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Global Technology Trends in Solar PV Power :

R&D and Commercial

5thNovember, 2012

Dr. B. Bhargava

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Solar Cells : Technology Options

Crystalline Silicon solar cells

- Single, Multi, Ribbon

Thin Film solar cells- Silicon, a-Si, m-Si, CdTe, CIGS

Concentrating solar cells

- Si, GaAs

Dye, Organic, nano materials & other emerging solar cells

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Solar Cell Best Efficiencies: World

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TECHNOLOGY AREA EFF. Group

SQ. CM. %

SINGLE CRYSTAL 64.00 19.7 CEL

MULTI CRYSTAL 100.00 16.8 Tata BP

a-Si SINGLE JUNCTION 1.00 12.0 IACS

a-Si MULTI JUNCTION 1.00 11.5 IACS

a-Si/c-Si(nc-Si) 1.00 9.0 IACS

CdTe 1.00 12.0 NPL

CIGS 0.41 13.0 IISCSi FILMS 0.98 8.7 Jadavpur

Dye Sensitized 1.00 9.5 Amrita

Organic cells 1.00 6.2 NPL

Solar Cell Best Efficiencies: India

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Crystalline Silicon Solar Module Efficiency

TYPICAL IN PRODUCTION

INTERNATIONAL INDIAN

SINGLE CRYSTAL 15 20.4 % 14 17 %

MULTI CRYSTAL 13

16% 13

16%

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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

World PV Production Growth

GW

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World PV Market and Production: 2011

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World Top 10 PV Manufacturers: 2011

3

2.8

2.4

2.3

2.2

2

1.9

1.7

1.5

1.5

LDK

Sharp

Suntech

First Solar

JA Solar

Canadian

Trina

Yangli

Hanwah

Jinko

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

GW

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World: 2011 PV Equipment Suppliers

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Location Capacity MWp Technology

Perovo. Ukraine 100 c-si

Sarnia, Canada 92 CdTe

Montalto di Castro, Italy 84 c-Si

Finsterwalde, Germany 83

c-Si

Ohotnikovo, Ukraine 80 c-Si

Senftenberg, Germany 78 c-Si

Lieberose, Germany 71 CdTe

Rovigo, Italy 70

c-Si

Olmedilla de Alarcn, Spain 60 c-Si

Boulder City, USA 55 CdTe

World Top 10 PV Plants: 2011

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Major PV Markets : 2010 & 2011

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Solar for India Most parts of India receive

good solar radiation 4- 7kWh/sq. m/day

Possible to meet growingenergy demands and coverdeficit areas

Can substantially reduceconsumption of keroseneand diesel for lighting andpower generation

Provide access andempowerment at grass rootlevel

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15

Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission

Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission is one of themajor global initiatives in promotion of solar energytechnologies, announced by the Government of Indiaunder National Action Plan on Climate Change.

Mission aims to achieve grid tariff parity by 2022through

- Large scale utilization and rapid diffusion anddeployment of solar technologies across the country

at a scale which leads to cost reduction- R&D

- Local manufacturing and support infrastructure

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16

JNNSM Road MapApplication segment Target for

Phase I

(2010-13)

Cumulative

Target for

Phase 2

(2013-17)

Cumulative

Target for

Phase 3

(2017-22)

Grid solar powerincl. roof top &

distribution grid

connected plants

1,000 MW

100 MW

4,000 MW10,000 MW

20,000 MW

Off-grid solar

applications

200 MW 1,000 MW 2,000 MW

Solar collectors 7 million

sq meters

15 million

sq meters

20 million sq

meters

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17

JNNSM Strategy

Graduated deployment to nucleate critical mass till costscome down and thereafter rapid scale up

Consultative process to finalize the guidelines

Enabling policy and regulatory frame work

Supporting Utility scale power generation

Expanding off-grid applications

Accelerating Research and Development

Enhancing Domestic manufacturing base

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Fiscal Incentives

100% Foreign Direct Investment

Zero Customs & Excise Duties on solar cells, modules andmany raw materials and grid power projects

5% Customs and Excise duty on many other raw materials,components

Tax - holiday for (i) setting up units in backward andspecified areas; and (ii) grid power projects

80% accelerated depreciation in the first year for certaincapital investments

Grant for carrying out research and development andtechnology validation projects

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20 23 36 45

65 80

135

240

300

600

20 22 25 32 37 45

110

175

240

320

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

Year

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

ProductioninMW

SolarCell

PVModule

Growth in Indian PV Production

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Indian PV Industry

More than 80 companies, with installed capacity of over 1.8GW make PV modules (As of March, 2012)

- 15 companies manufacture solar cells (> 700 MW installed

capacity)

Manufacturing of various raw materials, components,devices and systems is coming up/expanding (Poly silicon,wafers, glass, EVA, back sheet, grid inverters, off-grid

BoS, structures etc.)

Production capacity of 3-5 GWp likely by 2020

20

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Status of PV in India

Lights

90

Pumps

14

Off grid Plants

62

Grid Plants

1044

Railways

55Telecom

65

Others

270

Int Projects

1000

2600 MW : 53,00,000 SYSTEMS

30/09/2012

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Grid Solar PV Power Plants in India

1044 MW capacity new Grid Solar Power projectscommissioned by September, 2012 in 16 States

22

Gujarat680

Rajasthan199

A. P.22

Maharashtra20

Jharkhand16

T. N.15

Karnataka14

Others80

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PV Capital Cost & CERC Tariff Trends

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Proposed Cost Goal for PV : 2017

PV Module : < Rs. 30 per Wp

BoS : < Rs. 25 per Wp

Cost of Electricity : ~ Rs. 4 - 6 per kWh

24

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Projection for Grid Parity in India

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22

Solar

Tariff 5%

Tariff 3%

HT Tariff 3%

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26

R&D Strategy Research at Academic/ Research Institutions on materials

and devices with long-term perspective

Applied Research on existing processes and developingnew technologies

Technology Validation aimed at field evaluation ofmaterials, components and systems

Development of Centers of Excellence on different aspects

of Solar Energy in research and education & Testing andCharacterization

Support for Incubation and Innovation

International collaborationsinstitutional/industrial

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R&D in PV

- Focus on development of materials, devices and BOSincluding storage materials and methods

- Identify research goals and thrust areas of research

- Support research across the entire value chain- Involve industry in research and technology validation

projects

- The outcome of the research should lead to (i)

improvements in the efficiencies, (ii) reduction in thematerial and energy consumption in manufacturing, (iii)improving the reliability, quality and life expectancy of thebalance of system components.

This will lead to achieving grid tariff parity during 2015 - 2017

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Recent Initiatives in PV R&D

Development of poly silicon material (Maharishi Solar)

20 -22% efficiency single crystal silicon cells (IIT-Mumbai)

10 12% efficiency nano crystalline thin film modules

(IACS-Kolkata, HHV-Bangalore, NPL-New Delhi, BES

University,-Howrah) 12- 15% efficiency CIGS cells (Moser Baer. NPL, KIIT

University)

10- 12 % efficiency Dye sensitized cells (Amrita Nano Centre,

IIT-Kanpur) 6% efficiency organic-inorganic hetero junction cells (IIT-

Delhi, Delhi University)

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Recent Initiatives in PV R&D

Long term performance evaluation and training facility for Grid SolarPV Power at KPCL, Bangalore

Long term performance evaluation and testing of solar lights at TERI

University, New Delhi

Long term performance evaluation of PV modules at SEC

Development of batteries (CECRI-SEC)

Development of inverters (IIT-B, BES University)

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30

Solar Energy Centre

Solar Energy Centre (SEC) near New Delhi under the Ministry is the leadCentre for testing and training in solar energy in the country

SEC has NABL accredited testing facilities for PV module qualification asper Indian and International standards

SEC is imparting training in solar energy at various levels

SEC is regularly conducting international training programmes in solarenergy

Demonstration of several solar PV and thermal applications includingsetting up of 1 MW capacity solar thermal simulation and validationfacility at SEC is under progress

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Solar PV outdoor test bed at SEC

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PV R&D Goals towards 2022

Type of Solar cell Present Status

Production

(R&D)

Conversion efficiency target(%)

2012 2017 2022

Single Crystal

silicon solar cell

1517%

(19.7%)

18 (20) 22(24) 24 (26)

Multi Crystal

silicon solar cell

14.516.5%

(16.8%)

17 20(22) 22 (24)

Thin-film a-Si

solar cell

(Single/multi jn)

57%

(912%)

8 (13) 10 (14) 12 (15)

Thin-film a-

Si/mc Si or nc

tandem solar cell

(11%) 9(12) 13 (16) 16 (20)

Polycrystalline

solar cell

Cd Te (12%)

CIGS (13%)

13 (16) 18 (22)

(15) 15(20) 20(25)

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PV R&D Goals towards 2022

Type of Solar cell Present Status

Production

(R&D)

Conversion efficiency target(%)

2012 2017 2022

Dye/ organic

nano based solar

cell

(3-9.5%) (5 -12) 7-9 (15) 12-15 (20)

Multi junction

Conc solar cell

GaAS group

-- 35(40) 40 (43)

Conc Cells Si - 25 (28) 27 (30)

Module Life

in years

25 25 > 30 > 35

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Conclusions

Indian policies have created investmentfriendly environment in the country forentire range of activities announced underthe Mission

India centric R&D and local manufacturingnecessary to reduce the cost to achieve gridparity preferably by 2015-17

Partnerships necessary with globalstakeholders

India to be a major global player in PV

technology

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Thank You

bhargavabh@gmail.com