ @))# df bzf}+ u|x eg]/ kQf nfu]sf] Pl/; (Eris) h:tf cfsfzLo lk08x¿ ;d]l6Psf] km'Rr] u|x (Dwarf Planet) x¿sf] ;d"xdf /flvof] .

• ;f}o{d08ndf zlgsf] dfq UofF;sf rSsfx¿ 5}gg\ a? c?0f / j?0fdf klg UofF;sf rSsfx¿ 5g\ .

o; kf7\oj:t'sf] lzIf0f ubf{ ;f}o{d08nsf] rf6{ jf df]8]n k|of]u ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 h;n] cWofkg sfo{ ;xh x'g hfG5 .

k[YjLsf] b}lgs rfn (Diurnal mo on) / jflif{s rfn (Annual mo on)k[YjLn] cfˆgf] cIfdf (Axis) ug]{ rfnnfO{ b}lgs rfn elgG5 h;n] ubf{ lbg / /ft x'G5 . k[YjLn] cfˆgf] cIfdf k"/f ug]{ Ps rSs/nfO{ Ps cIf–e|d0f (Rota on) elgG5 . o;sf] cjlw sl/a @$ 306f -@# 306f, %^ ldg]6 / $=)( ;]s]08_ x'G5 .

of] kf7\oj:t' k9fpFbf lgDg z}Ifl0fs

;fdu|Lx¿;lxtsf lqmofsnfk ubf{ o;sf] cjwf/0ff :ki6 kfg{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .

lbg / /ftsf] wf/0ff :ki6 kfg{sf nfluUnf]anfO{ 38Lsf] ;'O{ 3'Dg] ljkl/t lbzfdf 3'dfP/ lbg, /ft, laxfg, ;fF‰, dWo/ft / dWo lbg x'g] :yfgsf] klxrfg ug{df hf]8 lbg'kb{5 .

• k[YjLn] cfˆgf] sIfdf (Orbit) ug]{ rfnnfO{ jflif{s rfn elgG5 h;n] ubf{ df};d kl/jt{g / jif{sf] km/s–km/s ;dodf lbg / /ftsf] cjlw km/s–km/s x'G5 . o;f] x'g'df k[YjLsf] jflif{s rfn cyf{t\ sIfLo ult ;Fu;Fu} k[YjLsf] cIfn] Plane of eclip c df agfPsf] ^^=% l8u|Lsf] sf]0f klg xf] . o; 9NsfOnfO{ Pp6f Unf]adf :ki6 ¿kn] x]g{ ;lsG5 . k[YjLn] cfˆgf] sIfdf k"/f ug]{ Ps rSs/nfO{ Ps sIf–e|d0f (Revolu on) elgG5 . h;sf] cjlw sl/a #^%=@% lbg, ^ 306f, ( ldg]6 / (=%$ ;]s]08 x'G5 .

• @@ dfr{ / @# ;]K6]Da/df k[YjLsf b'j} uf]nf4{x¿sf ;dfg efux¿n] ;"o{sf] k|sfz ;dfg ;dosf] nflu kfpF5g\, kmn:j?k lbg / /ftsf] cjlw ;dfg x'G5 / df};d klg clt lr;f] jf clt tftf] x'Fb}g . pQ/L uf]nf4{df o;nfO{ qmdzM Spring equinox / Autumn equinox elgG5 .

• @! h"gdf k[YjLsf] pQ/L uf]nf4{sf] 9NsfO ;"o{lt/ x'g] ePsf] x'gfn] pQ/L uf]nf4{n] ;"o{sf] ;Lwf k|sfz w]/} ;do;Dd k|fKt ub{5 . kmn:j?k lbgsf] cjlw ;a}eGbf nfdf] / /ftsf] cjlw ;a}eGbf 5f]6f] x'g'sf] ;fy} df};d klg Gofgf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ Summer Sols ce elgG5 . t/ blIf0fL uf]nf4{sf] cj:yf ljkl/t x'G5 . cyf{t\ Winter Sols ce x'G5 .

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jf sl/a %) ldg]6 nufpF5 . o;} sf/0fn] x/]s lbg rGb|f]bo sl/a %) ldg]6 l9nf x'G5 .o; kf7\oj:t'sf] sfuhsf 6'qmfx¿af6 lzIf0f ubf{M

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@= rGb|u|x0f / ;"o{u|x0fsf] wf/0ff lbgs_ sfuhsf 6'qmfx¿af6 u|x0fsf sf/0f

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->Ljf:tj k|eft pdfljsf lj1fg lzIfsPj+ STAN, nlntk'/sf cWoIf x'g\_

sf6]/ k[YjL lrl/Psf] efusf] sIfsf] w/ftn / rGb|dfsf] sIfsf] w/ftn agfpg'kb{5 .

• k[YjLsf] sIfsf] w/ftndf 86]8 nfOgsf] 7fpFdf lrg]{ .

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CLASSROOM

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Teacher: Nita please point to America on the map. Neeta: This is it. Teacher: Well done. Now class, who

discovered America? Class: Nita did.

Commentary: When Europeans were explor-ing the globe, there were famous explorers like Christopher Columbus who were said to have ‘dis-covered America’. This joke is a play on the word ‘discovered’, because Nita certainly did point out where America was on the classroom map!

A man was pulled over for driving too fast, even though he thought he was driving just fi ne.Policeman: You were speeding.

Man: No, I wasn't.Policeman: Yes, you were. I'm giving you a ti cket.Man: But I wasn't speeding.Police: Tell that to the judge! (The offi cer gives man the ti cket.)Man: Would I get another ti cket if I called you a jerk?Police: Yes, you would.Man: What if I just thought that you were?Police: I can't give you a ti cket for what you think.Man: Fine, I think you're a jerk!

Commentary: ‘Pulled over’ is a term for a driver taking his car to the side of the road or highway. ‘Giving a ti cket’ is an American term for

a policeman giving a wri en noti ce to a driver who has commi ed some driving off ence. The man fi rst extracts from the policeman the agreement that you cannot be punished for thinking something, and then proceeds to call the policeman a jerk!

A: Did you hear that a baby was fed on elephant's milk and gained twenty pounds in a week.B: That's impossible. Whose baby?

A: An elephant's.Commentary: This is funny because the ‘B’

obviously thinks that the person who is fed on elephant’s milk is a human, and calls that impos-sible. The reference to ‘a baby’ tricks ‘B’ into think-ing that it is a human baby we are talking about.

A drunk man comes out of the bar and sees another very drunk man.He looks up in the sky and says, "Is that the sun or the moon?"

The other drunk man answers, "I don't know. I'm a stranger here myself."

Commentary: The second drunk man obviously believes, in his drunken stupor, that whether there is a sun or the moon on the sky depends on where you are in the planet – rather than the ti me of day.

A man is talking to God.The man: "God, how long is a million years?"

18 Jokes to teach by

'Can a kangaroo jump higher than Dharara?' Jokes arouse smiles and laughter, they make people feel good. Jokes are therefore are a good way to make students enthusiastic towards learning in the English class. Here are some jokes, with a brief commentary attached to help in the understanding of the jokes. We understand that many teachers of English will ‘get’ (understand) the jokes, and so the commentaries are meant for those who may have some diffi culty. Even for others, the commentaries may add value to the understanding.

- Editor

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God: "To me, it's about a minute."The man: "God, how much is a million rupees?"God: "To me it's a paisa."The man: "God, may I have a paisa?"God: "Wait a minute!"

Commentary: God is fooled because he decides to give a philosophical answer to the man’s ques-ti on, implying that there is ‘relati vity’ in how you perceive ti me or money. Having said that a million rupees is like a paisa, the man then asks for a paisa, meaning that he expects a million rupees. ‘Wait a minute’ is an English expression of some-one having been taken by surprise. But there is also an additi onal play in the ‘minute’ used in the joke to mean a million years. The joke would have been funny even without this additi onal usage.

An elementary school teacher sends this note to all parents on the fi rst day of school. "If you promise not to believe everything your child says

happens at school, I will promise not to believe everything your child says happens at home.''

Commentary: This is a funny joke because the teacher is implying that a) he knows that the students in his class are saying not-so-nice things about him at home. At the same ti me, he makes a direct hint that the students have also been sharing not-so-nice secrets from home in the classroom. This is, of course, blackmail – You know about me and I know about you, so we will both keep quite. But this is also a joke!

Old man: Doctor, will I be able to play the harmonium aft er the operati on?Doctor: Yes, of course.Old man: Great! I never could before.

Commentary: Given the kind of questi on that Old man has asked, the doctor is led to believe that ‘Old man has been a harmonium player and is worried about not being able to get back to music. However Old man is playing a trick. Now that the doctor says ‘yes of course’, the doctor has been found out promising something that is impossible.

Teacher: Tell me a sentence that starts with an "I". Student: I is the...Teacher: Stop ! Never put 'is' aft er an

"I". Always put 'am' aft er an "I".Student: OK. I am the ninth lett er of the alphabet !

Commentary: The teacher thinks the student is making a mistake, whereas he was trying to say that, “The lett er ‘I’ is the ninth lett er in the alpha-bet.” But because the teacher corrects him before he is fi nished with the sentence, he is forced to make a mistake. This is an interesti ng joke because the teacher himself has been shown as falling into a trap of forcing his pupil to make a mistake.

Q: If you drop a white hat into the Red Sea, what does it become? A: Wet.

Commentary: The Red Sea is the expanse of water to the north of Saudi Arabia, but of course the water itself is not red. The implicati on of the questi on is that if you drop a white hat into the Red Sea, it will come out reddish. But the answer is the obvious one, which is that it will come out wet. This joke is funny because it is so obvious what the answer should be!

A guy says to his friend, "Guess how many coins have I in my pocket." The friend says, "If I guess right, will you give me one of them?"

The fi rst guy says, "If you guess right, I'll give you both of them!"

Commentary: Some jokes are funny because they show the stupidity of one of the characters. It seems that humans love to laugh at someone else’s stupidity. Here, the fi rst guy is seen to be stupid, because he is challenging the friend to guess how many coins he has in his pocket, but he is giving the secret away by saying ‘both’. Obvi-ously the friend will win because of this mistake, and give ‘two’ as the answer.

The teacher speaking to a student said, "Subedi, name two pronouns." Subedi, who has been dozing, says, "Who, me?"

Commentary: This is a good joke. Subedi, the student, has been dozing. He is caught by surprise, so he asks, “Who, me?” whose longer version is as follows, “Who are you asking? Are you ask-ing me?” But inadvertently, he has answered the teacher’s questi on, because ‘who’ and ‘me’ are both pronouns!

Teacher: Today, we're going to talk about the tenses. Now, if I say "I am beauti ful," which tense is it?

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CLASSROOM

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Student: Obviously it is the past tense.

Commentary: This joke is again of the kind where there is an att empt to disparage some-one, in the expectati on that the listener will like someone being brought low. Here, the answer the teacher is seeking is, “I was beauti ful.” Whereas the mean-spirited student is referring directly to the teacher rather than to the lesson, by say-ing that “I am beauti ful” must be the past tense because she (the teacher) is no longer beauti ful. Of course the answer is wrong in terms of English usage. Finally, you may ask how come we know the teacher is a ‘she’. That is because the term used is ‘beauti ful’ rather than ‘handsome’. Female teach-ers are obviously ‘beauti ful’, and male teachers are always ‘handsome’!

Q: Can a kangaroo jump higher than the Empire State Building? A: Yes, because the Empire State Building can't jump!

Commentary: There are several things to keep in mind about this joke. Firstly, why are we using ‘kangaroo’? Because it is an animal, of Australia, which is known to jump (or hop) very high. But the questi on is whether an animal which can jump higher than other can sti ll jump higher than the Empire State Building. But the ‘trick’ in the joke is in the use of the term ‘jump higher than’. One usage is whether person ‘A’ can jump to a higher than person ‘B’. Another usage is whether person ‘A’ can jump to a higher than an object ‘C’. The object obviously cannot jump. In this joke, the expectati on of the questi on in simple understanding is ‘No, it is impos-sible for a kangaroo to jump higher than the Empire State Building.’ But because we have used a trick to use the second usage in the answer, the answer becomes, ‘Yes’ because obviously a building cannot jump. There may be a need for Nepal-contextualisa-ti on of this joke. Students may understand what a kangaroo is, but it may be diffi cult to explain also that the Empire State Building is a tall building in Manhatt an Island of New York City. It used to be the tallest building in the world for a long ti me, at which ti me everyone knew of the Empire State Building. But because there are so many taller buildings now, your students may not understand the usage of ‘Empire State Building’. And so, you could simply replace it with Dharara. “Can a kanga-roo jump higher than Dharara?”

Q: What starts with E, ends with E and only has one lett er ?

A: An envelope

Commentary: This is more of a riddle than a joke, because there is a puzzle that you have to solve. But riddles can also make you smile, and so to that extent you can call this a joke!

Q: What travels around the world and stays in a corner? A: A stamp.

Commentary: Here is another riddle or quiz involving an envelope. Though not strictly a joke, like the earlier item, it can make the reader smile or laugh. Going around the world implies that someone or something is traveling a lot, whereas staying in a corner means someone or something is staying in one place. So, how can you have someone who is traveling all over and yet not traveling at all? Well, a lett er does travel all over, and the postage stamp travels with it. But the postage stamp stays without moving in one corner of the envelope.

Q: What is white when it's dirty and black when it's clean? A: A blackboard

Commentary: Another riddle, and an obvious one for the classroom. Normally, things are dirty when they are black, but in the case of a classroom blackboard, it is cleanest when it is black.

Q: What happens when "you" and "I" are gone? A: Only 24 lett ers are left .

Commentary: This is also a riddle like the earlier one, where what is heard is diff erent from what is writt en. The questi on is about what happens when the person spoken to and the person speak-ing is gone. But the answer refers to the lett ers ‘u’ and ‘i’, which sound like the spoken ‘you’ and ‘I’.

Q: What is orange and sounds like parrot? A: A carrot

Commentary: Another riddle, but a nice one. A carrot is obviously orange, but it also sounds like a parrot, except that ‘p’ is replaced with ‘carrot’. In English, similarly spelt words need not always be pronounced the same, but in this case they are.

While someti mes adapted, these jokes and riddles are taken from iteslj.org/c/jokes.html

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k|]daxfb'/ >]i7, sflnsfb]jL lgdflj, lk|lt–@, /fd]5fk – ejfgL cfrfo{, ;jf]{bo hgs dflj, ljgfdf/], afun'ª– g/klt sfkm\n], d}g8fF8f dflj, xlb{g]6f, u'NdL – ;Gtf]ifs'df/ d]xtf, g/l;+x–*, ;'g;/L – sdnk|;fb km'Fofn, g]qsfnL pdflj, cfFk8fF8f, l;Gw'nL – slknaxfb'/ ufxf, cfndb]jL–*, :ofª\hf– ljj]s >]i7, u|fdL0f cfbz{ ax'd'vL SofDk;, g]kfn6f/, sf7df8f}+ – b'uf{k|;fb clwsf/L, dgsfdgfb]jL dflj, ;]/f–!, cf5fd– s]zj/fh b]jsf]6f, ;/:jtL dflj, Hofld/]–!, rf/3/], kfNkf – /+unfn ;'g'jf/, uf]Ndf8fF8f k|flj, bfOhf]/–*, /fdk'/, /fd]5fk – w|'js'df/ g]kfn …bf]/ËfÚ, lhNnf e"–;+/If0f sfof{no, :ofª\hf– algtf zdf{, dxfnIdL lgdflj, glvkf]6, nlntk'/ – s[i0faxfb'/ lnDa' …sdnÚ, s'?n]t]g'kf–%, aGb's]8fF8f, wgs'6f– lszf]/ cfrfo{, k~r dflj, lbQm]n–#, vf]6fª– O{Zj/L >]i7, kf6g ;+o'Qm SofDk;, kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/– l8NnLk|;fb cfrfo{, af]8]rf}/ dflj, l;ufgf–!, afun'ª– ch{'g bxfn, …ckjfbÚ, ldu]{–%, lrnfpg]vs{, bf]nvf – dg/fhf /fhf]kfWofo, nug, sf7df8f}+ – lbns'df/ /fO{, >L sf=k|= u0f -O{_ Po/kf]6{, sf7df8f}+– lkm/f]h /fhf]kfWofo, 8Nn', sf7df8f}+– /d]z zdf{, /fhs'n]Zj/ lgdflj, bf]nvf – lnnfk|;fb zdf{ kf}8]n, eLd dflj, /fhbfª, DofUbL – x]drGb| clwsf/L, ef/tL dflj, xflQvs{, wgs'6f– dL7" 8Nnfsf]6L, lgdflj ah/x§L, jL/]Gb|gu/–$, lrtjg – n]vgfy ;'j]bL, dfuf{b]jL k|flj, a]nx/f–#, wgs'6f – 6]saxfb'/ rf}xfg …slknÚ, dx]Gb|f]bo dflj, af]of–$, ef]hk'/ – /fhs'df/ /fO{, k|eft O{=af]=:s"n, s6f/L–$, pbok'/ – z'e]R5f v8\sf, sn+sL, sf7df8f}+– k|lbk j:g]t, uf]Ndfb]jL dflj, sbdaf;–#, l;Gw'kfnf~rf]s– 1fgaxfb'/ tfdfª, uf]Ndfb]jL dflj, sbdjf;–#, l;Gw'kfnf~rf]s– j;Gt sfkm\n], af]of–%, ef]hk'/– jL/l;+x aufn, n6Lgfy k|flj, a/d'8], bfr'{nf– gljg lg/fsf/, ah]8Lrf}/–&, l;Dtf, ;'v]{t– k"0f{k|;fb e§, d'qmfkb]jL dflj, ;]t'{ª–@, af]/fª, wflbª– /fdk|;fb zdf{, afnhfu[lt k|flj, au'jfvf]nf, DofUbL – cf]daxfb'/ e08f/L, a3f}8f–(, /dfOnf]8fF8f, lrtjg – pk]Gb|afa' 9sfn, ;"of]{bo k|flj, s§]n8fF8f, uf]/vf – efjgf clwsf/L, t'n;Lk'/–%, bfª– dlgifafa' kf]v/]n, k~r dflj, lbQm]n, vf]6fª– xl/gf/fo0f vltj8f, zf/bf ;+:s[t dflj, /fd]5fk – bLks/fh cfrfo{, ;/:jtL dflj, ;xf/]–*, l;d3f6, ;'v]{t – /fh]z yfkf du/, dflj, e+u]/L, /fd]5fk – k|lj0f k|wfgfË, sdnljgfos–$, eQmk'/ – d'gf sf]O/fnf, l;6L pRr dflj, lj/f6gu/ – b]jgf/fo0f rf}w/L, yfgkf]v/L pdflj, Hofld/] ‰ff]/, pbok'/ – kf08js'df/ kf}8]n, hg;]jf k|flj, af3xfg]–#, sfk|Lrf}/, ;'v]{t– e/tk|;fb 9sfn, hgk|]dL lgdflj, d‰'jf a]t]gL, 8'd|]–*, pbok'/ – ;'ne /]UdL, sf7df8f}+– u'Ktaxfb'/ e08f/L, dx]Gb| k|flj, dnDkf/, dNsjfª–&, DofUbL – u'0faxfb'/ tfdfª, sfnLb]jL k|flj, lk|lt–&, /fd]5fk – OGb|axfb'/ du/, sfnLb]jL k|flj, lk|lt–&, /fd]5fk– cd[tk|;fb rfkfufO{+, kfª w}/]gL pdflj, kfª, kj{t– cf]d e'h]n, e"=k"=;}=cf=dflj, ef]6]cf]8f/–*, ndh'ª– sflGtaxfb'/ /fodf‰fL, b'uf{gbL k|flj, r'N7]kfgL, d‰'fjf–$, /fd]5fk– lg/dfof >]i7, ;ftsGof sflnsf k|flj, sbdaf;–!, nK;], l;G'wkfnf~rf]s– b]jfgGb dxtf], /f=k|f=lj= l;w'jf, df8L, lrtjg– sf}zns'df/ ofbj, dw]zL lzIfs kmf]/d g]kfn, lhNnf ;ldlt, dxf]Q/L – dx]z 9sfn, u'/fF;]–#, rf}/fxL, l;Gw'nL – ch{'g rfkfufO+{, b]jbx, ?kGb]xL– uf]ljGbk|;fb lg/f}nf, zf/bf ;+:s[t dflj, aflaofvs{, /fd]5fk– /fdsfhL nsfO{ v8\sf, ;fFu'g] dflj, km:s'–#, sfnfkfgL, bf]nvf– k|sfz v8sf, j]i6 KjfOG6 O{=af]= :s"n, ‰fnf/L–&, s~rgk'/– ;/:jtL >]i7, /fDr] k|flj, a'+sf]6, uf]/vf– dlgtf ua'{hf, Go" j]i6 KjfOG6, a]gL, DofUbL–

;fdfGo1fg–@)M ;xL ;dfwfg k7fpg] ;xefuLdWo] uf]nfk|yfåf/f 5flgPsf k'/:sf/ ljh]tfM nIdL /fO{, tf]kuf5L, ‰ffkf .

;xL ;dfwfg k7fpg] cGo ;xefuLxl/z 36fn, dx]Gb|gu/ pdflj, eLdbQgu/, s~rgk'/– ;'ne /]UdL, sf7df8f}+ – g/]z/fh hf]zL, ;]6LufpF pdflj, ss/kfvf, uf]s'n]Zj/, a}t8L– 8]lj6 bfxfn, pbok'/ O{=af]= :s"n, lqgkf–@, pbok'/ – ;'/]zs'df/ zdf{, l;4fy{ lgdflj, df]ltk'/–!, alb{of– /ljGb| kf}8]n, lrlNxof–(, ?kGb]xL– Uff]ljGbk|;fb cfrfo{, hgsNof0f pdflj, kfn'ª, dsjfgk'/ – u0f]z ;'gf/, afn e}/j k|=lg=dflj, n]vufpF–!, yf/L, ;'v]{t– xl/gf/fo0f vltj8f, zf/bf ;+:s[t df=lj=, aflaofvs{, /fd]5fk–

lzIfs ;fpg @)^&64

d}n] k9]sf] :s"n

tkfOFn] :s"n sxfF k9\g'ePsf] xf] <lj/f6gu/sf] b /fOlhª :s"ndf k9]F / ToxLFaf6

@)%& ;fndf P;Pn;L kf; u/]F .:s"nsf] k9fO s:tf] lyof] <

/fd|f] lyof] . :s"nsf] jftfj/0fn] xfdLnfO{ cfslif{t ub{Yof] . d t ;fg}b]lv gfFRg cf}wL dg k/fpFy]F . :s"ndf klg v'a gfRy]F . k9\bfk9\b} d cfkm}F :s"ndf 8fG; lzIfs ePF . :s"ndf dfz{n cf6{ lyPg . t/ dnfO{ dg k/]sfn] dfz{n cf6{ l;Sg sIff 5f8]/ hfGy]F . t/ ;/x¿n] cltl/Qm sIff lnP/ d]/f] 5'6]sf] sf];{ k9fpg'x'GYof] .tkfOFsf] cfhsf] JolQmTj lgdf{0fdf :s"nsf] of]ubfg slQsf] /Xof] <

;/x¿n] dnfO{ w]/} g} k|f]T;fxg lbg'x'GYof] . gq dfz{n cf6{ l;Sg hfFbf 5'6]sf] s'/f d}n] kl5 k9\g gkfpg klg t ;Sy]F lg Û dnfO{ snfsf/ aGg k|]/0ff lbg] / cfTdljZjf; hufOlbg] sfd d]/f] :s"nn] u/]sf] xf] . snfsfl/tfnfO{ k]zfs} ¿kdf ckgfpg ;S5' eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; :s"n g;lsFb} eO;s]sf] lyof] .:s"n hLjgsf ;D‰gfof]Uo c¿ s'/f klg xf]nfg\ lg Û

s'6fO vfPsf] s''/f ‰N‰nL ;D‰G5' . ul0ftdf Psbd}

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xfd|f] sIffdf hDdf !@÷!# hgf dfq lyof}+ . d s]6L;FueGbf s]6f;Fu a9L ldNy]F . bf]dgtf, ;~h', /ldnf d]/f ldNg] s]6L ;fyL lyP . t/ s]6f;Fu ldNg] afgLn] lkmNd If]qdf k|j]z ubf{ b'Mv lbof] . oxfF t s]6f;Fu ;Ët ubf{ …neÚ k/]5 kf] eGbf /x]5g\ Ûkmls{P/ cfkm" k9]sf] :s"ndf hfg'ePsf] 5 <

lkmNd nfOgdf nfu]kl5 clxn];Dd :s"n uPsL 5}g . t/ ca l56} hfg] ljrf/ ul//x]sL 5' . :s"nn] rfx]sf] / d}n] ug{ ;Sg] ;xof]u klg u5'{ ca .lghL :s"n /fd|f] ls ;fj{hlgs <

klxnf klxnf t lghL :s"n lyPgg\ lg Û g]kfndf hlt klg ljåfg\x¿ eP, lzIfsx¿ eP, tL ;a} ;fj{hlgs :s"nsf pTkfbg x'g\ . To;}n] ;fj{hlgs :s"nnfO{ x]nfFsf] b[li6n] x]g}{ ldNb}g . :s"n ljBfsf] dlGb/ xf], lghL xf];\ ls ;fj{hlgs . To;}n] d of] 7Ls of] a]7Ls eGg] kIfdf 5}g . a? b'j} y/L :s"nnfO{ xfdL ;a} ldn]/ ;fFrf] cy{df s]6fs]6Lsf] k|ltef phfu/ ug]{ / pgLx¿nfO{ /fd|f] s'/f l;sfpg] 7fpF agfpg'k5{ .;fj{hlgs :s"nnfO{ s;/L lghLhlQs} cfsif{s agfpg ;lsPnf t <

:s"n s:tf] x'g] eGg] s'/f lzIfssf] xftdf x'G5 . æxfdLn] tna dfq vfPsf 5}gf}+, s]6fs]6Lsf] eljio agfpg] lhDdf klg lnPsf 5f}+ . /fd|f] lzIff lbPgf}+ eg] p;sf] eljio s;/L /fd|f] x'G5 / ÛÆ eGg] efjgf k|To]s lzIfsdf k}bf u/fpg ;Sg'k5{ . lsgeg] :s"nsf c¿ ;d:of 7"nf ;d:of xf]Ogg\ ./fd|f] snfsf/ k}bf ug{ :s"nsf] s'g} xft x'G5 <

w]/} x'G5 . afnaflnsfdf cGt/lglxt snfsfl/tfsf] vf]hL ug]{ / To;nfO{ kmqmfpg] km'nfpg] ynf] xf] :s"n . gf6s, lrqsnf, ;ËLt / g[To ;fwf/0f aRrfn] t dg k/fpF5 eg] snfsfl/tfsf] ;Defjgf ePsf] aRrfn] ‰g\ w]/} dg k/fpF5 . o;} klg aRrfx¿ ;ËLtdo jftfj/0f a9L dg k/fpF5g\ . ;ËLtdo jftfj/0fn] s]6fs]6Lx¿df v';L / k|]ddo efj j[l4 ub{5 . To;}n] :s"ndf b}lgs Ps 306f g[To, ;ËLt x'g'k5{ . cltl/Qm lqmofsnfksf] dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfdf lglxt snfsfl/tfsf] klxrfg, k|:km'6g / ljsf;df lzIfsx¿n] ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ .lzIfsx¿nfO{ tkfOF s]xL ;'‰fj lbg'x'G5 <

k9fpg] tl/sf ;/n / /l;nf] x'g'k5{ tfls ljBfyL{n] cle?lrk"j{s lzIfsn] l;sfpg vf]h]sf x/]s s'/f l;Sg ;s"g\ . h;/L lkmNd x]/]/ s]6fs]6Ln] lkmNdsf] …8fonuÚ Ps}If0fdf l6Kg ;S5g\, To:t} u/L l6Kg ;Sg] u/L lzIfsn] l;sfpg' cfjZos 5 . l;sfpg] tl/sfd} km]/abn Nofpg] s'/fdf ;a}eGbf a9L Wofg lbg'k5{ . o; ;Gbe{df ;a} lzIfsx¿nfO{ y|L Ol8o6 lxGbL lkmNd x]g{ ljz]if cg'/f]w ub{5' .

( sIff;Dd lkl6Fb} lyPF

d}n] k9]sf] :s"n

;'bz{g l3ld/]

– /]vf yfkfgflosf

dfl;s u|fxs aGgsf nflu ;Dks{ 7]ufgf

oxfFx¿nfO{ pknAw eO/x]sf] lzIfs dfl;ssf] ;xh e'QmfgLsf] nflu /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s, k'Nrf]s zfvf cGtu{t lxdfn P;f]l;P;gsf] gfddf /x]sf] rNtL vftf g++ !!$)))!%$%)! df /sd hDdf ul/lbg'x'g cg'/f]w 5 . /sd hDdf u/]sf] /l;b ;'/lIft /fVg'xf]nf . /sd k|fKt ePkl5 tkfO{+sf] gfddf cfDbfgL hgfOg]5 .

!= kfFry/

;/:jtL k':ts k;n

lkmlbd, )@$–^())*#

@= Onfd

Onfd k':ts k;n

kmf]gM )@&–%@)$@#, (*$@^@&$@#

#= ‰fkf

hLljsf OG6/k|fOh]h,

latf{df]8, (*$@^@$^&&

$= t]x|y'd

>]i7 e08f/, Dofªn'ª

kmf]gM )@^–$^)!(#, (*$!^*&&)&

%= ef]hk'/

lqj]0fL 5fkfvfgf, kmf]gM )@(–$@)!()

^= df]/ª

– Jff0fL k|sfzg

lj/f6gu/, )@!–%@*!@), (*)$#)!$$!

– s§]n Go"h P08 :6]zg/L

lj/f6gu/, (*%@)@@%##, )@!–$&@#*&

&= ;f]n'v'Da'

d]l/gf a'S; P08 :6]zg/L

;Nn]/LM )#*–%@)!$(, (&$#))%*))

*= cf]vn9'ª\uf

– >]i7 kqklqsf ;]G6/

e}/j6f]nM )#&–%@)@!@

– pbf; k':ts k;n

rf]sahf/M )#&–%@)@)@, (*$!)#$)#&

(= vf]6fª

>]i7 a'S; P08 Go'h Ph]G;L

lbSt]n, )#^–$@)@#@, (*$@*$(@#@

!)= wg'iff

hgHof]tL k':ts k;n

hgsk'/, )$!–%@!**$

!^= bf]nvf

– xf/tL :6]zg/L P08 ;Knfo;{

eLd]Zj/, )$(–$@!#@&, (*$$)^%$^^

– lh/L :6]zg/L

lh/L, )$(–^()$&*, (&$$))!)!^

!!= l;Gw'nL

Go" k/h'gf :6]zg/L

l;Gw'nL, @ g+= ahf/M )$&–%@))@%

!@= /fd]5fk

– h]=Pg= k':ts k;n

dGynL, )$*–%$)#!), (&$!)%))!!

– ldlnh'nL k':ts tyf :6]zg/L

dGynL, )$*–%$))*#

!#= /f}tx6

k|eft :6]zg/L, rGb|lgufxk'/ )%%–%$)%)@

!$= k;f{

dfO:yfg a''s;k, jL/uGh, )%!–%@#$%)

!%= dsjfgk'/

kqklqsf ;]G6/, x]6f}+8f, )%&–%@!$##

!&= sfe|]

– k|ult k':ts k;n

ag]kf, )!!–^^!@%&, (*$!^)^%)^

– >]i7 6«]8;{, kgf}tL\

kmf]gM )!!–$$))%$, (*$!$&$(%!

!*= l;Gw'kfNrf]s

– s]zj :6]zg/L, rf}tf/f

kmf]gM )!!–^@)@@^, (*$!(@$$#&

– z'esfdgf :6]zg/L

afx|la;], )!!–$*()*!

– k|ult :6]zg/L, an]lkm, )!–^(!$#!%

!(= sf7df8f}+

P=aL=hL= :6]zg/L

a'9flgns07, )!–$#&&$(%

@)= wflbª

– lqk'/f k':ts k;n

wflbªj];LM )!)–%@)!()

– Go" wflbª :6]zg/L

lgns07, )!)–%@)^^%

– lxdfn a'S; P08 :6]zg/L

wflbª, a}/]gL, )!)–%@(@^)

@!= g'jfsf]6

pT;'s h]g]/n :6f]/

lab'/, )!)–%^)$!(

@@= lrtjg

gf/fo0fL k':ts ;bg

gf/fo0fu9, )%^–%@!@*), (*$%)^#(@#

@#= gjnk/f;L

ldng k':ts k;n

;'gjn, )&*–%&)@!!, (*$&)@@!)*

@$= ¿kGb]xL

– ;/n :6]zg/L s]Gb|

e}/xjf, )&!–%@!&#$, (*$&)@#@@(

– ljzfn k':ts k;n, a'6jn, )&!–%$^%%(

@%= u'NdL

/];'Ëf lj1fkg ;]jf

tD3f;M )&(–%@)^*^, (*$&)&@*@^

@^= kfNkf

>]i7 Go'h Ph]G;L, tfg;]gM )&%–%@)!*@

@&= tgx'F

– u08sL k':ts k;n

bdf}nL, )^%–%^)!@*, (*%^)@$$%^

– cljb :6]zg;{

8'd|], )^%–%*))%%, (*$^)^)*)!

@*= uf]/vf

/f]lhgf k':ts e08f/

ljBfno dfu{, )^$–$@)!^#, (*%^)@&#&%

@(= ndh'ª

‰/gf k':ts k;n

a];Lzx/, )^^–%@)%!), (*$^)((*#^

#)= sf:sL

;kmn ldl8of xfp;

kf]v/f, )^!–%#*(!#, (*%^)@^%&@

#!= c3f{vfFrL

pd]z 5fkfvfgf, ;lGwvs{, )&&–$@)!&)

#@= bfª

– vgfn k':ts k;n, efn'afª, )*@–%*)!%*

– hgtf a's :6n, 3f]/fxL

kmf]gM )*@–%^)@^(, (*$&*#@!%$

– gofF Hof]tL ckm;]6 k|];

t'n;Lk'/, kmf]gM )*@–%@)(@!

##= /f]Nkf

Go" k"l0f{df :6]zg/L P08 ;Knfo;{

lnjfª, )*^–$$))$), (&$*%!%!%!

#$= afFs]

– lxdfn l8l:6«Ao'6/, g]kfnuGh

kmf]gM )*!–%@#*$*, (*$*)((#$%

– Go" lqj]0fL k':ts ;bg, wDaf]hLrf]s

kmf]gM )*!–%@@%^#, (*$*)@@&((

– Go" cfbz{ a'S; P08 :6]zg/L

jL=kL=rf]s, g]kfnu~h, )*!–%@#*!%

– lIflth Go"h sg{/

sf]xnk'/, kmf]gM )*!–%$!^)*

#%= alb{of

– Go" cof{n k':ts k;n, e'l/ufpF

kmf]gM )*$–^(@@*!, (*$*)#%$)#

#^= b}n]v

zdf{ :6]zg/L

kmf]gM )*(–$@))&$, (*$*)^@*(^

#&= ;'v{]t

– ;+ud k':ts k;n

;'v{]tM )*#–%@!)&(, (*$*)$!&)^

– cNkmf :6]zg/L, a'4ky, )*#–%@!!#&

– Go" laxfgL k':ts k;n

l5Gr', kmf]gM )*#–%$))%#

#*= h'Dnf

zfxL hg/n :6f]/, vnËf ahf/

kmf]gM )*&–%@))%*, (*$*#))(*)

#(= s}nfnL

– lgnd k':ts k;n

cQl/of, )(!–%%)&#*, (*%*$@)&#*

$)= c5fd

efj's :6]zg/L

;fFkm]au/M )(&–^()!($, (&$!!!(@(&

$!= s~rgk'/

dxfsfnL ;dfrf/ s]Gb|

dx]Gb|gu/, )((–%@!^%#

$@= bfr'{nf

rf}nfgL k':ts k;n, uf]s'n]Zj/

kmf]gM )(#–^()##*, (&$!!!*(@%

d=If]=x'=lg= b=g+= %÷@)^%÷)^^