uttar pradesh

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Uttar Pradesh 1 Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh उत्तर प्रदेश شیدرپ رتاLand of Ganga and Yamuna   state  Seal Lucknow Location of Uttar Pradesh in India Coordinates 26.85°N 80.91°E Country  India Region Awadh, Baghelkhand, Braj, Bundelkhand, Purvanchal, RohilKhand, Indo-Gangetic Plain District(s) 71 1 Uttar Pradesh 14 November 1834 2 Capital Lucknow Largest metro Kanpur Governor Banwari Lal Joshi Chief Minister Kumari Mayawati Legislature (seats) Bicameral (404 + 108=512) Parliamentary constituency 80 (year 2004) High Court Allahabad High Court District Courts of India Population Density 190,891,000 [1]  (1st) 792 /km 2 (2051 /sq mi) [1]

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Page 1: Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh 1

Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradeshउत्तर प्रदेश

شیدرپ رتاLand of Ganga and Yamuna

—  state  —

Seal

Lucknow

Location of Uttar Pradesh in India

Coordinates 26.85°N 80.91°E

Country  India

Region Awadh, Baghelkhand, Braj, Bundelkhand, Purvanchal, RohilKhand, Indo-Gangetic Plain

District(s) 711

Uttar Pradesh 14 November 18342

Capital Lucknow

Largest metro Kanpur

Governor Banwari Lal Joshi

Chief Minister Kumari Mayawati

Legislature (seats) Bicameral (404 + 108=512)

Parliamentary constituency 80 (year 2004)

High Court Allahabad High Court

District Courts of India

Population• Density

190,891,000[1]  (1st)• 792 /km2 (2051 /sq mi)[1]

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Sex ratio 111.4 ♂/♀

Literacy• Male• Female

57.37%• 70.22%• 42.97%

Official languages Hindi, Urdu

Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)

Area 243286 km2 (93933 sq mi)

ClimateTemperature• Summer• Winter

Cfa (Köppen)•      31 °C (88 °F)•      46 °C (115 °F)•      6 °C (43 °F)

Governing body Government of India, Government of Uttar Pradesh

ISO 3166-2 IN-UP

Portal: Uttar Pradesh

Website www.upgov.nic.in [2]

Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: उत्तर प्रदेश, Urdu: شیدرپ رتا), pronounced Hindustani pronunciation: [ˈʊtːər prəˈdeːʃ]  ( listen),"Northern Province"), often referred to as U.P., is a state located in the northern part of India. With a population ofover 190 million people,[1] it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity.Were it a nation in its own right, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's sixth most populous country. Uttar Pradesh isthe second largest state-economy in India contributing 8.17% to India's total GDP Between 2004 and 2009.With an area of 93933 sq mi (243290 km2), Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and denselypopulated upper Gangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal to the north along with the Indian stateof Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh to the north-west, Haryana, Delhi and Rajasthan on the west, Madhya Pradesh onthe south, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand on the south east and Bihar on the east. The administrative and legislativecapital of Uttar Pradesh is Lucknow and the financial and industrial capital is Kanpur. The state's high court is basedat Allahabad with a bench in state capital Lucknow. It is home to many historical cities, including Allahabad,Varanasi and Agra. Kanpur is its largest city; other big cities are Gorakhpur, Meerut, Agra, Aligarh, Bareilly,Ghaziabad and Noida.Uttar Pradesh has an important place in the culture of India; it is considered to be the birthplace of Hinduism, hasbeen the ancient seat of Hindu religion, learning and culture, and has many important sites of Hindu pilgrimage. TheState also has several sites important to Buddhism: the Chaukhandi Stupa marks the spot where Buddha met his firstdisciples, while the Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath commemorates Buddha's first sermon. Also the town of Kushinagar iswhere Gautama Buddha died.Throughout its history, the region of Uttar Pradesh was sometimes divided between smaller kingdoms and at othertimes formed an important part of larger empires that arose on its east or west, including the Magadha, Nanda,Mauryan, Sunga, Kushan, Gurjara, Gupta, Pala and Mughal empires.The Indo-Gangetic plain, that spans most of the state, is also the birth place of the Indo-Islamic syncretic culture ofthe medieval period. It holds much of the heritage of the Mughal Empire, including the world famous mausoleumTaj Mahal built by Shah Jehan, the magnificent tomb of Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great in Agra and Akbar'scapital-palace in Fatehpur Sikri. It was a centre of nationalism during the British colonial period and has continued toplay a prominent role in Indian political and cultural movements. The state has a rich heritage of traditional craftsand cottage industries of various types that employ highly skilled craftsmen and artisans.

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Hindus constitute 80% of the population in the state. Islam is practised by about 18% of the population while theremaining 2% include Atheists, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Christians, and also the tribal population.

History

Evolution of the StateThe area has undergone several name changes and territorial demarcations since the early 19th century, i.e., after theBritish East India Company had established its supremacy in the Gangetic plains. In 1833 the then BengalPresidency of the Company was divided into two parts, one of which became Presidency of Agra; in 1836 the Agraarea was named North-Western Provinces and placed under a Lieutenant Governor by the Company. In 1877, thetwo provinces of Agra and Oudh (Oudh was occupied by the Company, in 1858), were placed under one Colonialadministrator of the British Crown; he was called Lieutenant Governor of the North-Western Provinces and ChiefCommissioner of Oudh. In 1902 the name was changed to United Provinces of Agra and Oudh with LieutenantGovernor of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh as administrator; in 1921 Lieutenant Governorship was elevatedto Governorship and the name of the province was changed to United Provinces of British India. In 1935, the namewas shortened to United Provinces. On independence from the British colonial rule in 1947, the princely states ofRampur, Banares and Tehri-Garwal were merged into the United Provinces. In 1950, the name of United Provinceswas changed to Uttar Pradesh. In 1999 a separate Himalayan state, Uttaranchal, (now named Uttarakhand), wascarved out of Uttar Pradesh.

Prehistory, legends and ancient periodArcheological finds in Uttar Pradesh confirm presence of Stone Age homo sapiens hunter-gatherers in Chhatarpalia,Mahugarh, Parisdhia, Lalitpur, Nihi and Gopipur,[3] [4] [5] [6] between 85±11 and 72±8 kyr (thousand years ago)before present (BP); Middle Paleolithic and later the Upper Paleolithic artifacts dated at 21–31 kyr BP;[7]

Mesolithic/Microlithic hunter-gatherer's settlement, near Pratapgarh, around 10550–9550 CE;[8] villages,domesticated cattle, sheep or goats and evidence of plants and agriculture as early as 6000 CE – although, most datesrange between c. 4000 and 1500 CE – thus initiating a sequence which extends into the Iron Age,[9] [10] [11]

beginning from Indus Valley Civilization and Harappa Culture finds in the Saharanpur division through the Vedicperiod.

Ancient cities of Indian Subcontinent.

The ancient Mahajanapada era kingdom of Kosala in Ayodhya – where,according to Hindu legend, the divine king Rama of the Ramayana epicreigned – was located here. Krishna – another divine king of Hindu legend,who plays a key role in the Mahabharata epic and is revered as the eighthreincarnation (Avatara) of Hindu god Vishnu – was born in the city ofMathura. The aftermath of Mahabharata war is believed to have taken placein the area between the Doab region of Western Uttar Pradesh and Delhi, (inwhat was Kuru Mahajanapada), during the reign of the Pandava kingYudhishtira. The kingdom of the Kurus[12] corresponds to the Black and RedWare and Painted Gray Ware culture and the beginning of the Iron Age inNorthwestern India, around 1000 BCE. The revered Swaminarayan –mentioned in the Brahma Purana and Vishwaksena Samhita as themanifestation of God – was born in the village of Chhapaiya.

Most of the empire building invasions of North India, from the east as well as the west, passed through the vastswathe of Gangetic plains of what today is Uttar Pradesh. Control over this region was of vital importance to thepower and stability of all of India's major empires, including the Mauryan (320–200 BCE), Kushan (100–250 CE)and Gupta (350–600 CE) Rajput (650–1036 CE) empires.

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Mathura in Uttar Pradesh served as the capital of the Kushan Empire.

Following the Hun invasions that broke Guptas' empire,the Ganga-Yamuna Doab saw the rise of Kannauj.During the reign of Harshavardhana (590–647 CE), theKannauj empire was at its zenith; spanning fromPunjab and Gujarat to Bengal and Orissa – and parts ofcentral India, north of the Narmada River – itencompassed the entire Indo-Gangetic plain. A patronof Buddhism and the University at Nalanda, Harshaorganized theological debates and also patronised artand literature. A noted author on his own merit, hewrote three Sanskrit plays. Many communities invarious parts of India boast of being descendants ofmigrants from Kannauj, reflecting its glory in thepast.[13] Soon after Harshavardhana's death, his empiredisintegrated into many kingdoms, to be invaded andruled mostly by Rajputs, who also challenged Bengal'smighty Pala Empire's control of the region.

Medieval

Agra and Fatehpur Sikri in Uttar Pradesh were the capital cities ofAkbar the Great.

The fall of the post-Harshavardhana Rajput kings ofnorth India came when the Turko-Afghan Muslimrulers moved into present day Uttar Pradesh. Much ofthe state formed part of the various Indo-Islamicempires (Sultanates) after 1000 CE and was ruled fromtheir capital, Delhi.

Later, in Mughal times, U.P. became the heartland oftheir vast empire; they called the place 'Hindustan',which is used to this day as the name for India inseveral languages. Agra and Fatehpur Sikri were thecapital cities of Akbar, the great Mughal Emperor ofIndia. At their zenith, during the rule of Aurangzeb, theMughal Empire covered almost the entire Indiansubcontinent (including present day Afghanistan,Pakistan and Bangladesh), which was ruled at differenttimes from Delhi, Agra and Allahabad.

When the Mughal Empire disintegrated, their last territory remained confined to the Doab region of Hindustan andDelhi. Other areas of Hindustan (U.P.) were now ruled by different rulers: Oudh was ruled by the Nawabs of Oudh,Rohilkhand by Afghans, Bundelkhand by the Marathas and Benaras by its own king, while Nepal controlledKumaon-Garhwal as a part of Greater Nepal. The state's capital city of Lucknow was established by the MuslimNawabs of Oudh in the 18th century.

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Modern-colonialStarting from Bengal in the later half of the 18th century, a series of battles for North Indian lands finally gave theBritish East India Company accession over this state's territories – including the territories of Bundelkhand, Kumaonand Benaras rulers – and the last Mughal territories of Doab and Delhi. When the Company included Ajmer andJaipur kingdoms in this northern territory, they named it the "North-Western Provinces" (of Agra). Today, the areamay seem large compared to several of the Republic of India's present 'mini-states' – no more than the size of earlier'divisions' of the British era – but at the time it was one of the smallest British provinces. Its capital shifted twicebetween Agra and Allahabad.

Mangal Pandey

Due to dissatisfaction with British rule, a serious rebellion erupted in variousparts of North India; Meerut cantonment's sepoy, Mangal Pandey, is widelycredited as its starting point. It came to be known as the Indian Rebellion of1857. After the revolt failed the British, in an attempt to divide the mostrebellious regions, split the Delhi region from ‘NWFP of Agra’ and merged itwith Punjab, while the Ajmer- Marwar region was merged with Rajputanaand Oudh was incorporated into the state. The new state was called the 'NorthWestern Provinces of Agra and Oudh', which in 1902 was renamed as theUnited Provinces of Agra and Oudh. It was commonly referred to as theUnited Provinces or its acronym UP.

United Provinces of Agra and Oudh in 1903

In 1920, the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad toLucknow. The high court continued to be at Allahabad, but a benchwas established at Lucknow. Allahabad continues to be an importantadministrative base of today's Uttar Pradesh and has severaladministrative headquarters.Uttar Pradesh continued to be central to Indian politics and wasespecially important in modern Indian history as a hotbed of both theIndian Independence Movement and the Pakistan Movement.Nationally known figures such as Jawaharlal Nehru were among theleaders of the movement in UP. The All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) wasformed at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress on 11April 1936 with the legendary nationalist Swami Sahajanand Saraswati elected as its first President,[14] in order toaddress the long standing grievances of the peasantry and mobilise them against the zamindari landlords' attacks ontheir occupancy rights, thus sparking the Farmers' movement in India.[15] [16]

Post-independenceAfter independence, the state was renamed Uttar Pradesh ("northern province") by its first chief minister, Govind Ballabh Pant. Pant was well acquainted with and close to Jawaharlal Nehru (the first Prime Minister of free India) and was also popular in the Congress Party. He established such a good reputation in Lucknow that Nehru called him to Delhi, the capital and seat of Central Government of the country, to make him Home Minister of India in 27 December 1954. He was succeeded by Dr. Sampoornanand, a classicist Sanskrit scholar. Following a political crisis

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in Uttar Pradesh, initiated by Kamlapati Tripathi and C.B.Gupta, Sampurnanand was asked to resign as CM in 1960and sent to Rajasthan as the Governor of Rajasthan, paving the way for Gupta and Tripathi to become ChiefMinisters.Sucheta Kripalani served as India's first woman chief minister from October 1963 until March 1967, when atwo-month long strike by state employees caused her to step down. After her, Chandra Bhanu Gupta assumed theoffice of Chief Minister with Laxmi Raman Acharya as Finance Minister, but the government lasted for only twoyears due to the confusion and chaos which ended only with the defection of Charan Singh from the Congress with asmall set of legislators. He set up a party called the Jana Congress, which formed the first non-Congress governmentin U.P. and ruled for over a year.Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna was chief minister for Congress Party government for part of the 1970s. He wasdismissed by the Central Government headed by Indira Gandhi, along with several other non-Congress chiefministers, shortly after the imposition of the widely unpopular Emergency, when Narain Dutt Tewari – later chiefminister of Uttarakhand – became chief minister. The Congress Party lost heavily in 1977 elections, following thelifting of the Emergency, but romped back to power in 1980, when Mrs. Gandhi handpicked the man who wouldlater become her son's principal opposition, V.P. Singh, to become Chief Minister.

Creation of the state of UttarakhandOn 9 November 2000, the Himalayan portion of the state, comprising the Garhwal and Kumaon divisions andHaridwar district, was formed into a new state, now called Uttarakhand, meaning the 'Northern Segment' state.

GeographyUttar Pradesh shares an international border with Nepal and is bounded by the Indian states of Uttarakhand,Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar. The state can bedivided into two distinct hypsographical regions.The larger Gangetic Plain region is in the north: it includes the Ganga-Yamuna Doab, the Ghaghra plains, the Gangaplains and the Terai. It has highly fertile alluvial soils and flat topography (slope 2 m/km) broken by numerousponds, lakes and rivers.The smaller Vindhya Hills and Plateau region is in the south: it is characterised by hard rock strata and variedtopography of hills, plains, valleys and plateau; limited availability of water makes the region relatively arid.

Flora and faunaUttar Pradesh has 12.8% land under forest cover now. In spite of alarming deforestation and poaching of wild life, adiverse flora and fauna exists. Several species of trees, large and small mammals, reptiles and insects are found inthe belt of temperate upper mountainous forests; medicinal plants are also found wild here, or are now grown onplantations. Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands support cattle. Moist deciduous trees grow in the upper Gangeticplain, including its riverbanks. In fact, this vast plain is so fertile and life supporting that any thing, which can live orgrow anywhere, will do so here. Ganges and its tributaries are the habitat of a variety of large and small reptiles,amphibians, fresh-water fish and crabs. Mostly scrubs, trees like babool and animals like chinkara are found in thearid Vindhyas.[17] [18] The state’s important plants and animals include the following:Trees: pine, rhododendrons, silver fir, deodar, saal, oak, teak, sheesham, mango, neem, banyan, peepal, imli, jamun,mahua, semal, gular and dhak.Medicinal plants: hingan,[19] Dhak,[20] rauwolfia, sepentina, hexandrum, podophyllum.Large vertebrates: elephant, tiger, bear, neelgai, wild pig, deer, wolf, jackal, fox, languor, porcupine.Birds: peacock, gray quail, pigeon, swallow, maina, Indian parakeet, crow and duck.

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Reptiles: crocodile, gharial, goh, snakes, chameleon and other lizards.Fish: Rohu, catla, khusa, parhan, patra, moi, korouch and singhi.According to Hindu legend, Lord Rama’s warrior devotee Hanuman had brought life saving Sanjivani herbs from amountain of this, or possibly the breakaway Uttarakhand, region.

ClimateThe climate of Uttar Pradesh is predominantly subtropical, but weather conditions change significantly with locationand seasons:Temperature: Depending on the elevation, the average temperatures vary from 12.5–17.5 °C (55–64 °F) in Januaryto 27.5–32.5 °C (82–91 °F) in May and June. The highest temperature recorded in the State was 49.9 °C (121.8 °F)at Gonda on 8 May 1958.Rainfall: Rainfall in the State ranges from 1000–2000 mm (39–79 in) in the east to 600–1000 mm (24–39 in) in thewest. About 90% of the rainfall occurs during the southwest Monsoon, lasting from about June to September. Withmost of the rainfall concentrated during this four-month period, floods are a recurring problem and cause heavydamage to crops, life, and property, particularly in the eastern part of the state, where the Himalayan-origin riversflow with a very low north-south gradient.Snowfall: In the Himalayan region of the State, annual snowfall averaging 3 to 5 metres (10 to 15 feet) is commonbetween December and March.Droughts: Periodic failure of monsoons results in drought conditions and crop failure.

Constituent regions

Regions of Uttar Pradesh

The state comprises several distinct regions:• The Doab region which runs along UP’s western

border from north to south; this region is furtherdivided into three zones:

• The Upper Doab in the north-west,• The Middle Doab in the west,

• including the Braj-bhumi in the trans-Yamunaarea,

• The Lower Doab in the south-centre,• The Rohilkhand region in the north;• The Awadh(or Oudh), the historic country of

Kosalas in the centre;• The northern parts of Bundelkhand in the south;• The northern parts of Bagelkhand in the south-east; and• The south-eastern part of the Bhojpur country in the east, commonly called Purvanchal ("Eastern Province").

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Administrative divisions and districts (as in 2010)The state of Uttar Pradesh consists of seventy two districts, which are grouped into eighteen divisions:-Agra Division, Aligarh Division, Allahabad Division, Azamgarh Division, Bareilly Division, Basti Division,Chitrakoot Division, Devipatan Division, Faizabad Division, Gorakhpur Division, Jhansi Division, Kanpur Division,Lucknow Division, Meerut Division, Mirzapur Division, Moradabad Division, Saharanpur Division and VaranasiDivision.The largest district in terms of area is Lakhimpur Kheri. The largest district in terms of population is Allahabad,followed by Kanpur Nagar (Census 2001).The largest city(URBAN Area) is Kanpur Nagar.

Major citiesMunicipal Corporations

• Agra• Aligarh• Allahabad• Bareilly• Ghaziabad• Gorakhpur• Jhansi• Kanpur• Lucknow• Meerut• Moradabad• Saharanpur• VaranasiSpecial Status

• NoidaOther Big Urban Centres

• Mathura• Muzaffarnagar• Shahjahanpur• Firozabad• Etawah• Budaun• Rampur• Faizabad• Farrukhabad

DemographicsUttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India with a population of over 190 million people as of 1 July 2008. If itwere a separate country, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous nation, next only to China, India,the United States of America and Indonesia. As of the 2001 census of India, about 80% of Uttar Pradesh populationis Hindu, while Muslims make up around 18% of the population. The remaining population consists of Sikhs,Buddhists, Christians and Jains.[23]

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The population of Uttar Pradesh is divided into numerous castes and sub-castes. Historically, Hindu society isdivided into four sub-divisions or varnas, the Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras, with a further fifth groupwhich was considered to be outside the caste system, and are now known as Dalit.The peripheral regions of Uttar Pradesh, are home to a number of tribal communities such as Agaria, Baiga, Bhar,Bhoksa, Bind, Chero, Gond, Kol and Korwa. Five of these tribal communities have been recoginised by theGovernment of India as disadvantaged scheduled tribes, viz. Tharus, Boksas, Bhotias, Jaunswaris and Rajis.[24]

Politics

The results of the UP assembly elections since 1989

The State Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) has 403 electoralconstituencies. In the Uttar Pradesh Elections, 2007,Mayawati's Bahujan Samaj Party achieved unexpectedmajority status, leading to her emergence as the chiefminister of Uttar Pradesh. This is the first time, since1991 victory of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) with amajority, that a single party has gained absolutemajority; the last two decades having been mostlydominated by various coalitions among the SamajwadiParty, Bharatiya Janata Party, and the Bahujan SamajParty. One characteristic of the BSP win in 2007 wasthe amalgamation of Brahmin votes into this Dalitdominated party,[25] as opposed to the decades-oldtrend of deep-rooted electoral divisions in the statebetween Dalits, Upper Castes, Muslims and different OBC groups, which tend to vote in blocks. Mayawati, havingwon 206 seats, took the oath of secrecy for the post of UP's next CM on 13 May 2007. She became Chief Ministerfor the fourth time. Along with her 19 cabinet rank ministers, 21 Ministers of State holding Independent Charge werealso sworn in by the Governor T. V. Rajeswar. Some of the prominent names of her cabinet colleagues are:Awadhpal Singh, Babu Singh Kushwaha, Badshah Singh, Nasimuddin Siddiqui, Rakesh Dhar Tripathi, RatanlalAhirwar and Sudhir Goyal. Former Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav's Samajwadi Party stood second in Statewith 97 seats.

Political leadershipThe state has a record of providing national leadership; eight of India's fourteen Prime Minister's were from UttarPradesh. They are: Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Choudhary Charan Singh,Vishwanath Pratap Singh, Chandra Shekhar and Atal Behari Vajpayee, who represented a UP constituency, thoughhe was born in Gwalior.The contemporary political scene is also interesting in the national context. Heirs-apparent to the Nehru-Gandhi family have adopted U.P. as their home state. Congress President Sonia Gandhi represents Rae Bareli and her son Rahul Gandhi Amethi, Sultanpur. Indira Gandhi's younger daughter-in-law Maneka Gandhi is a seven time BJP Parliamentarian from Aonla, while her son Varun Gandhi has also made his debut as a BJP politician and is a member of Lok Sabha from Pilibhit. Other prominent politicians include BJP leader and past Human Resources Development minister Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi, SP leader and ex-Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav, BSP leader and now fourth time Chief Minister Mayawati, BJP President and ex-Chief Minister Rajnath Singh, former BJP Chief Minister Kalyan Singh , Rashtriya Lok Dal chief Ajit Singh and ex-Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and later of Uttarakhand, Narayan Dutt Tiwari, Ex-Minister for State for Environment & Forest, & also Minister for Education [Vir Sen, Khurja & Hapur],MADHU PRAKASH SRIVASTAVA Advocate& s.p. leader jalaun' Mukhtar

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Abbas Naqvi Ex Information & Broadcasting Minister, Govt. of India, Zafar Ali Naqvi Minister of Education, UPGovt. etc.At the lowest tier of political pyramid the state has a large number of village councils, known as Panchayats, whichare similar to those found in other states in India.

Education

PK Kelkar Library, IIT Kanpur, designed byAchyut Kanvinde

IIM Lucknow

La Martinière College

The region of Uttar Pradesh had a long tradition of learning, although ithad remained mostly confined to the elite class and the religiousestablishment. Sanskrit-based education comprising the learning ofVedic-to-Gupta periods, coupled with the later Pali corpus ofknowledge and a vast store of ancient-to-medieval learning inPersian/Arabic languages, had formed the core ofHindu-Buddhist-Muslim education, until the rise of British power. Thepresent schools-to-university system of education owes its inceptionand development here, as in the rest of the country, to foreign Christianmissionaries and the British colonial administration.

Aligarh Muslim University is a residential academic institution.Modelled on the British University of Cambridge, it was established bySir Syed Ahmed Khan in 1875 – then named as MohammedanAnglo-Oriental College – and in 1920 it was granted the status of aCentral University by an Act of Indian Parliament. Located in the cityof Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, it was among the first institutions ofhigher learning set up during the British Raj.

Banaras Hindu University is a Central University located inVaranasi.[26] It evolved out of the Central Hindu College of Varanasi,set up by Annie Besant – a colourful British lady of Irish descent –who joined hands with Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya in April 1911for a common Hindu University at Varanasi. Eventually, the BanarasHindu University started functioning from 1 October 1917, with theCentral Hindu College as its first constituent college. Most of themoney for the university came from Hindu princes and its present1350-acre (5.5 km2) campus was built on land donated by the KashiNaresh. Regarded as the one among the largest residential universitiesin Asia,[27] it has more than 128 independent teaching departments;several of its colleges – including science, linguistics, law, engineering(IT-BHU) and medicine (IMS-BHU) – are ranked amongst the best inIndia.[28] The university's total enrollment stands at just over 15000, including the students from abroad. It will bethe only university in India that will host one of the IITs in its premises, the IT-BHU, from academic session2010.[29]

The school of Management Sciences (SMS), Varanasi is an autonomous educational institution approved by AllIndia Council for Technical Education (AICTE), Ministry of HRD , Govt of India. It was established in 1995, bySMS Society, A philonthrphic non profit organization registered under Societies Registration Act 1860.

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Tata Consultancy Services campus, Lucknow

The Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur – set up in 1960 in theindustrial city of Kanpur and now known as IIT-Kanpur or 'IITK' – isone of the famous internationally respected Indian Institutes ofTechnology; it is primarily focused on teaching of undergraduates inengineering and related sciences and technologies and research in thesefields. The Indian Institute of Management Lucknow is among premiermanagement schools in India. There are many other reputed schools inthe State's capital Lucknow, including the famous St. Francis' College,Lucknow .Others schools like Loreto Convent, St Agnes' Loreto HighSchool, La Martinière College, CMS are also there.

Uttar Pradesh Government is constantly working on promoting education in the state. The Government has givenpermission to many new Universities in the state. Among them is Noida University.

Economy

A shopping mall situated on the Fatehabad Roadin Agra, U.P.

Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state-economy in India contributing8.17% to India's total GDP. Between 2004 and 2009, Uttar Pradeshgrew at 6.29% and is now quite close to the miracle growth norm(which is 7% by international norm).[30] Most of the part of this growthwas contributed in period of 2007-09 after Mayawati took the chargeof Uttar Pradesh. She decided to promote the Lucknow region asanother IT destination after Noida. Some IT giants like TCS havealready started their campus in Lucknow since 2008-09.

The major economic activity in the state is agriculture; in 1991, 73% ofthe population in the state was engaged in agriculture and 46% of thestate income was accounted for by agriculture. UP has retained itspreeminent position in the country as a food-surplus state.

Uttar Pradesh is home to largest number of Small Scale industrial units in the country, with 12% of over 2.3 millionunits.[31] But, industrial output has been adversely affected by erratic power supply from the UP State ElectricityBoard and remains far below its full production capacity. Unavailability of adequate raw materials at competitiveprices is another negative factor. Also, like in most parts of India, traders and middlemen make most of the profitswhile the labour class lives at subsistence level. Nevertheless, labour efficiency is higher in UP at 26 than thenational average of 25.[31]

Kanpur is the largest economic hub of Uttar Pradesh with a solid GDP of 20 billion $ followed by Lucknow that iswhy it is assigned the status of Economic capital of Uttar Pradesh. With a GDP of 20 billion $ Kanpur stands in Top10 Indian cities the only city of Uttar Pradesh. Following are some of the important industrial hubs in the state:Kanpur is the largest shoe-manufacturing centre in the country.NOIDA and Lucknow are among the top IT (Information Technology) destinations of the country.Meerut, a manufacturing centre of sports goods, sharp tools like scissors and also of gold ornaments, is regularlylisted among the top tax-paying cities in the country.[32]

Mirzapur and Bhadohi are manufacturing centres and worldwide exporters of carpets and cotton durries.Moradabad, a famous production centre of traditional 'Moradabadi' metalware, has emerged now as a major producerand exporter of stainless steel utensils also.

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Aligarh is a manufacturing hub of brass, zinc, aluminium, iron door fittings and is also famous for its padlocks.These items are exported all over the world.Agra was visited by more than 8 million domestic and 825,000 foreign tourists in 2006, followed by Varanasi,Lucknow, Allahabad, Vrindaban and Mathura.

Picture shows the Sector-18 junction, withSabMall in the background, in NOIDA, U.P.

Economy is gearing itself to cater to contemporary Western tastes andlife style in upper class Uttar Pradeshis; elegant shopping malls arecoming up in big cities to satisfy their needs. The economy alsobenefits from the State's thriving tourism industry.

Tourism

Uttar Pradesh attracts a large number of visitors, both national andinternational; with more than 71 million domestic tourists (in 2003)and almost 25% of the All-India foreign tourists visiting Uttar Pradesh,it is one of the top tourist destinations in India.[31] There are tworegions in the state where a majority of the tourists go, viz. the Agra circuit and the Hindu pilgrimage circuit.

The city of Agra, gives access to three World Heritage Sites: Taj Mahal, Agra Fort and the nearby Fatehpur Sikri.Taj Mahal is a mausoleum built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Itis cited as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage".Agra Fort is about 2.5 km northwest of its much more famous sister monument, the Taj Mahal. The fort can be moreaccurately described as a walled palatial city. Fatehpur Sikri was the world famous 16th century capital city nearAgra, built by the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great, whose mausoleum in Agra is also worth a visit. Dayal Bagh inAgra is a modern day temple and popular tourist sight. Its lifelike sculptures in marble are unique in India. Agra'sdubious modern attractions include Asia's largest Spa as well as Asia's first and only 6D theatre.The pilgrimage circuit includes the holiest of the Hindu holy cities on the banks of sacred rivers Ganga and theYamuna: Varanasi (also considered world's oldest city), Ayodhya (birth place of Lord Rama), Mathura (birth placeof Lord Krishna), Vrindavan (the village where Lord Krishna spent his childhood), and Allahabad (the confluence or'holy-sangam' of the sacred Ganga-Yamuna rivers).Varanasi is widely considered to be one of the oldest cities in the world. It is famous for its ghats (bathing stepsalong the river), full of pilgrims year round who come to bathe in the sacred Ganges River.Mathura is world-famous for its colourful celebrations of the Holi festival, which attracts many tourists also – thankspartly to the hype, which the Indian film industry has given to this highly entertaining socio-religious festival.Thousands gather at Allahabad to take part in the Magh Mela festival, which is held on the banks of the Ganges. Thisfestival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the Kumbha Mela, where over 10 million Hindupilgrims congregate — One of proclaimed the largest gathering of human beings in the world.The historically important towns of Sarnath and Kushinagar are located not far from Varanasi. Gautama Buddhagave his first sermon at Sarnath after his enlightenment and died at Kushinagar; both are important pilgrimage sitesfor Buddhists. Also at Sarnath are the Pillars of Ashoka and the Lion Capital of Ashoka, both importantarchaeological artifacts with national significance. At a distance of 80 km from Varanasi, Ghazipur is famous notonly for its Ganga Ghats but also for the Tomb of British potentate Lord Cornwallis, maintained by theArcheological Survey of India.Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh, has several beautiful historical monuments such as Bara Imambara andChhota Imambara. It has also preserved the damaged complex of the Oudh-period British Resident's quarters, whichare being restored.Some of the main natuaral protected areas in Uttar Prdesh are:-

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• Dudhwa National Park is one of the best tiger reserves in the country.• Pilibhit Tiger Reserve – home to the Tiger Reserve.• Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary – the most concentrated sanctuary in India with a large population of tigers as

well as leopards – situated in Bahraich and bordering Nepal is also worth a visit.Some areas require a special permit for non-Indians to visit.

JK temple, a beautiful templebuilt by J.K.Trust in theindustrial city of Kanpur

Kumbh Mela, is the largestgathering anywhere in the

world.

Taj Mahal Varanasi is a holy city forHinduism and Buddhism

Madan Mohantemple in Brindavan.

The Tomb of Salim Chisti Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb at Agra Amar Singh Gateat Agra Fort

Thefive-storey

Panch Mahalat Fatehpur

Sikri

Buland Darwaza Tomb of Akbar the Great Gateway to Bara Imambara

The Chhota Imambara The Dhamekh Stupa is locatedin Sarnath where Gautama

Buddha first taught the Dharma

Kushinagar is a town whereGautama Buddha died

Kakrala is town where SufiHazrat Shah Sharafat

Miyan was Born.

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Transportation

Kanpur Central (CNB) is the largest railwaystation of North Central Railways

Expressway

The 2nd Yamuna Bridge

The state has a large network of multimodal transportation system:Airways: The state has four major airports and 23 airstrips. Cities thathave nationally well connected. Domestic airports areLucknow,GorakhpurAgra, Kanpur Allahabad and Varanasi. Lucknowis the largest and most important airport of the state. Also, Lucknowand Varanasi are two International Airports situated in state. Bareilly'sTrishul Air-base will soon serve also as a domestic airport.

Railways: Almost all the major as well as smaller cities of the state arelinked through railways. It has largest railway network in the country;with a total length of 8,546 km (as on 2006) and the sixth largestrailway density.

Roadways: The state has largest road network in the country, afterMaharashtra. It boasts of 31 National Highways (NH), with a totallength of 4,942 km (8.5% of total NH length in India). It has seventhhighest road density in India, (1,027 km per 1000 km,2 as on 2002 )and largest surfaced urban road network in the country (50,721 km, ason 2002). Cities of Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly, Allahabad, Varanasi,Jhansi, Gorakhpur, Agra and Ghazipur are connected to a number ofNational Highways. With an existing expressway between Lucknowand Kanpur, new expressways are coming up between Agra and Noidaand between Noida and Ballia (near Ghazipur). The StateGovernment’s road transport company Uttar Pradesh State RoadTransport Corporation (UPSRTC) serves nationalized routes in thestate for intrastate and interstate transport.

Waterways: A long stretch of the river Ganges – from Allahabad (UttarPradesh) to Haldia (West Bengal) – has been declared as NationalWaterway (NW)-I and 600 km of the total NW-I lies in Uttar Pradesh.

Although, the state has a large and diversified transportation network,its condition and functioning need substantial improvement.

Culture

ArchitectureArchitectural legacies of the past millennia of Uttar Pradesh survive to varying extent. The oldest of them fall withinthe purview of archeology or mythology; religious places in the State – identifiable in the narratives of Puranas andother sacred literature of Indian religions – have architectural edifices that are very old and have been built overrepeatedly in course of time.Medieval kings and emperors have left imposing monuments: forts, palaces, temples, mosques and mausoleums,whose external and internal grandeur recalls the opulence of those times. British colonial architecture is still seen inmany cities' judicial buildings, hospitals, banks, post offices, police stations, and railway stations.there are three industries they are cotton metal and leather

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Art and craftUttar Pradesh is famous for its rich heritage of art and craft. Most famous centres are the following:Bareilly boasts for its Zari work, (a type of fabric decoration), Surma (Kohl) and intricate ear-rings or ear-pendantscalled 'Jhumka'.Firozabad, the city of bangles, is also a hub for crafting many glass accessories. The glass artifacts produced in itsfactories are of high value and are exported all over the country and around the world.Kannauj is well known for oriental perfumes, scents and rose water and also for traditional tobacco products.Kanpur is internationally known for its leather craft; shoes and other leather items are made here for the Indianmarket and exported to foreign countries as well.Kanpur is also known as Leather City of the World.Khurja is famous for its ceramics pottery; in fact, the entire state is famous for its pottery not only in India but alsoaround the world.Lucknow, the capital, boasts of its cloth work and embroidery (chikan) work on silk and cotton garments.Allahabad is Known for his National Institute of Art & craft College.Bhadohi is known for carpets and also known as dollar-city; beside this, it is one of the highest revenue generatingdistricts of UP.Moradabad is well known for its metal-ware, especially brass artifacts.Pilibhit is known for its wooden footwear (locally called Paduka or Khadaon) and also for flutes made of woodenpipes. Flutes are exported to Europe, America and other countries.Saharanpur is known all over India and abroad for its wood-carving items produced there.Varanasi is famous for its Banarasi saris and silk. A banarasi sari is an essential part of any marriage in the state.

Language and literatureUttar Pradesh is often referred to as the 'Hindi heartland of India'.[33] While the languages of state administration areHindi,[34] established by the Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act, 1951, and Urdu, established by the Amendment tothe same in 1989, the native languages of the state are considered as dialects of Hindi, both by the common populaceas well as the State and Central Governmental authorities. Linguistically, the state spreads across the Central,East-Central and Eastern zones of the Indo-Aryan languages, the major native languages of the state being, Awadhi,Bundeli, Braj Bhasha, Kannauji and the vernacular form of Khari boli, which also forms the basis for thestandardised Hindi and Urdu registers. Bagheli is spoken on the southwestern fringes of the state.[35] The stategovernment promotes the native dialects in cultural festivals[36] – education in the dialects, however, is negligible.Moreover, the literature of the two main literary dialects of the medieval era, Braj Bhasha and Awadhi, is consideredto be subsumed under Hindi literature. While once these two dialects were the main literary vehicles in the region,any progress in literature in them or any of the other native languages is negligible.

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Dance and music

Kathak is a famous dance form, indigenous to Uttar Pradesh.

The state is home to a very ancient tradition in danceand music. During the eras of Guptas and HarshVardhan, Uttar Pradesh was a major centre for musicalinnovation. Swami Haridas was a great saint-musicianwho championed Hindustani classical music. Tansen,the great musician in Mughal Emperor Akbar's court,was a disciple of Swami Haridas. The ragas sung byTansen were believed to be so powerful that they couldbring rain, or light a fire, when recited.

Kathak, a classical dance form, involving gracefullycoordinated movements of feet and arms along with theentire body, grew and flourished in Uttar Pradesh.Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, was a greatpatron and a passionate champion of Kathak. Today,the state is home to two prominent schools of this dance form, namely, Lucknow Gharana and Banaras Gharana.

In modern times, Uttar Pradesh has given to the world music legends like Anup Jalota, Baba Sehgal, Girija Devi,Gopal Shankar Misra, Hari Prasad Chaurasia, Kishan Maharaj, Naushad Ali, Pandit Ravi Shankar, Shubha Mudgal,Siddheshwari Devi, Talat Mehmood, and Ustad Bismillah Khan. The legendary Ghazal singer Begum Akhtar wasalso a native of Uttar Pradesh; "Ae Mohabbat Tere anjaam pe rona aaya" is said to be one of her best musicalperformances of all times. Uttar Pradesh is also the birthplace of British pop legend Sir Cliff Richard. TheBhatkhande Music Institute University at Lucknow is named after the great musician Pandit Vishnu NarayanBhatkhande.The region's folk heritage includes songs called rasiya (known and especially popular in Braj), which celebrate thedivine love of Radha and Shri Krishna. These songs are accompanied by large drums known as bumb and areperformed at many festivals. Other folk dances or folk theater forms include:• Khayal• Naqal – (mimicry)• Nautanki• Qawwali• Raslila• Swang• Ramlila, which includes enacting the entire Ramayana.Lokrang Sanskritik Samiti – an organisation of Jogia Janubi Patti, Fazilanagar, Kushinagar – is doing research workin the field of Folk-songs, Folk-artists and Folk-cultures. In the month of May, every year the Samiti organises itsfunction "Lokrang". More than 150 artists and writers participate in this programme.

CuisineUttar Pradesh has a rich tradition of sumptuous vegetarian and non-vegetarian food preparations and of sweetmeats,seen at their best on formal occasions.A formal vegetarian meal of Uttar Pradesh consists of chapatis, rotis (flatbread) and/or puris (deep fried puffed flatbreads), daal (thick lentil soup), rice (boiled white rice), vegetable curries (one or more of dry/fried and semi-liquid curries each), curd, pickles, papad (thin spicy crackers) and a variety of sweets ( gulab jamuns ,rasmalai ,rabri,jalebi ,laddoos of varying varieties ,pethas ,kheer ,gujhiys and many others). It is normally served in metal dishes and traditionally eaten without the use of cutlery, sitting on the bare floor. When a large gathering is to be

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feasted in a traditional manner, food may also be served on disposable, flat platters (called 'pattal'), which are madeby intertwining broad leaves of certain trees.Samosas and pakoras are among the favourite snacks.A non-vegetarian meal consists of many varieties of meat- or rice-preparations that have evolved in the region, andare now nationally and internationally known as the Moghlai cuisine; some of these are: kebab, kofta, korma, keema,pulao, biryani, parathas (plain or stuffed), halwa, firni etc. In addition, a selection from the above vegetarian dishesmay be present among the food spread. Traditionally, food is served in metal-ware or ceramic crockery, eatendirectly with bare hands or (sometimes) with spoons, sitting on the ground covered with a flooring material likecloth-sheet or carpet.

DressThe people of Uttar Pradesh wear a variety of native- and Western-style dress. Traditional styles of dress includecolourful draped garments, such as sari for women and dhoti or lungi for men, and stitched clothes, such as salwarkameez for women and kurta-pyjama for men. European-style trousers and shirts are also common among theeducated men.Dress material is chosen as per the need of the weather; hence, fabrics made of cotton and cotton-synthetic blends arecommon in summer and warm clothing, made of wool or synthetic-wool, is needed in winter, when a sweater, jacketand/or a coat may be worn, specially during peak winter.

FestivalsReligious practices are as much an integral part of everyday life, and a very public affair, as they are in the rest ofIndia. Therefore, not surprisingly, many festivals are religious in origin, although several of them are celebratedirrespective of caste and creed.Among the most important Hindu festivals are Diwali, Holi and Dashehra, which are also observed with equalfervour by Jains and Sikhs.Ten days of Ramlila takes place during the period of navratri and on the 10th day, epithetof Raavan is burnt with great fervour. Durga puja is also observed in many parts of the state during navratri. BāraWafāṭ, Eid, Bakreed and Birthdate of Imam Ali ibn Abitalib are recognized official Muslim religious festivals.Moharram, though the day of Ashura is official holiday but Shiites consider it as a day of mourning and not a festivalas some people believe. Mahavir Jayanti is celebrated by Jains, Buddha Jayanti by Buddhists, Guru Nanak Jayanti bySikhs and Christmas by the Christians.[37] Other festivals include Ram navami, Chhath puja, Krishna-janmashtami,Mahashivratri,etc.

MediaUttar Pradesh is well integrated into the national media network:Radio broadcasts: Broadcasting was started in India in 1936 by All India Radio (abbreviated as AIR), now officiallyknown as Akashvani.[38] Today, it is the sister service of Doordarshan, the national television broadcaster; both are adivision of Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India), an autonomous corporation of the Ministry ofInformation and Broadcasting, Government of India. Broadcasts in several languages are being aired in the Statefrom a number of transmission stations by Akashwani.Television: Telecasting had begun in India in 1959, with test educational telecasting in New Delhi. Doordarshanstarted black-and-white small-screen programming in the mid 1970s and 1982 saw colour version of TV.[39] Severalprivate TV Channels, functioning now at national level, have become a vibrant and very effective part of the media.Satellite-telecasting has revolutionized their reach. Telecasts of important cricket matches draw enormous viewers;even street-side TV-sets attract crowds of cricket fans.Newspapers and magazines etc. A number of periodicals are published in Hindi, English and Urdu. Growth of journalism had its roots as much in the initiative of resident Britons as in the Indian freedom movement and the need

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for dissemination of other news and messages of socio-religious reforms. The Pioneer was founded in Allahabad in1865 by George Allen, an Englishman.[40] It was brought out three times a week from 1865 to 1869 and dailythereafter. In 1866, a supplement, the Pioneer Mail, consisting mostly of advertisements, was added to thepublication. Also from Allahabad, a nationalist newspaper The National Herald had started publication, under thepatronage of the Nehrus and M.C. Rau as its editor, during the British period. In 1909, Madan Mohan Malviya,started The Leader, from Allahabad, with C. Y. Chintamani, as its editor from 1909 to 1934.[41] Sidque, a famousUrdu weekly, was started in that period by the highly respected intellectual Moulana Abdul Maajid Daryabadi forreforming the Indo-Islamic society. Presently, all major national level dailies are publishing their ‘City Editions’from several major cities of the state. The State's own ‘native’ publications – dailies/ weeklies/ monthlies – arenumerous, and mostly in Hindi and Urdu languages. Some Hindi language dailies, e.g. Amar Ujala and DainikJagran, have a wide circulation, with their local editions being published from several important cities. NationalHerald now publishes an Urdu version also. At still lower level, locally published newspapers and literary weekliesand monthlies are extremely large in number.Audio-visual production: In spite of its large size, Bollywood level Production of films for the silver screen, or ofinformative short documentary films of high standard, has not grown in Uttar Pradesh. However, writers and artistsfrom the State have continued to contribute – as song and story writers, music composers and lyricists, actors,directors and producers and earn name and fame in centres of the Indian film industry.

Sports

Green Park Stadium, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. Inbackground river Ganges can be seen.

Presently, common sports of Uttar Pradesh are of two distinct genre:the traditional sports and the modern sports of mainly European origin.

Traditional sports, now played mostly as a past time, includewrestling, swimming, kabaddi and track- or water-sports playedaccording to local traditional rules and without use of modern gears;some times, display of martial skills using a sword or ‘Pata’ (stick) etc.form the basis of sports. Due to lack of organized patronage andrequisite facilities, these sports are surviving mostly as individuals'hobbies or local competitive events, e.g. in interested schools.

Modern sports – the indoor, field and track games – are popular,especially among the educated class, but the State has yet to attainall-round national standing in most of them. Field hockey is very popular and Uttar Pradesh has produced some ofthe finest players in India. Dhyan Chand, the legendary field hockey player of India and a hero of many OlympicGames was born on 29 August 1905, in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Adolf Hitler, the Chancellor of Germany, was soimpressed by Dhyan Chand's performance in the Berlin Olympic hockey finals that he offered to elevate 'LanceNaik' Dhyan Chand to the rank of a Colonel if he migrated to Germany; Chand had declined the offer.

Cricket has become more popular than field hockey. Though not renowned for it cricket team, U.P. won its firstRanji Trophy tournament in February 2006, beating Bengal in the final. It can also boast of its 3 or 4 playersnormally finding a place in the national side. Green Park Stadium in Kanpur is one of the oldest cricket venues inIndia and has witnessed some of India's most famous victories.

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Regions of Uttar Pradesh• Upper Doab• Middle Doab• Lower Doab• Rohilkhand• Awadh• Purvanchal• Bundelkhand• Baghelkhand

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549508792. cms). Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2001-12-05. . Retrieved 2009-09-21.[37] "18 Popular India Festivals" (http:/ / festivals. indobase. com/ index. html). . Retrieved 2007-12-23.[38] About us (http:/ / allindiaradio. org/ about1. html) Official website. allindiaradio.org. Retrieved:2008-08-03.[39] "A Snapshot of Indian Television History" (http:/ / www. indiantelevision. com/ indianbrodcast/ history/ historyoftele. htm). Indian

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External links• Uttar Pradesh (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ Asia/ India/ Uttar_Pradesh/ / ) at the Open Directory Project• Official website of the Government of Uttar Pradesh (http:/ / www. upgov. nic. in/ )• Official Website of Uttar Pradesh Tourism (http:/ / www. up-tourism. com/ )• PIN Code Search of All Districts/Post Offices of Uttar Pradesh (http:/ / pincode. net. in/ UTTAR_PRADESH)

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Article Sources and Contributors 21

Article Sources and ContributorsUttar Pradesh  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=389030718  Contributors: (jarbarf), *drew, 10 000 thundering typhoons, A3RO, AAA!, Aaroncrick, Aashishk29, Ab 18,Abecedare, Abhay352, Abhishek203, Abhisinghal, Abundela76, Acred99, Acsenray, AgarwalSumeet, Ahoerstemeier, Ahuitzotl, Ajay50111, Akshaymarwah, Akshayrastogi, Akv, Al Silonov,Aleenf1, Alexander.somma, Alltimemail, Alokmishra, Altes, Amanaqeel, AmarChandra, Amolakh, Andycjp, Anic420, AnkurIndia, Anshoopandey, Anthon.Eff, Anujkhandelwal, Anupam,Anwar saadat, Arjun024, Arunsingh77, Arvindn, Aryavarta, Ash manit, Ashuvashu, Ashwinr, AssistantX, Astuishin, Auric, Avataran, BD2412, Bakasuprman, Balwinderdeep, Basawala, Beland,Bentley4, Best Friend, Bhadani, Bigbenboa, Bikehorn, Billinghurst, Bkell, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Borisblue, Bovlb, Brijwasi, Bundelkhandi, Caid Raspa, CambridgeBayWeather, Capricorn42,CarTick, Chancemill, Charles Matthews, CharlotteWebb, Chris the speller, Chrism, Citterio, Clarince63, Colonies Chris, Conical Johnson, Contribut, Coolguyhunksmart, Corriebertus, D6, DAJF,DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Dabbler, Danianjan, Darbyji, Dashinghappy 9583, David Kernow, David Woodward, DeadEyeArrow, Deepak D'Souza, Delirium, Deville, Dewan357, DigiBullet,Dilipawasthi, Dinesh smita, Dinkarsingh, Dn9ahx, Docu, DrMKVaish, DragonflySixtyseven, Dralwik, E. Ripley, E.mubeen, E235, Earl Andrew, Ebizur, Edgar181, Ekabhishek, Ekwity, El C,Elfguy, Elockid, Elpincha, Emops, Energyworm, Enthusiast10, Erianna, Eumolpo, Everyking, Faizhaider, Fconaway, Fertejol, Filmbuzz, Foreignshore, Fortdj33, Freepsbane, Fuhghettaboutit,Fundamental metric tensor, Fusillijerry86, GDibyendu, Gaius Cornelius, Gaurav.pal, Gaurav.upadhyaya, Gene Nygaard, Generalboss3, Geniac, Glenn, Gman124, Goethean, Golbez, GoodOlfactory, Gppande, Gprince007, Green Giant, Ground Zero, Gunnar Hendrich, Gurjeshwar, Gzornenplatz, Halmstad, Hariax, Harrypotter, Hellosandimas, Hemanshu, Holy Ganga, Hometech,Hornplease, Hottentot, Howard the Duck, Humaliwalay, Huon, Imc, ImpuMozhi, India Gate, Iqbalhussian29, Iridescent, Itai, J04n, JaGa, Jagged 85, Jahangard, Jankit, Japanese Searobin, JasonM, Jauhienij, Jeepday, JeffreyN, Jimwest88, Jishacj, Jj frap, Jklamo, John K, Johnh, Jonathan.s.kt, Jovianeye, Jugni, Jugnu, JustAGal, Ka Faraq Gatri, KarlFrei, Kartik2008, Katimawan2005,Kbdank71, Kbh3rd, Keith Edkins, Khoikhoi, King Zebu, Kiril Simeonovski, Kkm010, KnowledgeHegemony, Koavf, KuwarOnline, Kwamikagami, LRBurdak, Lalalazi, Lalbal, Lalit Jagannath,Lalit82in, Lallsons, Lambiam, Lamjus, LeQuantum, Leachi123, Leaveme2, LeeHunter, Leonidas666, Leszek Jańczuk, Light48, LilHelpa, LisaCarrol, Loansbreak, Lockesdonkey, Lollywood,Lord Emsworth, Lostintherush, Luchga, Lucio Mas, Luuva, MER-C, Maddyr, Magicalsaumy, Mahlawat, Makks2010, Manish dohre, Maquahuitl, Marijuanarchy, Martarius, Masculinity,Materialscientist, Mattisse, Maurice Carbonaro, Maver1ck, Mbxp, Melesse, Mellery, Miden, Miguel Andrade, Miguel.v, Mlaffs, Mohdusman82, Moonwiki, Morwen, Mr Tan, MrRadioGuy,Mugunth Kumar, Muhends, Mukerjee, Mwanner, Myasuda, NCKariyawasam, NHSavage, Nat Krause, Nawab incredible, NawlinWiki, Neer kum, Neer pkr, Nichalp, Nick, Nikhils1989,Nirvana888, Niteowlneils, Nitink garg, Nixeagle, Notashamed, Notedgrant, Nshuks7, Nyttend, Ocaasi, Okaywhatever, Omicronpersei8, OneGuy, Pahari Sahib, Patel orai, Patrick, PavelVozenilek, Paxse, Pkm iet, Pks gzp, Planemad, Pollodiablowiki, Pratty3132, Pratul, Qaismujeeb, Qvfqub, R'n'B, Raag87, Rabbi4455, Ragib, Rahulpat, Raj712, Ram2002230, Rama's Arrow, Ran,Rana A.R, RandomP, Ranveig, Rboatright, Rdsmith4, Rebecca, Rejectwater, Riana, Rich Farmbrough, Rick Block, Rjwilmsi, Rohit klar, Roisterer, Roland zh, Ronz, Roshansrivastava, RossF18,Rpatel2005, S3000, Safemariner, Saffronsavior, Sajal.jain, Sameergoyal, Sanjasx, SanjayMohan, Sanjoykdas, Saravask, Sarayuparin, Sarosh8, Satyadasa, Saudiqbal, Schzmo, SeanMack,Secleinteer, Semposition2, Sexie, Shabu naqvi, Shaileshsiddhart, Shalabhmaheshwary, Shamailaijaz, ShelfSkewed, Shell Kinney, Shobhit102, Shomat, Shubhadeep, Shyam, Signalhead, Silentawaken, Simplyj, Singhwasking, Skapur, Skollur, Sl, SlaveToTheWage, Slysplace, Smsarmad, Sobreira, Soman, SpacemanSpiff, Spundun, Srikeit, Srimaanchanakya, Srini81, Stallions2010,StudentWarz, Stwalkerster, Sudeepgarg, Sundar, Suneet87, Super cyclist, Sushant gupta, Sushildwi, Swapnilnarendra, Syed Atif Nazir, Synapopyse, Taamu, Tabletop, Tajik, Taketa, Tarunuee,Template namespace initialisation script, Terissn, Tharkee, Themfromspace, ThevikasIN, Thumperward, TimProof, Tinkletinkle123, Tinton5, Tom Radulovich, Tonsitem, Trakesht, Tuncrypt,Ummit, Urprakhar, User123 india, Utcursch, VIBHU806, VK35, Varungarde, Vedran12, Vegaswikian, Victor74, Vikas duhan, Vikramkr, Vjdchauhan, Vroomtrapit, WALTHAM2, Waerth,Webmaster1234567, Wik, Wiki Wikardo, Wiki dr mahmad, Willking1979, Woohookitty, Xn4, Yash chauhan2, Yekrats, YellowMonkey, Youonlylivetwice, Yusuf Ali Tyagi, Zack wadghiri,Zareef, ZenerV, 846 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributorsfile:Upgovt-logo.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Upgovt-logo.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Uploader: Faizhaiderfile:Uttar Pradesh locator map.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Uttar_Pradesh_locator_map.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader wasFaizhaider at en.wikipediafile:India Uttar Pradesh locator map.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_Uttar_Pradesh_locator_map.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Planemadfile:Red pog.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Red_pog.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:AnduxFile:Flag of India.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_India.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Portal-puzzle.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Portal-puzzle.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:EubulidesFile:Speaker Icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Mobius, 2 anonymous editsFile:EpicIndiaCities.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EpicIndiaCities.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Jijithnr, 2 anonymouseditsFile:Kushanmap.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kushanmap.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: User:PHGCOMFile:Mogulreich Akbar.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mogulreich_Akbar.png  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:JungpionierFile:Mangal pandey gimp.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mangal_pandey_gimp.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:IndianCowImage:United Provinces 1903.gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:United_Provinces_1903.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Roland zh, TaichiFile:UP region map.gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:UP_region_map.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: FaizhaiderFile:UP elections.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:UP_elections.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Fundamental metric tensor, Roland zhFile:IITKLibrary.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IITKLibrary.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: User:AmarChandraFile:IIMLucknow.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IIMLucknow.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Flyinggenius1965 at en.wikipediaFile:La Martiniere3-Lucknow.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:La_Martiniere3-Lucknow.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:User:NichalpFile:Tcs lucknow campus.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tcs_lucknow_campus.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:Einstein90File:AGRA TDI MALL.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AGRA_TDI_MALL.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: SiddharthaShuklaFile:Sabmall.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sabmall.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Original uploader was Angry s0ul at en.wikipediaImage:JKTemple.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JKTemple.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:SunshineroshanImage:Kumbh Mela2001.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kumbh_Mela2001.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: User:YosarianImage:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: User:Deep750, user:jaknudsenImage:Varanasiganga.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Varanasiganga.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: BabasteveImage:MadanMohanmandir.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MadanMohanmandir.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: User:GauraImage:TombSalimChisti.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TombSalimChisti.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SK DesaiImage:Itmad.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Itmad.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: LallsonsImage:AgraFort.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AgraFort.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Calame, Poco a poco, Ppntori, Shakti, Shimgray, 2 anonymous editsImage:The Panch Mahal in Fatehpur Sikri.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Panch_Mahal_in_Fatehpur_Sikri.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Original uploader was Isewell at en.wikipediaImage:NorthIndiaCircuit 100.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NorthIndiaCircuit_100.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SK DesaiImage:LDAkbarTombCenter.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LDAkbarTombCenter.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ekabhishek, LinguisticDemographerImage:Adnanwiki.badaimambada1.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Adnanwiki.badaimambada1.JPG  License: Creative Commons Sharealike 1.0  Contributors:shoaib husainImage:Chhotaimambara.adnan.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chhotaimambara.adnan.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Faizhaider, Moonwiki

Page 22: Uttar Pradesh

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 22

Image:Sarnath1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sarnath1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Ekabhishek, Geofrog, Nataraja,Olivier2, ~PybImage:Kushinara1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kushinara1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: myselfImage:Ziarat Shareef.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ziarat_Shareef.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Shujakhan15File:Kanpur Central.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kanpur_Central.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Shashwatei, Urprakhar, 3 anonymous editsFile:DND Flyway.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DND_Flyway.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Angry s0ul at en.wikipediaFile:bridge2.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bridge2.JPG  License: unknown  Contributors: Jaimehta321, Sdrtirs, Shariq81, 3 anonymous editsFile:Sharmila Sharma et Rajendra Kumar Gangani 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sharmila_Sharma_et_Rajendra_Kumar_Gangani_2.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Jean-Pierre Dalbéra from Paris, FranceFile:Green Park Stadium Kanpur.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Green_Park_Stadium_Kanpur.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Faizhaider

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