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MOBILE COMMUNICATION and COMPUTING:± PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE Dr . Am lan Chakraba rti email: [email protected] A.K.Choudhury School of Information Technology University of Calcutta

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Page 1: Vidyasagar College 28 Feb

8/3/2019 Vidyasagar College 28 Feb

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MOBILE COMMUNICATION and

COMPUTING:± PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

Dr. Amlan Chakrabartiemail: [email protected]

A.K.Choudhury School of Information Technology

University of Calcutta

Page 2: Vidyasagar College 28 Feb

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Outline

Framework for Discussion

Mobile Applications (M-Business, M-Business, M-Government, M-Life,Positional Apps)

Platforms to Support Mobile Applications ± Mobile IP

 ± Wireless middleware (WAP, iMode, J2ME, BREW, MMIT)

Wireless Networks

 ± Wireless PANs (Sensor Networks, Bluetooth, UWB) ± Wireless LANs (Wi-Fi, 802.11a to n)

 ± Wireless Local Loops and Free Space Optics

 ± Cellular networks: from 1 to 5G Networks

 ± Satellite communications and Deep Space Networking

Security, Integration, and Management Issues

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The Jargon

M-Business, M-Government

M-Commerce P-Commerce V-Commerce

M-SCMs M-CRMs SMS MMS M-Portal

Symbian WAP MMIT WML VXML J2ME BREW

Mobile IP MANET OMA ITU ETSI FCC

Zigbee UWB FSO Bluetooth WLL DECT HomeRF

Wi-Fi GPRS UMTS 802.11 802.16 802.15 WSN

OFDM FEC TDMA CDMAState of the art

State of the market

State of the practice

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Framework for Discussion: The Building

Blocks

Mobile Computing Applications

Mobile Computing Platforms

(Wireless Middleware, Mobile IP)

Wireless Networks

(Wireless LANs, Cellular Networks,

Satellites, Wireless Local Loops)

Architectures and

Integration

Wireless Security

Management and

Support

Wireless Business,

Regulations, and

Standards

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Mobile Computing Applications Enable the business initiatives by supporting mobility of 

  ± Customers

 ± Suppliers and Businesses  ± Employees

Mobile computing applications

 ± Wireless messaging (e.g., SMS)

 ± Mobile ecommerce (M-Commerce) and its variants Positional commerce (p-commerce) .

Voice commerce (v-commerce). Television commerce (T-Commerce)

  ± Mobile ebusiness applications (MEBAs), e.g., M-CRM, M-portal, N-SCM

 ± Specialized applications ± Many areas of research

Location sensitive apps (E911)

Wireless sensor network apps

Mobile agent apps

Two views:

 ± Mobile applications are fundamentally new applications.

 ± Mobility is another dimension of the existing applications

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Supporting M-Apps: Mobile Computing

Platforms

Mobile Device

(Cell Phone, PDA, Pocket PC)

Server (Web Server, eMail server,

Mainframe)

Application

Physical Wireless Network

(Antennas, Transceivers, Base Stations,Cellular Networks, 802.11 LANs,Satellites)

MiddlewareServices

 Network 

Transport

Services

Local

Platform

Services

Application

Mobile

Computing

Platform  Network 

Transport

Services

Local

Platform

Services

MiddlewareServices

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Mobile Computing Platforms

Mobile operating systems

- Palm OS

-Windows CE

- Symbian OS

Mobile database managersMobile transaction managers

Utilities for mobile devices

Wireless Middleware (information hiding versus

Information providing)

Wireless Gateways: Collection of Middleware services

Mobile Application Servers

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Wireless Web

WAP

Gateway

Web

Server 

Servelet

Content

(XML/HTML)

eCommerce

Module

HTML/XML

WML

VoiceXML

GatewayVoiceXML

Many players- WAP

-iMode

-J2ME

- BREW

-MMIT

Industry activity

- Open Mobility Alliance

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Mobile IP ± The Roaming in Wireless Internet World

IP

Network

ISP Servers

 NSP POPHome Network for A

 NSP POPForeign

 Network 

for A

Mobile Node A

Foreign

Agent

Home

Agent

1

2

3

4

5

Research issues:

Can Mobile IP replace roaming

Security issues

Performance issues

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WIRELESS NETWORKS

Different type of wireless networks support mobile computingapplications and platforms

Wireless Personal Area Networks (Bluetooth, Sensors, UWB, Zigbees)

Wireless LANs (802.11 family) Fixed Wireless Local loops

Cellular networks ± 1G to 5G

Satellite systems

Many Research Issues: short list Lower level issues (e.g., signaling, error correction, smart antennas)

Mobile Adhoc Networks

Voice over 802.11

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Wireless Networks

Satellite

Systems

Cellular 

 Networks

Wireless LANs

Example1:

GSM, 9.6 Kbps,

wide coverage

Example2:3G, 2 Mbps,

wide coverage

Example1:

802.11b

11 Mbps,

100 Meters

Other 

examples:

802.11g,

HiperLAN2

Wireless WANs

Personal

Area

 Networks

Business

LANs

Example1:

Bluetooth

1 Mbps,

10 Meters

Other examples:

wireless sensor 

networks, UWB

Example1:

Motorola

Iridium

up to 64 Mbps

globally

Example 2:

Deep space

communication

Wireless

Local Loops

(Fixed Wireless)

Wireless MANs

Example1:

LMDS

37 Mbps,

2-4 Km

Example2:

FSO

1.25 Gbps

1-2 KM

Paging

 Networks

Example1:

FLEX,

1.2 Kbps

Example2:

ReFLEX,

6.4Kbps

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Research and Development issues unique to wireless

Frequency allocation (efficient frequency utilization)

Multiple Access (CDMA vs TDMA)

Location services (Data rate versus speed of mobile devices)

Error correction (e.g., Turbo codes)

Signalling and encoding (PCM versus Delta code modulation)

Antenna design (smart antennas)

Local Area Networks (LANs) Metropolitan Area Networks

(MANs)

Wide Area Networks (WANs)

Wired Wired LANs

Ethernet (10-100 Mbps, 150 to500 meters)

Token Ring (4 -16 Mbps, 200 to500 meters)

Wired MANs

FDDI (100 Mbps, 50 Kilometers)

Wired WANs

 ATM (44 Mbps to 140 Mbps)

Frame Relay (44 Mbps)

Wireless Wireless LANs

Bluetooth (1 Mbps, 10 meters)

IEEE 802.11 LANs (2-11 Mbps,100 meters)

Wireless MANs

wireless local loops (10 Mbps,100 Kilometers)

Wireless WANs

Current GSM systems at9.6Kbps, future 3G systems at 2

Mbps

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Wireless PANs: Home Networking

Wireless LAN2

(Master/slave)

First Floor 

= Wireless Adapter 

Wireless connection

Wireless connection

Second Floor 

Printer 

Baby

Monitor 

TV

Phone

Laptop

Laptop

xDSL, cable,

ISDN, or other 

Main PC

Internet

Gateway

Players:

Bluetooth

Sensor networks

UWB802.11

Zigbees

HomeR/F (dead

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Bluetooth

Cellular 

Network

PSTN

Access

Point

Wired

LANBluetooth Piconet

(1 Mbps, 10 meters, mobile adhoc network)

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Wireless Sensor Networks

 Network of Tiny

Sensors

 Network of 

Tiny

Sensors

 Network of 

Powerful

Sensors

Powerful

server 

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802.11 Family LANs

Wireless LANCell

Wireless LANCell

Wireless LANCell

CentrexRouter 

Link to

Public Ethernet

T1

or 

DSL

X

Y Z

LAN Server 

Wired Ethernet LAN

X, Y, Z are

access points

for the wireless

Ethernet LANs

AB

C D

A, B, C, D are

student laptops

11a, 11b, 11g

11n

11i ± security

11e ± QoS

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Inter-Exchange

Switch

Telephone

LAN

PBX, TV

Wireless

Local Loop

Offerings

(MMDS, LMDS)

Toll

Connecting

Trunks

Inter-Exchange

Switch

Local

Control

Office

Telephone

Wired

Local

Loop

Toll

Connecting

Trunks

Intertoll

Trunks

Wireless Local Loops

 Narrowband ±telephony services

Broadband ±high-speed data service

Interesting

applications

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Cellular Networks

Public

Switched

Telephone

 Network (PSTN)

Mobile

Telephone

Switching

Center (MTSC)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)Mobile User 

Cell 1

Cell 2

Cordless connection

Wired connection

HLR VLR  

HLR = Home Location Register 

VLR = Visitor Location Register 

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Evolution: 1G to 5G

1G(<1Kbps)

1 Kbps

10 Kbps

100 Kbps

2 Mbps

1 Mbps

Data Rates

1980 1990 2000 2010

2G

(9.6Kbps)

2.5G(10-150Kbps)

3G

(144Kbps to 2Mbps)

Years

4-5G

(10 Mbps+)

Research Issues

Mobility vs data rate

error correction Intelligent Antennas

Intelligent radio

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Satellite Communications

Uplink Downlink 

GEO= 35,000 km, 250 ms delayLEO = 4,000 km, 20 ms delay

MEO = 10,000 km, 50 ms delay

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Research Issue:Deep Space Networking

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Other issues

Integration

Security

Management and support

Regulations and standards

Wireless Business and

Industry

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Integration ± Vision

Content

Provider 

WebContent

Enterpris

eDatabases

Office

LAN

(802.11)

Home

LAN

(802.11)

Home

LAN(Bluetooth)

Cellular 

Cell(GSM, GPRS)

Hotspot

LAN

(802.11)

Content

Provider Web

Content

Enterpris

eDatabases

Content

Provider 

Cellular 

Cell

(3G)

Wireless

and Wired

WAN

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Integration Framework 

M-Business and

Mobile Applications (SMS, MMS,

Voice, M-commerce)

M-Business and

Mobile Applications (SMS, MMS,

Voice, M-commerce)

Wireless Communication Networks

(WLANs, Cellular, WLLs, Satellites)

Wireless Communication Networks

(WLANs, Cellular, WLLs, Satellites)

Mobile Computing Platforms

- Wireless Middleware (WAP, I-Mode, J2ME)- Mobile Platform Services (Mobile OS, Utilities)

Wireless Internet

and Mobile IP

Network

interfaces

Handoffs

Multirate

cards

Roaming

Support through

Mobile IP

Shield the app.

developers from

the network

heterogeneities

Provide consistent

user interfaces for 

seamless operations.

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Vertical Versus Horizontal Integrations

App1

Platform1

 Network1 Integrated Physical Network 

App1

Platform1

a). Total Vertical Integration  b). Horizontal Integrationat Network Level

App 2

Platform2

 Network2

App2

Platform2

App1

 Network1

c). Horizontal Integration

at Platform Level

App 2

 Network2

Integrated Platform + IP Platform1

 Network1

Platform2

 Network2

Integrated Applications

d). Horizontal Integration

at Application Level

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Wireless Security ± The Big Picture

Security

Solutions

External Factors

Intruder/attacker/assault ThreatsPrivacy and confidentialty laws

Consumer/customer attitudes

Organizational Requirements

Survivability and Tolerance

Requirements

QoS RequiremenstsBudgettary and policy restrictions

IT Assets

Applications and automated servicesDatabases, files

Computing platforms

Middleware (e.g., web servers)

Networks (hardware, routing software

Latest Security Technologies

Cryptographic techniques

Managing digital certificates and PKISecure payment systems

Significant research developments

Physical Assets

Humans

Buildings

Other corporate assets

(e.g., planes, trains, andautomobiles)

Unique issues:

- medium

- mobility

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User View (PIA4)Privacy

assure privacy of information (i.e., no one other than the authorized people

can see the information) in storage or transmissionIntegrity

the integrity of information (i.e., no unauthorized modification)

Authentication:

identify for certain who is communicating with you

Authorization (Access control):

determine what access rights that person has).

Accountability (Auditing): .

assure that you can tell who did what when and convince yourself that thesystem keeps its security promises.

Includes non-repudiation (NR) -- the ability to provide proof of the origin or delivery of data.

NR protects the sender against a false denial by the recipient that the datahas been received. Also protects the recipient against false denial by thesender that the data has been sent..

a receiver cannot say that he/she never received the data or the sender cannot say that he/she never sent any data

Availability: access to system when a user needs it

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Sample Wireless Security Technologies

Applications

Middleware

Wireless

Link 

802.11 security (WEP)

Cellular network security

Satellite link security

WLL and cordless link security

SSL and TLS

WAP security (WTLS)

Web security (HTTPS, PICS, HTTP Headers)

Proxy server security

SET for transaction security

S/MIME and PGP for secure email

Java security (sandboxes)

Database security

TCP/IPIPSEC and wirless VPN

Mobile IP

Can use

higher level

services to

compensate

for lower layers

Tradeoffs in

 performance

and security

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Wireless Security Example

Wireless LAN

Cell

Wireless LAN

Cell

Wireless LAN

Cell

Centrex

Router 

and

Firewall

Link to

Public Internet

T1

or 

DSL

X

Y Z

LAN Server 

Fast Ethernet

LAN(Backbone)

1. No physical net security(server ID/PW)

2. No physical net security

(server ID/PW + encryption)

3. Physical net security at APs

(optional

server ID/PW + encryption)

AB

C D

Wired Ethernet

LAN

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Wireless Management and Business

STRATEGIC PLANNING Business Strategy Analysis

Analyzing Business Processes and Business Workflows

Mobile Application Identification and Selection.

CAPABILITY EVALUATIONWireless Infrastructure Planning

Capacity Planning & Traffic Engineering

Resource and Cost Estimation

DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT

Mobile application development

Wireless infrastructure development

yOutsourcing the Wireless Infrastructure

MONITORING AND CONTROL

Wireless fault and

 performance management

Wireless Security and

configuration management

ORGANIZING/STAFFING

. Mobile Virtual Teams

. Mobile Real-time Enterprises

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Wireless Value Chain

Wireless

Network

Operators

Wireless

Network

Element

Providers

Middleware/

Gateway

Providers

Content

Providers/

Aggregators

Mobile

Application

Providers

Mobile

Device

Builders

Enterpris

Wireless

Users

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Reference

Model

1. Physical

2. Data Layer 

3. Network 

4. Transport

5. Session

6. Presentation

7. Application

Call

Switching

(Cellular networks,

Wireless LANs,

Satellites,

Wireless Local Loops)

PSTN

Routing

Wireless

Telephone

Business

IP Data

 Network 

Routing

Wireless

Management

Business

Wireless

Consulting

Business

Wireless

Telephony

Applications

and

Services

Physical Network Elements

Wireless

 Network Management

Wireless

Application

and

Platform

Management

Wireless Network 

Consulting

and

Engineering

Services

Systems

Consulting

Applications

(e.g., SMS,

email,

Wireless Web,

Mobile EC/EB)

Wireless Data

 Network 

Business