Download - Hydrogen Economy - Siddharth Modi
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Hydrogen Economy
By:
Siddharth Modi
Matr. No. 851067
International Mana ement
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Contents
Hydrogen Properties
Hydrogen Fuel
Hydrogen Storage
Initiatives/ Current work
Global Investments
Comparison FCV vs ICE
Conclusion
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Hydrogen Properties
Most abundant element in the Universe,
makes up of 75% of all visible matter.
Boiling point of 20K(-253) and melting
point of 14K(-259) at atmospheric pressure.
Density: 0.0899 kg/m(air=1.293 kg/m)
Critical point is about 13bar, at 33K (-240
) Calorific value 142MJ/kgat STP (Gasoline is
approximately 42MJ/kgat STP)
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Chemical Reaction
Energy Storage
2HO 2H+ O Endothermic Reaction(H>0)
The reaction needs energy.This Hydrogen can be stored or transported
Energy Release
2H+ O 2HO Exothermic Reaction(H
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Hydrogen Production, Storage and Transmission
fi ure b Karl
Harrison Universit of Oxford
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Hydrogen as Fuel
In the future, hydrogen may be used in one of
three ways to power vehicles:
To produce electricity in a fuel cell,
As a replacement for gasoline or diesel fuel in
an internal combustion engine, or As a supplement to gasoline or diesel fuel
used in an internal combustion engine.
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Hydrogen internal combustion engine cars are different
from hydrogen fuel cell cars. The hydrogen internalcombustion car is a slightly modified version of thetraditional gasoline internal combustion engine car. Thesehydrogen engines burn fuel in the same manner thatgasoline engines do.
Francois Isaac de Rivaz designed in 1807 the firsthydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine. Paul Diegespatented in 1970 a modification to internal combustionengines which allowed a gasoline-powered engine to runon hydrogen.
Existing-technology ICE can still be applied for solvingthose problems where fuel cells are not a viable solutionso far, for example in cold-weather applications.
ICE(Hydrogen as Fuel)
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Hydrogen Fuel
To perform reliably and travel for longer distances before
refuelling, it should be able to travel atleast 500 km.
Assuming 10km/L efficiency for gasoline, we would need
about 50L gasoline with about 1500MJ energy. In
comparison if we assume the efficiency of a FCV to be
double we would need about 750MJ of energy, which is
approximately 6kg of Hydrogen (assuming Lower HeatingValue). This is the amount of Hydrogen we should be able
to store on board a vehicle.
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Hydrogen Storage Methods
Compressed Hydrogen Gas storage
Liquid Hydrogen Storage
Solid State H Storage
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Compressed Hydrogen Gas storage Due to low density, hydrogen has to be compre-
ssed at very high pressures. Typically, it is stored atabout 250bars-300bars. Up to 700 bars is possible.
Gravimetric and Volumetric energy storage density
are around 3-5 wt. % and 2-4 MJ/litre (350 bars700 bars.)
Due to the low wt. % of H2, the mass and the cost of
the vessels becomes too high. To store 6kg of Hydrogen, the vessel would weigh
around 120kg-200kg, which is extra weight and
cost.
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Compressed Hydrogen Gas storage
http://research.uow.edu.au/energyfutures/researchtopics/UOW049258
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Liquid Hydrogen Storage
Liquid Hydrogen storage at 20K and 1 bar, or
about 33K and 13 bars.
Gravimetric and Volumetric energy storage density
are around 5-12 wt. % and 3.8-5.6MJ/litre
respectively.
Drawbacks: High specific wt. cost of the vessel,
liquefaction cost, boil-off and leakage make it a very
expensive and complex technology.
To store 6kg of Hydrogen, the vessel would weigh
around 50kg-120kg, which is extra weight and cost.
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Liquid Hydrogen Storage
http://autogreenmag.com/2009/05/16/first-czech-hydrogen-station-to-open-in-the-fall/
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Solid State H StorageIt is the storage of Hydrogen atoms or molecules inmaterials, at near atmospheric pressure.
Physisorption: Due to weak Van der Waals Forces,there is no bond formation. The Hydrogen moleculessit in voids or pores.
Chemisorption: They are due to covalent bondformations, they are on the exposed surface of thematerial. Requires relatively high energy to releaseHydrogen.
The wt. % can range between 1.5% - 7%, some haveclaims to be higher than 10-11%. Volumetric storagedensity around 10-15MJ/kg.
To store 6kg of Hydrogen, the vessel would weigh
around 100kg-400kg, which is extra weight and cost.
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Solid State H Storage
http://www.fuelcell.sg/hydrogen.php
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International Centre for Hydrogen
Energy TechnologiesICHETis a project of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO)
founded in Istanbul in 2004 and supported by the Turkish Ministry of Energy and
Natural Resources (MENR). Its role is to support, demonstrate and promoteviable
Hydrogen energy technologieswith the aims of enhancing future economicdevelopment, particularly in emerging countries and to prevent the widening of the
energy and technology gap while helping to skip over the fossil fuel phase.
Through ICHET, UNIDO has formed a partnership with the EU Commission Joint
Research Institute for Energy and furthermore, has become a member of the IEA.
On the Bozcaada island (Turkey), ICHET is currently implementing a Hydrogen energy
facility utilizing renewable energies. It is involved in a similar project on the Cook
Islands, for which it garnered support from the Global Environment Facility (GEF.)
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EU Commission: EU research and
innovation policy
The Joint Technology Initiative has been set up
for Fuel Cells and Hydrogen.
(JTI): They comprise long-term Public-Private
Partnerships which support large-scale,
multinational research activities in areas of
major importance for European society and
industry.
F l C ll d H d j i
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Fuel Cells and Hydrogen joint
undertaking
It is a unique public-private partnershipsupporting research, technological developmentand demonstration (RTD) activities in fuel cell
and Hydrogen energy technologies in Europe. Itsaim is to accelerate the market introduction ofthese technologies realising their potential as aninstrument in achieving a carbon-lean energy
system
Members:
The EU Commission, NEW-IG and NENERGY.
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Fuel Cells and Hydrogen joint
undertaking
It was formed in 2008 by the European research community to effectively
represent its interests within the JTI. N.ERGHY as a Belgian non-
profit association and is completely financed by its members.
Their objective is to promote, support and accelerate the research and
deployment process of fuel cell and Hydrogen technology in Europe from
the point of view of the research community.
The New Energy World Industry Grouping (NEW-IG) works to accelerate the
market deployment of Fuel Cells and Hydrogen (FCH) technologies. Our
mission is to create a more sustainable economy while positioning Europe
at the forefront of global technological developments.
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The formation of IPHE was facilitated by theU.S. Department of Energy and the U.S.Department of Transportation in 2003to
foster international cooperation on Hydrogenand fuel cell R&D. Today, IPHEs 18 partnersorganize, evaluate, and coordinatemultinational research, development and
deployment programs which advance theintroduction of Hydrogenand fuel celltechnologies on a global scale.
International Partnership forHydrogen and Fuel Cells in the
Economy
I t ti l P t hi f
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International Partnership for
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in
EconomyMembers
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Existing Infrastructure
Hydrogen Fuel Stations (USA having about 60)
Hydrogen Production plant from RE
Hydrogen Cars and Buses Stationary Fuel Cell
Demonstration and Commercial Projects
Eg. HYDROSOL I costing about 2.6million Euro &HYDROSOL II costing 4.2 million Euro which is
funded by EU Commission. (Hydrogen splitting
from water with CSP)
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Global Investments In Plant and
Equipment
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
2006 2007 2012
Hydrogen Production
Storage and
distribution
Energy conversion
Other
Figures in Millions US$
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Global Investments In Plant and
Equipment
1.353,90
1.670,60
5.510,40
0,00
1.000,00
2.000,00
3.000,00
4.000,00
5.000,00
6.000,00
2006 2007 2012
Total*
Total*
Figures in Millions US$
These figures represent a CAGR of 27.0% over the next 5 years.
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Advantages Environmental Friendly.
Good source of Energy Storage, especially withthe increase of Renewable Energy sources in the
network.
Abundant
Disadvantages
Low boiling point and density
Complex and currently expensive technology
Q lit ti i F l C ll V hi l /H d
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Qualitative comparison Fuel Cell Vehicle/Hydrogen
and Internal Combustion Engine
Fuel Cell Vehicle/Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine
Higher Efficiency Lower Efficiency
No GHG(Water as exhaust) GHG Emission
Abundant fuel Source Limited Fuel Source
R&D and Infrastructure req. Infrastructure already present.
Higher Calorific Value Lower Calorific Value
Lower Volumetric Energy density Higher Volumetric Energy density
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Conclusion
Bring Hydrogen fuel cost to compete fossil fuel
Current cost (1-20$/kg) to be (5-6)$/kg.
High Wt. % hydrogen content and needs lightmaterials.
Distribution and Infrastructure needs to be
changed to cope with Hydrogen technology.
High Volumetric Storage Density (by better
Solid storage methods of Hydrogen)
Reliable
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Reference http://www.unido-ichet.org/
http://www.iphe.net/index.html
http://www.fch-ju.eu/
http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/policy/r
esearch-policy/index_en.htm http://www.altprofits.com/ref/ct/ctv/eg/hydroge
n_energy.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle#I
nternal_combustion_vehicleMaterials:
Hydrogen Energy Fundamentals (Notes)
http://www.unido-ichet.org/http://www.iphe.net/index.htmlhttp://www.fch-ju.eu/http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/policy/research-policy/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/policy/research-policy/index_en.htmhttp://www.altprofits.com/ref/ct/ctv/eg/hydrogen_energy.htmlhttp://www.altprofits.com/ref/ct/ctv/eg/hydrogen_energy.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehiclehttp://www.altprofits.com/ref/ct/ctv/eg/hydrogen_energy.htmlhttp://www.altprofits.com/ref/ct/ctv/eg/hydrogen_energy.htmlhttp://www.altprofits.com/ref/ct/ctv/eg/hydrogen_energy.htmlhttp://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/policy/research-policy/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/policy/research-policy/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/policy/research-policy/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/policy/research-policy/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/policy/research-policy/index_en.htmhttp://www.fch-ju.eu/http://www.fch-ju.eu/http://www.fch-ju.eu/http://www.fch-ju.eu/http://www.iphe.net/index.htmlhttp://www.iphe.net/index.htmlhttp://www.unido-ichet.org/http://www.unido-ichet.org/http://www.unido-ichet.org/http://www.unido-ichet.org/ -
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Thank You!!!
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