siddharth.gite.sip report epc m&m

ASPEE Agribusiness Management Institute Navsari Agricultural University

Navsari, Gujarat

Summer Internship Report onA Study on User Profile, Usage Pattern and Income Generation from Protected Cultivation Technology in

south Indian region

Submitted By: - Siddharth M Gite

IInd SEM, AABMI NAU Navsari, Gujarat

Submitted To: -Dr. Ruchira Shukla Asso.Prof. AABMI, NAU & Mr. Tejas Joshi,

Senior Manager, Strategic Planning, Farm Equipment Sector, Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.

SIDDHARTH M GITE (2070513006) Aspee Agribusiness Management Institute

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without the mention of all those people who made it possible whose constant guidance and encouragement crowns the efforts with success.

So, I express my thorough thanks to Dr. A.M.Bafna, Dean of ASPEE Agri Business Management Institute Navsari, Navsari Agriculture University for allowing me to do the project work I was interested to do and rendering the help in all academic matters, valuable guidance and for grooming in this manner that enabled me to do justice with this project.

I would like to thanks Mr. Tejas Joshi, (Strategic Planning, Farm Equipment sector), Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd., for giving me an opportunity to work with such a renowned company and guiding me all while the project period.

Success is that old ABC – Ability, Behaviour and Courage. This important message I learnt from ASPEE AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE. I express my deepest sense of gratitude to my Major guide Dr.Ruchira Shukla, Associated Professor in Marketing, Minor Guides Dr. Mehul G Thakkar Associated Professor in HRM , AABMI, Navsari who gave me valuable guidance and groomed me in this manner that enabled me to do justice with this project And all faculty members of AABMI for all time support during my training.

I express my sincere thanks to all the college professors for helping me throughout the project by giving their valuable time and information. Their constant guidance and critical evaluation of the project has helped me in successful completion of the project.

Finally, I extend my thanks to all the people who have helped and co-operated with me during my project work.

Place: Navsari Siddharth M. Gite

Date : AABMI, NAU,Navsari

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Executive Summary

In today’s competitive world while entering in the market it is necessary to have good

knowledge of the potential of a particular market. Also it is necessary to retain the existing

customers apart from attracting new customers

I am working with Epc Mahindra is given me a very good exposure to the corporate

world and help me in understanding all the Marketing concepts practically. It has been a very

good experience for me which will be of prime importance in my future.

The protected cultivation industry in India is covered more than 20,000 ha area till a date and this is growing at 12% annually; it is expected to reach 50,000 ha in next 5 years.

This report contains the details of the activities performed by me in the organization

as well as the various aspects of the organization that I have worked on. The Project is “To

study the user profile, usage pattern and Income generation from protected cultivation

technology”. It involved surveying the 46 user Farmers. Farmers were surveyed to get deep

insight into their mindset about use of Protected cultivation technology.

This project also involves the learning’s like forming Promotional strategies,

achieving marketing sales, Utilizing resources, Advertisement, and of the various training

events in different areas of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh.

In this Project the purposive sampling was used for the study. At the 1st stage, I have

selected 4 states, In the 2nd stage from each states, I have selected 2 district by convenience

sampling. And farmers were selected by purposive method to make a sample size of 40

Protected cultivation Technology user farmer.

It can be concluded that Farmers in India is waiting for the Brand image like

Mahindra in the Protected Cultivation Technology. This technology is a need of future by

seeing the changing climatic condition in today’s date. But as the technology is costly

farmers are mostly depended on Subsidy of Central and State Government.

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Major Finding:

1. Most of the user enters in this business for increase his income and for secondary

income source.

2. Because of Higher investment most of farmers are depended on subsidy from central

& state government.

3. The Business class peoples who has agricultural land enters in this business because

of higher income.

4. The scope for protected cultivation is increasing in India.

5. In the areas of south they don’t have a need to invest on red soil which cost in lacks to

the other state farmers.

6. It was found that people in South region were not constructing polyhouse from the

company, they were constructing on their own. And the cost of construction is as low

as around 6 lakhs / 1000 sq mt.

7. The Indian climatic conditions are good so the use of naturally ventilated poly house

is high.

8. In Maharashtra and Karnataka most of the farmers cultivating Rose, because the

climatic conditions are suitable and market place are nearby.

9. In Karnataka almost all users are taking cultivation of only rose and also nursery of

rose plantlets and taking higher income from that.

10. Only one lady was a greenhouse farmer in entire survey and she was taking capsicum

crop in polyhouse, which also gives good returns as compare to other flower

cultivation.

11. All users of protected cultivation technology have good financial condition.

12. Disease, Nematodes and Pest attack is major problem for the User.

13. Most of the farmers are good cultivars before using protected cultivation technology

so they don’t face many problems.

14. Many polyhouses in the pune area were given on lease to other.

15. The average income estimated from polyhouse is 9-10 lakhs/acre/ year approximately.

16. There is a need to provide marketing facilities for the produce from protected

cultivation technology

17. The central government contributes 50% for the subsidy and state government gives

further 15-25% subsidy as per their state policies.

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Chapter 1

Industry Profile

1.1 Global Scenario:

oThere are more than 50 countries in the world where cultivation of crops is undertaken on a commercial scale under protected cultivation.

oNetherland, China, AND Japan are most leading countries in the world covering 89,500 ha, 48,000 ha, and 40,000ha total area under protected cultivation respectively in last decade.

oNetherland is most leading exporter of greenhouses followed by Israel throughout the world.oThe total area under greenhouse in the world which was 2,75,00 ha as reported for the year

1999-2000.

1.2 Indian Protected cultivation technology Industry:

Use of protected cultivation is stated during 1980’s and it was mainly used for research

activities. The commercial utilization of protected cultivation technology started from a988

onwards. There have been satisfied steady growths in protected cultivation in 20’s area under

protected cultivation reached up to 500 ha in 20’s. Protected cultivation industry is become a

fast growing sector in last five year it reaching up to 20,000 ha area under total protected

cultivation.

Development of greenhouse industry in India is of recent origin. The industry was introduced

as a potential export oriented venture, mainly due to the liberalization policies of the union

government during 1990 and 1991. The new policy regime became popular as the new

economic policy aimed at reducing import restrictions on capital goods including

infrastructure and buildings such as greenhouse structures. The government also favoured

liberalizing imports of exotic planting materials and offering special incentives to encourage

export oriented production of commercial horticultural crops. These policies paved the way

for the recent rapid growth of the greenhouse industry in India.

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1.3 Brief about the Industry

Cluster for protected cultivation:Majority of clusters of India for protected cultivation mainly seeing uniformity in their characteristics such as;

o Climate: Temperature, Rainfall, Humidity, Topography.o Infrastructural facilities: Roadways, cargo, water resources, Post harvest

infrastructure.o Market availability: Buyers, Traders, market yards, demand for product.o Customer’s characteristics: Average land holding by individual, awareness about new

technology etco Governments policies: state policies (subsidy ratio) about protected cultivation,

implementation of funds etco Majority of area under protected cultivation:1. Maharashtra & Karnataka: Rose & Gerbera2. Tamil Nadu: Rose, Carnation3. Gujarat: Gerbera and Capsicum.4. Uttarakhand: Gerbera and lilium5. Northeast states: Anthodium, Carnations, Orchids, capsicum

o Protected cultivation industry is present in various clusters;o Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Uttarakhand, North east state, And Andhra Pradesh are the leading states for protected cultivation.o Punjab, Haryana, Rajsthan are the upcoming areas for protected cultivation.o Bihar, M.P, and west Bengal are the backward states for protected cultivation.o Major protected cultivation industry areas: Maharashtra: Pune, Nashik, Satara, Sangli Karnataka: Bangalore (Rural), Belgaum, Chikbellapur Gujarat: Sabarkantha, Surat Tamil Nadu: Ooty, Kodaikanal Uttarakhand: Dehardun, Udhamshingh nagar, Nainital North east states: East Sikkim, Imphal, Kokrahar Andhrapradesh: Hyderabad surrounding.

o Population of various types of greenhouses is as under:Due to the mild climate, Indian growers need only simple poly-covered structures to a protected cultivation of cut flowers.

Naturally ventilated polyhouses: 72% Semi climate culture greenhouse (Fan and pad cooling):15% Shade nets: 8 to 10% Plastic low tunnels (poly tunnels): 5%

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Usage pattern: o About 80% to 82% area under total protected cultivation is under cut flower production.o Following crops are mainly covered following area protected cultivation technology.

Roses: 30 to35% Gerbera: 25 to 30% Carnation: 10 to12% Other cut flower: 5 to 7% Capsicum & other vegetables: 10 to 12% Seedling nurseries: 3 to 55 Research & education: 1 to 2%

o Naturally ventilated, single vent structure mainly used for cut flower production in India.o Ploy tunnels are mainly proffered for nurseries, hardening of tissue culture plants and

germination chamber.o Flat tunnels are mainly preferred for vegetables cultivation i.e. capsicum, tomatoes, and

ornamental nurseries, and roses in some areas.o Control atmosphere cooling fan pad system is mainly used for large scale plant material

(seedlings, tissue culture) suppliers and public sectors (research laboratories, agri institution).

Cost estimates:o Cost of erection is mainly depends upon location and transportation cost. The cost estimates

given by various farmers, fabricators are as under:o Naturally ventilated = 450 to 700/ sq.mo For 1 acre area cost is around 40lacks.o Controlled atmosphere = 1400 to 1550/per sq.mo Shade-net = 240 to 360 per sq.mo Cost of erection of poly house depends upon location, availability of raw material for

erection, type of a poly house, quality of raw material and fabricator’s availability in the region.

1.4 Growth of industry:o Area under protected cultivation was majorly increased in last 4 to5 years.o Area protected cultivation will be reaches up to 50,000 ha between next five years; 800 to

1000 ha for next year.o Major key areas for protected cultivation are (growth per annum) Maharashtra: 80 to 1000 ha Karnataka: 70 to 80 ha Gujarat: 60 to 70 ha Uttarakhand: 60 to70ha North-east states: 100 to 120 ha Tamil Nadu: 70 to 80 ha

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As per for protected cultivation technology (CPCT), IARI, Pusa, New Delhi

o Expected growth rate for protected cultivation of India will be 12% of total protected cultivation area.

o Upcoming five years are most crucial for protected cultivation industry.

1.5 Major segment.

INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTED CULTIVATION:

1.5.1 Protected cultivation:

Protected cultivation practices can be defined as a cropping technique where in the micro

climate surrounding the plant body is controlled partially / fully as per requirement of the

plant species grown during their period of growth. With the advance in agriculture various

types of protected cultivation practices suitable for specific type of agro-climatic zones have

emerged among these prospective cultivation practices.

Protected cultivation offers distinct advantages of quality productivity and market price to the

growers.

Growers can substantially increase their income by protected cultivation of various

horticultural crops in the off-season as the crops produced during the normal season.

1.5.2Advantages of protected cultivation:

o The yield may be 10 to12% higher than that of outdoor cultivation depending upon the type

of green house, type of crop, environmental control facilities.

o Reliability of crop increases under greenhouse cultivation.

o Ideally suited for vegetables and flower crops.

o Year round production of floriculture crops.

o Off-season production of vegetables and fruit crops.

o Disease-free and genetically superior transplants can be produced continuously.

o Efficient utilization of chemicals, pesticides to control pest & diseases.

o Water requirement of crops very limited and easy to control.

o Maintenance of stock plants, cultivating grafted plant-lets and micro propagated plants-lets.

o Hardening of tissue cultured plants.

o Production of quality produced free of blemishes.

o Most useful in monitoring and controlling the instability of various ecological system.

o Modern techniques of hydroponics geoponics and nutrient film techniques are possible only

under greenhouse cultivation.

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Adoption of protected cultivation technology, especially at small growers level, has not been

satisfactory. There are sporadic instances of its success in Maharashtra and Karnataka but its

benefit yet to reach in the northern parts of the country. There is a huge domestic market in

north India for high value crops. Apart from knowledge, skill and financial constraints, there

are discernible gaps across production to marketing, attributable to poor level of adoption of

protected cultivation.

1.5.3 Green house:

Green house are framed/ inflated structures covered with transparent and translucent material

large enough to grow crops under partially or fully controlled environment condition to get

optimum growth and productivity.

1.5.4 Classification of greenhouses:

The different types of greenhouses based on shape, utility, material, and construction are

briefly given below:

1.5.4.1 Greenhouse types based on shape:

For the purpose of classification, the uniqueness of cross section of the greenhouses can be

considered as a factor. The commonly followed types of greenhouses based on shape are:

o Lean to type greenhouse.

o Even span type greenhouse.

o Uneven span type greenhouse.

o Ridge and furrow type.

o Saw tooth type.

o Quonset greenhouse.

o Interlocking ridges and furrow type Quonset greenhouse.

o Ground to ground greenhouse.

1.5.4.2 Greenhouse type based on utility:

Classification can be made depending on the functions or utilities. Of the

different utilities, artificial cooling and heating are more expensive and elaborate. Hence

based on this, they are classified in to two types.

o Greenhouse for active heating.

o Greenhouse for active cooling.

1.5.4.3 Greenhouse types based on construction:

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The type of construction predominantly is influenced by structural material, though the

covering materials also influence the type. Higher the span, stronger should be the material

and more structural members are used to make sturdy tissues. For smaller spans, simple

designs like hoops can be followed. So based on construction, greenhouse can be classified as

o Wooden framed structure.

o Pipe framed structure.

o Truss framed structure.

1.5.4.4 Greenhouse type based on covering material:

Covering materials are the important component of the greenhouse structure. They have

direct influence on greenhouse effect, inside the structure and they alter the air temperature

inside. The types of frames and method of fixing also varies with covering material. Hence

based on the type of covering material they may be classified as

a) Glass glazing.

b) Fibre glass reinforced plastics glazing

o Plain sheet

o Corrugated sheet

c) Plastic film

o UV stabilized LDPE film

o Silpaulin type sheet.

o Net house

1.5.4.5 Based on cost of construction involved:

o High cost greenhouse

o Low cost green house

o Medium cost greenhouse

1.5.5 Major types of green house in India:

Keeping in view Indian climatic condition two types of greenhouses have been taken into

consideration under the government of India schemes (NHB, NHM, HMNESH) for subsidy

and they are naturally ventilated greenhouses and greenhouses with fan pad system cooling.

There is also provision of subsidy for low cost greenhouse made up of wooden and bamboo

structure.

1.5.5.1 Naturally ventilated greenhouse:

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Best suited for area where temperature ranges between 15o C to 300 C. The structure should

have provision of sufficient number of openings foe ventilation. The percentage of ventilation

will be up to 60% of the floor area depending upon climatic conditions. The openings may be

side wall vent or roof vent or both to exchange air flow inside the green house.

During the summer period the opening are provided need to ensure efficient air movement

and should be fully during winter period.

Features for naturally ventilated greenhouse:

o Designed for 120 kmph wind velocity.

o Mechanically operated top vent closing attachment.

o Collapsible shad nets / thermals screens under the roof.

o Telescopic insertion type foundation up to 600 mm depths.

o Tubular galvanised structure, fitted with G.I clamps and nut bolts.

o Total headroom of POLYHOUSES is 6/6.5 meter. With vent opening 800 to1000 mm.

o Aerodynamic structure having 2 meter. Wide corridor at four sides and joint gutters.

1.5.5.2 Greenhouse with fan pad cooling system:

o Quonset G.I structure with span of 8 metres and 11meters.

o Centre heights 5/5.5 meter.

o Provision of exhaust fan and evaporative cooling pads.

o Automotives controller or sensor for humidity and temperature.

o Ideal for research laboratory in extreme climatic conditions and unsuitable geographical

zones.

1.5.5.3 Features for shadow halls:

o Polythene on roof and shade net, inside and above the roof.

o All side covered with 30%, 60%, or 75% green shade net.

o Bay size 4m * 4m heights 4.5m to 5m

o Gutter heights-3m

o Up to 33% ventilation which can reduce temperature to 50 C to chat of ambience.

o Ideal for – anthodium and orchid, ornamental nursery and shadow loving plants.

1.5.5.4 Features of low cost poly tunnels/ shadow house:

o Span 11mtr. * 4mtr.

o Central heights 5 to 6mtr.

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o Bay size 3mtr. And fmtr.

o Maximum headroom of 4 to 4.5 mtr

o Top covered with polythene four side ventilation with shade net

o Ideal for exotic vegetables.

1.6 Major Players

Netafim

Waman

Pipes & Flow

Hariom

Future agrotec

Neelagrotec

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Chapter 2

Company Profile

EPC is a Mahindra group company, popularly known as EPC Irrigation. And is a pioneer of

micro-irrigation in India. Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. (M&M) has acquired majority stake in

EPC Industries Ltd through preferential issuance of equity shares. This transaction has

enabled M&M to enter Micro-Irrigation Sector. Started in 1986 with the initial French

Technology support, EPC had developed the capability to design and develop the irrigation

products of international standard, satisfying every need of Indian Farmers. EPC provides

complete solution for agriculture with a focus on Micro-Irrigation, Pumps & inter-related

requirements of fertigation & agronomic support. EPC is also planning to enter another allied

business activities in future. The company is registered in all major states under subsidy

program in India. EPC has a strong & widely spread network of large number of channel

partners & is supported by offices at strategic locations. EPC has also launched first of its

kind one stop shop for agro products & solutions (Agri Showroom) in Buldhana district of

Maharashtra, wherein farmers can find all agri input products & services under a single roof.

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Chapter 3

Project

The project was “To Study the User Profile, Usage Pattern and Income

Generation from Protected Cultivation Technology in south Indian region .” It involved

surveying the User Farmers of Protected Cultivation Technology. Farmers were surveyed to

get deep insight into their mindset about use of Protected Cultivation Technology. The other

domestic companies are trying to survive in the highly globalised market.

3.1 Need of study:

FARMERS:

Whether the buyer is aware of the Mahindra products. Understanding user profile means to

capture the needs, goals, values, expectation, and habits of users.

The study covered the following issues which hopefully would be of use for the Company

in deciding the future strategies.

3.2 Objective:-

1. To study the User Profile.

Demographics :- age, gender, education, other income source

Problems/ Barriers :- experienced difficulties at the time of starting

Goals/ Expectation :- to know the objective/ goals/ expectations from buying

greenhouse

2. To study the Usage Pattern.

Types of protected cultivation

Crops in protected cultivation

Past cropping pattern & future plan

3. To study Income Generation from Protected Cultivation Technology

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3.3 Significance:-

The study will help to understand farmers By understanding User profile of protected

cultivation we will get idea about perception of owner’s towards protected cultivation in

different areas of India. By understanding Usage pattern of protected cultivation we will get

idea about best management practices, cost effectiveness. Threw the difference of income

generation in between Protected cultivation Technology and Open field the farmers can be

motivated to adopt the technology.

3.4 Review of Literature

This chapter is devoted to review the studies closely related to the present research work. In

order to have a clear and in-depth understanding of the research investigation to be carried

out and to choose the suitable analytical technique, work done by the various researchers

pertinent to the present study has been reviewed. The relevant studies have been reviewed in

chronological order under the following sub-headings.

The study related to economics of vegetable cultivation, resource use efficiency in vegetables

cultivation and protected cultivation of vegetables are reviewed.

Dixit (2007) studied the performance of leafy vegetables under protected environment and

open field condition. Green house crop yield several times more than the yield obtain from

the outdoor cultivation depending upon the cropping system and the degree of environmental

control. Because of environmental control, any crop can be grown at any time of the year and

even one type of crop can be raised round the year if needed. An experiment was conducted

on leafy vegetables i.e. spinach, amaranthus, fenugreek, and coriander at horticulture research

farm, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University Raipur. To see the performance of leafy

vegetables under protected cultivation and in the open field condition. As green house

cultivation is capital intensive , heavy financial investments are necessary especially in the

initial years to construct and equip with adequate environmental control devices. The initial

financial investment must be compensated by additional crop yield and export oriented crops.

The germination percentage was found 10-20% more in green house as compare to open

field. The yield was found to be more as compare to open field condition. The study revealed

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that the green house cultivation showed superior yield attributing characters as compare to

open field condition.

Singh and Sirohi (2008/) examined that protected cultivation technology vegetable offers

distinct advantages of quality, productivity and favourable market price to the growers.

Vegetable grower can substantially increase their income by protected cultivation of their

vegetablesin off season as the vegetables produced during their normal season generally do

not get good returns due to large availability of these vegetables in the markets. Off-season

cultivation of the cucurbit under low plastic tunnels is one of the most profitable

technologies under northern plains of India. Walk-in tunnels are also suitable and effective to

raise off-season nursery and off-season vegetable cultivation due to their low initial cost.

Insect proof net houses can be used for virus free cultivation of tomato, chilli, sweet pepper

and other vegitables mainly during the rainy season. Low cost green houses can be used for

high quality vegetablecultivation for long duration (6-10 months)mainly in peri-urban areas

of the country to fetch optimum prices of product. Polytranches have extremely useful for

growing vegetables under cold desert condition in upper reaches of Himalayas in the country.

The study reviewed above have highlighted that the vegetables are more economical as

compared to the commercial crops. The returns from the vegetables are more than that of the

other crops. From the vegetables point of view the return in tomato and capsicum are

maximum as compare to other crop. The present study, therefore attempts to study the user

profile, usage pattern and income generated from protected cultivation technology.

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Chapter 4

Research Methodology

As per the objective, face-to-face personal interview with structured questionnaire

was the final methodology adopted for the primary data collection of the study. The study

includes survey work to get the User profile, usage pattern and Income generation from

protected cultivation technology. A structured questionnaire was the tool for primary data

collection.

In the process of achieving the objectives of the study, it is very essential to follow a

systematic and scientific approach so as to present and interpret the results of the study or

investigation conducted. This chapter on methodology consists of the details of the

description of the study area, the sampling procedure, nature and sources of data, the

analytical tools and techniques employed.

In this Project Multi-stage sampling was used for the study. At the 1st stage, 4 states

were selected 2 district each purposively. In the 2nd stage from each state, 10 farmers were

selected by convenience method to make a sample size of 46.

4.1 Research Design:

After designing the objectives of the survey, the descriptive research designs with cross

sectional studies were taken. Further with the help of Questionnaire, different areas of

Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh had been surveyed.

1. Nature and Source of data

2. Sampling design

4.2 Nature and sources of data

In according the objectives of the study, data was collected from both primary and secondary

sources.

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a) Primary data

The primary data forms an important component of any research investigation. As the

study focuses on To study the user profile, usage pattern and income generation from

protected cultivation technology, it also focuses on the awareness level of Epc Mahindra.

Hence, greater thrust was given to collect information at farmers’ level. However, since the

Dealers/retailers are the to the end consumer, i.e. Farmer, knowing their opinion and problem

was also importance and hence primary data was collected from them as well. The primary

data was collected using a structured questionnaire encompassing a number of

variables/parameters which could explain their study of user profile usage, pattern and

income generation from protected cultivation technology etc.

b) Secondary data

As the research study focuses on the aspects such as user profile,usage pattern and

income generation from protected cultivation technology,quantities handled, the statistical

data etc. were very much required to take forward the project study. Hence, the secondary

data required were collected through various sources like company website, magazines,

internet sources, company leaflet and other sources. Various published reports provided

the information regarding the data about area, production, productivity of crops in different

states.

c) Research method: - Field Survey Method.

d) Research instrument:

Questionnaire: Questionnaires were used for the collection of primary data. The

questionnaire was prepared viz. farmers. The questions are both open and close ended in

nature and multiple choice questions were involved in questionnaire. In open ended

questions farmers were free to answer and in multiple choice questions respondents

were offered various options to choose from. The questions were framed in simple language

with orderly arrangement, so that initially a good rapport can be developed between the

interviewer and the respondent..

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Research technique: Multi stage sampling was done. Both Qualitative and Quantitative

research techniques were used.

4.3 Sampling design:-

In order to proceed with investigation as per the objectives stated, it was necessary to adopt

an appropriate sampling design.

a) Selection of states;

In the First stage, it was proposed to select states in India given by the company in this area.

It was decided to select four states in India based on the potential, hence, the states namely,

Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh were selected.

b) Selection of villages

In second stage, 2 district from each state were selected based on the area given by company

dealers were selected for the study.

c) Selection of farmers

In order to initiate first hand information using primary source techniques on various

variables in the Users of protected cultivation technology, 10 sample respondents who were

using Protected cultivation technology in each state were selected on a purposive basis.

Hence, a total of 46 farmers were selected from 4 states of south India.

d) Sampling technique:

Mostly Non-random sampling technique was adopted. Also, purposive sampling technique

was used, to ensure most accessible population and to select population members who are

good source of accurate information

e) Area of Survey:

South India:

Maharashtra

Karnataka

Tamil Nadu

Andhra Pradesh

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g) Sample unit: -

Protected cultivation technology user crop growing farmers.

h) Sample Size: -

46 Protected cultivation technology user farmer. j) Sampling Structure: - The distribution of sample is as mentioned below:

User Farmer

Table no.4.1.1

Sr.

no.

Name of State No. of District selected No. of farmers selected

1 Maharashtra 2 16

2 Karnataka 2 10

3

.

Tamil Nadu 2 10

4

.

Andhra Pradesh 2 10

Total 8 46

K) Period of study:

Period of study was from 1st July 2014 to 10th August 2014. “To study the user

profile, usage pattern and income generation from protected cultivation technology in South

Indian region.

4.4 Limitations:-

The survey and research has been done based on whatever information provided by

the Farmers. They may not be true in answering the questions. Some Farmers and

dealers even did not reply to some questions.

It was tried to meet maximum possible the Farmers to increase the accuracy.

However, due to time and economical constraint 46 farmers where interviewed.

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The respondents were reluctant to answer some questions, as they took them as

personal and consequently increasing the possibility of error.

The data was collected solely on the basis of information given by farmers selected in

the sample.

Many times farmers are not able to give much more time for survey.

Sampling error may occur due to biasness in opinion.

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Chapter 5

Data Analysis and Interpretation

The data after collection has to be processed and analyzed in accordance with the

outline laid down for the purpose at the time of developing the research plan. This is essential

for a scientific study and for ensuring that we have all relevant data for making contemplated

comparison and analysis .Technically speaking , processing implies editing , coding ,

classification and tabulation of collected data so that they are amenable to analysis. The term

analysis refers to the computation of certain measures along with searching for pattern of

relationship that exist among the data groups. Thus, in the process of analysis relationships or

differences supporting or conflicting with original or new hypothesis, should be subjected to

determine with what validity data can be said to indicate any conclusion. The collected data

are tabulated and graphs are drawn for each question from the questionnaire as shown.

5.1 Data collection is analysed under the following heads:

Profile of Farmers:

1. Age group of farmers

Table No. 5.1.1.2

Sr No Age No of Respondent Percentage (%)

1 15-20 1 2

2 20-30 8 17

3 30-40 31 68

4 40-50 5 11

5 50 above 1 2

6 Total 46 100

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Graph No. 5.1.1.1 n=46

2%17%

67%

11%2%

Age of farmers

15-2020-3030-4040-50above 50

Conclusion

Above table and column chart shows the age group of user farmers. As per the

sample size of 46 farmers, according to which2% farmers lie in the age group of 15-20,

17% farmer’s lie in age group of 20-30, 68% farmer in the age group of 30-40 and 11%

farmer lie in age group of 40-50 and 2% lie above 50. Hence we can state that the

majority of farmers are middle age.

2. Education Level of Farmers

Table No.5.1.2.3

Sr No Qualification No of Responded Percentage (%)

1 Below SSC 1 2

2 SSC 8 18

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3 HSC 7 15

4 Graduation 28 61

5 Post Graduation 1 2

6 Agril Plus 1 2

7 Total 46 100

Graph No. 5.1.2.2

2% 17%

15%

61%

2% 2%

farmers qualification.

below sscsschscgraduationpost graduationagril & science

n=46

Conclusion

According to the survey conducted of 46 user farmers, the above table and Column chart

show regarding their educational level. 61% are graduated, 18% of farmers have their

education SSC, 15% of farmers have completed their HSC, and 2% farmers were below SSC,

Post graduated and Agril and allied science education holders. Hence we can state that the

education level affect the usage of protected cultivation.

3. Land holding of Farmers in acre

Table No. 5.1.3.4

Sr No Landholding No of Respondent Percentage (%)

1 Below 5 acre 4 9

2 5-10 acre 34 74

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3 10-20 acre 6 13

4 Above 20 acre 2 4

5 Total 46 100

Graph No. 5.1.3.3

9%

74%

13%4%

land holding in acres

less than 5 acres5-10 acre10-20 acremore than 20

Conclusion

Above table and column chart shows the Land holding of farmers. As per the sample size of

46 user farmers, according to which 9% farmers are below 5 acre of land which comes in

category of marginal or small farmers, 74% farmers have land holding ranging from 5-10

acre also 13% farmers have land holding 10 to 20 acre and 4% farmer have land holding of

above 20 acre.Hence it can be stated that majority of farmers are small-medium farmers of

protected cultivation technology.

4. Type of Occupation:-

Table No. 5.1.4.5

Sr No Occupation No of Responded Percentage (%)

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1 Only Farming 28 61

2 Farming and Business 15 33

3 Farming and services 3 6

4 Total 46 100

Graph No. 5.1.4.4

61%

33%

7%

farmers occupation.

FarmingFarming & BusinessFarming and Service

Conclusion

Above table and column chart shows the Occupation of farmers. As per the sample size of 46

user farmers, according to which that 61% farmers have only farm they are totally depended

on their farm. Remaining 33% farmers are doing farmers as well as business, and 6% of the

users were doing service as well as farming. However, all the 46 farmers have adopted

Protected cultivation Technology.

5. Annual Income of Users:-

Table No. 5.1.5.6

Sr No Annual Income No of Respondent Percentage (%)

1 1-2 lack 4 92 2-4 lack 8 17

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3 4-6 lack 10 22

4 6-10 lack 13 28

5 Above 10 lack 11 24

6 Total 46 100

Graph No. 5.1.5.5

9%17%

22%28%

24%

annaul income of the farmers from open field crops and other sources

1-2lacks2-4lacks4-6lacks6-10lacksabove 10 lacks

Conclusion

Above table and chart shows the Annual Income of user farmers from open field crops and

other sources like business and service. As per the sample size of 46 user farmers, according

to which 9% farmers get 1-2 lack annually,17% farmers get 2-4 lack, while 22% get 4-6 lack

and 28% of farmer get 6-10lacks, and 24% farmers get above 10 lack annually.

6. Actual Land Under Protected Cultivation Technology:-

Table No. 5.1.6.7

Sr No Land Under Protected Cultivation

No of Responded Percentage (%)

1 Below 0.5 acres 8 18

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2 0.5 acres 11 24

3 Below 1 acres and above 0.5 acres 2 5

4 1acres 7 15

5 1.5 acres 5 11

6 2acres 6 13

7 3acres 2 4

8 4acres 1 2

9 5acres 2 4

10 7acres 1 2

11 22acres 1 2

12 Total 46 100

Graph No. 5.1.6.6

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17%

24%

4%15%11%

13%

4%

2% 4% 2% 2%

Actual area under protected cultivation

below 0.5 acres0.5 acresbelow 1 acres but above 0.5 acres1 acres1.5 acres2 acres3 acres4acres5acres7acres22acres

Conclusion

Above table and chart shows the Information about actual Land under Protected cultivation

technology user farmers. As per the sample size of 46 user farmers, according to which

concluded that 24% farmer has below 0.5 acre land, 18 % user farmer has below 0.5 acres

land under protected cultivation. 15% user farmer has 1 acre area and 13 % has above 2 acre

area under protected cultivation technology. This shows that most of the farmers have some

land of their total land under protected cultivation technology.

7. Type of Protected Cultivation Technology

Table No. 5.1.7.8

Sr No Type of PCT No of Responded Percentage (%)

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1 Poly house 46 100

2 Net house and others 0 0

3 Total 46 100

Graph No. 5.1.7.7

100%

type of protected cultivation

polyhousenet house and others

Conclusion

Above table and chart shows the type of protected cultivation technology by farmers. As per

the sample size of 46 user farmers, according to which concluded that most of farmers uses

Polyhouse i.e. 100%, and Net house and other is used by not used till now by farmers.

8. Loan taken for Protected cultivation technology.

Table No. 5.1.8.9

Sr No Loan No of Responded Percentage (%)

1 Taken 45 98

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2 Not taken 1 2

3 Total 46 100

Graph No. 5.1.8.8

98%

2%

loan taken or not for polyhouse

yesno

Conclusion

Above table and chart shows the Farmers who has taken and not taken loan for constructing

protected cultivation technology. As per the sample size of 46 user farmers, according to

which concluded that 98% farmers has taken Loan for constructing Protected cultivation

technology and 2 % farmer had not taken the loan for constructing the Protected cultivation

Technology.

9. Subsidy Taken for PCT:

Table No. 5.1.9.10

Sr No Subsidy No of Responded Percentage (%)

1 Taken 45 982 Not taken 1 2

3 Total 46 100

Graph No. 5.1.9.9

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98%

2%

subsidy taken for polyhouse by user

yesno

Conclusion

Above table and chart shows the Farmers who has taken subsidy As per the sample size of 46

user farmers, according to which concluded that 98% of farmers got subsidy for constructing

the Protected cultivation technology. And 2% has not got the subsidy.

5.2 Cultivation of crops by farmers:-

Table no:-5.2.11

Sr No Name Of User Farmer Crop Under Protected Cultivation

Company Of Protected Cultivation Technology

1 Pradip Rane Rose Waman

2 Rajesh Saheb Rose Shrihari

3 Badve Company Rose Badve company

4 Omsai/ Sutar Saheb Rose Omsai

5 Vilas Lande Rose Shriroj

6 Manoj Deshpande Rose Shrihari

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7 Sandip Take Rose Waman

8 Prashant Dalvi Rose Waman

9 Paresh Rose Shriroj

10 Dagdu Kavankar Rose Waman

11 Sabuwala.Agro Biotech Rose Sabuwala company

12 Santosh Dinkar Rose Shrihari

13 Sanjay Jadhav Rose Waman

14 Ashok Adhavi Rose Shrihari

15 Algade Sir Rose Waman

16 Ramesh Tame Rose Waman

17 Florance Flora Farm Rose, Gerbera, Carnation Own

18 H.B Mahalaxaman Gerbera Own

19 R. L Ramchandra Gauda Gerbera RKVY

20 Srinivas Godas Gerbera, Carnation RKVY

21 Chenna Godas Gerbera RKVY

22

Lokesh Mohan

Gerbera RKVY

23 N. L Ramchandra Gauda Gerbera Own

24 Hanumant Gauda Gerbera RKVY

25 Ragvendra Bramhans Gerbera Pipes and flow

26 Kantraj Rose Own

27 Grijashankar Rose Own

28 Suresh Reddy Rose Waman

29 Chandrashekar Rose Own

30 Jairam Reddy Rose Shrihari

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31 Antram Shetty Rose Own

32 Ramkrishnappa Rose Shrihari

33 Miss.Suguna Capsicum Shrihari

34 Krishna.Reddy Rose Shrihari

35 Maa. Floritech Rose, Shemanti. Shrihari

36 Chandrashekar Rose Own

37 Giriprasad Rose Own

38 Anvant Rose Own

39 Krishna. Rose Own

40 Manaswami/Hanumant Rose Own

41 Nagraj. Rose Own

42 Kartik. Rose Own

43 Ramesh Marigold Own

44 Lakshmi Balkrishna Rose Own

45 Murali. Marigold Own

46 Ratanappa. Rose Own

5.3 Income Generated from Protected Cultivation Technology (PCT):-

Table No:-5.3.12

Sr No Name Of User Farmer Area Of PCT Annual Income PCT (Rs)

1 Pradip Rane 1Acres 14lacks

2 Rajesh Saheb 1.5Acres 16lacks

3 Badve Company 5Acres 70-80lacks

4 Omsai/ Sutar Saheb 1.5Acres 16lacks

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5 Vilas Lande 2Acres 20lacks

6 Manoj Deshpande 2Acres 20lacks

7 Sandip Take 2Acres 18-20lacks

8 Prashant Dalvi 4Acres 25lacks

9 Paresh 3Acres 30lacks

10 Dagdu Kavankar 0.75Acres 10-12lacks

11 Sabuwala.Agro Biotech 2Acres 25-30lacks

12 Santosh Dinkar 1.5Acres 18lacks

13 Sanjay Jadhav 0.875Acres 9-10lacks

14 Ashok Adhavi 1.5Acres 18lacks

15 Algade Sir 5Acres 30-35lacks

16 Ramesh Tame 1.95Acres 18lacks

17 Florance Flora Farm 7Acres 6-7 crores

18 H.B Mahalaxaman 0.5Acres 8lacks

19 R. L Ramchandra Gauda 1Acres 11lacks

20 Srinivas Godas 3Acres 20lacks

21 Chenna Godas 2Acres 15lacks

22

Lokesh Mohan

1Acres

12lacks

23 N. L Ramchandra Gauda 2Acres 15lacks

24 Hanumant Gauda 1Acres 12lacks

25 Ragvendra Bramhans 1Acres 11lacks

26 Kantraj 0.5Acres 6-7lacks

27 Grijashankar 0.5Acres 6-7lacks

28 Suresh Reddy 0.5Acres 6-7lacks

29 Chandrashekar 2Acres 15lacks

30 Jairam Reddy 0.5Acres 6lacks

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31 Antram Shetty 0.5Acres 7lacks

32 Ramkrishnappa 1Acres 12lacks

33 Miss.Suguna 0.5Acres 6lacks

34 Krishna.Reddy 1Acres 10lacks

35 Maa. Floritech 22Acres 2-3crores

36 Chandrashekar 0.5Acres 6lacks

37 Giriprasad 0.25Acres 4-5lacks

38 Anvant 0.5Acres 7lacks

39 Krishna. 0.25Acres 4-5lacks

40 Manaswami/Hanumant 0.5Acres 8lacks

41 Nagraj. 0.5Acres 7-8lacks

42 Kartik. 0.425Acres 5-6lacks

43 Ramesh 0.25Acres 4lacks

44 Lakshmi Balkrishna 0.375Acres 5lacks

45 Murali. 0.25Acres 4lacks

46 Ratanappa. 0.375Acres 5lacks

5.4 Farmers Survey

Example of Visit Report

AT/Post:-TALEGAON DABHADI, TAL:-MAVAL, DIS:-PUNE, STATE:-MAHARASHTRA

Farmer’s information

At/p: Talegoan Dabhade Tal: Maval Dist: Pune.

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Name: Paresh. P

Age: 30

Education: 12th

Contact no: 9011009647

Occupation: farming

Agriculture area: 5acre

Crops: wheat, maize, soybean.

Area under protected cultivation: 3acre

Crops in PCT: Rose (bordo, top secret)

Experience of agriculture: 10 yr.

Experience of protected cultivation: 4-5 yr.

What bring them in this business? The area of talegoan is declared as a floriculture park so, by seeing other farmers are investing in protected cultivation they also started.

Why this business? In open cultivation the income is less, and new technology, to increase income.

Objective: to increase income.

Family background: The families totally depend on agriculture, from ancestors.

Types of protected cultivation: single naturally ventilated polyhouse.

Company for construction: Sriroj.

Year of establishment: 2009.

Expenditure

Cost of construction: 1.20 crores.

Land preparation:

Red soil: 200 to 250 trolleys, 2.5-3 lacks.

Cow dung 45 trolley: 50000/-

Bed preparation: 20 to 30 thousand.

Soil sterilization: 3- 4 thousand.

Planting: 2-3 lacks for planting.

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Estimation:

Rs.6-8/plant

Total:

Chances of mortality of 400-500 plants

Labor: 40000/- per month

Spraying: 10-15 thousand/ month

Production: 40-50 thousand flowers / month/acre.

Income of polyhouse: 2-3lacks (3-4 Rs. / flower)

Funding: Loan taken from bank of Maharashtra.

Fertilizers: cost of fertilizer used for land preparation:

DAP 50 Kg Rs. 1300/-

Potash 25 Kg Rs.500/-

SSP 100 Kg Rs.1000/-

Problems:

1. Farmers from Nasik sale their flowers at lower rates so the rate is getting down in market and income average lower down.

2. Sometimes disease attack on plants, virus attack.3. Marketing problem is seen .

Chapter 6

Findings

1. Most of the user enters in this business for increase his income and for secondary

income source.

2. Because of Higher investment most of farmers are depended on subsidy from central

& state government.

3. The Business class person who has agricultural land enters in this business because of

higher income.

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4. The scope for protected cultivation is increasing in India.

5. In the areas of south they don’t have a need to invest on red soil which cost in lacks to

the other state farmers.

6. The Indian climatic conditions are good so the use of naturally ventelated poly house

is high.

7. In Maharashtra and Karnataka most of the farmers cultivating Rose, because the

climatic conditions are suitable and market place are near by.

8. In Karnataka almost all users are taking cultivation of only rose and also nursery of

rose plantlets and taking higher income from that.

9. Only one lady was a greenhouse farmer in entire survey and she was taking capsicum

crop in polyhouse, which also gives good returns as compare to other flower

cultivation.

10. All users of protected cultivation technology has having good financial condition.

11. Disease, Nematodes and Pest attack is major problem for the User.

12. Most of the farmers are good cultivars before using protected cultivation technology

so they don’t face many problems.

13. There is a need to provide marketing facilities for the produce from protected

cultivation technology

14. The central government contributes 50% for the subsidy and state government gives

further 15-25% subsidy as per their state policies.

Suggestions

1. It was found that people in South were not constructing polyhouse from the company,

they were constructing on their own. And the price was 6 lacks / 1000 sq mt. which is

low, so there is need to come out with low cost polyhouse solutions with good quality

to expand the market and enter into the market.

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2. Many needy farmers are not aware of the Government schemes of subsidy which can

be utilized by farmers so company should create awareness to motivate farmers for

adoption.

3. More emphasis should be given on off seasonal crops, which will increase income of

the growers.

4. Field demonstrations and agronomic help by expert should be provided to the farmers.

5. Company should develop demonstration poly houses at few places such as Pune and

Thali block this may help for exposing farmers to this technology.

6. Complete solution from construction, financing, subsidy, Agronomic help,

consultancy, till the marketing of the produce by the company can emerge a new

business segment in protected cultivation technology.

Chapter 7

Conclusion

It can be concluded that Farmers in India is waiting for the Brand image like

Mahindra in the Protected Cultivation Technology. The Protected cultivation requires time to

time maintenance and the quality material has to be used during construction of the structure

40 | P a g e


as the structure is important basically and Mahindra can give that. The polythene used by the

farmers are of low price and hence they are not durable or of low quality which is got tore

easily. This technology is a need of future by seeing the changing climatic condition in

today’s date. The farmers using this technology bears less risk of changing climate. The

temperature is maintained is per the requirement of the crop.

The investment is higher at a single time but it gives higher returns too. There should be daily

inspection has to be taken by farmers in their field. Labor requirement is also higher and skill

full labors are mostly preferred by user farmer.

The technology gives higher returns on investment but proper culturing practices should be

followed. The failure in this business may be due to farmers laziness and practices .it will not

be due to climatic conditions since the cultivation is fully controlled and it depends upon how

we control and manage it.

As the technology is costly farmers are mostly depended on Subsidy of Central government,

State Government and Bank Loans.

Bibliography

1. www.nhb.gov.in

2. www.nhm.nic.in

3. www.agriask.com

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http://www.agriask.com/

http://www.nhm.nic.in/

http://www.nhb.gov.in/


4. www.iari.res.com

5. Research Methodology by C.R. Kothari.

Questionnaire

Q. 1) Name of the farmer/ user _____________________________________________________

Q .2)Address ___________________________________________________________________________

i) Village __________________ii) Taluka _________________iii) State __________________

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http://www.iari.res.com/


Q.3) Contact number? ___________________________________

Q.4) Sex of farmer/ user?

1) Male 2) Female

Q.5) Age of the farmer/ user?

1) 15-20 2) 20-30 3) 30-40 4) 40-50 5) above 50

Q.6) Qualification of farmer/ user?

1) Below SSC 2) SSC 3) HSC 4) Graduation 5) Post Graduation 6) Agril and allied science.

Q.7) Occupation of farmers/ user?

1) Only farming 2) farming & business 3) farming & service

Q.8) Total land holding? In hector.

1) Less than 2 hector 2) More than 2 but less than 5

3) More than 5 but less than 10 4) More than 10

Q. 9 Total Area under irrigation out of available area? In acre

1) Less than 2 acre 2) More than 2 but less than 5 acre

3) More than 5 but less than 10 acre 4) More than 10 acre

Q.10 Annual Income of farmer/ user?

1) 1-2 lacks 2) 2-4 lacks 3) 4-6 lacks 4) 6-10 lacks 5) Above 10 lacks.

Q.11 Total area under protected cultivation out of available area?

_____________________________________

Q.12 Which type of protected cultivation technology do you use?

__________________________________________________________

Q.13 In which year PCT was installed and how many years experience of the technology in use?

______________________________________________________________________________

Q.14 Why protected cultivation technology?

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___________________________________________________________________________

Q.15 which crops do you take in open field?

1) Crop _______________and Area ____________ yield ____________2) Crop _______________and Area ____________ yield ____________3) Crop _______________and Area ____________ yield ____________

Q.16 which crops do you grow in your poly/ green house?

Crop _______________and Area ____________ yield ____________

Crop _______________and Area ____________ yield ____________

Q.17 Income generated from protected cultivation?

__________________________________________

Q. 18 Do you face any problems in PCT?

______________________________________________________________________

Q.19 who inspired you to start/ use a protected cultivation technology?

1) Friends & relatives 2) progressive farmer/ user 3) university 4) govt. subsidy

Q. 20 Was there any internal desire to start protected cultivation?

1) Yes (if yes, then why) 2) No

Q.21 from which company do you constructed the green / poly house?

______________________________________________________________________

Q.22 how much the cost of construction was?

_______________________________________________________________________

Q.23 was the construction done by taking loan?

1) Yes (how much, from whom, and at what interest rates?) 2) No

Q.24 is there any subsidy provided by central/ state government?

1) Yes (then how much) 2) No

_________________________________________________________________

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Q.25 Have you achieved your breakeven point in protected cultivation technology

investment?

1) Yes (after how many years) 2) No

Q.26 Have you heard about Mahindra samrriddhi making polyhouses?

____________________________________________________________

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