t u b e s p o

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7/23/2019 t u b e s P O http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/t-u-b-e-s-p-o 1/47 MEMCGVGV @\HMEGVMVG JMVWM\MBMT O[\EMCGVTGB .JMVO[\' DG GT TKCB@J JKEHH[EMBME B@EVKQ QK\GCMB[ @\HMEGVMVG Dgsusue `ckn ? Jkydm Mchgmeg .==<181=69' Gsj`y` Omtg Hgrg Q .==<181=4=' Cmbsjg M Gscmjg .==<181=44' Mbnjmd Mlduc Hn`iur .==<181=;6' Ikedy Qrgy` [t`j` .==<181=;4' Getme Bue X .==<18=1<8' D`em \gstgbm Kbm F .==<18=164' Jkycgsm \mnmrokeh .==<18=14<' Nkrvmesymn Euhrmnm .==<18=1;4' GEVTGT[T TKBE@C@HG TKCB@J LMED[EH

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MEMCGVGV @\HMEGVMVG

JMVWM\MBMT O[\EMCGVTGB .JMVO[\'

DG GT TKCB@J JKEHH[EMBME B@EVKQ

QK\GCMB[ @\HMEGVMVG

Dgsusue `ckn ?

• Jkydm Mchgmeg .==<181=69'

• Gsj`y` Omtg Hgrg Q .==<181=4='

• Cmbsjg M Gscmjg .==<181=44'

• Mbnjmd Mlduc Hn`iur .==<181=;6'

• Ikedy Qrgy` [t`j` .==<181=;4'

• Getme Bue X .==<18=1<8'

• D`em \gstgbm Kbm F .==<18=164'

• Jkycgsm \mnmrokeh .==<18=14<'

• Nkrvmesymn Euhrmnm .==<18=1;4'

GEVTGT[T TKBE@C@HG TKCB@J

LMED[EH

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<117

BMTM QKEHMETM\ 

 Mssmcmjjumcmgbuj Xmrmnjmtuccmmng Xmlmrmbmmtun%

Quog syubur dme skjlmn suoud pmdm Vmeh Qkefgptm Wmeh Jmnm Lkrbumsm dme dme

Jmnm Lgombsmem# Wmeh Jmnm Jucgm dme Jmnm Cunur# Wmeh Jmnm Qkehmsgn dg metmrm ymeh

 pkehmsgn# ymeh skemetgmsm jkeomdg tkjpmt jkehmdu jmbncub ymeh smehmt ckjmn geg dg

nmdmpme*Eym# skrtm ymeh skcmcu jkcgjpmnbme rmnjmt dme ngdmymn*Eym skngehhm pkeucgs dmpmt

jkeykcksmgbme tuhms lksmr geg% V`cmwmt lkrgrgeh smcmj pkeucgs smjpmgbme pmdm Lmhgedm

\msucuccmn Junmjjmd VMX tkcmdme ujmt jmeusgm%

Tuhms lksmr geg dkehme ouduc –Memcgsgs @rhmegsmsg Jmsymrmbmt Ouremcgstgb 

.Jmsour' dg GT Tkcb`j Jkehhuembme B`skp Qkrgcmbu @rhmegsmsg‚ dgsusue dmcmj rmehbm

jkeykcksmgbme studg pmdm jmtm bucgmn Qkrgcmbu @rhmegsmsg% Qkeucgs jkeymdmrg lmnwm tuhms

 lksmr geg jmsgn smehmt omun dmrg skjpurem dme tketueym jmsgn lmeymb tkrdmpmt bkburmehme#

skngehhm pkeucgs smehmt jkehnmrmpbme brgtgb dme smrme ymeh jkjlmehue dmrg skjum pgnmb%Vkj`hm tuhms lksmr geg lgsm dgomdgbme mfume uetub pkekcgtgme skcmeouteym dme dmpmt

 lkrjmeimmt lmhg skjum pgnmb% Mjge%

Xmssmcmjjumcmgbuj Xmrmnjmtuccmmng Xmlmrmbmmtun%

Lmedueh# Jkg <117

Qkeucgs

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Dmitmr Gsg

BMTM QKEHMETM\ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <

Dmitmr Gsg%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6

LML G

QKEDMN[C[ME %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6

LML GGG

 TK@\G ‖ TK@\G QKED[B[EH %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% =>

LML GY

MEMCGVGV DME QKEWKCKVMGME JMVMCMN %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <<

LML Y

QKE[T[Q %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6=

Bksgjpucme %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6=

Vmrme %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6<

LML G

QKEDMN[C[ME

=%= Cmtmr Lkcmbmeh

@rhmegsmsg jkrupmbme skbkc`jp`b `rmeh ymeh skfmrm i`rjmc dgpkrsmtubme dmcmj sumtu

bkromsmjm uetub jkefmpmg tuoume ymeh tkcmn dgtktmpbme lkrsmjm% Vkdmehbme pkrgcmbu

`rhmegsmsg mdmcmn sumtu lgdmeh studg ymeh jkjpkcmomrg dmjpmb pkr`rmehme# bkc`jp`b#

dme strubtur pmdm pkrgcmbu dmcmj `rhmegsmsg dkehme jmbsud jkekrmpbme pkekhtmnume

tketmeh nmc*nmc tkrsklut dkjg pkrlmgbme kikbtgvgtms `rhmegsmsg% Dkehme mdmeym lgdmeh

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studg geg jkjuehbgebme bgtm uetub jkehmemcgsgs jmsmcmn ymeh tkromdg pmdm sumtu

`rhmegsmsg dme jkcmbubme pkrlmgbme dkjg tkrfgptmeym `rmhmegsmsg ymeh cklgn lmgb cmhg%

@rhmegsmsg ymeh tujlun dg GT Tkcb`j geg smehmtcmn lmeymb dme lkrmhmj# smcmn smtueym

mdmcmn Jmsymrmbmt Ouremcgstgb mtmu ymeh cklgn dgbkemc dkehme Jmsour% Vkomb dgdgrgbme

 pmdm tmehhmc ; Jkg =77;# Jmsour geg jkjlkrg dmjpmb ymeh sghegigbme lmhg

 pkrbkjlmehme duegm ouremcgstgb dg bmjpus% Tktmpg sktkcmn =4 tmnue lkrbkjlmeh#

`rhmegsmsg geg oustru jkehmcmjg bkjuedurme pksmt% Dmrg jucmg mehh`tm ymeh tgdmb mbtgi#

bkburmehme dmem# ngehhm lklkrmpm pr`bkr ymeh tgdmb tkrcmbsmem% [etub gtu# bmjg lkrusmnm

uetub jkefmrg pkeyklml bkjuedurme geg dgcgnmt dmrg skhg bkpkjgjpgeme# strubtur 

`rhmegsmsg# smjpmg ludmym ymeh lkrbkjlmeh dmcmj `rhmegsmsg tkrsklut% Qkehmemcgsgsme

jmsmcmn geg tketueym jkehhuembme lklkrmpm b`eskp ymeh mdm pmdm pkrgcmbu `rhmegsmsg%

Vkcmge jkehmdmbme pkehmemcgsgsme jmsmcmn# bmjg ouhm mbme jkefmrg s`cusg dmrgjmsmcmn ymeh mdm uetub dgomdgbme usucme lmhg Jmsour huem jkegehbmtbme bgekrom dme

kikbtgvgtms `rhmegsmsg tkrsklut%

=%< \ujusme Jmsmcmn

* Mpmbmn jmsmcmn*jmsmcmn ymeh tkromdg dmcmj rhmegsmsg Jmsymrmbmt Ouremcgstgb 0

* Mpmbmn ymeh jkeyklmlbme `rhmegsmsg Jmsour jkeomdg burmeh pr`dubtgi 0

* Lmhmgjmem memcgsgs bkmdmme Jmsour smmt geg ogbm dgbmgtbme dkehme tk`rg ymeh mdm pmdm

 pkrgcmbu `rhmegsmsg 0

* V`cusg mpm ymeh dmpmt dglkrgbme uetub jkehmtmsg jmsmcmn ymeh mdm0

=%6 Tuoume Qkekcgtgme

* [etub jkehktmnug jmsmcmn*jmsmcmn ymeh tkromdg dmcmj `rhmegsmsg Jmsour%

* [etub jkehktmnug nmc ymeh jkeyklmlbme `rhmegsmsg Jmsour jkeomdg burmeh pr dubtgi%

* [etub jkehmemcgsgs bkmdmme Jmsour smmt geg ogbm dgbmgtbme dkehme tk`rg ymeh mdm pmdm

 pkrgcmbu `rhmegsmsg%

* [etub jkjlkrgbme s cusg mpm ymeh dmpmt dglkrgbme uetub jkehmtmsg jmsmcmn ymeh mdm%

=%4 Lmtmsme Jmsmcmn

*@rhmegsmsg ymeh dgmjmtg mdmcmn Jmsymrmbmt Ouremcgstgb ymeh mdm dg GT Tkcb`j Lmedueh%

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*Dmtm ymeh dgpkr`ckn nmeym lkrsujlkr dmrg bktum dme < mehh`tm Jmsour%

*Jmsmcmn ymeh dgmjmtg nmeym dmrg sudut pmedmeh strubtur# ludmym# bkpkjgjpgeme dme

j`tgvmsg%

LML GG

B@EDGVG KBVGVTGEH QK\[VMNMME

<%= Qr`igc @rhmegsmsg

Vkfmrm ngst`rgs# Jmsymrmbmt Ouremcgstgb jkrupmbme hmluehme metmrm usmnm pkekrlgtme

jmnmsgswm .lkrupm jmomcmn p`dguj' dme [BJ Ouremcgstgb% Dkehme jkeymedmeh bmtm

–jmsymrmbmt– dmcmj emjmeym# Jmsymrmbmt Ouremcgstgb dgnmrmpbme dmpmt jkeomdg

b`juegtms ymeh tkrlubm% Dkehme i`rjmt tkrlubm# dgnmrmpbme Jmsour jkeomdg tgdmb tkrcmcu

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i`rjmcgstgs jmupue tkrcmcu b`rp`rmtgs# jkcmgebme lgsm lkrsgimt –fmsumc –# bnms gdk`c`hg

–`pke s`urfk–% B`eskbukesg dmrg b`juegtms tkrlubm geg mdmcmn khmcgtkrgsjk dme tmehhueh

 omwml# bmrkem skjumeym dgcmbubme `ckn b`juegtms dme utetub b`juegtms%

<%< Ygsg ) Jgsg

Ygsg

Jmsymrmbmt Ouremcgstgb .Jmsour' dmcmn wmdmn b`juegbmsg dme brkmtgvgtms dmcmj cgehbup

 ouremcgstgb jmnmsgswm%

Jgsg

Jmsymrmbmt Ouremcgstgb dmpmt jkeomdg wmnmem ‖ wmnmem lkrgbut ?

Jkeomdg wmnmem pkeh`cmnme gei`rjmsg

• Jkeomdg wmnmem pkeyucunme kbsprksg jkcmcug kbspc`rmsg lkrpgbgr skfmrm lklms

dme brkmtgi 

• Jkeomdg wmnmem rumeh pulcgb 

 

<%6 MD / M\T

MEHHM\ME DMVM\ JMVWM\MBMT O[\EMCGVTGB VTT TKCB@J

LML G

EMJM# XMBT[# DME BKD[D[BME

Qmsmc =

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@rhmegsmsg geg lkremjm Jmsymrmbmt Ouremcgstgb Vkb`cmn Tgehhg Tkbe`c`hg Tkcb`j# uetub 

skcmeouteym dgsgehbmt Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

Qmsmc <

Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dgdgrgbme dg Lmedueh tmehhmc ; Jkg =77; smjpmg dkehme wmbtu ymeh

tgdmb dgtktmpbme%

Qmsmc 6

Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j lkrbkdudubme dg BMjpus VTT Tkcb`j%

LML GG

BKDM[CMTME

Qmsmc 4Bkdmucmtme tkrtgehhg Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j mdm dgtmehme mehh`tm dme dgwuoudbme dmcmj

Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

LML GGG

MVMV

Qmsmc ;

Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j lkrdmsmrbme ?

=% Dkj`brmsg

<% Getkckbtumcgtms

6% Gedkpkedke

4% Trmespmrmesg

LMLG Y

T[O[ME DME I[EHVG

Qmsmc 9

Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j jkjpueymg tuoume uetub jkjlketub ludmym bmjpus ymeh dgemjgs%

Qmsmc 8

Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j jkjpueymg iuehsg ?

=% Xmnmem pkeh cmnme dme pkeymcurme gei rjmsg

<% Xmnmem pkeymcurme kbsprksg

6% Xmnmem pkeykdgm rumeh pulcgf

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LML Y

BKMEHH@TMME

Qmsmc >

Mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j mdmcmn mehh`tm ymeh dgmehbmt dme dgcmetgb `ckn Bktum Jmsour 

LML YG

J[VWMXM\MN MEHH@TM

Qmsmc 7

Jusymwmrmn mehh`tm dgcmbsmembme skbmcg pmdm sklkcuj bkpkehurusme tkrlketub%

Qmsmc =1Qkskrtm jusymwmrmn meh`tm mdmcmn mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

Qmsmc ==

Jusymwmrmn mehh`tm jkrujusbme dme jkehksmnbme MD/M\T# HLN@# dme jkehmehbmt

Bktum Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

LML YGG

QK\MEHBMT QKEHMJLGCME BKQ[T[VME

Qmsmc =<

Qkehmjlgcme bkputusme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dmpmt dgcmbubme jkcmcug sgdmeh mtmu rmpmt%

LML YGGG

JKBMEGVJK QKEHMJLGCME BKQ[T[VME

Qmsmc =6

Dmcmj skjum sgdmeh mtmu rmpmt ymeh dgcmbsmembme# bkputusme dgmjlgc lkrdmsmrbme

jusymwmrmn dme juimbmt%

Qmsmc =4

Lgcm jusymwmrmn juimbmt tgdmb tkrfmpmg# jmbm bkputusme dgmjlgc lkrdmsmrbme sumrm

tkrlmeymb%

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LML G^

BKCKEHBMQME @\HMEGVMVG

Qmsmc =;

Bkckehbmpme `rhmegsmsg Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j tkrdgrg dmrg ?

=% Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j

<% Mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j

6% MD/M\T

4% HLN@

LML ^BK[MEHME

Qmsmc =9

Vujlkr ‖ sujlkr bkumehme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j mdmcmn ?

=% Gurme mehh`tm ymeh dglmymr tgmp lucme

<% Dmem bkjmnmsgswmme dme gestgtusg VTT Tkcb`j

6% Vujlkr ‖ sujlkr cmge ymeh nmcmc dme tgdmb jkehgbmt

Qmsmc =8

Qkehkc`cmme bkumehme dgcmbubme `ckn Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j uetub bkjmoume

`rhmegsmsg%

LML ^G

QKJL[LM\ME JMVO[\ VTT TKCB@J

Qmsmc =>

Nmc pkjlulmrme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dgtktmpbme dkehme bktktmpme dkehme bktktmpme sgdmeh

jusymwmrmn mehh`tm VTT Tkcb`j%

Qmsmc =7

Lmdme ymeh jkcmbsmembme bktketume tketmeh rkikrkeduj mdmcmn Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour 

VTT Tkcb`jsklmhmg pkjkhmeh bkdmucmtme Mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dkehme jkbmsegsjk

ymeh dgmtur bkjudgme%

Qmsmc <1

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Nmsgc bktktmpme sgdmeh uetub pkjlulmrme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dmpmt dgmehhmp smn mpmlgcm

71+ mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j jkeyktuoug%

LML ^GG

QK\[LMNMEE MEHHM\ME DMVM\ 

Qmsmc <=

=% Qkrulmnme mehhmrme dmsmr dgcmbsmembme pmdm smmt jusymwmrmn mehh`tm%

<% Qkrulmnme mehhmrme dmsmr smn mpmlgcm dgnmdgrg skburmeh ‖ burmeheym dum pkrtghm dmrg

 oujcmn mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

6% Dgsktuoug skburmeh ‖ burmeheym dum pkrtghm dmrg oujcmn ymeh nmdgr%

MEHHM\ME \[JMN TMEHHM JMVWM\MBMT O[\EMCGVTGB VTT TKCB@J

LML =

BKMEHH@TMME

Qmsmc =

Mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j mdmcmn skcurun jmnmsgswm VTT Tkcb`j ymeh dgmehbmt dme

dgcmetgb `ckn Bktum Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

Qmsmc <

Vktgmp mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j lkrnmb ?

=% Jkeymtmbme pkedmpmt

<% Jkjgcgn dme dgpgcgn sklmhmg pkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j lkrdmsmrbme

 pkrmturme pkjgcgnme dme pkjlketubme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

6% Jkehgbutg mbtgvgtms ymeh dgmdmbme ckn Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j

4% Jkjlkrgbme jmsubme tkrnmdmp bgekrom Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

Qmsmc 6

Vktgmp mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j lkrbkwmoglme ?

=% Jkeomhm emjm lmgb mcjmjmtkr dme Jmsour VTT

Tkcb`j%

<% Jkeououeh tgehhg dme jketmmtg skhmcm bktketume

MD/M\T%

6% Jkeuemgbme gurme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j sksumg

ymeh dgtketubme%

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Qmsmc 4

Qkcmbsmemme nmb dme bkwmoglme mehh`tm dgmtur dmpcmj bktktmpme ymeh dgmtur `ckn Dkwme

Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

Qmsmc ;

Ngcmeheym bkmehh`tmme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j ?

=% Jkegehhmc duegm

<% Jkehuedurbme dgrg

6% Dglkrnketgbme

LML GG

DKXME QKEH[\[V JMVO[\ 

Qmsmc 9

Jmsm pkehurusme Dkwme Qkehurus Jmour VTT Tkcb`j mdmcmn smtu tmnue pkrg`dk

bkpkehurusme ymeh dgjucmg skomb dgtktmpbme%

Qmsmc 8

Bkmehh`tmme Dkwme Qkehurus tkrdgrg dmrg ?

=% Bktum Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j

<% Qkehurus Nmrgme dme @pkrmsg emc

Ngcmeheym bkmehh`tmme Dkwme Qkehurus ?

=% Jkegehhmc duegm

<% Dglkrnketgbme

Qmsmc >

Tuhms dme wkwkemeh Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j ?

=% Jkehmdmbme sgdmeh jusymwmrmn mehh tm

<% Jkehmdmbme mudgkesg dkehme skcurun mehh tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j uetub 

jkeymjpmgbme mspgrmsg jkrkbm%

6% Jkeomcmebme r`dm rhmegsmsg sksumg MD/M\T dme HLN@%

4% Jkcmp rbme dme jkjpkrtmehhuehomwmlbme pkcmbsmemme pr`hrmj bkrom pmdm skcurun

mehh`tm%

Qmsmc 7

Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j jkjgcgbg wkwkemeh uetub ?

=% Jkeykckehhmrmbme sgdmeh gstgjkwm%

<% Jkjlumt bkputusme ‖ bkputusme pketgeh ogbm dgmehhmp pkrcu uetub 

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jkcmbsmembme pr`hrmj ujuj%

Qmsmc =1

Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j jkcmp`rbme bkhgmtmeeym skcmjm smtu tmnue pkrg`dk

bkpkehurusme bkpmdm jusymwmrmn mehh`tm VTT Tkcb`j pkrg`dk lkrgbuteym%

Qmsmc ==

Qkehmjlgmce bkputusme

=% Qkehmjlgcme bkputusme dmcmj Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour lkrdmsmrbme jusymwmrmn

uetub juimbmt%

<% Lgcm tgdmb tkrfmpmg bkjuimbmtme# jmbm dgmjlgc sumrm tkrlmeymb%

LML GGG

QK\VGDMEHME

Qmsmc =<

=% Vgdmeh ujuj mdmcmn jusymwmrmn mehh`tm ymeh dgcmbsmembme `ckn skcurun mehh tm

Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dme dgcmbubme jgegjmc skbmcg dmcmj sktmnue%

<% Vgdmeh gstgjkwm mdmcmn sgdmeh ymeh dgcmbsmembme `ckn skcurun mehh`tm Jmsour VTT

Tkcb`j dmcmj b`edgsg tkrtketu%

6% Vgdmeh tkrlmtms mdmcmn sgdmeh ymeh dgmdmbme Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j

dgcumr sgdmeh ujuj dme sgdmeh gstgjkwm%

Qmsmc =6

Vgdmeh gstgjkwm dmpmt dgcmbsmembme mpmlgcm skburmeh ‖ burmeheym sktkehmn mehh`tm Jmsour 

VTT Tkcb`j skfmrm bkskcurunme%

Qmsmc =4

Vkjum sgdmeh Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j tkrlubm uetub skjum mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

LML GY

BK[MEHME

Qmsmc =;

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=% Gurme wmogl mehh`tm dglmymr tgmp lucme skcmjm jmsgn jkeomdg mehh`tm Jmsour VTT

Tkcb`j sksumg bktketume%

<% Vujlkr dmem cmgeeym ymeh nmcmc%

6% Mc`bmsg dghuembme uetub bkpkrcume `pkrmsg`emc nmrgme jmsgn jkeomdg mehh tm Jmsour 

VTT Tkcb`j

4% Qkehhuemme bkumehme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j nmrus lgsm dgpkrtmehhueh omwmlbme

bkpmdm mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

;% Bkumehme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dgbkc`cm skfmrm skpkeuneym `ckn Dkwme Qkehurus

Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

Qmsmc =9

LML Y

QK\LKEDMNM\MME

Qmsmc =8

Qkrlkedmnmrmme ymeh dgjmbsud mdmcmn skjum msskt ymeh dgjgcgbg Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dmcmj

 lketub lmrmeh jmupue umeh%

LML YG

JKBMEGVJK N[L[EHME

Qmsmc =>

Nuluehme metmrm kckjke dgcumr Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dkehme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j lkrsgimt

geGdkpkedke dme b``rdgemtgi uetub bkjmoume dgemjgbm bmjpus%

LML YGG

N[L[EHME DKEHME \KBT@\MT

Qmsmc =7

Nuluehme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dkehm rkbt`rmt lkrsgimt gedkpkedke dme b``rdgemtgi%

Qmsmc <1

Vktgmp bklgombme ymeh dgmjlgc Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j lkrsgimt gedkpkedke tmepm fmjpur tmehme

dmrg pgnmb gestgtusg VTT Tkcb`j%

LML YGGG

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QK\[LMNME MEHHM\ME \[JMN TMEHHM

Qmsmc <=

=% Qkrulmnme mehhmrme dmsmr dgcmbsmembme pmdm smmt jusymwmrmn mehh`tm%

<% Qkrulmnme mehhmrme dmsmr smn mpmlgcm dgnmdgrg skburmeh ‖ burmeheym sktkehmn dmrg

 oujcmn mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j

6% Dgsktuoug skburmeh ‖ burmeheym 77+ dmrg oujcmn ymeh nmdgr 

LML G^

QKE[T[Q

Qmsmc <<=% M\T jkrupmbme lmhgme ymeh tgdmb tkrpgsmnbme

dmrg MD Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j

<% Nmc ‖ nmc ymeh lkcuj dgmtur dmcmj MD/M\T mbme

dgmtur bkjudgme dmcmj bktktmpme dme bkputusme Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j

6% Nmc ‖ nmc ymeh lkcuj dgokcmsbme dmcmj MD dme

M\T mbme dgmtur bkjudgme dmcmj mturme Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j

4% Vkhmcm mturmelmdme bkckehbmpme ymeh mdm jmsgn

 lkrcmbu sklkcuj dgmdmbme ymeh lmru jkeurut MD dme M\T

;% MD dme M\T geg lkrcmbu skomb dgtktmpbme%

<%4 Vtrubtur @rhegsmsg

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BKT[M

VKB\KTM\GV LKEDMNM\M

TKMJ

JKDGM

TKMJ

B@J[EGTMV

TKMJ

VDJ

TKMJ

IGEMEVGMC

TKMJ

N[JMV

XMBGC

BKT[M

O`l dksb tgmp ‖ tgmp tkmj ?

• Jkdgm ? Jkehb`eskp jmdgeh# p`dguj

• VDJ ? Lkrtmehhueh omwml tkrnmdmp sujlkr dmym jmeusgm ymeh

mdm dg dmcmj Jmsour 

• Nujms ? Lkrtmehhueh omwml bkpmdm nuluehme kbstkremc Jmsour 

• B`juegtms ? Lkrtmehhueh omwml tkrnmdmp rgskt% Lkrlketub b`juegtms

ymeh tkrdgrg dmrg b`juegtms igcj ymeh lkrtmehhueh omwml

dmcmj pkjlumtme igcj dme b`juegtms pugsg ymeh

 lkrtmehhueh omwml dmcmj pkjlumtme pugsg

• Bkumehme ? Jkehkc`cm bkumehme ymeh lkrmsmc dmrg swmdmym mehh`tm

jmsour# jkehkc`cm pkehkcumrme rutge Jmsour ymgtu jmdgeh

dme p`dguj

<%; Buctur @rhmegsmsg

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Dkehme jkehusue buctur bnms pkrs jmnmsgswm# jmbm mdm lklkrmpm mbtgigtms ymeh dgdksghe

uetub emetgeym dgomcmebme dg dmcmj Jmsour% Dum buctur pkrtmjm mdmcmn bmrmbtkr bnms gesme

 pkrs# skdmehbme dum buctur lkrgbuteym mdmcmn bmrmbtkr b`juegtms tkjpmt ngdup run

 ouremcgsjk%

m% Buctur Qkjgbgrme

Mbtgigtms bnmseym mdmcmn jrehngdupbme sumsmem ymeh jkedubueh bk mrmn pkehkjlmehme

 pkjgbgrme# jkcmcug bkc`jp`b studg# pkehujpucme dmtm# memcgsgs dmtm# dgsbusg# dme

dgskjgemsg gei`rjmsg/pulcgsgtms%

l% Buctur Jmnmsgswm

Jmnmsgswm mdmcmn memb judm ymeh jkjgcgbg lkbmc pkjgbgrme% [etub gtu# mbtgigtms ymeh

dgcmbubme lkrnuluehme dkehme fnmrmftkr lugcdgeh  ymeh jkehkjlmehbme bumcgtms

bkprglmdgme# ktgbm# dme bklkrmegme% Mdm pkpmtmn lmnwm fgrg bnms tgedmbme jmnmsgswmmdmcmn dgwmremg gdkmcgsjk# mdm r`jmtgbmeym# dme skdgbgt ekbmd# skrtm fubup dkehme skdgbgt

`rmeh uetub jkcmbubme sksumtu%

f% Buctur B`juegtms Tkrlubm

B`juegtms tkrlubm jkjgcgbg sgimt dmrg# uetub# dme `ckn b`juegtms gtu skedgrg% Mbtgigtms

ymeh dgcmbubme fkedkrueh `t`e`j# dme pkrme Jmsour mdmcmn jkeykdgmbme imsgcgtms lmhg

b`juegtms# dmcmj sumsmem jutumcgsjk%

d% Buctur ymeh Jkeujlunbme Gespgrmsg dme brkmtgigtms

Vklmhmgjmem pr`sks Omcur Qkekcusurme Q`tkesg Mbmdkjgb dmcmj pkekrgjmme jmnmsgswm

 lmru ymeh jkehmjlgc b`eskp dmcmj pkjgcgnme lglgt pmdg# skjum okegs nmrus dglkrg

bkskjpmtme ymeh smjm# bkjudgme mbme bkcgnmtme lglgt ymeh uehhuc% Dkehme mbtgigtms ymeh

jkeykdgmbme bkskjpmtme uetub lkrkbsprksg skfmrm tkrlubm# jmbm –lglgt ‖ lglgt lmru–

Jmsour mbme dmpmt dgpkr`ckn# lkrgbut dkehme gdk ‖ gdk lmru ymeh skhmr dme brkmtgi#

skbmcghus uetub jkehmsmn bkjmjpume dgrg%

<%9 Qr`bkr

m% Lucktge dkehme dkmdcgek < lucme skbmcg dkehme emjm p`dguj jge ;11 kbskjpcmr 

skbmcg tkrlgt

 l% Jmdgeh dkehme dkmdcgek = lucme skbmcg

f% Bmdkrgsmsg# ymgtu pkrkbrutme mehh`tm sktgmp tmnue momrme lmru dkehme cmjm wmbtu

 pkrkbrutme < lucme# jkt`dm ymeh dguembme mdmcmn pkcmtgnme dkehme > jmtkrg% Dme

mbngr bkmehh`tmme ymgtu skckbsg mcmj# sgmpm ymeh lkrtmnme dgm tktmp jkeomdg mehh`tm

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d% Jkehmdmbme pkrtkjume skjgehhu skbmcg tgmp nmrg \mlu

k% Jkcmbubme bkrom smjm dkehme Qkrpustmbmme .jkehmdmbme lkdmn lubu' dme

Cml`rmt`rguj .jkjlumt igcj'

;%8 Bmrmbtkrgstgb Mehh`tm Jmsour

Gdkmcgs

Bkrms bkpmcm

Lkrogwm pkjlkr`etmb 

Brgtgs

Gehge jkeucgs mtmu gehge jkeh`lr`c

Lklms# ymeh dgegcmg burmeh kikbtgi% Bmrkem tgdmb skjum mehh`tm jkjpueymg gegsgmtgi 

Fgrg jmy`rgtmseym ymgtu subm jkeh`lr`c nmc ‖ nmc ymeh tgdmb pketgeh ymeh mbngreym jkeomdg

 pketgeh

Fgrrg ‖fgrg tkrsklut tgdmb dgomdgbme dmsmr / mfume uetub rkbrugtmsg% Bmrkem dmsmr dmrg pkrkbrutme

mehh`tm Jmsour mdmcmn ? bkmbtgime# lkrogwm bkpkjgjpgeme# skrtm sgimt ymeh lgsm jkrmehbuc

skjum mehh`tm

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LML GGG

TK@\G ‖ TK@\G QKED[B[EH

6%= Vtrubtur @rhmegsmsg

Vtrubtur `rhmegsmsg jkrupmbme fmrm tuhms pkbkromme dglmhg# dgbkc`jp`bbme# dme

dgb``rdgemsgbme skfmrm i`rjmc% Vktgmp `rhmegsmsg jkjgcgbg strubtur `rhmegsmsg ymeh lkrlkdm ‖ 

 lkdm% Nmc geg dgpkehmrung `ckn lklkrmpm nmc# ymgtu?

=% Vtrmtkhg

Vtrubtur `rhmegsmsg nkedmbeym nmrus jkehgbutg strmtkhg ymeh dghuembme bmrkemsmsmrme mtmu tuoume dmrg `rhmegsmsg dgturuebme dmrg strmtkhg bkskcurunme `rhmegsmsg

tkrsklut dme c`hgs smom bmcmu strmtkhg dme strubtur jkjgcgbg nuluehme ymeh krmt%

<% [burme strmtkhg

@rhmegsmsg ymeh lksmr fkedkrueh jkjpueymg cklgn lmeymb spksgmcgsmsg#

dkpmrkjketmcgsmsg# tgehbmt vkrtgfmc# dme mturme ‖ mturme dglmedgehbme dkehme

`rhmegsmsg bkfgc%

6% Tkbe`c`hg

Vkfmrm c`hgs jkeueoubbme lmnwm tkbe`c`hg ymeh rutge mbme tkrbmgt dkehme strubtur 

tkrsketrmcgsmsg skdmehbme tkbe`c`ig ymeh tgdmb rutge cklgn jkehmedmcbme pkehktmnume

 pmrm spksgmcgs%

4% Cgehbuehme

Ckjlmhm ‖ ckjlmhm mtmu bkbumtme ‖ bkbumtme ymeh lkrmdm dgcumr `rhmegsmsg dme

 lkrp`tkesg jkjpkehmrung bgekrom `rhmegsmsg tkrsklut%

[etub jkeketubme strubtur sumtu `rhmegsmsg jkjkrcubme pkrnmtgme pmdm 9 uesur 

strubtur ymgtu ?

=% Vpksgmcgsmsg bkrom

Jkjgcgbg jmbem skcurun pkbkromme dgpkfmn*pkfmn jkeomdg skoujcmn cmehbmn# dgjmem

sktgmp cmehbmn dgskcksmgbme `ckn gedgvgdu ymeh lkrcmgeme mtmu gedgvgdu nmeym

jkehkrombme lmhgme dmrg sumtu bkhgmtme tkrtketu%

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<% Dkpmrtkjketmcgsmsg

Mdmcmn pkehkc`jp`bme pkbkromme mtmu tuhms sksumg dkehme iuehsg ymeh dgomcmebme

skngehhm tkrfgptmeym kigsgkesg dkehme jkehujpucbme spksgmcgs ymeh smjm dme

jkegehbmtbme tmehhueh omwml mtms bgekrom pr`bkr . Qr`hrmj bkrom ' ymeh dgomcmebme%

6% \metmg B`jmed`

Jkrupmbme hmrgs wkwkemeh ymeh tkrketmeh dmrg puefmb `rhmegsmsg smjpmg bk kskc`e

tkrlmwmn# dghuembme uetub jkjpkrokcms# sgmpm jkcmp`r bkpmdm sgmpm%

4% \ketmeh bkedmcg

\ketmeh bkedmcg jkjlmnms oujcmn lmwmnme ymeh dmpmt dgmtur bktum skfmrm kikbtgi dme

kigsgke%

;% Vketrmcgsmsg dme Dksketrmcgsmsg

Vketrmcgsmsg mdmcmn tgehbmt dgjmem pkehmjlgcme bkputusme tkrpusmt bkpmdm smtu pgnmb 

smom# skdmehbme dksketrmcgsmsg sklmcgbeym# ymgtu pkehmjlgcme bkputusme dmpmt

dgcmbubme `ckn skjum pgnmb .tgdmb tkrpusmt pmdm stu pgnmb smom%

9% I`rjmcgsmsg

Mdmcmn tgehbmt dgjmem pkbkromme dmcmj `rhmegsmsg gtu dglmbubme%

Vtrubtur `rhmegsmsg dglkdmbme jkeomdg jkeomdg 6# ymgtu

=% @rhmegf

Dghuembme uetub `rhmegsmsg ymeh jkjpueymg strmtkhg ge`vmsg ymeh lkrmrtg strmtkhg

ymeh jkekbmebme pkehkemcme pmdm pr`dub dme omsm utmjm lmru%

Fgrg ‖ fgrg `rhmegf mdmcmn strubtur c`ehhmr# spksgmcgsmsg rkedmn# i`rjmcgsmsg rkedmn# dme

dksketrmcgsmsg%

<% Jkbmegb 

Dghuembme uetub `rhmegsmsg yme hjkjpueymg strmtkhg jgegjmsg lgmym ymeh lkrmrtg

strmtkhg ymeh jkekbme pkehkedmcgme lgmym ymeh bktmt# jkehngedmrg lgmym ge`vmsg dme

 pkjmsmrme ymeh tgdmb pkrcu# dme jkjmehbms nmrhm%

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Fgrg ‖ fgrg jkbmegb mdmcmn pkehkedmcgme bktmt# spksgmcgsmsg pkbkromme skfmrm lksmr*

 lksmrme# i`rjmcgsmsg tgehhg# dme sketrmcgsmsg tgehhg%

6% Jmtrgb  

Dghuembme uetub `rhmegsmsg yme hjkjpueymg strmtkhg gjgtmsg ymeh lkrmrtg strmtkhg

ymeh lkrusmnm lkrhkrmb bkpr`dub lmru mtmu pmsmr lmru nmeym sktkcmn bkjmjpme

 lkrnmsgceym tkrlubtg%

Fgrg ‖ fgrg jmtrgb mdmcmn fmjpurme sgimt c`ehhmr dme bktmt# pkehkedmcgme ymeh bktmt

mtms mbtgvgtms smmt geg dme pkehkedmcgme ymeh smehmt c`ehhmr mtms lgsegs mtmu pkbkromme

 lmru%

Ludmym `rrhmegsmsg mdmcmn systkj jmbem lkrsmjm ymeh dgmeut `ckn mehh`tm ‖ mehh`tm

ymeh jkjlkdmbme `rhmegsmsg gtu dmrg `rhmegsmsg ‖ `rhmegsmsg cmge dgjmem jkjpueymg kckjke

 ‖ kckjke lkrupm egcmg# bkpkrfmymme# dme msujsg% Imft`r ‖ imft`r ymeh jkjketubme ludmym

`rhmegsmsg mdmcmn ge`vmsg dme pkehmjlgcme rksgb`# pkrnmtgme tkrnmdmp dktmgc# `rgketmsg nmsgc#

`rgketmsg `rmeh# `rgketmsg tgj# bkmhrksgime# dme bkjmetmpme% Dmcmj ludmym `rhmegsmsg tkrdmpmt

 lklkrmpm gstgcmn ymgtu

m% Ludmym d`jgmeme

Jkehuehbmpbme egcmg ‖ egcmg getg ymeh dgmeut lkrsmjm `ckn jmy`rgtms mehh`tm

`rhmegsmsg tkrsklut%

 l% Vul ludmym

Ludmym bkfgc dgdmcmj `rhmegsmsg ymeh dgdkigegsgbme jkeurut pkrmefmehme dkpmrtkjke

dme pkjgsmnme hk`hrmigs%

f% Egcmg getg

 Egcmg p`b`b mtmu egcmg d`jgeme ymeh dgtkrgjm `ckn skcurun `rmeh dmcmj `rhmegsmsg%

J`tgvmsg jkrupmbme pr`sks ymeh lkrpkrme pmdm getkesgtms# mrmn# dme cmjmeym

 lkrcmehsueh upmym gedgvgdu bkm rmn pkefmpmgme smsmrme% Tkrdmpmt < tk`rg j`gvmsg# ymgtu ?

m%Tk`rg GVG

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Jkeokcmsbme tketmeh pr`igc bklutunme ymeh dgjgcgbg `ckn sksk`rmeh ymeh jkedmsmrg

 pkrgcmbubeym% Tkrdgrg dmrg ?

* Tk rg Ngkrmrbg Bklutunme

* Tk`rg K*\*H

* Tk rg Tghm J tgi V`sgmc

* Tk`rg Dum Imbt`r 

 l% Tk`rg Q\@VKV

Jkeokcmsbme pr`sks juefuceym nmsrmt sksk`rmeh uetub jkemjpgcbme tgehbmn cmbu

tkrtketu% Tkrdgrg dmrg ?

* Tk`rg Kqugty

* Tk`rg Kbspkbtmsg

* Tk rg Qkektmpme Vmsmrme

Tk`rg Qkektmpme Vmsmrme lkrpkedmpmt lmnwm bkgehgeme ymeh mdm dmcmj lmtge uetub jkefmpmg

tuoume jkrupmbme sujlkr utmjm j`tgvmsg bkrom% Mtrglut ‖ mtrglut ymeh mbme jkeketubme

bgekrom dme bkpumsme ymeh dgsklut dkehme h`mc skttgeh mttrglutks# ymgtu ?

=% Vpksgigbmsg smsmrme

Qkekhmsme skfmrm bnusus dme okcms jkehkemg smsmrme ymeh mbme dgrmgn%

<% Qkegcmgme tkrnmdmp sucgt tgdmbeym dmcmj jkefmpmg smsmrme

6% Vktuou dgtkrgjm mtmu tgdmbeym jkrmgn smsmrme

4% B`jgtjke dgrgeym uetub jkefmpmg smsmrme mbme jkeketubme dkrmomt bklkrnmsgcme

dmcmj jkefmpmg tuoume

Bkpkjgjpgeme jkrupmbme bkjmjpume uetub jkjpkehmrung bkc jp`b jkeuou

 pkefmpmgme smsmrme% Mdm 4 tk`rg ymeh jkedmsmrg bkpkjgjpgeme# ymgtu ?

=% Tk`rg sgimt

Bmrmbtkr ymeh dglmwm skomb cmngr ymeh sucgt lmnbme tgdmb lgms dgrulmn% Nmc geg jkcgputg

getkckhkesg#kj`sg# bkprglmdgme# bmrmbtkrgstgb igsgb# dme bkjmjpume mtmu lmbmt%

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<% Tk rg pkrgcmbu

Qkrgcmbu dmrg pkjgjpge mbme dgf`et n `ckn lmwmnmeeym% Mpmlgcm pkjgjpgeeym

 lkrpkrgcmbu lmgb jmbm lmwmnmeeym pue mbme lkrpkrgcmbu lmgb# lkhgtu pucm sklmcgbeym%

6% Tk`rg bkjuehbgeme

Dgpkehmrung `ckn mdmeym cgehbuehme dme sgtumsg dgjmem dgdmcmjeym tkrdmpmt

 pkjgjpge ymeh jkjlkrgmbe cmtgnme%

4% Tk`rg bmrgsjmtgb 

Bkbumtme ymeh tgdmb dmpmt dgokcmsbme skfmrm c`hgbm% Geg lkrmtk lmnwm b`jlgemsg metmrm

 pks`em dme dmym tmrgb pkrs`emc mbme jkjlkrgbme b`etrglusg ymeh cumr lgmsm uetub 

jkedmpmtbme lmeymb `rmeh uetub jkwuoudbme jgsg dme vgsgeym%

LML GY

MEMCGVGV DME QKEWKCKVMGME JMVMCMN

L[DMWM @\HMEGVMVG

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B`edgsg kbsgstgeh Jmsymrmbmt Ouremcgstgb dgtgeomu dmrg tuoun bmrmbtkrgstgb prgjkr „Ludmym

@rhmegsmsg‗ ?

=%Gee`vmtg`e med rgsb tmbgeh. Ge`vmsg ) Qkehmjlgcme \gsgb`'

m% Jmsour mehh`tm burmeh jkedmpmt d`r`ehme uetub lkrge`vmsg dme jkehmjlgc rksgb`

geg tkrlubtg dmrg

 l% Lmeymb mehh`tm ymeh tgdmb jkjgcgbg gdk ‖ gdk%

f% Bkrom smjm ymeh dgcmbubme tgdmb rutge# tkrhmetueh mdm kvket mtmu tgdmb dme `rhmegsmsg

cmge ymeh jkehmomb% F`et`neym pkrpus# pkrpus lgsm jgetm bkrom smjm dkehme Jmsour 

mtmu Jmsour ymeh jkehmoubme bkrom smjm% Dmcmj nmc geg pkrpus sklmhmg pkj`dmc%

d% Jmsour tkrbkedmcm pmdm dmem bmrkem jmsour nmeym jkehmedmcbme dmem skedgrg#

 pmdmnmc jmsour skedgrg burmeh lkrge`vmsg uetub jkedmpmtbme dmem ymeh dghuembme

uetub jkeueomeh omcmeeym pr`bkr# jgsmc dmcmj jkekrlgtbme luccktge p`dguj%

<% Mttketg`e t` dktmgc .Qkrnmtge pmdm nmc ymeh dktmgc'

Qmdm smmt Bmdkrgsmsg Jmsour jkehmdmbme pkcmtgnme dkehme jkjlkrgbme > jmtkrg tketmeh

 ouremcgstgb nmc geg jkjpkrcgnmtbme lmnwm Jmsour gehge jkeomcmebme pr`bkreym dkehme

 pkrnmtgme pmdm nmc ymeh dktmgc%

6% @utf`jk `rgketmtg`e

Jmsour tkrcmcu lkr`rgketmsg pmdm nmsgc dmrgpmdm tkbegb dme pr`sks ymeh dghuembme uetub 

jkefmpmg nmsgc#f`et`n tkrcmjlmteym dmcmj jkekrlgtbme luccktge p`dguj%

4% Qk`pck `rgketmtg`e

Bktum Jmsour dmcmj jkjlumt bkputusme tgdmb jkjpkrducgbme cmhg pmdm mehh`tmeym bmrkemsglub dkehme bkrommeeym skedgrg%

;% Tkmj `rgketmtg`e.Tkmj @rgketmtg`e'

Jmsour jkjlmhg mehh`tm*mehh`tmeym bk dmcmj dgvgsg*dgvgsg#nmc geg tkrcgnmt pmdm strubtur 

`rhmegsmsg tktmpg nmc geg nmeym i`rjmcgtms smom# dme pmdm bkeymtmmeym nmc geg tgdmb lkromcme

sklmhmgjmem jkstgeym%

9%Mhhrksgvkekss

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@rmeh* `rmeh Jmsour burmeh lkhgtu mhrksgi dme b`jpktgtgi dmcmj jkeomcmebme pr`bkr# nmc geg

burmeheym mrmnme dmrg Bktum jmsour%

8%Vtmlgcgty

Jmsour dmcmj pkromcmemeeym burmeh kbsgs sklmhmg @rhmegsmsg ouremcgstgb nmc geg tkrcgnmt tgdmb 

rutgeeym dmcmj jkekrlgtbme luccktge Q`dguj ymeh sknmruseym tkrlgt < lucme skbmcg%

Qkeyklmleym burmeh dmem# lklkrmpm mehh`tm jmsour ymeh tgdmb mbtgi dmcmj `rhmegsms#dme

burmeheym gdk%

VT\[BT[\ @\HMEGVMVG

[etub jkeketubme strubtur `rhmegsmsg tkrdmpmt 9 uesur ymeh nmrus dgpkrnmtgbme ymgtu ?

=% Vpksgmcgsmsg bkrom

Jkjgcgbg jmbem skcurun pkbkromme dgpkfmn*pkfmn jkeomdg skoujcmn cmehbmn#

dgjmem sktgmp cmehbmn dgskcksmgbme `ckn gedgvgdu ymeh lkrcmgeme mtmu gedgvgdu nmeym

jkehkrombme lmhgme dmrg sumtu bkhgmtme tkrtketu%

Dgdmcmj Jmsour # spksgmcgsmsg bkrom lkcuj tkrstrubtur bmrkem sktgmp gedgvgdu lkcuj

i`bus dmcmj lgdmeheym jmsgeh*jmsgeh% Nmc geg tmjpmb dmrg skjum pkbkromme ymeh mdm

dg Jmsour dmpmt dgbkrombme `ckn skcurun gedgvgdu ymeh tkrhmlueh dg Jmsour skngehhm

nmc geg lkrdmjpmb rmsm tmehhuehomwml ymeh rkedmn dmrg pmrm mehh`tm mtmupue

 pkehurus Jmsour%

Qmdm dmsmreym spksgmcgsmsg bkrom nmrus mdm pmdm sumtu `rhmegsmsg tkrjmsub Jmsour 

bmrkem dkehme mdmeym nmc tkrsklut dmpmt jkegehbmtbme rmsm tmehhueh omwml gedgvgdu

skrtm bkokcmsme jkehkemg tuhms jmsgeh*jmsgeh gedgvgdu # skngehhm jkehgehmt pketgeheym nmc gtu dgpkrcubme spksgmcgsmsg bkrom uetub Jmsour mhmr tkrfgptm bgekrom ymeh

cklgn lmgb%

<% Dkpmrtkjketmcgsmsg

Mdmcmn pkehkc`jp`bme pkbkromme mtmu tuhms sksumg dkehme iuehsg ymeh dgomcmebme

skngehhm tkrfgptmeym kigsgkesg dkehme jkehujpucbme spksgmcgs ymeh smjm dme

jkegehbmtbme tmehhueh omwml mtms bgekrom pr`bkr . Qr`hrmj bkrom ' ymeh dgomcmebme%

Dkpmrtkjketmcgsmsg tkcmn mdm dmcmj `rhmegsmsg Jmsour# tkrcgnmt dmrg mdmeym pkjlmhgme

dgvgsg*dgvgsg# smymeheym dgvgsg*dgvgsg tkrsklut tgdmb lkriuehsg dkehme lmgb% Vkngehhm

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 lkrburmeheym tmehhuehomwml dmrg jmsgeh*jmsgeh dgvgsg ymeh jkehmbglmtbme

jkeurueeym bgekrom%

[etub tkrfmpmgeym `rhmegsmsg ymeh cklgn lmgb dgpkrcubme dkpmrtkjketmcgsmsg ymeh

 okcms dme lkriuehsg dkehme lmgb dg Jmsour%

6% \metmg B`jmed`

Jkrupmbme hmrgs wkwkemeh ymeh tkrketmeh dmrg puefmb `rhmegsmsg smjpmg bk

kskc`e tkrlmwmn# dghuembme uetub jkjpkrokcms# sgmpm jkcmp`r bkpmdm sgmpm%

Qmdm b`edgsg kbsgstgeh ymeh mdm dg Jmsour# wkwkemeh tkrcktmb dg bktum Jmsour%

Vkngehhm sktgmp pkrtmehhuehomwmlme jkehkemg pr`bkr mtmupue bkhgmtme cmgeeym nmrus

jkcmp`r bk bktum% Dkehme mdmeym nmc tkrsklut hkrmbme Jmsour jkeomdg cklgn

tkrstrubtur bmrkem pkrtmehhuehomwmlmeeym okcms% [etub usucme skcmeouteym rmetmg

b`jmed` dkehme puefmb wkwkemeh pmdm bktum tktmp dgpkrtmnmebme skcmge gtu

wkwkemeh ouhm sklmgbeym dglkrgbme bkpmdm f``rdgemt r dgvgsg uetub cklgn

jkestrubturbme cmhg bgekrom Jmsour%

4% \ketmeh Bkedmcg

\ketmeh bkedmcg jkjlmnms oujcmn lmwmnme ymeh dmpmt dgmtur bktum skfmrm kikbtgi 

dme kigsgke% \ketmeh bkedmcg ymeh mdm pmdm Jmsour cklmr# nmc geg jkjlumt

 lkrburmeheym bkkikbtgime bgekrom mehh`tm bmrkem bktum tgdmb cmhg jkjpueymg fubup

wmbtu uetub jkehurusg `rhmegsmsg dme jkjlkrgbme dubuehme ymeh dgpkrcubme

mehh`tm%

;% Dksketrmcgsmsg

Jkrupmbme tgehbmt dgjmem pkehmjlgcme bkputusme tgdmb tkrpusmt bkpmdm smtu

 pgnmb smom% Jkehgehmt Jmsour jkrupmbme wmdmn pkemjpueh dme pkeymcur mspgrmsg

jmnmsgswm jkeyklmlbme b`edgsg smmt geg ymeh mdm pmdm Jmsour mdmcmn sktgmp

mehh`tmeym dmpmt jkehmjlgc bkputusme uetub `rhmegsmsg tkrsklut# skngehhm tgedmbme

ymeh dgmjlgc cklgn fkpmt uetub jkehnmdmpg jmsmcmn% Nmc geg pkrcu dgpkrtmnmebme mhmr 

 pkehmjlgcme bkputusme dmcmj Jmsour tgdmb tkrcmcu cmjm%

9% I`rjmcgsmsg

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Mdmcmn tgehbmt dgjmem pkbkromme dmcmj `rhmegsmsg gtu dglmbubme% Bkmdmme ymeh

mdm pmdm `rhmegsmsg Jmsour skbmrmeh geg jkjgcgbg tgehbmt i`rjmcgsmsg rkedmn skngehhm

 lmeymb bkhgmtme ymeh tgdmb tkrpr`hrmj dkehme lmgb% Vkcmge gtu mehh`tm jkjpueymg

 lmeymb bklklmsme uetub jkeomcmebme bkckcumsmme dmcmj bkrom# skngehhm

jkegjlucbme bklgehuehme dmrg pgnmb mehh`tm jkehkemg mpm ymeh nmrus dgm bkrombme#

bmpme nmrus dgbkrombme# dme lmhmgjmem sknmruseym gm jkehkrombmeeym%

I`rjmcgsmsg ymeh rkedmn geg lkrmbglmt pmdm pr`hrmj bkrom dg Jmsour tgdmb dmpmt

tkrkmcgsmsg dkehme lmgb dme mehh`tm bklgehuehme dkehme mpm ymeh nmrus jkrkbm

bkrombme% @ckn bmrkem gtu i`rjmcgsmsg dg Jmsour nmrus cklgn dgtgehbmtbme cmhg mhmr 

 pr`hrmj bkrom dmpmt tkrkmcgsmsg dkehme lmgb%

J@TGYMVG

J`tgvmsg dmcmj @rhmegsmsg Jmsymrmbmt Ouremcgstgb .Jmsour' jmsgn burmeh# lmgb dmrg

bktum ymeh burmeh jkj tgvmsg mehh`tmeym jmupue mehh`tmeym ymeh burmeh jkj tgvmsg

dgrgeym skedgrg% J`tgvmsg dmcmj Jmsour jmsgn burmeh bmrkem bktum tgdmb jked`r`eh

mehh`tmeym uetub fkpmt jkeykcksmgbme pr`bkr mtmu tuhmseym% Tgpk mehh`tm Jmsur mdmcmn

tgdmb jmu jkehkrombme tuhms bmcmu tgdmb dgd`r`eh `ckn bktum% Bktum burmeh jkcumehbme

wmbtu uetub jkjlkrgbme j`tgvmsg bkpmdm mehh`tmeym uetub cklgn pr`dubtgi% Emjue mehh`tm

tgdmb jkjgcgbg bksmdmrme uetub pr`dubtgi# mehh`tm nmeym mbme pr`dubtgi ogbm dgj`tgvmsg `ckn

bktum% Nmc geg jkeyklmlbme pr`bkr ‖ pr`bkr ymeh tkcmn dgrkefmembme tgdmb tkfmpmg /

tkrcmbsmem% F`et`neym dmcmj pkjlumtme Q@DG[J% Q`dguj dgrkefmembme skcksmg dmcmj

wmbtu < lucme% Emjue pmdm bkeymtmmeeym wmbtu pkeykcksmgmeeym cklgn dmrg < lucme% Dmcmj

 pkjlumtme Q@DG[J tkrsklut bktum tgdmb jkemeymbme pr`hrkss rkp`rt dmrg tuhms ymeh

dglklmebme bkpmdm mehh`tm% Vksumg dkehme tgpk mehh`tm ymeh sudmn dgokcmsbme dg mtms jmbm

skfmrm `t`jmtgs tuhms ymeh dglklmebme pmdm mehh`tm tgdmb tkrskcksmgbme dme pmdm mbngreym

hmhc tkrcmbsmem skngehhm tuoume tgdmb tkrfmpmg%

Lkrdmsmrbme dmtm ymeh mdm# j`tgvmsg jkrupmbme smcmn smtu imbt`r ymeh jkjpkehmrung

 pr`dubtgvgtms mehh`tm dme bktum% Dmrg imbtm ymeh cmge dg dmpmtbme lmnwm pmdm dmsmreym

mehh`tm tgdmb jkehktmnug tuoume ymeh gehge dgfmpmg% Qmdm nmbkbmtmey bktum ymeh pmcgeh

jkehkrtg tuoume ymeh mbme dgfmpmg emjue bktum burmeh jkehb`juegbmsgbme tuoume tkrsklut

bkpmdm mehh`tm bmrkem bktum sglub dkehme bkpketgehmeeym skedgrg ymeh tkrlubtg dmrg

bktgdmbnmdgrme bktum dmcmj i`ruj ymeh dgmdmbme `ckn Jmsour% Nmc geg tkrlubtg dmrg

 pkehmbume mehh`tm lmnwm sktgmp mehh`tm tgdmb jkehktmnug mpm ymeh mbme dgbkrombme

skcmeouteym .tgdmb jkehktmnug tuoume dmrg sktgmp pr`bkr'

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Dkehme b`edgsg kbsgstgeh skpkrtg gtu# jmbm tk`rg ymeh f`f`b mdmcmn ?

Tk`rg Qkektmpme Vmsmrme%

Tk`rg tkrsklut lkrpkedmpmt lmnwm bkgehgeme .getketg`e' ymeh mdm dmcmj lmtge uetub 

jkefmpmg tuoume .h`mc' jkrupmbme sujlkr utmjm j`tgvmsg bkrom% Wmeh dgtketubme `ckn h`mc

skttgeh mttrglutks # ymgtu ?

=% Vpksgigbmsg smsmrme

Qkekhmsme skfmrm bnusus dme okcms jkehkemg smsmrme ymeh mbme dgrmgn% Tuoume

ymeh spksgigb jkjpkrcgnmtbme tgehbmt nmsgc ymeh cklgn tgehhg dmrg pmdm tuoume

ujuj% Bmrkem bkbnususme dmrg tuoume gtu skedgrg lkrtgedmb sklmhmg stgjucus

getkremc%

<% Qkegcmgme tkrnmdmp sucgt tgdmbeym dmcmj jkefmpmg smsmrme%

Vkjmbge sucgt tuoume jmbm skjmbge tgehhg tgehbmt bgekrom% Vkjmbge tuoume jmbm

skjmbge lksmr bkjuehbgeme uetub dgtkrgjm dme dgskcksmgbme% Tktmpg sktkcmn tuhms

ymeh sucgt dgtkrgjm mehh`tm dgnmrmpbme dmpmt jkehkcumrbme tgehbmt usmnm ymeh

tgehhg uetub lkrusmnm jkefmpmgeym%

6% Vktuou dgtkrgjm mtmu tgdmbeym .dmcmj lmtge' jkrmgn smsmrme%

Nmc geg dgjmbsudbme tgehbmt pkekrgjmme dmcmj lmtge gedgvgdu tkrnmdmp smsmrme

ymeh mbme dgfmpmg sktkcmn dggei`rjmsgbme `ckn bktum%

4% B`jgtjke dgrgeym uetub jkefmpmg smsmrme mbme jkeketubme dkrmomt bklkrnmsgcme

dmcmj jkefmpmg tuoume%

Jkehgsymrmtbme lmnwm sk`rmeh gedgvgdu lkrb`jgtjke pmdm tuoume tkrsklut# ymeh

 lkrmrtg sk`rmeh gedgvgdu jkjutusbme uetub tgdmb jkrkedmnbme mtmu jkehmlmgbme

tuoume tkrsklut% Geg lkrmrtg lmnwm sk`rmeh gedgvgdu ymbge lgsm jkefmpmg tuoumetkroume tkrsklut dme gehge jkefmpmgeym%

BKQKJGJQGEME

Lkrdmsmrbme wmwmefmrm dkehme bktum Jmsour dgdmpmtbme bksgjpucme lmnwm?

–Bktum jkjlkrgbme bklklmsme pkeun bkpmdm Mehh`tmeym uetub jkcmbsmembme

 pr`bkr# tgdmb dglmtmsg%‚nmc geg dmpmt jkeyklmlbme dkmdcgek ymeh sudmn dgtktmpbme

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tgdmb tkrfmpmg% Dgsgeg tgdmb mdm f`etr`c dmrg bktum skngehhm jkeyklmlbme mehh`tmeym

tgdmb pr`dubtgi%‚

Lkrdmsmrbme wmwmefmrm dkehme mehh`tm Jmsour dgdmpmtbme bksgjpucme lmnwm?

=% Dmnucu# sklkcuj smeh bktum dgsglubbme dkehme lkrlmhmg mbtgvgtms prglmdgeym smeh

bktum cklgn skrgeh jkehurus Jmsour dme lmeymb jkcumehbme wmbtueym uetub Jmsour 

<% Bktum omrmeh jkcumehbme wmbtu uetub Jmsour# nmc geg dgbmrkembme mbngr*mbngr geg

smeh bktum skdmeh dgsglubbme dkehme lkrlmhmg bkhgmtme prglmdgeym .bkhgmtme sklmhmg

mssgstke cml`rmt`rguj sgsb`j# dme skdmeh dmcmj pr`sks pkehkromme Tuhms Mbngr '

6% Bmrkem bksglubmeeym gtu pucm# smeh bktum fkedkrueh jkjlgmrbme mehh`tmeym lkbkrom

skedgrg dme Tgdmb jkeh`etr c mpm ymeh dgcmbubme `ckn mehh tmeym%nmc geg smjpmg

jkehmbglmtbme Jmsour pkremn jmtg surg skcmjm 9 lucme%

4% Vgimt mtmu wmtmb bktum ymeh dgrmsmbme `ckn mehh`tm Jmsour metmrm cmge2

msygb#rmjk#lmgb#pkbm tkrnmdmp jmsmcmn*jmsmcmn s`sgmc#subm jkehmomb mehh tmeym

uetub jkehkjubmbme pkedmpmt#tgdmb subm ogbm mehh`tmeym nmeym dgmj smom smmt

dgsbusg#pmdm smmt rmpmt dgm lkrtgedmb sklmhmg imsgcgtmt`r% Mehh`tm ouhm jkcgnmt lmnwm

bktum smehmt lkrpkehmrun tkrnmdmp jmsour sklmhmg pkehhkrmb mehh`tm jmsour bmrkem

 pmdm dmsmreym jkeurut dgm tgpgfmc mehh`tm jmsour mdmcmn lkrhkrmb ogbm dghkrmbbme%

TK@\G QK\GCMB[ bkpkjgjpgeme . tk`rg*tk`rg ymeh jkehkjubmbme lmnwm pkrgcmbu

spksgigb jkjlkdmbme pkjgjpge dmrg lubme pkjgjpge'

Vtudg @NG@ ? D[M IMBT@\ BKQKJGJQGEME .gegtgmtgeh strufturk ) f`esgdkrmtg`e'

gegtgmtgeh strufturk #  lkrbmgtme dkehme pkbkromme# tuhms*tuhms# pkrkefmemme# dme

 pkeh`rhmegsmsgme# ymgtu skomun jmem sk`rmeh pkjgjpge lkrpkcumeh uetub 

jkedkigegsgbme dme jkestrubturbme pkrme jkrkbm dme pkrme lmwmnme# uetub 

jkefmpmg tuoume# dkehme fmrm?

m% Jkeuhmsg mehh`tm bkc`jp`b dkehme tuhms tkrtketu

 l% Jkehnmrmpbme pmrm pkbkrom jkjpkrtmnmebme stmedmr bgekrom ymeh

pmstg

f% Jkekbmebme dgpkeungeym tmrhkt*tmrhkt bkrom

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f`esgdkrmtg`e #  lkrbmgtme dkehme pkjkcgnmrmme nuluehme metmr pkbkrom # ymgtu skomun

jmem sk`rmeh pkjgjpge lkrpkcumeh jkjgcgbg nuluehme pkbkromme ymeh dgtmedmg

smcgeh pkrfmym# jkehnmrhmg hmhmsme lmwmnme# dme jkjpkrnmtgbme pkrmsmme jkrkbm#

dkehme fmrm?

m% Jkjlmetu bmrymwme dmcmj jkeykcksmgbme jmsmcmn prglmdg

 l% \mjmn dme dmpmt dgnmjpgrg

f% Jkjpkrcmbubme skjum lmwmnme dkehme mdgc

QKEWKCKVMGME JMVMCMN

Dcgnmt dmrg tk`rg dme b`edgsg kbsgstgeh dme tk`rg ymeh dg mjlgc jkehkemg ckmdkrsngp dg mtms#

dmpmt dg memcgsgs ?

• Lmnwm Brgtkrgm pkjgjpge lkrdmsmrbme dum imbt`r bkpkjgjpgeme# ymgtu pkrtmjm

gegtgmtgeh strufturk# pkjgjpge jkjgcgbg pkcumeh uetub 

m% Jkeuhmsg mehh`tm bkc`jp`b dkehme tuhms tkrtketu

 l% Jkehnmrmpbme pmrm pkbkrom jkjpkrtmnmebme stmedmr bgekrom ymeh pmstg

f% Jkekbmebme dgpkeungeym tmrhkt*tmrhkt bkrom

• Jkeuhmsg mehh`tm bkc`jp`b dkehme tuhms tkrtketu

Dmcmj bmsus bkpkjgjpgeme dg Jmsour geg# pkjgjpge tgdmb jkeomcmebme mtmu

jkjmeimmtbme pkcumeheym bkpmdm lmwmnmeeym% Vkngehhm bkrom `rhmegsmsg dmcmj

jkefmpmg tuoume tgdmb `ptgjmc# lmnbme tmb tmnu mrmn% Nmc geg lgsm dgbktmnug dmrg b`edgsg

kbsgstgeh ymeh dgpkr`ckn dmrg nmsgc wmwmefmrm pmdm bktum mtmu mehh`tm%

Dmcmj nmc jkeuhmsg mehh`tm dkehme tuhms tkrtketu# bktum tgdmb jkjlkrgbme tuhms

tkrtketu mtmu bnusus bkpmdm mehh`tm mtmu bkc`jp`b# tuhms mtmu pkbkromme ymeh dgcmbubme

dmcmj bkc`jp`b mdmcmn tkrskrmn pmdm bkc`jp`b lkrdmsmrbme bkskpmbmtme bkc`jp`b#

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dgsgeg bktum fkedkrueh jkjlgmrbme mtmu jkjlklmsbme mehh tmeym uetub jkeketubme

dme jkcmbsmembme mhkedm%

Qmdm dmsmreym pkeketume bkhgmtme mtmu pr`hrmj skfmrm bkskpmbmtme skpkrtg

dgsklutbme dg mtms mdmcmn lmgb# mbme tktmpg sgbmp bktum mtmu hmym bkpkjgjpgeme bktum

ymeh fkedkrueh tgdmb jkehmrmnbme mehh`tmeym mbme jkeyklmlbme `rhmegsmsg tmepm

b`etr`c mtmu mrmn% Dmcmj nmc geg sklmgbeym bktum tktmp jkjmgebme pkrmeeym dmcmj

jkehmwmsg dme jkehmrmnbme mehh`tmeym skngehhm bkhgmtme mtmu tuhms ymeh tkcmn

dgskpmbmtg lkrsmjm dmpmt tkrcmbsmem dkehme lmgb%

• Jkehnmrmpbme pmrm pkbkrom jkjpkrtmnmebme stmedmr bgekrom ymeh pmstg dme

Jkekbmebme dgpkeungeym tmrhkt*tmrhkt bkrom

Q`ge geg lkrbmgtme dkehme pkeokcmsme sklkcujeym# dkehme sgbmp bktum ymeh

fkedkrueh jkjlgmrbme mtmu jkjlklmsbme mehh`tmeym# smjm mrtgeym dkehme bktum tgdmb 

jkehnmrmpbme pmrm mehh`tmeym jkjpkrtmnmebme stmedmr bgekrom ymeh pmstg dme

Jkekbmebme dgpkeungeym tmrhkt*tmrhkt bkrom%

Vmjm skpkrtg smrme sklkcujeym sklmgbeym bktum cklgn jkjmgebme pkrmeeym dmcmj

jkehmwmsg# jkehmrmnbme dme jkj tgvmsg mehh tmeym uetub jkjpkrtmnmebme stmedmr 

bgekrom dme jkekbmebme dgpkeungeym tmrhkt*tmrhkt bkrom% skngehhm bkhgmtme mtmu tuhms

dmpmt tkrcmbsmem dkehme lmgb dme tmrhkt dmpmt tkrpkeung% Mbme tktmpg pkrme ymeh dgjmbsud

dmcmj nmc geg lubme lkrmrtg bktum lkrsgbmp `t`rgtkr dme bkrms pmdm mehh`tmeym# pkrme ymeh

dgjmbsud dgsgeg mdmcmn cklgn lmhmgjmem bktum lkrsgbmp cklgn tkhms dme lkrvgsg bkdkpme

dkehme jkrmehbuc skjum mehh`tmeym% Bmrkem sgbmp bkrms dme `t`rgtkr pmdm `rhmegsmsg

burmeh dgsubmg mehh`tm `rhmegsmsg dme dmcmj nmc Jmsour tgdmb sksumg dgtkrmpbme dme ogbm

dgtkrmpbme jmcmn mbme jkegjlucbme bktgdmbb`edusgime `rhmegsmsg

• Qmdm b`edgsg bkdum# f`esgdkrmtg`e# pkjgjpge jkjpueymg pkcumeh uetub jkjkcgnmrm

nuluehme bkrom dkehme pmrm lmwmnme# tkrjmsub ?

m% Jkjlmetu bmrymwme dmcmj jkeykcksmgbme jmsmcmn prglmdg

 l% \mjmn dme dmpmt dgnmjpgrg

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f% Jkjpkrcmbubme skjum lmwmnme dkehme mdgc

Lkrdmsmrbme wmwmefmrm mtmu pkehujpucme dmtm dgdmpmtbme lmnwm bktum bmrkem

bksglubbme prglmdgeym omrmeh mtmu nmjpgr tgdmb pkremn jkcumehbme wmbtueym uetub 

jkehurus Jmsour% Vkngehhm Bktum tgdmb jkjmeimmtbme pkcumeheym uetub jkjkcgnmrm

nuluehme bkrom mhmr bgekrom mtmupue sumsmem `rhmegsmsg cklgn lmgb# dme jkegehbmtbme

j`tgvmsg dmcmj jkefmpmg tuoume `rhmegsmsg%

Dmcmj nmc geg sklmgbeym bktum cklgn lgsm jkjlmhg wmbtueym# bmrkem pmdm

dmsmreym omlmtme bktum mdmcmn tmehhueh omwmleym# sklmhmg b`eskbukesgeym

 lmhmgjmempue bksglubbme prglmdg bktum dgm ouhm tgdmb l`ckn jkjlgmrbme mtmu

jke`jkrdumbme `rhmegsmsg dme ogbm pkjgjpge jkrmsm tgdmb smehhup cmhg jkjgjpge

`rhmegsmsg sklmgbeym dgm jkehuedurbme dgrg sklmhmg bktum%

Dmcmj nmc –rmjmn dme dmpmt dgnmjpgrg dme jkjpkrcmbubme skjum lmwmnme

dkehme mdgc – bktum sudmn jkjgcgbg gbmp skpkrtg gtu# nmc geg dgdmpmtbme dmrg nmsgc

wmwmefmrm dkehme mehh`tm*mehh`tmeym% Vklmgbeym sgbmp skpkrtg geg tktmp dgpkrtmnmebme#

bmrkem sgbmp geg mbme jkjlmwm pmdm `rmhmegsmsg ymeh s`cgd dme nmrj`egs# skngehhm

emetgeym dmpmt tkrfmpmg tuoume*tuoume dme tmrhkt `rhmegsmsg tkrsklut%

Lkrdmsmrbme memcgsgs pkrlmedgehme b`edgsg kbsgstgeh dme tk`rg dg mtms# lgsm

dgmjlgc bksgjpucme lmnwm bktgdmb `ptgjmcme bgekrom Jmsour dgmbglmtbme s`s`b 

 pkjgjpge tgdmb jkjkeung dum imbt`r bkpkjgjpgeme geg%

LML Y

QKE[T[Q

Bksgjpucme

Lkrdmsmrbme pkehmjmtme ymeh tkcmn dgcmbubme skcmjm geg tkrnmdmp `rhmegsmsgjmsymrmbmt ouremcgstgb . Jmsour '# bmjg jkcgnmt lmnwm tkrdmpmt lklkrmpm jmsmcmn*jmsmcmn

dmcmj `rhmegsmsg tkrsklut ymgtu tgdmb lkromcmeeym pr`bkr ymeh tkcmn dgtktmpbme sklkcujeym#

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 lmeymb mehh`tm ymeh tgdmb mbtgi# bktum Jmsour ymeh burmeh jkjlkrgbme pkrnmtgme# dme

sklmhmgeym% Jmsmcmn*jmsmcmn tkrsklut jkjlumt Jmsour jkeomdg burmeh pr`dubtgi % Dmrg

skjum jmsmcmn ymeh mdm# bmjg jkef`lm jkehmemcgsgs jkehhuembme tk`rg ymeh mdm pmdm

 pkrgcmbu `rhmegsmsg ymgtu dmrg skhg strubtur `rhmegsmsg # ludmym `rhmegsmsg# j`tgvmsg# dme

bkpkjgjpgeme%

V`cusg ymeh dmpmt bmjg lkrgbme pmdm `rhmegsmsg Jmsour dgbkrufutbme pmdm jmsmcmn

bkpkjgjpgeme dkehme lkrdmsmrbme studg @NG@ tk`rg dum Imbt`r%Dmrg tk`rg tkrsklut# ymeh

nmrus dgcmbubme `ckn bktum mdmcmn jkjlkrgbme pkeuhmsme ymeh spksgigb bkpmdm pmrm mehh`tm

dme jkjlkgbme tmrhkt ymeh okcms uetub pr`hrmj bkrom ymeh tkcmn dgtktmpbme# skrtm

jkjlkrgbme pkrnmtgme bkpmdm mehh`tm%

Vmrme=% Vkhkrm cmbubme \k`rhmegsmsg Jmsour 

<% Bktum Jmsour nmrus jkjgcgbg tuoume ymeh okcms sksumg dkehme vgsg dme jgsg

ymeh tkcmn dgtktmpbme `ckn `rhmegsmsg%

6% Vmmt pkrkbrugtmsgme mehh`tm lmru# cklgn dgtkbmebme `rmeh* rmeh ymeh

jkjpueymg b`jgtjke tgehhg uetub Jmsour%

CMJQG\ME

Nmsgc Xmwmefmrm dkehme Bktum Jmsour ?

Q@TG6 ? Mpm vgsg dme jgsg dmrg Jmsour0

BmJmsour ? Ygsg

Jmsymrmbmt Ouremcgstgb .Jmsour' dmcmn wmdmn b`juegbmsg dme brkmtgvgtms

dmcmj cgehbup ouremcgstgb jmnmsgswm%

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Jgsg

Jmsymrmbmt Ouremcgstgb dmpmt jkeomdg wmnmem ‖ wmnmem lkrgbut ?

• Jkeomdg wmnmem pkeh`cmnme gei`rjmsg

• Jkeomdg wmnmem pkeyucunme kbsprksg jkcmcug kbspc`rmsg lkrpgbgr skfmrm

 lklms dme brkmtgi 

• Jkeomdg wmnmem rumeh pulcgb 

Q@TG6 ? Mpmbmn Jmsour jkjpueymg MD/M\T 0 Ogbm mdm t c`eh sklutbme 0

BmJmsour ? Jmsour jkjpueymg MD/M\T%

Q@TG6 ? Lkrmpm lmeymb mehh`tm Jmsour smmt geg 0

BmJmsour ? <1 rmeh

Q@TG6 ? Lkrmpm lmeymb mehh`tm Jmsour smmt geg 0

BmJmsour ? 61 rmeh

Q@TG6 ? Lmhmgjmem lketub strubtur rhmegsmsg Jmsour 0

BmJmsour ?

BKT[M

VKB\KTM\GV LKEDMNM\M

TKMJJKDGM

TKMJB@J[EGTMV

TKMJVDJ

TKMJIGEMEVGMC

TKMJN[JMV

XMBGC

BKT[M

Q@TG6 ? Vklutbme dgvgsg ‖ dgvgsg mpm smom ymeh tkrdmpmt dmcmj Jmsour lkskrtm

O`l Dksb jmsgeh ‖ jmsgeh dgvgsg0

BmJmsour ?

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 PJkdgmP ? Jkehb`eskp jmdgeh# p`dguj

 PVmstrmP ? Jkjlumt igcj

 PNujmsP ? Lkrtmehhueh omwml bkpmdm nuluehme kbstkremc Jmsour#

jkehurusg surmt Bkcumr%

 P\ ) DP ? Lktmehhueh omwml tkrnmdmp rgskt# lketubeym b`juegtms ymeh

tkrdgrg dmrg ?

& Igcj ? jkjlumt igcj

& Qugsg ? jkjlumt pugsg

 PBkumehmeP ? jkehkc`cm bkumehme ymeh lkrmsmc dmrg swmdmym mehh`tm

jmsour# jkehkc`cm pkehkcumrme rutge Jmsour ymgtu jmddgeh dme

 p`dguj

Q@TG6 ? Mpm smom pr`bkr ‖ pr`bkr Jmsour 0

BmJmsour ? * Lucktge dkehme dkmdcgek < lucme skbmcg dkehme emjm p`dguj

jge ;11 kbxkjpcmr skbmcg tkrlgt

* Jmdgeh dkehme dkmdcgek = lucme skbmcg

Q@TG6 ? Lmhmgjmem sgstkj bmdkrgsmsg dg Jmsour 0

BmJmsour ? " Qkrkbrutme mehh`tm sktgmp tmnue momrme lmru

" Cmjm wmbtu pkrkbrutme < lucme

" Jkt`dm ymeh dguembme mdmcmn pkcmtgnme dkehme > jmtkrg

" Mbngr bkmehh`tmme

ymgtu skckbsg mcmj# sgmpm ymeh lkrtmnme dgm tktmp jkeomdg mehh`tm

Dkehme mcmsme ? Bmrkem lmeymb tuhms dmrg mehh`tm

Tgdmb lmeymb gdk dmrg mehh`tm

Bktkrlmtmsme mehh`tm

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Mdmeym bktgdmb smdmrme

Q@TG6 ? Jkehmpm MD / M\T omrmeh dghuembme 0 Bmpme MD / M\T dghuembme 0

BmJmsour ? MD / M\T omrmeh dghuembme% Bmrkem bkedmcm bkmehh`tmme# ymgtu VDJ ymeh burmeh%

MD /M\T dghuembme dmcmj rkbrugtmsg mehh`tm# pkektmpme mehh`tm

Q@TG6 ? Mpmbmn Jmsour jkehmdmbme pkrtkjume rutge 0

BmJmsour ? Wm%

Jkehmdmbme pkrtkjume skjgehhu skbmcg tgmp nmrg \mlu ymeh

jkehnmdgrg `rmeheym tktmp gtu * gtu smom# tgdmb mdm pkrulmnme ymeh

dglmnms nmeym jmsmcmn * jmsmcmn ymeh skdmeh tkromdg dg bmjpus

.tkrjmsub h`sgp '% Dgsbusg uetub jkefmrg gdk dkehme jkehmdmbme

rkirksgeh% Bmrkem VDJ ymeh burmeh# mehh`tm nmeym jkeymcurbme n`ly

dme tgdmb i`fus tkrnmdmp `rhmegsmsg

Q@TG6 ? Mpm yeh jkeyklmlbme strubtur `rhmegsmsg jmsour ickbsglkc 0

BmJmsour ? Qkeyklml strubtur `rhmegsmsg jmsour ickbsglkc mdmcmn VDJ yeh burmeh

skngehhm jkjuehbgebme mehh`tm pgedmn bkdgvgsg cmge

Q@TG6 ? Mpm lubtg dmrg pkreymtmme lmnwm bktum tgdmb jkeh`etr`c mehh`tmeym

skngehhm tgdmb pr`dubtgi 0

BmJmsour ? B  ktum jkjlkrgbme bklklmsme pkeun bkpmdm pkehuruseym uetub 

jkcmbsmembme pr`bkr# tgdmb dglmtmsg# skngehhm dkmdcgek ymeh sudmn

dgtktmpbme tgdmb tkrfmpmg% Dgsgeg tgdmb mdm f`etr`c dmrg bktum skngehhm

jkeyklmlbme mehh`tmeym tgdm pr`dubtgi 

Q@TG6 ? Mpmbmn Jmsour pkremn jkcmbubme bkrom smjm dkehme pgnmb cmge 0

Vgmpm smom 0

BmJmsour ? Wm%

Bkromsmjm ymeh dgcmbubme ? Qkrpustmbmme : jkehmdmbme lkdmn lubu

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Cml`rmt`rguj : jkjlumt igcj

Bkrom smjm ymeh dgcmbubme tgdmb rutge# tkrhmetueh mdm kvket mtmu tgdmb dme

`rhmegsmsg cmge ymeh jkehmomb% F`et`neym pkrpus# pkrpus lgsm jgetm bkrom smjm

dkehme Jmsour mtmu Jmsour ymeh jkehmoubme bkrom smjm% Dmcmj nmc geg pkrpus

sklmhmg pkj`dmc

Q@TG6 ? Mpm jmbsud dmrg bkumehme lkrsgimt dkpkedket0

BmJmsour ? Bkumehme lkrsgimt dkpkedket : jkehhuembme umeh pkehurus skedgrg

tgdmb dmrg LKJ# bmrkem LKJ dgmehhmp jkefmjpurg dme jkehmtur gsg

dmcmj pkjlumtme lucktge# skrtm pkrmturme LKJ ymeh bktmt f`et`n ?

smmt pkjlumtme lucktge# ouduc dgtketubme LKJ# skngehhm JmsOur tgdmb 

 lkriuehsg tgdmb dmrg rkbt`rmt# bmrkem lgr`brmsg ymeh rglkt# nmrus

jkjlumt pr`p`smc dme cmp`rmeeym% Bkputusme geg dgmjlgc mtms dmsmr 

bkputusme skjum mehh`tm Jmsour% Bmrkem bmcmu jgetm bk rkbt`rmt Fujm

skdgbgt dme dgsurun jkehmomb [BJ cmge% \kbt`rmt gehge nmeym mdm =

tkrlgtme ymeh jkemjpueh skjum [BJ# skcmjm geg lklkrmpm [BJ

jkekrlgtbme luccktge skedgrg ‖ skedgrg% Dmjpmb ymeh dgtgjlucbme ymgtu

tkrnmjlmteym pr`bkr%

Q@TG6 ? Mpm s`cusg dmrg jmsmcmn bkumehme ymeh dgnmdmpg `ckn jmsour 0

BmJmsour ? V`cusg dmrg pkehurus Jmsour ? mdm = mehh`tm ymeh jkehnglmnbme umeh

uetub dmem pkcmbsmemme pr`bkr%

Q@TG6 ? Mpm fgrrg ‖ fgrrg dmrg mehh`tm jmsour 0

BmJmsour ? fgrg * fgrg mehh`tm JmsOur ? Gdkmcgs# Bkrms bkpmcm# Lkrogwm pkjlkr`etmb 

Brgtgs# Gehge jkeucgs mtmu gehge jkeh`lr`c# Lklms ymeh dgegcmg burmeh

kikbtgi% Bmrkem tgdmb skjum mehh`tm jkjpueymg gegsgmtgi% Fgrg

jmy`rgtmseym ymgtu subm jkeh`lr`c nmc ‖ nmc ymeh tgdmb pketgeh ymeh

mbngreym jkeomdg pketgeh%

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Fgrrg ‖fgrg tkrsklut tgdmb dgomdgbme dmsmr / mfume uetub rkbrugtmsg% Bmrkem

dmsmr dmrg pkrkbrutme mehh`tm Jmsour mdmcmn ? bkmbtgime# lkrogwm

bkpkjgjpgeme# skrtm sgimt ymeh lgsm jkrmehbuc skjum mehh`tm%

Q@TG6 ? Mpm ymeh jkeyklmlbme Jmsour burmeh kbsgs 0

BmJmsour ? jmsour burmeh kbsgs bmrkem jgemt jmnmsgswm burmeh tketmeh ouremcgstgb 

skrtm tkrbkedmcm dkehme dmem / lgmym% Bmrkem jkeurut mehh`tm Jmsour 

sktkcmn jmsub jkeomdg mehh`tm jkrkbm lkrmehhmpme Jmsour tkrbksme

tkrcmcu skrgus% Dg sgeg s`sgmcgsmsg dgcmbubme bktgbm pkekrgjmme jmnmsgswm

 lmru dme tgdmb mdm `pke n`usk%

Nmsgc Xmwmefmrm dkehme mehh`tm Jmsour ?

Q@TG6 ? Lmhmgjmem frgtkrgm pkjgjpge ymeh lmgb 0

Mehh`tm Jmsour? * Lkrtmehhuemh omwml lmgb uetub dgrg skedgrg mtmupue mehh`tm

* Mdgc

Q@TG6 ? Lmhmgjmem dkehme pkjgjpge Jmsour smmt geg 0

Mehh`tm Jmsour? * Dmnucu skrgeh jkehurus jmsour ngehhm tmnue <118

* Vkbmrmeh sudmn tgdmb cmhg jkehurusg jmsour bmrkem sglub dkehme dgrgeym skedgr 

ymgtu TM# dme Msgstke

Q@TG6 ? Lmhmgjmem bkcmehsuehme ngdup Jmsour dkehme bktum smmt geg 0

Mehh`tm Jmsour? Jmsour ouhm skjpmt jmtg surg skcmj 9 lucme bmrkem tgdmb mdm bktum%

Bktum nmeym sklmhmg syjl`c# tktmpg tgdmb lkbkrom%

Q@TG6 ? Mpmbmn bktum skbmrmeh sudmn f`f`b sklmhmg bktum 0

Mehh`tm Jmsour? Dmnucu f`f`b sklmhmg bktum dme jkjkeung brgtkrgm bktum ymeh lmgb%

Q@TG6 ? Lmhmgjmem sgimt ‖ sgimt bktum Jmsour skbmrmeh 0

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Mehh`tm Jmsour? Qkbm tkrnmdmp s`fgmc# rmjmg/msygb# subm jkehbrgtgb# lmgb# tgdmb subm

bmcmu mehh`tmeym tgdmb lgfmrm%

Q@TG6 ? Lmhmgjmem bktum pmdm smmt rmpmt 0

Mehh`tm Jmsour? Vmmt rmpmt nmeym sklmhmg imsgcgtmt`r# nmeym jkjlubm gdk# dme

ymeh jkeomcmebme skpkeuneym mehh`tm%

Q@TG6 ? Jkeurut Medm mpmbmn bktum lkrpkehmrun pmdm mehh`tmeym 0

Mehh`tm Jmsour? Vmehmt lkrpkehmrun# bktum ymeh jkehhkrmbbme mehh`tm# bmrkem

tgpgbmc mehh`tm ymeh nmrus dghkrmbbme%

MEHHM\ME DMVM\ JMVWM\MBMT O[\EMCGVTGB VTT TKCB@J

LML G

EMJM# XMBT[# DME BKD[D[BME

Qmsmc =

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@rhmegsmsg geg lkremjm Jmsymrmbmt Ouremcgstgb Vkb`cmn Tgehhg Tkbe`c`hg Tkcb`j# uetub 

skcmeouteym dgsgehbmt Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

Qmsmc <

Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dgdgrgbme dg Lmedueh tmehhmc ; Jkg =77; smjpmg dkehme wmbtu ymeh

tgdmb dgtktmpbme%

Qmsmc 6

Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j lkrbkdudubme dg BMjpus VTT Tkcb`j%

LML GG

BKDM[CMTME

Qmsmc 4Bkdmucmtme tkrtgehhg Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j mdm dgtmehme mehh`tm dme dgwuoudbme dmcmj

Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

LML GGG

MVMV

Qmsmc ;

Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j lkrdmsmrbme ?

;% Dkj`brmsg

9% Getkckbtumcgtms

8% Gedkpkedke

>% Trmespmrmesg

LMLG Y

T[O[ME DME I[EHVG

Qmsmc 9

Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j jkjpueymg tuoume uetub jkjlketub ludmym bmjpus ymeh dgemjgs%

Qmsmc 8

Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j jkjpueymg iuehsg ?

=% Xmnmem pkeh cmnme dme pkeymcurme gei rjmsg

<% Xmnmem pkeymcurme kbsprksg

6% Xmnmem pkeykdgm rumeh pulcgf

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LML Y

BKMEHH@TMME

Qmsmc >

Mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j mdmcmn mehh`tm ymeh dgmehbmt dme dgcmetgb `ckn Bktum Jmsour 

LML YG

J[VWMXM\MN MEHH@TM

Qmsmc 7

Jusymwmrmn mehh`tm dgcmbsmembme skbmcg pmdm sklkcuj bkpkehurusme tkrlketub%

Qmsmc =1Qkskrtm jusymwmrmn meh`tm mdmcmn mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

Qmsmc ==

Jusymwmrmn mehh`tm jkrujusbme dme jkehksmnbme MD/M\T# HLN@# dme jkehmehbmt

Bktum Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

LML YGG

QK\MEHBMT QKEHMJLGCME BKQ[T[VME

Qmsmc =<

Qkehmjlgcme bkputusme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dmpmt dgcmbubme jkcmcug sgdmeh mtmu rmpmt%

LML YGGG

JKBMEGVJK QKEHMJLGCME BKQ[T[VME

Qmsmc =6

Dmcmj skjum sgdmeh mtmu rmpmt ymeh dgcmbsmembme# bkputusme dgmjlgc lkrdmsmrbme

jusymwmrmn dme juimbmt%

Qmsmc =4

Lgcm jusymwmrmn juimbmt tgdmb tkrfmpmg# jmbm bkputusme dgmjlgc lkrdmsmrbme sumrm

tkrlmeymb%

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LML G^

BKCKEHBMQME @\HMEGVMVG

Qmsmc =;

Bkckehbmpme `rhmegsmsg Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j tkrdgrg dmrg ?

=% Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j

<% Mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j

6% MD/M\T

4% HLN@

LML ^

BK[MEHME

Qmsmc =9

Vujlkr ‖ sujlkr bkumehme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j mdmcmn ?

=% Gurme mehh`tm ymeh dglmymr tgmp lucme

<% Dmem bkjmnmsgswmme dme gestgtusg VTT Tkcb`j

6% Vujlkr ‖ sujlkr cmge ymeh nmcmc dme tgdmb jkehgbmt

Qmsmc =8

Qkehkc`cmme bkumehme dgcmbubme `ckn Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j uetub bkjmoume

`rhmegsmsg%

LML ^G

QKJL[LM\ME JMVO[\ VTT TKCB@J

Qmsmc =>

Nmc pkjlulmrme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dgtktmpbme dkehme bktktmpme dkehme bktktmpme sgdmeh

jusymwmrmn mehh`tm VTT Tkcb`j%

Qmsmc =7

Lmdme ymeh jkcmbsmembme bktketume tketmeh rkikrkeduj mdmcmn Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour 

VTT Tkcb`jsklmhmg pkjkhmeh bkdmucmtme Mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dkehme jkbmsegsjk

ymeh dgmtur bkjudgme%

Qmsmc <1

Nmsgc bktktmpme sgdmeh uetub pkjlulmrme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dmpmt dgmehhmp smn mpmlgcm

71+ mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j jkeyktuoug%

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LML ^GG

QK\[LMNMEE MEHHM\ME DMVM\ 

Qmsmc <=

=% Qkrulmnme mehhmrme dmsmr dgcmbsmembme pmdm smmt jusymwmrmn mehh`tm%

<% Qkrulmnme mehhmrme dmsmr smn mpmlgcm dgnmdgrg skburmeh ‖ burmeheym dum pkrtghm dmrg

 oujcmn mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

6% Dgsktuoug skburmeh ‖ burmeheym dum pkrtghm dmrg oujcmn ymeh nmdgr%

MEHHM\ME \[JMN TMEHHM JMVWM\MBMT O[\EMCGVTGB VTT TKCB@J

LML =

BKMEHH@TMME

Qmsmc =

Mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j mdmcmn skcurun jmnmsgswm VTT Tkcb`j ymeh dgmehbmt dme

dgcmetgb `ckn Bktum Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

Qmsmc <

Vktgmp mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j lkrnmb ?

=% Jkeymtmbme pkedmpmt

<% Jkjgcgn dme dgpgcgn sklmhmg pkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j lkrdmsmrbme pkrmturme

 pkjgcgnme dme pkjlketubme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

6% Jkehgbutg mbtgvgtms ymeh dgmdmbme ckn Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j

4% Jkjlkrgbme jmsubme tkrnmdmp bgekrom Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

Qmsmc 6

Vktgmp mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j lkrbkwmoglme ?

=% Jkeomhm emjm lmgb mcjmjmtkr dme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

<% Jkeououeh tgehhg dme jketmmtg skhmcm bktketume MD/M\T%

6% Jkeuemgbme gurme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j sksumg ymeh dgtketubme%

Qmsmc 4

Qkcmbsmemme nmb dme bkwmoglme mehh`tm dgmtur dmpcmj bktktmpme ymeh dgmtur `ckn Dkwme

Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

Qmsmc ;

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Ngcmeheym bkmehh`tmme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j ?

=% Jkegehhmc duegm

<% Jkehuedurbme dgrg

6% Dglkrnketgbme

LML GG

DKXME QKEH[\[V JMVO[\ 

Qmsmc 9

Jmsm pkehurusme Dkwme Qkehurus Jmour VTT Tkcb`j mdmcmn smtu tmnue pkrg`dk

bkpkehurusme ymeh dgjucmg skomb dgtktmpbme%

Qmsmc 8Bkmehh`tmme Dkwme Qkehurus tkrdgrg dmrg ?

=% Bktum Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j

<% Qkehurus Nmrgme dme @pkrmsg emc

Ngcmeheym bkmehh`tmme Dkwme Qkehurus ?

=% Jkegehhmc duegm

<% Dglkrnketgbme

Qmsmc >

Tuhms dme wkwkemeh Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j ?

=% Jkehmdmbme sgdmeh jusymwmrmn mehh tm

<% Jkehmdmbme mudgkesg dkehme skcurun mehh tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j uetub 

jkeymjpmgbme mspgrmsg jkrkbm%

6% Jkeomcmebme r`dm rhmegsmsg sksumg MD/M\T dme HLN@%

4% Jkcmp rbme dme jkjpkrtmehhuehomwmlbme pkcmbsmemme pr`hrmj bkrom pmdm skcurun

mehh`tm%

Qmsmc 7

Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j jkjgcgbg wkwkemeh uetub ?

=% Jkeykckehhmrmbme sgdmeh gstgjkwm%

<% Jkjlumt bkputusme ‖ bkputusme pketgeh ogbm dgmehhmp pkrcu uetub 

jkcmbsmembme pr`hrmj ujuj%

Qmsmc =1

Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j jkcmp`rbme bkhgmtmeeym skcmjm smtu tmnue pkrg`dk

bkpkehurusme bkpmdm jusymwmrmn mehh`tm VTT Tkcb`j pkrg`dk lkrgbuteym%

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Qmsmc ==

Qkehmjlgmce bkputusme

=% Qkehmjlgcme bkputusme dmcmj Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour lkrdmsmrbme jusymwmrmn

uetub juimbmt%

<% Lgcm tgdmb tkrfmpmg bkjuimbmtme# jmbm dgmjlgc sumrm tkrlmeymb%

LML GGG

QK\VGDMEHME

Qmsmc =<

=% Vgdmeh ujuj mdmcmn jusymwmrmn mehh`tm ymeh dgcmbsmembme `ckn skcurun mehh tm

Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dme dgcmbubme jgegjmc skbmcg dmcmj sktmnue%<% Vgdmeh gstgjkwm mdmcmn sgdmeh ymeh dgcmbsmembme `ckn skcurun mehh`tm Jmsour VTT

Tkcb`j dmcmj b`edgsg tkrtketu%

6% Vgdmeh tkrlmtms mdmcmn sgdmeh ymeh dgmdmbme Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j

dgcumr sgdmeh ujuj dme sgdmeh gstgjkwm%

Qmsmc =6

Vgdmeh gstgjkwm dmpmt dgcmbsmembme mpmlgcm skburmeh ‖ burmeheym sktkehmn mehh`tm Jmsour 

VTT Tkcb`j skfmrm bkskcurunme%

Qmsmc =4

Vkjum sgdmeh Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j tkrlubm uetub skjum mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

LML GY

BK[MEHME

Qmsmc =;

=% Gurme wmogl mehh`tm dglmymr tgmp lucme skcmjm jmsgn jkeomdg mehh`tm Jmsour VTT

Tkcb`j sksumg bktketume%

<% Vujlkr dmem cmgeeym ymeh nmcmc%

6% Mc`bmsg dghuembme uetub bkpkrcume `pkrmsg`emc nmrgme jmsgn jkeomdg mehh tm Jmsour 

VTT Tkcb`j

4% Qkehhuemme bkumehme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j nmrus lgsm dgpkrtmehhueh omwmlbme

bkpmdm mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

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;% Bkumehme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dgbkc`cm skfmrm skpkeuneym `ckn Dkwme Qkehurus

Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j%

Qmsmc =9

LML Y

QK\LKEDMNM\MME

Qmsmc =8

Qkrlkedmnmrmme ymeh dgjmbsud mdmcmn skjum msskt ymeh dgjgcgbg Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dmcmj

 lketub lmrmeh jmupue umeh%

LML YG

JKBMEGVJK N[L[EHME

Qmsmc =>

Nuluehme metmrm kckjke dgcumr Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dkehme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j lkrsgimt

geGdkpkedke dme b``rdgemtgi uetub bkjmoume dgemjgbm bmjpus%

LML YGG

N[L[EHME DKEHME \KBT@\MT

Qmsmc =7

Nuluehme Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j dkehm rkbt`rmt lkrsgimt gedkpkedke dme b``rdgemtgi%

Qmsmc <1

Vktgmp bklgombme ymeh dgmjlgc Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j lkrsgimt gedkpkedke tmepm fmjpur tmehme

dmrg pgnmb gestgtusg VTT Tkcb`j%

LML YGGG

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QK\[LMNME MEHHM\ME \[JMN TMEHHM

Qmsmc <=

=% Qkrulmnme mehhmrme dmsmr dgcmbsmembme pmdm smmt jusymwmrmn mehh`tm%

<% Qkrulmnme mehhmrme dmsmr smn mpmlgcm dgnmdgrg skburmeh ‖ burmeheym sktkehmn dmrg

 oujcmn mehh`tm Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j

6% Dgsktuoug skburmeh ‖ burmeheym 77+ dmrg oujcmn ymeh nmdgr 

LML G^

QKE[T[Q

Qmsmc <<=% M\T jkrupmbme lmhgme ymeh tgdmb tkrpgsmnbme dmrg MD Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j

<% Nmc ‖ nmc ymeh lkcuj dgmtur dmcmj MD/M\T mbme dgmtur bkjudgme dmcmj bktktmpme

dme bkputusme Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j

6% Nmc ‖ nmc ymeh lkcuj dgokcmsbme dmcmj MD dme M\T mbme dgmtur bkjudgme dmcmj

mturme Dkwme Qkehurus Jmsour VTT Tkcb`j

4% Vkhmcm mturmelmdme bkckehbmpme ymeh mdm jmsgn lkrcmbu sklkcuj dgmdmbme ymeh lmru

jkeurut MD dme M\T

;% MD dme M\T geg lkrcmbu skomb dgtktmpbme%

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DMITM\ Q[VTMBM

Vtkpnke Q% \`llges dme Tgj`tny M% Oudhk# <11># Qkrgcmbu @rhmegsmsg

@rhmegzmtg`emc Lknmvg`r # Kdgsg =<# Ombmrtm# Vmckjlm Kjpmt%

Irkd Cutnmes# <11;# @rhmegzmtg`emc Lknmvg`r # Kdgsg =1# Ekw W`rb# Tnk JfHrmw*Ngcc

F`jpmegks#Gef%

Vtkpnke Q% \`llges# <119# Qkrgcmbu @rhmegsmsg# Kdgsg =1# Ged`eksgm# QT%

JMEFMEMEOMWM FKJK\CMEH%