Devanagari 1

Devanagari

Devangar

Rigveda manuscript in Devanagari (early 19th century)

Type abugida

Languages Several Indian languages and Nepali Languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Awadhi, Marathi, Pahari (Garhwali and Kumaoni),Nepali, Bhili, Konkani, Bhojpuri, Magahi, Kurukh, Nepal Bhasa, and Sindhi. Sometimes used to write or transliterate Sherpa,Kashmiri and Punjabi. Formerly used to write Gujarati.

Time period c. 1200present

Parent systems Brhm

Gupta

Ngar

DevangarChild systems Gujarati

MoRanjanaCanadian Aboriginal syllabics[1]

Sister systems Sharada

ISO 15924 Deva, 315

Direction Left-to-right

Unicode alias Devanagari

Unicode range U+0900U+097F [2] Devanagari,U+A8E0U+A8FF [3] DevanagariExtended,U+1CD0U+1CFF [4] VedicExtensions

BrhmThe Brahmic script and its

descendants

Devanagari 2

Devanagari used in Melbourne Australia tocommunicate in an advertisement

Devanagari used in Public Transport Tickets atMumbai

Devanagari (/devnri/; Hindustani:[denari]; devangar a compound of "deva" [] and "ngar" []), alsocalled Nagari (Ngar, , the name of its parent writing system), isan abugida alphabet of India and Nepal. It is written from left to right,does not have distinct letter cases, and is recognisable (along with mostother North Indic scripts, with few exceptions like Gujarati and Oriya)by a horizontal line that runs along the top of full letters. Since the 19thcentury, it has been the most commonly used script for Sanskrit.Devanagari is used to write Standard Hindi, Marathi, Nepali along withAwadhi, Bodo, Bhojpuri, Gujari, Pahari, (Garhwali and Kumaoni),Konkani, Magahi, Maithili, Marwari, Bhili, Newar, Santhali, Tharu,and sometimes Sindhi, Dogri, Sherpa, Kashmiri and Punjabi. It wasformerly used to write Gujarati. Because it is the standardised script forthe Hindi language, Devanagari is one of the most used and adoptedwriting systems in the world.

Origins

Devanagari is part of the Brahmic family of scripts of India, Nepal,Tibet, and South-East Asia. It is a descendant of the Gupta script, alongwith Siddham and Sharada. Eastern variants of Gupta called ngar arefirst attested from the 8th century CE; from c. 1200 CE these graduallyreplaced Siddham, which survived as a vehicle for Tantric Buddhismin East Asia, and Sharada, which remained in parallel use in Kashmir.An early version of Devanagari is visible in the Kutila inscription ofBareilly dated to Vikram Samvat 1049 (i.e. 992 CE), whichdemonstrates the emergence of the horizontal bar to group lettersbelonging to a word.

Sanskrit ngar is the feminine of ngara "relating or belonging to a town or city". It is feminine from its originalphrasing with lipi ("script") as ngar lipi "script relating to a city", that is, probably from its having originated insome city. [5]

The use of the name devangar is relatively recent, and the older term ngar is still common. The rapid spread ofthe term devangar may be related to the almost exclusive use of this script to publish Sanskrit texts in print sincethe 1870s.

Devanagari text from Vayu Puran

Principle

As a Brahmic abugida, the fundamental principle of Devanagari is thateach letter represents a consonant, which carries an inherent schwavowel. This is usually written in Latin as a, though it is represented as[] in the International Phonetic Alphabet. The letter is read ka, thetwo letters are kana, the three are kanaya, etc. Other vowels, orthe absence of vowels, require modification of these consonants ortheir own letters:

Devanagari 3

Devanagari in Dictionary

A final consonant is marked with the diacritic , called the virma inSanskrit, halant in Hindi, and occasionally a "killer stroke" inEnglish. This cancels the inherent vowel, so that from knaya isderived knay. The halant is often used for consonant clusterswhen typesetting conjunct ligatures is not feasible.

Consonant clusters are written with ligatures (sayuktkara"conjuncts"). For example, the three consonants , , and , (k , n,y), when written consecutively without virma form , as shownabove. Alternatively, they may be joined as clusters to form knaya, kanya, or knya. This system was originally createdfor use with the Middle Indic languages, which have a very limited number of clusters (the only clusters allowedare geminate consonants and clusters involving homorganic nasal stops). When applied to Sanskrit, however, itadded a great deal of complexity to the script, due to the large variety of clusters in this language (up to fiveconsonants, e.g. rtsny). Much of this complexity is required at least on occasion in the modern Indo-Aryanlanguages, due to the large number of clusters allowed and especially due to borrowings from Sanskrit.

Vowels other than the inherent a are written with diacritics (termed matras). For example, using ka, thefollowing forms can be derived: ke, ku, k, k, etc.

For vowels as an independent syllable (in writing, unattached to a preceding consonant), either at the beginning ofa word or (in Hindi) after another vowel, there are full-letter forms. For example, while the vowel is writtenwith the diacritic in k, it has its own letter in ka and (in Hindi but not Sanskrit) ka.

Such a letter or ligature, with its diacritics, is called an akara "syllable". For example, kanaya is written withwhat are counted as three akshara, whereas knya and ku are each written with one.As far as handwriting is concerned, letters are usually written without the distinctive horizontal bar, which is addedonly once the word is completed.

LettersThe letter order of Devanagari, like nearly all Brahmic scripts, is based on phonetic principles that consider both themanner and place of articulation of the consonants and vowels they represent. This arrangement is usually referred toas the varaml "garland of letters". The format of Devanagari for Sanskrit serves as the prototype for itsapplication, with minor variations or additions, to other languages.

VowelsThe vowels and their arrangement are:

Independent form Romanised As diacritic with Independent form Romanised As diacritic with kahya

(Guttural) a tlavya

(Palatal) i ohya

(Labial) u

Devanagari 4

mrhanya(Retroflex)

dantya(Dental)

kahatlavya(Palato-Guttural) e ai

kahohya(Labio-Guttural) o au

Arranged with the vowels are two consonantal diacritics, the final nasal anusvra and the final fricative visarga (called a and a). notes of the anusvra in Sanskrit that "there is some controversy as to whether itrepresents a homorganic nasal stop [...], a nasalised vowel, a nasalised semivowel, or all these according tocontext". The visarga represents post-vocalic voiceless glottal fricative [h], in Sanskrit an allophone of s, or lesscommonly r, usually in word-final position. Some traditions of recitation append an echo of the vowel after thebreath: [ihi]. Masica (1991:146) considers the visarga along with letters a and a for the "largelypredictable" velar and palatal nasals to be examples of "phonetic overkill in the system".

Another diacritic is the candrabindu/anunsika . describes it as a "more emphatic form" of the anusvra,"sometimes [...] used to mark a true [vowel] nasalization". In a New Indo-Aryan language such as Hindi thedistinction is formal: the candrabindu indicates vowel nasalisation while the anusvr indicates a homorganicnasal preceding another consonant: e.g. [si] "laughter", [] "the Ganges". When an akshara hasa vowel diacritic above the top line, that leaves no room for the candra ("moon") stroke candrabindu, which isdispensed with in favour of the lone dot: [] "am", but [] "are". Some writers and typesetters dispensewith the "moon" stroke altogether, using only the dot in all situations.

The avagraha (usually transliterated with an apostrophe) is a Sanskrit punctuation mark for the elision of avowel in sandhi: ekoyam (< ekas + ayam) "this one". An original long vowel lost to coalescence issometimes marked with a double avagraha: sadtm (< sad + tm) "always, the self". In Hindi,Snell (2000:77) states that its "main function is to show that a vowel is sustained in a cry or a shout": !!. In Madhyadeshi Languages like Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Maithili, etc. which have "quite a number of verbalforms [that] end in that inherent vowel", the avagraha is used to mark the non-elision of word-final inherent a,which otherwise is a modern orthographic convention: baiha "sit" versus * baih

The syllabic consonants , , and are specific to Sanskrit and not included in the varaml of other languages.The sound represented by has also been lost in the modern languages, and its pronunciation now ranges from[] (Hindi) to [u] (Marathi).

is not an actual phoneme of Sanskrit, but rather a graphic convention included among the vowels in order tomaintain the symmetry of shortlong pairs of letters.

There are non-regular formations of ru and r.ConsonantsThe table below shows the consonant letters (incombination with inherent vowel a) and their arrangement. To theright of the Devanagari letter it shows the scientific transcription (IAST), the phonetic value (IPA) and thecorresponding Urdu letter.

Devanagari 5

spara(Plosive)

anunsika(Nasal)

antastha(Approximant)

ma/saghashr(Fricative)

Voicing aghoa ghoa aghoa ghoa

Aspiration alpapra mahpra alpapra mahpra alpapra mahpra

kahya(Guttural) ka/k/

kha/k/

ga//

gha//

a//

ha//

tlavya(Palatal) ca/c,

t/

cha/c,t/

ja/,d/

jha/,d/

a//

ya/j/

a/, /

mrdhanya(Retroflex) a//

ha//

a//

ha//

a//

ra/r/

a//

dantya(Dental) ta/t/

tha/t/

da/d/

dha/d/

na/n/

la/l/

sa/s/

ohya(Labial) pa/p/

pha/p/

ba/b/

bha/b/

ma/m/

va/w, /

Rounding this out where applicable is a //, which represented the intervocalic lateral flap[citation needed]allophone of the voiced retroflex stop in Vedic Sanskrit, which is a phoneme in languages such as Marathi,Konkani, and Rajasthani.

Beyond the Sanskritic set, new shapes have rarely been formulated. Masica (1991:146) offers the following, "Inany case, according to some, all possible sounds had already been described and provided for in this system, asSanskrit was the original and perfect language. Hence it was difficult to provide for or even to conceive othersounds, unknown to the phoneticians of Sanskrit". Where foreign borrowings and internal developments didinevitably accrue and arise in New Indo-Aryan languages, they have been ignored in writing, or dealt throughmeans such as diacritics and ligatures (ignored in recitation).

The most prolific diacritic has been the subscript dot (nuqt) . Hindi uses it for the Persian, Arabic and/orEnglish sounds qa /q/, a /x/, a //, za /z/, zha //, and fa /f/, and for the allophonicdevelopments a // and ha //. (Although ha // could also exist but there is no use of it in Hindi.)

Sindhi's implosives are accommodated with underlining : [], [], [], []. Aspirated sonorants may be represented as conjuncts/ligatures with ha: mha, nha, ha, vha, lha, ha, rha. Masica (1991:147) notes Marwari as using a special symbol for a [] (while = []). When writing Urdu, with vowel marking is used for the Perso-Arabic consonant ayin, which is silent in

Urdu.[6]

For a list of the 297 (339) possible Sanskrit consonant-(short) vowel phonemes, see ryabhaa numeration.

Schwa syncope in Hindi consonants

Although the Devanagari script is used as a standard to write modern Hindi, the schwa ('') implicit in each consonant of the script is "obligatorily deleted" at the end of words and in certain other contexts, unlike in Sanskrit. This phenomenon has been termed the "schwa syncope rule" or the "schwa deletion rule" of Hindi. One formalisation of this rule has been summarised as -> | VC_CV. In other words, when a schwa-succeeded consonant is followed by a vowel-succeeded consonant, the schwa inherent in the first consonant is deleted. However, this formalisation is inexact and incomplete (it sometimes deletes a schwa when it should not and, at other

Devanagari 6

times, it fails to delete it when it should) and can cause errors. Schwa deletion is computationally important becauseit is essential to building text-to-speech software for Hindi.As a result of schwa syncope, the Hindi pronunciation of many words differs from that expected from a literalSanskrit-style rendering of Devanagari. For instance, is Rm (not Rma), is Rachn (not Rachan), is Vd(not Vda) and is Namkeen (not Namakeen). The name of the script itself is pronounced devngr (notdevangar).Correct schwa deletion is also critical because, in some cases, the same Devanagari letter sequence is pronouncedtwo different ways in Hindi depending on context, and failure to delete the appropriate schwas can change the senseof the word. For instance, the letter sequence '' is pronounced differently in (har.kat, meaning movement oractivity) and (sarak.na, meaning to slide). Similarly, the sequence in (the heart startedbeating) and in (beats of the heart) is identical prior to the nasalisation in the second usage. Yet, it ispronounced dhadak.ne in the first and dhad.kane in the second. While native speakers correctly pronounce thesequences differently in different contexts, non-native speakers and voice-synthesis software can make them "soundvery unnatural", making it "extremely difficult for the listener" to grasp the intended meaning.

Allophony of 'v' and 'w' in Hindi

[v] (the voiced labiodental fricative) and [w] (the voiced labio-velar approximant) are both allophones of the singleletter '' in Hindi Devanagari. More specifically, they are conditional allophones, i.e. rules apply on whether '' ispronounced as [v] or [w] depending on context. Native Hindi speakers pronounce '' as [v] in vrat ('', fast) and [w]in pakwan ('', food dish), perceiving them as a single phoneme and without being aware of the allophonedistinctions they are systematically making. However, this specific allophony can become obvious when speakersswitch languages. Non-native speakers of Hindi might pronounce '' in '' as [w], i.e. as wrat instead of the morecorrect vrat. This results in a minor intelligibility problem because wrat can easily be confused for aurat,[citationneeded] which means woman, instead of the intended fast (abstaining from food), in Hindi.

Conjuncts

The ddhrya-ligature () of JanaSanskritSans.

You will be able to see the ligatures only if your system has aUnicode font installed that includes the required ligature glyphs(such as one of the TDIL fonts, see "external links" below).

As mentioned, successive consonants lacking a vowel in between themmay physically join together as a conjunct or ligature. The governmentof these clusters ranges from widely to narrowly applicable rules, withspecial exceptions within. While standardised for the most part, thereare certain variations in clustering, of which the Unicode used on thispage is just one scheme. The following are a number of rules:

24 out of the 36 consonants contain a vertical right stroke (, , etc.). As first or middle fragments/members of a cluster, they lose that stroke. e.g. + = , + = , + = . In Unicode, these consonants without their vertical stems are called half forms. (a) appears as adifferent, simple ribbon-shaped fragment preceding va, na, ca, la, and ra, causing these secondmembers to be shifted down and reduced in size. Thus va, na, ca la, and ra.

r(a) as a first member takes the form of a curved upward dash above the final character or its -diacritic. e.g. rva, rv, rspa, rsp. As a final member with it is two lines below the character,pointed downwards and apart. Thus . Elsewhere as a final member it is a diagonal strokeextending leftwards and down. e.g. . ta is shifted up to make tra.

As first members, remaining characters lacking vertical strokes such as d(a) and h(a) may have their second member, reduced in size and lacking its horizontal stroke, placed underneath. k(a), ch(a), and ph(a)

Devanagari 7

shorten their right hooks and join them directly to the following member. The conjuncts for k and j are not clearly derived from the letters making up their components. The conjunct for

k is ( + )and for j it is ( + ). In addition, the conjunct for dya, , is not clearly derived eitherfrom and .

The table below shows all the 1296 viable symbols for the biconsonantal clusters formed by collating the 36fundamental symbols of Sanskrit as listed in Masica (1991:161162). Scroll your cursor over the conjuncts to revealtheir romanizations (in ISO 15919[7]) and IPA transcriptions.

Biconsonantal conjuncts

Devanagari 8

Accent marksThe pitch accent of Vedic Sanskrit is written with various symbols depending on shakha. In the Rigveda, anudtta iswritten with a bar below the line (), svarita with a stroke above the line () while udtta is unmarked.PunctuationThe end of a sentence or half-verse may be marked with a dot known as a pra virm or a vertical line danda: .The end of a full verse may be marked with two vertical lines: . A comma, or alpa virm, is used to denote a naturalpause in speech. Nowadays though, with expansion of English speakers in India, the full stop is also sometimes used.

Old formsThe following letter variants are also in use, particularly in older texts.

Letter variants

Standard form Variant form

Devanagari 9

Numerals

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

|+ Devanagari digits

TransliterationThere are several methods of Romanisation or transliteration from Devanagari to the Roman script.

Hunterian systemThe Hunterian system is the "national system of romanisation in India" and the one officially adopted by theGovernment of India.

ISO 15919A standard transliteration convention was codified in the ISO 15919 standard of 2001. It uses diacritics to map themuch larger set of Brahmic graphemes to the Latin script. See also: Transliteration of Indic scripts: how to use ISO15919. The Devanagari-specific portion is nearly identical to the academic standard for Sanskrit, IAST.

IASTThe International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is the academic standard for the romanisation ofSanskrit. IAST is the de facto standard used in printed publications, like books and magazines, and with the wideravailability of Unicode fonts, it is also increasingly used for electronic texts. It is based on a standard established bythe Congress of Orientalists at Athens in 1912.The National Library at Kolkata romanisation, intended for the romanisation of all Indic scripts, is an extension ofIAST.

Harvard-KyotoCompared to IAST, Harvard-Kyoto looks much simpler. It does not contain all the diacritic marks that IASTcontains. This makes typing in Harvard-Kyoto much easier than IAST. Harvard-Kyoto uses capital letters that can bedifficult to read in the middle of words.

ITRANSITRANS is a lossless transliteration scheme of Devanagari into ASCII that is widely used on Usenet. It is anextension of the Harvard-Kyoto scheme. In ITRANS, the word devangar is written "devanaagarii" or"devanAgarI". ITRANS is associated with an application of the same name that enables typesetting in Indic scripts.The user inputs in Roman letters and the ITRANS pre-processor displays the Roman letters into Devanagari (or otherIndic languages). The latest version of ITRANS is version 5.30 released in July, 2001.

Devanagari 10

ALA-LC RomanisationALA-LC romanisation is a transliteration scheme approved by the Library of Congress and the American LibraryAssociation, and widely used in North American libraries. Transliteration tables are based on languages, so there is atable for Hindi, one for Sanskrit and Prakrit, etc.

Encodings

ISCIIISCII is a fixed-length 8-bit encoding. The lower 128 codepoints are plain ASCII, the upper 128 codepoints areISCII-specific.It has been designed for representing not only Devanagari but also various other Indic scripts as well as aLatin-based script with diacritic marks used for transliteration of the Indic scripts.ISCII has largely been superseded by Unicode, which has, however, attempted to preserve the ISCII layout for itsIndic language blocks.

Devanagari in UnicodeThe Unicode Standard defines three blocks for Devanagari : Devanagari (U+0900U+097F), Devanagari Extended(U+1CD0U+1CFF), and Vedic Extensions (U+A8E0U+A8FF). Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points.

Devanagari[1]

Unicode.org chart [2] (PDF)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E FU+090x U+091x U+092x U+093x U+094x U+095x U+096x U+097x

Notes1.^ As of Unicode version 6.3

Devanagari 11

Devanagari Extended[1]

Unicode.org chart [3] (PDF)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E FU+A8Ex U+A8Fx

Notes1.^ As of Unicode version 6.3

Vedic Extensions[1]

Unicode.org chart [4] (PDF)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E FU+1CDx U+1CEx U+1CFx

Notes1.^ As of Unicode version 6.3

Devanagari keyboard layoutsInScript is the standard keyboard layout for Devanagari. It is inbuilt in all modern major operating systems.Microsoft Windows supports the InScript layout (using the Mangal font), which can be used to input unicodeDevanagari characters. InScript is also available in some touchscreen mobile phones.

InScript layout

A Devanagari INSCRIPT bilingual keyboard.

Devanagari 12

TypewriterThis layout was used on manual typewriters when computers were not available or were uncommon. For backwardcompatibility some typing tools like Indic IME still provide this layout.

PhoneticSuch tools work on phonetic transliteration. The user writes in roman and the IME automatically converts it intoDevanagari. Some popular phonetic typing tools are BarahaIME and Google IME.

Bolnagri phonetic keyboard layout for Linux/GNOME

The Mac OS X operating system includes two different keyboard layouts for Devanagari: one is much likeINSCRIPT/KDE Linux, the other is a phonetic layout called "Devanagari QWERTY".

References[1][1] Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages[2] http:/ / www. unicode. org/ charts/ PDF/ U0900. pdf[3] http:/ / www. unicode. org/ charts/ PDF/ UA8E0. pdf[4] http:/ / www. unicode. org/ charts/ PDF/ U1CD0. pdf[5][5] Monier Williams Online Dictionary[6] Ahmad, Rizwan. 2006. "Voices people write: Examining Urdu in devanagari" (http:/ / www. ling. ohio-state. edu/ NWAV/ Abstracts/

Papr172. pdf)[7] The romanization shown is identical to IAST, except that (which is not used in Sanskrit) has the ISO romanization , which in IAST is the

dental vowel l.

Masica, Colin (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&printsec=frontcover& dq=indo-aryan+ languages), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,ISBN978-0-521-29944-2.

Snell, Rupert (2000), Teach Yourself Beginner's Hindi Script, Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN978-0-07-141984-0. Salomon, Richard (2003), "Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh,

The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, pp.67103, ISBN978-0-415-77294-5.

Devanagari 13

Verma, Sheela (2003), "Magahi", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge,pp.498514, ISBN978-0-415-77294-5.

Wikner, Charles (1996), A Practical Sanskrit Introductory (http:/ / sanskritdocuments. org/learning_tutorial_wikner/ index. html).

External links Unicode Chart for Devanagari (http:/ / www. unicode. org/ charts/ PDF/ U0900. pdf) Hindi/Devanagari Script Tutor (http:/ / www. avashy. com/ hindiscripttutor. htm)

For a list of Devanagari input tools and fonts, please see Help:Multilingual support (Indic).

Article Sources and Contributors 14

Article Sources and ContributorsDevanagari Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=579072489 Contributors: 100110100, 195.186.255.xxx, 200.191.188.xxx, 4pq1injbok, 8ung3st, Aarp65, Abecedare,AbigailAbernathy, Achernar, Aeusoes1, Aftermath, AgarwalSumeet, Ahoerstemeier, AjitDongre, AjitPD, Ajvanari, Akosiyavre, Akut, Alcarinqu, AlimanRuna, AlistairMcMillan, Alpertron,Alpha Quadrant, Alteaven, Alton, Ambarish, Amilah, Amire80, Amitmankikar, Amitpagarwal, AmritTuladhar, Anarkisto, Andres, Angr, Anthony Appleyard, Anupam, Arjun G. Menon, Arjuna,Arthena, Arvindn, Ashesdhakal, AxelBoldt, BD2412, Basawala, Bazonka, Benwing, BernardM, Bharatveer, Bill william compton, Bobblehead, Bonadea, Boud, Buddhipriya, CFynn,CKSemmens, Cacophony, Carlossuarez46, CesarB, Chhora, ChrisGualtieri, Christian75, Chtito, Cinabrium, Cjcollier, Cmdrjameson, Cmichael, Cminard, Colonies Chris, Conversion script,Coolgama, Coolpokhrel, Crazycomputers, Crculver, Curb Chain, D6, DBaba, DaGizza, Damezi, DanIssa, Dangerous-Boy, Das appu, DavidConrad, Dbachmann, DePiep, Deepak D'Souza,Deeptrivia, Deflective, Den fjttrade ankan, DerBorg, DerekWinters, Desiphral, Diderot, Dmpendse, DocWatson42, Don4of4, DopefishJustin, Dreamingclouds, Drmccreedy, Dwo, E557,Echalon, Eequor, Electronz, Encephalon, Esteban.barahona, Estlandia, Ettrig, Eukesh, Evertype, Everyking, Fibonacci, FilipeS, FlareNUKE, Florian Blaschke, FlyHigh, Friendlyliz, GKarunakar,GSMR, Gaius Cornelius, Garzo, GatesPlusPlus, Gatewaycat, Gd, Geke, Geneb1955, Ghousebarq, Gmalivuk, Goldfishbutt, Graham87, Grammatical error, Grey Shadow, Gronky, Grovercleveland, Hairy Dude, Hannes Hirzel, Hariva, Harryy, Harsimaja, Hede2000, Hendrick 99, Hephaestos, Hijiri88, Hippietrail, Hirzel, Historylover4, Homohabilis, Hosur1, Hu, Hunnjazal,Hvn0413, Ignacioerrico, Imc, Imz, Indexheavy, Indra Manvantara, Iranway, JFHJr, JIP, JPG-GR, Jazzmand, Jiang, Jn0101, Joao Xavier, Jojit fb, JonathanDailey, Jonkerz, Jonsafari, Joost, Jossi,Jpgordon, JzG, Kartheeque, Kashmiri, Kathmandu2007, Katyare, Kelisi, Kess, Kintetsubuffalo, Koavf, Kotakkasut, Kricxjo, KrozanDarshan, Kukkurovaca, Kurros, Kurykh, Kwamikagami, Lagoutte de pluie, LanguageExpert, Largoplazo, Le Anh-Huy, Leaflord, Leewonbum, Lentower, Lethe, Liberatus, Linda Martens, Lipikaar, LittleDan, LjL, MacedonianBoy, Maduixa,Magicalsaumy, Mahmudmasri, Mallerd, Manishearth, MantisEars, Mantri7, Maquahuitl, Marcika, Mark Arsten, Marnen, Marosszk, Marquishdoranga, MarsRover, Mastmastkalandar, MegA,Mehul.hmv, Melesse, Menchi, Meursault2004, Mhss, Mike Rosoft, Miljoshi, Mishrasaurabhk, Mkweise, Mlpkr, Monedula, Monni95, Morganiq, Morwen, Mravinszky, Muslimnity, N-true,NTox, Nagaraja2012, Nagarjuna198, Nanib, Nate Silva, Netsnipe, New!!!!!oneone, Nijgoykar, Ninly, Nirendram, Node ue, Nohat, Norm mit, Northumbrian, Nothingofwater, Ntsimp,Octahedron80, Oghmoir, Orphan Wiki, Osprey39, Ottocs, PEHook, Paddu, Parmaatma, Pasquale, Pathare Prabhu, Patrourke, Paul Drye, Pavel Vozenilek, Pcyrus, Pediddle, Petropoxy (LithodermProxy), Piccadilly Sirkus, Pichpich, PierreAbbat, Pjacobi, Pksharmakolkata, Pne, Poccil, Prabeshdhaubaji, Pratyeka, PuzzletChung, QuartierLatin1968, Rabinssharma, RajeshPandey, Rajsamb,Rakeshshrestha, Rao Ravindra, Ravidreams, Rboatright, RedSirus, Redtigerxyz, Reedy, Richmond62, Richmondmathewson, Rjwilmsi, Roberts7, Robertvan1, Rocketrod1960, Roozbeh, RossBurgess, RoySmith, Russthehead, Rjagha, ST47, Salih, Sarayuparin, Sardanaphalus, Sarkar2000, Sassisch, Savitr108, Sburke, Semper15, Shibo77, Shinmawa, Shree, Shreevatsa, Shrish,Sidhekin, Sijisunny, SilverFox183, Silverxxx, Sintaku, Skal, Skoosh, Slazenger, Slowlikemolasses, Smaines, Snoyes, Soam Vasani, SoniaSingh04, Soporaeternus, Spacebirdy, SpacemanSpiff,Spundun, Squids and Chips, Sreekanthv, Stateofart, Ste4k, Stevan White, Stevertigo, Storkk, Sudar, Sudipta.kamila, Sukh, Sureshkrshukla, Suruena, Svenlafe, Syed Wamiq Ahmed Hashmi,TShilo12, Tachitsuteto, Tahmasp, Tarquin, Tbone, Technoguff, Tejas81, Tekacs, The Man in Question, The Nut, The Raven's Apprentice, TheFeds, Theunixgeek, Tibetologist, Tinkuxlnc,Titodutta, Tobias Conradi, Toktok, Tovk909, Tranter, Trinathkar, Triwikanto, Tslocum, Tuncrypt, Typhlosion, Uanfala, Ugog Nizdast, Unyoyega, Urhixidur, User6854, UsmanKhanDiri,UsmanKhanShah, UsmanullahPK, Utcursch, VASANTH S.N., Vamooom, Vanisaac, Vedantm, Vijayl, Vinay.iyer1, VishalB, Vishvas vasuki, Wakantanka, Wakari07, Wareh, Wavelength,Westonmr, Wik, WikiMarshall, Wikibout, Will Beback Auto, WolfgangRieger, Woohookitty, Xiaopo, Yann, Yom, Zappaz, Zeman, Zerokitsune, Zoomzoom316, ZxxZxxZ, .,, , 410 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Rigveda MS2097.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rigveda_MS2097.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Abhishekjoshi, BernardM, David.Monniaux,Imz, RanveigFile:Devnagari used in Melbourne Australia.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devnagari_used_in_Melbourne_Australia.jpg License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:KatyareFile:PublicTransportinMumbaiTicketUsingDevnagari.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PublicTransportinMumbaiTicketUsingDevnagari.jpg License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:KatyareFile:A page from Dictionary using Devnagari.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:A_page_from_Dictionary_using_Devnagari.jpg License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:KatyareFile:Use of Devnagari in Dictionary.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Use_of_Devnagari_in_Dictionary.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors: User:KatyareImage:JanaSanskritSans ddhrya.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JanaSanskritSans_ddhrya.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader wasDbachmann at en.wikipedia. Converted to SVG by Renata3.File:Devanagari new a.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_new_a.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:User:BernardMFile:Devanagari old a.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_old_a.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: User:BernardMFile:Devanagari new aa.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_new_aa.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:User:BernardMFile:Devanagari old aa.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_old_aa.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:User:BernardMFile:Devanagari new o.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_new_o.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:User:BernardMFile:Devanagari old o.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_old_o.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: User:BernardMFile:Devanagari new au.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_new_au.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:User:BernardMFile:Devanagari old au.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_old_au.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:User:BernardMFile:Devanagari new jh.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_new_jh.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:User:BernardMFile:Devanagari old jh.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_old_jh.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:User:BernardMFile:Devanagari new n.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_new_n.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:User:BernardMFile:Devanagari retroflex na alternate.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_retroflex_na_alternate.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: AlexbcdImage:Devanagari INSCRIPT Keyboard.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Devanagari_INSCRIPT_Keyboard.JPG License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Suresh Kumar ShuklaImage:Hindi typewriter.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hindi_typewriter.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: User:Immanuel GielImage:Bolnagri map.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bolnagri_map.png License: GNU General Public License Contributors: IndLinux team.

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

DevanagariOriginsPrincipleLettersVowelsConsonantsSchwa syncope in Hindi consonantsAllophony of 'v' and 'w' in Hindi

ConjunctsBiconsonantal conjuncts

Accent marksPunctuationOld formsNumerals

TransliterationHunterian systemISO 15919IASTHarvard-KyotoITRANSALA-LC Romanisation

EncodingsISCIIDevanagari in Unicode

Devanagari keyboard layoutsInScript layoutTypewriterPhonetic

ReferencesExternal links

License