sun tracker report satyam

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SINGLE AXIS SUN TRACKER USING 8051 & LDR

A PROJECT THESIS

Submitted by

Borad Manish 126120324019

Shivhare Satyam 126120324024

Sharma Pintu 126120324028

Modi Robin 126120324029

Patel Hiren 126120324031

In fulfillment for the award

Of

DIPLOMA ENGINEERING

In

POWER ELECTRONICS

DR. S. & S.S. GANDHY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (SURAT)

Gujarat Technological University

Ahmadabad

Year 2014 – 2015

Under the guidance of

Mrs. Jayshree M. Patel

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Dr. S. & S.S. GHANDHY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “SINGLE AXIS SUN TRACKER

USING 8051 & LDR ” has been carried out by. Sharma Pintu M. Shivhare Satyam R. Modi

Robin B. , Patel Hiren. , Borad Manish., student of diploma in power Electronics

Engineering under my supervision. They completed his work within a period prescribed under

the ordinances governing the course leading to the Diploma in power Electronics Engineering

in Dr. S & S.S GHANDHY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

SURAT.

Date: _____________________

Place: __________

Mrs. JAYSHREE M. PATEL SHRI KALPAJ J. DHIMAR

(Lecturer in Power Electronics) (Head Of Department)

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project entitled “SINGLE AXIS SUN TRACKER USING 8051”

submitted in partial fulfillment for Diploma of Engineering in POWER ELECTRONICS to

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad, is a bonafide record of the project work

carried out at Dr. S & S.S. Gandhi college of Engineering & Technology, Surat, and that no

part of the IDP has been presented earlier for any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or

other similar title of any other university or institution.

NAME OF THE STUDENTS ENROLLMENT NO.

1. Borad Manish 126120324019

2. Shivhare Satyam 126120324024

3. Sharma Pintu 126120324028

4. Modi Robin 126120324029

5. Patel Hiren 126120324031

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CONTENTS

Acknowledgement

Abstract

List of Tables

List of datasheet

Index

Component Reference

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Let us take an opportunity to convey our gratitude for generous assistant and co-

operation of those who helped us directly and indirectly.

We are seriously thankful to our guide Ms. J. M. Patel whose help, encouragement

helped us for making it possible for us to have a presentable thesis. Without him this project

would not be what it is.

We are also grateful to the Mr. S. A. Patel, who had obliquely but vitally helped us in

making available all the resources that are essential for a very good working environment.

Last thank to our parents for their love, affection and blessings.

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ABSTRACT

Solar energy is rapidly gaining popularity as an important means of expanding

renewable energy resources. As such, it is vital that those in engineering fields understand the

technologies associated with this area.

It deals with a microcontroller based solar panel tracking system. Solar tracking enables

more energy to be generated because the solar panel is always able to maintain a perpendicular

profile to the sun’s rays. As the sun moves across the sky during the day, it is advantageous to

have the solar panels track the location of the sun, such that the panels are always perpendicular

to the solar energy radiated by the sun.

Mechanical structure of the system will consist of stepper motors in order to trace the

sun using 2 LDR. In the setup of the hard ware of this project, two LDR are placed on a flat

platform, a barrier demarcates them from each other. A third LDR is placed underneath of the

platform to reset the panel position to eastward. Stepper motors will be operated using

controller and ULN2003.

As far as controller unit is concerned we will use AT89S51 and ULN2003 drivers will

be interfaced with it.

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LIST OF TABLE

Table

No.

Description of table Page

No.

Table.1

Table.2

Table.3

INDEX

LIST OF COMPONENT

COST

9

12

96

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List of Datasheet

Sr. No. Specification Page No.

1 LM324 32-44

2

3

4

ULN2003 45-53

AT89S51 54-79

LM 7805 80-86

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INDEX

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SR.NO.

SUBJECT PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 11

2 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT 12

3COMPONENT USED

13

4MATERIAL AND METHODS

14

5 POWER UNIT 15

5.1 TRANSFORMER

5.2POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

5.3DESCRIPTION OF POWER SUPPLY

6 COMPRATOR UNIT 16

7 LIGHT SENSOR (L.D.R.) 17

7.1 CREATING VARYING VOLTAGE USING AN LDR

8 COMPRATOR CIRCUIT 18

9 ACCOMPLISH THE LDR TRACKING 18

10 STEPPER MOTOR 19

11 CONTROL UNIT 20

12 DRIVER UNIT 22

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13 COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 23

14 SOFTWARE AND SYSTEM CONTROL UNIT 24

15 PROGRAM FLOW CHART 25

16 APPENDIX (PROGRAMME) 26-27

17 FUTURE SCOPE 28

18 CONCLUSION 28

19 REFERANCE 28

20HARDWARE OF PROJECT 29

20.1 POWER SUPPLY 29

20.2 PRACTICAL CIRCUIT 30

21 FULL DESIGN 31

22 DATASHEET 32-86

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1. INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy solutions are becoming increasingly popular. Photovoltaic (solar) systems are but one example. Maximizing power output from a solar system is desirable to increase efficiency. In order to maximize power output from the solar panels, one needs to keep the panels aligned with the sun. As such, a means of tracking the sun is required. This is a far more cost effective solution than purchasing additional solar panels. It has been estimated that the yield from solar panels can be increased by 21 percent by utilizing a single axis tracking system instead of a stationary array.

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2. OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

To design an operating automatic single axis solar tracker to increase the amount of power generated by the solar panel as the sun traverses across the sky by using microcontroller. The aims and objective of this paper is to design and implement a microcontroller based solar automatic tracking system with a working software which will always keep the solar panels aligned with the sun in order to maximize efficiency

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3. COMPONENT USED

COMPONENT LIST LIS

No. Type Component Quantity

1. IC1 LM324 1

2. IC2 Microcontroller AT89S51

1

3. IC3 ULN 2003 1

4. Voltage Regulator

7805 1

5. LDR Light Dependent Resistor

3

6. Oscillator Crystal Oscillator 11.059MHz

1

7. Resistors 10k Simple 1

1k Preset 5

8. Capacitors 63V,10 µF 150V,410 µF 1

9. Stepper motor

5-24V 7.5º angle

1

10. Transformer 230-12V

3A

1

11. Wires

12. Solar panel 6W , 5V

0.89A , -40 ºC to 80 ºC1

13. Diodes 1N4007 4

14. Push button Reset button 1

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4. MATERIAL AND METHODS

This system is used to position solar panels to positions of the sun so as to achieve higher efficiency of power generation. The components of the electronic system consist of a Microcontroller logic circuitry, a Comparator, a stepper motor, a ULN2003 Driver IC, Light dependent resistors (photo sensors), a Transformer. These components are grouped into the following units and illustrated in the block diagram below in figure 1:

Fig. 1 Block Diagram

5. POWER UNIT

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This consists of a 230-12V 3A Step down Transformer with a rectified output of 12V. This rectified output is smoothened by a 4700μF capacitor, the 7805 voltage regulator converts the 12V rectified filtered voltage to a voltage level of +5V which is used by the AT89S51 microcontroller and the comparator (LM324). Circuit is presented in figure 2.

Fig.2: Power unit circuit

5.1 TRANSFORMER

5.2 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

5.3 DESCRIPTION OF POWER SUPPLY

The circuit uses standard power supply comprising of a step-down transformer from 230v to 12v and 4 diodes forming a Bridge Rectifier that delivers pulsating dc which is then filtered by an electrolytic capacitor of about 470microf to 100microf.

The filtered dc being un regulated IC LM7805 is used to get 5v constant at its pin no 3 irrespective of input dc varying from 9v to 14v.

The regulated 5volts dc is further filtered by a small electrolytic capacitor of 10 micro f for any noise so generated by the circuit.

One LED is connected of this 5v point in series with a resistor of 330ohms to the ground i.e. Negative voltage to indicate 5v power supply availability.

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6. COMPARATOR UNIT

This is achieved by using the operational amplifier LM324. This consists of four independent, high gain, internally compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage.

6.1 OPERATION OF A COMPARATOR

Fig.3 Circuit symbol of a comparator.

If the voltage Vm1 is greater than Vm2 the VOUT would be high. If Vm1 is less than Vm2 then VOUT would be low. However, since sunlight is what we want to monitor then an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is used to sense the intensity of the sun.

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7. LIGHT SENSOR (L.D.R.)

Light sensors are among the common sensor type. The simplest optical sensor is the photo resistor which may be a cadmium sulphide (CdS) type or a Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) type. The next step in complexity is the photodiode followed by the phototransistor. The sun tracker uses cadmium sulphide (CdS) photocell for sensing. This is the least expensive and least complex type of light sensor.

The LDR is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing light intensity. It can also be referenced to as a photo conductor. A photo resistor is made of high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump to the conduction band. The resulting free electron and its hole partner conducts electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The reverse is the case when darkness falls on the LDR, for this will increase its resistance. This characteristic of the LDR is used to vary the input voltage into the comparator as the sun moves over it.

7.1 CREATING VARYING VOLTAGE USING AN LDR:

Fig. 4: how LDRS are connected in the circuit

The LDR is connected in series with a resistor (Fig. 4); a voltage divider is thus formed, which will split the voltage VCC into two. As darkness sets in, the resistance of the LDR increases. Following the common formulae V=IR. If R increases when I is constant, then V is increased. Therefore V2 increases while V1 reduces obeying the Kirchhoff voltage law which state

V 1=R1

R2+R1V CC (1)

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V 2=R2

R2+R1V CC (2)

8. COMPARATOR CIRCUIT

Fig. 5: The comparator circuit.

Initially the voltage at the non inverting input is set lower than that of the inverting input. As darkness increases, the voltage at the inverting input begins to drop until it gets below that of the non-inverting input. At this point, the output of the comparator is changed from low to high. We achieve this with the circuit in Fig.5.

9. HOW THIS IS USED TO ACCOMPLISH THE TRACKING OF LDR

Three of the comparators are used in the format as specified above. They are used for finding the rays of the sun; the third is placed behind the platform as shown below

]

Fig. 6: Diagram of the LDRs on the platform

Both LDR, as shown in figure 6, are placed on a flat platform, a barrier demarcates them from each other. The arrows signify the direction of rotation of the solar finder. If the sun is at normal (i.e. when both LDR sees light), the output of the Comparator is expected to be low, as a result the control unit would not perform any operation. If the barrier cast its shadow on LDR1 as the sun moves to the right, the system would rotate to the right and will continue to do so until both LDR sees light again. When the sun sets both LDR will see darkness and the system will not rotate at all, it will remain in that position till the next day.

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When the sun rises, the last LDR placed underneath the platform senses the sun’s light which activates the rotation of the system back to the left (Eastward), this movement will continue until both LDR on top of the platform senses light again.

10. STEPPER MOTOR

1. 2.

Here come 2 images (Fig7.1 Picture of our stepper motor

Fig7.2 Six wire internal diagram of stepper motor) A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless synchronous electric motor that can divide a full rotation into a large number of steps. Stepper motors operate differently from DC brush motors Stepper motors, on the other hand, effectively have multiple "toothed" electromagnets arranged around a central gear-shaped piece of iron. To make the motor shaft turn, first one electromagnet is given power, which makes the gear's teeth magnetically attracted to the electromagnet's teeth. So when the next electromagnet is turned on and the first is turned off, the gear rotates slightly to align with the next one, and from there the process is repeated. Cables & connectors Stepper motors are available with either 2-coil Bipolar, or 4-coil unipolar windings. Bipolar motors have 4 leads, while unipolar motors have 6 leads. Additionally, some motors are designed with 8 leads, so they may be connected in a variety of ways.

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11. CONTROL UNIT

We are planning to use at89s51 microcontroller as it is convenient for our project.

Fig.8 Pin Diagram of AT89S51 Microcontroller

The control unit consists of a microcontroller which functions with a crystal oscillator, reset capacitor and the enable pin (Pin 31) connected to VCC as shown in figure 7.2

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11.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE CONTROLLER AND DRIVER UNIT

Fig.9 Circuit diagram of the controller and driver unit

The microcontroller selected for the project had to be able to convert the analog photocell voltage into digital values and also provide output channels for motor rotation. The AT89S51 was selected because it meets these requirements. An 11.0952MHz was used in conjunction with the AT89S51 to provide the necessary clock input. This speed is sufficient with the system.

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12. DRIVER (ULN2003) UNIT

DRIVER IC IMAGE & INTERNAL DIAGRAM IMAGE

The ULN2003A is a high voltage, high current Darlington arrays each containing seven open collector Darlington pair switch common emitters. Each channel is rated at 500Ma and can withstand peak currents of 600mA.Suppression diodes are included for inductive load driving. It is designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping motors, as well as other high-current/high-voltage loads in positive-supply applications. Outputs can be paralleled for higher current.

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13. COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig.10 Complete circuit diagram

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14. SOFTWARE AND SYSTEM CONTROL UNIT

DESCRIPTION:-

Assembly language was utilized for the project.

The program is designed to check the logic level of the three input pins (i.e. p1.0, p1.1 and p1.2), and determine which output pin (p2.0, p2.1, p2.2, p2.3), will be activated to energize the relays to drive the motor either east or west. If the logic level at pin p1.0 is high (when the sun is moving westward), and the other input pins low, the programmed logic will start to send the specific code to rotate the stepper motor in one direction, this will activate the system to move westward. If the logic level at pin p1.1 is high and the other input pins low, the stepper motor rotates stepwise in another direction, this moves the system eastward.

The third input pin is used to return the system to its initial position (eastward) prior to the movement of the system; this happens if the p1.2 is high and other input pins low. Furthermore, the software is designed that no action is taken if all the input pins are at logic 0 or input pins p1.0 and p1.1 are at logic 1. The program flow chart is shown in figure 8, while the program code is provided in the appendix.

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15. PROGRAM FLOW CHAT

Fig.11 Program flow chart

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16. Appendix (PROGRAMME)

ORG 0H

STEPPER EQU P2INPUT EQU P1

MAIN:

MOV A, INPUTMOV R7, ACJNE A, #04H, MOVE1

MOV R6, #19H

AGAIN:

MOV STEPPER, #09HACALL DELAYMOV STEPPER, #03HACALL DELAYMOV STEPPER, #06HACALL DELAYMOV STEPPER, #0CHACALL DELAYDJNZ R6, AGAINSJMP MAIN

MOVE1:

MOV A, R7CJNE A, #03, MOVE2MOV STEPPER, #06HSJMP MAIN

MOVE2:

MOV A, R7CJNE A, #00, MOVE3MOV STEPPER, #06HSJMP MAIN

MOVE3:

MOV A, R7CJNE A, #02, MOVE4MOV STEPPER, #0CHACALL DELAYMOV STEPPER, #06HACALL DELAY

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MOV STEPPER, #03HACALL DELAYMOV STEPPER, #09HACALL DELAYSJMP MAIN

MOVE4:

MOV A, R7CJNE A, #01, MOVE5MOV STEPPER, #09HACALL DELAYMOV STEPPER, #03HACALL DELAYMOV STEPPER, #06HACALL DELAYMOV STEPPER, #0CHACALL DELAYSJMP MAIN

MOVE5:

ACALL DELAYSJMP MAIN

DELAY:

MOV R1, #100UP1: MOV R2, #255UP: DJNZ R2, UPDJNZ R1, UP1RET

END

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17. FUTURE WORK

This design represents a functioning miniature scale model which could be implemented to a much larger scale. The following recommendations are provided as ideas for future expansion of this project:

Increase the sensitivity and accuracy of tracking by using a different light sensor. A phototransistor with an amplification circuit would provide improved resolution and better tracking accuracy/precision.

Utilize a dual-axis design versus a single-axis to increase tracking accuracy.

18. CONCLUSION

This project has presented a means of controlling a sun tracking solar panel with an embedded microprocessor system, a working software solution for maximizing solar cell output by positioning a solar array at the point of maximum light intensity. This project presents a method of searching for and tracking the sun and resetting itself for a new day.

19. REFERENCE

BOOKS1. THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

BY Muhammad Ali Mazidi

2. STEPPER MOTORS

BY V.V.Athani

WEBSITES1. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker2. www.ijetae.com 3. www.youtube.com/watch?v=BobFcoYZ3_U

http://www.ijetae.com/

http://www.amazon.in/s/ref=dp_byline_sr_book_1?ie=UTF8&field-author=V.V.Athani&search-alias=stripbooks

http://www.amazon.in/Muhammad-Ali-Mazidi/e/B001ITRLWW/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_1

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20. HARDWARE OF PROJECT

20.1 POWER SUPPLY

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20.2 PRACTICAL CIRCUIT

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21. FULL DESIGN

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22. DATASHEETS

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LM324

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ULN2003

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AT89s51

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VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805

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PROJECT COST

No. Type Component Quantity Cost

1. IC1 LM324 1 25

2. IC2 Microcontroller AT89S51

1 80

3. IC3 ULN 2003 1 20

4. Voltage Regulator

7805 1 30

5. LDR Light Dependent Resistor

3 300

6. Oscillator Crystal Oscillator 11.059MHz

1 10

7. Resistors 10k Simple 1 2

1k Preset 5 20

8. Capacitors 63V,10 µF 1 750V,410 µF 1 23

9. Stepper motor

5-24V 7.5º angle

1 500

10. Transformer

230-12V

3A

1 180

11. PCB Printed circuit board 2 150

12. Solar panel 6W , 5V 0.89A , -40 ºC to 80 ºC

1 350

13. Diodes 1N4007 4 8

14. Push button Reset button 1 2

15. Heat sink Simple 1 5

16. Mechanical structure

Welded type - 150

TOTAL 1862